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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b0b97a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69603 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69603) diff --git a/old/69603-0.txt b/old/69603-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 91b2a95..0000000 --- a/old/69603-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7589 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan -Rhetoric and Poetic and Filipino Dialectology, by Norberto Romualdez - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetic and - Filipino Dialectology - -Author: Norberto Romualdez - -Release Date: December 23, 2022 [eBook #69603] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON -BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY *** - - - - - A BISAYAN GRAMMAR - AND - NOTES ON - BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS - AND - FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY - - By - NORBERTO ROMUÁLDEZ, B.A. - - —Provincial Fiscal of Leyte, P.I.— - —Attorney-at-Law— - —Formerly Director of “San Jose” College of Takloban— - —Professor of Latin— - - - O! good my lord, no Latin; - I am not such a truant since my coming - As not to know the language I have liv’d in - - SHAKESPEARE - - - 1908. - - “PAG PAHAYAG” CO.—TAKLOBAN. - - - - - - - - - TO THE - - TO THE YOUTH OF SAMAR AND LEYTE - - who are clearly demonstrating aspirations - for a brighter future thru education - this book is dedicated, - in the hope that it may give a stimulus to their work - and an incentive to appreciate what is best in their language - as well as in the hope that, at a future day, - some one of them may be fitted to do this work - better than here presented. - - The Author - - - - - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The publication of a Bisayan grammar has been eagerly awaited by many. -It has been desired by those who are interested simply in the study of -a native dialect. It has been needed by all Americans who desire an -acquaintance with the language of the people among whom they live in -order that they may get into closer touch with the great mass of -natives as yet unable to speak either Spanish or English. It has been -requested by many natives who wish to improve their use of their mother -tongue. To all such, the present volume will prove of great value. - -The author is recognized throughout Samar and Leyte as one of the -highest authorities on the Samareño dialect. His statements may -therefore be accepted as authoritative. His treatment of prefixes and -suffixes, of similar words with different meanings, and of the various -forms of the verb are especially interesting and valuable. - -It is hoped that Mr. Norberto Romuáldez may be able to carry out his -intention of putting out a combined grammar and language book designed -especially for those just beginning the study of Bisayan. Such a work -in conjunction with the present grammar would immensly facilitate the -acquisition of a speaking knowledge of the dialect. - - - W. W. MARQUARDT, - Division Superintendent of Schools. - - - - - - - - -PREFATORY REMARKS - - -This book is not intended to be a complete grammar, but is only an -elementary work containing a collection of some principles governing -the formation of the words and the construction of the sentences of the -Bisayan [1] dialect spoken on the islands of Samar and nearly half of -Leyte, by about four hundred thousand people. - -At random and at odd intervals as the author’s time permitted, he -arranged, more or less in a logical grammatical order, the material -gathered. Bearing in mind that there has never been any previous -treatise on this subject worthy the name, the whole field therefore -remaining practically unexplored, it will not be surprising that the -use of spare moments covering only a short period has left much of the -field undeveloped. However, what has been collected in this book will -be found to be of primary importance to any one desiring to gain a -quick acquaintance with the dialect for immediate practical use. After -a careful study of the many examples under the different rules, coupled -with a continuous practice, the user will be surprised—if he is a -stranger—at the ease with which he acquires an Asiatic dialect, and—if -he is a Filipino—how clear and logical is one of the most spoken -dialects in his Mother-land. - -The author had no intention of launching this work at the present time; -but it is done at the behest of his American friends who have urged him -to issue what has been collected, a portion only of what is intended -ultimately to be a complete treatise and grammar of Bisayan, in order -that this material may be available for the use of persons taking an -interest in the Islands, thereby bringing about a common means of -communication, which promotes a better feeling between the people born -here and the newcomer. - -The exposition of the different subjects is not in the modern didactic -form generally used in this class of works. This is simply due to the -lack of sufficient time. Thus the grammar is divided into the usual -parts: orthography, prosody, etimology, and syntax. Some of these parts -have been treated to a very limited extent, because time has not -admitted of the collection of sufficient material and of the -opportunity to weigh the relative values and eliminate the exceptions -from the rules. - -An appendix has been added where two topics are treated: notes on -Rhetoric and Poetics of Bisayan, and notes on Filipino Dialectology -consisting in a short comparative study of this dialect in reference to -Tagalog, one of its sister-dialects in the Archipelago. The first notes -are designed to complete the knowledge of Bisayan after the grammar is -mastered; the second are intended to show the possibility of the -formation of a common Filipino language [2] out of the different -dialects scattered thru out the Archipelago, in a similar way as the -Modern High German has been formed out of the main primitive groups -Frisian and Saxon. Frankish, Hessian, and Thuringian, and Alemannian -and Bavarian. - -We have to repeat that our work is far from being perfect, even -complete, on account of lack of sufficient time. Owing to the same -circumstance, many errors in printing have crept into this book, which -we have tried to correct at the end under the heading Errata. But we -sincerely admit that not all of the mistakes that may be found in this -book are to be assigned to lack of time. Like any other product of -human industry, this work bears marks of errors arising from the two -sources pointed out by Horace - - - quas aut incuria fudit, - Vut humana parum cavit natura. - - -Acknowledgement is hereby made for the help rendered by Messrs. W. W. -Marquardt, Div. Superintendent of Schools of Leyte, P.I., Fred -Shoemaker, and H. W. Halbourg, in correcting part of the proof, and for -the collaboration of Mr. Henry E. Neibert, Former American Teacher of -Jaro, Leyte, P.I. whose knowledge of both tongues, English and Bisayan, -added much material to the work. - -Hoping that this little volume may be of interest and real help, it is -offered to an indulgent public for what it is worth. - - Norberto Romualdez - - Takloban, Province of Leyte, - Philippine Islands. - November 8, 1908. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - DEDICATION I - INTRODUCTION III - PREFATORY REMARKS IV - CONTENTS IX - - ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY - - LETTERS 1 - THE ACCENTS 2 - PUNCTUATION 3 - VOWELS 5 - SYLLABLES 5 - CAPITALIZATION 5 - CONTRACTIONS 7 - - ETYMOLOGY - - PARTS OF SPEECH 6 - Articles 7 - Declension 8 - Nouns 9 - Diminutive 10 - Figurative 12 - Verbal 13 - Compound 22 - Derivative 23 - Proper and Common 29 - Positive, Comparative, and Superlative 32 - Cardinal, Ordinal, Partitive, and Distributive 35 - Collective 38 - Gender 40 - Number 40 - Case 41 - Important Observation 41 - Transposition of Accents 43 - Pronouns 47 - Personal 47 - Demonstrative 48 - Possessive 50 - Relative 52 - Contractions 56 - Verbs 57 - Conjugation—Voices 58 - Moods and Tenses 58 - Number and Person 61 - Inflections 61 - Table 1.—Primitive Active 61 - Table 2.—Progressive Active 61 - Table 3.—Primitive Direct Passive 68 - Table 4.—Progressive Direct Passive 70 - Table 5.—Primitive Indirect Passive 73 - Table 6.—Progressive Indirect Passive 75 - Table 7.—Primitive Instrumental Passive 76 - Table 8.—Progressive Instrumental Passive 78 - Negative Forms 80 - Interrogative Forms 82 - Suppletory Verbs 84 - Pronominal Form 84 - Adverbial Form 84 - Observation 87 - Impersonal Verbs 88 - Defective Verbs 88 - Other classes of Verbs 89 - Active Voice 90 - Direct Passive 93 - Indirect Passive 96 - Instrumental Passive 96 - Depreciative Verbs 96 - Adverbs 97 - Prepositions 98 - Conjunctions 98 - Interjections 99 - - SYNTAX - - Subjective relation 100 - Predicative relation 100 - Attributive relation 100 - Complementary relation 101 - Adverbial relation 102 - Representative relation 102 - Connective relation 103 - Absolute and independent constructions 103 - Syntax of verbs 103 - Arrangement of words 105 - - VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE 105 - Barbarisms 105 - Foreign words 105 - Foreign words unnecessarily used in Bisayan 106 - Spanish words 106 - Chinese words 111 - English words 111 - Foreign constructions 112 - Foreign words necessarily used in Bisayan 112 - - APPENDIX - - NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS 117 - - Figures of Speech 117 - Prose 121 - Letters 121 - Poetic forms 123 - Versification 123 - Collection of some Bisayan songs 124 - Moral Poetry 124 - Philosophic Poetry 125 - Love Poetry 125 - Sundry 126 - - NOTE ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY 128 - - Words exactly the same in Bisayan and in Tagalog 128 - Words with some dialectal differences 130 - Differences in the vowels i, o 130 - Differences k, h, l, r, d, t 131 - Differences in the accent, and in the separation - of the syllables 132 - Transformation from a to o and viceversa 132 - - ERRATA 133 - - - - - - - - -ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY - - -LETTERS. - -The Bisayan letters are twenty: [3] - - - a, as a in large - b, } - c, } as in English - d, } - e, as e in well - g, as g in good - ng̃, as ng in long - h, as h in hat - i, sounding ee - l, } - m, } as in English - n, } - o, as o in long - p, as in English - qu, as the English k - r, } - s, } as in English - t, } - u, sounding oo as in good - y, as y in young - - -After knowing the respective sounds of these letters, according to the -preceding table, no rule is necessary for the pronunciation of Bisayan -words. - - - - -THE ACCENTS. - -The orthographical accent is an important sign in Bisayan, in order to -give to the words their proper pronunciation, and, consequently, their -proper meaning. - -Of the emission of the voice in pronouncing the Bisayan vowels, there -are two ways: one is the ordinary way, like that of the English vowels, -as in - - - baga (red-hot coal or wood), - dinhi (here), - olo (head), - - -and the other is by a guttural suspended emission of the voice, like - - - the last a in bagà (lungs), - the last i in dirì (not or no), and - the last o in torò (drop). - - -This guttural pronunciation is only used in the endings of words. - -From the various combinations of these ways of pronouncing the vowels -and the force with which they are pronounced, it follows that a vowel, -no matter which one it is, has four different sounds: - - - 1st. As ordinarily, and without any particular force. - 2nd. As ordinarily, but with force in its pronunciation. - 3rd. By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and without - force. - 4th. By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and with force. - - -The first way does not need any orthographical sign. But the last three -ones require a special orthographical accent in each ease. - -When a vowel is pronounced as ordinarily, but with more force than -others in the same word, the proper accent is the acute (´). - -When a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound, but without -any force, the corresponding accent is the grave (`). - -And when a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound with -force, its accent is the circumflex (ˆ), which is simply the -combination of the two foregoing accents, as this last represents a -sound that is the combination of the two sounds, suspended guttural and -with force. - -Therefore, in writing the word quita, for example, in its three -different meanings and according to its three different pronunciations, -it must be as follows: - - - quitá (we) quità (see) quitâ (look at). - - -RULE. There are three different accents in Bisayan: the acute (´); the -grave (`); and the angular, which we may call improperly circumflex -(ˆ). - -The acute is located wherever it is needed, either at the beginning or -in the middle or at the ending of the word. Examples: - - - úpa (reward) upá (rice chaff). - - -The grave and angular, by their nature, are only used upon words ending -in a vowel, and then only upon the last vowel. Examples: - - - dacò (large), dacô (larger) - - - - -PUNCTUATION. - -The signs of punctuation in Bisayan are the same as those in English, -the rules for the use of the period (.), colon (:), semicolon (;), -comma (,), parenthesis (), dash (—), quotation marks (“ ”) and -apostrophe (’) being identical. - -But the rules are different for the use of the interrogation and -exclamation points, and hyphen. - -In Bisayan, the Spanish way is followed in using two points of -interrogation and two of exclamation, the one at the beginning of the -question or exclamation (¿) (¡), and the other at the ending (?) (!). - -While the hyphen (-) is also used in Bisayan to connect parts of a word -divided at the end of a line, and to connect two or more nouns, -adjectives, or particles, so as to form them into a single compound, it -has an additional use which is to separate distinctly the syllables of -certain words that would have a different meaning or none at all -without the said separation. Examples: - - - sál-ong (to hook) sálong (resin) - súl-ay (belching of an infant) súlay (prop) - bac-ad (to unroll) - os-og (to draw near from afar) - im-im (lip) - sid-ap (to look at) - san-o (when, future) - cacan-o (when, past) [4] - - -NOTE.—The above separations are not of the same character as those -caused by contractions or elisions, where the proper sign is not a -hyphen, but an apostrophe. As, - - -gáb’i from gabii (night) -cabitón’an, from cabitoónan (stars) -pabáy’i, from pabayái (leave him or her) -it’ im’ bugtò ng̃an from iton imo bugtò (your brother or -hit’ ac’ patód, ng̃an hitón acon patód sister and my cousin). - - -Therefore, it would not be correct to write gab-i, cabiton-an, pabay-i, -where the apostrophe should be employed instead of the hyphen. However, -the apostrophe is used only when needed to avoid wrong pronunciation or -confusion. So the last of the preceding examples is written without any -sign of punctuation, thus: it im bugtò ng̃an hit ac patód. - - - - -VOWELS - -The Bisayan people, especially in Leyte, always have a tendency to -separate the vowels in pronouncing the words, there being no Bisayan -dipthong. So it is bi-ol (small basket) and not biol; cá-on (eat), -ti-il (foot), ma-opay (good), and not cáon, tiil, maopay. But this -refers only to spoken language, not to written. - -Some words, like uásay (axe), sabáo (broth) are pronounced ua-say, -sa-bao, and not u-a-say, sa-ba-o. These syllables ua and ao are not -dipthongs. The u in the syllable ua and the o in the syllable ao, are -not the vowels u, o, but the consonant w. These words should be written -more properly wásay, sabáw. [5] - - - - -SYLLABLES - -Every vowel [6] with the consonant or consonants pronounced with it and -every vowel pronounced alone form one syllable, and are written as -such. This is the rule applied to the division of a word at the end of -a line. Examples: - - - ca-ru-ca-yá-can (conversation) - bác-dao (stand) - a-ha-cá (hemp), etc. - - - - -CAPITALIZATION - -In Bisayan, the following words should begin with capitals: - - - 1. The first word of every sentence. - 2. The proper nouns. - 3. The names of the days of the week and the months of the year. - 4. Titles of honor or office. - 5. All words, except prepositions, conjunctions and unimportant - adjectives, in the titles of books and essays. - 6. All names of God, and expressions referring to the Deity. - 7. Words representing important events in history and epochs of - time. - - - - -CONTRACTIONS - -There is no contraction used in Bisayan, except that in the sign mg̃a (a -particle employed to express the idea of plurality). - -Mg̃a is for mang̃a composed of ma (an important prefix of the Bisayan and -Tagalog dialects, which bears the idea of abundance or plurality) and -ng̃a (a conjunctive particle which is necessarily employed to connect -the variable parts of speech). - -NOTE. It would be desirable to have the following contractions adopted -in Bisayan, inasmuch as they are universally recognized: - - - i.e. for id est. - e.g. ,, exempli gratia. - viz. ,, videlicet. - etc. ,, et cetera. - P.D. ,, post data. - P.S. ,, post scriptum. - N.B. ,, nota bene. - a.m. ,, ante meridiem. - p.m. ,, post meridiem. [7] - - - - - - - - -ETYMOLOGY. - - -PARTS OF SPEECH. - -These are eight in number, in Bisayan: article, noun, pronoun, verb, -adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. - - - - -ARTICLES. - -There are three classes: - - - Definite: an (the) - Indefinite: in (a) - Personal: hi or si (no equivalent in English). - - -The definite article, as well as the indefinite, is used in Bisayan in -the same manner as its equivalent in English. The definite article, -however, is sometimes used before proper nouns, and it is very often -used before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Examples: - - - Nacánhi an batà (the boy or girl has come) - Nacánhi in batà (a boy or girl has come) - An Dyos [8] macagagáhum (God is omnipotent) - An iní nga bucád (this flower) - An acon calò (my hat) - - -The personal article is always used before the names of persons; it is -also used before the personal pronouns, except the third persons. -Examples. - - - Hi Pedro (Peter) - Hi acó (I) - Hi icao (you) - - -Instead of hi, si may be used. [9] - -These articles do not change in gender. Examples: an amáy (the father), -an iróy (the mother); hi Juan (John), hi María (Mary). - -The definite and indefinite articles change in the plural in the -following way: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - an an mg̃a [10] - in in mg̃a - - -The personal article does not change, in person or number, except in -the third person plural where it takes the form of the third personal -pronoun third person, plural number. Examples: - - - Hi quitá (we) - Hi camó (you, in plural) - Hirá Pedro ng̃an hi Juan (Peter and John) - - - -DECLENSION.—Articles have two cases: nominative and objective. - - - SINGULAR | PLURAL - | -NOMINATIVE: an in hi or | an mg̃a in mg̃a hirá or - si | sirá -OBJECTIVE: han or hin or ni, | han mg̃a hin nira, - san sin can | or san mg̃a or canda - | mg̃a sin - | mg̃a - - -Examples: - - -An batà nagbahása han surát ni Pedro (the boy reads Peter’s letter). -Hirá Carlos ng̃an hi Juan naghátag (Charles and John gave flowers -canda Tomás ng̃an hi Pedro hin mg̃a to Thomas and Peter). -bucád - - -The objective case covers all the different cases used in other -languages after the nominative, that is to say, the genitive, dative, -accusative and ablative cases. - -RULES. 1. The Bisayan articles are used immediately before the words to -which they refer. - -2. The definite article may be used without expressing the object to -which it refers, having, in this case, the nature of a relative -pronoun. Examples: - - - An nagtótoon, nahabábaro (He, who studies, learns). - An mg̃a nagtututdò ha aton (They who teach us.) - - -3. The personal article is always necessary before the names of -persons. It is not correct to say “Pedro nagsusurat”; hi is needed, and -it must be: “hi Pedro nagsusurat” (Peter is writing). - -EXCEPTIONS. 1. Between the definite article and the word to which it -refers, other words may be placed, in some instances, as in this -phrase: - - - An iní ng̃a baláy (this house), or - an maopay ng̃a batà (the good boy or girl). - - -The regular order in constructing the last phrase is: - - - an batà ng̃a maopay. - - -2. When the names of persons are in the vocative case, the personal -article is not used. Thus we say: - - - Mariano, cadí dao (Mariano, come, please). - Pamatì, Juan (listen, John). - - -3. In the objective case of hi, can is used before the verb, and ni -after the verb. Examples: - - - An can Juan guinsurát (what John wrote) - An guinsurát ni Juan (what John wrote) - - -N.B.—The indefinite article, when needed at the beginning of the -sentence, is replaced by the phrase “usa ng̃a” So, if we wish to say “a -boy came yesterday,” we should not say - - - in batà nacánhi cacolop; but - usá ng̃a batà nacánhi cacolóp. - - -This phrase usá ng̃a is not a perfect article, but it has the character -of an adjective, even when used as an article. Therefore, both the -indefinite in and the phrase usá ng̃a may be used in the same sentence. -So, we can say, changing the regular order of the last sentence: - - - Nacánhi cacolóp in usá ng̃a bata (a boy came yesterday). - - - - -NOUNS - -These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped in the -following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, -derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, -cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing -particular needs be said about the primitive. - - -DIMINUTIVE - -Examples: - - PRIMITIVE DIMINUTIVE - - baláy (house) balaybálay - saróual (trousers) sarouálay - carahà (frying-pan) caraháay - balóto (little boat) balotóhay - - -As is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive -or by adding to the latter the affix ay or hay. - -The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As, - - from - - dáhon (leave), dahondáhon, - cáhoy (tree), cahoycáhoy. - - -The affix ay or hay is added when the primitive has more than two -syllables; ay being used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, -or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; and hay being employed when -the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a -vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or -is preceded by more than one consonant. As, - - from - - sacayán (boat), sacayánay, - habobò (low), habobóay, - balicô (crooked), balicóay, [11] - - abacá (hemp), abacáhay, - babaye (woman), babayéhay, - banat-i (a tree so called), banat-ihay, - malacsi (fast), malacsihay. - - -But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is -followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an -acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding -it. In such cases the affix ay or hay is employed, the rules -established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such -diminutives. As, - - from - - támsi (bird), tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi, - túl-an (bone), tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an, - pulá (red color), puláhay, not pulapula, [12] - sagpò (plug), sagpóay, not sagposagpò, - sab-a (a kind of banana), sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a, - bungto (town), bungtóhay not bungtobungto. - - -Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the -adjectives follow the same rules. As, - - from - - matám-is (sweet), matam-isay, - malomó (soft), malomóhay, - halípot (short), halipótay. - - -But in must of the adjectives formed with ma (a particle bearing the -idea of abundance) and ha [13] (a particle that bears the idea of -place), like maopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà, the prefixes ma -or ha are disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their -abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if -such adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus, opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, -being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their -diminutives will be: - - from - - maópay (good), maopay-ópay - mabuság (white), mabusagbúsag - mapulá (red), mapulapulá - hatáas (high), hataastáas - halabà (long), halabalabà [14] - - -There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the -following: - - DIMINUTIVE - from REGULAR IRREGULAR - dacò (large), dacòdacò dacolaay [15] - gutì (small) gutigutì gutirurù [16] - - - - -FIGURATIVE - -We call those nouns figurative that are applied to the objects which, -not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, -show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the -corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application. - -Examples: - -from - -bobón (fountain), mobonbóbon [17] (fontanel); -cabáyo (horse), carocabáyo, (objects that are like a horse - or cloud). -dámpog (cloud), darodámpog, - - -When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of -its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic -diminutive. As, - -from - - hadì (king), we have - hadihadi (a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the - figure of a king). - - -But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel -is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from -the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the -root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a -consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the -syllable ro (a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, -or collection). As, - - from - - sacayán (boat), sarosacáyan - ulalahípan (centipede), uroulalahipan - isdà (fish), iroisdà - can’on (cooked rice) carocan’on [18] - - -NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the -collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, -those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives. [19] - - - - -VERBAL - -These are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring -to the agents or the objects of the roots. - -Examples: - -from - - sáyau (to dance) - - parasayáu (dancer), - tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances), - magsarayáu (person appointed to dance) - sarayauán [20] (place designed for dancing). - sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced) [21]; - - -from - - umá (to farm) - - paraúma (farmer), - tig-úma (person used to do farming), - mag-urúma (person in charge of farming), - urumáhan, contracted urúmhan (place designed for farming), - urumáhon, contracted urúmhon (ground or plant to be - cultivated); - - -from - - surat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea - of the root and the use permit, with this variant: - - susurátan, not sururátan, - susuráton, not sururáton; - - -from - - toóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use - permit, and this besides: - - matóoc (weeper); - - -from - - bóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this: - - maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken); - - -from - - inóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following: - - mainominóm (an inviting drink); - - -from - - sosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this: - - hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting); - - -from - - útang̃ (to borrow), - - hing̃útang̃ or hing̃ung̃utáng̃ [22] (person fond of or bold in - borrowing). - - -It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same -number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every -idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use. - -From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative -particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the -prefixes para, tig, mag, ma, hi, the interfixes [23] r, ro, um or the -affixes an, on. These particles are very important in Bisayan as they -greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue. - -For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes. - - -AN, ON. - -These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root, an to the -indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the -act occurs), and on to the direct object (generally referring to the -termination of the action). - -An or on is used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowel with a -grave or angular accent. - -An h preceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented -or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant -or consonants. - -The particle an or han is simply added to the root, as, - -from - -catúrog (to sleep), caturogán (sleeping place); -sing̃ba (to adore), sing̃báhan (church); -taclob (to cover), taclóban [24] (covering place); -tan-ao (to see at a distance), tan-aoan [25] (watching place); - - -or is employed either with the interfix r combined with the first vowel -of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, -as - -from - - cáon (to eat) caraonán - - -from - - tíroc (to assembly) titiroeán (meeting place); - - -or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, as - -from - - aro (to ask) aaroán (place designed for asking). - - -The particle on has the same use as an, as - - caturogón, - siringbahon, - lilibácon (from libác, to backbite), - aaroon. - - -NOTE.—The affix an is sometimes doubled, as, - -from - - lohód (to kneel down), lodhanán [26] - - -from - - tambò (to lock out), tamboànan, from tambóan (window). - - -PARA, TIG. - -Para bears the idea of habit, custom or occupation. Tig conveys the -idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act. - -They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary -particle, as, - - from - - cánhi (to come). - - paracánhi, - tigcánhi. - - -MA, WITH ON, WITH RO, OR WITH R. - -The particle ma conveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive -potentiality or possibility. - -When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the -beginning of the root without any other particle, as - - from - - cáon (to eat), macáon (glutton), - - -or by combining it with the affix on or hon, according to the case, as - - from - - catúrog (to sleep), macaturogón (sleepy head), - - - from - - arába (to moan), maarabahón (person fond of moaning). - - -When the prefix ma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed -before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables -and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is -not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, -as - - from - - cáon, macaoncaón (thing inviting to be eaten) [27] - - - from - - oná (to commence), maonaoná (provocative, quarrelsome), - - -and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, -where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is -pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, -then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfix ro -preceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel -only if the root begins with a vowel, as - - - from catúrog, macarocaturóg, - ,, bányac, (to kick), maharobányac, - ,, síd-ap, (to look at), masirosíd-ap, - ,, arába, maaroarabá, - ,, ígham, (to grunt), mairoígham, - ,, ós-og (to draw near from afar), maoroós-og. - - -When the particle ma conveys the idea of passive potentiality or -possibility, it is used with the interfix r combined with the first -vowel of the root. The r with its complementary vowel is put after the -first syllable of the root. As, - - - from bóong (to break), maboroóng (brittle) - ,, abót (to reach), maarábot (attainable). - - -The particle ma is frequently replaced by the prefix ig or i combined -with the interfix r or its substitutes, as - - - from tambal (to cure), igtarámbal or (medicine), - itárambal - ,, surat (to write), isusúrat (thing to write - with). - - -MAG AND THE R. - -The prefix mag bears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous -agency. It is employed with the interfix r combined with and before the -first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first -and the second syllable of the root. But when there is an r in the -root, the interfix r is replaced by the first consonant of the said -root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix r is sometimes -suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. -As, - - - from sódoy (to stroll magsotodóy (one who strolls - about), about) - ,, bilíng̃ (to seek or magbiríling̃ (searcher), - search), - ,, siríng̃ (to request), magsisíring̃, (petitioner), not - magsiríring̃, - ,, ósoc (to set up), mag-orosóc (person designed - to set up), - ,, arót (to cut the mag-aárot (barber). - hair), - - -The particle mag is frequently contracted into ma, in which case the -root is considered as having an r, as - - - from suláy (to tempt), manunúlay (tempter), - ,, tábang̃ (to assist), mananábang̃ (helper). - - -HI - -This particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a -labial consonant, except the m, the said consonant is transformed into -m, as - - - from bása (to read), himása (person bold in reading), - ,, pitíc (to leap), himític (person bold in leaping). - - -When the root begins with an m, the prefix hi is not commonly used but -the prefix para ma, or tig, as - - - from múlay (to teach), para-, ma-, or tigmulay, not himúlay, - ,, mogó (to observe), para-, ma-, or tigmógo, not himógo. - - -When the root begins with a vowel, ng̃ is [28] appended to the prefix; -ng̃ is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but -then the said consonant is suppressed. As, - - - from ásoy (to refer), hing̃ásoy (garrolous), - ,, cáon (to eat) hingáon (bold in eating), - ,, gúbat (to invade), hing̃úbat (bold in invading). - - -When the root commences with the nasal consonant ng̃, the prefix hi is -ordinarily replaced by the prefix para, ma, or tig, or the first -syllable of the root is made long, as - - - from ng̃isi (to laugh, para-, ma, or (person fond of - showing the tig̃ngisi, or grinning). - teeth), ñgisi - - -When the root begins with any other consonant, except l, n, r, the said -consonant is suppressed and the letter n is appended to the prefix, as - - -from dolóng, (to struggle), hinólong (bold in struggling), - ,, sosón (to correct), hinóson (bold in correcting), - ,, tápod (to confide), hinápod [29] (bold in confiding) - - -In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefix hi is -sometimes doubled, according to the use, as, - - - from himític, himimític, - ,, hing̃ásoy, hing̃ang̃asóy, - ,, hinóson, hinonoson, [30] etc. - - -UM. - -This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for -the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfix r or its -substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first -vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is -placed immediately before the vowel. Examples: - - -from cáon (to eat), cumaraón (person going to, or expected - to, eat), - - ,, abót (to arrive), umarábot (person expected to arrive), - ,, arò (to ask), umaarô (person expected to ask). - - -Some roots without r follow the rule as if they had an r, as, - - - from sacá (to go up, to board), sumasáca (boarder). - - -Observations: 1. There are verbals formed with ma combined with the -interfix r or its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the -intransitive verbs commencing with the particle ca which then conveys -the idea of passivity. As, - - - from caauód (to be ashamed), macaaráuod (shameful), - ,, cabórong̃ (to be confused), macabobórong̃ (confusing), - ,, casína (to be angry), macasisína (odious). - - -2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the -particle pag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases -the particle pag is transformed in the plural, its g being then -replaced by the letter ng̃ if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural -consonant, except g, or by the consonant n when the root commences with -a dental consonant, or by the m if it begins with a labial. In the -plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When -the root begins with a nasal or with the guttural g, said consonant is -preserved and the g of pag is replaced by n. Examples: - -from arò (to ask), cáon (to eat), dáop (to approach) bása (to read), -ng̃oyng̃oy (to groan), gábot (to, pull), we have: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - pag-arò (asking) pang̃arò, - pagcáon (eating) pang̃áon, - pagdáop (approaching) panáop, - pagbása (reading) pamása, - pagngoyngoy (groaning) panngóyagoy, - paggábot (pulling) pangábot, - - -3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particle ca are also -used as substantives, and then with or without the prefix pag. - - - from cabido (to be sorry), pagcabídò, cabídò, (sorrow). - - -In such cases, the affix an or on is sometimes employed, as - - - from casáquit (to be sad), casaquítan (sadness), - ,, casína (to be angry), casinahón (anger). - - - - -COMPOUND - -The use gives the following: - - -from solód (to enter) and sólodbálay, which means the person who -baláy (house), thru his intimacy with the occupant of - a house, enters in at any time; -from sacá (to go up) and sacálúsad, applied to the person who is -lúsad (to go down), very busy or who suffers a great - misfortune and goes up and down the - house repeatedly. It is also applied to - boys or girls who go out the house - frequently, especially without - permission of their parents; -from dosô (to push) and dosô-bótong, [31] applied to a person -bótong (to pull), who takes determinations that are - contradictory; -from cábcab (to scratch) and cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have -tocâ (what a bird does when to expend for their subsistence all -it picks up or bites that they gain by their work; -something with its beak), -from di, contraction of dirì diabotóncalóton, applied to that part -(not), abotón, from abót (to of the human back, which our hands -reach), and calóton, from cannot reach to scratch when it itches; -cálot (to scratch), - -from tábag (help), ha, a tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃, applied to those -preposition for the objective who maliciously pretend to help a -case, among̃ámong̃ (to person in trouble, but injure him. Etc. -malign); - - - - -DERIVATIVE - -We consider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. -Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of -the derivatives are adjectives. - -The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, -interfixes, and affixes. - -The usual particles are ca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag, as -prefixes; r, in as interfixes; and an, on as affixes. As, - - - from pauà (light), capanà (clearness) - ,, áram (wisdom), maáram (wise) - ,, bayáu (brother in mabaráyau (brother-in-law-to-be) - law), - ,, bidò (sorrow), macabibidò (sorrowful) - ,, isdà (fish), maquiisdà (fond of fish) - ,, púsod (navel), himósod (payment for attending - to the navel of a - new-born child) - ,, bugtò (brother or magbugtò (referring to two - sister), persons who are - brothers or sisters) - [32] - ,, bisaya (bisayan), binisaya (bisayan tongue) - ,, salâ (fault or saláan (guilty) - guilt), - ,, búuà [33] (lie), buuáon (liar). - - -Ca bears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with -the affix an. As - - - from hatáas (high), cahatáas (height), - ,, dáot (bad), caraótan, carát’an (badness). - ,, pauà (light), capauà (clearness). - - -It is sometimes combined with the interfix in and the joined affix -anon, as - - - from masúgot (obedient), camasinug’tánon (obedience). - - -Ma conveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first -case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form -of great many adjectives, as, - - - from ísog (courage, rage), maísog (courageous); - - -and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfix r -combined with the first vowel of the primitive, as, - - - from asáua (wife), maarasauá (woman betrothed) - - -The particle ma is frequently combined with the interfix in and the -affix on or ánon. In plural, the ma is appended with g. As - - - from túman (performance), matinumánon (faultless) plural, - magtinumánon - ,, sugót (obedience), masinug’tánon (obedient) - - -It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as -from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ). - -Maca has the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the -primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using -the intermix r combined with the first vowel of the primitive. As, - - - from álo (shame), macaaálo (shameful), - ,, lípay (joy), macalilípay (rejoicer), - ,, budlay (grievance), macaburúdlay (grievous). - - -Mag conveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also of continuity in -a few cases. It is simply added at the beginning of the primitive. - -Relationship. Examples: - - - from patód (cousin), magpatód (cousins each other). - - -It is sometimes appended with tala, as from amáy (father), magtalaamáy -(father and son, or father and daughter). - -The derivatives formed with mag conveying the idea of mutual -relationship, are always in plural. - -Continuity. Examples: - - - from ága (morning), Mag-ága (the whole night until the - morning); - ,, colóp (evening); magcólop (the whole day until the - evening.) - - -Maqui signifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other -transformative particle, as, - - - from Dyos [34] (God), maquidyos (pious). - - -It is used in very few cases to form verbals, as - - -from hámpang̃ (to be present maquihahampang̃on (person fond of - during a being present or - conversation), taking part in a - conversation). - - -Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of -boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that -it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns [35]. As to -its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. -Examples: - - -from quinatsilâ (Spanish hing̃inatsilà (one who ventures - language), to talk Spanish, - knowing but little - of it). - - ,, apóy (grandfather), hing̃apóy - ,, púsod (navel), himósod [36] - - -Pala means resemblance. It is combined with the affix an. As, - - -from buyo (betel palabuyóan (applied to the wine of - nut), cocoanut, that resembles - the taste of the betel nut) - ,, biráu (a plant), palabirauán (applied to the fruit of - cocoanut that resembles the - color of biráu) - ,, camote (sweet palacamotián (applied to the fruit of - potato), “nang̃ca” (a tree) that - resembles the color of - camote) - ,, gátas (milk) palagatásan (applied to the young rice - or corn whose grain is yet - liquid resembling the milk) - - -Tag conveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to -the primitive. As - - - from baláy (house), tagbaláy (owner of a house) - ,, sugò (order), tagsugò (author of an order). - - -It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is -frequently combined with the prefix ma preceding it. As - - - from túig (year), tagtuig (year by year) - ,, ádlao (day), matag-ádlao (every day). - - -These last particles are sometimes replaced by iquina which expresses -the same idea. As - - - from túig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal) - iquinatúig (every year) - iquinaadlao (every day) - iquinabulan (every month) - iquinapagcáon, (every meal) - - -The interfix r, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed -under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative -and verbal nouns. - -The interfix in expresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of -the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is -placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As, - - - from Súlug [37] (the archipelago of Súlu), - sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion) - from tuyáo (crazy), - tinuyáo (foolishness) - from ínsic (chinaman), - ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit). - - -An and on among the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or -participation, an frequently conveying the idea of place. Both are -appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented -with an h, in the same way as in the formation of verbals. [38] -Examples: - - -from pálad (fate), paláran [39] (fortunate), - ,, asáua (wife), asauáhan (married man), - ,, salapi (silver, salapian (wealthy) - money), - ,, curi (difficulty), curián (stubborn person) - ,, sumat (information), sumatán (credulous) - ,, burabud (fountain), buraburon [40] (place where there - are many fountains) - ,, taro (wax), taróhon (an object that has - wax on) - ,, tubac (ant), tubacón (a thing that has - ants on.) - - -These particles are sometimes employed jointly, the an preceding the -on. This compound affix, anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or -birth or residence place, and is preceeded by an h according to the -same rules established for an and on. Examples: - - -from mang̃gad (wealth), mang̃gáran (wealthy), - manggaránon (rich). - ,, abacá (hemp), abacáhan (person that has - hemp), abacahànon - (person that owns - much hemp), - ,, Tan-auan (a town so tan-auananon (native or resident - called), of Tanauan). - ,, Palo (a town so paloánon (native or resident - called), contracted of Palo), - palon’on - ,, Tolosa (a town), tolosahanon, (native or resident - contracted of Tolosa), - tolosán’hon - ,, Dagami (a town), dagamiánon, (native or resident - contracted of Dagami), - dagamin’on - ,, Maasin (a town), maasinánon, (native or resident - contracted of Maasin), - maasinhon [41] - ,, Sugbu (Cebú), sugbuánon, (native or resident - of Cebú), - ,, Samar (province samaránon, (native or resident - so called), contracted of Sámar), - samárnon - ,, Manila (Manila), manilaanon, (native or resident - contracted of Manila). - manilan’on - ,, America (America), americahanon, (American). - contracted - americanhon [42] - - -OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz: ca cat iquina -or quina, taga, tagum or tagun, hi. - -Ca means also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the -person side by side). - -Cat means season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time). - -Iquina or quina expresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), -“iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life). - -Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” -(Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga -Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” -(up to the armpits). When this particle taga means measure, it is -sometimes replaced by pa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the -belly). - -Tagum expresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the -primitive commences with n, the m of tagum is suppressed. When the -primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the said m is replaced by -n. It is sometimes combined with the affix an, As: from “matá” (eye) -“baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar -disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar -power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make -himself invisible). - -Hi is also combined with the interfix r and the affix an, as from -“polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbs ha is used -instead of hi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable). - -NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affix an, as - - - from cauil (fish-hook), quinauilán (fish caught with - “cauil”) - bitánà (a kind of fishing binitanáan (fish caught with - net), “bitanà”). - - -There are other transformative particles not so important as those -already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student. - - - - -PROPER AND COMMON - -Like in other tongues there is in Bisayan a distinction between proper -and common nouns. Tacloban, Catbalaógan, Ilong̃-ílong̃ (Iloilo), Espanya -(Spain), Pedro (Peter), Guillermo (William), etc., are proper nouns; -bucad (flower), bató (stone), áyam (dog), etc., are common. - -The Bisayan language has also familiar names for persons. As - - - of Pedro, Péndong̃, Endong̃, Edóng̃, Edós, Pedó, etc; - ,, Juan, Uáuang̃, Uauay, Uáuà, Uuán, Uuâ, etc; - ,, Vicente, Tenteng̃, Titíng̃, Sente, Setée, etc; - ,, Rafael, Pápeng̃, Paéng̃, Paél, Pápè, etc; - ,, Margarito, Titong̃, Itong̃, Titoy, Itoy, etc.; - ,, Francisco, Quicoy, Incoy, Quicò, etc; - ,, Juana, Uánday, Uáday, etc.; - ,, Antonio, Tónyo, Todóc, etc.; - ,, Alejandro, Andong̃, Andoy, etc.; - ,, Isabel, Sabel, etc.; - ,, Gregorío, Goyóng̃, etc.; - ,, Saturnino, Satúr, etc.; - ,, Claudia, Calán, etc. - - -Among the names of places, there are a few formed by the preposition -can (which means possession or property), and the particles ca (which -denotes abundance), and guin (which conveys the idea of past passive -action), as - - -Cansámqui (a place, which probably belonged formerly to one - named Samqui) -Can-orquin (place probably owned formerly by one called Orquin) -Canramos, [43] transformed Carrámos (place probably owned or - possessed in former times by one named Ramos) - -Cabuyúan (place where formerly there was much “buyu” - (betelnut)) -Cabalían (place where the strong current of the sea breaks the - oars (balì)) -Guintiguían (place in the “San Juanico strait,” where the strong - current of the sea tests the rowers (tigui)) -Guintúlyan (a place in Basáy, Samar, where probably many fishes - were caught (tulúy) with nets.) - Etc. - - - NOTE.—The names of persons among the Bisayan people are all - Christian at the present time. Many of the surnames are Spanish, - many others being of Bisayan origin as Lágbas, Pócpoc, Macasáit, - Cabaobao, Balasbas, Yagomyom, etc. - - -To indicate relationship, as the English papa, mamma, and respect, -confidence, or tenderness, there are a number of Bisayan nouns, which -show by themselves the relation between the speaker or writer and the -person to whom the noun is applied. Examples: - - - for papa, tátay or tatáy, tátang̃ or tatáng̃, itáy, or itáng̃; - ,, mamma, nánay or nanáy, nánang̃ or nanáng̃, ináy, or ináng̃. - - -There are others applied to grandfathers and grandmothers, and also to -those persons who act or are considered as fathers or mothers. -Examples: - - - Mano, manóng, mamo, mamoy, babay, dudoy, dudù inco, tutoy, yuyu, - iyô (applied to elder brothers, uncles or elder male relatives of - any degree, even to persons not related to but respected by the - speaker or writer). - Mana [44] manang, manáy, mama, mamay. manding, duday, duda, insi - tutay, yuya, tuta (applied to elder sisters, aunts or elder female - relatives of any degree, even to women not related to, but - respected by the speaker or writer). - Tío, or tí, tia or tí (applied as á form of politeness and respect, - respectively to men or women not related to or unknown by the - speaker or writer). - Idoy, íntoy, budóy, busóy, and idáy, inday, udáy, idíng, iyíng, - bididay, nonay, neneng, (applied with tenderness to boys or girls - respectively). - - -NOTE.—The word cuán (so and so), not meaning anything by itself, is -applied to persons or things whose names the speaker or writer does not -know, or venture, or wish to express. As the phrase “so and so”, it -helps a great deal in a conversation, and is used also instead of the -verbs and other parts of speech. - - -The words inín (contracted of iní nga) and adâ (I guess, perhaps) are -also used in the conversation, as auxiliary particles, they being then -equivalent to the English why. - - -Examples: - - Question.—“¿Guinsorat mo na an balos?” (Have you already written - the answer?) - Answer.—“Oo guincoan co na gad” (Yes I already have). - Q.—¿Háin an basahón? (Where is the book?) - A.—Inin ... aadto ada ha ac solód (why ... I guess it is in my - room) - Q.—Mapiráu, ¿ano in bubuhaton co? (I am sleepy, what shall I do?) - A.—Ada ... catúrog (Why ... to sleep). - - - - -POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE. - -As in other languages, there are three degrees for adjectives, also -used for substantives in Bisayan. These degrees are positive, -comparative and superlative. - -Nothing particular needs be observed about the positive degree, except -what is mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs: - -The comparatives are formed exactly in the same way as the figuratives -[45], the number of syllables being disregarded, as if all has more -than two syllables. - - - from hatáas (high), harohataás (higher), - ,, hobóg (intoxicated), horohobóg (more intoxicated), - ,, táuo (man), tarotauó (more of a man). - - -In the formation of adjectives prefixed with ma, this particle is -preferably disregarded, as if such particle did not exist, as - - - from maópay (good), maoroopáy (better) - ,, magbuság (white), maboroboság (whiter), etc. - - -There is another form of comparative consisting in the use of the -combined particles labi (more) and ca, as - - - labí ca maopay (better), - labí ca mabusag (whiter). - - -This last form is sometimes used for superlatives. - -The superlatives are of three classes: - -Those which do not admit any comparison, and which we call absolute or -supreme superlatives, as - - - guimaopáyi (the best of all); - - -those which are not so absolute, and which we call ordinary -superlative, as, - - - capín ca maópay } - maopay nga capín } (very good); - maopay hin sogóng̃ [46] } - - -and those which convey the idea of excess, and which we call excessive -superlatives, as - - - uraúra [47] ca maópay } (to good). - maópay ng̃a uraúra } - - -As is seen from the preceding examples, the supreme supertive is formed -by adding to the beginning of the primitive the prefix gui and by -appending to said primitive the affíx i. The first syllable of the -primitive may be doubled as use permits. As, - - - from hatáas (high, tall), guihataási, or (the highest) - guihahataasi - táuo (man), guitáu’i (a true and - perfect man). - - -The first form is also adopted for the substantives to show the highest -degree of identity as in this phrase: - - - An guiaamáyi mo gud an natauág ha imo - (It is your very father who calls you). - - -The ordinary superlative is formed with the particles capin ca or labí -ca placed before the primitive, or with the particles caópay, ng̃a -capin, or hin sogong̃ put after the primitive. As, - - - from mabido (sorry) - capín ca mabidò } - labí ca mabidò } - mabidò caopay } (very sorry) - mabidò ng̃a capín } - mabidò hin sogóng̃ } - - -Some of the adjectives formed with particle ma, have another form for -ordinary superlative, in doubling their root and disregarding the -prefix ma, as from “masiróm” (dark), “masiromsiróm” [48] (very dark). - -The excessive superlative is formed with the particle uraúra ca placed -before the primitive, or the particle ng̃a uraúra located after the -root. As, - - - from maasín (salty) - uraúra ca maasín } (excessively salty) - maasín ng̃a uraúra } - - -The idea of the excessive superlative is also expressed sometimes with -the particles “lapás ca” (excessively), or with the phrase “dirí sonô -hin ca” or “dirì socól hin ca” (out of measure), placed before the -primitive, as - - - lapás ca maasín - dirì sonô hin ca maasín - dirì socól hin ca maasín. - - -NOTE.—The particles “labi” and “capin” take sometimes the affix an, as - - - from mahúsay (orderly, beautiful), - labínan ca mahúsay (very beautiful); - from masáquit (painful), - masáquit ng̃a capínan (very painful). - - - - -CARDINAL, ORDINAL, PARTITIVE, AND DISTRIBUTIVE. - -The cardinal adjectives are the following: - - - usá, contracted us, (one) - duhá (two) - tuló (three) - upát (four) - limá (five) - unóm (six) - pitó (seven) - ualó (eight) - siyám (nine) - napulò [49] (ten) - napulo cag [50] usá (eleven). - caruhaán [51] (twenty) - catloán (thirty) - cap’atán (forty) - calim’an (fifty) - caúnman (sixty) - capitoán (seventy) - caualoán (eighty) - casiyamán (ninety) - usá ca gatós (one hundred) - duhá ca gatós (two hundred) - usá ca yocót (one thousand) - usá ca ríbo [52] (ten thousand) - usá cagatós ca ribo (one million), etc. - - -As it is noticed above, the cardinals are formed by the preposition -“cag” (and), the prefix “ca” (which means collection) and the affix -“an”, added to the primitives “usá, duhá, tuló, upáo, lima, unóm, pitó, -ualó, siyám, napulo, gatós, yocót, ribo”, the phonetical reasons being -taken in consideration. Thus we say: - - - caruhaán, not caduhaán, - catloan, not catuloán, - cap’atán not caupatán, - calim’an not calimahán, - caúnman, not caunoman. - - -The word “usa” is frequently contracted, especially in familiar -language, by the supression of the last vowel. Thus: - - - us ca gatos } - us ca yocót } instead of “usá” ca etc. - us ca ribo } - - -In reading the numbers, the English way is followed, the particles “uga -may” being sometimes employed especially in cases of large amounts. -Thus, to read this number - - 987654321, - -we would say: - - “Casiyamán cag ualó cayocót, pitó cagatós caúnman cag limá caribo, - ng̃a may upát ca yocót, tuló ca gatós caruhaán cag usá.” - -NOTE—In Bisayan, there is no word corresponding to the English zero -(0). However, its figure is used in Bisayan. It is suggested that the -word “lung̃ág” (empty), or “uaráy” (nothing) be adopted as corresponding -to the word “zero” which is derived from modern Latin zephiram from -Arabic cafrun, cifrun or sefer (empty). - -The ordinals are formed by employing the particles “ica” (which bears -the idea of order), placed before the cardinal. As - - - ica usá, - ica napulò - ica calim’an - ica upat ca gatós - ica siyam ca yucót - icá pito ca ribo. - - -The ordinal of usa has also simple forms, as siyahan, siyapá, and -frequently admits the particle icag instead of ica, as icag usá. - -The partitives have exactly the same form, as the ordinals, except in -that the ordinals cag usa, siyahan and siyapá are never used as -partitives; and that there is the form tung̃â and its variants catung̃â, -tung̃â or catung̃â hin or ng̃a (half), employed instead of icaduhà. - -The phrase ca bahín (part) is frequently used in the partitives to -avoid confusion. Thus - - - an icaupát ca bahín (the fourth part) - - -The particle ica is sometimes contracted into caas “catung̃a” (half), -“cauróg” (most). - -The distributives are formed by adding to the cardinals the particle -tag (which conveys the idea of distribution). As - - - tag dúha (two, each) - tag caualóan (eighty, each) - tag yúcot (thousand, each) - - -When the distributive bears the meaning of portion, the particle iquina -is combined with tag. As - - - iquina tag duha (each two), etc. - - - - -COLLECTIVE - -The collective nouns are formed by adding at the beginning of the -primitive the prefix ca (which bears the idea of collection or reunion) -and the affix an. As, - - -from bata (boy or girl), cabatáan (reunion of boys or girls) - táuo (person), catauóhan (reunion of persons). - duhá (two), caruhaán (twenty). - - -These forms are very frequently used to make the plural of the nouns, -as of the singular batá we make the plural. - - - mga batà or cabataan. - - -NOTE—The particle ca is also employed to express abstract ideas, as - - - from buság (white color), mabuság (white), camabuság (whiteness) - - -The particle pag is sometimes added at the beginning of the particle, -as - - - pagcamabuság (whiteness). - - -The collectives take also the form of the figuratives with or without -the particles ca and an, as the use may permit, as - - - caborobong̃tóhan, - borobóng̃to. - - -NOTE.—There is another class of nouns which may be called depreciative. -They are limited in number. The following belong to such class: - - for batà (child), - - nagbobóto (a being born thru an explosion) - lumátud (person of big abdomen) - lugtuc, [53] - motatô [54] - motó, from botó (report of a gun, explosion); - - -for anác (son or daughter) - - - nahólbot (past participle of “hólbot” to pull out of a hole); - - -for baba (mouth) - - - nasárag (of “sárag” to put something in the mouth); - - -for camót (hand) - - - camrauón (from “cámram”, what an eagle does with its fingers); - - -for tiil (foot) - - - sincádol [55] etc. - - -There are despectives derived from their primitives, as, - - - for húbya (lazy), “húbsac” [56] - - -The variations to which the Bisayan names are subject, are: gender, -number, and cases. - - - - -GENDER. - -The gender is scarcely regarded. We have however for few nouns the -natural and grammatical genders. - -Examples of natural gender: - - - MASCULINE FEMININE - - laláqui (male person) babaye (woman) - lalaquí (male not person) babayé (female not person) - amay (father) iróy (mother) - bána (husband) asáua (wife) - bata (uncle) dadâ (aunt) - baylo (brother in law) hipág (sister in law), etc. - - -Examples of gramatical gender: - - - MASCULINE FEMININE - - dudoy [57] duday - tutoy tutay - idoy iday - intoy inday - mano mana - manoy manáy - manong manang [58] - tío tía [59], etc. - - - - -NUMBER - -The plural is determined by the particle mga or by those for -collectives as formerly seen [60], or by the interfix g among the -adjectives. Examples: - - - of táuo (man) “mg̃a táuo,” or “catauóhan” (men), - of dacò (large), dagcò (large, plural). - of matam-is (sweet), magtam-is (sweet, plural), - of hatáas (high), hagtáas (high, plural). - - -When the noun is preceded by numeral adjectives, the singular keeps its -form, as - - - usá ca táuo (one man), napulò ca tauo (ten men), - usá ng̃a baláy (one house), calim’an ng̃a baláy (fifty houses). - - -Some adjectives do not admit the interfix g, for euphonical reason, as - - - of hubyà (lazy), mg̃a hubya, not húgbyà, etc. - - - - -CASE. - -There is no inflection for Bisayan nouns to distinguish their different -cases, as in Greek and Latin. The cases are determined by the -prepositions and by variable parts of speech preceding the noun. - - -IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. - -There are great many Bisayan nouns composed of the same letters, but -which have different meanings according to the accent they bear. Of -these are the following: - - -anáy (she-hog), ánay (before) -apó (grandson or ápò (a thing fully - grand-daughter), introduced) -áyao (distributive ayáo (no, imperative) - possession), -bábà (mouth), babá (to carry a thing on - the back) -babáye (woman), babayé (female not person) -baga (red-hot coal or bága (lung), bagá (like) - wood), -bálay (turn), baláy (house) -bálod (a kind of dove), balód (wave) -bálos (return), balós (revenge) -bánus (abundant, thick), banús (to scrub) -bárang̃ (an amulet), baráng (knot) - -bayáo (brother-in-law), báyao (to lift up) -bucád (flower), búcad (to dig up) -búhat (work), buhát (to raise) -buhi (alive), buhi (losse) -buláo (yellow), búlao (to provoke a stranger) -búrong [61] (fog), buróng (to throw) -busà (reprimand), búsà (therefore) -cóbal (thread), cobál (corn, callosity) -comót (sinked), cómot (quick) -dósol (pain of the dosól (despective form of - stomack), “cáon”, to eat) -hóron (to pass the night), horón (farm) -igo, (just), igô (to be hit) -lága (flame), lagà (cooked) -láya (a net for fishing), layà (to wither), layâ - (withered) -laláqui (man), lalaquí (male, not person) -látos (reaching, latós (to whip) - overtaking), -lúya (weakness), luyà (lime), luyâ - (restlessness), luy-a - (ginger) -muláy (play), múlay (to teach) -obós (low), óbos (to exhaust) -usá or usâ (one), úsa (to marvel) -úpa (reward), upá (rice chaff) -pátag (plane), patág (a kind of basket) -píli (a tree so called), pilì (to select) -pálad (palm), palád (a fish) -pusò (flower of banana), pusô (rice especially - cooked) -pusâ (pounded), pusà (to wash the feet) -púto (a dainty so called), pútò (partition), putó (last - son or daughter) -sábot (agreement), sabót (filement or to - understand) -sácay, (passenger or sacáy (to embark) - companion on a boat), -sócot (frequent), socót (to collect) - -súso (teat), susò (thickset), susô (a - mollusk so called) -tíao (joke), tiáo (maniac) -tíma (finished), timá (uneven) -túba (a plant so called), tubâ (wine from cocoanut or - nipa) -tubó (sugar-cane), túbò (to grow), etc. - - - - -TRANSPOSITION OF ACCENTS. - -The accent of a word frequently changes its place upon its -transformation. - -In the diminutives formed by repetition of the root or by the affix ay, -the acute accent is always placed upon the penult. As - - - from baláy, balaybálay - ,, saróual, sarouálay - ,, balóto, balotóhay. - - -The grave accent of the root is preserved; and its angular accent -becomes grave, which is preserved in its repetition. As - - - from dacò, dacòdácò - ,, bohô (hole), bohòbóhò (little hole). - - -When the primitive has the acute accent on its penult, said accent is -transferred to the last syllable of the original primitive, the -repeated primitive following the preceding rules. As. - - - from dáhon, dahóndáhon - ,, cáhoy, cahoycáhoy - ,, halípot, halipótay - ,, maópáy, maopay-ópay - ,, hatáas, hataastáas - - -In the figuratives, the same rules are followed; and when the interfix -ro is employed, the primitive generally loses its acute accent which is -placed upon the penult of the figurative. As - - - from sacayán, sarosacáyan. - - -In the verbal nouns, it is a general rule that when the verb root has -its acute accent on its penult, its verbals have said accent trasplaced -to their last syllables, and viceversa, as - - - from sarát, (to write), from bása (to read) - parasúrat parabasá - tigsúrat tigbasá - magsusúrat magbarasá - susurátan barasahán - susuráton barasahón - masúrat mabasá - isusúrat, ibarasá; - - -except when the transformative particle is ma meaning desirableness, in -which case the acute accent is always on the last syllable; and also in -case of the particle hi, where the accent is always put on the penult. -As - - - masuratsurát, - himása. - - -In case where the penult, of the verb root is necessarily long, as when -its vowel is followed by more than one consonant, and when the last -syllable of the root is pronounced independently from the consonant or -consonants preceding it, then the original acute accent of the root is -preserved on the penult of the verbal. As - - - from cánhi (to come), dól-ong (to bear, to accompany) - paracánhi paradól-ong - tigcánhi tigdól-ong - cumaránhi domoról-ong - caranhían dorol-óngan - caranhíon dorol-óngon - macanhíon madol-óngon - icaránhi idoról-ong - hang̃aránhi hinonól-ong - - -In the derivatives, when the accent is on the penult of the primitive, -it is also placed on the penult of the derivative; and when the accent -is on the last syllable of the primitive, it is also put on the last -syllable of the derivative, as - - - from áram, maáram - bayáu, mabaráyau - púsod, himósod - búua, buuáon - tubác, tubacón. - - -It must be noted that we refer to the acute accent. It sometimes -happens that the last syllable of the primitive has angular accent, in -which case such accent is discomposed, the grave being kept and the -acute being transposed to the penult of the derivative, as - - - from salâ, saláan, - - -where the a of the penult really bears two accents, angular and grave, -the angular not being employed for the reason that is it not necessary, -as the last two aa are pronounced separately [62], and because it is -not proper, as the angular accent is only used at the endings of the -words. [63] - -In the derivatives formed with taga, or tag, or maqui the accent of the -root is not changed. As - - - from bódo, (salted fish), tagabódo - baláy (house), tagbaláy - calámay (dark sugar) maquicalámay - - -The comparatives formed with, the interfix ro, have always the accent -on the last syllable no matter where it was in the primitive. As - - - from halábà (long), harohalabâ - uguis (white), urouguís. - - -The superlatives formed with the prefix gui and the affix i always have -the accent on the penult, without regarding where it was in the -primitive. As - - - from halárum (deep), guihahalarúmi - matahúm (beautiful), guimamatahúmi - - -The collectives follow the way in which their primitives are accented, -so, if their, primitives have the accent on the penult, they have it on -the penult, and when the primitives have the accent on the last -syllable they also have it on their last syllables. As - - - from bátà (child), cabatáan - baláy (house), cabalayán. - - -It must be observed also that there are nouns which, thru phonetical -variations, have more than one forms. Of such words are the following: - - - báchò, bíchò (groaning) - bándoc, búndac (kick) - guipic, guipác (broken) - guisî, gusî, quisî, cusî (sagged) - Panalaron, Palanaron, Planaron (one of the suburbs of - the town of Tacloban), [64] - piló, lopí (fold) - quíróg, coróg (trembling) - quirógpos, corógpos (surtout) - sitsit, sutsut (whistle) - taclap, taplac (blanket), etc. - - -There are also words composed of the same letters but sounding -differently and having different meanings thereby, on account of the -separation with which some of their syllables are pronounced. As - - - bágo (a tree), bag-o (new) - lauay (saliva), lau-ay (repugnance) - tagóc (resin), tág-oc (inarticulate voice). - bágang (an insect), bág-ang (grinder) - bútol (bulky), bút-ol (throat) - bulánon (moony), bul’ánon (from Bohol), etc. - - - - -PRONOUNS - -There are four classes: personal, demonstrative, possessive, and -relative. - - -PERSONAL. - -They are the following: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - Acó (I) Quitá, camí (we) [65] - Icáo, ca, [66] (thou, you) Camó (you) - Hiyá, or siyá [67] (he or she) Hirá, or sirá (they) - - -DECLENSION - -The cases are four; nominative, genitive, objective, and vocative. - - -First person.—Singular. - -Nominative.— Acó (I) -Genitive.— Nácon, [68] ácon, co (of, by me) -Objective.— Ha ácon, dácon [69] (to, for, in, at, on, upon, over, - under, etc. me) - -Plural. - - Nominative,— Camí—quitá. [70] (we) - Genitive.— Nímon, ámon—aaton, aton, ta (of, by us) - Objective.— Ha ámon, dámon—ha áton, dáton (to, for, etc. us) - -Second person.—Singular. - - Nominative.— Icáo, ca (thou, you) - Genitive.— Nimo, imo, mo (of, by thee, or you) - Objective.— Ha imo, dimo (to, for, etc. thee, or you) - Vocative.— Icao (thou, or you) - -Plural. - - Nominative.— Camó (you) - Genitive.— Niyo, iyo (of, by you) - Objective.— Ha iyo, díyo (to, for, etc. you) - Vocative.— Camó (you) - -Third person—Singular. - - Nominative.— Hiyá (he, or she) - Genitive.— Niya, iya (of, by him, or her) - Objective.— Ha iya, díya (to, for, etc. him or her) - Vocative— Hiyá (He, or she). - -Plural. - - Nominative— Hirá (They) - Genitive— Nira, ira (of, by them) - Objective— Ha ira, dira (to, for etc., them) - Vocative— Hirá (they). - - - - -DEMONSTRATIVE. - -They have the same forms both for the singular and plural, as follows: - - - adí (this, these, nearer to the speaker than to the listener) - ini (this, these) - itó (that, those, nearer to the speaker than to the listener, - corresponding to the Spanish “ese, esa, eso, esos, esas”) - adto (that, those, far from both the speaker and the listener, and - corresponding to the Spanish “aquel, aquella, aquellos, - aquellas”). - - -When used before the nouns, they have the particle nga after them; said -particle being frequently contracted with the pronun. As - - - adí ng̃a, contracted adín, - iní ng̃a, contracted inín, - itó ng̃a, contracted itón, - ádto ng̃a, contracted ádton. - - -The form itón sometimes takes again the particle ng̃a. So it is said -itón ng̃a batâ (that boy or girl). - -Adí, adto in some places have their variants yadi, yadto. - -In plural, the particle mga is placed after the preceding combinations; - -They have two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - -Adí.—Singular - -Subjective— Adí, adí ng̃a, adín (this) -Objective— Hadí, hadí ng̃a, hadín, or hadin mg̃a (of, etc. this) - -Plural. - - Subjective— Adí, adi ng̃a mg̃a, adín mg̃a (these) - Objective— Hadí, hadi ng̃a mg̃a, hadín, or (of, etc., these). - hadin mg̃a - -Iní.—Singular - - Subjective— Iní, iní ng̃a, inín (this) - Objective— Hiní, hiní ng̃a, hinín (of, etc., this) - -Plural. - - Subjective— Iní, ini ng̃a mg̃a, inín mg̃a (these) - Objective,— Hiní, hini ng̃a mg̃a, hinin mg̃a (of, etc., these). - -Itó.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a, itón, itón ng̃a (that) - Objective— Hitó, hitó ng̃a, hitón, hitón, ng̃a (of, etc. that) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a mg̃a, itón mg̃a, itón (those) - ng̃a mg̃a -Objective.— Hitó, hitó ng̃a mg̃a, hitón mg̃a, (of, etc., those) - hitón ng̃a mg̃a - -Adto.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a, adton (that) - Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a, hadton (of, etc., that) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a mg̃a, adton mg̃a (those) -Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a mg̃a, hadton mg̃a (of, etc., those) - - -The forms adton and hadton are frequently used instead of itón, hitón -when the object referred to is very close to the listener. Itón is -sometimes replaced by the forms hadto and haton. Examples: - - - mopáy adtón hiní (that one is better than this) - condî darodacô iní hadton (but this is larger than that) - say co hatón (I prefer that one). - - - - -POSSESSIVE. - -They are the following: - - -SINGULAR PLURAL -acon, co (my, mine) aton, ta, amon (our, ours) -imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) iyo (your, yours) -iya (his or her) ira (their) - - -The forms co, mo, ta are used only after the nouns. - -The same distinction exists between aton and amon, as between quitá and -camí. [71] - -They have also two cases: subjective, and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - -Acon.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Acon, co (my, mine) - Objective.— Ha acon, han acon (of, etc., my) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Aton, ta, amon (our, ours) -Objective.— Ha aton, han aton, ha amon, han amon (of, etc., our) - -Imo.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) - Objective.— Ha imo, han imo (of, etc., your, thy) - -Plural. - - Subjective.— Iyo (your, yours) - Objective.— Ha iyo, han iyo (of, etc., your) - -Iya—Singular. - - Subjective— Iya (his, her, hers) - Objective.— Ha iya, han iya (of, etc., his, her) - -Plural. - - Subjective.— Ira (their) - Objective.— Ha ira, han ira (of, etc., their) - -These plurals refer to the subjects possessing. The plural referring to -the objects possessed, is formed in each case by using the particle -mg̃a, as - - Acon mg̃a cabogtóan (my brothers or sisters) - Iyo mg̃a láuas (your bodies) - Ira mg̃a cabalayán (their houses) - - - - -RELATIVE - -They are as follows: - - - Ng̃a (that, which) - anó (what) - bisan anó (whatever) - hín’o or sin’o [72] (who) - bisan hin’o or bisan sin’o (whoever) - háin (which) - bisan háin (whichever) - - -These pronouns, except hin’o and bisan hin’o have no inflection for -cases. - - -NG̃A. - -This relative always refers to the subject of the verb. It never -relates to the complement. So the sentence: - - “the house that Peter builds is big”, - -cannot be translated literally into Bisayan. It is expressed by passive -voice. Thus: - - “an baláy ng̃a guintitindog ni Pedro, dacô”; - -literally “the house that is being built by Peter is big”, And this: - - “the book which you gave me yesterday” - -is translated: - - “an basahón ng̃a ihinátag mo ha acon cacolóp”; - -literally “the book which was given by you to me yesterday” - -This pronoun is indispensable when a substantive is qualified by an -adjective, as - - - maópay ng̃a táuo (good man,) not maúpay táuo, - bucad ng̃a mahamót (fragrant flower) not bucád mahamot [73] - - -It differs from the conjunction ng̃a (that) in that the pronoun always -refers to a noun, never to a verb. - -NOTE.—This particle ng̃a expresses in some instances the idea of -“saying,” “question,” “answer,” etc., as when we say: - - Ng̃a ni Pedro: “tágui acó hin salapí.” Dáyon batón ni Juan, ng̃a - niya: “uaray co salapí.” - -Peter said: “give me money.” John immediately replied by saying: “I -have no money.” - - Pacanhía hi Guillermo. Ng̃a natón [74] “guinquiquína hang̃lan ca - didto.” - - Make Guillermo come. Tell him: “you are needed there.” - -When applied to the third person it is frequently combined with the -particle laóng̃ as: - - Násiring̃ hi Pedro, ng̃alaóng̃: “magtotoón aco.” - - Peter said: “I shall study”. - -This special idea conveyed by the word ng̃a seems to show in other -instances in the Bisayan tongue, as when it is said depreciatively: - - ¡Ca damò hin im ng̃ang̃a! - - How many things you ask or talk! - -where the doubled ng̃a means request or talking. - - -ANÓ. - -This pronoun has the same use as the English what, except when the -latter is used as an objective relative, in which case the said English -pronoun is translated by the article an. As when it is said: - - “What you need is patience, not science,” which is translated: - - An guinquiquinahang̃lan mo an pag-ílob, dirì hibaró. - - -BISAN ANÓ. - -Bisan ano means “anything” or “whatever.” Examples: - - Whatever you do I’ll know it. - - Bisan ano in buháton mo, hisasabotán co. - - Give me anything eatable. - - Tágui aco hin bisan anó ng̃a hacaraón. - -It is frequently replaced by ano lâ, or anoano lâ. Ex.: - - Anything you may desire, I’ll give you. - - Ano lâ ng̃a caruyágon mo, ihahatag co ha imo. - - You wish to see everything. - - Anoano lâ buót mo hiquit’an. - -When it is preceded by an article, it means “which,” as - - Which horse do you like? - - ¿An anó ng̃a cabayo in buót mo? - - -HIN’O - -This relative is only used in the interrogative phrases. It is not -employed as the English “who” when this relative serves as “that”. So -this phrase - - “that person who talks is my brother” is translated: “itón tauo ng̃a - nagyayácan, acon bugto,” not “itón tauo hin’o nagyayácan, etc.” - -It has two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - Subjective— Hin’o (who) Hirá hin’o (who) - Objective— Canáy, can (of, etc. Canda canáy (of, etc., - canáy whom whose) whom, whose) - - -BISAN HIN’O - -Bisan hin’o means “whoever” or “anyone”. Example: - - Whoever is there, let him come. - - Bisan hin’o in adâ, pacanhía. - - Anyone knows him. - - Bisan hin’o náquilála ha iya. - -It also has two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - - SINGULAR PLURAL - Subjective.— Bisan hin’o (whoever) Bisan hirá (whoever) - hin’o - Objective.— Bisan canáy (of, etc., Bisan canda (of etc., - whomever) canáy whoever) - - -HAIN. - -Hain means “which.” Examples: - - Which of these hats is yours? - ¿Háin hiní ng̃a mg̃a calò in imo? - -Similarly to “ano,” the pronoun “háin” is only used in the -interrogative forms, never as ng̃a (that). So the phrase - - “the book which you saw” - -is translated - - “an basahón ng̃a imo quinità” - -(literally: the book that was seen by you), and not - - “an basahon háin icao quinmità.” - - -BISAN HÁIN. - -It is equivalent to the English “whichever,” Examples: - - Whichever of those books satisfies me. - - Didâ hitó ng̃a mga basahón bisan háin maopay co. - -NOTE.—These relatives hain and bisan háin must not be confounded with -the adverbs of the same form, háin (where) and bisan háin (wherever). -The former refer only to nouns, the latter to verbs. - - - - -CONTRACTIONS. - -The pronouns are frequently contracted as follows: - - - acó, ácon, to ac - nácon ,, nac - dácon ,, dac - camí ,, cam - quitá ,, quit - námon ,, nam - ámon ,, am - náton ,, nat - áton ,, at - dámon ,, dam - dáton ,, dat - icáo ,, ic - nímo ,, nim - imo ,, im - dimo ,, dim - camó ,, cam - adi ,, ad - iní ,, in - itó ,, it - adín ,, ad - itón ,, it - hadí ,, had - hadín ,, had - hiní ,, hin - hinín ,, hin - hitó ,, hit - hitón ,, hit - hatón ,, hat - ácon ,, ac - áton ,, at - ámon ,, am - imo ,, ini - bisan anó ,, bis ano - bisan háin ,, bis hain - - - - -VERBS - -The verbs may be grouped in the following classes: - -As to their conjugation: active, passive, negative, interrogative, -suppletory, impersonal, defective. - -As to their inflections: primitive, and progressive. - -The Active verb represents the subject as acting, as: - - acó násugò (I order). - -The Passive verb represents the subject as being acted upon, as: - - acó sinúsugò (I am ordered). - -The Negative verb involves a negation, as: - - ayáo catúrog (do not sleep). - -The Interrogative verb involves a question, as: - - ¿diín ca cadto? (where did you go?) - -The Suppletory verb supplies the lack of all auxiliary and a few other -verbs as from ini (this), we have: - - íiní acó (I am here), to express the verb “to be,” in Bisayan. - -The Impersonal verb has not a definite subject, as: - - náurán (it rains). - -The Defective verb lacks one or more of its principal parts as, - - iyá (receive it). - -The Primitive verb is used in its original and simplest form as: - - acó násurát (I write). - -The Progressive verb denotes continuance of the action, as: - - acó nagusurát (I am writing). - - - - -CONJUGATION - -VOICES - -They are active and passive. The passive voice has three classes: -direct, indirect, and instrumental. - -The direct passive is where the subject is the direct object in active -voice, as: - - suratá an acon ng̃aran (write my name; literally: let my name be - written by you). - -The indirect passive is where the subject is an indirect object of the -verb in its active voice, as: - - suratí an imo amáy (write to your father; literally: let a letter - be written by you to your father), - -The instrumental passive is where the subject is the instrument or real -object of the action, as: - - igsurát iní ng̃a pluma (write with this pen; literally: let this pen - be used by you in writing.) - - - - -MOODS AND TENSES - -There are four moods: infinitive, indicative, imperative, and -subjunctive, - -The infinitive has two tenses: present, and gerund; three in passive -voice: present, gerund, and past participle. - -The indicative has three. The ordinary forms have present, past and -future. The irregular forms have present, imperfect past, and past. - -The imperative and subjunctive, have each one tense: present. - -Infinitive: The present is frequently used as a noun, as: - - an pagcáon (the meal). - -The gerund is frequently used in compound sentences for past tenses, -as: - - han pag-abot co (when I arrived: literally: upon my arriving). - -The past participle is employed as an adjective as: - - hinigugma co ng̃a iróy. (my dear mother; literally: mother loved by - me). - -NOTE.—There are in Bisayan forms resembling and equivalent in many -instances to the Latin infinitive future ending in rus, in active, and -in dus, in passive, as amaturus and amandus. Such Bisayan forms are -those formed by the particle um combined with the interfix r or its -substitutes (See page 20), as: - - cumaráon (one who is to eat) - - caraonón (a thing to be eaten). - -Indicative. Ordinary forms. The present corresponds to the same tense, -in English, and also to the Spanish and Latin imperfect past. As: - - nácaon acó (I eat) - - nácaon acó han pag-abot mo (I was eating when you arrived) - -The past tense represents the English present perfect, and past, -indicative mood. As: - - nagsurát acó (I have written, I wrote) - -The future corresponds to the English future tense, as: - - másurat acó (I shall write) - -Suppletory forms. The present represents the English present and future -tenses, indicative. As: - - He is here: hiyá háhani. - - He will be here tomorrow: hiyá hahaní buás. - -The imperfect past and past tense corresponds to the same tense of the -Latin and Spanish languages: as - - didinhi [75] hi Juan han pag-abót co (John was here, when I - arrived) - - -Imperative and Subjunctive. The single tense (present) of each of these -moods corresponds to the same tense in English, as: - - cadto búas (go there to-morrow) - - cun cumadto ca buas, tauága acó (If you go there tomorrow, call - me). - -Observations. 1. The English past perfect, indicative, is supplied in -Bisayan by the present tense, indicative, of the potential form which -we shall see later. [76] As: - - han imo pag-abót nacacatima na acó (when you arrived, I had already - finished). - -2. The English future perfect tense is supplied in Bisayan by the -future tense, indicative, of the potential form. As - - umabút ca ng̃anì macacatima na aco (when you arrive, I shall have - finished). - -3. The Latin and Spanish imperfect past tense, subjunctive mood, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present, subjunctive, and future indicative. -As - - Cun gumican acó niyán, diri co hiya igquiquita buás (If I should go - today, I would not meet him tó-morrow). - -4. The Latin and Spanish perfect past tense, subjunctive, is supplied -in Bisayan by the past tense, indicative. - -5. The Latin and Spanish plusquamperfect past tense, subjunctive, is -supplied in Bisayan by the past and future (potential) tenses, -indicative, respectively. As - - Cun nagdágmit acó, hinaabután co cunta hiyá (If I had hastened, I - should have reached him). - -6. The Latin and Spanish imperfect future tense, subjunctive, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present subjunctive. - -7. And the perfect future tense, subjunctive, of said languages, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present, indicative, potential form. - - - - -NUMBER AND PERSON. - -There are two numbers: singular and plural. - -There are three persons: first, second, and third. Except in the -imperative, the inflections of the verbs generally do not change, in -each tense. However, the progressive and suppletory forms frequently -undergo some changes in plural, as - - acó nagsusurát (I am writing), - - camí nanunurát (we are writing) - - - - -INFLECTIONS. - -The inflections are determined by particles, which are shown in the -following tables: - -(In the tables below, the dash represents the root; the sign (d) means -that the first syllable of the root is doubled; s and p mean singular -and plural, respectively). - - -TABLE 1 - -PRIMITIVE ACTIVE - -Infinitive - Present, and gerund: PAG—, s; PANG—, PAM—, PAN—, p - -Indicative - Present: NA— - Past: INM—, or —INM— - Future: MA— - -Imperative - (the root unaltered) - -Subjunctive - UM—, or —UM— - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -Infinitive. The present and gerund are formed by the prefix pag, and -the root. In the plural, the g of pag undergoes the following changes: - -When the root begins with a vowel o: with the consonant c, the pag is -changed into pang the c then being suppressed. Examples: - - - from “arò” (to ask), pag-arò, pl. pang̃aro. - “catúrog” (to sleep), pagcátúrog, pl. pang̃atúrog. - - -If the root commences with a labial consonant, except m, pag is -transformed into pam, and then the labial consonant disappears. -Examples: - - - from “báyad” (to pay), pagbáyad, pl. pamáyad. - “pilì” (to select), pagpilì, pl. pamilì. - - -When the root begins with m, pag is transformed into pan, the m of the -root remaining in it. Example: - - - from “múlay” (to teach), pagmúlay, pl. panmúlay. - - -If the root commences with any other consonant, pag is replaced by pan, -the said consonant being then suppressed except when it is a g or h. -Examples. - - - from “hapon” (to perch), paghápon, pl. panhápon, - ,, “gúbat” (to invade), paggúbat, pl. pangúbat, - ,, “búao” (to visit), pagdúao, pl. panúno, - ,, “tubò” (to grow), pagtubò, pl. panubò, - ,, “surát” (to write), pagsurát, pl. panurát. - - -Indicative.—Present. The transformative particle of this tense is the -prefix na, which must always be pronounced long, in order not to -confound it with the short na of the passive potential form, as it will -be seen later. [77] As - - - (long na) nápilì acó (I select) - (short na) napílì acó (I was selected). - - -Past.—This tense is determined by the interfix inm placed between the -first consonant and the first vowel of the root. - -When the root commences with a vowel, this particle is simply prefixed -to the root. As, - - - from “surát” (to write), “abót” (to arrive) acó sinmurát [78] (I - write), inmabót hirá (they arrived) - - -NOTE.—The m of imn is frequently suppressed. As, - - - from “múlay” (to teach), abót (to arrive) - ,, minúlay, inábot. - - -Future.—The particle determining this tense is the prefix ma which must -be always pronounced long, so as not to confound it with the short ma -used among the verbal and derivative nouns. As, - - - (long ma) hiyá mácáon (he or she will eat) - (short ma) hiyá macaón (he or she is a glutton) - (long) máborong̃ (there will be fog) - (short) mabórong̃ (confuse) - - -Imperative.—It is simply the root without any transformative particle. - -NOTE.—There is a form consisting in doubling the first syllable of the -root. But this form is used only in the preceptive language, as when we -say: “tauágon ca ng̃anì, bábatón” (whenever you are called, always -answer). - -Subjunctive.—The single tense of this mood is determined by the -interfix um which is placed between the first consonant and the first -vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is -added to the beginning as from “arò” (to ask), “umarò,” from “cáon” (to -eat) cumáon. - -Example: - -Root: surát. - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurát } (to write, writing) - { plural: panurát } - -Indicative - -PRESENT - -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó } { I, } | camí quitá } { we } -icao } násurat { they, you } write, etc. | camó } násurat { you } write -hiyá } { he, she } | hirá } { they } - -PAST - - acó, etc. (I, etc. wrote) camí, etc. (we, etc. - inmurát sinmurát wrote) - -FUTURE - - acó, etc. (I shall, etc. camí, etc. (we shall, etc. - másurat write) másurat write) - - -Imperative - - surát icao (write) sumurát [79] (let us, them - camí, hirá write) - sumurát[79] (let him or surát quitá, camó (let us, you - hiya her write) write) - - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may, etc. camí, etc. (we may, etc. - sumurát write) sumurát write) - - - - -TABLE 2. - -PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE - -Infinitive. - (the same as that of the primitive active) - -Indicative - Present: NAG(d)—, s; NANG(d)—, NA(d)—, or NAN(d)—, p. - Past: NAG—, s: NANG—, NA—, or NAN—, p. - Future: MAG(d)—, s; MANG(d)—, MA(d)—, or MAN(d)—, p. - -Imperative. - PAG—, s; PANG—, PA—, or PAN—, p. - -Subjunctive - MAG—, s; MANG—, MA—, or MAN—, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive. Its forms are exactly the same as those of the primitive -active. - -Indicative. Present. Its singular is determined by doubling the first -syllable [80] of the root, prefixed by nag. - -Its plural is formed according to the first letter of the root. When -the root commences with a vowel, or with the consonant c as - - - arò (to ask) - cáon (to eat) - - -the formation takes the following process: ng̃ is added to the beginning -of the root, c being suppressed, as - - - ng̃aro, ng̃áon; - - -the first syllable is doubled,[80] as - - - ng̃ang̃aro, ng̃ang̃áon, - - -to which the particle na is prefixed, as - - - nang̃ang̃arò, nang̃ang̃áon, - - -which is the final form. - -When the root commences with a labial consonant, as - - - báyad (to pay) - múlay, (to teach) - pili (to select), - - -the formation of the plural is as follows: the first consonant of the -root is replaced by m, or not altered if it is an m, as - - - máyad, múlay, mili; - - -then the first syllable is doubled,[80] as - - - mamáyad, mumúlay, mimilí; - - -and the prefix nan is employed, as - - - nanmamáyad, nanmumúlay, nanmimili, - - -the final form. - - -The last n of nan is frequently suppressed, as - - - namamáyad - namimili. - - -When the root begins with a dental consonant as - - - dapò (to approach) - tábon (to cover) - surát (to write) - - -the formation of the plural consists in replacing the first consonant -by n, as - - - napó, nabon, nurat, - - -whose first syllable is doubled [81], as - - - nanapo, nanabon, nunurat, - - -to which the particle na is prefixed as - - - nanánapó, nanánabon, nanúnurat, - - -the final form. - - -If the root commences with any other consonant, the plural is formed by -doubling the first syllable of the root, and by prefixing the particle -nan to the root so transformed. Examples: - - - from hugas (to wash), nanhuhugas. - lohód (to kneel down), nanlolohod. - rabot (to pull), nanrarabot. - - -Past. The singular is formed by adding to the root the prefix nag. - -The plural is formed exactly as the plural present, except in that the -first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled. - -Future.—The formation of this tense is the same, both in singular and -plural, as that of the present, except in that the prefixes used here -are mag, ma, man, mang, instead of nag, na, nan, nang. - -Imperative.—In singular, the prefixes pag and mag are employed. In -plural, the prefixes, pa, pan, pang, ma, man, mang, are used in the -same way and cases as the prefixes na, nan, nang, in the present -indicative. - -Subjunctive.—It is formed in the same way as the future indicative, -except in that the first syllable of the root is not doubled here. - - -Root: surát (write) - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagurát } (to be writing, being - { plural: panurat } writing) - -Indicative - -PRESENT - -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc., (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -nagsusurát writing) | nanunurát writing) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -nagsurát writing) | nanurát writing) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall, etc. | camí, etc., (we shall, etc. -magsusurát be writing) | manunurát be writing) - | -Imperative | - | -pagsurát icao (be writing) | panurát quita, (let us, you be - | camó writing) -magsurát hiya (let him or her | manurát camí, (let us, them be - be writing) | hirá writing) - | -Subjunctive | - | -acó etc. magsurát (I may, etc. be | camí, etc. (we may, etc. be - writing) | manurát writing) - - - - -TABLE 3 - -PRIMITIVE DIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p - -Past participle: IN—, or —IN— - -Indicative - Present: IN(d)—, or —IN(d)— - Past: IN—, or —IN—. - Future: (d)—ON. - -Imperative - —A. - -Subjunctive - —ON. - - -Infinitive. The present and gerund are determined in singular by the -prefix pag and the affix á. Pag is used as in the active voice. The -affix a is accented (if the last syllable of the root is accented) and -simply appended to the root prefixed by pag. This affix is sometimes -ha. The use of a or ha follows the same rules established for the use -of the affixes an and han (See page 15 of this book). - -In plural the prefixes pang, pam, pan, are employed in combination with -the affix a. The said prefixes are used in same way as their similar in -the primitive active. (See page 62 of this book). - -The past participle is formed by the interfix in placed between the -first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If this begins with a -vowel the in is prefixed to the root. As - - - from “cáon” (to eat), quináon (eaten) - ,, “inóm” (to drink), ininóm (drunk) - - -Indicative.—Present. This tense is formed by doubling the first -syllable of the root and by then placing in it (after doubling the said -first syllable) the interfix in, in a similar way as in the past -participle. (See the preceding observution). As, - - - from cáon, quinacáon - ,, inóm, iníinóm [82] - - -Past.—The formation of this tense is exactly the same as that of the -past participle seen above. - -Future.—This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root -and appending to it the affix on. As - - - from “caón,” cácaónon - ,, “inóm,” iinomón, contracted iinmon. - - -Imperative.—The single form of this mode, consists in the root appended -by the affix “á.” It must be observed that this affix “á” in the -imperative bears the idea that the order or command is always directed -to the second person or first plural, If such order or command is -directed to some other person, not to the second, or first (quitá) -plural then the subjunctive is used. As - - - higugmaá an Dyos (love God; lit.: let God be loved by you) - higugmaá ta an catadúng̃an (let us love justice; lit.: let justice - be loved by us). - higugmaón nira an igcasitáuo (let them love the fellow-man: lit.: - let the fellowman be loved by them). - - -The last form is also frequently used for the second person, singular -and plural, and for the first person, plural. As - - - higugmaón mo an Dyos (love God) - higugmaón niyo, etc. - higugmaón námon, etc. - higugmaón ta, etc. - - -Subjunctive. The single form of this mode consists in the root appended -by the affix on, as it is seen in the preceding examples. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratá } (to be written, being. - { plural: panuratá } written) - -Past participle: sinurát (written) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinúsurat written) | sinúsurat written) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. sinurát (I was, etc. | camí, etc. (we were, etc - written) | sinurát written) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall, etc -susuratón be written) | susuratón be written) - -Imperative - -suratá acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hírá (let me, thee, you, -him, her, us, you them he written by you) - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may, etc. camú, etc. (we may, etc. be - suratón written) suratón written) - - - - -TABLE 4. - -PROGRESSIVE DIRECT PASSIVE. - -Infinitive. - -Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p. -Past participle: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p. - -Indicative - Present: GUIN(d)—, s; PIN(d)—, PINAN(d)—, p. - Past: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p. - Future: PAG(d)—ON, s; PA(d)—ON, PAN(d)—ON, p. - -Imperative - PAG—A, s; PA—A, PAN—A, p. - -Subjunctive - PAG—ON, s; PA—ON, PAN—ON, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive. Present and gerund. The singular is formed by the root -prefixed by pag and affixed by a. In plural the prefixes pa, pan, or -pang are employed in the same cases as those mentioned for the use of -nang nam, and na of the present tense, indicative, of the progressive -form, active voice. [83] - -The past participle is formed by the prefix guin added to the root. - -Indicative. Present. In singular the first syllable is doubled, [84] -and the prefix guin is employed. - -In plural the prefix pina is used and the root is transformed exactly -in the same way as the plural, present tense, indicative; of the -progressive form active voice. [85] - -Past. The same as the present, except in that the first syllable of the -root transformed is not doubled. - -Future. Its singular is formed by the prefix pag, added to the root -whose first syllable is doubled, [86] and by the affix on. - -Its plural is formed by the prefix pa, pang or pam and the root -transformed in the same way as in the use of na nang or nam and as the -trasformation of the root in the plural, present tense, indicative of -the progressive form, active voice. [87] - -Imperative. It consists in the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. -We reproduce here the observation made on the imperative, primitive -form, direct passive. [88] - -Subjunctive. Its singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and -affixed by on. Its plural consists in the use of pa pang or pam in the -same way as in the plural, present tense indicative, progressive form, -active voice, [89] and of the affix on. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurátá } (to be written, being - { plural: panuratá } written) - -Past participle: guiusurát s.; pinanunurát p. (written). - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -guinsusurát being written) | pinanunurát being written) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -guinsurát being written) | pinanurát being written) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall be, | camí, etc. (we shall be, -pagsusuratón etc. being | panunuratón etc. being - written) | written) - -Imperative - -Pagsuratá acó, icao, hiya, camí, hira (let me, you, him or her, us, -you, them be being written). - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may be, etc. camí, etc. (we may be, etc. - pagsuratón being written) panuratón being written) - - - - -TABLE 5 - -PRIMITIVE INDIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive. - Present, and gerund: PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - Past participle: —IN—AN, or IN—AN - -Indicative. - Present: IN(d)—AN, or —IN(d)—AN - Past: —IN—AN, or IN—AN - Future: (d)—AN - -Imperative. - —I - -Subjunctive. - —AN - - -OBSERVATION: - -Infinitive. Present and gerund. This form consists in the root -transformed by the affix i, and by the prefix pag in singular, and -pang, pan, or pa in plural, according to the rules above established -for the use of these prefixes. [90] - -Past participle,—This form consists in the root transformed by the -interfix in and the affix an. The use of the interfix in follows the -same rules as those hereinbefore established for the said interfix. -[91] - -Indicative.—Present. This tense is determined by doubling the first -syllable of the root, and then (after the said first syllable being -doubled) by placing the interfix in between the first consonant and the -first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix -in is prefixed to the root whose first syllable has been already -doubled. - -Past.—This tense has the same form as the past participle. - -Future.—The form of this tense consists in doubling the first syllable -of the root and by appending to it the affix an. - -Imperative. Its form consists in the root appended by the affix i. - -The same observation is made here, as that on the imperative of the -primitive direct passive. [92] - -Subjunctive. It’s form is the root appended by the affix an. - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratí } (to be addressed with a - { plural: panuratí } letter, being addressed - with a letter) [93] - -Past participle: sinuratán (addressed with a letter) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinusuratán addressed with a | sinusuratán addressed with a - letter) | letter) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinuratán addressed with a | sinuratán addressed with a - letter) | letter) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall be, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall be, -susuratán addressed with a | susuratán etc. addressed - letter) | with a letter) - -Imperative - -uratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quita, camó, hirá (let me, thee, you, him, -her, us, you, them be addressed with a letter) - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may be, etc. camí, etc. (we may be, etc. - suratán addressed with a suratán addressed with a - letter) letter) - - - - -TABLE 6. - -PROGRESSIVE INDIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive - Present and gerund: PAG—I, s; PAN—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - Past participle: GUIN—AN. - -Indicative - Present: GUIN(d)—AN, s; PINA(d)—AN, - PINAN(d)—AN, PINANG(d)—AN, p. - Past: GUIN—AN, s; PINA—AN, PINAN—AN, - PINANG—AN, p. - Future: PAG(d)—AN, s: PA(d)—AN, PAN(d)—AN, - PANG(d)—AN, p. -Imperative - PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - -Subjunctive - PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive.—Present, and gerund. Their single form is the same as their -corresponding primitive form indirect passive. - -Past participle. It is distinguished by the prefix guin. - -Indicative.—Present, singular. The first syllable of the root is -doubled [94] and the affix guin added. Its plural is formed as its -corresponding in the progressive direct passive, except in that here -the affix an is added. [95] - -Past.—The forms of this tense are the same as those of their -corresponding form in the progressive direct passive, except in that -here the affix an is added. [96] - -Future.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in -that the affix an is used here instead of on. - -Imperative.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except -in that the affix i is used here instead of a. - -Subjunctive—Also the same as that of the progressive direct passive, -except in that the affix an is here used instead of on. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratí } - { plural: panuratí } - -Past participle: guinsurát - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. guinsusuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán - | - PAST | - acó, etc. guinsuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán - | - FUTURE | - acó, etc. pagsusuratán | camí, etc. panunuratán - - -Imperative - - pagsuratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hirá - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. pagsuratán camí, etc. panuratán - - - - -TABLE 7 - -PRIMITIVE INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE. - -Infinitive. - Present, and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - Past participle: I—IN—, IIN— - -Indicative - Present: I—IN(d)—, IIN(d)— - Past: I—IN—, IIN— - Future: I(d)— - -Imperative - I— - —AN - -Subjunctive - I— - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -Infinitive, Present, and gerund. The same observation is made as that -on the same tenses of the primitive, active, with the addition that -here the affix an is appended to the root. - -Past participle. It is formed by the prefix i and the interfix in. If -the root commences with a vowel, the prefix and the interfix are -joined, as - -from “arò” (to ask), iinarò. - -Indicative.—Present, past. They are the same as the present and past -tenses indicative of the primitive direct passive, with the addition of -the prefix i. - -Future.—It is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by -using the prefix i. As - -isusurát, iaaro. - -Imperative.—The first form consists in prefixing to the root the -particle i. The second form consists in affixing to the root the -particle an. - -Subjunctive. It consists in prefixing to the root the particle i. - -NOTE.—The instrumental passive is also employed to express -substitution; as when we say in English: - -Read this word for me: ibása acó hiní ng̃a polong̃ (literally: let me be -substituted by you in reading this word). - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present and gerund { singular: pagsuratán } (to be used in writing, - { plural: panuratán } being used in writing) - -Past participle: isinurát: used in writing - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. (I am, etc. used | camí, etc. (we are, etc. - isinusurát in writing) | isinusurát used in writing) - | - PAST | - acó, etc. (I was, etc. used | camí, etc. (we are, etc. - isinurát in writing) | isinurát used in writing) - FUTURE | - | - acó, etc. (I shall etc. be, | camí, etc. (we shall etc. - isusurát used in writing) | isusurát be, used in - | writing) - -Imperative - -isurát or suratán acó, icao, hiya, camí, quitá, camó hira (let me, -thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be used in writing). - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may etc. be, | camí, etc. (we may etc. be, - isurát used in writing) | isurát used in writing) - - - - -TABLE 8. - -PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE INSTRUMENTAL - -Infinitive - Present and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - Past participle: IGUIN— - -Indicative - Present: IGUIN(d)—, s; IPINA(d)—, IPINAN(d)—, IPINANG(d)—, p. - Past: IGUIN—, s; IPINA—, IPINAN—, IPINANG—, p. - Future: IG(d)—, s: IPA(d)—, IPAN(d)—, IPANG(d)—, p. - -Imperative - PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. - -Subjunctive - IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. - - - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -The observations made on the conjugation of the progressive direct -passive are applied to the above conjugation except in that the -present, and gerund take the affix an, and that the past participle, -the present, and past indicative, and the subjunctive, plural, take the -prefix i, and in that the imperative has the affix an, and the -subjunctive singular the affix on, and the future, imperative, and -subjunctive have a g after the prefix i. - -Example: - -Root: surat - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratán } - { plural: panuratán } - -Past participle: iguinsurát. - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. iguinsusurát. | camí, etc. ipinanunurát - | - PAST | - acó, etc. iguinsurát | camí, etc. ipinanurát - | - FUTURE | - acó, etc. igsusurát | camí, etc. ipanunurat - -Imperative - -Pagsaratán or igsarát acó, icáo, hiyá. Panoratán or ipaanrát camí, -quitá, camó, hirá. - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. igsurát. camí, etc. ipaaurát. - - - - -NEGATIVE FORMS - -These forms consist in employing the adverbs “diri” before the -inflections of the infinitive, present and future indicative, and -subjunctive; “uaráy” before the past indicative, and “ayáo” before the -imperative. - -As to the inflections of the root, they are the same as those of the -corresponding; affirmative except the past indicative, which always -takes the inflections of the imperative. - -Example: - -Negative Primitive Active. - -Root: surát - -Indicative. - - Present, and gerund { singular: diri pagsurát } (not to write, - { plural: diri panurat } not writing) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -diri acó, etc. (I do not, etc. | diri camí, etc. (we do not, -násurát write) | násurát etc. write) - | -PAST | -uaráy acó, etc. (I did not, | uaráy camí, (we did not, -surát etc. write) | etc. surát etc. write) - | -FUTURE | -diri acó, etc. (I shall not, | diri camí, etc. (we shall not, -másarát etc. write) | másurat etc. write) - -Imperative - -ayáo surát icáo, quitá, camó (let you, us not write) - -diri sumurát hiyá, camí, hirá (let him, us, them not write) - -Subjunctive - -diri acó, etc. (I may not, etc. | diri camí, etc. (we may, etc. -sumurát write) | sumurát not write) - - -NOTE.—The past consists sometimes, among the primitive forms, in the -root having the first syllable doubled; and among the progressive -forms, it consists in the prefix pag and the root whose first syllable -is doubled. In plural, the pag undergoes the same changes as in the -active conjugation. - -Examples: - - uaráy acó susurát (I did not write) - uaráy acó pagsusurát (I did not write) - - -Negative Progressive Active. - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: diri pagsurát } (not to be writing, - { plural: diri panurát } not being writing) - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - diri acó, etc. (I am, etc. not | diri camí, etc. (we are, etc. - nagsusurát writing) | nanunurát not writing) - | - PAST | - uaráy acó etc. (I was etc. not | uaráy camí etc. (we were etc. - pagsurát writing) | panurát not writing) - | - FUTURE | - diri acó etc. (I shall etc. | diri camí, etc. (we shall not, - magsusurát not be writing) | manunurát etc. be - | writing) - -Imperative - - ayao icao (do not be | ayao quitá, camo (let us, you, not - pagsurát writing) | panurát be writing) - diri hiya (let him not be | diri camí, hirá (let us, them not - magsurát writing) | manurát be writing) - -Subjunctive - -diri acó, etc. (I may, etc. not | diri camí, etc. (we may, etc. -magsurát be writing) | manurát not be writing) - - - - -INTERROGATIVE FORMS - -They are determined by the phrases “cay anó” (why), and by “diín”, -“háín” (where), and by “san-o”, “cacan-o” (when, past and future -respectively). - - -CAY ANO - -The interrogative conjugation by this phrase simply consists in the -regular conjugation of the verb, placing before every inflection the -said phrase followed by the particle ng̃a. As - - - ¿cay anó ng̃a nasurat ca? (why do you write?) - ¿cay anó ng̃a sinmurát hiya? (why did he or she write?) - ¿cay anó ng̃a macadto quita? (what shall we go there for?) etc. - - -DIIN, HAIN. - -The interrogative primitive formed; by these adverbs, has only two -inflections: one which consists in the original root, and which is the -past tense indicative; and the other which consists on the same root, -its first syllable being doubled; this last form is for the present and -future tenses, indicative. These three tenses are the only tenses that -this conjugation has. The adverb “diín” is for the present and past -tenses. The adverb “háin” is for the future. Thus: - - - Present: ¿diin acó susurat? (where do I write?) - Past: ¿diin ca surát? (where did you write?) - Future: ¿háin camí susurát? (where shall we write?) - - -The interrogative progressive only differs from the preceding one in -that the particle pag precedes all of the inflections. In plural this -pag becomes pa, pan, or pang, according to the same rules laid on the -progressive active form. [97] Thus: - - - ¿diín ca pagsusurát? (where are you writing?) - ¿háin camó panunurát? (where will you be writing?) - - -In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the -root takes the affix a in the direct passive and the affix i in the -indirect passive, and the prefix i for the primitive form, or the -prefix ig for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus: - - - ¿diín suratá? - ¿diín suratí?, etc. - - -NOTE.—Instead of the prefix ig or i, in the instrumental passive, the -affix an is frequently employed. As - - - ¿diín susuratán? for ¿diín isusurát? etc. - - -CACAN-O SAN-O - -“Cacan-o” is placed before the past indicative; “san-o” is used before -the future, indicative. They are the only two tenses of this kind of -conjugation. As to the inflections in the primitive form, the past is -simply the root, and the future is the root, whose first two letters -are doubled. As - - - ¿cacan-o camo surat? (when did you write?) - ¿san-o ca cácanhi? (when will you come?) - - -In the progressive form the root takes the prefixes pag for the -singular and pa, pan, pang in plural. - -In the passive, the affix a is used in the direct passive; the affix i, -in the indirect passive; and the prefix i or ig in the instrumental. -These prefixes are frequently replaced by the affix an. Examples: - - - ¿cacan-o surata? - ¿Ban-o susuratí? etc - - -IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. The verb referred to by any adverb of time takes -the same form, as to the indicative, as the adverbs cacan-o and san-o. -As - - - buás acó cacanhi (tomorrow I shall come) - canina han ága acó pagsurát (this morning I have written) [98] - - - - -SUPPLETORY VERBS - -Irregular conjugation - -The suppletory verbs in Bisayan are those formed by the pronouns “iní”, -“adí”, “itó”, “itón”, “adtó”, “adtón”; to supply the English “to be”, -and those formed by the adverbs “dinhi”, “didi”, “dida”, “dídton”, -“díthon”, “dídto”, to supply the same verb “to be” and also the verbs -“to come”, and “to go.” Of these verbs we call pronominal those derived -from pronouns, and adverbial those derived form adverbs. - - - - -PRONOMINAL FORM. - -This is a defective form, as it has only one inflection which consists -in doubling the first vowel it being for the present tense, indicative -mood. Ex.: - - - iini acó (I am here) - aadí camí (we are here) - iito hiya (he or she is there) - iiton hira (they are there) - aadto ca (you are there) - aadton camo (you are there) - - -NOTE. In same places of Leyte, as Dulag, these forms are not used but -instead of them, the pronouns are doubled as: iniini, adiadi, itoito, -etc. - -In using these forms it is preferable to have the pronouns follow them. - - - - -ADVERBIAL FORM. - -This conjugation is common to the adverbs dínhi, didí, didto, dithon, -didto. - -Root: dinhi (here) - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagdinhi } (to be here, being here) - { plural: paninhi } - -Indicative - -PRESENT, AND FUTURE -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. aanhi or (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -hahaní shall be, etc. | aanhi or shall be, etc. - here) | hahani here) - -Imperfect past, and past. - -acó, etc. didinhi or (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -nacanhi here) | didinhi or here) - | nacanhi - -Imperative - - dinhi icao, etc. (be here, etc). - -Subjunctive - -acó, etc. maanhi (I may etc. be | camí, etc. maanhi (we may, etc. -or mahani here) | or mahani be here) - - - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particles pag and pan are -employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice [99]. As - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - pagdinhi paninhi - pagdidí panidí - pagdidâ panidâ - pagdidton panidton - pagdithon panithon - pagdidto panidto. - - -Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two -letters of the root with the prefix a doubled. As - - - from dinhi aanhi, - ,, didí aadí - ,, didâ aadâ - ,, didton aadton - ,, dithon aathon - ,, didto aadto - - -NOTE.—The form hahani is the transformation of aanhi, where the h is -doubled and transposed by placing each h before each a. The other -pronouns have not such a form. - -Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the -first two letters of the root, as - - - from dinhi dídinhi - ,, didi dídidi - ,, didâ dididâ - ,, didton dídidton - ,, dithon dídíthon - ,, didto dídidto [100] - - -Imperative.—It simply consists in the root. - -Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to -the root the particle ma; the second form consists in replacing the -first two letters of the root with the prefix maa. As - - - from dinhi, madínhi, maánhi - ,, didí. madidí, maadí - ,, didâ, madidâ maadâ - ,, didton, madidton, mandton - ,, dithon, madithon, maathon - ,, didto, madidto, maadto. - - -NOTE—The form mahani is a transformation of maanhi like hahani of -aanhi. - -The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated -as ordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the -original root, and which we call conjugational root. So from the -original roots - - dinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto, - -we have the corresponding conjugational roots: - - cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto. - -The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from -the root “canhi”, we have: - -Infinitive, present and present participle: pagcanhi (to come, coming) - -NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It is - -pagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural). - - - Indicative present: acó, etc., nácanhi. - ,, past: acó, etc., quinmánhi. - ,, future: acó, etc., mácanhi. - - -Imperative: cánhi, etc. - -Subjunctive: acó, etc. cumánhi. - - -NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the -irregular forms, nacanhi and macanhi respectively, which must not be -confounded with the present and future, indicative, as the accent of -the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the -first syllable as in the present and future indicative. - - - - -OBSERVATION. - -We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is -frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by -the adverbial form. - -But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., -when it represents state, situation, or contingent condition, it is -then expressed by the particles pag, nag, ma, na added to the words -which are predicate of “to be” in English. As - - - I shall be sorry: magmamabidò acó. - - -In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an -independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which -express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) -are frequently employed. As - - - { Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a - { baláy -Peter is the owner of this house { hi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc. - { hi Pedro asáy tag-iya, etc. - { hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc. - - -In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. As - - - God is omnipotent: an Dyos macagagáhum. - - - - -IMPERSONAL VERBS - -The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive. - -Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental -passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have -passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have -passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal -verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete -in their conjugation. - -Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of -conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular -verbs. - -Examples: - -nagdadalogdog (it thunders) -nagiinuran (it rains persistently) -inuuranán hirá (the rain falls on them; literally: they are rained) -etc. - - - - -DEFECTIVE VERBS - -The following belong to such class: may (to have) which has only, one -form. - - - á (no, I do not wish) - iyá (receive it) - ohò (look at it) - - -May is also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, -etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it -was said) - - - ambót (I do not know) - - -The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the root may-adà, -whose irregular conjugation as follows: - - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund: pagcaada or pagcamay-adà (to have) - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. may ada (I etc. have) | camí, etc. may (we, etc. - or nagcacaada. | adá or have) - | nangagcacaada - PAST | - acó, etc. nagcaada (I, etc. had) | camí, etc. (we, etc. - | nangagcaada had) - FUTURE | - acó etc. magcacadá (I shall, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall, - have) | mangacacaada etc. have) - -Imperative - pacaadá - -Subjunctive - magcaadá - - -NOTE 1. The strict meaning of the form may-ada is “to acquire”, rather -than “to have”, for which the defective may is used. - -2. The impersonal and defective may is very frequently joined to verbs -in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. As - - - May naquita co nga bucad (I saw a flower; literally: There is a - flower seen by me), - - -its regular order being: - - - may bucad nga naquíta co. - - May tinagan co hin salapi (I gave money to someone; literally: - there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo - nga” are tacit, the regular form being: - - May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi. - - - - -OTHER CLASSES OF VERBS - -There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists -in their conjugational roots. They are always derived from the ordinary -verbs, but bear different meaning, although conjugated as ordinarily. - -The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in -passive. - -From the original root SURAT we have the following classes: - - -ACTIVE VOICE - - Conjugational root Indicative Present Classes - - sinurat nagsisinurat CONTINUATIVE - casurat nacacasurát ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL - cagsurat nacacagsurát RELATIVE POTENTIAL - isusúrat náisusurat ABSOLUTE APTATIVE - ipagsusúrat náipagsusurat RELATIVE APTATIVE - pagpasurát nápasurát ABSOLUTE PERMISSIVE - papagsúrat napapagsurát RELATIVE PERMISSIVE - papágsurat pinasusurát ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE - papagsurát pinapagsurát RELATIVE IMPERATIVE - susúrat nasusúrat IMPREMEDITATIVE - suratsúrat nasuratsúrat ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE - suratsurát nágsusuratsúrat RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE - suratsurát násuratsurát ABSOLUTE REPETITIVE - suratsurát nagsusuratsurát RELATIVE REPETITIVE - pasuratsúrat nagpapasuratsurat RECIPROCATE - - From the original root “hadì,” we have - - pacahádi napacaháhì IMITATIVE - - From the original root “buság,” we have - - pagticabusag náticabusag ABSOLUTE GRADUAL - pagticabusag nagtiticabusag RELATIVE GRADUAL - - From the original root “sayáo,” we have - - sayáo nagsasayáo FIGURATIVE - - -As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number -of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may -permit. The subdivision absolute and relative of these classes -corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already -explained. - -The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the -interfix in and it expresses persistence of the action. As - - - nagtitinóoc an batà (the child is crying persistently) - - -The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefix -paca or pacag (absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part -of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. As - - -dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí (he cannot write, because does not -maaram know how to) -dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò (he cannot write, because he is -in buhat busy) - - -The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefix i or ipag -(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The -absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a -mere intention; As - - - náilalacat na hiyá han ac (he was about to depart when I met - pag-abotá him) - naipagsusurat acó ha imo (I was intending to write you) - - -When the absolute optative bears the particle ca, it expresses then -proximate passivity, as - - - naicahorológ an bung̃a (the fruit is about to fall) - - -The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefix -pagpa or papag (absolute and relative) and it means leave or -abandonment. As - - - diri hiya napaútang hin (he does not lend any money; literally: he - salapí does not permit any money to be lent) - - -When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a -place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As - - - mapa Manila camí (we shall go to Manila) - napahorón hi Juan (John went to the farm) - - -The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the -prefix papag and the interfix in. As - - - pinacacadto ca (you are ordered to go there) - pinapagtoón camo (you are commanded to study) - - -The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first -syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate -action. As - - - náyayácan ca lá (you talk inconsiderately) - - -The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive -noun. [101] As - - -nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote (we are cultivating a little camote) - - -The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive. - -The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that -the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows -the formation of the figurative nouns,[101] when the root has more than -two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one -consonant or is pronounced separately from the preceding consonant. The -repetitive expresses a repeated action. As - - - magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá (I shall cultivate hemp again) - macarocánhi acó buás (I shall come again to-morrow) - - -The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that the -reciprocate uses the prefix pa. It means a mutual action. As - - - nagpapasuratsurat camí (we are writing to each other) - - -It is also formed by the prefixes pag and ig, and the affix an. As -“pagquítáan (to meet), iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive -character. - -The imitative is formed by the prefix paca, the same as the absolute -potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the -imitation. As - - - hiyá napacamaáram (he pretends to be learned) - hiyá napacacatsilà (he affects to be a Spaniard) - - -The gradual is determined by the prefix pagtica, and means an action by -degrees. As - - - nagtiticapasò inin adlao (the day is becoming hotter) - nagtiticalamrag an bulan (the moon is becoming brighter) - - -The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the -accent which is always on the last syllable. As - - - nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han (he jumps as if he was dancing, on - caol-ol account of the pain he feels) - - - - -DIRECT PASSIVE - - -CONTINUATIVE VERB - -Conjugational root: sinúrat - -Infinitive: present and gerund: pagsinurata s; pagpinanuráta p. -Indicative: Present: guinsisinúrat s; guinpipinanúrat p. - Past: guinsinúrat s; guinpinanurat p. - Future: pagsisinuraton s; pagpipinanuraton p. -Imperative: pagsinuráta s; pagpinanuráta p. -Subjunctive: pagsinuraton s; pagpinanuraton p. - - -ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL - -Conjugational root: hisurát - -Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. -Indicative: Present: nahasusurát - Past: nahasurát - Future: mahasusurát -Imperative: (no imperative) -Subjunctive: mahasurát. - - -RELATIVE POTENTIAL - -Conjugational root: hisurát - -Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. -Indicative: Present: nahapapagsurát s; nanhihisurát p. - Past: nahapagsurát s; nanhisurát p. - Future: mahapapagsurát s; manhihisurát p. -Imperative: (no imperative) -Subjunctive: mahapagsurát s; manhisurát p. - - -ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE - -Conjugational root: isusurat - -Infinitive: pag-isusurata s; pag-ipanunurata p. -Indicative: Present: guin-iisusurat - Past: guin-isusurat. - Future: pag-iisusuraton. -Imperative: pagisusurata -Subjunctive: pag-isusuráton. - - -RELATIVE OPTATIVE - -Conjugational root: isusúrat - -Infinitive: pag-ipagsusurata s; pag-ipanunuráta p. -Indicative: Present: guin-iipagsusurat, s; guin-iipanunurat. - Past: guin-ipagsusurat s; guin-ipanunurat. - Future: pag-iipagsusuráton s; pag-iipanunuraton. -Imperative: pag-ipagsusurata -Subjunctive: pag-ipagsusuraton. -(The permissive verbs have no passive) - - -ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE - -Infinitive: papagsuratán s; papanuratán p. -Indicative: Present: ipinasusurat. - Past: ipinasurat. - Future: ipasusurat. -Imperative: ipasurát. -Subjunctive: ipasurát. - - -RELATIVE IMPERATIVE - -Conjugational root: pasurát - -Infinitive: papagsuratán, s; papanuratán, p. -Indicative: Present: ipinápagsurát, s; ipinápanurát, p. - Past: ipinapagsurát, s; ipinapanurát, p. - Future: ipápagsurát, s; ipápanurát, p. -Imperative: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p. -Subjunctive: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p. - - -IMPREMEDITATIVE - -Conjugational root: susuráta - -Infinitive: pagsusuráta, s; panunuráta, p. -Indicative: Present: sinususurat. - Past: sinusurát. - Future: sususuráton. -Imperative: susuráta. -Subjunctive: susuráton. - - -ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE - -Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat - -Infinitive: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. -Indicative: Present: sinusuratsúrat, - Past: sinuratsúrat. - Future: susuratsuraton. -Imperative: suratsurata. -Subjunctive: suratsuráton. - - -RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE - -Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat - -Infinitive: pagsuratsuratá, s; panuratsúrata, p. -Indicative: Present: guinsusuratsurat, s; pinanunuratsurat, p. - Past: guinsuratsurat, s; pinanuratsurat, p. - Future: pagsusuratsuraton, s; panunuratsuratón, p. -Imperative: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. -Subjunctive: pasuratsuraton, s; panusatsuráton, p - - -(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive) - - -(The reciprocate have no passive) - - -(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive) - - - - -INDIRECT PASSIVE - -The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect -passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the -interfix in is used. - -The potential have no indirect passive. - -The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form -(see page 73 et seq.), as to the affixes. - -The imperative have no indirect passive. - -The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the -primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes. - -The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the -ordinary, primitive (See page 78 et seq) as to the affixes. - - - - -INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE. - -The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and -diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and -80) as to the prefixes. - -The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive. - -NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and -combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the -different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered. - - - - -DEPRECATIVE VERBS - -There are verbs used in a depreciative tone. Examples. - - - for cáon (to eat) ásoc, lámon, etc. - ,, lacát (to walk) laág - ,, yacán (to talk) yaquimbot, etc. - - -These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily. - - - - -ADVERBS - -The adverbs are of the following classes: - - -ADVERBS OF PLACE - -DIIN (where),—BISAN DIIN (wherever, anywhere),—DIDI (here, nearer to -the speaker then to the listener),—DINHI (here),—DIDÂ (there, nearer to -the listener than to the speaker),—DIDTO (there),—HARANI (near),—HARAYÒ -(far). - - -ADVERBS OF TIME - -CACAN-O (when, past),—SAN-O (when, future),—BISAN CACAN-O (whenever, -past),—BISANSAN-O (whenever, future),—NIYÁN (now),—CANINA (before, -short time ago, in the same day),—CAGAB’I (last night),—CACOLÓP -(yesterday),—CASANGAB’I (the night before last),—CASANGCOLOP (the day -before yesterday),—CASANGYADTO (the day previous to the day before -yesterday),—ANAY (before, anciently),—UNINA (after, in the same -day),—BUAS (to-morrow),—ISANGBUÁS (the day after to-morrow),—ISANGYÁDTO -(the day following the day after to-morrow),—CANONAY (always),—DAYÓ-DAY -(persistently),—LAYON (soon),—DÁYON (immediately),—HADTO (then, -before),—NG̃ANÌ, CUN (when, whenever),—NAMAN (again),—LIUAT (again),—PA -(yet),—NA (already),—AGSOB (frequently),—DANAY (sometimes),—NGÁHAO -(then). - - -ADVERBS OF DEGREE - -CAPIN, LABIS, LAPÁS (more),—ORÓG (most),—URAÚRA (excessively),—TUMAN (a -little scarcely). - - -ABVERBS OF MANNER - -AMO, ASYA (so, thus),—ONAN-O (how),—MAN (also),—COLAÓNG, COLASÓT, -COLANTOY (for example, for instance). - - -ADVERBS OF DOUBT - -ADÂ, MAHAMOC, MASAGNI, MAHARANI, CADUÁS TING̃ALI, BANG̃IN, SABALI -(probably, perhaps),—BAGÁ (as). - - -ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION - -OO (yes),—MANGUD (indeed),—CAIYA, UGA, CAY UGÂ, GUI-HÁPON (of course). - - -ADVERBS OF NEGATION - -DIRI (no),—UARAY (no, past),—AYAO (no, future). - - -ADVERBS OF CAUSE - -CAY (because),—TUNG̃ÚD (because). - - -OBSERVATIONS 1. Many adjectives and phrases are employed as adverbs, as - - - igbao (above) - niyán ng̃a adlao (to-day) - damò (much) - etc. - - -2. Some of the adverbs are frequently contracted, as those composed of -“bisan” which is contracted into “bis.” Examples: - - - bisan diín contracted bis diín - guihapon ,, guiháp. - - -3. The adverbs have diminutive, comparative and superlative. As - - - from harani, haraníay, haroharaní, guihaharanií; etc. - - - - -PREPOSITIONS - -HA (to, from, over, under),—TIPA (against, towards),—TUNG̃UD -(for),—PATI, UPOD (with),—GAUÁS (without),—CAN (of, to),—TICANG, GUICAN -(from, since),—TUBTUB (up to, till, until),—TALIUAN (after),—LÁBUT -(except). - - - - -CONJUNCTIONS - -The conjunctions are of the following classes: - - -COPULATIVE - -UG, NG̃AN (and),—MAN (also),—NG̃A (that). - - -DISJUNCTIVE - -O, CUN, [102] BA (or). - - -ADVERSATIVE - -CUNDÌ (but),—SABALI, UGARING (but, though), CUN, NGANÌ (if),—BISAN -(even, though),—BACAY (as),—CUNTÀ (which bears the idea of past or -future desire: it may frequently be translated in English with the -phrase: “if possible”). - - -CONDITIONAL - -CUN NG̃ANÌ, ABI, [103] UGARING (if). - - -CAUSAL - -CAY, TUNGUD, BACAY, SANGLIT, CAY (inasmuch, because). - - -FINAL - -BASI (in order to),—BANGIN (lest). - - -CONTINUATIVE - -TACAY (then),—BUSA (therefore),—TARA (then). - - - - -INTERJECTIONS - - -Admiration: ¡a!, ¡ay!, ¡báá!, ¡abaá!, ¡baadao!, ¡abaadao! ¡pastilan!, -¡pauican!, ¡pauísac!, ¡palipac!, ipalísac!, ¡pauiday!, ¡aguimpauican!, -¡aguimpastilan!, ¡aguimpauisac!, ¡aguimpali, pac!, ¡aguimpalisac!, -¡aguimpauiday!, ¡pascalan!, ¡bongansiso!, !odoy!, ¡alágad!, ¡alagad -dao!, ¡an ac pa!, ¡ito ngahao!, etc. - -Pain and sorrow: ¡ay!, ¡ayhay!, ¡aguí!, ¡aroy!, ¡óhoy!, ¡pastilan!, -etc. - -Attention: ¡óho!, ¡ohondá!, ¡tabí!, ¡oy!, ¡acay! ¡hacay!, ¡solibangco!, -etc. - -Insistence: ¡gad!, ¡daó!, ¡uga!, ¡lugá!, ¡ugaring!, ¡lugaring!, -¡caiyá!, ¡pudó!, ¡haromámay!, etc. - -Reprobation: ¡diri!, ¡uaráy!, ¡ayao!, ¡hulát!, ¡bodó!, ¡buró!, etc. - -Surprise: ¡ay!, ¡an!, ¡alágad!, ¡ús!, ¡balitao!, ¡bayá!, etc. [104] - -Pity: ¡cairó!, ¡in tauo!, ¡pastilán!, ¡odóg!, ¡baadao!, ¡aguí!, etc. - -Desire: ¡cunta!, ¡upayda!, ¡unta!, ¡mangad pa!, ¡ihinaotpa!, ¡tubangan -pa la!, etc. - -Joy: ¡ay!, ¡ahay!, ¡upayda!, ¡salamat!, ¡ta!, etc. - -Aversion: ¡á!, ¡aguí!, ¡ambot!, ¡sabá!, etc. - -Invitation: ¡cadí!, ¡taná!, ¡halá!, etc. - -Self-correction: ¡au!, ¡ay!, ¡sapayán! - -Suspension: cuan.... inín.... ¡hulat!, ¡niyan!, etc. - -Despair: ¡sahó!, etc. - -Gratitude: ¡salamat!, ¡Dyos mag báyad!, ¡Dyos mag sugá!, etc. - - - - - - - - -SYNTAX - - -SUBJECTIVE RELATION - -The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a -pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As - - - An Dyos macagagáhum (God is omnipotent) - Acó nagsusurát (I write) - An paguaon maopay (The meal is good; literally: the - eating is good) - An guinquiquinauanglan ta ámo an (what we need is union). - pag-orosa - - - - -PREDICATIVE RELATION - -The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As - - - panurát quitá (let us write) - magsurát hiyá (let him or her write) - - - - -ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION - -The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, -adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and -participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is -placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. As - - - batá ng̃a sorogóon (the young servant; literally: the boy - servant) - an sangcay ng̃a macpay (the good friend) - iní ng̃a baláy (this house) - an acon amáy (my father) - hinigugma nga iróy (loved mother) - - -NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to -“deceased”, “late”, the particle ng̃a is not employed. As - - - adton Pedro (the late Peter) - - -The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it -limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which -they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always -employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. As - - - an lang̃it (the heaven, or the sky) - hi Eudong (Peter) - - -The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and -frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The -indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive -pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal -pronouns, except the third person. As - - - an Dyos (God) - an iní ng̃a batà (this boy) - an amon búngto (our town) - macanhi in acon sangcay (a friend of mine will come) - hi camó ng̃an hi acó (you and I) - - - - -COMPLEMENTARY RELATION - -The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by -the corresponding article, or by a preposition. As - - - hi Pedro nagbabasa han surat (Peter reads the letter) - hirá nang̃atúrog ha sacayán (they sleep on the boat) - hi Tomás naruruyag hin pagcanhi (Thomas wishes to come; literally: - Thomas wishes a coming) - mácadto acó ha Abúyog (I shall go to Abuyog). - - -The object of the verb to be is in the nominative case. As - - - an imo bahín, amo iní (your part is this) - an táuo mamarátyon (the man is mortal) - - - - -ADVERBIAL RELATION - -The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or -another adverb. As - - - “dánay” acó cumádto (I go there sometimes) - nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá (If I read, he reads also). - - -The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, -some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), -“masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the -said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” -(precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” -(on the contrary), etc. - - - - -REPRESENTATIVE RELATION - -The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is -the relative pronoun nga, which is invariable. - - - an batá nga tinmauag ha acon (the boy who called me) - an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon (the boys who called me) - - -As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relative nga never refers -to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other -languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the -object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the -objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the -most used in this tongue. [105] Thus, if we wish to say - - - the boy whom I called - - -we should say - - - an bata ng̃a tinauag co - - -which literally is: the boy who was called by me. - -The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and -number with their antecedents or the word or words that they represent. -There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender. - - - - -CONNECTIVE RELATIONS - -The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to -some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends -on them. - -The most important preposition in, Bisayan is ha, which is equivalent -to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples: - - - He saw me— hiyá quinmitá ha acon - He wrote to me— hiyá nagsurát ha acon - I come to Tacloban— nacanhi acó ha Tacloban - I come from Palo— ticang acó ha Palô - I pass by your house— linmabáy acó ha iyo baláy - He is in the room— aadto niyá ha solód - etc. - - - - -ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS - -Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with -vocatives, and interjections. - -Vocatives, as - - - Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao (Peter, he said, come, please) - - -Interjection, as - - - Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó (oh!, have pity of me) - - -Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by -the adverb man, as - - - naabot camí, natutunod man (when we arrived, the sun set; - an adlao literally: we arrived, the sun also - set). - - - - -SYNTAX OF VERBS - -THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as - - - an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an (to learn well is the duty of a - catungdánan han batà boy). - - -The gerund expresses the idea of past when preceded by the particle -han, contraction of the preposition ha and the article an, as - - - han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá (when the sun raised, I was - na acó already awake). - - -The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as - - - binilangò ng̃a táuo (prisoner; literally: an imprisoned man) - - -INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinary use, its present is frequently -employed with the particle cuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted -or intended action. As - - -cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta (If you had not come, I would have -acó gone) - - -SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always -constructed with the conjunctions ng̃a (thato), cun, ng̃anì (if), cuntà -(if possible). - -Ng̃a and cun always precede the verb; ng̃anì and cunta when used for the -subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As - - -caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas (I wish you to come to-morrow; - literally: I wish that you may come - to-morrow). [106] -cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága. (If John passes by, call him) -lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga. -lumabáy cuntà hi Juan (God grant that John passes). - - -NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal -adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction -of an adjective. As - - - táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat (a good writer: literally; a man who - writes well) - macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao (a strong dragger carabao) - etc. - - - - -ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS - -The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever -possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence. - -Examples: - - maópay ng̃a táuo (good man) - nagsusurát acó (I write) - etc. - - - - -VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE - - -BARBARISMS - -The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is the -Barbarism. - -It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions. - - - - -FOREIGN WORDS - -Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan -conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not -because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of -innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the -words introduced however are necessary as they have no corresponding -word in Bisayan. - - -FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN - -SPANISH WORDS - -Abierto, abre (open) for Binucsan, inucáb, bucás - ucáb. -Adorno (adornment) ,, Dayan, rayandayan -Agua (used to mean perfume) ,, Talamhot -Aguanta (wait suffer) ,, Ílob, hulát -Alisto (from listo) ,, Andam -Amigo (friend) ,, Sángcay -Apique (close) ,, Sóoc -Apura, apurado (hurry) ,, Dagmit, cadagmitan -Atrever, atrevido (bold) ,, Paggahúm, gamhánan -Aver (for “give me”) ,, Icadí -Aver pa (God grant) ,, Mangad pa -Bajado, Bajar (low) ,, Habobó, obós -Bancó (bench) ,, Pongcóan, lincoran, pápag -Bando (edict) ,, Pahamatngon -Batido (for “experienced”) ,, Lasgud, hiara -Bote (for boat) ,, Sacayan -Cada usá (each one) ,, Tágsa -Calabozo (jail) ,, Bilangóan -Calculo (calculus) ,, Igoigo -Calle (street) ,, Dalan -Campana (bell) ,, Linganay -Canta (sing) ,, Laygay, laylay -Cantodes (from “cantores”) ,, Paralaygay -Carcel (jail) ,, Bi1angóan -Cargo (for “debt”) ,, Útang -Carne (flesh meat) ,, Unód -Capaz (able) ,, Sadang, angay, tacús -Castigo (punishment) ,, Siroc -Cocina (kitchen) ,, Lotoán -Coger ,, Pagdacóp pacasacób -Colá (from “colar”) ,, Bacá -Color (color) ,, Tina, samay, culay -Comósta (from “como está” how are -you) ,, Matiónan-o ca -Común (common) ,, Casahirác -Convida (invite) ,, Áabiabi, sabi -Contra (against) ,, Tipa, patoe, caauay -Cortina (curtain) ,, Biráy -Cuarta (money) ,, Salapí -Cuarto (room) ,, Solód -Cuerdas (strings) ,, Dolós -Cuello (collar) ,, Balióg -Cuenta (account) ,, Iháp, ísip -De balde (unusefully) ,, Cáuaug -De buenas (fortunate) ,, Paláran -Decir (for “ask”) ,, Siring hingyap -Defecto (defect) ,, Casaquihán, carát’an -De malas (unfortunate) ,, Uaráy palad -Derecho (right) ,, Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃an -Descanso (rest) ,, Pahúuay -Despedida (farewell) ,, Panamilit -Dibujo (drawing) ,, Badlis, Baguis -Diferencia (difference) ,, Guincalainan, guicaíbban -Dilatar (for delay) ,, Pag-uláng, pagpahalawig -Disgusto (unlikeness) ,, Cangalas -Dispensa (excuse) ,, Pasaylo, paguará -Diversion (amusement) ,, Caliáuan, liáoliáo -Dulce (sweet candy) ,, Matam’is -Empezar (to commence) ,, Pagticáng -Entra (for “to make love”) ,, Pangasáua -Entremés (joke) ,, Tíao -Escuela (school) ,, Liborán -Espejo (glass) ,, Salamíng -Esquina (corner) ,, Casóngnan -Estampa (image) ,, Ladáuan -Fino (fine) ,, Gamay, pilí -Firme (for always) ,, Agsub, ónob -Fuerza (strength) ,, Cusóg -Fuerte (strong) ,, Macusóg, mabácod -Fusil (gun) ,, Lutbang -Ganancia (gain) ,, Polós, tubo -Gracia (grace, favor) ,, Parábul -Gratis (used for “payment”) ,, Himúdlay -Gusto (wish) ,, Caruyag -Hasta (until) ,, Tubtub, ngadá -Hechura (shape) ,, Daguay -Interes (interest) ,, Guinsisiring, guinlalánat -Jardin (garden) ,, Tanáman -La mesa (table) ,, Dulang -Latigo (whip) ,, Latós -Lavá (from “lavar”, to wash) ,, Búnac -Lavandero, a (launderer, laundress) ,, Magburunác -Licencia, pag (to take leave) ,, Sárit, panamilit -Limós (from “limosna”, alms) ,, Calóoy, hatag -Limpio (clean) ,, Mahínis -Lóa (praise) ,, Dáyao -Lugar (for “near” or “almost”) ,, Dapit, ma -Macetas (flower-pot) ,, Tinanóm, taranman -Maestro (teacher) ,, Magtorótdo -Manteca (butter) ,, Pinahagas -Mantel (tablecloth) ,, Basnig ha dulang -Mantilla (mantilla) ,, Taóng -Masiado (from “demasiado”, too) ,, Uraura -Masque (from “por más que”, -although) ,, Bisan -Medio (half) ,, Catunga, bagá -Mismo (self-same) ,, Ngábao, gud -Muchacho (for servant) ,, Surogóon -Número (number) ,, Iháp -O bien (or) ,, O cun, ó, lugúd -Oración (prayer) ,, Pangadye, paugamuyo -Orden (order) ,, Sugo -Pabyon (from “pabellón”) ,, Biráy -Paciencia (patience) ,, Pag-ilub -Pago (for “debt”) ,, Utang -Palati (from “palatico”, from -“práctico”) ,, Mag-oróna -Paño (cloth) ,, Panapton, pudóng -Pañolito (handkerchief) ,, Modongpódong -Para (for, halt) ,, Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, - toróoc -Parecer (opinion) ,, Sagbang -Parejo (equal) ,, Sáma, sandag -Paseada (from “paseo”) ,, Lacatlácat -Peligro (danger) ,, Cataragman -Pensar (for talent) ,, Talíno -Perdona (from “perdonar”) ,, Pasaylo -Pero (but) ,, Cundi -Pertina (for “pretina”, waistband) ,, Háuac -Pierde (from “perder” to lose) ,, Lupig, nara -Pintar (to paint) ,, Dum-it, díhog -Pintura (paint) ,, Idirihóg -Plato (plate) ,, Pingan -Platito (a little dish) ,, Lampay -Pliegues (plaits) ,, Lopi -Pobre (poor) ,, Cablas -Polvo (powder) ,, Bócboc -Posta (from “apuesta” bet) ,, Butáng -Precio (price) ,, Pulít -Preparar (to prepare) ,, Pag-andam, pagtíma -Preso (prisoner) ,, Binilangá. -Probar (to taste) ,, Tilao, sari -Propecto (from “perfecto,” perfect) ,, Guinóod -Prueba (proof, evidence) ,, Paacamatóod -Principal (chief, capital) ,, Labáo, pohonan -Provecho (profit) ,, Polós -Puerta (door) ,, Ganghaán -Pulido (neat) ,, Hag-id, mahamis -Puro (pure) ,, Putli, lonlon, sandag, - sáhid -Queja (complaint) ,, Sumbong -Querido (dear) ,, Hinigugma, pinalanga -Que ver (for “to do”) ,, Láhot -Quinolá (from colar) ,, Bináchan -Rabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe) ,, Latob, latos -Recibi (from “recibir”) ,, Carauat -Reclamo (claim) ,, Paglánat -Redondo (round) ,, Lipóron, malídong -Regalo (present) ,, Higugma, hatag, bucad -Regular (regular) ,, Igó, socol -Relo, relos (from “reloj” watch, -clock) ,, Orasán [107] -Remo (oar) ,, Gaód -Renuncio (from “renunciar”, to -renounce) ,, Pagdiri, pagdiuara -Reventa (from “reventar” to -explode) ,, Pagbotó -Rico (rich) ,, Mangáran -Rugal (from “lugar”, spot) ,, Caraanan, tuna, umá -Saco (sack) ,, Sopót -Sadá (from “cierra”, close) ,, Locób -Sala (hall) ,, Ruáng -Saya (skirt) ,, Tampí, Talapí -Seguro (for “probably”) ,, Mahámoe, angay la -Señor (Sir, Mister) ,, Guinoo -Sirve (from “servir” to serve) ,, Pagmangno pag-ágad -Suerte (for “talk”) ,, Himangrao -Sustento (maintenance) ,, Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhian -Tabla (board) ,, Bugha -Tachar (for “contempt”) ,, Yúbit, támay -Taza (cup) ,, Yahóng -Tiempo (time) ,, Adlao, túig -Tienda (merchandise, store) ,, Baligya, baligyáan -Tieso (stiff) ,, Dángag, tadóng -Tocar (to play) ,, Pagtonóg -Tocador (for glass) ,, Salamíng -Tonto (fool) ,, Lórong, palinqui, pádlas -Trabajo (work) ,, Buhat -Tranea (cross-bar) ,, Síol, Balabág -Tumba (to tumble) ,, Púcan -Vacio (empty) ,, Lungág -Ventana (window) ,, Tambóan -Verde (green) ,, Saguindáhon -Vicio (vice) ,, Casaquihán -Virtud (for “power”) ,, Gahúm -Zurce (for “zurcir” to darn) ,, Pagtábing, - -And many others. - - -CHINESE [108] WORDS - -Bochang (for sow) for Cablas -Buísit (unfortunate) ,, Uaray pálad -Camsya (for “thank”) ,, Salámat -Gonggong (foolish) ,, Uaray salabótan -Lamloc (dear, fat) ,, Matamboc -Laotuy (old) ,, Lagás, gurang -Syâ (for eat) ,, Cáon -Sinqui (new) ,, Bag-o -Tampuâ (excess, present) ,, Táuad, labis -Uchang (rich) ,, Mangáran -Uísit (fortunate) ,, Paláran. - -and some others. - - -ENGLISH WORDS - -Haló (halloo) for Ohó -Miting (“meeting”) ,, Catirócan -Háyc (“hike”) ,, Paglacát, sódoy -Moning (for “money”) ,, Salapí -Sausau (chow-chow) ,, Pagcáon, caraonón - -And others. - - -NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear “¿háin an -ac dyografi (geography), an ac arismitic (arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca ha -fif (fifth) greyd (grade)?” “maaram na acó mag espeling (spelling)”—Why -do they not talk in English? - -OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in -Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because -Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because -such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language. - - - - -FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONS - -Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: -“maoroopay iní QUE hitón”, (this is better than that). The use of the -QUE (which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not -necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and -with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní -hitón”. - - - - -FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYAN - -But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which -enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words -that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express -ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are -lost in Bisayan. - -We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us -such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the -adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticize such -adoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, -because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds -of scientific and artistic expressions. - -Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted: - -Dyos (from the Spanish Dios). It is true that we have the Tagálog -Bathala which refers to the omnipotency, and the Bisayan Laón which -refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the word Dyos -derived from the Latin Deus, from the Greek Zeus which means Divinite, -Supreme Being, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent -another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said word -DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the -inflections of our dialect. - -Oras (from the Spanish hora “hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as -there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption -we have a way to avoid the use of reloj, with the derivative orasan -already used. - -Bapor (from the Spanish “vapor” steamboat). It has no corresponding in -Bisayan. We have sacayán (boat), but it does not include the idea of -the “steam.” - -Papel (from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan. - -The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the -year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as: LUNES, MARTES, -MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, -ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, -DISYEMBRE. - -Arorú (from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others. - - - - - - - - -APPENDIX - -NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS - - -FIGURES OF SPEECH - -Simile. This figure is one of the most used in Bisayan, even in -ordinary conversations. - -Examples: - -1. Bagá an násirong ng̃a dila. - - -Applied to a person or thing intended to be kept out of the rain, but -which becomes wet, like the tongue (dila) which is always wet in the -mouth. - - -2. Canogon pa dao la—san imo catindog - maópay si báyhon—maráot an bántog - igpapananglit co—bayábas ng̃a hinóg, - maópay an panit—olóron an onód - - (A popular song,) - -Where the resemblance is between “maopay si bayhon” and “maopay an -panit”, and also between “maráot an bantog” and “olóron an onód”. - -Metaphor. It is also used, especially in poetry. - -Example: - -1. Cáhoy ca ng̃a linauáan - sa búquid nanauantáuan - cun canan Dyos ca pagbut-an - matopóng sa ulasiman. - - (A popular song) - -Applied to one who is in a high position in life, like “cahoy ng̃a -linauáan”, the “lauáan” tree being one of the tallest trees. - -Allegory. It is also found in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Ugá ng̃a cáhoy si láuas, - patáy na, layâ si dáhon - nanaringsing sin casáquit - namúng̃a sin camatáyon - - (A popular song) - -Here the life or body (láuas) is called a dry tree (ugá ng̃a cáhoy), -already dead (patáy na), whose leaves are withered (laya si dahon), and -which sprouted sorrow (nanaringsing sin casáquit), and gave as fruit, -the death (namúng̃a sin camatáyon). - -Personification. One of the most frequent cases of personification in -Bisayan is that consisting in applying to things and objects the -personal article si. - -Example: - - Nagtitinang̃is si tucmo - cay tiarábut an bagyo. - - (A popular song) - - -Where the turtle-dove, (tucmo) is personifed by si. The expression -would lose much of its charm if the article an is employed instead of -si. - -Antithesis. We have this figure in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Canógon pa dao la—san imo catindog - maópay si bayhon—maráot an bantog, etc. - - -Where “maopay” (good) and “maraot” (bad), “bayhon” (face) and “bántog” -(fame) are contrasted. - -Epigram. This figure, in its modern meaning, is used in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Gumhúlat pa an naghínay. - an nagdagmit, uaráy. - - -Which literally means: he who went slow was awaited for; he who -hastened was not waited for. Its point is equivalent to that of the -English “slow, but sure.” “Guinhulat” (was awaited for) “uaráy” (was -not), “naghínay” (went slow) and “nagdágmit” (hastened) are contrasted. - - -Metonymy. It is also found in Bisayan. - -Example: - - An patay palang̃it, an buhi pacauít. - - -Literally: let the dead go to heaven; let the living go to the “cauít” -(a bamboo where the tubâ wine is ordinarily placed). The figure -consists in this word “cauít,” container, for “tuba wine,” the thing -contained. - -Synecdoche. - -Example: - - - Pag árog hin damò nga bugás cay damo camí ng̃a babà. - - -Literally it means: “Prepare much rice because we are many mouths.” -Here the mouths (baba) a part, is used for person, the whole. - -Apostrophe. We have it also in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mga cahatas’an. - tabang̃i, buligui—adin may pinas’an - an iní nga pálad—con diri mabáui - nouontan dao adá—sinin quinabuhi - - (A popular song) - - -Literally: Heavens, altitudes, protect, help this who suffers -something; if this fate is not averted, it will undoubtedly affect the -life. - -Exclamation. - -Example: - - ¡Pastilán bidíday,—bididay ca man la - ng̃a nacacalucmay—sinin hunahuna! ... - ¡ayáo pag saquita!—¡ayáo pagbidóa, - cay mag titinangis—canugon san luha! ... - - (A popular song) - - -Interrogation. - -Example: - - Mg̃a langit, mg̃a langit; - ¿háin dao dapit an sáquit? ... - - sa calibutan uaráy man: - sabali sa panomdoman. - - (A popular song) - - -Hyperbole. It is frequent in Bisayan. - -Examples: - - -1. Macapánas hin buquid. (Man able to level a mountain) -2. Macasagpo bin bahá. (Man able to suspend a flood) - -2. Cun totóo, intoy—ng̃a imo tinguha - pag biling la anay—sílot ng̃a may bóa. - - (A popular song) - - -Literally: If your love is true, look for a “silot” (a young fruit of -cocoanut) which has “bua” (the bulb of the old cocoanut fruit when it -is old enough to be used as a seed). - -Climax - -Example: - - ¡ ............ - nanaringsing sin masáquit, - namúnga sin camatáyon. - - -Irony. - -Example: - -¡Camaopay mo! uaray ca gud pag tuman han imo pólong̃. - -Literally: How good are you! you did not keep your word. - - -Asyndeton. - -Example: - - Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mg̃a cahatas’an - tabang̃i, buligui, inín may pinas’an, etc. - - (A popular song) - - -Repetition. - -Examples: - -1. Dirì co cay yubit—diri co cay dáyao - pamahonpáhon mo—baga may parayao; etc. - - (A popular song) - -2. Pastilán, bididay—bididay ca man la - ng̃a nacacalúcmay—sinín hunahuña, etc. - - (A popular song) - - -Concatenation. - -Example: - - Pastilán ca curi—cacuri capinan - capin ca mabide—san bido sa dughan, - dughan co pagílob—ilob calauasan, - láuas co naponò—pono casaquitan. - - (A polular song). - - - - -PROSE - -Of the three universal important forms in prose, i.e., description, -narration, and exposition nothing in general needs be observed. - - -LETTERS - -At present, one of the forms most generally employed in Bisayan prose -is that belonging to the class of narration, the letter. - -Nothing special needs be observed about letters, at present times, -apart from their external forms and the tendency to innovation -prominently shown in them, more than anywhere else, by frequent -barbarisms. - -As to the external forms of the Bisayan letters, it is to be observed -that a routinary introduction is almost universally followed. We refer -to the ordinary introduction consisting in the following ideas and -order: “This letter has no other purpose” 2) “but to ask how you are” -3) “because as to me” 4) “I am in a good health”. - -And after such an invariable introduction, the writer goes on in a -paragraph apart; “And I shall add that”, etc. - -Example: - - - Uaráy láin ng̃a tuyó hiní ng̃a acon surat cúndi an damo ng̃a mg̃a - pang̃omósta co ha imo, cay cun acó in ipaquiána, calooy sa Dyos - maópay. - - Ng̃an isonouod co liuát, etc. - - -This is the introduction generally adopted. We do not hesitate to state -that more than fifty per cent of the letters written in our Bisayan -commence with these or equivalent ideas and in the same order. - -As to the barbarisms, they are employed thruout the entire letter. - -On the heading it is usually written: - - - Tacloban, á 2 de Octubre de 1908. - - -instead of: - - - Tacloban, ica 2 han Octubre han 1908. - - -On the introduction it ordinarily appears - - - Sr. D ........................................ - -or - - Sra. D.a ........................................ - - Mi estimado amigo: - -or - - Muy estimada Señora: - - -The body of the letter is usually as follows: - - Uaray lain ng̃a objeto hini ng̃a acon surat, sino an damo ng̃a mg̃a - pangomosta ha iyo ngatanán, cay cun camí in iyo ipaquiána, calooy - sa Dyos, uaray ano man ng̃a novedad. - - Y de consiguiente, tatay, isusunod co liuat; cun uaray mo - inconveniente, gusto co cunta comadá pag vacacion; pero como - guinadvertir mo man aco han nacadi ca ng̃a mag procurar acó hin pag - obtener anay han titulo, por eso amo iní ng̃a dirí aco na atrever - pag guican mientras dirí paca aco macacarauát han imo contestation - ng̃a pag hatag hin permiso, bisan cun sobra y basta gud an acon mg̃a - deseos pag visita ha iyo. etc. - - - - -POETIC FORMS - -Of the three main classes of poetry, epic, lyric and dramatic, the -lyric is the only one preserved in Bisayan in the form of popular -songs. The dramatic form is found at present mainly in the translations -of Tagalog and Spanish dramas, usually employed as plays on the -Patron’s days in the towns. - - -VERSIFICATION - -Rhythm and rhyme are observed in Bisayan poems. - -The rhyme is not so perfect as that of the Spanish verses. Consonant -words or with similar sounding endings are employed in Bisayan. - -Kinds of meter. There are two kinds of meter most used in Bisayan -poetry: verses of six syllables, verses of eight syllables, and verses -of twelve syllables divided in two fragments of six syllables each. - -Examples: - -Verses of six syllables: - - - ¿Háin ca na, punay?... - cadí na panambo, - tambo madalíay, - liaua si casbo; - basi humalayhay - - inín saquit, bido - nga asay tiónay - san casingcasing co. - - -Verses of eight sy11ab1es: - - - Acó iní sugadsugad - san bánua nga tarotánglad, - bisan cun diín italad - mabubuhi cun may palad, - - -Verses of twelve syllables: - - - Togon co sa imo,—mahal nga inógay - di ca gud padará—san damo nga sangcay; - an paglacát nime—gabay magmahinay, - nga diri hatócso,—lumiscad san látay. - - -Note.—The verses of twelve syllables are really verses of six, the odd -verses not being rhymed. - -Combinations. As seen in the preceding examples the combinations are -the following: - -The verses of six syllables are grouped in four verses, the even verses -being rhymed. - -The verses of eight syllables are grouped also in four verses all -rhymed. - -The verses of twelve syllables are also grouped in four rhymed verses. - - - - -COLLECTION OF SOME BISAYAN SONGS - - -NOTE—In transcribing the following songs, we shall use, the orthography -proposed in the note of the first page of this book using only three -vowels: a, i, o. - - -MORAL POETRY - - Si nanay, si tatay di ko babayuán - kay damò ng̃a dogô an akon naotag̃ - kun pag-ilsipon an siyam ka botan. - g̃a pag-inókoy ko sa kan nanay riyán. - - Togon ko sa imo, mahal g̃a inógay: - di ka god padará san damò g̃a sangkay; - an paglakat nímo gabáy mag mahinay, - g̃a dirí katokao, lomiskad san látay. - - Kamakaroroyag sa matá pagkit’on - sinin mag-asawa g̃a waray sin limbog, - kon daw naabot na ira kamatayon - náboká an lang̃it bási nira sadlon. - - Ayaw gani kahihilig - ayaw karirikandikan, - kay di man bagyo an toig, - di man kikilá an bolan. - - -PHILOSOPHIC POETRY - - Mg̃a bitoón sa lag̃it - may mapawà, may mag̃itg̃it, - con sa tawo igpanag̃lit, - may malípay, may masákit. - - Kahoy ka g̃a linawaán - sa bokid nanawantawan, - kon kanan Dyos ka pagbot’an - matopóg̃ sa olasiman. - - Di ko ginkakasorok’an - an salapí, an bolawan; - say ko ginkikinahag̃lan - maopay g̃a ginawian. - - Sogad gud akó san gamót - g̃a nailarom sa kotkot, - kon kanan Dyos pagboót - malábaw akó san ódlot - - Diri ba ako pagsirig̃. - indayon, paghang̃narig̃, - kay bag̃in kitá kapadg̃an, - harayó an borogkátan. - - Guin holát pá an naghinay; - an nag dagmit, waráy. - - Waráy hiní balos báyad - bas’la an boót longáyad - - -LOVE POETRY - - An bató bantilis náibas, nákilot - sa toró san tóbig sa darodagínot: - ¡kasig̃kasig̃ pa ba an diri homómok. - sa gógma san tawo kon sa tarinónot. - - Di ba sadto ánay imo akó sig̃sig̃ - sa walá g̃a kamót, todló tamoyig̃kig̃; - baman itó niyán di ka na násiplat, - ¿anó an solá ko sa imo nabóhat? - - An sakít sa domdom og sa honahona, - makori ilig̃kod, makori íhigda: - ¿ihagád sa láng̃it? ¿itamod sa tona?... - ¡A baá Dyos ko, máonan’o dao la!... - - Pastilán kakori, ka kori kapinan - kapin kamabido san bido sa dóghan; - doghan ko pag-ilob, ilob kasawásan, - láwas ko g̃a ponó pone kasakitan. - - Pastilán, bididay, bididay ka man la - ga nakakalokmay sinín honahona: - ayáo pag sakita, ayao pag bidóa, - kay mag titinangis kanógon san loha. - - Pastilán ka kori, ka kor ig̃akapin - san may pag kasákit sinin kasig̃kasig̃: - igpapanag̃lit ko sa osá ga borig̃ - bisan parigóson may gihapon bilin. - - Háin ka na ponay, - kadi na panambo, - tambo madaliay. - liawá si kas’bo. - basi homanáyhay - inin sakit bido - g̃a asáy tiónay - sa kasigkasig ko. - - Abá Tig̃tig̃ abá Tig̃tig̃. - ioli an akon sig̃sig̃. - opayda kon logarig̃on, - kondi kanan taklobauon. - - Akon iglilibaglibag̃ - inin kasákit sa doghan - baman ha banig ig matag̃ - sakit ga magtitilógag̃. - - Kadto na, kadto na, kadto na soranga - kadto na pag bilig̃ sin ibá g̃a gogma - ayaw gad pag hig̃yap sin sogad sa akon - asáy tig̃ohán maópay ga láyhon - - Kon boot ka mang̃asáwa - inín barás pag pisia, - di ka g̃ani makapisi - pag toraw na la ganoli. - - Kon daw ha kasirig̃anon - tobig ka g̃a irinómon - diri sa dáhon pahonbon, - pahónbon sa doghan nakon - - Kon bagá kahoy si lawas - patay na, laya si dahon - nanarig̃sig̃ sin kasákit - namóg̃a sin kamatáyon - - Kap’atán ka tuig an akon paghig̃yap - pag-imasisirig̃ sa imo, binórak. - - Han nákadto ka ha pantaw - akon ka gintitinan-aw - harápit ako matónaw - sa dako g̃a pag kahidlaw - - Anó iní g̃a nádoróy - kamasakit, kamakapoy, - an lawas sogád sin káhoy - g̃aginhaharoharópoy - - Bohi pa an bató g̃a pinamonakan - didto la katikag̃ an karokayakan - - Pastilán ka kori san pag-ig̃irikan - natag̃is si inday g̃a binabayáan, - gabáy daw la habsan inín kalalawdan - g̃a diri tomólin inín pagsarakyan - - Han nakadto ka ha lawdon - akon ka gintinan-awon - hapit kó ikaw karawton - ha barás diri patonbon. - - Kon nag-iimót ka san imo kamathom - san pag kamabaysay san imo pamayhon, - bisan la an todló, an bohók, panapton - kon asay somirag̃, maopay na nakon, - - Hiará ako magnawá - magsakaysakay sa bará - og didto ako hidagsa - sa kam g̃awan g̃a tuna - - Katlóan ka tuig g̃a akon kahidlaw - sogád ka sin tobig nakon ikaóhaw - - Kon baga ako si taro - tonáw na sa pag kaálo; - maopay si alimag̃o - kay may pag kalonolóno - - Mga lagit, mga lagit, - ¿háin daw dapít an sakit?.... - sa kalibótan waráy man - sabáli sa panomdoman - - Sin pag kamamig̃aw sinín kakorolpon - waráy god nabantad bis osá g̃a dahon - bis an mg̃a tamsi sáhid mabidó an - ¿say pa ba an tawo, di aipan gihapon?.... - - Hinógay na intoy, siton pakalipog̃ - sin kinarokanhi sinin amon libog̃ - opayda kon hiro iton imo bayhon - maamog̃ ka daw la sinín bantog namon - - -SUNDRY - - Adto na si adlaw - linmoyó sa bokid, - oli na, indayon, - kay waray pa tóbig. - - Hi nonay g̃a kawayánon - malobaylobay hag̃anon - naglilinakat ha kógon - hi hawak royokdoyókon. - - Itón imo baba - g̃a nagyayabora - g̃a nagyiyinákan - sitón lonlun bowa; - - kon di ko kahadlok - pághirót sin gaba - pag-oonloton ko - itón imo dila - - Akó magtotóon diri ko sasabwan - mangad na maloto, diri ko sosog̃-an - si akó mátimo di ko poporoton - mangad na mabosóg, diri ko totolnon. - - Anó man in akon kon diin ka kadto, - di mo la pag dad-on an tubig, kalayo: - di mo mam binohi ini g̃a lawas ko - tinmobo si inday kosóg san amáy ko. - - An tansman nimo mandig̃ - ginsisinólod san kand g̃ - an taranman nakikil g̃ - kay gin bobowad san baktin. - - ¿Ano ba, Dyos ko, an nakakasógad, - an isda sa dagat g̃a nagkakalópad?... - ¿ano ba, Dyos ko, iní ga nadoróy, - inin katamsihan g̃a nagkakalag̃oy?... - - Kanogon pa daw la san imo katindog - maópay si bayhon, maráot an bantog: - igpapanag̃lit ko, bayabas g̃a hinóg, - maópay an pánit, oloron an onód. - - Ambot daw ada maorán - si dampog nag̃o odtóhan - bisan la inin pag̃ánod - doróyog tipailáwod - - Busa, bayái, balitaw, - ayáw gad tood kay tíaw - iní g̃a akon pagbolaw - igpapahaoli g̃ahaw. - - Hilag̃kag kitá, hilag̃kag - sinín palawán g̃a pankag - kay bag̃in, idáy, makárag - dó loktan sinín alámag. - - Makadí kamí maoli, - maoli g̃a bagá diri, - naghihiawil pa g̃ani - san ka maopay sangawi - - An di ko iginpinólog̃ - an kabasólan in akon: - si kahoy di mag torópog̃ - may balíko, may matadog̃ - - Anó man in akon kon diín ka hanoy - di mo la pagdad-on an tobig, an kahoy - iní g̃a lawas ko g̃a makalolóoy - tinmobo kan tatay, kan nanay g̃a iróy - - Diri ko kay yóbit, diri ko kay dayaw - pamahonpáhon mo bagá may paráyaw; - an imo pamálod pagkasadag̃ana, - baga nagkokori an akon ginhawa. - - Ayáw gad hin tamay, ayáw gad hin yóbit - kay magsáma man la inín aton pánit; - an aton logárig̃ ginkakalainan, - kay diri mag-osá inín aton g̃aran. - - Busa, bayái, bayái, - bayái ayáw baliki, - bisan dahon sin kamoti - mabobohi kami dinhi. - - Abá Lolay, abá Lolay - ligid ligid sinin baybay - kon igkita ka sin away - dalagan, ayaw papátay - - Makadí kami maoli - sa baláy g̃a sinorambi - bisan la mawaráy bóg̃bog̃ - maoli kay logarig̃on - - An di ko iginkinanta [109] - an kabasolán onína; - si kahoy di magsaráma - may baliko, may balísa - - An akon pagkinantáhon[109] - báyad san akon kináon; - bisan la akó tog̃boyón - g̃a diri oraoráhon. - - Nag sisirom na daw inín kakorolpon - g̃atanán g̃a tamsi sa káhoy na hapon - kitá man an tawo ga may isip domdom. - máoli sa balay g̃a kalogarig̃on - - - - - - - - -NOTES ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY - - -It is beyond any question that most of the Filipino dialects are -derived from a common origin: the Malay tongue. - -For this reason many Bisayan words are exactly the same in other -Filipino dialects, and many others bear some local dialectal -differences, thus always showing a common origin. - -The following lists are short collections of such words. - - - - -WORDS EXACTLY THE SAME IN BISAYAN AND IN TAGALOG - - -A - -Ako. [110]—I -Agaw.—To snatch -Ag̃lit.—A little pot -Amihan.—North wind -Anák.—son, daughter -Anino.—Shadow -Apo.—Grandson, grand-daughter -Apog.—Lime -Asawa.—Wife -Asín.—Salt -aswag̃.—Witch -Atáy.—Liver -Away.—Fight - - -B - -Baboy.—Pig -Baga.—Red-hot -Bagá.—as, like -Baga.—Lung -Bagon.—To raise -Bantay.—Watch -Bantilis.—A kind of rock -Basa.—To read -Bata.—Child -Bató.—Stone -Bawi.—To recover -Bayabas.—Guava -Bayad.—Pay -Bayáw.—Brother-in-law -Boká.—Open, untied -Bokás.—Open -Bokó.—Knot -Bohók.—Hair -Bog̃a.—Fruit - - -K - -Kabig.—Pull -Kahoy.—Tree, timber, wood -Kawayan.—Bamboo -Kilala.—To know -Koha.—Take -Kólag̃.—Insufficient -Kota.—Wall - - -D - -Dagat.—Sea -Dahon.—Leave -Dalí.—Quick -Dila.—Tongue -Dogó.—Blood - - -I - -Ibabaw.—Over -Ikaw.—Thou, you -Init.—Heat -Inóm.—Drink - - -H - -Habagat.—West -Hagdan.—Staircase -Hayop.— Animal -Hiláw.—Unripe -Hínay.—Slow -Hinog.—Ripe -Hógas.—Wash - - -L - -Labis.—Excess -Lakbay.—Go over -Lag̃aw.—Fly -Lag̃it.—Heaven, sky -Lalaki.—Male -Laway.—Saliva -Likod.—Back -Limá.—Five -Liwanag.—Clearness -Lokso.—Jump -Lohá.—Tear -Lorâ.—Spit -Lotò.—Cooked - - -M - -Manók.—Chicken -Matá.—Eye -Matambók.—Fat -May.—There is, etc. -Maya.—A kind of bird - - -N - -Nipá.—Nipá -Nipis.—Thinness -Nosuos.—To rub - - -O - -Ogát.—Vein, nerve -Olo.—Head -Oo.—Yes -Opa.—Payment -Otag.—Debt -Owák.—Raven -Owáy.—Vine - - -P - -Pakpak.—Applause with palms -Pait.—Bitterness -Palad.—Palm of the hand -Patay.—Kill -Pati.—Also, with -Patog̃.—To place over -Payog̃.—Umbrella -Paypay.—Fan -Pili.—A tree so called -Pili.—To select -Pingan.—Plate -Pitó.—Seven -Pokpok.—To beat -Pola.—Red -Posod.—Navel - - -S - -Sa.—To, at, from, on, etc. -Sabaw.—Broth -Sakay.—To embark -Sakit.—Sickness -Sagig̃.—Banana -Saló.—Receive -Saway.—To correct -Sawsaw.—To wash -Siko.—Elbow -Sig̃ba.—To adore -Sili.—Pepper -Siyá.—He, she -Siyam.—Nine -Soka.—To vomit -Sog̃ay.—Horn -Solog̃.—Forward -Sonod.—Follow -Sonog.—Fire - - -T - -Táas.—Height -Tabas.—To cut -Tadtad.—To prick -Tag̃is.—To weep -Tahí.—To sew -Timog.—South -Tiyán.—Belly -Tobâ.—A wine -Tobig.—Water -Tobó.—Sugar cane -Tobò.—Profit, to grow -Tohod.—Knee -Tohog.—To string -Tonóg.—Sound -Twad.—To face dawnwards - - -W - -Waló.—Eight - - - - -WORDS WITH SOME DIALECTAL DIFFERENCES - -Differences in the vowels i, o. - - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Akon Akin my, mine - Amon Amin our - Aslom Asim acidity - Aton Atin our - Atóp Atíp roof - Bitóon Bitúin star - Bokog Bikig fish-bone, bone - Bogás Bigas rice - Bog-at Bigat weight - Bolad Bilad to sun - Bog̃ol Big̃í deaf - Kan-on Kanin cooked rice - Kaon Kain to eat - Katol Katí to itch, itching - Dámò Dami amount, much - Datóg̃ Datig̃ to arrive - Dokót Dikit to adhere, adhered - Dolóm Dilim dark - Gorót Gilit slice - Hábol Habi to weave - Harok Halik kiss, to kiss - Hatod Hatid to accompany - Horám Hiram to borrow - Iuomon Inumin potable water - Itom Itim black - Liog Liig neck - Pawod Pawid weaved nipa - Salóg Sahig floor - Sandig Sandal to lean - Takóp Takíp cover - Tanom Tanim plantation - Taróm Talim edge of a sword, etc. - Tindok Tundok a kind of banana - Tindog Tindig to stand - Tonok Tiník thorn - - -Differences in k, h, l, r, d, t. - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Adlaw Araw Sun, day - Aram Alam Wisdom - Badò Barò Chemise - Balay Bahay House - Balo Bao Widow, widower - Balon Baon Provision - Barahibo Balahibo Feather, dawn - Bari Bali To break - Bolan Bwan Moon, month - Kagód Káyud To scrath - Kalot Kámot To scratch - Kamó Kayó You - Koló Kukú Nail - Dalan Daan Path, road - Daraga Dalaga Young girl - Digò Ligò To bath - Dirì Hindì Not - Hadì Harì King - Halabà Mahaba Long - Halarom Malalim Deep - Harayò Malayò Far - Higdà Higà To lay down - Iróg Ilog̃ Nose - Lakát Lakad To walk - Lawod Láot Ocean - Mahínis Malinis Clean - Namok Lamok Mosquito - Napolo Sampù Ten - Parabol Palaboy Favor, grace - Pirit Pilit To force - Poro Pulò Island - Roag̃ Lwag̃ Broad - Salod Sahod To receive - Sarapati Kalapati Pigeon - Sarowal Salawal Pants - Sira Sila They - Sirag̃ Silag To appear - Sirog̃ Silog̃ Beneath - Sodlay Suklay Comb - Sorat Sulat Letter - Sorok Sulok Corner - Talig̃a Taig̃a Ear - Tarog̃ Talog̃ A plant - Torò Tulò Drop - Torog Tulog To sleep - Toktok Togtog To sound, to play - - -Differences in the accent, and in the separation of the syllables. - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Bálik Balík to come back - Kohà Kuha to take - Gaód Gáod oar - Hipág Hípag sister-in-law - Laón Láon old, ancient - Sábay Sabáy simultaneous - Tawá Táwa laugh - Kab-it Kabít connected - Kam-aw Kamao a dish - Kan-on Kanin cooked rice - Koan Kwán so and so - Gab-i Gabí evening, night - Sab-a Sabá a kind of banana - Sab-it Sabit to hook - Tan-aw Tanaw to look - Tig-a Tigás hardness - Tul-id Twid straight - - -Transformation from a to o, and viceversa. - - Alapoop Alapaap cloud, fog - Kamót Kamay hand - Doha Dalawá two - Habobò Mababà low - Sokól Sukat measure - Toló Tatlo three - Onóm Anim six - Opat Apat four - Otok Utak brain - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] We write Bisayan, and not Visayan for the reason, among others, -that there is no V or sound of V in our dialect, and that there seems -to be no necessity for changing in English the B of the original Bisayâ -into V. - -[2] A commitee has been found lately in Manila for this purpose. - -[3] According to the nature of the Bisayan dialect and according to -what some Filipino philologists have written, Rizal among them, -referring to the dialects in the Philippines, the letters of the -Bisayan language must be the following: - -a, b, d, e, g, g̃, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, y, w. - -As it can be noticed, the letters c, f, j, ñ, q, v, x and z are omitted -from the preceding list, and g̃ and w are introduced. The reason for -this is as follows: - - c, in its sound as in city, can be substituted by the letter s; - and, in its sound like c in cup, it can be substituted by k. - f is never used in Bisayan. - j, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by h, which has an - aspirate pronunciation in Bisayan in all cases. In Bisayan, there - is no sound like that of the English j; however, in some places on - the western and southern coasts of Leyte, the y is pronounced like - the English j, as in maayo (pronounced mah-ah-joh) good. - The Spanish letter ñ, or a sound like it, can be written in Bisayan - more properly with the combination of these two letters ny, as in - minyo (pr. mean-yo) married. - q is not necessary, since the k can be used in all cases, where q - is needed. The phrase quiquilàon co (I shall see it) can be - perfectly written kikiláon ko. - v is never used in Bisayan. - x, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by ks; and, in its - English sounds, it can be substituted by gs or ks, respectively. - z, in either its English or its Spanish sound, is never used in - Bisayan. - The g̃ is for the nasal sound that is very often used in Bisayan, - like the ng in song, longing. The g is preferable to the - combination ng̃, which would sometimes lead to confusion; because - this combination ng in Bisayan, is not pronounced as one letter, in - many instances, but each of these letters is pronounced; as, for - example, the word bug̃a (fruit), if written bunga, should sound - booong-ghah, which means to dart or to be darted. - w is needed in all cases of sounds like Spanish dipthongs; but it - must be used in Bisayan always as a consonant, never as a vowel. - -Notwithstanding the preceding considerations, the orthography used in -this book is the old one, but simplified to a certain extent, on -account of the fact that this alphabet (if it can be properly called an -alphabet, it having no f or sound of f) is not yet used, even known, -but by very few persons among the Bisayan speaking people. - -It would be very desirable for the people to adopt the new orthography -proposed in this note, because it is evidently more simple and proper -for the particular nature of the Bisayan dialect. - -A study of the method of reducing the number of Bisayan vowels is also -to be desired, as it seems that not more than three are needed, to wit: -a, e or i, o or u. - -The nature of the Bisayan tongue argues for such a simplicity. Dr. T.H. -Pardo de Tavera, referring to the ancient Filipino alphabet, says: “The -alphabet was composed of seventeen letters, three of which were vowels. -A consonant standing alone was always pronounced with an a sound -following; by the use of a dot or dash near and above the consonant -stem, in much the same fashion as is used in certain systems of -shorthand, instead of the sound of the a, the sound of the vowels e or -i was produced: when the dot or dash was placed below the consonant -stem the vowel sound given was equivalent to o or u.” (See Census of -the Philippine Islands: 1903 Volume One, page 327). - -[4] In most of the towns of the island of Sámar, such separation as -well as that by apostrophe is frequently disregarded, this being one of -the most noticeable differences between the Sámar and Leyte dialects. - -[5] See the note on the first page of this book. This is one of the -facts that urge the adoption of a more logical alphabet (?) for the -Bisayan tongue. - -[6] Except o and u when used as consonants, their function then being -properly that of a w. - -[7] The author believes that it is better to adopt these contractions -than to invent others of Bisayan origin for the reason that they afford -signs universally understood, and because every tongue has a tendency -to assimilate such universal signs. - -[8] We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronounced Di-os.—See -“Vowels”, supra. - -[9] The use of s instead of the h, in these articles, depends upon the -place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and -Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, the h is -never used, but the s instead for these articles. Generally, it is -considered more solemn to use the s instead of the h, in speeches, -letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous -affectation, in places where the h is used. - -It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a -tendency to change the aspirate sound of the h, or soft sound of the -Spanish j, into s. So in olden times, the name Juan was pronounced -Suan; Jueves was pronounced Suebes; and from the Spanish jugar, they -made the Bisayan word sugal, which is still in use. - -[10] See “Contractions”, supra. As it is seen, the m is for ma. This -contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters -were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the -adoption of the Spanish letters. - -[11] This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be -accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because -such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, -page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last -vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the -separation with which the vowels oa are pronounced (see “Vowel”, page -5) - -[12] But if the primitive is mapulá, the diminutive will be mapulapula, -as will be noted later. - -[13] In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle is hi, not ha, -where it is said hibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas. But, in my opinion, -it is simply a result of confounding the particle ma which is more -proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the -personal article hi with which it is thus intended to personify the -abstract ideas of bobò, lipat, labà, táas. - -[14] It has also the regular form “halabáay”. - -[15] This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the -liquid consonant l; and this l in “dacoalay” has been substituted, for -phonetical reason, for the y of “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of -“dacoay” not used. - -[16] It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiay nya -durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative. - -[17] Transformed from bobonbòbon. - -[18] We do not write can-on, because it is a contraction of caran’on, -which is also contracted from caraonón. - -[19] See “Comparative” and “Collective”, infra. - -[20] The last u is not a vowel properly; it should be the consonant w. -See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book. - -[21] It also means anxiety for dancing. So from isóg (to enrage), it is -said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted from irisogón), my rage is great. - -[22] The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to -make the sentence more emphatic. - -[23] Interfix is there used to designate the particle placed within a -word. - -[24] Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. -According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that -before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present -site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a -bamboo instrument, like a cover called taclob. - -[25] It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, -located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a -tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, -before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose -prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from -Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The last o of this tan-ao is -properly the consonat w. - -[26] From lolodhanan from lolohodanan, where the ó is suppressed, and -the h and d, transposed, for phonetical reasons. - -[27] As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is -inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as -“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon” (this servant is fond of eating -surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will -be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already). - -[28] I say “is”, because this combination ng̃ is properly one letter in -Bisayan, which should be called ng̃a, as anciently. - -[29] This is also a verbal of sapód (to gather). - -[30] The particle hi sometimes with the verbs and especially among the -derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the -verbs budlay (to tire one’s self), salacáy, (to embark), and the nouns -apóy (grandfather or grandmother), púsod (navel), it is said: himudlay -(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay (payment for -passage);—hingapóy (a present given to a grandfather or grandmother -upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the -consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of -the latter);—himósod (present given to the midwife for cutting and -attending to the navel of a new-born child). - -[31] We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of -the last o of the first verb. - -[32] When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then -the interfix r is used, as magburugtò. - -[33] The second u must be the consonant w. - -[34] This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way -consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to -that pronounciation, it is written Diyos (prouounced Di-yos), not Dyos. - -[35] See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal” supra. - -[36] See note 2 on page 20. - -[37] So we say dolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) -from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg). - -[38] See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15 supra. - -[39] From paladan, the d having been solved into r. - -[40] It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called -by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been -originated from burabáron (Contracted and made Burauón), on account of -the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no -reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the -present time should not be employed for all uses, the u of said word -being replaced by the w, if the letters proposed in the note of the -first page of this book are adopted. - -[41] This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its -formation an h is used and it is made maasinhanon contracted maasinhon -instead of maasinánon which is the regular form. - -[42] The natives, especially the low people pronounce Mericá instead -of America; mericano instead of the Spanish “americano” for American. - -[43] The name Calyarâ (native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has -been probably originated from Cangara (placed of one called Garâ). A -similar explanation might be given for the formation of the names -Calbigà and Calbáyog (towns of Sámar). - - Besides the particle can the pronoun hira was probably used for - similar cases. We think that the word Hiraite (Bisayan name of the - word Leyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is - formed by the said pronoun hirá and Ite. probably the name of the - ancient owners of that place. - -[44] Mano and mana are probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” -“hermana.” - -[45] See page 12 et seq. of this book. - -[46] The word capin sogóng, uraura, in some localities are replaced by -the Spanish word duro (hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a -duro, or maopay hin duro (very good). It is proper to adopt foreign -words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not -see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are -expressive, pure and original. The preposition cundí (but) is suffering -the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanish pero. - -[47] Instead of uraura, the word masiado, a corruption of the Spanish -demasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note. - -[48] It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last -syllable, masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the -same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit, -masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrases masiromsírom pa, -and masiromsiróm pa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it -is very dark yet”. - -[49] The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan -people in counting was the decimal. So napulo is a compound word from -na (made) and pulò (pile, island). Napulo means “one pile made”, -wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows. - -[50] This word cag (and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in -Sámar or Leyte where ngan, ug are employed for the said conjunction. - - In the southern part of Leyte it is said: napala ug osá. - -[51] A collective noun formed by the prefix ca and the primitive duha -whose d is transformed into r, and by the affix an. It means the -reunion of two piles. - -[52] There seems to be no doubt that this word ribo has the same origin -as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the -Bisayan libo means ten thousand, the Tagalog libo means only one -thousand. To express ten thousand, the Tagalogs have the word lacsá. - -[53] This word may have been derived from lagtuc which means the -swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water. - -[54] An onomatopoetic word bearing the idea of littleness. - -[55] An onomatopoetic word meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul). - -[56] As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; of lacat -(to walk) laag; of yacán (to talk), yaquimbot. - -[57] See page 31 of this book. - -[58] These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the -note on pape 31. supra. - -[59] We also believe that these nouns are Spanish. - -[60] See “Collective,” supra. - -[61] This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of -the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch -of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog. - -[62] See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book. - -[63] See “Rule”, page 3 of this book. - -[64] However, the correct and proper form is the first, Panalaron, a -verbal derived from panalad a plural infinitive of the verb pagsálad -which means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed -took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people used to sound -(panálad) in such place which was then covered by the sea. - -[65] Quita means “we”, the listener included; camí means “we”, the -listener excluded. - -[66] Only used after the verb. - -[67] Hiyá and siyá are the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. -The same may be said about hirá and sirá. - -[68] Contracted from ni (of) and ácon (mine). - -[69] Contracted from da and ácon. This particle da is used in some -places as equivalent to the preposition ha or the contraction han. So -in Carigata, Leyte, they say dahani (at old times), instead of hanhaní -used in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The forms damon, daton, -dimo, diyo, diya, dira have the same explanation. - -[70] Quita is frequently used for “acó”, as when we say tagui quitá hin -salapî, (give me money), instead of tagui aco hin salapî. - -[71] See “Personal pronouns” page 47. - -[72] See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, -because hin’o, sin’o are contracted from hi ano and si ano. - -[73] However in this form in which the substantive precedes the -adjective the suppression of ng̃a is permissible in poetry. - -[74] This is another irregularity of the pronoun quita. Here it is -equivalent to nimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase, -naton being the special pronoun for the same. - -[75] In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounced -didínhi. - -[76] See “Other classes of verbs”, infra. - -[77] See “Potential Form”, infra. - -[78] In Basay, Sámar the m is frequently suppressed, the first vowel -becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there: -sínurat, ínabot. - -[79] This form is taken from the subjunctive, as in the Spanish -language. - -[80] In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of -Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the -verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus -it is said in the mentioned places: nágsurat instead of nagsúsurat. - -[81] See the note on page 65. - -[82] See the note on page 63. - -[83] See page 65 et. seq. - -[84] It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65. - -[85] See page 64 et seq. - -[86] It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65. - -[87] See page 61. - -[88] See page 65. - -[89] See page 68. - -[90] See page 62 et seq. - -[91] See page 68. - -[92] See page 69. - -[93] The translation made in those conjugations is literal. We try to -express in English the exact idea contained in these forms. - -[94] See note on page 65. - -[95] See page 70 et seq. - -[96] See page 71. - -[97] Page 61 of this book. - -[98] The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog -form, where it is said susulat aco (I shall write), bucas aco susulat -(tomorrow I shall write). - -[99] See page 61. - -[100] In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to -the penult. So it is said: dididâ, etc. - -[101] See the page 10. - -[102] This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctive -or. The English or and the Spanish o are difficult to translate into -Bisayan with cun. For this reason the Spanish o is frequently employed -in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the English or. - -[103] It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example: nasiring -an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”, abi tapa: “bayari acó”. - -[104] There is another, viz: susmaryosep or susmarosèp the corrupted -Spanish “Jesús, María y José”. - -[105] The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan -show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we -wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say: hinihigugma co -icao (literally: you are loved by me) than to say: nahigugma aco ha -imo. - -[106] In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the -English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective -case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, -as - - he wishes me to come - Ille vult me venire - -Such sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunction -ng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, -thus - -caruyag niya ng̃a acó camánhi. - -[107] See “Foreign words necessarily adopted in Bisayan”, infra. - -[108] We do not refer to those Chinese words imported to Philippines -with Chinese objects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, -because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or -never existed. - -[109] Derived from the Spanish “cantar” (to sing) - -[110] A: We use in these lists the orthography proposed in the first -page of this book, as an orthography practically the same is now being -much used in Tagalog. But we employ only three vowels: a, i, o. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON -BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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-} -.small { -font-size: small; -} -.xs { -font-size: x-small; -} -.center { -text-align: center; -} -.example { -text-align: center; -} -.right { -text-align: right; -} -.vam { -vertical-align: middle; -} -h3, h4, h5, h6, .h3, .h4, .h5, .h6 { -text-align: center; -} -h5 { -font-weight: bold; -} -.nowrap { -white-space: nowrap; -} -/* CSS rules generated from @rend attributes in TEI file */ -.xd31e1487 { -padding-right:2em; -} -.cover-imagewidth { -width:480px; -} -.titlepage-imagewidth { -width:466px; -} -.xd31e156 { -font-style:italic; -} -.xd31e157 { -text-indent:6em; -} -.xd31e161 { -text-align:right; -} -.xd31e269 { -text-indent:4em; -} -/* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetic and Filipino Dialectology, by Norberto Romualdez</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetic and Filipino Dialectology</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Norberto Romualdez</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 23, 2022 [eBook #69603]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY ***</div> -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure cover-imagewidth"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" alt="Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure titlepage-imagewidth"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt="Original Title Page." width="466" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="mainTitle">A Bisayan Grammar</div> -<div class="subTitle">and<br> -Notes on<br> -Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetics<br> -and<br> -Filipino Dialectology</div> -</div> -<div class="byline">By -<br> -<span class="docAuthor">Norberto Romuáldez, <abbr title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</abbr></span> -<br> -<span class="small">—Provincial Fiscal of Leyte, <abbr title="Philippine Islands">P.I.</abbr>—<br> -—Attorney-at-Law—<br> -—Formerly Director of “San Jose” College of Takloban—<br> -—Professor of Latin—</span></div> -<div class="epigraph"> -<div class="lgouter xd31e156"> -<p class="line xd31e157">O! good my lord, no Latin; -</p> -<p class="line">I am not such a truant since my coming -</p> -<p class="line">As not to know the language I have liv’d in -</p> -</div> -<p class="first xd31e161"><i>SHAKESPEARE</i> </p> -</div> -<div class="docImprint"><span class="docDate">1908.</span> -<br> -“PAG PAHAYAG” CO.—TAKLOBAN.</div> -</div> -<p></p> -<div class="div1 copyright"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first center small"><span class="sc">Copyright</span> 1908<br> -<span class="sc">By</span> <span class="ac">Norberto Romuáldez</span> -</p> -<p class="center small">All Rights of Publication and Translation Reserved. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="dedic" class="div1 dedication"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e295">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first center"><i>TO THE<br> -<span class="large">TO THE YOUTH OF SAMAR AND LEYTE</span><br> -who are clearly demonstrating aspirations<br> -for a brighter future thru education<br> -this book is dedicated,<br> -in the hope that it may give a stimulus to their work<br> -and an incentive to appreciate what is best in their language<br> -as well as in the hope that, at a future day,<br> -some one of them may be fitted to do this work<br> -better than here presented.</i> -</p> -<p class="right"><i><span class="sc">The Author</span></i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb.iii">[<a href="#pb.iii">III</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="intro" class="div1 introduction"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e301">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The publication of a Bisayan grammar has been eagerly awaited by many. It has been -desired by those who are interested simply in the study of a native dialect. It has -been needed by all Americans who desire an acquaintance with the language of the people -among whom they live in order that they may get into closer touch with the great mass -of natives as yet unable to speak either Spanish or English. It has been requested -by many natives who wish to improve their use of their mother tongue. To all such, -the present volume will prove of great value. -</p> -<p>The author is recognized throughout Samar and Leyte as one of the highest authorities -on the Samareño dialect. His statements may therefore be accepted as authoritative. -His treatment of prefixes and suffixes, of similar words with different meanings, -and of the various forms of the verb are especially interesting and valuable. -</p> -<p>It is hoped that Mr. Norberto Romuáldez may be able to carry out his intention of -putting out a combined grammar and language book designed especially for those just -beginning the study of Bisayan. Such a work in conjunction with the present grammar -would immensly facilitate the acquisition of a speaking knowledge of the dialect. -</p> -<p class="signed">W. W. MARQUARDT,<br> -<span class="small">Division Superintendent of Schools.</span> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb.v">[<a href="#pb.v">V</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="preface" class="div1 preface"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e307">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">PREFATORY REMARKS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This book is not intended to be a complete grammar, but is only an elementary work -containing a collection of some principles governing the formation of the words and -the construction of the sentences of the Bisayan<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e235src" href="#xd31e235">1</a> dialect spoken on the islands of Samar and nearly half of Leyte, by about four hundred -thousand people. -</p> -<p>At random and at odd intervals as the author’s time permitted, he arranged, more or -less in a logical grammatical order, the material gathered. Bearing in mind that there -has never been any previous treatise on this subject worthy the name, the whole field -therefore remaining practically unexplored, it will not be surprising that the use -of spare moments covering only a short period has left much of the field undeveloped. -However, what has been collected in this book will be found to be of primary importance -to any one desiring to gain a quick acquaintance with the dialect for immediate practical -use. After a careful study of the many examples under the different rules, coupled -with a continuous practice, the user will be surprised—if he is a stranger—at the -ease with which he acquires an Asiatic dialect, and—if he is a Filipino—how clear -and logical is one of the most spoken dialects in his Mother-land. -</p> -<p>The author had no intention of launching this work at the present time; but it is -done at the behest of his American friends who have urged him to issue what has been -collected, a portion only of what is intended ultimately to be a complete treatise -and grammar of Bisayan, in order that this material may be available for the use of -persons <span class="pageNum" id="pb.vi">[<a href="#pb.vi">VI</a>]</span>taking an interest in the Islands, thereby bringing about a common means of communication, -which promotes a better feeling between the people born here and the newcomer. -</p> -<p>The exposition of the different subjects is not in the modern didactic form generally -used in this class of works. This is simply due to the lack of sufficient time. Thus -the grammar is divided into the usual parts: orthography, prosody, etimology, and -syntax. Some of these parts have been treated to a very limited extent, because time -has not admitted of the collection of sufficient material and of the opportunity to -weigh the relative values and eliminate the exceptions from the rules. -</p> -<p>An appendix has been added where two topics are treated: notes on Rhetoric and Poetics -of Bisayan, and notes on Filipino Dialectology consisting in a short comparative study -of this dialect in reference to Tagalog, one of its sister-dialects in the Archipelago. -The first notes are designed to complete the knowledge of Bisayan after the grammar -is mastered; the second are intended to show the possibility of the formation of a -common Filipino language<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e261src" href="#xd31e261">2</a> out of the different dialects scattered thru out the Archipelago, in a similar way -as the Modern High German has been formed out of the main primitive groups Frisian -and Saxon. Frankish, Hessian, and Thuringian, and Alemannian and Bavarian. -</p> -<p>We have to repeat that our work is far from being perfect, even complete, on account -of lack of sufficient time. Owing to the same circumstance, many errors in printing -have crept into this book, which we have tried to correct at the end under the heading -<i>Errata</i>. But we sincerely admit that not all of the mistakes that may be found in this book -are to be assigned to lack of time. Like any other product of human industry, this -work bears marks of errors arising from the two sources pointed out by Horace -</p> -<div lang="la" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line xd31e269">quas aut incuria fudit, -</p> -<p class="line">Vut humana parum cavit natura.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb.vii">[<a href="#pb.vii">VII</a>]</span></p> -<p>Acknowledgement is hereby made for the help rendered by Messrs. W. W. Marquardt, Div. -Superintendent of Schools of Leyte, P.I., Fred Shoemaker, and H. W. Halbourg, in correcting -part of the proof, and for the collaboration of Mr. Henry E. Neibert, Former American -Teacher of Jaro, Leyte, P.I. whose knowledge of both tongues, English and Bisayan, -added much material to the work. -</p> -<p>Hoping that this little volume may be of interest and real help, it is offered to -an indulgent public for what it is worth. -</p> -<p class="signed"><i>Norberto Romualdez</i> -</p> -<p class="dateline">Takloban, Province of Leyte,<br> -Philippine Islands.<br> -November 8, 1908. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb.ix">[<a href="#pb.ix">IX</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e235"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e235src">1</a></span> We write <i>B</i>isayan, and not <i>V</i>isayan for the reason, among others, that there is no <i>V</i> or sound of <i>V</i> in our dialect, and that there seems to be no necessity for changing in English the -<i>B</i> of the original <i>Bisayâ</i> into <i>V</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e235src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e261"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e261src">2</a></span> A commitee has been found lately in Manila for this purpose. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e261src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="toc" class="div1 last-child contents"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e313">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CONTENTS</h2> -<table class="tocList"> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum xs">PAGE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#dedic" id="xd31e295">DEDICATION</a> </td> -<td class="tocPageNum">I</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#intro" id="xd31e301">INTRODUCTION</a> </td> -<td class="tocPageNum">III</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#preface" id="xd31e307">PREFATORY REMARKS</a> </td> -<td class="tocPageNum">IV</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#toc" id="xd31e313">CONTENTS</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">IX</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><i><a href="#pt1">ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.1" id="xd31e326">LETTERS</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.2" id="xd31e333">THE ACCENTS</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.3" id="xd31e340">PUNCTUATION</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.4" id="xd31e347">VOWELS</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.5" id="xd31e354">SYLLABLES</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch1.6" id="xd31e361">CAPITALIZATION</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><span class="corr" id="xd31e368" title="Source: CONTRCTIONS"><a href="#ch1.7" id="xd31e369">CONTRACTIONS</a></span> </td> -<td class="tocPageNum">7</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><i><a href="#pt2">ETYMOLOGY</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch2.1" id="xd31e382">PARTS OF SPEECH</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch2.1.1" id="xd31e391">Articles</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">7</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.1.1">Declension</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">8</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch2.1.2" id="xd31e408">Nouns</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">9</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.1">Diminutive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.2">Figurative</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">12</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.3">Verbal</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">13</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.4">Compound</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">22</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.5">Derivative</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">23</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.6">Proper and Common</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">29</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.7">Positive, Comparative, and Superlative</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">32</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.8">Cardinal, Ordinal, Partitive, and Distributive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">35</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.9">Collective</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">38</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.10">Gender</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">40</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.11">Number</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">40</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.12">Case</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">41</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.13">Important Observation</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">41</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.2.14">Transposition of Accents</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">43</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e517" title="Source: Pronoun"><a href="#ch2.1.3" id="xd31e518">Pronouns</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">47</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.3.1">Personal</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">47</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.3.2">Demonstrative</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">48</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.3.3">Possessive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">50</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.3.4">Relative</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">52</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.3.5">Contractions</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">56</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e563" title="Source: Verb"><a href="#ch2.1.4" id="xd31e564">Verbs</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">57</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.1">Conjugation—Voices</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">58</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.1.1">Moods and Tenses</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">58</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.1.2">Number and Person</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">61</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.2" id="xd31e595">Inflections</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">61</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 1.—<a href="#tb61.1">Primitive Active</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">61</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 2.—<a href="#tb64.6">Progressive Active</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">61</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 3.—<a href="#tb68.1">Primitive Direct Passive</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb.x">[<a href="#pb.x">X</a>]</span></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">68</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 4.—<a href="#tb70.4">Progressive Direct Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">70</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 5.—<a href="#tb73.1">Primitive Indirect Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">73</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 6.—<a href="#tb75.1">Progressive Indirect Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">75</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 7.—<a href="#tb76.4">Primitive Instrumental Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">76</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle">Table 8.—<a href="#tb78.4">Progressive Instrumental Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">78</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.3">Negative Forms</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">80</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.4">Interrogative Forms</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">82</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.5">Suppletory Verbs</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">84</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.5.1">Pronominal Form</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">84</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.5.2">Adverbial Form</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">84</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.6">Observation</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">87</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.7">Impersonal Verbs</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">88</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.8">Defective Verbs</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">88</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.9">Other classes of Verbs</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">89</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.9.1">Active Voice</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">90</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.9.2">Direct Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.9.3">Indirect Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">96</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2.1.4.9.4">Instrumental Passive</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">96</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch2.1.4.10">Depreciative Verbs</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">96</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e773" title="Source: Adverb"><a href="#ch2.1.5" id="xd31e774">Adverbs</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">97</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e782" title="Source: Preposition"><a href="#ch2.1.6" id="xd31e783">Prepositions</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">98</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e791" title="Source: Conjunction"><a href="#ch2.1.7" id="xd31e792">Conjunctions</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">98</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e800" title="Source: Interjection"><a href="#ch2.1.8" id="xd31e801">Interjections</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">99</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><i><a href="#pt3">SYNTAX</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.1" id="xd31e818">Subjective relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">100</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.2" id="xd31e826">Predicative relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">100</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.3" id="xd31e834">Attributive relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">100</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.4" id="xd31e842">Complementary relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">101</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.5" id="xd31e850">Adverbial relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">102</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.6" id="xd31e858">Representative relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">102</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.7" id="xd31e866">Connective relation</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">103</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.8" id="xd31e874">Absolute and independent constructions</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">103</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.9" id="xd31e882"><span class="corr" id="xd31e883" title="Source: Sintax">Syntax</span> of verbs</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">103</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.10" id="xd31e892">Arrangement of words</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">105</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch3.11" id="xd31e900">VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">105</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd31e909" title="Source: Barbarism"><a href="#ch3.11.1" id="xd31e910">Barbarisms</a></span></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">105</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#ch3.11.2" id="xd31e918">Foreign words</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">105</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><i><a href="#ch3.11.3">Foreign words <span class="corr" id="xd31e928" title="Source: innecessarily">unnecessarily</span> used in Bisayan</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">106</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch3.11.3.1">Spanish words</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">106</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch3.11.3.2">Chinese words</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">111</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#ch3.11.3.3">English words</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">111</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><i><a href="#ch3.11.4">Foreign constructions</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">112</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><i><a href="#ch3.11.5">Foreign words necessarily used in Bisayan</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">112</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><i><a href="#appendix" id="xd31e977">APPENDIX</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#app1" id="xd31e982">NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">117</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#app1.1">Figures of Speech</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">117</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#app1.2" id="xd31e999">Prose</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">121</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><i><a href="#app1.2.1">Letters</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">121</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#app1.3" id="xd31e1017">Poetic forms</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">123</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><i><a href="#app1.3.1">Versification</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">123</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><span class="sc"><a href="#app1.4" id="xd31e1035">Collection of some Bisayan songs</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">124</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><i><a href="#app1.4.1">Moral Poetry</a></i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb.xi">[<a href="#pb.xi">XI</a>]</span></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">124</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><i><a href="#app1.4.2">Philosophic Poetry</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">125</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><i><a href="#app1.4.3">Love Poetry</a></i> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">125</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#app1.4.4">Sundry</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">126</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#app2" id="xd31e1077">NOTE ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">128</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><a href="#app2.1" id="xd31e1085">Words exactly the same in Bisayan and in Tagalog</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">128</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="3"><a href="#app2.2" id="xd31e1092">Words with some dialectal differences</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">130</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#app2.2.1">Differences in the vowels <i>i, o</i></a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">130</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#app2.2.2">Differences <i>k, h, l, r, d, t</i></a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">131</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#app2.2.3">Differences in the accent, and in the separation of the syllables</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">132</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="2"><a href="#app2.2.4">Transformation from <i>a</i> to <i>o</i> and viceversa</a> -</td> -<td class="tocPageNum">132</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#errata" id="xd31e1136">ERRATA</a> </td> -<td class="tocPageNum">133</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb1">[<a href="#pb1">1</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div id="pt1" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="main">ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY</h2> -<div id="ch1.1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e326">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">LETTERS.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The Bisayan letters are twenty:<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1149src" href="#xd31e1149">1</a> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">a, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">as <i>a</i> in <i>large</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">h, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">as <i>h</i> in <i>hat</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">qu, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">as the English <i>k</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">b, </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight vam">as in English -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">i, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">sounding <i>ee</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">r, </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight vam">as in English -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">c, -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">l, </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight vam">as in English -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">s, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">d, -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">m, -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">t, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">e, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">as <i>e</i> in <i>well</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">n, -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">u, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">sounding <i>oo</i> as in <i>good</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">g, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">as <i>g</i> in <i>good</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft">o, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">as <i>o</i> in <i>long</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">y, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">as <i>y</i> in <i>young</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">ng̃, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">as <i>ng</i> in <i>long</i> -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">p, </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">as in English -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellDummy"></td> -<td class="cellDummy"></td> -<td class="cellDummy"></td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb2">[<a href="#pb2">2</a>]</span></p> -<p>After knowing the respective sounds of these letters, according to the preceding table, -no rule is necessary for the pronunciation of Bisayan words. -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1149"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1149src">1</a></span> According to the nature of the Bisayan dialect and according to what some Filipino -philologists have written, Rizal among them, referring to the dialects in the Philippines, -the letters of the Bisayan language must be the following: -</p> -<p class="footnote cont center">a, b, d, e, g, g̃, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, y, w. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">As it can be noticed, the letters c, f, j, ñ, q, v, x and z are omitted from the preceding -list, and g̃ and w are introduced. The reason for this is as follows: -</p> -<ul> -<li>c, in its sound as in <i>city</i><span class="corr" id="xd31e1159" title="Corrected by author from: .">,</span> can be substituted by the letter s; and, in its sound like c in <i>cup</i>, it can be substituted by k. -</li> -<li>f is never used in Bisayan. -</li> -<li>j, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by h, which has an aspirate pronunciation -in Bisayan in all cases. In Bisayan, there is no sound like that of the English j; -however, in some places on the western and southern coasts of Leyte, the <i>y</i> is pronounced like the English <i>j</i>, as in <i lang="war">maayo</i> (pronounced mah-ah-joh) good. -</li> -<li>The Spanish letter ñ, or a sound like it, can be written in Bisayan more properly -with the combination of these two letters <i>ny</i>, as in <i lang="war">minyo</i> (pr. mean-yo) married. -</li> -<li>q is not necessary, since the <i>k</i> can be used in all cases, where <i>q</i> is needed. The phrase <i lang="war">quiquilàon co</i> (I shall see it) can be perfectly written <i lang="war">kikiláon ko</i>. -</li> -<li>v is never used in Bisayan. -</li> -<li>x, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by <i>ks</i>; and, in its English sounds, it can be substituted by <i>gs</i> or <i>ks</i>, respectively. -</li> -<li>z, in either its English or its Spanish sound, is never used in Bisayan. -</li> -<li>The <i>g̃</i> is for the nasal sound that is very often used in Bisayan, like the ng in <i>song, longing</i>. The <i>g</i> is preferable to the combination <i>ng̃</i>, which would sometimes lead to confusion; because this combination ng in Bisayan, -is not pronounced as one letter, in many instances, but each of these letters is pronounced; -as, for example, the word <i lang="war">bug̃a</i> (fruit), if written bunga, should sound <i>booong-ghah,</i> which means <i>to dart</i> or <i>to be darted</i>. -</li> -<li>w is needed in all cases of sounds like Spanish dipthongs; but it must be used in -Bisayan always as a consonant, never as a vowel.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Notwithstanding the preceding considerations, the orthography used in this book is -the old one, but simplified to a certain extent, on account of the fact that this -alphabet (if it can be properly called an <i>alphabet</i>, it having no <i>f</i> or sound of <i>f</i>) is not yet used, even known, but by very few persons among the Bisayan speaking -people. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">It would be very desirable for the people to adopt the new orthography proposed in -this note, because it is evidently more simple and proper for the particular nature -of the Bisayan dialect. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb2n">[<a href="#pb2n">2</a>]</span></p> -<p class="footnote cont">A study of <span class="corr" id="xd31e1238" title="Corrected by author from: this">the</span> method of reducing the number of Bisayan vowels is also to be desired, as it seems -that not more than three are needed, to wit: <i>a, e</i> or <i>i, o</i> or <i>u</i>. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The nature of the Bisayan tongue argues for such a simplicity. Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera, -referring to the ancient Filipino alphabet, says: “The alphabet was composed of seventeen -letters, three of which were vowels. A consonant standing alone was always pronounced -with an a sound following; by the use of a dot or dash near and above the consonant -stem, in much the same fashion as is used in certain systems of shorthand, instead -of the sound of the a, the sound of the vowels <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> was produced: when the dot or dash was placed below the consonant stem the vowel -sound given was equivalent to <i>o</i> or <i>u</i>.” (See Census of the Philippine Islands: 1903 Volume One, page 327). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1149src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e333">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">THE ACCENTS.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The orthographical accent is an important sign in Bisayan, in order to give to the -words their proper pronunciation, and, consequently, their proper meaning. -</p> -<p>Of the emission of the voice in pronouncing the Bisayan vowels, there are two ways: -one is the ordinary way, like that of the English vowels, as in -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i lang="war">baga</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(red-hot coal or wood), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">dinhi</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(here), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i lang="war">olo</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(head),</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and the other is by a guttural suspended emission of the voice, like -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">the last <i>a</i> in <i lang="war">bagà</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(lungs), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">the last <i>i</i> in <i lang="war">dirì</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(not or no), and -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">the last <i>o</i> in <i lang="war">torò</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(drop).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>This guttural pronunciation is only used in the endings of words. -</p> -<p>From the various combinations of these ways of pronouncing the vowels and the force -with which they are pronounced, it follows that a vowel, no matter which one it is, -has four different sounds: -</p> -<ul> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">1st.</span> As ordinarily, and without any particular force. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">2nd.</span> As ordinarily, but with force in its pronunciation. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">3rd.</span> By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and without force. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">4th.</span> By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and with force.</li> -</ul><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb3">[<a href="#pb3">3</a>]</span></p> -<p>The first way does not need any orthographical sign. But the last three ones require -a special orthographical accent in each ease. -</p> -<p>When a vowel is pronounced as ordinarily, but with more force than others in the same -word, the proper accent is the acute (´). -</p> -<p>When a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound, but without any force, -the corresponding accent is the grave (`). -</p> -<p>And when a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound with force, its accent -is the circumflex (ˆ), which is simply the combination of the two foregoing accents, -as this last represents a sound that is the combination of the two sounds, suspended -guttural and with force. -</p> -<p>Therefore, in writing the word <i lang="war">quita</i>, for example, in its three different meanings and according to its three different -pronunciations, it must be as follows: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">quitá</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(we) -</td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">quità</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(see) -</td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">quitâ</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(look at).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>RULE. There are three different accents in Bisayan: the acute (´); the grave (`); -and the angular, which we may call improperly circumflex (ˆ). -</p> -<p>The acute is located wherever it is needed, either at the beginning or in the middle -or at the ending of the word. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">úpa</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(reward) -</td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">upá</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(rice chaff).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The grave and angular, by their nature, are only used upon words ending in a vowel, -and then only upon the last vowel. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">dacò</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(large), -</td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i lang="war">dacô</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(larger)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e340">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">PUNCTUATION.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The signs of punctuation in Bisayan are the same as those in English, the rules for -the use of the period (.), colon (:), semicolon (;), comma (,), parenthesis (), dash -(—), quotation marks (“ ”) and apostrophe (’) being identical. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb4">[<a href="#pb4">4</a>]</span></p> -<p>But the rules are different for the use of the interrogation and exclamation points, -and hyphen. -</p> -<p>In Bisayan, the Spanish way is followed in using two points of interrogation and two -of exclamation, the one at the beginning of the question or exclamation (¿) (¡), and -the other at the ending (?) (!). -</p> -<p>While the hyphen (-) is also used in Bisayan to connect parts of a word divided at -the end of a line, and to connect two or more nouns, adjectives, or particles, so -as to form them into a single compound, it has an additional use which is to separate -distinctly the syllables of certain words that would have a different meaning or none -at all without the said separation. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i lang="war">sál-ong</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to hook) </td> -<td class="cellTop"><i lang="war">sálong</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(resin) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">súl-ay</i> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(belching of an infant) </td> -<td><i lang="war">súlay</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(prop) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">bac-ad</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight">(to unroll) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">os-og</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight">(to draw near from afar) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">im-im</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight">(lip) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">sid-ap</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight">(to look at) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">san-o</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight">(when, future) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i lang="war">cacan-o</i> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e1487 cellRight cellBottom">(when, past)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1639src" href="#xd31e1639">1</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The above separations are not of the same character as those caused by contractions -or elisions, where the proper sign is not a hyphen, but an apostrophe. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i lang="war">gáb’i</i> </td> -<td class="cellTop">from <i lang="war">gabii</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(night) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">cabitón’an</i>, </td> -<td>from <i lang="war">cabitoónan</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(stars) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">pabáy’i</i>, </td> -<td>from <i lang="war">pabayái</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(leave him or her) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i lang="war">it’ im’ bugtò ng̃an hit’ ac’ patód</i>, -</td> -<td class="cellBottom">from <i lang="war">iton imo bugtò ng̃an hitón acon patód</i> -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(your brother or sister and my cousin).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Therefore, it would not be correct to write <i lang="war">gab-i, cabiton-an, pabay-i</i>, where the apostrophe should be employed instead of the hyphen. However, the apostrophe -is used only when needed to avoid wrong pronunciation or confusion. <span class="pageNum" id="pb5">[<a href="#pb5">5</a>]</span>So the last of the preceding examples is written without any sign of punctuation, -thus: <i lang="war">it im bugtò ng̃an hit ac patód</i>. -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1639"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1639src">1</a></span> In most of the towns of the island of Sámar, such separation as well as that by apostrophe -is frequently disregarded, this being one of the most noticeable differences between -the Sámar and Leyte dialects. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1639src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e347">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">VOWELS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The Bisayan people, especially in Leyte, always have a tendency to separate the vowels -in pronouncing the words, there being no Bisayan dipthong. So it is <i lang="war">bi-ol</i> (small basket) and not <i lang="war">biol; cá-on</i> (eat), <i lang="war">ti-il</i> (foot), <i lang="war">ma-opay</i> (good), and not <i lang="war">cáon, tiil, maopay</i>. But this refers only to spoken language, not to written. -</p> -<p>Some words, like <i lang="war">uásay</i> (axe), <i lang="war">sabáo</i> (broth) are pronounced <i lang="war">ua-say, sa-bao</i>, and not <i lang="war">u-a-say, sa-ba-o</i>. These syllables <i>ua</i> and <i>ao</i> are not dipthongs. The <i>u</i> in the syllable <i>ua</i> and the <i>o</i> in the syllable <i>ao</i>, are not the vowels <i>u, o,</i> but the consonant <i>w</i>. These words should be written more properly <i lang="war">wásay, sabáw</i>.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1758src" href="#xd31e1758">1</a> -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1758"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1758src">1</a></span> See the note on the first page of this book. This is one of the facts that urge the -adoption of a more logical alphabet (?) for the Bisayan tongue. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1758src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e354">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">SYLLABLES</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Every vowel<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1765src" href="#xd31e1765">1</a> with the consonant or consonants pronounced with it and every vowel pronounced alone -form one syllable, and are written as such. This is the rule applied to the division -of a word at the end of a line. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i lang="war">ca-ru-ca-yá-can</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(conversation) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i lang="war">bác-dao</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(stand) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i lang="war">a-ha-cá</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(hemp), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1765"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1765src">1</a></span> Except <i>o</i> and <i>u</i> when used as consonants, their function then being properly that of a <i>w</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1765src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e361">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CAPITALIZATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">In Bisayan, the following words should begin with capitals: -</p> -<ul> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">1.</span> The first word of every sentence. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">2.</span> The proper nouns. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">3.</span> The names of the days of the week and the months of the year. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">4.</span> Titles of honor or office. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb6">[<a href="#pb6">6</a>]</span></li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">5.</span> All words, except prepositions, conjunctions and unimportant adjectives, in the titles -of books and essays. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">6.</span> All names of God, and expressions referring to the Deity. -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">7.</span> Words representing important events in history and epochs of time.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.7" class="div1 last-child chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e369">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CONTRACTIONS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There is no contraction used in Bisayan, except that in the sign <i lang="war">mg̃a</i> (a particle employed to express the idea of plurality). -</p> -<p><i lang="war">Mg̃a</i> is for <i lang="war">mang̃a</i> composed of <i lang="war">ma</i> (an important prefix of the Bisayan and Tagalog dialects, which bears the idea of -abundance or plurality) and <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> (a conjunctive particle which is necessarily employed to connect the variable parts -of speech). -</p> -<p>NOTE. It would be desirable to have the following contractions adopted in Bisayan, -inasmuch as they are universally recognized: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>i.e.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><span class="seg">for</span> <i lang="la">id est</i>. -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>P.S.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">post scriptum</i>. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>e.g.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">exempli gratia</i>. -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>N.B.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">nota bene</i>. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>viz.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">videlicet</i>. -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>a.m.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">ante meridiem</i>. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>etc.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">et cetera</i>. -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>p.m.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">post meridiem</i>.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1954src" href="#xd31e1954">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>P.D.</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i lang="la">post data</i>. -</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"> </td> -<td class="cellDummy"></td> -<td class="cellDummy"></td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1954"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1954src">1</a></span> The author believes that it is better to adopt these contractions than to invent others -of Bisayan origin for the reason that they afford signs universally understood, and -because every tongue has a tendency to assimilate such universal signs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1954src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt2" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="main">ETYMOLOGY.</h2> -<div id="ch2.1" class="div1 last-child chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e382">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Parts of Speech.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">These are eight in number, in Bisayan: article, noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, -conjunction, interjection. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb7">[<a href="#pb7">7</a>]</span></p> -<div id="ch2.1.1" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e391">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">ARTICLES.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are three classes: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Definite: </td> -<td class="cellTop"><i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Indefinite: </td> -<td><i>in</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Personal: </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><i>hi</i> or <i>si</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(no equivalent in English).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The definite article, as well as the indefinite, is used in Bisayan in the same manner -as its equivalent in English. The definite article, however, is sometimes used before -proper nouns, and it is very often used before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. -Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">Nacánhi <i>an</i> batà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the boy or girl has come) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Nacánhi <i>in</i> batà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a boy or girl has come) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><i>An</i> Dyos<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2017src" href="#xd31e2017">1</a> macagagáhum </td> -<td class="cellRight">(God is omnipotent) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><i>An</i> iní nga bucád </td> -<td class="cellRight">(this flower) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>An</i> acon calò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(my hat)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The personal article is always used before the names of persons; it is also used before -the personal pronouns, except the third persons. Examples. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>Hi</i> Pedro </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(Peter) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><i>Hi</i> acó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(I) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>Hi</i> icao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(you)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Instead of <i lang="war">hi, si</i> may be used.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2070src" href="#xd31e2070">2</a> -</p> -<p>These articles do not change in gender. Examples: <span lang="war"><i>an</i> amáy</span> (the father), <span lang="war"><i>an</i> iróy</span> (the mother); <span lang="war"><i>hi</i> Juan</span> (John), <span lang="war"><i>hi</i> María</span> (Mary). -</p> -<p>The definite and indefinite articles change in the plural in the following way: -<span class="pageNum" id="pb8">[<a href="#pb8">8</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="center cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR -</td> -<td class="center cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="center cellLeft">an -</td> -<td class="center cellRight">an mg̃a<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2149src" href="#xd31e2149">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="center cellLeft cellBottom">in -</td> -<td class="center cellRight cellBottom">in mg̃a</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The personal article does not change, in person or number, except in the third person -plural where it takes the form of the third personal pronoun third person, plural -number. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>Hi</i> quitá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(we) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><i>Hi</i> camó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(you, in plural) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>Hirá</i> Pedro ng̃an hi Juan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(Peter and John)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch2.1.1.1"> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">DECLENSION.—Articles have two cases: <i>nominative</i> and <i>objective</i>. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">NOMINATIVE: </td> -<td>an </td> -<td>in </td> -<td>hi or si </td> -<td>an mg̃a </td> -<td>in mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight">hirá or sirá -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">OBJECTIVE: </td> -<td class="cellBottom">han or san </td> -<td class="cellBottom">hin or sin </td> -<td class="cellBottom">ni, can </td> -<td class="cellBottom">han mg̃a or san mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellBottom">hin mg̃a or sin mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">nira, canda</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>An</i> batà nagbahása <i>han</i> surát ni Pedro -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the boy reads Peter’s letter).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>Hirá</i> Carlos ng̃an <i>hi</i> Juan naghátag <i>canda</i> Tomás ng̃an <i>hi</i> Pedro <i>hin mg̃a</i> bucád -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(Charles and John gave flowers to Thomas and Peter).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The objective case covers all the different cases used in other languages after the -nominative, that is to say, the <i>genitive, dative, accusative</i> and <i>ablative</i> cases. -</p> -<p>RULES. 1. The Bisayan articles are used immediately before the words to which they -refer. -</p> -<p>2. The definite article may be used without expressing the object to which it refers, -having, in this case, the nature of a relative pronoun. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>An</i> nagtótoon, nahabábaro -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(He, who studies, learns).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>An mg̃a</i> nagtututdò ha aton -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(They who teach us.)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb9">[<a href="#pb9">9</a>]</span></p> -<p>3. The personal article is always necessary before the names of persons. It is not -correct to say “<span lang="war">Pedro nagsusurat</span>”; <i lang="war">hi</i> is needed, and it must be: “<span lang="war"><i>hi</i> Pedro nagsusurat</span>” (Peter is writing). -</p> -<p>EXCEPTIONS. 1. Between the definite article and the word to which it refers, other -words may be placed, in some instances, as in this phrase: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>An</i> iní ng̃a <i>baláy</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(this house), or</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>an</i> maopay ng̃a <i>batà</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(the good boy or girl).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The regular order in constructing the last phrase is: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom"><i>an batà</i> ng̃a maopay.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>2. When the names of persons are in the vocative case, the personal article is not -used. Thus we say: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Mariano, cadí dao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(Mariano, come, please).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Pamatì, Juan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(listen, John).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>3. In the objective case of <i>hi, can</i> is used before the verb, and <i>ni</i> after the verb. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">An <i>can</i> Juan guinsurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(what John wrote)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">An guinsurát <i>ni</i> Juan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(what John wrote)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>N.B.—The indefinite article, when needed at the beginning of the sentence, is replaced -by the phrase “<i lang="war">usa ng̃a</i>” So, if we wish to say “a boy came yesterday,” we should not say -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop"><span lang="war"><i>in</i> batà nacánhi cacolop</span>; but</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><i>usá ng̃a</i> batà nacánhi cacolóp.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>This phrase <i lang="war">usá ng̃a</i> is not a perfect article, but it has the character of an adjective, even when used -as an article. Therefore, both the indefinite <i lang="war">in</i> and the phrase <i lang="war">usá ng̃a</i> may be used in the same sentence. So, we can say, changing the regular order of the -last sentence: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">Nacánhi cacolóp <i>in usá ng̃a</i> bata </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(a boy came yesterday).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.2" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e408">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOUNS</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped <span class="pageNum" id="pb10">[<a href="#pb10">10</a>]</span>in the following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, derivative, -proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, cardinal, ordinal, partitive, -distributive and collective. Nothing particular needs be said about the primitive. -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">DIMINUTIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PRIMITIVE </td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">DIMINUTIVE -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">baláy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(house) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">balay<i>bálay</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">saróual </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(trousers) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sarouál<i>ay</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">carahà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(frying-pan) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">carahá<i>ay</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">balóto </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(little boat) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">balotó<i>hay</i></td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive or by adding -to the latter the affix <i lang="war">ay</i> or <i lang="war">hay</i>. -</p> -<p>The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">dáhon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(leave), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">dahondáhon, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">cáhoy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(tree), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">cahoycáhoy.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The affix <i lang="war">ay</i> or <i lang="war">hay</i> is added when the primitive has more than two syllables; <i lang="war">ay</i> being used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, or a vowel with a grave -or angular accent; and <i lang="war">hay</i> being employed when the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented -or a vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or is preceded -by more than one consonant. As, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">sacayán </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(boat), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">sacayánay, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">habobò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(low), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">habobóay, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">balicô </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(crooked), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">balicóay,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2519src" href="#xd31e2519">4</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb11">[<a href="#pb11">11</a>]</span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">abacá </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(hemp), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">abacá<i>hay</i>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">babaye </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(woman), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">babayé<i>hay</i>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">banat-i </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a tree so called), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">banat-i<i>hay</i>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">malacsi </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(fast), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">malacsi<i>hay</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is followed by -more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an acute accent or is pronounced -separately from the consonant preceding it. In such cases the affix <i>ay</i> or <i>hay</i> is employed, the rules established for the use of these affixes being applicable -to such diminutives. As, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">támsi </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(bird), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">tamsí<i>hay</i>, not tamsitamsi, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">túl-an </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(bone), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">tul-án<i>ay</i>, not tul-antul-an, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pulá </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(red color), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">pulá<i>hay</i>, not pulapula,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2602src" href="#xd31e2602">5</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sagpò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(plug), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sagpó<i>ay</i>, not sagposagpò, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sab-a </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a kind of banana), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sab-á<i>hay</i>, not sab-asab-a, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">bungto </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(town), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e2635" title="Source: bongtóhay">bungtó<i>hay</i></span> not bungtobungto.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the adjectives follow -the same rules. As, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">matám-is </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(sweet), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">matam-is<i>ay</i>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">malomó </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(soft), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">malomó<i>hay</i>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">halípot </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(short), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">halipót<i>ay</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>But in must of the adjectives formed with <i lang="war">ma</i> (a particle bearing the idea of abundance) and <i lang="war">ha</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2687src" href="#xd31e2687">6</a> (a particle that bears the idea of place), like <i lang="war">maopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà,</i> the prefixes <i lang="war">ma</i> or <i lang="war">ha</i> are disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their abstract roots being -the only elements taken into consideration, as if such <span class="pageNum" id="pb12">[<a href="#pb12">12</a>]</span>adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus, <i lang="war">opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà</i>, being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their diminutives will -be: -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">maópay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(good), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">maopay-<i>ópay</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">mabuság </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(white), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mabusag<i>búsag</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">mapulá </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(red), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mapula<i>pulá</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">hatáas </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(high), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">hataas<i>táas</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">halabà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(long), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">halaba<i>labà</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2774src" href="#xd31e2774">7</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">DIMINUTIVE -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="label"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom">from </td> -<td class="cellHeadBottom center">REGULAR </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom center">IRREGULAR -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">dacò </td> -<td>(large), </td> -<td>dacòdacò </td> -<td class="cellRight">daco<i>laay</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2805src" href="#xd31e2805">8</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">gutì </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(small) </td> -<td class="cellBottom">gutigutì </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">guti<i>rurù</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2833src" href="#xd31e2833">9</a></td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">FIGURATIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">We call those nouns <i>figurative</i> that are applied to the objects which, not being of the same nature as that which -is expressed by their roots, show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented -by the corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">bobón </td> -<td class="cellTop">(fountain), </td> -<td class="cellTop">mobon<i>bóbon</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2859src" href="#xd31e2859">10</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(fontanel); -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">cabáyo </td> -<td>(horse), </td> -<td><i>caro</i>cabáyo, </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellBottom">(objects that are like a horse or cloud). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">dámpog </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(cloud), </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><i>daro</i>dámpog,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of its figurative -follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic diminutive. As, -</p> -<p>from -<span class="pageNum" id="pb13">[<a href="#pb13">13</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">hadì </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(king), we have -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>hadi</i>hadi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the figure of a king).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel is preceded -by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the consonant—preceding -it, its figurative is formed by adding to the root a prefix composed of its first -syllable if it begins with a consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel -and the syllable <i>ro</i> (a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, or collection). As, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">sacayán </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(boat), </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><i>saro</i>sacáyan -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ulalahípan </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(centipede), </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>uro</i>ulalahipan -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">isdà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(fish), </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>iro</i>isdà -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">can’on </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(cooked rice) </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><i>caro</i>can’on<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2945src" href="#xd31e2945">11</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the collective. There are -few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, those having the form of figuratives -are really comparatives.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2956src" href="#xd31e2956">12</a> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">VERBAL</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">These are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring to the agents -or the objects of the roots. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>sáyau (to dance) -<ul> -<li><i>para</i>sayáu (dancer), -</li> -<li><i>tig</i>sayáu (person who sometimes dances), -</li> -<li><i>mag</i>sa<i>ra</i>yáu (person appointed to dance) -</li> -<li>sarayau<i>án</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2987src" href="#xd31e2987">13</a> (place designed for dancing). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb14">[<a href="#pb14">14</a>]</span></li> -<li>sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2997src" href="#xd31e2997">14</a>; -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>umá (to farm) -<ul> -<li><i>para</i>úma (farmer), -</li> -<li><i>tig</i>-úma (person used to do farming), -</li> -<li><i>mag</i>-u<i>rú</i>ma (person in charge of farming), -</li> -<li>u<i>ru</i>má<i>han</i>, contracted u<i>rú</i>m<i>han</i> (place designed for farming), -</li> -<li>u<i>ru</i>má<i>hon</i>, contracted u<i>rú</i>m<i>hon</i> (ground or plant to be cultivated); -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>surat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea of the root and -the use permit, with this variant: -<ul> -<li>su<i>su</i>rát<i>an</i>, not su<i>ru</i>rát<i>an</i>, -</li> -<li>su<i>su</i>rát<i>on</i>, not su<i>ru</i>rát<i>on</i>; -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>toóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use permit, and this -besides: -<ul> -<li><i>ma</i>tóoc (weeper); -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>bóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this: -<ul> -<li><i>ma</i>bo<i>ro</i>óng̃ (liable or expected to be broken); -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>inóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following: -<ul> -<li><i>ma</i>inom<i>inóm</i> (an inviting drink); -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>sosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this: -<ul> -<li><i>hin</i>óson (person fond of or bold in correcting); -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb15">[<a href="#pb15">15</a>]</span></p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>útang̃ (to borrow), -<ul> -<li><i>hing̃</i>útang̃ or <i>hing̃ung̃</i>utáng̃<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3128src" href="#xd31e3128">15</a> (person fond of or bold in borrowing). -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same number of verbal -nouns. It depends on the particular character of every idea conveyed in the root, -and mainly on the use. -</p> -<p>From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative particles of the verbal -nouns are various, the said particles being the prefixes <i>para, tig, mag, ma, hi,</i> the interfixes<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3138src" href="#xd31e3138">16</a> <i> r, ro, um</i> or the affixes <i>an, on.</i> These particles are very important in Bisayan as they greatly help to enrich the -limited vocabulary of this tongue. -</p> -<p>For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes. -</p> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">An, on.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root, <i>an</i> to the indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the act -occurs), and <i>on</i> to the direct object (generally referring to the termination of the action). -</p> -<p><i>An</i> or <i>on</i> is used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowel <span class="corr" id="xd31e3160" title="Corrected by author from: wich">with</span> a grave or angular accent. -</p> -<p>An <i>h</i> preceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented, -or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant or consonants. -</p> -<p>The particle <i>an</i> or <i>han</i> is simply added to the root, as, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">catúrog </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to sleep), -</td> -<td class="cellTop">caturog<i>án</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(sleeping place);</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">sing̃ba </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to adore), -</td> -<td>sing̃bá<i>han</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(church);</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">taclob </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to cover)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> -</td> -<td>taclób<i>an</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3212src" href="#xd31e3212">17</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(covering place);<span class="pageNum" id="pb16">[<a href="#pb16">16</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">tan-ao </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to see at a distance), -</td> -<td class="cellBottom">tan-ao<i>an</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3228src" href="#xd31e3228">18</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(watching place);</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>or is employed either with the interfix <i>r</i> combined with the first vowel of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of -the root instead, as -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">cáon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to eat) </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">ca<i>ra</i>on<i>án</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">tíroc </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to assembly) </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ti</i>tiroe<i>án</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(meeting place);</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, as -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">aro </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to ask) </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>a</i>aroán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(place designed for asking).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i>on</i> has the same use as <i>an</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">caturog<i>ón</i>, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">si<i>ri</i>ngba<i>hon</i>, </td> -<td class="cellRight"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">li<i>li</i>bác<i>on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(from <i>libác</i>, to backbite), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>a</i>aro<i>on</i>. </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The affix <i>an</i> is sometimes doubled, as, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">lohód </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to kneel down), </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">lod<i>hanán</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3363src" href="#xd31e3363">19</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">tambò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to lock out), </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">tambo<i>ànan</i>, from <i>tambóan</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(window).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Para, tig.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>Para</i> bears the idea of habit, custom or occupation. <i>Tig</i> conveys the idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb17">[<a href="#pb17">17</a>]</span></p> -<p>They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary particle, as, -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<ul> -<li>cánhi (to come). -<ul> -<li><i>para</i>cánhi, -</li> -<li><i>tig</i>cánhi. -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i>Ma</i>, with <i>on</i>, with <i>ro</i>, or with <i>r</i>.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The particle <i>ma</i> conveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive potentiality or possibility. -</p> -<p>When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the beginning of the -root without any other particle, as -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">cáon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to eat), </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>cáon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(glutton),</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>or by combining it with the affix <i>on</i> or <i>hon</i>, according to the case, as -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">catúrog </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to sleep), </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>caturog<i>ón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(sleepy head),</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">arába </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to moan), </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>araba<i>hón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(person fond of moaning).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the prefix <i>ma</i>, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed before the doubled root, when the -root has not more than two syllables and its last vowel is preceded by not more than -two consonants or is not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, -as -</p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">cáon, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>caon<i>caón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(thing inviting to be eaten)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3518src" href="#xd31e3518">20</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb18">[<a href="#pb18">18</a>]</span></p> -<p>from -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">oná </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to commence), </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>onao<i>ná</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(provocative, quarrelsome),</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, where its last -vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is pronounced separately from the -consonant or consonants preceding it, then this prefix is employed in combination -with the interfix <i>ro</i> preceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel only if the -root begins with a vowel, as<span id="xd31e3552"></span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="seg">from</span> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellTop">catúrog, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><i>macaro</i>caturóg, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>bányac, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to kick), </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>maharo</i>bányac, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>síd-ap, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to look at)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>masiro</i>síd-ap, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">arába, </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>maaro</i>arabá, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>ígham, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to grunt), </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>mairo</i>ígham, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">ós-og </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to draw near from afar), </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><i>maoro</i>ós-og.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the particle <i>ma</i> conveys the idea of passive potentiality or possibility, it is used with the interfix -<i>r</i> combined with the first vowel of the root. The <i>r</i> with its complementary vowel is put after the first syllable of the root. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">bóong </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to break), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>ma</i>bo<i>ro</i>óng </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(brittle) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">abót </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to reach), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>ma</i>a<i>rá</i>bot </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(attainable).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i lang="war">ma</i> is frequently replaced by the prefix <i lang="war">ig</i> or <i lang="war">i</i> combined with the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> or its substitutes, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">tambal </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to cure), </td> -<td class="cellTop"><i lang="war">igtarámbal</i> or <i lang="war">itárambal</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(medicine), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">surat </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to write), </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><i lang="war">isusúrat</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(thing to write with).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e3731" lang="war" title="Corrected by author from: Mga">Mag</span></i> and the <i lang="war">r</i>.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The prefix <i lang="war">mag</i> bears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous agency. It is employed with -the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> combined with and before the first vowel of the root. This combination is placed -between the first and the second syllable of the root. But when there is an <i lang="war">r</i> in the root, the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> is replaced by the first consonant of the <span class="pageNum" id="pb19">[<a href="#pb19">19</a>]</span>said root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> is sometimes suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. -As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">sódoy -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to stroll about)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>mag</i>so<i>to</i>dóy -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(one who strolls about) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> -</td> -<td lang="war">bilíng̃ -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to seek or search), -</td> -<td lang="war"><i>mag</i>bi<i>rí</i>ling̃ -</td> -<td class="cellRight">(searcher), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> -</td> -<td lang="war">siríng̃ -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to request), -</td> -<td lang="war"><i>mag</i>si<i>sí</i>ring̃, -</td> -<td class="cellRight">(petitioner), not magsiríring̃, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> -</td> -<td lang="war">ósoc -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to set up), -</td> -<td lang="war"><i>mag</i>-o<i>ro</i>sóc -</td> -<td class="cellRight">(person designed to set up), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">arót -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to cut the hair), -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e3837" title="Corrected by author from: mag-áarot"><i>mag</i>-a<i>á</i>rot</span> -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(barber).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i lang="war">mag</i> is frequently contracted into <i lang="war">ma</i>, in which case the root is considered as having an <i lang="war">r</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">suláy -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to tempt), -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">m<i>anu</i>núlay -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(tempter), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">tábang̃ -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to assist), -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">m<i>ana</i>nábang̃ -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(helper).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Hi</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a labial consonant, -except the <i>m</i>, the said consonant is transformed into <i>m</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">bása </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to read), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>him</i>ása </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(person bold<span id="xd31e3926"></span> in reading<span class="corr" id="xd31e3928" title="Added by author">)</span>, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">pitíc </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to leap), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>him</i>ític </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(person bold in leaping).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root begins with an <i lang="war">m</i>, the prefix <i lang="war">hi</i> is not commonly used but the prefix <i lang="war">para ma, or tig</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">múlay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to teach)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop"><i>para-, ma-,</i> or <i>tig</i>mulay, not <i>hi</i>múlay, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">mogó </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to observe), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom"><i>para-, ma-,</i> or <i>tig</i>mógo, not <i>hi</i>mógo.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root begins with a vowel, <i lang="war">ng̃</i> is<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4000src" href="#xd31e4000">21</a> appended to the prefix; <i lang="war">ng̃</i> is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but then the said -consonant is suppressed. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">ásoy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to refer), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>hing̃</i>ásoy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(garrolous), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">cáon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to eat) </td> -<td lang="war"><i>hing</i>áon </td> -<td class="cellRight">(bold in eating), -<span class="pageNum" id="pb20">[<a href="#pb20">20</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">gúbat </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to invade),</td> -<td class="cellBottom"> <i lang="war">hing̃</i>úbat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(bold in invading).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root commences with the nasal consonant <i lang="war">ng̃</i>, the prefix <i>hi</i> is ordinarily replaced by the prefix <i lang="war">para</i>, <i lang="war">ma</i>, or <i lang="war">tig</i>, or the first syllable of the root is made long, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">ng̃isi </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to laugh, showing the teeth), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>para-, ma,</i> or <i>tig̃</i>ngisi, or <i lang="war">ñgisi</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(person fond of grinning).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root begins with any other consonant, except <i lang="war">l, n, r</i>, the said consonant is suppressed and the letter <i lang="war">n</i> is appended to the prefix, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">dolóng, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to struggle), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>hin</i>ólong </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(bold in struggling), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">sosón </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to correct), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>hin</i>óson </td> -<td class="cellRight">(bold in correcting), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">tápod </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to confide), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>hin</i>ápod<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4157src" href="#xd31e4157">22</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(bold in confiding)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefix <i lang="war">hi</i> is sometimes doubled, according to the use, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop">himític, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">himi<i>mí</i>tic, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">hing̃ásoy, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">hing̃a<i>ng̃a</i>sóy, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">hinóson, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">hino<i>no</i>son,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4206src" href="#xd31e4206">23</a> etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Um</i>.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for the subjunctive -mode. It is always combined with the interfix <i>r</i> or its substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel -of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is placed immediately -before the vowel. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">cáon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to eat), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>cumaraón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(person going to, or expected to, eat), -<span class="pageNum" id="pb21">[<a href="#pb21">21</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">abót </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to arrive), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>um</i>a<i>rá</i>bot </td> -<td class="cellRight">(person expected to arrive), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">arò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to ask), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>uma</i>arô </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(person expected to ask).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Some roots without <i lang="war">r</i> follow the rule as if they had an <i lang="war">r</i>, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">sacá </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to go up, to board), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">s<i>um</i>as<i>á</i>ca </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(boarder).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Observations: 1. There are verbals formed with <i lang="war">ma</i> combined with the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> or its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the intransitive verbs commencing -with the particle <i>ca</i> which then conveys the idea of passivity. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">caauód </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to be ashamed), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">macaaráuod </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(shameful), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">cabórong̃ </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(to be confused), </td> -<td lang="war">macabobórong̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">(confusing), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">casína </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to be angry), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">macasisína </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(odious).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the particle <i lang="war">pag</i>, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases the particle <i lang="war">pag</i> is transformed in the plural, its <i lang="war">g</i> being then replaced by the letter <i lang="war">ng̃</i> if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural consonant, except <i lang="war">g</i>, or by the consonant <i lang="war">n</i> when the root commences with a dental consonant, or by the <i lang="war">m</i> if it begins with a labial. In the plural, the roots commencing with a consonant -lose said consonant. When the root begins with a nasal or with the guttural <i lang="war">g</i>, said consonant is preserved and the <i lang="war">g</i> of <i lang="war">pag</i> is replaced by <i lang="war">n</i>. Examples: -</p> -<p>from <span lang="war">arò</span> (to ask), <span lang="war">cáon</span> (to eat), <span lang="war">dáop</span> (to approach) <span lang="war">bása</span> (to read), <span lang="war">ng̃oyng̃oy</span> (to groan), <span lang="war">gábot</span> (to, pull), we have: -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center" lang="en"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pag-arò </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487">(asking) </td> -<td class="cellRight">pang̃arò, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagcáon </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487">(eating) </td> -<td class="cellRight">pang̃áon, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdáop </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487">(approaching) </td> -<td class="cellRight">panáop, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagbása </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487">(reading) </td> -<td class="cellRight">pamása, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagngoyngoy </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487">(groaning) </td> -<td class="cellRight">panngóyagoy, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">paggábot </td> -<td lang="en" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(pulling) </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">pangábot,</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb22">[<a href="#pb22">22</a>]</span></p> -<p>3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particle <i lang="war">ca</i> are also used as substantives, and then with or without the prefix <i lang="war">pag</i>. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">cabido </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to be sorry), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">pagcabídò, cabídò, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(sorrow).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In such cases, the affix <i lang="war">an</i> or <i lang="war">on</i> is sometimes employed, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">casáquit </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(to be sad), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">casaquítan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(sadness), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">casína </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(to be angry), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">casinahón </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(anger).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">COMPOUND</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The use gives the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from <i lang="war">solód</i> (to enter) and <i lang="war">baláy</i> (house), -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><i lang="war">sólodbálay</i>, which means the person who thru his intimacy with the occupant of a house, enters -in at any time; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from <i lang="war">sacá</i> (to go up) and <i lang="war">lúsad</i> (to go down), -</td> -<td class="cellRight"><i lang="war">sacálúsad</i>, applied to the person who is very busy or who suffers a great misfortune and goes -up and down the house repeatedly. It is also applied to boys or girls who go out the -house frequently, especially without permission of their parents; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from <i lang="war">dosô</i> (to push) and <i lang="war">bótong</i> (to pull), -</td> -<td class="cellRight"><i lang="war">dosô-bótong</i>,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4600src" href="#xd31e4600">24</a> applied to a person who takes determinations that are contradictory; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from <i lang="war">cábcab</i> (to scratch) and <i lang="war">tocâ</i> (what a bird does when it picks up or bites something with its beak), -</td> -<td class="cellRight"><i lang="war">cábcabtocâ</i>, applied to persons who have to expend for their subsistence all that they gain by -their work; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from <i lang="war">di</i>, contraction of <i lang="war">dirì</i> (not), <i lang="war">abotón</i>, from <i lang="war">abót</i> (to reach), and <i lang="war">calóton</i>, from cálot (to scratch), -<span class="pageNum" id="pb23">[<a href="#pb23">23</a>]</span></td> -<td class="cellRight"><i lang="war">diabotóncalóton</i>, applied to that part of the human back, which our hands <i>cannot reach</i> to <i>scratch</i> when it itches; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">from <i lang="war">tábag</i> (help), <i lang="war">ha</i>, a preposition for the objective case, <i lang="war">among̃ámong̃</i> (to malign); -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><i lang="war">tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃,</i> applied to those who maliciously pretend to help a person in trouble, but injure -him. Etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.5"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">DERIVATIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="corr" id="xd31e4667" title="Corrected by author from: Whe">We</span> consider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. Those originated -from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of the derivatives are adjectives. -</p> -<p>The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, interfixes, -and affixes. -</p> -<p>The usual particles are <i lang="war">ca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag,</i> as prefixes; <i lang="war">r, in</i> as interfixes; and <i lang="war">an, on</i> as affixes. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pauà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(light), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>ca</i>panà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(clearness) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">áram </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(wisdom), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>ma</i>áram </td> -<td class="cellRight">(wise) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">bayáu </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(brother in law), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>ma</i>ba<i>rá</i>yau </td> -<td class="cellRight">(brother-in-law-to-be) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">bidò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(sorrow), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>maca</i>bi<i>bi</i>dò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(sorrowful) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">isdà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(fish), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>maqui</i>isdà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(fond of fish) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">púsod </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(navel), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>hi</i>mósod </td> -<td class="cellRight">(payment for attending to the navel of a new-born child) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">bugtò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(brother or sister), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>mag</i>bugtò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(referring to two persons who are brothers or sisters)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4789src" href="#xd31e4789">25</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">bisaya </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(bisayan), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>bin</i>isaya </td> -<td class="cellRight">(bisayan tongue) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">salâ </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(fault or guilt), </td> -<td lang="war">salá<i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(guilty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">búuà<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4834src" href="#xd31e4834">26</a> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(lie), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">buuá<i>on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e4849" title="Corrected by author from: lier">liar</span>).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb24">[<a href="#pb24">24</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Ca</i> bears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with the affix <i>an</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">hatáas </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(high), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">cahatáas </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(height), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">dáot </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(bad), </td> -<td lang="war">caraótan, carát’an </td> -<td class="cellRight">(badness). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e4895" title="Corrected by author from: pauá">pauà</span> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(light), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e4901" title="Corrected by author from: capauá">capauà</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(clearness).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is sometimes combined with the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> and the joined affix <i lang="war">anon</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">masúgot </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(obedient), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camasinug’tánon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(obedience).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i lang="war">Ma</i> conveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first case, it is added -at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form of great many adjectives, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">ísog </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(courage, rage), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>ísog </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(courageous);</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> combined with the first vowel of the primitive, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">asáua </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(wife), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>ma</i>a<i>ra</i>sauá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(woman betrothed)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i lang="war">ma</i> is frequently combined with the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> and the affix <i lang="war">on</i> or <i lang="war">ánon</i>. In plural, the <i lang="war">ma</i> is appended with <i lang="war">g</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">túman </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(performance), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">matinumánon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(faultless) plural, magtinumánon -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">sugót </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(obedience), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">masinug’tánon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(obedient)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as from tubâ -(a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ). -</p> -<p><i lang="war">Maca</i> has the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the primitive, by -doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using the intermix <i lang="war">r</i> combined with the first vowel of the primitive. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">álo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(shame), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>macaa</i>álo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(shameful), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">lípay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(joy), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>macali</i>lípay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(rejoicer), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">budlay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(grievance), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>maca</i>bu<i>rú</i>dlay </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(grievous).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Mag</i> conveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also <span class="pageNum" id="pb25">[<a href="#pb25">25</a>]</span>of continuity in a few cases. It is <span class="corr" id="xd31e5097" title="Corrected by author from: simyly">simply</span> added at the beginning of the primitive. -</p> -<p>Relationship. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">patód </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(cousin), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>mag</i>patód </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(cousins each other).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is sometimes appended with <i lang="war">tala</i>, as from amáy (father), <i>magtala</i>amáy (father and son, or father and daughter). -</p> -<p>The derivatives formed with <i lang="war">mag</i> conveying the idea of mutual relationship, are always in plural. -</p> -<p>Continuity. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">ága </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(morning), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>Mag</i>-ága </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the whole night until the morning); -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">colóp </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(evening); </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>mag</i>cólop </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(the whole day until the evening.)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Maqui</i> signifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other transformative -particle, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">Dyos<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5182src" href="#xd31e5182">27</a> -</td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(God), -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>maqui</i>dyos -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(pious).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is used in very few cases to form verbals, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">hámpang̃ </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">(to be present during a conversation), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom"><i>maquiha</i>hampang̃<i>on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(person fond of being present or <span class="corr" id="xd31e5220" title="Corrected by author from: take">taking</span> part in a conversation).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Hi</i>, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of boldness, and also -of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that it means boldness when joined to -verbs to form verbal nouns<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5227src" href="#xd31e5227">28</a>. As to its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">quinatsilâ </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(Spanish language), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>hing̃</i>inatsilà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(one who ventures to talk Spanish, knowing but little of it). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb26">[<a href="#pb26">26</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">apóy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(grandfather), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>hing̃</i>apóy </td> -<td class="cellRight"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">púsod </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(navel), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>him</i>ósod<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5280src" href="#xd31e5280">29</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Pala</i> means resemblance. It is combined with the affix <i lang="war">an</i>. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">buyo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(betel nut), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>pala</i>buyó<i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(applied to the wine of cocoanut, that resembles the taste of the betel nut) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">biráu </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a plant), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>pala</i>birau<i>án</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(applied to the fruit of cocoanut that resembles the color of <i>biráu</i>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">camote </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(sweet potato), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>pala</i>camoti<i>án</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(applied to the fruit of “nang̃ca” (a tree) that resembles the color of <i>camote</i>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">gátas </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(milk) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>pala</i>gatás<i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(applied to the young rice or corn whose grain is yet liquid resembling the milk)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Tag</i> conveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to the primitive. -As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">baláy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(house)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">tagbaláy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(owner of a house) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">sugò </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(order), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">tagsugò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(author of an order).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is frequently combined -with the prefix <i lang="war">ma</i> preceding it. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">túig </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(year), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>tag</i>tuig </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(year by year) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">ádlao </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(day), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">matag-ádlao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(every day).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>These last particles are sometimes replaced by <i>iquina</i> which expresses<span id="xd31e5442"></span> the same idea. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">túig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war"><i>iquina</i>túig </td> -<td class="cellRight">(every year) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war"><i>iquina</i>adlao </td> -<td class="cellRight">(every day) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war"><i>iquina</i>bulan </td> -<td class="cellRight">(every month) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>iquina</i>pagcáon, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(every meal)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb27">[<a href="#pb27">27</a>]</span></p> -<p>The interfix <i>r</i>, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed under the same rules as those -established for its use in the figurative and verbal nouns. -</p> -<p>The interfix <i>in</i> expresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of the primitive if the latter -commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is placed before the first vowel of the primitive. -As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">Súlug<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5498src" href="#xd31e5498">30</a> (the archipelago of Súlu),</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td class="cellRight">s<i>in</i>ulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from </td> -<td class="cellRight">tuyáo (crazy),</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td class="cellRight">t<i>in</i>uyáo (foolishness)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from </td> -<td class="cellRight">ínsic (chinaman),</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">i<i>ni</i>nsic (chinese language; ways; or habit).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>An</i> and <i>on</i> among the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or participation, <i>an</i> frequently conveying the idea of place. Both are appended to the primitive without -any other particle, and complemented with an <i>h</i>, in the same way as in the formation of verbals.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5550src" href="#xd31e5550">31</a> Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">pálad </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(fate), </td> -<td class="cellTop">paláran<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5572src" href="#xd31e5572">32</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(fortunate), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>asáua </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(wife), </td> -<td>asauá<i>han</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(married man), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>salapi </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(silver, money), </td> -<td>salapi<i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(wealthy) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>curi </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(difficulty), </td> -<td>curi<i>án</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(stubborn person) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>sumat </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(information), </td> -<td>sumatán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(credulous) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>burabud </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(fountain), </td> -<td>burabur<i>on</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5653src" href="#xd31e5653">33</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(place where there are many fountains) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>taro </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(wax), </td> -<td>taró<i>hon</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(an object that has wax on) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">tubac </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(ant)<span class="corr" id="xd31e5691" title="Source: ;">,</span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">tubac<i>ón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(a thing that has ants on.)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb28">[<a href="#pb28">28</a>]</span></p> -<p>These particles are sometimes employed jointly, the <i>an</i> preceding the <i>on</i>. This compound affix, <i>anon</i>, bears the idea of great abundance, or birth or residence place, and is preceeded -by an <i>h</i> according to the same rules established for <i>an</i> and <i>on</i>. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">mang̃gad </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(wealth)<span class="corr" id="xd31e5731" title="Source: .">,</span> </td> -<td class="cellTop">mang̃gár<i>an</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(wealthy), manggar<i>án</i>on (rich). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>abacá </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(hemp), </td> -<td>abacá<i>han</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(person that has hemp), abaca<i>hànon</i> (person that owns much hemp), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Tan-auan </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a town so called), </td> -<td>tan-auan<i>anon</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Tanauan). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Palo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a town so called), </td> -<td>palo<i>ánon</i> contracted <i>palon’on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Palo), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Tolosa </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a town), </td> -<td>tolosa<i>hanon</i>, contracted <i>tolosán’hon</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Tolosa), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Dagami </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a town), </td> -<td>dagami<i>ánon</i>, contracted <i>dagamin’on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Dagami), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Maasin </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(a town), </td> -<td>maasin<i>ánon</i>, contracted <i>maasinhon</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5840src" href="#xd31e5840">34</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Maasin), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Sugbu </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(Cebú), </td> -<td>sugbu<i>ánon</i>, </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Cebú), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Samar </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(province so called), </td> -<td>samaránon, contracted <i>samárnon</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Sámar), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>Manila </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(Manila), </td> -<td>manila<i>anon</i>, contracted <i>manilan’on</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(native or resident of Manila). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">America </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(America), </td> -<td class="cellBottom">america<i>hanon</i>, contracted <i>americanhon</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e5914src" href="#xd31e5914">35</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e5927" title="Source: american">American</span>).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz: <i>ca cat iquina</i> or <i>quina, taga, tagum</i> or <i>tagun, hi.</i> -</p> -<p><i>Ca</i> means also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the person side by -side). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb29">[<a href="#pb29">29</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Cat</i> means season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time). -</p> -<p><i>Iquina</i> or <i>quina</i> expresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), “iquinatáuo” (property peculiar -to men), “quinabuhi” (life). -</p> -<p><i>Taga</i>, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” (Island so called), -“súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” -(one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” (up to the armpits). When this particle <i>taga</i> means measure, it is sometimes replaced by <i>pa</i>, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the belly). -</p> -<p><i>Tagum</i> expresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the primitive commences -with <i>n</i>, the <i>m</i> of <i>tagum</i> is suppressed. When the primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the said <i>m</i> is replaced by <i>n</i>. It is sometimes combined with the affix <i>an</i>, As: from “matá” (eye) “baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar -disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar power or virtue), -“tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make himself invisible). -</p> -<p><i>Hi</i> is also combined with the interfix <i>r</i> and the affix <i>an</i>, as from “polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbs <i>ha</i> is used instead of <i>hi</i>, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable). -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affix <i>an</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">cauil </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(fish-hook), </td> -<td class="cellTop">quinauilán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(fish caught with “cauil”) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">bitánà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(a kind of fishing net)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">binitanáan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(fish caught with “bitanà”). -</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>There are other transformative particles not so important as those already mentioned, -and which the use will show to the student. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.6"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">PROPER AND COMMON</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Like in other tongues there is in Bisayan a distinction between proper and common -nouns. <i>Tacloban</i>, <i>Catbalaógan, <span class="pageNum" id="pb30">[<a href="#pb30">30</a>]</span>Ilong̃-ílong̃</i> (Iloilo), <i>Espanya</i> (Spain), <i>Pedro</i> (Peter), <i>Guillermo</i> (William), etc., are proper nouns; <i>bucad</i> (flower), <i>bató</i> (stone), <i>áyam</i> (dog), etc., are common. -</p> -<p>The Bisayan language has also familiar names for persons. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="seg">of</span> Pedro, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">Péndong̃, Endong̃, Edóng̃, Edós, Pedó, etc; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Juan, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Uáuang̃, Uauay, Uáuà, Uuán, Uuâ, etc; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Vicente, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Tenteng̃, Titíng̃, Sente, Setée, etc; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Rafael, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Pápeng̃, Paéng̃, Paél, Pápè, etc; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Margarito, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Titong̃, Itong̃, Titoy, Itoy, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Francisco, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Quicoy, Incoy, Quicò, etc; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Juana, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Uánday, Uáday, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Antonio, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Tónyo, Todóc, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Alejandro, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Andong̃, Andoy, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Isabel, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Sabel, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Gregorío, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Goyóng̃, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Saturnino, </td> -<td class="cellRight">Satúr, etc.; -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">of</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Claudia, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">Calán, etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Among the names of places, there are a few formed by the preposition <i>can</i> (which means possession or property), and the particles <i>ca</i> (which denotes abundance), and <i>guin</i> (which conveys the idea of past passive action), as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Cansámqui </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(a place, which probably belonged formerly to one named <i>Samqui</i>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Can-orquin </td> -<td class="cellRight">(place probably owned formerly by one called <i>Orquin</i>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Canramos,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6169src" href="#xd31e6169">36</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">transformed Carrámos (place probably owned or possessed in former times by one named -<i>Ramos</i>) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb31">[<a href="#pb31">31</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cabuyúan </td> -<td class="cellRight">(place where formerly there was much “buyu” (betelnut)<span class="corr" id="xd31e6212" title="Not in source">)</span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cabalían </td> -<td class="cellRight">(place where the strong current of the sea breaks the oars (balì)<span class="corr" id="xd31e6219" title="Not in source">)</span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Guintiguían </td> -<td class="cellRight">(place in the “San Juanico strait,” where the strong current of the sea <span class="corr" id="xd31e6226" title="Corrected by author from: tastes">tests</span> the rowers (tigui)<span class="corr" id="xd31e6229" title="Not in source">)</span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Guintúlyan </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a place in Basáy, Samar, where probably many fishes were caught (tulúy) with nets.<span class="corr" id="xd31e6236" title="Not in source">)</span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">Etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">NOTE.—The names of persons among the Bisayan people are all Christian at the present -time. Many of the surnames are Spanish, many others being of Bisayan origin as Lágbas, -Pócpoc, Macasáit, Cabaobao, Balasbas, Yagomyom, etc.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>To indicate relationship, as the English <i>papa, mamma</i>, and respect, confidence, or tenderness, there are a number of Bisayan nouns, which -show by themselves the relation between the speaker or writer and the person to whom -the noun is applied. Examples: -</p> -<ul> -<li>for <i>papa</i>, tátay or tatáy, tátang̃ or tatáng̃, itáy, or itáng̃; -</li> -<li><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <i>mamma</i>, nánay or nanáy, nánang̃ or nanáng̃, ináy, or ináng̃.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>There are others applied to grandfathers and grandmothers, and also to those persons -who act or are considered as fathers or mothers. Examples: -</p> -<ul> -<li>Mano, manóng, mamo, mamoy, babay, dudoy, dudù inco, tutoy, yuyu, iyô (applied to elder -brothers, uncles or elder male relatives of any degree, even to persons not related -to but respected by the speaker or writer). -</li> -<li>Mana<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6269src" href="#xd31e6269">37</a> manang, manáy, mama, mamay. manding, duday, duda, insi tutay, yuya, tuta (applied -to elder sisters, aunts or elder female relatives of any <span class="pageNum" id="pb32">[<a href="#pb32">32</a>]</span>degree, even to women not related to, but respected by the speaker or writer). -</li> -<li>Tío, or tí, tia or tí (applied as á form of politeness and respect, respectively to -men or women not related to or unknown by the speaker or writer). -</li> -<li>Idoy, íntoy, budóy, busóy, and idáy, inday, udáy, idíng, iyíng, bididay, nonay, neneng, -(applied with tenderness to boys or girls respectively).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The word <i lang="war">cuán</i> (so and so), not meaning anything by itself, is applied to persons or things whose -names the speaker or writer does not know, or venture, or wish to express. As the -phrase “so and so”, it helps a great deal in a conversation, and is used also instead -of the verbs and other parts of speech. -</p> -<p>The words <i lang="war">inín</i> (contracted of <i lang="war">iní nga</i>) and <i lang="war">adâ</i> (I guess, perhaps) are also used in the conversation, as auxiliary particles, they -being then equivalent to the English <i>why</i>. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<ul> -<li>Question.—“<span lang="war">¿Guinsorat mo na an balos?</span>” (Have you already written the answer?) -</li> -<li>Answer.—“<span lang="war">Oo guincoan co na gad</span>” (Yes I already have). -</li> -<li>Q.—<span lang="war">¿Háin an basahón?</span> (Where is the book?) -</li> -<li>A.—<span lang="war">Inin … aadto ada ha ac solód</span> (why … I guess it is in my room) -</li> -<li>Q.—<span lang="war">Mapiráu, ¿ano in bubuhaton co?</span> (I am sleepy, what shall I do?) -</li> -<li>A.—<span lang="war">Ada … catúrog</span> (Why … to sleep).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.7"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">As in other languages, there are three degrees for <span class="corr" id="xd31e6340" title="Corrected by author from: adjetives">adjectives</span>, also used for substantives in Bisayan. These degrees are <i>positive, comparative</i> and <i>superlative</i>. -</p> -<p>Nothing particular needs be observed about the positive degree, except what is mentioned -in the foregoing paragraphs: -<span class="pageNum" id="pb33">[<a href="#pb33">33</a>]</span></p> -<p>The comparatives are formed exactly in the same way as the figuratives<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6352src" href="#xd31e6352">38</a>, the number of syllables being disregarded, as if all has more than two syllables. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="seg">from</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">hatáas </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(high), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><i>haro</i>hataás </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(higher), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">hobóg </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(intoxicated), </td> -<td lang="war"><i>horo</i>hobóg </td> -<td class="cellRight">(more intoxicated), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">táuo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(man), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom"><i>taro</i>tauó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(more of a man).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In the formation of adjectives prefixed with <i lang="war">ma</i>, this particle is preferably disregarded, as if such particle did not exist, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">maópay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(good)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">ma<i>o</i>r<i>o</i>opáy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(better) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">magbuság </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(white), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">ma<i>boro</i>boság </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(whiter), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>There is another form of comparative consisting in the use of the combined particles -<i>labi</i> (more) and <i>ca</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">labí ca maopay </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(better), -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">labí ca mabusag </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(whiter).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>This last form is sometimes used for superlatives. -</p> -<p>The superlatives are of three classes: -</p> -<p>Those which do not admit any comparison, and which we call absolute or supreme superlatives, -as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">guimaopáyi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(the best of all);</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>those which are not so absolute, and which we call ordinary superlative, as, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">capín ca maópay </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(very good);</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">maopay nga capín</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">maopay hin sogóng̃<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6494src" href="#xd31e6494">39</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and those which convey the idea of excess, and which we call excessive superlatives, -as -<span class="pageNum" id="pb34">[<a href="#pb34">34</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">uraúra<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6523src" href="#xd31e6523">40</a> ca maópay </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to good).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">maópay ng̃a uraúra</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As is seen from the preceding examples, the supreme supertive is formed by adding -to the beginning of the primitive the prefix <i>gui</i> and by appending to said primitive the affíx <i>i</i>. The first syllable of the primitive may be doubled as use permits. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">hatáas </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(high, tall), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">guihataási, or guihahataasi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the highest) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">táuo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(man), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">guitáu’i </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(a true and perfect man).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The first form is also adopted for the substantives to show the highest degree of -identity as in this phrase: -</p> -<ul> -<li><i lang="war">An guiaamáyi mo gud an natauág ha imo</i> -</li> -<li>(It is your <i>very</i> father who calls you).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>The ordinary superlative is formed with the particles <i lang="war">capin ca</i> or <i lang="war">labí ca</i> placed before the primitive, or with the particles <i lang="war">caópay, ng̃a capin,</i> or <i lang="war">hin sogong̃</i> put after the primitive. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellTop">mabido </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e6613" title="Source: very">sorry</span>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">capín ca mabidò </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace5.png" alt="}" width="18" height="85"></td> -<td rowspan="5" class="rowspan cellRight cellBottom vam">(very sorry) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">labí ca mabidò -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">mabidò caopay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">mabidò ng̃a capín -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">mabidò hin sogóng̃</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Some of the adjectives formed with particle <i lang="war">ma</i>, have another form for ordinary superlative, in doubling their root and disregarding -the prefix <i lang="war">ma</i>, as from “<span lang="war">masiróm</span>” (dark), “<span lang="war">masiromsiróm</span>”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6660src" href="#xd31e6660">41</a> (very dark). -</p> -<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd31e6679" title="Corrected by author from: excesive">excessive</span> superlative is formed with the particle <span class="pageNum" id="pb35">[<a href="#pb35">35</a>]</span><i lang="war">uraúra ca</i> placed before <span class="corr" id="xd31e6686" title="Added by author">the </span>primitive, or the particle <i lang="war">ng̃a uraúra</i> located after the root. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellTop">maasín </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(salty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">uraúra ca maasín </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellBottom vam">(excessively salty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">maasín ng̃a uraúra</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The idea of the excessive superlative is also expressed sometimes with the particles -“<span lang="war">lapás ca</span>” (excessively), or with the phrase “<span lang="war">dirí sonô hin ca</span>” or “<span lang="war">dirì socól hin ca</span>” (out of measure), placed before the primitive, as -</p> -<ul lang="war"> -<li>lapás ca maasín -</li> -<li>dirì sonô hin ca maasín -</li> -<li>dirì socól hin ca maasín.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The particles “labi” and “capin” take sometimes the affix <i lang="war">an</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">mahúsay </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(orderly, beautiful),</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">labínan ca mahúsay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(very beautiful);</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">from </td> -<td lang="war">masáquit </td> -<td class="cellRight">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e6758" title="Corrected by author from: paintful">painful</span>)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">masáquit ng̃a capínan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(very <span class="corr" id="xd31e6769" title="Source: paintful(">painful)</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.8"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">CARDINAL, ORDINAL, PARTITIVE, AND DISTRIBUTIVE.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The cardinal adjectives are the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">usá, contracted <i>us</i>, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(one) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">duhá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(two) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">tuló </td> -<td class="cellRight">(three) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">upát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(four) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">limá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(five) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">unóm </td> -<td class="cellRight">(six) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pitó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(seven) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ualó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(eight) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">siyám </td> -<td class="cellRight">(nine) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">napulò<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6828src" href="#xd31e6828">42</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(ten) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb36">[<a href="#pb36">36</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">napulo cag<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6845src" href="#xd31e6845">43</a> usá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(eleven). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">caruhaán<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6863src" href="#xd31e6863">44</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(twenty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">catloán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(thirty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">cap’atán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(forty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">calim’an </td> -<td class="cellRight">(fifty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">caúnman </td> -<td class="cellRight">(sixty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">capitoán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(seventy) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">caualoán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(eighty) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">casiyamán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(ninety) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">usá ca gatós </td> -<td class="cellRight">(one hundred) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">duhá ca gatós </td> -<td class="cellRight">(two hundred) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">usá ca yocót </td> -<td class="cellRight">(one thousand) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">usá ca ríbo<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e6932src" href="#xd31e6932">45</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(ten thousand) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">usá cagatós ca ribo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(one million), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As it is noticed above, the cardinals are formed by the preposition “cag” (and), the -prefix “ca” (which means collection) and the affix “an”, added to the primitives “usá, -duhá, tuló, upáo, lima, unóm, pitó, ualó, siyám, napulo, gatós, yocót, ribo”, the -phonetical reasons being taken in consideration. Thus we say: -</p> -<ul> -<li>caruhaán, not caduhaán, -</li> -<li>catloan, not catuloán, -</li> -<li>cap’atán not caupatán, -</li> -<li>calim’an not calimahán, -</li> -<li>caúnman, not caunoman.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>The word “usa” is frequently contracted, especially in familiar language, by the supression -of the last vowel. Thus: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>us</i> ca gatos </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam"><span class="corr" id="xd31e6979" title="Corrected by author from: insted">instead</span> of “usá” ca etc. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><i>us</i> ca yocót -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>us</i> ca ribo</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb37">[<a href="#pb37">37</a>]</span></p> -<p>In reading the numbers, the English way is followed, the particles “uga may” being -sometimes employed especially in cases of large amounts. Thus, to read this number -</p> -<p class="example">987654321, -</p> -<p class="example">we would say: -</p> -<p lang="war">“Casiyamán cag ualó cayocót, pitó cagatós caúnman cag limá caribo, ng̃a may upát ca -yocót, tuló ca gatós caruhaán cag usá.” -</p> -<p>NOTE—In Bisayan, there is no word corresponding to the English <i>zero</i> (0). However, its figure is used in Bisayan. It is suggested that the word “lung̃ág” -(empty), or “uaráy” (nothing) be adopted as corresponding to the word “zero” which -is derived from modern Latin <i>zephiram</i> from Arabic <i>cafrun, cifrun</i> or <i>sefer</i> (empty). -</p> -<p>The ordinals are formed by employing the particles “ica” (which bears the idea of -order), placed before the cardinal. As -</p> -<ul lang="war"> -<li>ica usá, -</li> -<li>ica napulò -</li> -<li>ica calim’an -</li> -<li>ica upat ca gatós -</li> -<li>ica siyam ca yucót -</li> -<li>icá pito ca ribo.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>The ordinal of <i lang="war">usa</i> has also simple forms, as <i lang="war">siyahan, siyapá,</i> and frequently admits the particle <i lang="war">icag</i> instead of <i lang="war">ica</i>, as <i lang="war">icag usá</i>. -</p> -<p>The partitives have exactly the same form, as the ordinals, except in that the ordinals -<i lang="war">cag usa, siyahan</i> and <i lang="war">siyapá</i> are never used as partitives; <span class="corr" id="xd31e7045" title="Source: that and">and that</span> there is the form <i lang="war">tung̃â</i> and its variants <i lang="war">catung̃â, tung̃â</i> or <i lang="war">catung̃â hin</i> or <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> (half), employed instead of <i lang="war">icaduhà</i>. -</p> -<p>The phrase <i lang="war">ca bahín</i> (part) is frequently used in the partitives to avoid confusion. Thus -<span class="pageNum" id="pb38">[<a href="#pb38">38</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">an icaupát ca bahín </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(the fourth part)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i lang="war">ica</i> is sometimes contracted into <i lang="war">ca</i>as “catung̃a” (half), “cauróg” (most). -</p> -<p>The distributives are formed by adding to the cardinals the particle <i lang="war">tag</i> (which conveys the idea of distribution). As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">tag dúha </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(two, each) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tag caualóan </td> -<td class="cellRight">(eighty, each) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">tag yúcot </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(thousand, each)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the distributive bears the meaning of portion, the particle <i lang="war">iquina</i> is combined with <i lang="war">tag</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">iquina tag duha </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(each two), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.9"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">COLLECTIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The collective nouns are formed by adding at the beginning of the primitive <span class="corr" id="xd31e7127" title="Corrected by author from: te">the</span> prefix <i>ca</i> (which bears the idea of collection or reunion) and the affix <i>an</i>. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">bata </td> -<td class="cellTop">(boy or girl), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop"><span class="corr" id="xd31e7143" title="Corrected by author from: cabataán">cabatáan</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(reunion of boys or girls) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e7152" title="Source: táwo">táuo</span> </td> -<td>(person), </td> -<td lang="war">catauóhan </td> -<td class="cellRight">(reunion of persons). -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">duhá </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(two), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">caruhaán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(twenty).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>These forms are very frequently used <span class="corr" id="xd31e7175" title="Corrected by author from: ty">to</span> make the plural of the nouns, as of the singular <i>batá</i> we make the plural. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom"><span lang="war">mga batà</span> or <span lang="war">cabataan</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE—The particle <i lang="war">ca</i> is also employed to express abstract ideas, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">buság </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(white color), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">mabuság </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(white), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camabuság </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(whiteness)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The particle <i lang="war">pag</i> is sometimes added at the beginning of the particle, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">pagcamabuság </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(whiteness).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The collectives take also the form of the figuratives with or without the particles -<i>ca</i> and <i>an</i>, as the use may permit, as -<span class="pageNum" id="pb39">[<a href="#pb39">39</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop">caborobong̃tóhan, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">borobóng̃to.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—There is another class of nouns which may be called <span class="corr" id="xd31e7242" title="Corrected by author from: despective">depreciative</span>. They are limited in number. The following belong to such class: -</p> -<p>for batà (child), -</p> -<ul> -<li>nagbobóto (a being born <span class="corr" id="xd31e7250" title="Corrected by author from: tru">thru</span> an explosion) -</li> -<li>lumátud (person of big abdomen) -</li> -<li>lugtuc,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7256src" href="#xd31e7256">46</a> -</li> -<li>motatô<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7263src" href="#xd31e7263">47</a> -</li> -<li>motó, from botó (report of a gun, explosion);</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>for anác (son or daughter) -</p> -<ul> -<li>nahólbot <span class="corr" id="xd31e7279" title="Not in source">(</span>past participle of “hólbot” to pull out of a hole<span class="corr" id="xd31e7281" title="Not in source">)</span>;</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>for baba (mouth) -</p> -<ul> -<li>nasárag (of “sárag” to put something in the mouth);</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>for camót (hand) -</p> -<ul> -<li>camrauón (from “cámram”, what an eagle does with its fingers);</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>for tiil (foot) -</p> -<ul> -<li>sincádol<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7300src" href="#xd31e7300">48</a> etc.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>There are despectives derived from their primitives, as, -</p> -<ul> -<li>for húbya (lazy), “húbsac”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7312src" href="#xd31e7312">49</a></li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<hr class="tb"><p> -</p> -<p>The <span class="corr" id="xd31e7331" title="Corrected by author from: voriations">variations</span> to which the Bisayan names are subject, are: gender, number, and cases. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb40">[<a href="#pb40">40</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.10"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">Gender.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The gender is scarcely regarded. We have however for few nouns the natural and grammatical -genders. -</p> -<p>Examples of natural gender: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">MASCULINE </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e7346" title="Corrected by author from: FEMENINE">FEMININE</span> -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">laláqui </td> -<td>(male person) </td> -<td lang="war">babaye </td> -<td class="cellRight">(woman) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">lalaquí </td> -<td>(male not person) </td> -<td lang="war">babayé </td> -<td class="cellRight">(female not person) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">amay </td> -<td>(father) </td> -<td lang="war">iróy </td> -<td class="cellRight">(mother) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bána </td> -<td>(husband) </td> -<td lang="war">asáua </td> -<td class="cellRight">(wife) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bata </td> -<td>(uncle) </td> -<td lang="war">dadâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">(aunt) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">baylo </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(brother in law) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">hipág </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(sister in law), etc.</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Examples of gramatical gender: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">MASCULINE </td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">FEMININE -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">dudoy<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7415src" href="#xd31e7415">50</a> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">duday -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tutoy </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">tutay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">idoy </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">iday -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">intoy </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">inday -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">mano </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mana -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">manoy </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">manáy -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">manong </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">manang<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7450src" href="#xd31e7450">51</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">tío </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">tía<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7460src" href="#xd31e7460">52</a>, etc.</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.11"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">Number</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The plural is determined by the particle <i>mga</i> or <span class="corr" id="xd31e7470" title="Corrected by author from: of">by</span> those for collectives as formerly seen<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7473src" href="#xd31e7473">53</a>, or by the interfix <i>g</i> among the adjectives. Examples: -</p> -<ul> -<li>of táuo (man) “mg̃a táuo,” or “catauóhan” (men), -</li> -<li>of dacò (large), dagcò (large, plural). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb41">[<a href="#pb41">41</a>]</span></li> -<li>of matam-is (sweet), magtam-is (sweet, plural), -</li> -<li>of hatáas (high), hagtáas (high, plural).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>When the noun is preceded by numeral adjectives, the singular keeps its form, as -</p> -<ul> -<li>usá ca táuo (one man), napulò ca tauo (ten men), -</li> -<li>usá ng̃a baláy (one house), calim’an ng̃a baláy (fifty houses).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>Some adjectives do not admit the interfix <i>g</i>, for euphonical reason, as -</p> -<ul> -<li>of hubyà (lazy), mg̃a hubya, not húgbyà, etc.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.12"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">Case.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There is no <span class="corr" id="xd31e7505" title="Corrected by author from: inflexion">inflection</span> for Bisayan nouns to distinguish their different cases, as in Greek and Latin. The -cases are determined by the prepositions and by variable parts of speech preceding -the noun. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.2.13"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">IMPORTANT OBSERVATION.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are great many Bisayan nouns composed of the <span class="corr" id="xd31e7512" title="Corrected by author from: samet leters">same letters</span>, but which have different meanings according to the accent they bear. Of these are -the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">anáy </td> -<td class="cellTop">(she-hog), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">ánay </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(before) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">apó </td> -<td>(grandson or grand-daughter), </td> -<td lang="war">ápò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a thing fully introduced) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">áyao </td> -<td>(distributive possession), </td> -<td lang="war">ayáo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(no, imperative) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bábà </td> -<td>(mouth), </td> -<td lang="war">babá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to carry a thing on the back) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">babáye </td> -<td>(woman), </td> -<td lang="war">babayé </td> -<td class="cellRight">(female not person) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">baga </td> -<td>(red-hot coal or wood), </td> -<td lang="war">bága </td> -<td class="cellRight">(lung), <span lang="war">bagá</span> (like) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bálay </td> -<td>(turn), </td> -<td lang="war">baláy </td> -<td class="cellRight">(house) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bálod </td> -<td>(a kind of dove), </td> -<td lang="war">balód </td> -<td class="cellRight">(wave) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bálos </td> -<td>(return)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war">balós </td> -<td class="cellRight">(revenge) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bánus </td> -<td>(abundant, thick), </td> -<td lang="war">banús </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to scrub) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bárang̃ </td> -<td>(an amulet), </td> -<td lang="war">baráng </td> -<td class="cellRight">(knot) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb42">[<a href="#pb42">42</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bayáo </td> -<td>(brother-in-law), </td> -<td lang="war">báyao </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to lift up) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bucád </td> -<td>(flower), </td> -<td lang="war">búcad </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to dig up) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">búhat </td> -<td>(work), </td> -<td lang="war">buhát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to raise) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">buhi </td> -<td>(alive), </td> -<td lang="war">buhi </td> -<td class="cellRight">(losse) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">buláo </td> -<td>(yellow), </td> -<td lang="war">búlao </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to provoke a stranger) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">búrong<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e7670src" href="#xd31e7670">54</a> </td> -<td>(fog), </td> -<td lang="war">buróng </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to throw) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">busà </td> -<td>(reprimand), </td> -<td lang="war">búsà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(therefore) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">cóbal </td> -<td>(thread), </td> -<td lang="war">cobál </td> -<td class="cellRight">(corn, callosity) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">comót </td> -<td>(sinked), </td> -<td lang="war">cómot </td> -<td class="cellRight">(quick) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">dósol </td> -<td>(pain of the stomack), </td> -<td lang="war">dosól </td> -<td class="cellRight">(despective form of “<span lang="war">cáon</span>”, to eat) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">hóron </td> -<td>(to pass the night), </td> -<td lang="war">horón </td> -<td class="cellRight">(farm) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">igo, </td> -<td>(just), </td> -<td lang="war">igô </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to be hit) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">lága </td> -<td>(flame), </td> -<td lang="war">lagà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(cooked) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">láya </td> -<td>(a net for fishing), </td> -<td lang="war">layà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to wither), <span lang="war">layâ</span> (withered) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">laláqui </td> -<td>(man), </td> -<td lang="war">lalaquí </td> -<td class="cellRight">(male, not person) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">látos </td> -<td>(reaching, overtaking), </td> -<td lang="war">latós </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to whip) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">lúya </td> -<td>(weakness), </td> -<td lang="war">luyà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(lime), <span lang="war">luyâ</span> (restlessness), <span lang="war">luy-a</span> (<span class="corr" id="xd31e7794" title="Corrected by author from: zingiber">ginger</span>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">muláy </td> -<td>(play), </td> -<td lang="war">múlay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to teach) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">obós </td> -<td>(low), </td> -<td lang="war">óbos </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to exhaust) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">usá or usâ </td> -<td>(one), </td> -<td lang="war">úsa </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to marvel) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">úpa </td> -<td>(reward), </td> -<td lang="war">upá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(rice chaff) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pátag </td> -<td>(plane), </td> -<td lang="war">patág </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a kind of basket) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">píli </td> -<td>(a tree so called), </td> -<td lang="war">pilì </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to select) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pálad </td> -<td>(palm), </td> -<td lang="war">palád </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a fish) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pusò </td> -<td>(flower of banana), </td> -<td lang="war">pusô </td> -<td class="cellRight">(rice especially cooked) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pusâ </td> -<td>(pounded), </td> -<td lang="war">pusà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to wash the feet) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">púto </td> -<td>(a dainty so called), </td> -<td lang="war">pútò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(partition), <span lang="war">putó</span> (last son or daughter) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sábot </td> -<td>(agreement), </td> -<td lang="war">sabót </td> -<td class="cellRight">(filement or to <span class="corr" id="xd31e7900" title="Corrected by author from: moderstand">understand</span>) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sácay, </td> -<td>(<span class="corr" id="xd31e7908" title="Corrected by author from: passanger">passenger</span> or companion on a boat), </td> -<td lang="war">sacáy </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to embark) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sócot </td> -<td>(frequent), </td> -<td lang="war">socót </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to collect) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb43">[<a href="#pb43">43</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">súso </td> -<td>(teat), </td> -<td lang="war">susò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(thickset), <span lang="war">susô</span> (a mollusk so called) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tíao </td> -<td>(joke), </td> -<td lang="war">tiáo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(maniac) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tíma </td> -<td>(finished), </td> -<td lang="war">timá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(uneven) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">túba </td> -<td>(a plant so called), </td> -<td lang="war">tubâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">(wine from cocoanut or nipa) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">tubó </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(sugar-cane), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">túbò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to grow), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch2.1.2.14"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">Transposition of accents.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The accent of a word frequently changes its place upon its transformation. -</p> -<p>In the diminutives formed by repetition of the root or by the affix <i lang="war">ay</i>, the acute accent is always placed upon the penult. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop">baláy, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">balaybálay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">saróual, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sarouálay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">balóto, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">balotóhay.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The grave accent of the root is preserved; and its angular accent becomes grave, which -is preserved in its repetition. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">dacò, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">dacòdácò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">bohô </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(hole), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">bohòbóhò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(little hole).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the primitive has the acute accent on its penult, said accent is transferred -to the last syllable of the original primitive, the repeated primitive following the -preceding rules. As. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop">dáhon, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">dahóndáhon -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">cáhoy, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">cahoycáhoy -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">halípot, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">halipótay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">maópáy, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">maopay-ópay -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">hatáas, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">hataastáas</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In the figuratives, the same rules are followed; and when the interfix <i lang="war">ro</i> is employed, the primitive generally loses its acute accent which is placed upon -the penult of the figurative. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">sacayán, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">sarosacáyan.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb44">[<a href="#pb44">44</a>]</span></p> -<p>In the verbal nouns, it is a general rule that when the verb root has its acute accent -on its penult, its verbals have said accent trasplaced to their last syllables, and -<i>viceversa</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop"><span lang="war">sarát</span>, (to write), </td> -<td class="cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><span lang="war">bása</span> (to read)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">parasúrat </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">parabasá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">tigsúrat </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">tigbasá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">magsusúrat </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">magbarasá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">susurátan </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">barasahán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">susuráton </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">barasahón</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">masúrat </td> -<td> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mabasá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">isusúrat, </td> -<td class="cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">ibarasá;</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>except when the transformative particle is <i>ma</i> meaning desirableness, in which case the acute accent is always on the last syllable; -and also in case of the particle <i>hi</i>, where the accent is always put on the penult. As -</p> -<ul lang="war"> -<li>masuratsurát, -</li> -<li>himása.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>In case where the penult, of the verb root is necessarily long, as when its vowel -is <span class="corr" id="xd31e8213" title="Corrected by author from: follwed">followed</span> by more than one consonant, and when the last syllable of the root is pronounced -independently from the consonant or consonants preceding it, then the original acute -accent of the root is preserved on the penult of the verbal. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop"><span lang="war">cánhi</span> (to come), </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><span lang="war">dól-ong</span> (to bear, to accompany)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">paracánhi </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">paradól-ong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">tigcánhi </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">tigdól-ong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">cumaránhi </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">domoról-ong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">caranhían </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">dorol-óngan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">caranhíon </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">dorol-óngon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">macanhíon </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">madol-óngon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">icaránhi </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">idoról-ong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">hang̃aránhi </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">hinonól-ong</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In the derivatives, when the accent is on the penult of the primitive, it is also -placed on the penult of the <span class="pageNum" id="pb45">[<a href="#pb45">45</a>]</span>derivative; and when the accent is on the last syllable of the primitive, it is also -put on the last syllable of the derivative, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop">áram, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">maáram</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">bayáu, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mabaráyau</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">púsod, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">himósod</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487">búua, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">buuáon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">tubác, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">tubacón.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It must be noted that we refer to the <i>acute</i> accent. It sometimes happens that the last syllable of the primitive has angular -accent, in which case such accent is discomposed, the grave being kept and the acute -being transposed to the penult of the derivative, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="xd31e1487 cellTop cellBottom">salâ, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">saláan,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>where the <i>a</i> of the penult really bears two accents, angular and grave, the angular not being -employed for the reason that is it not necessary, as the last two <i>aa</i> are pronounced separately<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8356src" href="#xd31e8356">55</a>, and because it is not proper, as the angular accent is only used at the endings -of the words.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8359src" href="#xd31e8359">56</a> -</p> -<p>In the derivatives formed with <i lang="war">taga</i>, or <i lang="war">tag</i>, or <i lang="war">maqui</i> the accent of the root is not changed. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">bódo, </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(salted fish), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">tagabódo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">baláy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(house), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">tagbaláy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">calámay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(dark sugar) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">maquicalámay</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The comparatives formed with, the interfix <i lang="war">ro</i>, have always the accent on the last syllable no matter where it was in the primitive. -As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">halábà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(long), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">harohalabâ</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">uguis </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(white), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">urouguís.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The superlatives formed with the prefix <i lang="war">gui</i> and the affix <i>i</i> always have the accent on the penult, without regarding where it was in the primitive. -As -<span class="pageNum" id="pb46">[<a href="#pb46">46</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">halárum </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(deep), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">guihahalarúmi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">matahúm </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(beautiful), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">guimamatahúmi</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The collectives follow the way in which their primitives are accented, so, if their, -primitives have the accent on the penult, they have it on the penult, and when the -primitives have the accent on the last syllable they also have it on their last syllables. -As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">bátà </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(child), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop"><span class="corr" id="xd31e8483" title="Corrected by author from: cabataán">cabatáan</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">baláy </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(house), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">cabalayán.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<hr class="tb"><p> -</p> -<p>It must be observed also that there are nouns which, thru phonetical variations, have -more than one forms. Of such words are the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">báchò, bíchò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(groaning) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bándoc, búndac </td> -<td class="cellRight">(kick) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd31e8512" title="Corrected by author from: guipác">guipic</span>, guipác </td> -<td class="cellRight">(broken) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">guisî, gusî, quisî, cusî </td> -<td class="cellRight">(sagged) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Panalaron, Palanaron, Planaron </td> -<td class="cellRight">(one of the suburbs of the town of Tacloban),<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8527src" href="#xd31e8527">57</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">piló, lopí </td> -<td class="cellRight">(fold) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">quíróg, coróg </td> -<td class="cellRight">(trembling) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">quirógpos, corógpos </td> -<td class="cellRight">(surtout) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">sitsit, sutsut </td> -<td class="cellRight">(whistle) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">taclap, taplac </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(blanket), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>There are also words composed of the same letters but sounding differently and having -different meanings thereby, on account of the separation with which some of their -syllables are pronounced. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">bágo </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellTop">(a tree), </td> -<td class="cellTop">bag-o </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(new) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">lauay </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e8592" title="Corrected by author from: saliba">saliva</span>), </td> -<td lang="war">lau-ay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(repugnance) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tagóc </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e8604" title="Corrected by author from: resine">resin</span>), </td> -<td lang="war">tág-oc </td> -<td class="cellRight">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e8611" title="Corrected by author from: unarticulate">inarticulate</span> voice). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb47">[<a href="#pb47">47</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bágang </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(an insect), </td> -<td lang="war">bág-ang </td> -<td class="cellRight">(grinder) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bútol </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(bulky), </td> -<td lang="war">bút-ol </td> -<td class="cellRight">(throat) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">bulánon </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(moony), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">bul’ánon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(from Bohol), etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.3" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e518">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e8645" title="Source: PRONOUN">PRONOUNS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are four classes: personal, demonstrative, possessive, and relative. -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.3.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">PERSONAL.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They are the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Acó </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(I) </td> -<td lang="war">Quitá, camí </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8671src" href="#xd31e8671">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Icáo, ca,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8681src" href="#xd31e8681">59</a> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487">(thou, you) </td> -<td lang="war">Camó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Hiyá, <span lang="en">or</span> siyá<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8696src" href="#xd31e8696">60</a> </td> -<td class="xd31e1487 cellBottom">(he or she) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hirá, <span lang="en">or</span> sirá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(they)</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Declension</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The cases are four; nominative, genitive, objective, and vocative. -</p> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">First person.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative.— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive.— </td> -<td lang="war">Nácon,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8739src" href="#xd31e8739">61</a> ácon, co </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by me)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha ácon, dácon<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8755src" href="#xd31e8755">62</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to, for, in, at, on, upon, over, under, etc. me)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative,— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Camí—quitá.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e8792src" href="#xd31e8792">63</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(we)<span class="pageNum" id="pb48">[<a href="#pb48">48</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive.— </td> -<td lang="war">Nímon, ámon—aaton, aton, ta </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by us)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha ámon, dámon—ha áton, dáton </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to, for, etc. us)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Second person.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative.— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Icáo, ca </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(thou, you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive.— </td> -<td lang="war">Nimo, imo, mo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by thee, or you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Objective.— </td> -<td lang="war">Ha imo, dimo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to, for, etc. thee, or you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Vocative.— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Icao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(thou, or you)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Camó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive.—</td> -<td lang="war">Niyo, iyo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war">Ha iyo, díyo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to, for, etc. you)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Vocative.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Camó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(you)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Third person—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Hiyá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(he, or she)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive.—</td> -<td lang="war">Niya, iya </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by him, or her)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war">Ha iya, díya </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to, for, etc. him or her)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Vocative—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hiyá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(He, or she).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 last-child section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Nominative—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Hirá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(They)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Genitive—</td> -<td lang="war">Nira, ira </td> -<td class="cellRight">(of, by them)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Objective—</td> -<td lang="war">Ha ira, dira </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to, for etc., them)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Vocative—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hirá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(they).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.3.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e8954" title="Source: Demonstratives">DEMONSTRATIVE</span>.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They have the same forms both for the singular and plural, as follows: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">adí </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(this, these, nearer to the speaker than to the listener)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">ini </td> -<td class="cellRight">(this, these)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">itó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(that, those, nearer to the speaker than to the listener, corresponding to the Spanish -“ese, esa, eso, esos, esas”)<span class="pageNum" id="pb49">[<a href="#pb49">49</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">adto </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(that, those, <span class="corr" id="xd31e8981" title="Source: further from the speaker than from">far from both the speaker and</span> the listener, and corresponding to the Spanish “<span lang="es">aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas</span>”).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When used before the nouns, they have the particle <i lang="war">nga</i> after them; said particle being frequently contracted with the pronun. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">adí ng̃a, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">contracted adín,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">iní ng̃a, </td> -<td class="cellRight">contracted inín,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">itó ng̃a, </td> -<td class="cellRight">contracted itón,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">ádto ng̃a, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">contracted ádton.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The form <i lang="war">itón</i> sometimes takes again the particle ng̃a. So it is said <i lang="war">itón ng̃a batâ</i> (that boy or girl). -</p> -<p><span lang="war">Adí, adto</span> in some places have their variants <i lang="war">yadi, yadto</i>. -</p> -<p>In plural, the particle <i lang="war">mga</i> is placed after the preceding combinations; -</p> -<p>They have two cases: subjective and objective. -</p> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Declension.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Adí</span>.—Singular</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Adí, adí ng̃a, adín </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(this)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hadí, hadí ng̃a, hadín, or hadin mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc. this)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Adí, adi ng̃a mg̃a, adín mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(these)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hadí, hadi ng̃a mg̃a, hadín, or hadin mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., these).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Iní</span>.—Singular</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Iní, iní ng̃a, inín </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(this)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hiní, hiní ng̃a, hinín </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., this)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Iní, ini ng̃a mg̃a, inín mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(these)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective,—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hiní, hini ng̃a mg̃a, hinin mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., these).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb50">[<a href="#pb50">50</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Itó</span>.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Itó, itó ng̃a, itón, itón ng̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(that)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hitó, hitó ng̃a, hitón, hitón, ng̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc. that)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Itó, itó ng̃a mg̃a, itón mg̃a, itón ng̃a mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(those)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hitó, hitó ng̃a mg̃a, hitón mg̃a, hitón ng̃a mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., those)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Adto</span>.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Adto, adto ng̃a, adton </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(that)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hadto, hadto ng̃a, hadton </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., that)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 last-child section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Adto, adto ng̃a mg̃a, adton mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(those)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Hadto, hadto ng̃a mg̃a, hadton mg̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., those)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The forms <i lang="war">adton</i> and <i lang="war">hadton</i> are frequently used instead of <i lang="war">itón, hitón</i> when the object referred to is very close to the listener. <i lang="war">Itón</i> is sometimes replaced by the <span class="corr" id="xd31e9217" title="Corrected by author from: form hadtón">forms <i lang="war">hadto</i> and <i lang="war">haton</i></span>. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">mopáy <i>adtón</i> hiní </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(that one is better than this)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">condî darodacô iní <i>hadton</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(but this is larger than that)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">say co <i>hatón</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I prefer that one).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.3.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">POSSESSIVE.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They are the following: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acon, co </td> -<td>(my, mine) </td> -<td lang="war">aton, ta, amon </td> -<td class="cellRight">(our, ours)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">imo, mo </td> -<td>(thy, thine, your, yours) </td> -<td lang="war">iyo </td> -<td class="cellRight">(your, yours)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">iya </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(his or her) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">ira </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(their)</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The forms <i lang="war">co, mo, ta</i> are used only after the nouns. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb51">[<a href="#pb51">51</a>]</span></p> -<p>The same distinction exists between <i lang="war">aton</i> and <i lang="war">amon</i>, as between <i lang="war">quitá</i> and <i lang="war">camí</i>.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e9312src" href="#xd31e9312">64</a> -</p> -<p>They have also two cases: subjective, and objective. -</p> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Declension.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Acon</span>.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Acon, co </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(my, mine)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha acon, han acon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., my)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Aton, ta, amon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(our, ours)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha aton, han aton, ha amon, han amon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., our)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Imo</span>.—Singular.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Imo, mo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(thy, thine, your, yours)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha imo, han imo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., your, thy)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Iyo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(your, yours)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha iyo, han iyo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., your)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main"><span lang="war">Iya</span>—Singular<span class="corr" id="xd31e9405" title="Not in source">.</span></h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Iya </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(his, her, hers)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha iya, han iya </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., his, her)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 last-child section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Plural.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">Ira </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(their)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Ha ira, han ira </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., their)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>These plurals refer to the subjects possessing. The plural referring to the objects -possessed, is formed in each case by using the particle <i lang="war">mg̃a</i>, <span class="corr" id="xd31e9447" title="Source: As">as</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">Acon mg̃a cabogtóan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(my brothers or sisters)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Iyo mg̃a láuas </td> -<td class="cellRight">(your bodies)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Ira mg̃a cabalayán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(their houses)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb52">[<a href="#pb52">52</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.3.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e9470" title="Corrected by author from: REEALATIVE">RELATIVE</span></h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They are as follows: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">Ng̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(that, which) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">anó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(what) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bisan anó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(whatever) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">hín’o or sin’o<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e9493src" href="#xd31e9493">65</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight">(who) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">bisan hin’o or bisan sin’o </td> -<td class="cellRight">(whoever) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">háin </td> -<td class="cellRight">(which) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">bisan háin </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(whichever)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>These pronouns, except <i lang="war">hin’o</i> and <i lang="war">bisan hin’o</i> have no <span class="corr" id="xd31e9531" title="Corrected by author from: inflexion">inflection</span> for cases. -</p> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Ng̃a.</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This relative always refers to the subject of the verb. It never relates to the complement. -So the sentence: -</p> -<p class="example">“the house <i>that</i> Peter builds is big”, -</p> -<p>cannot be translated <span class="corr" id="xd31e9545" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span> into Bisayan. It is <span class="corr" id="xd31e9548" title="Corrected by author from: verted">expressed</span> by passive voice. Thus: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">“an baláy <i>ng̃a</i> guintitindog ni Pedro, dacô”; -</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e9556" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span> “the house that is being built by Peter is big”, And this: -</p> -<p class="example">“the book which you gave me yesterday” -</p> -<p>is translated: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">“an basahón <i>ng̃a</i> ihinátag mo ha acon cacolóp”; -</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e9568" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span> “the book which was given by you to me yesterday” -</p> -<p>This pronoun is indispensable when a substantive is qualified by an adjective, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">maópay <i>ng̃a</i> táuo </td> -<td class="cellTop">(good man,) </td> -<td class="cellTop">not </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">maúpay táuo, -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">bucad ng̃a mahamót </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(fragrant <span class="corr" id="xd31e9590" title="Corrected by author from: flwer">flower</span>) </td> -<td class="cellBottom">not </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">bucád mahamot<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e9597src" href="#xd31e9597">66</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It differs from the conjunction <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> (that) in that the <span class="pageNum" id="pb53">[<a href="#pb53">53</a>]</span>pronoun always refers to a noun, never to a verb. -</p> -<p>NOTE.—This particle <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> expresses in some instances the idea of “saying,” “question,” “answer,” etc., as -when we say: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Ng̃a</i> ni Pedro: “tágui acó hin salapí.” Dáyon batón ni Juan, <i>ng̃a</i> niya: “uaray co salapí.” -</p> -<p>Peter said: “give me money.” John immediately replied by saying: “I have no money.” -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">Pacanhía hi Guillermo. <i>Ng̃a</i> natón<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e9631src" href="#xd31e9631">67</a> “guinquiquína hang̃lan ca didto.” -</p> -<p class="example">Make Guillermo come. Tell him: “you are needed there.” -</p> -<p>When applied to the third person it is frequently combined with the particle <i lang="war">laóng̃</i> as: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">Násiring̃ hi Pedro, ng̃alaóng̃: “magtotoón aco.” -</p> -<p class="example"><span id="xd31e9653"></span>Peter said: “I shall study”<span id="xd31e9655"></span>. -</p> -<p>This special idea conveyed by the word <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> seems to show in other instances in the Bisayan tongue, as when it is said depreciatively: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">¡Ca damò hin im ng̃ang̃a! -</p> -<p class="example">How many things you ask or talk! -</p> -<p>where the doubled <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> means request or talking. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Anó.</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This pronoun has the same use as the English <i>what</i>, except when the latter is used as an objective relative, in which case the said -English pronoun is translated by the article <i lang="war">an</i><span class="corr" id="xd31e9682" title="Not in source">.</span> As when it is said: -</p> -<p class="example">“<i>What</i> you need is patience, not science,” which is translated: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>An</i> guinquiquinahang̃lan mo an pag-ílob, dirì hibaró. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb54">[<a href="#pb54">54</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Bisan anó.</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i lang="war">Bisan ano</i> means “anything” or “whatever.” Examples: -</p> -<p class="example">Whatever you do I’ll know it. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Bisan ano</i> in buháton mo, hisasabotán co. -</p> -<p class="example">Give me anything eatable. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">Tágui aco hin <i>bisan anó</i> ng̃a hacaraón. -</p> -<p>It is frequently replaced by <i lang="war">ano <span class="corr" id="xd31e9715" title="Source: la">lâ</span></i>, or <i lang="war">anoano lâ</i>. Ex.: -</p> -<p class="example">Anything you may desire, I’ll give you. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Ano lâ</i> ng̃a caruyágon mo, ihahatag co ha imo. -</p> -<p class="example">You wish to see everything. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Anoano lâ</i> buót mo hiquit’an. -</p> -<p>When it is preceded by an article, it means “which,” as -</p> -<p class="example">Which horse do you like? -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>¿An anó</i> ng̃a cabayo in buót mo? -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Hin’o</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This relative is only used in the interrogative phrases. It is not employed as the -English “who” when this relative serves as “that”. So this phrase -</p> -<p class="example">“that person <i>who</i> talks is my brother” is translated: “<span lang="war">itón tauo <i>ng̃a</i> nagyayácan, acon bugto</span>,” not “<span lang="war">itón tauo <i>hin’o</i> nagyayácan</span>, etc.” -</p> -<p>It has two cases: subjective and objective. -</p> -<div class="div5 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Declension</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Subjective—</td> -<td lang="war">Hin’o </td> -<td>(who) </td> -<td lang="war">Hirá hin’o </td> -<td class="cellRight">(who)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective— </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Canáy, can canáy </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(of, etc. whom whose) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Canda canáy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of, etc., whom, whose)</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Bisan hin’o</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>Bisan hin’o</i> means “whoever” or “anyone”. Example: -<span class="pageNum" id="pb55">[<a href="#pb55">55</a>]</span></p> -<p class="example">Whoever is there, let him come. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Bisan hin’o</i> in adâ, pacanhía. -</p> -<p class="example">Anyone knows him. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example"><i>Bisan hin’o</i> náquilála ha iya. -</p> -<p>It also has two cases: subjective and objective. -</p> -<div class="div5 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">Declension.</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Subjective.—</td> -<td lang="war">Bisan hin’o </td> -<td>(whoever) </td> -<td lang="war">Bisan hirá hin’o </td> -<td class="cellRight">(whoever)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Objective.—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Bisan canáy </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(of, etc., whomever) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">Bisan canda canáy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(of etc., whoever)</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Hain</i>.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i lang="war">Hain</i> means “which.” Examples: -</p> -<p class="example">Which of these hats is yours? -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">¿Háin hiní ng̃a mg̃a calò in imo? -</p> -<p>Similarly to “<span lang="war">ano</span>,” the pronoun “<span lang="war">háin</span>” is only used in the interrogative forms, never as <i lang="war">ng̃a</i> (that). So the phrase -</p> -<p class="example">“the book which you saw” -</p> -<p>is translated -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">“<span class="corr" id="xd31e9874" title="Source: and">an</span> basahón <i>ng̃a</i> imo quinità” -</p> -<p>(literally: the book that was seen by you), and not -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">“an basahon <i>háin</i> icao quinmità.<span class="corr" id="xd31e9884" title="Not in source">”</span> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><i lang="war">Bisan háin.</i></h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">It is equivalent to the English “whichever,” Examples: -</p> -<p class="example">Whichever of those books satisfies me. -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">Didâ hitó ng̃a mga basahón <i>bisan háin</i> maopay co. -</p> -<p>NOTE.—These relatives <i lang="war">hain</i> and <i lang="war">bisan háin</i> must not be confounded with the adverbs of the same form, <i lang="war">háin</i> (where) and <i lang="war">bisan háin</i> (wherever). The former refer only to nouns, the latter to verbs. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb56">[<a href="#pb56">56</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch2.1.3.5"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e9914" title="Source: Contractions">CONTRACTIONS</span>.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The pronouns are frequently contracted as follows: -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">acó, ácon, </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellTop"><span class="seg">to</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><i>ac</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">nácon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>nac</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">dácon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>dac</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">camí </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>cam</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">quitá </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>quit</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">námon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>nam</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ámon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>am</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">náton </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>nat</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">áton </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>at</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">dámon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>dam</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">dáton </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>dat</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">icáo </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>ic</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">nímo </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>nim</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">imo </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>im</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">dimo </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>dim</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">camó </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>cam</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">adi </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>ad</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">iní </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>in</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">itó </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>it</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">adín </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>ad</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">itón </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>it</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hadí </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>had</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hadín </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>had</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hiní </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>hin</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hinín </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>hin</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hitó </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>hit</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hitón </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>hit</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">hatón </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>hat</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ácon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>ac</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">áton </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>at</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ámon </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>am</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">imo </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>ini</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">bisan anó </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><i>bis ano</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">bisan háin </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">to</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><i>bis hain</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb57">[<a href="#pb57">57</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.4" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e564">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e10233" title="Source: VERB">VERBS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The verbs may be grouped in the following classes: -</p> -<p>As to their conjugation: active, passive, negative, interrogative, suppletory, impersonal, -defective. -</p> -<p>As to their inflections: primitive, and progressive. -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Active</span> verb represents the subject as acting, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">acó násugò</span> (I order). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Passive</span> verb represents the subject as being acted upon, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">acó sinúsugò</span> (I am ordered). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Negative</span> verb involves a negation, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">ayáo catúrog</span> (do not sleep). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Interrogative</span> verb involves a question, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">¿diín ca cadto?</span> (where did you go?) -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Suppletory</span> verb supplies the lack of all auxiliary and a few other verbs as from <i lang="war">ini</i> (this), we have: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">íiní acó</span> (I am here), to express the verb “to be,” in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Impersonal</span> verb has not a definite subject, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">náurán</span> (it rains). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Defective</span> verb lacks one or more of its principal parts as, -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">iyá</span> (receive it). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Primitive</span> verb is used in its original and simplest form as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">acó násurát</span> (I write). -</p> -<p>The <span class="sc">Progressive</span> verb denotes continuance of the action, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">acó nagusurát</span> (I am writing). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb58">[<a href="#pb58">58</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch2.1.4.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">CONJUGATION</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">VOICES</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They are active and passive. The passive voice has three classes: direct, indirect, -and instrumental. -</p> -<p>The direct passive is where the subject is the direct object in active voice, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">suratá an acon ng̃aran</span> (write my name; literally: let my name be written by you). -</p> -<p>The indirect passive is where the subject is an indirect object of the verb in its -active voice, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">suratí an imo amáy</span> (write to your father; literally: let a letter be written by you to your father), -</p> -<p>The instrumental passive is where the subject is the instrument or real object of -the action, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">igsurát iní ng̃a pluma</span> (write with this pen; <span class="corr" id="xd31e10345" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: let this pen be used by you in writing.) -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.1.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">MOODS AND TENSES</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are four moods: infinitive, indicative, imperative, and subjunctive, -</p> -<p>The infinitive has two tenses: present, and gerund; three in passive voice: present, -gerund, and past participle. -</p> -<p>The indicative has three. The ordinary forms have present, past and future. The irregular -forms have present, imperfect past, and past. -</p> -<p>The imperative and subjunctive, have each one tense: present. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Infinitive</span>: The present is frequently used as a noun, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">an pagcáon</span> (the meal). -</p> -<p>The gerund is frequently used in compound sentences for past tenses, as: -<span class="pageNum" id="pb59">[<a href="#pb59">59</a>]</span></p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">han pag-abot co</span> (when I arrived: <span class="corr" id="xd31e10369" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: upon my arriving). -</p> -<p>The past participle is employed as an adjective as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">hinigugma co ng̃a iróy</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e10376" title="Source: :">.</span> (my dear mother; <span class="corr" id="xd31e10379" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: mother loved by me). -</p> -<p>NOTE.—There are in Bisayan forms resembling and equivalent in many instances to the -Latin infinitive future ending in <i>rus</i>, in active, and in <i>dus</i>, in passive, as <i>amaturus</i> and <i>amandus</i>. Such Bisayan forms are those formed by the particle <i lang="war">um</i> combined with the interfix <i lang="war">r</i> or its substitutes (See page <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a>), as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">cumaráon</span> (one who is to eat) -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">caraonón</span> (a thing to be eaten). -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indicative</span>. Ordinary forms. The present corresponds to the same tense, in English, and also -to the Spanish and Latin imperfect past. As: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">nácaon acó</span> (I eat) -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">nácaon acó han pag-abot mo</span> (I was eating when you arrived) -</p> -<p>The past tense represents the English present perfect, and past, indicative mood. -As: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">nagsurát acó</span> <span class="corr" id="xd31e10428" title="Added by author">(</span>I have written<span class="corr" id="xd31e10431" title="Source: (">, </span>I wrote) -</p> -<p>The future corresponds to the English future tense, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">másurat acó</span> (I shall write) -</p> -<p>Suppletory forms. The present represents the English present and future tenses, indicative. -As: -</p> -<p class="example">He is here: <span lang="war">hiyá háhani</span>. -</p> -<p class="example">He will be here tomorrow: <span lang="war">hiyá hahaní buás</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e10450" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -<p>The imperfect past and past tense corresponds to the same tense of the Latin and Spanish -languages: as -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">didinhi<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e10456src" href="#xd31e10456">68</a> hi Juan han pag-abót co</span> (John was here, when I arrived) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb60">[<a href="#pb60">60</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Imperative and Subjunctive</span>. The single tense (present) of each of these moods corresponds to the same tense -in English, as: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">cadto búas</span> (go there to-morrow) -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">cun cumadto ca buas, tauága acó</span> (If you go there tomorrow, call me). -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Observations.</span> 1<span class="corr" id="xd31e10480" title="Not in source">.</span> The English past perfect, indicative, is supplied in Bisayan by the present tense, -indicative, of the potential form which we shall see later.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e10482src" href="#xd31e10482">69</a> As: -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">han imo pag-abót nacacatima na acó</span> (when you arrived, I had already finished)<span class="corr" id="xd31e10491" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -<p>2. The English future perfect tense is supplied in Bisayan by the future tense, indicative, -of the potential form. As -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">umabút ca ng̃anì macacatima na aco</span> (when you arrive, I shall have finished)<span class="corr" id="xd31e10498" title="Source: ,">.</span> -</p> -<p>3. The Latin and Spanish imperfect past tense, <span class="corr" id="xd31e10504" title="Corrected by author from: subjuntive">subjunctive</span> mood, is supplied in Bisayan by the present, subjunctive, and future indicative. -As -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">Cun gumican acó niyán, diri co hiya igquiquita buás</span> (If I should go today, I would not meet him tó-morrow). -</p> -<p>4. The Latin and Spanish perfect past tense, subjunctive, is supplied in Bisayan by -the past tense, indicative. -</p> -<p>5. The Latin and Spanish plusquamperfect past tense, subjunctive, is supplied in Bisayan -by the past and future (potential) tenses, indicative, respectively. As -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">Cun nagdágmit acó, hinaabután co cunta hiyá</span> (If I <span class="corr" id="xd31e10517" title="Corrected by author from: hade">had</span> hastened, I should have reached him)<span class="corr" id="xd31e10520" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -<p>6. The Latin and Spanish imperfect future tense, subjunctive, is supplied in Bisayan -by the present subjunctive. -</p> -<p>7. And the perfect future tense, subjunctive, of said languages, is supplied in Bisayan -by the present, indicative, potential form. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb61">[<a href="#pb61">61</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.1.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">NUMBER AND PERSON.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are two numbers: singular and plural. -</p> -<p>There are three persons: first, second, and third. Except in the imperative, the inflections -of the verbs generally do not change, in each tense. However, the progressive and -suppletory forms frequently undergo some changes in plural, as -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">acó nagsusurát</span> (I am writing), -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">camí nanunurát</span> (we are writing) -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.4.2" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e595">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">INFLECTIONS.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The inflections are determined by particles, which are shown in the following tables: -</p> -<p>(In the tables below, the dash<span id="xd31e10543"></span> represents the root; the sign (d) means that the first syllable of the root is doubled; -<i>s</i> and <i>p</i> mean singular and plural, respectively). -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb61.1"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 1</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Primitive active</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present, and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc" lang="war">PAG—</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc" lang="war">PANG—, PAM—, PAN—</span>, <i>p</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc" lang="war">NA—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc" lang="war">INM—</span>, or <span class="asc" lang="war">—INM</span>—</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc" lang="war">MA—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight">(the root unaltered)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive<span id="xd31e10604"></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc" lang="war">UM—</span>, or <span class="asc" lang="war">—UM</span>—</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb62">[<a href="#pb62">62</a>]</span></p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS: -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>. The present and gerund are formed by the prefix <i lang="war">pag</i>, and the root. In the plural, the <i lang="war">g</i> of <i lang="war">pag</i> undergoes the following changes: -</p> -<p>When the root begins with a vowel <i lang="war">o</i>: with the consonant <i lang="war">c</i>, the <i lang="war">pag</i> is changed into <i lang="war">pang</i> the <i lang="war">c</i> then being suppressed. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“arò” </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to ask), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pag-arò, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">pl. <span lang="war">pang̃aro</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">“catúrog” </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to sleep), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">pagcátúrog, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">pl. <span lang="war">pang̃atúrog</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>If the root commences with a labial consonant, except <i>m, pag</i> is transformed into <i>pam</i>, and then the labial consonant disappears. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“báyad” </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to pay), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagbáyad, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">pl. <span lang="war">pamáyad</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">“pilì” </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to select), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">pagpilì, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">pl. <span lang="war">pamilì</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root begins with <i lang="war">m</i>, <i lang="war">pag</i> is transformed into <i lang="war">pan</i>, the <i lang="war">m</i> of the root remaining in it. <span class="corr" id="xd31e10727" title="Corrected by author from: Examp.">Example</span>: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">“múlay” </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(to teach), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">pagmúlay, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">pl. <span lang="war">panmúlay</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>If the root commences with any other consonant, <i lang="war">pag</i> is replaced by <i lang="war">pan</i>, the said consonant<span id="xd31e10755"></span> being then suppressed except when it is a <i lang="war">g</i> or <i lang="war">h</i>. Examples. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“hapon” </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to perch), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">paghápon, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">pl. <span lang="war">panhápon</span>,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">“gúbat” </td> -<td>(to invade), </td> -<td lang="war">paggúbat, </td> -<td class="cellRight">pl. <span lang="war">pangúbat</span>,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">“búao” </td> -<td>(to visit), </td> -<td lang="war">pagdúao, </td> -<td class="cellRight">pl. <span lang="war">panúno</span>,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">“tubò” </td> -<td>(to grow), </td> -<td lang="war">pagtubò, </td> -<td class="cellRight">pl. <span lang="war">panubò</span>,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">“surát” </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to write), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">pagsurát, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">pl. <span lang="war">panurát</span>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Indicative.</i>—Present. The transformative particle of this tense is the prefix <i lang="war">na</i>, which must always be pronounced long, in order not to confound it with the short -<i lang="war">na</i> of the passive potential form, as it will be seen later.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e10853src" href="#xd31e10853">70</a> As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">(long <i lang="war">na</i>) </td> -<td class="cellTop"><span lang="war">nápilì acó</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I select)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">(short <i lang="war">na</i>) </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span lang="war">napílì acó</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I was selected).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past.—This tense is determined by the interfix <i lang="war">inm</i> placed <span class="pageNum" id="pb63">[<a href="#pb63">63</a>]</span>between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. -</p> -<p>When the root commences with a vowel, this particle is simply prefixed to the root. -As, -</p> -<p class="example">from “<span lang="war">surát</span>” (to write), “<span lang="war">abót</span>” (to arrive) <span lang="war">acó sinmurát</span><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e10906src" href="#xd31e10906">71</a> (I write), <span lang="war">inmabót hirá</span> (they arrived) -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The <i lang="war">m</i> of <i lang="war">imn</i> is frequently suppressed. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“múlay” </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to teach), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">abót </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(to arrive)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">minúlay, </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">inábot.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e10950" title="Corrected by author from: Fnture">Future</span></i>.—The particle determining this tense is the prefix <i>ma</i> which must be always pronounced long, so as not to confound it with the short <i lang="war">ma</i> used among the verbal and derivative nouns. As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">(long <i>ma</i>) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">hiyá mácáon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(he or she will eat)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">(short <i>ma</i>) </td> -<td lang="war">hiyá macaón </td> -<td class="cellRight">(he or she is a glutton)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">(long) </td> -<td lang="war">máborong̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">(there will be fog)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">(short) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">mabórong̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(confuse)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>.—It is simply the root without any transformative particle. -</p> -<p>NOTE.—There is a form consisting in doubling the first syllable of the root. But this -form is used only in the preceptive language, as when we say: <span class="corr" id="xd31e10997" title="Not in source">“</span><span lang="war">tauágon ca ng̃anì, bábatón</span>” (whenever you are called, always answer). -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>.—The single tense of this mood is <span class="corr" id="xd31e11004" title="Corrected by author from: dermined">determined</span> by the <span class="corr" id="xd31e11007" title="Source: inter fix">interfix</span> <i lang="war">um</i> which is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the -root begins with a vowel, the interfix is added to the beginning as from “<span lang="war">arò</span>” (to ask), “<span lang="war">umarò</span>,” from “<span lang="war">cáon</span>” (to eat) <span lang="war">cumáon</span>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát. -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsurát </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to write, writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panurát</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb64">[<a href="#pb64">64</a>]</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<p class="center">PRESENT -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center"> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td lang="war" rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellBottom vam">násurat </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan leftbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace3.png" alt="{" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td>I, </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellBottom vam">write, etc. -</td> -<td lang="war" class="nowrap">camí quitá </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td lang="war" rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellBottom vam">násurat </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan leftbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace3.png" alt="{" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td>we </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan rightbrace cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="}" width="18" height="60"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight cellBottom vam">write</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">icao </td> -<td class="nowrap">they, you </td> -<td lang="war">camó </td> -<td>you</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">hiyá </td> -<td class="cellBottom nowrap">he, she </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">hirá </td> -<td class="cellBottom">they</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center">PAST -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. inmurát </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I, etc. wrote) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. sinmurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we, etc. wrote)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center">FUTURE -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. másurat </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I shall, etc. write) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. másurat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we shall, etc. write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">surát icao </td> -<td class="cellTop">(write) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">sumurát<a class="noteRef" id="n64.1src" href="#n64.1">72</a> camí, hirá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(let us, them write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">sumurát<a class="pseudoNoteRef" id="xd31e11162src" href="#n64.1">72</a> hiya </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(let him or her write) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">surát quitá, camó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(let us, you write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. sumurát </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may, etc. write) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. sumurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may, etc. write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb64.6"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 2.</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Progressive active</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">(the <span class="corr" id="xd31e11196" title="Corrected by author from: some">same</span> as that of the primitive active)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">NAG</span>(d)—, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">NANG</span>(d)—, <span class="asc">NA</span>(d)—, or <span class="asc">NAN</span>(d)—, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">NAG—</span>, <i>s</i>: <span class="asc">NANG—, NA—</span>, or <span class="asc">NAN—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">MAG</span>(d)—, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">MANG</span>(d)—, <span class="asc">MA</span>(d)—, or <span class="asc">MAN</span>(d)—, <i>p</i><span class="corr" id="xd31e11259" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PANG—, PA—</span>, or <span class="asc">PAN—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">MAG—</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">MANG—, MA—</span>, or <span class="asc">MAN—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb65">[<a href="#pb65">65</a>]</span></p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS. -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>. Its forms are exactly the same as those of the primitive active. -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>. Present. Its singular is determined by doubling the first syllable<a class="noteRef" id="n65.1src" href="#n65.1">73</a> of the root, prefixed by <i lang="war">nag</i>. -</p> -<p>Its plural is formed according to the first letter of the root. When the root commences -with a vowel, or with the consonant <i lang="war">c</i> as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">arò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(to ask)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">cáon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to eat)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the formation takes the following process: <i lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e11338" title="Source: ng">ng̃</span></i> is added to the beginning of the root, <i lang="war">c</i> being suppressed, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">ng̃aro, ng̃áon;</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the first syllable is doubled,<a class="pseudoNoteRef" id="xd31e11351src" href="#n65.1">73</a> as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">ng̃ang̃aro, ng̃ang̃áon,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>to which the particle <i>na</i> is prefixed, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">nang̃ang̃arò, nang̃ang̃áon,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>which is the final form. -</p> -<p>When the root commences with a labial consonant, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">báyad </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(to pay)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">múlay, </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to teach)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">pili </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to select),</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the formation of the plural is as follows: the first consonant of the root is replaced -by <i lang="war">m</i>, or not altered if it<span class="corr" id="xd31e11394" title="Added by author"> is</span> an <i lang="war">m</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">máyad, múlay, mili;</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>then the first syllable is doubled,<a class="pseudoNoteRef" id="xd31e11407src" href="#n65.1">73</a> as -<span class="pageNum" id="pb66">[<a href="#pb66">66</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">mamáyad, mumúlay, mimilí;</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and the prefix <i lang="war">nan</i> is employed, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">nanmamáyad, nanmumúlay, nanmimili,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the final <span class="corr" id="xd31e11428" title="Source: from">form</span>. -</p> -<p>The last <i lang="war">n</i> of <i lang="war">nan</i> is frequently suppressed, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop">namamáyad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">namimili.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the root begins with a dental consonant as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">dapò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(to approach)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">tábon </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to cover)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">surát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(to write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the formation of the plural consists in replacing the first consonant by <i lang="war">n</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">napó, nabon, nurat,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>whose first syllable is doubled<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e11478src" href="#xd31e11478">74</a>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">nanapo, nanabon, nunurat,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>to which the particle <i lang="war">na</i> is prefixed as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop cellBottom">nanánapó, nanánabon, nanúnurat,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>the final form. -</p> -<p>If the root commences with any other consonant, the plural is formed by doubling the -first syllable of the root, and by prefixing the particle <i lang="war">nan</i> to the root so transformed. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">hugas </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to wash)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">nanhuhugas<span class="corr" id="xd31e11516" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> </td> -<td lang="war">lohód </td> -<td>(to kneel down)<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nanlolohod<span class="corr" id="xd31e11528" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">rabot </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to pull), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">nanrarabot.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past. The singular is formed by adding to the root the prefix <i lang="war">nag</i>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb67">[<a href="#pb67">67</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e11546" title="Corrected by author from: Ehe">The</span> plural is formed exactly as the plural present, except in that the first syllable -of the root transformed is not doubled. -</p> -<p><i>Future</i>.—The formation of this tense is the same, both in singular and plural, as that of -the present, <span class="corr" id="xd31e11552" title="Corrected by author from: excep">except</span> in that the prefixes used here are <i>mag, ma, man, mang,</i> instead of <i>nag, na, nan, nang.</i> -</p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>.—In singular, the prefixes <i lang="war">pag</i> and <i lang="war">mag</i> are employed. In plural, the prefixes, <i lang="war">pa, pan, pang, ma, man, mang,</i> are used in the same way and cases as the prefixes <i lang="war">na, nan, nang,</i> in the present indicative. -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>.—It is formed in the same way as the future indicative, except in that the first -syllable of the root is not doubled here. -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát (write) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagurát </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be writing, being writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panurat</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Indicative</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PRESENT -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc., nagsusurát </td> -<td>(I am, etc. writing) </td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. nanunurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. writing) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. nagsurát </td> -<td>(I was, etc. writing) </td> -<td lang="war">camí etc. nanurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we were, etc. writing) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. magsusurát </td> -<td>(I shall, etc. be writing) </td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc., manunurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we shall, etc. be writing) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center"><i>Imperative</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">pagsurát icao </td> -<td>(be writing) </td> -<td lang="war">panurát quita, camó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(let us, you be writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">magsurát hiya </td> -<td>(let him or her be writing) </td> -<td lang="war">manurát camí, hirá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(let us, them be writing) -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó etc<span class="corr" id="xd31e11678" title="Not in source">.</span> magsurát </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I may, etc. be writing) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí, etc. manurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we may, etc. be writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb68">[<a href="#pb68">68</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb68.1"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 3</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Primitive direct passive</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present, and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—A</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A</span>, <i>p</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IN—</span>, or —<span class="asc">IN—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IN</span>(d)—, or —<span class="asc">IN</span>(d)—</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IN—</span>, or —<span class="asc">IN—</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight">(d)<span class="asc">—ON</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">—A</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">—ON</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e11766" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>. The present and gerund are determined in singular by the prefix <i lang="war">pag</i> and the affix <i lang="war">á</i>. <i lang="war">Pag</i> is used as in the active voice. The affix <i lang="war">a</i> is accented (if the last syllable <span class="corr" id="xd31e11783" title="Corrected by author from: ef">of</span> the root is accented) and simply appended to the root prefixed by <i>pag</i>. This affix is sometimes <i>ha</i>. The use of <i>a</i> or <i>ha</i> follows the same rules established for the use of the affixes <i>an</i> and <span class="corr" id="xd31e11797" title="Corrected by author from: hand">han</span> (See page 15 of this book). -</p> -<p>In plural the prefixes <i>pang, pam, pan,</i> are employed in <span id="xd31e11808"></span>combination with the affix <i>a</i>. The said prefixes are used in same way as their similar in the primitive active. -(See page 62 of this book). -</p> -<p>The past participle is formed by the interfix <i>in</i> placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If this begins -with a vowel the <i>in</i> is prefixed to the root. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“cáon”<span id="xd31e11824"></span> </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to eat), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">quináon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(eaten)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">“inóm” </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to drink), </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">ininóm </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e11845" title="Corrected by author from: drinked">drunk</span>)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb69">[<a href="#pb69">69</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>.—Present. This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by -then placing in it (after doubling the said first syllable) the interfix <i>in</i>, in a similar way as in the past participle. (See the preceding observution). As, -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">cáon, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">quinacáon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">inóm, </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">iníinóm<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e11872src" href="#xd31e11872">75</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Past</i>.—The formation of this tense is exactly the same as that of the past participle seen -above. -</p> -<p><i>Future</i>.—This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and appending to -it the affix <i>on</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">“caón,” </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">cácaónon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">“inóm,” </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">iinomón, contracted iinmon.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Imperative.</i>—The single form of this mode, consists in the root appended by the affix “á.” It -must be observed that this affix “á” in the imperative bears the idea that the order -or command is always directed to the second person or first plural, If such order -or command is directed to some other person, not to the second, or first (<span lang="war">quitá</span>) plural then the subjunctive is used. As -</p> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">higugmaá an Dyos</span> (love God; <span class="corr" id="xd31e11912" title="Corrected by author from: litt">lit.</span>: let God be loved by you) -</li> -<li><span lang="war">higugmaá ta an catadúng̃an</span> (let us love justice; <span class="corr" id="xd31e11919" title="Corrected by author from: litt">lit.</span>: let justice be loved by us). -</li> -<li><span lang="war">higugmaón nira an igcasitáuo</span> (let them love the fellow-man: <span class="corr" id="xd31e11926" title="Corrected by author from: litt">lit.</span>: let the fellowman be loved by them).</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>The last form is also frequently used for the second person, singular and plural, -and for the first person, plural. As -</p> -<ul lang="war"> -<li>higugmaón mo an Dyos <span lang="en">(love God)</span> -</li> -<li>higugmaón niyo, etc. -</li> -<li>higugmaón námon, etc. -</li> -<li>higugmaón ta, etc.</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>. The single form of this mode consists in <span class="pageNum" id="pb70">[<a href="#pb70">70</a>]</span>the root appended by the affix <i>on</i>, as it is seen in the preceding examples. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e11954" title="Corrected by author from: Indicative">Infinitive</span></i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsuratá </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be written, being written).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panuratá</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: sinurát (written) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. sinúsurat </td> -<td>(I am, etc. written) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. sinúsurat </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. written)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. sinurát </td> -<td>(I was, etc. written) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. sinurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we were, etc written)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. susuratón </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall, etc. be written) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí, etc. susuratón </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall, etc be written)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>suratá acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hírá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, -you them he written by you) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc<span class="corr" id="xd31e12036" title="Source: ,">.</span> suratón </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may, etc. written) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camú, etc. suratón </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may, etc. be written)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<hr class="tb"><p> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb70.4"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 4.</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Progressive direct passive.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present, and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—A</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN—</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e12076" title="Not in source">, </span><i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PINA—, PINAN—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN</span>(d)—, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PIN<span id="xd31e12098"></span></span>(d)—, <span class="asc">PINAN</span>(d)—, <i>p</i>.<span class="pageNum" id="pb71">[<a href="#pb71">71</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN—</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e12112" title="Not in source">, </span><i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PINA—, PINAN—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG</span>(d)<span class="asc">—ON</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA</span>(d)<span class="asc">—ON</span>, <span class="asc">PAN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—ON</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—A</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—A, PAN—A</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">PAG—ON</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—ON, PAN—ON</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS. -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>. Present and gerund. The singular is formed by the root prefixed by <i lang="war">pag</i> and affixed by <i>a</i>. In plural the prefixes <i lang="war">pa, pan,</i> or <i lang="war">pang</i> are employed in the same cases as those mentioned for the use of <i lang="war">nang nam,</i> and <i lang="war">na</i> of the present tense, indicative, of the progressive form, active voice.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12203src" href="#xd31e12203">76</a> -</p> -<p>The past participle is formed by the prefix <i lang="war">guin</i> added to the root. -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>. Present. In singular the first syllable is doubled,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12216src" href="#xd31e12216">77</a> and the prefix <i lang="war">guin</i> is employed. -</p> -<p>In plural the prefix <i lang="war">pina</i> is used and the root is transformed exactly in the same way as the plural, present -tense, indicative; of the progressive form active voice.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12227src" href="#xd31e12227">78</a> -</p> -<p>Past. The same as the present, except in that the first syllable of the root transformed -is not doubled. -</p> -<p>Future. Its singular is formed by the prefix <i lang="war">pag</i>, added to the root whose first syllable is doubled,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12239src" href="#xd31e12239">79</a> and by the affix <i>on</i>. -</p> -<p>Its plural is formed by the prefix <i lang="war">pa, pang</i> or <i lang="war">pam</i> and the root transformed in the same way as in the use of <i lang="war">na nang</i> or <i lang="war">nam</i> and as the trasformation of the root in the plural, present tense, indicative of -the progressive form, active voice.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12258src" href="#xd31e12258">80</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb72">[<a href="#pb72">72</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>. It consists in the root prefixed by <i lang="war">pag</i> and affixed by <i>a</i>. We reproduce here the observation made on the imperative, primitive form, direct -passive.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12271src" href="#xd31e12271">81</a> -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>. Its singular is formed by the root prefixed by <i lang="war">pag</i> and affixed by <i lang="war">on</i>. Its plural consists in the use of <i lang="war">pa pang</i> or <i lang="war">pam</i> in the same way as in the plural, present tense indicative, progressive form, active -voice,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12289src" href="#xd31e12289">82</a> and of the affix <i>on</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsurátá </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be written, being written)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panuratá</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: guiusurát s.; pinanunurát p. (written). -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. guinsusurát </td> -<td>(I am, etc. being written) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. pinanunurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. being written)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. guinsurát </td> -<td>(I was, etc. being written) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí etc. pinanurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we were, etc. being written)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. pagsusuratón </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall be, etc. being written) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí, etc. panunuratón </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall be, etc. being written)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>Pagsuratá acó, icao, hiya, camí, hira (let me, you, him or her, us, you, them be being -written). -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. pagsuratón </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may be, etc. being written) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. panuratón </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may be, etc. being written)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb73">[<a href="#pb73">73</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb73.1"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 5</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Primitive indirect passive</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present, and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—I</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">—IN—AN</span>, or <span class="asc">IN—AN</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, or <span class="asc">—IN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">—IN—AN</span>, or <span class="asc">IN—AN</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight">(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center"><span class="asc">—I</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom center"><span class="asc">—AN</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATION: -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>. Present and gerund. This form consists in the root transformed by the affix <i lang="war">i</i>, and by the prefix <i lang="war">pag</i> in singular, and <i lang="war">pang, pan,</i> or <i lang="war">pa</i> in plural, according to the rules above established for the use of these prefixes.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12486src" href="#xd31e12486">83</a> -</p> -<p>Past participle,—This form consists in the root transformed by the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> and the affix <i lang="war">an</i>. The use of the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> follows the same rules as those hereinbefore established for the said interfix.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12502src" href="#xd31e12502">84</a> -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>.—Present. This tense is determined by doubling the first syllable of the root, and -then (after the said first syllable being doubled) by placing the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the root begins with -a vowel, the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> is prefixed to the root whose first syllable has been already doubled. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb74">[<a href="#pb74">74</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Past</i>.—This tense has the same form as the past participle. -</p> -<p><i>Future</i>.—The form of this tense consists in doubling the first syllable of the root and by -appending to it the affix <i>an</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>. Its form consists in the root appended by the affix <i>i</i>. -</p> -<p>The same observation is made here, as that on the imperative of the primitive direct -passive.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12530src" href="#xd31e12530">85</a> -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>. It’s form is the root appended by the affix <i>an</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsuratí </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be addressed with a letter, being addressed with <span class="corr" id="xd31e12559" title="Not in source">a </span>letter)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12561src" href="#xd31e12561">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panuratí</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: sinuratán (addressed with a letter) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. sinusuratán </td> -<td>(I am, etc. addressed with a letter) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. sinusuratán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. addressed with a letter)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. sinuratán </td> -<td>(I was, etc. addressed with a letter) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. sinuratán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. addressed with a letter)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. susuratán </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall be, etc. addressed with a letter) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí, etc. susuratán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall be, etc. addressed with a letter)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>uratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quita, camó, hirá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you, -them be addressed with a letter) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. suratán </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may be, etc. addressed with a letter) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. suratán </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may be, etc. addressed with a letter)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb75">[<a href="#pb75">75</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb75.1"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 6.</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Progressive indirect passive</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—I</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PAN—I, PAN—I, PANG—I</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN—AN</span>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PINA</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <span class="asc">PINAN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <span class="asc">PINANG</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">GUIN—AN</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PINA—AN, PINAN—AN, PINANG—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <i>s</i>: <span class="asc">PA</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <span class="asc">PAN</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <span class="asc">PANG</span>(d)<span class="asc">—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—I</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">PAG—AN</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS. -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>.—Present, and gerund. Their single form is the same as their corresponding primitive -form indirect passive. -</p> -<p>Past participle. It is distinguished by the prefix <i lang="war">guin</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>.—Present, singular. The first syllable of the root is doubled<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12798src" href="#xd31e12798">87</a> and the affix <i lang="war">guin</i> added. Its plural is formed as its corresponding in the progressive direct passive, -except in that here the affix <i lang="war">an</i> is added.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12807src" href="#xd31e12807">88</a> -</p> -<p><i>Past.</i>—The forms of this tense are the same as those of their corresponding form in the -progressive direct passive, except in that here the affix <i lang="war">an</i> is added.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e12819src" href="#xd31e12819">89</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb76">[<a href="#pb76">76</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Future</i>.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix <i lang="war">an</i> is used here instead of <i>on</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix <i lang="war">i</i> is used here instead of <i lang="war">a</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>—Also the same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix -<i lang="war">an</i> is here used instead of <i lang="war">on</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e12854" title="Corrected by author from: Indicative">Infinitive</span></i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsuratí </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellRight cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panuratí</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: guinsurát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. guinsusuratán -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">camí, etc. pinanunuratán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. guinsuratán -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">camí, etc. pinanunuratán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. pagsusuratán -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">camí, etc. panunuratán</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p lang="war">pagsuratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hirá -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. pagsuratán -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. panuratán</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb76.4"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 7</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i>Primitive instrumental passive</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present, and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—AN</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">I—IN—, IIN—</span><span class="pageNum" id="pb77">[<a href="#pb77">77</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">I—IN</span>(d)—, <span class="asc">IIN</span>(d)—</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">I—IN—, IIN—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">I</span>(d)—</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">I—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">—AN</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">I—</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS: -</p> -<p><i>Infinitive</i>, Present, and gerund. The same observation is made as that on the same tenses of -the primitive, active, with the addition that here the affix <i lang="war">an</i> is appended to the root. -</p> -<p>Past participle. It is formed by the prefix <i lang="war">i</i> and the interfix <i lang="war">in</i>. If the root commences with a vowel, the prefix and <span class="corr" id="xd31e13018" title="Added by author">the </span>interfix are joined, as -</p> -<p>from “arò” (to ask), iinarò. -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>.—Present, past. They are the same as the present and past tenses indicative of the -primitive direct passive, with the addition of the prefix <i lang="war">i</i>.<span id="xd31e13028"></span> -</p> -<p><i>Future</i>.—It is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by using the prefix -<i lang="war">i</i>. As -</p> -<p lang="war" class="center">isusurát, iaaro. -</p> -<p><i>Imperative.</i>—The first form consists in prefixing to the root the particle <i lang="war">i</i>. The second form consists in affixing to the root the particle <i lang="war">an</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>. It consists in prefixing to the root the particle <i lang="war">i</i>. -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The instrumental passive is also employed to express substitution; as when we -say in English: -<span class="pageNum" id="pb78">[<a href="#pb78">78</a>]</span></p> -<p>Read this word for me: <span lang="war">ibása acó hiní ng̃a polong̃</span> (<span class="corr" id="xd31e13062" title="Corrected by author from: litteraly">literally</span>: let me be substituted by you in reading this word). -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagsuratán </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be used in writing, being used in writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">panuratán</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: isinurát: used in writing -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. isinusurát </td> -<td>(I am, etc. used in writing) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. isinusurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. <span class="corr" id="xd31e13113" title="Source: being">used in</span> writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. isinurát </td> -<td>(I was, etc. used in writing) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> etc. isinurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. used in writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. isusurát </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall etc. be, used in writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí, etc. isusurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall etc. be, used in writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>isurát or suratán acó, icao, hiya, camí, quitá, camó hira (let me, thee, you, him, -her, us, you, them be used in writing). -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. isurát </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may etc. be<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> used in writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. isurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may etc. be, used in writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="table" id="tb78.4"> -<h4 class="tableCaption">TABLE 8.</h4> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center"><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e13168" title="Corrected by author from: Progressive indirect passive">Passive Progressive Instrumental</span></i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Infinitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present and gerund: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—AN</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past participle: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IGUIN—</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Indicative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IGUIN</span>(d)—<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">IPINA</span>(d)—<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <span class="asc">IPINAN</span>(d)—<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <span class="asc">IPINANG</span>(d)—, <i>p</i>.<span class="pageNum" id="pb79">[<a href="#pb79">79</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IGUIN—</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">IPINA—, IPINAN—, IPINANG—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="asc">IG</span>(d)—, <i>s</i>: <span class="asc">IPA</span>(d)—, <span class="asc">IPAN</span>(d)—, <span class="asc">IPANG</span>(d)—, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperative</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">PAG—AN</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight"><span class="asc">IG—</span>, <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Subjunctive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom"><span class="asc">IG—</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; <span class="asc">IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—</span>, <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS: -</p> -<p>The observations made on the conjugation of the progressive direct passive are applied -to the above conjugation except in that the present, and gerund take the affix <i lang="war">an</i>, and that the past participle, the present, and past indicative, and the subjunctive, -plural, take the prefix <i lang="war">i</i>, and in that the imperative has the affix <i lang="war">an</i>, and the subjunctive singular the affix <i lang="war">on</i>, and the future, imperative, and subjunctive have a <i lang="war">g</i> after the prefix <i lang="war">i</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surat -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">pagsuratán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">panuratán</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Past participle: iguinsurát. -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. iguinsusurát. -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">camí, etc. ipinanunurát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. iguinsurát -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">camí, etc. ipinanurát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. igsusurát -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">camí, etc. ipanunurat</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb80">[<a href="#pb80">80</a>]</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>Pagsaratán or igsarát acó, icáo, hiyá. Panoratán or ipaanrát camí, quitá, camó, hirá. -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. igsurát. -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. ipaaurát.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">NEGATIVE FORMS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">These forms consist in employing the adverbs “diri” before the inflections of the -infinitive, present and future indicative, and subjunctive; “uaráy” before the past -indicative, and “ayáo” before the imperative. -</p> -<p>As to the inflections of the root, they are the same as those of the corresponding; -affirmative except the past indicative, which always takes the inflections of the -imperative. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Negative Primitive Active.</i> -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i>. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">diri pagsurát </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(not to write, not writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">diri panurat</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">diri acó, etc. násurát </td> -<td>(I do not, etc. write) -</td> -<td lang="war">diri camí, etc. násurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we do not, etc. write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">uaráy acó, etc. surát </td> -<td>(I did not, etc. write) -</td> -<td lang="war">uaráy camí, etc. surát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we did not, etc. write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">diri acó, etc. másarát </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall not, etc. write) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">diri camí, etc. másurat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall not, etc. write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p>ayáo surát icáo, quitá<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> camó (let <span class="corr" id="xd31e13485" title="Corrected by author from: you, us you">you, us</span> not write) -</p> -<p>diri sumurát hiyá, camí, hirá (let him, us, <span class="corr" id="xd31e13490" title="Corrected by author from: than">them</span> not write) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb81">[<a href="#pb81">81</a>]</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">diri acó, etc. sumurát </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may not, etc. write) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">diri camí, etc. sumurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may, etc. not write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The past consists sometimes, <span class="corr" id="xd31e13511" title="Corrected by author from: in">among the</span> primitive forms, in the root having the first syllable doubled; and <span class="corr" id="xd31e13514" title="Corrected by author from: in">among the</span> progressive forms, it consists in the prefix <i>pag</i> and the root whose first syllable is doubled. In plural, the <i>pag</i> undergoes the same changes as in the active conjugation. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">uaráy acó susurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I did not write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">uaráy acó pagsusurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I did not write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Negative Progressive Active.</i> -</p> -<p class="center">Root: surát -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">diri pagsurát </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(not to be writing<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> not<span id="xd31e13559"></span> being writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">diri panurát</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr class="center"> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellLeft">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd31e2191 cellRight">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">diri acó, etc. nagsusurát </td> -<td>(I am, etc. not writing) -</td> -<td lang="war">diri camí, etc. nanunurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. not writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">uaráy acó etc. pagsurát </td> -<td>(I was etc. not writing) -</td> -<td lang="war">uaráy camí etc. panurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we were etc. not writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">diri acó etc. magsusurát </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall etc. not be writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">diri camí, etc. manunurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall not, etc. be writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">ayao icao pagsurát </td> -<td class="cellTop">(do not be writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">ayao quitá, camo panurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(let us, you, not be writing)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">diri hiya magsurát </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(let him not be writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">diri camí, hirá manurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(let us<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> them not be writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">diri acó, etc. magsurát </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may, etc. not be writing) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">diri camí, etc. manurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may, etc. not be writing)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb82">[<a href="#pb82">82</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">INTERROGATIVE FORMS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">They are determined by the phrases “<span lang="war">cay anó</span>” (why), and by “<span lang="war">diín</span>”, “<span lang="war">háín</span>” (where), and by “<span lang="war">san-o</span>”, “<span lang="war">cacan-o</span>” (when, past and future respectively). -</p> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 lang="war" class="main">Cay ano</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The interrogative conjugation by this phrase simply consists in the regular conjugation -of the verb, placing before every inflection the said phrase followed by the particle -<i lang="war">ng̃a</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">¿cay anó ng̃a nasurat ca? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(why do you write?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">¿cay anó ng̃a sinmurát hiya? </td> -<td class="cellRight">(why did he or she write?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">¿cay anó ng̃a macadto quita? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(what shall we go there for?) etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 lang="war" class="main">Diin, hain.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The interrogative primitive formed; by these adverbs, has only two inflections: one -which consists in the original root, and which is the past tense indicative; and <span class="corr" id="xd31e13702" title="Added by author">the </span>other which consists on the same root, its first syllable being doubled; this last -form is for the present and future tenses, indicative. These three tenses are the -only tenses that this conjugation has. The adverb “<span lang="war">diín</span>” is for the present and past tenses. The adverb “<span lang="war">háin</span>” is for the future. Thus: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">¿diin acó susurat? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(<span class="corr" id="xd31e13719" title="Corrected by author from: wher">where</span> do I write?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Past: </td> -<td lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e13726" title="Not in source">¿</span>diin ca surát? </td> -<td class="cellRight">(where did you write?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">¿háin camí susurát? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(where shall we write?)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The interrogative progressive only differs from the preceding one in that the particle -<i lang="war">pag</i> precedes all of the inflections. In plural this <i lang="war">pag</i> becomes <i lang="war">pa</i>, <i lang="war">pan</i>, or <i lang="war">pang</i>, according to the same rules laid on the progressive active form.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e13756src" href="#xd31e13756">90</a> Thus: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">¿diín ca pagsusurát? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(where are you writing?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">¿háin camó panunurát? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(where will you be writing?)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb83">[<a href="#pb83">83</a>]</span></p> -<p>In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the root takes the -affix <i lang="war">a</i> in the direct passive and the affix <i lang="war">i</i> in the indirect passive, and the prefix <i lang="war">i</i> for the primitive form, or the prefix <i lang="war">ig</i> for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop">¿diín suratá?</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">¿diín suratí?, etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—Instead of the prefix <i lang="war">ig</i> or <i lang="war">i</i>, in the instrumental passive, the affix <i lang="war">an</i> is frequently employed. As -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">¿diín susuratán?</span> for <span lang="war">¿diín isusurát?</span> etc. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 lang="war" class="main">Cacan-o san-o</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">“<span lang="war">Cacan-o</span>” is placed before the past indicative; “<span lang="war">san-o</span>” is used before the future, indicative. <span class="corr" id="xd31e13823" title="Corrected by author from: There">They</span> are the only two tenses of this kind of conjugation. As to the inflections in the -primitive form, the past is simply the root, and the future is the root, whose first -two letters are doubled. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">¿cacan-o camo surat? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(when did you write?)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">¿san-o ca cácanhi? </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(when will you <span class="corr" id="xd31e13837" title="Corrected by author from: came">come</span>?)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In the progressive form the root takes the prefixes <i lang="war">pag</i> for the singular and <i lang="war">pa, pan, pang</i> in plural. -</p> -<p>In the passive, the affix <i lang="war">a</i> is used in the direct passive; the affix <i lang="war">i</i>, in the indirect passive; and the prefix <i lang="war">i</i> or <i lang="war">ig</i> in the instrumental. These prefixes are frequently replaced by the affix <i lang="war">an</i>. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop">¿cacan-o surata?</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">¿Ban-o susuratí? etc</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. The verb referred to by any adverb of time <span class="corr" id="xd31e13877" title="Corrected by author from: take">takes</span> the same form, as to the indicative, as the adverbs <i lang="war">cacan-o</i> and <i lang="war">san-o</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">buás acó cacanhi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(tomorrow I shall come)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">canina han ága acó pagsurát </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(this morning I have written)<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e13897src" href="#xd31e13897">91</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb84">[<a href="#pb84">84</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.5"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">SUPPLETORY VERBS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div4 subsubsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Irregular conjugation</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The suppletory verbs in Bisayan are those formed by the pronouns “<span lang="war">iní</span>”, “<span lang="war">adí</span>”, “<span lang="war">itó</span>”, “<span lang="war">itón</span>”, “<span lang="war">adtó</span>”, “<span lang="war">adtón</span>”; to supply the English “to be”, and those formed by the adverbs “<span lang="war">dinhi</span>”, “<span lang="war">didi</span>”, “<span lang="war">dida</span>”, “<span lang="war">dídton</span>”, <span class="corr" id="xd31e13944" title="Not in source">“</span><span lang="war">díthon</span>”, “<span lang="war">dídto</span>”, to supply the same verb “to be” and also the verbs “to come”, and “to go.” Of these -verbs we call pronominal those derived from pronouns, and adverbial those derived -form adverbs. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.5.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">PRONOMINAL FORM.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This is a defective form, as it has only one inflection which consists in doubling -the first vowel it being for the present tense, indicative mood. Ex.: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">iini acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I am here)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">aadí camí </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are here)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">iito hiya </td> -<td class="cellRight">(he or she is there)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">iiton hira </td> -<td class="cellRight">(they are there)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">aadto ca </td> -<td class="cellRight">(you are there)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">aadton camo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(you are there)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE. In same places of Leyte, as Dulag, these forms are not used but instead of them, -the pronouns are doubled as: <span lang="war">iniini, adiadi, itoito</span>, etc. -</p> -<p>In using these forms it is preferable to have the pronouns <span class="corr" id="xd31e13995" title="Corrected by author from: postponed to">follow</span> them. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.5.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e14000" title="Corrected by author from: ALVERBIAL">ADVERBIAL</span> FORM.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This conjugation is common to the adverbs <i lang="war">dínhi, didí, didto, dithon, didto.</i> -</p> -<p class="center">Root: dinhi (here) -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Present, and gerund -</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td class="cellTop">singular: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">pagdinhi </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="18" height="41"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom vam">(to be here, being here)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellBottom">plural: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">paninhi</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb85">[<a href="#pb85">85</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Indicative</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT, AND FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft center">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight center">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">acó, etc. aanhi or hahaní </td> -<td>(I am, etc. shall be, etc. here) -</td> -<td lang="war">camí, etc. aanhi or hahani </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we are, etc. shall be, etc. here)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">Imperfect past, and past.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó, etc. didinhi or nacanhi </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I was, etc. here) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">camí etc. didinhi or nacanhi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we were, etc. here)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p class="center">dinhi icao, etc. (be here, etc). -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">acó, etc. maanhi or mahani </td> -<td class="cellTop cellBottom">(I may etc. be here) -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop cellBottom">camí, etc. maanhi or mahani </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we may, etc. be here)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.6"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">OBSERVATIONS.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>Infinitive</i>.—Present and gerund. Here the particles <i lang="war">pag</i> and <i lang="war">pan</i> are employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e14099src" href="#xd31e14099">92</a>. As -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label" lang="en"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">SINGULAR </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdinhi </td> -<td class="cellRight">paninhi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdidí </td> -<td class="cellRight">panidí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdidâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">panidâ</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdidton </td> -<td class="cellRight">panidton</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagdithon </td> -<td class="cellRight">panithon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">pagdidto </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">panidto.</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Indicative</i>.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two letters of the root -with the prefix <i>a</i> doubled. As -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="en" class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">dinhi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">aanhi,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didí </td> -<td class="cellRight">aadí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">aadâ</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didton </td> -<td class="cellRight">aadton</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>dithon </td> -<td class="cellRight">aathon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">didto </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">aadto</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb86">[<a href="#pb86">86</a>]</span></p> -<p>NOTE.—The form <i lang="war">hahani</i> is the transformation of <i lang="war">aanhi</i>, where the <i>h</i> is doubled and transposed by placing <span class="corr" id="xd31e14209" title="Corrected by author from: cach">each</span> <i>h</i> <span class="corr" id="xd31e14215" title="Corrected by author from: befere">before</span> each <i>a</i>. The other pronouns have not such a form. -</p> -<p>Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the first two letters -of the root, as -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="en" class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">dinhi </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">dídinhi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didi </td> -<td class="cellRight">dídidi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">dididâ</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didton </td> -<td class="cellRight">dídidton</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>dithon </td> -<td class="cellRight">dídíthon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">didto </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">dídidto<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e14275src" href="#xd31e14275">93</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i>Imperative</i>.—It simply consists in the root. -</p> -<p><i>Subjunctive</i>.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to the root the particle <i>ma</i>; the second form consists in replacing the first two letters of the root with the -prefix <i>maa</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="en" class="cellLeft cellTop">from </td> -<td class="cellTop">dinhi, </td> -<td class="cellTop">madínhi, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">maánhi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didí. </td> -<td>madidí, </td> -<td class="cellRight">maadí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didâ, </td> -<td>madidâ </td> -<td class="cellRight">maadâ</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>didton, </td> -<td>madidton, </td> -<td class="cellRight">mandton</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>dithon, </td> -<td>madithon, </td> -<td class="cellRight">maathon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">from</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">didto, </td> -<td class="cellBottom">madidto, </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">maadto.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE—The form <i lang="war">mahani</i> is a transformation of <i lang="war">maanhi</i> like <i lang="war">hahani</i> of <i lang="war">aanhi</i>. -</p> -<p>The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated as <span class="corr" id="xd31e14373" title="Corrected by author from: ordinaryly">ordinarily</span>. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the original root, and which -we call <i>conjugational root</i>. So from the original roots -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">dinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto, -</p> -<p>we have the corresponding conjugational roots: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb87">[<a href="#pb87">87</a>]</span></p> -<p>The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from the root “canhi”, -we have: -</p> -<p>Infinitive, present and <span class="corr" id="xd31e14389" title="Corrected by author from: preseut">present</span> participle: pagcanhi (to come, coming) -</p> -<p>NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It is -</p> -<p class="example">pagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural). -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="seg">Indicative</span> </td> -<td class="cellTop">present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">acó, etc<span class="corr" id="xd31e14405" title="Not in source">.</span>, nácanhi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Indicative</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td>past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">acó, etc<span class="corr" id="xd31e14416" title="Not in source">.</span>, quinmánhi.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Indicative</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellBottom">future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">acó, etc<span class="corr" id="xd31e14427" title="Not in source">.</span>, mácanhi.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Imperative: <span lang="war">cánhi</span>, etc. -</p> -<p>Subjunctive: <span lang="war">acó, etc. cumánhi</span>. -</p> -<p>NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the irregular forms, -<i>nacanhi</i> and <i>macanhi</i> respectively, which must not be confounded with <span class="corr" id="xd31e14446" title="Added by author">the </span>present and future, indicative, as the accent of the former in past and subjunctive -is on the penult and not on the first syllable as in the present and future indicative. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">Observation.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is frequently expressed -in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by the adverbial form. -</p> -<p>But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “<span lang="es">estar</span>”, i.e., when it represents state, situation, or <span class="corr" id="xd31e14457" title="Corrected by author from: contigent">contingent</span> condition, it is then expressed by the particles <i lang="war">pag, nag, ma, na</i> added to the words which are predicate of “to be” in English. As -</p> -<p>I shall be sorry: <span lang="war">magmamabidò acó</span>. -</p> -<p>In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an independent word, the -expressions “<span lang="war">amo</span>”, “<span lang="war">asya</span>”, “<span lang="war">asáy</span>”, “<span lang="war">say</span>” (which express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) are -frequently employed. As -<span class="pageNum" id="pb88">[<a href="#pb88">88</a>]</span></p> -<p></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom vam">Peter is the owner of this house </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan leftbrace cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/lbrace4.png" alt="{" width="16" height="65"></td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a baláy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">hi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">hi Pedro asáy <span class="corr" id="xd31e14498" title="Source: tag iya">tag-iya</span>, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. As -</p> -<p class="example">God is omnipotent: <span lang="war">an Dyos macagagáhum</span>. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.7"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">IMPERSONAL VERBS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive. -</p> -<p>Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental passive, all -of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have passive voice. So the intransitive -verbs of other languages have passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to -the impersonal verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete -in their conjugation. -</p> -<p>Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of conjugation -of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular verbs. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">nagdadalogdog </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(it thunders)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">nagiinuran </td> -<td class="cellRight">(it rains persistently)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">inuuranán hirá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(the <span class="corr" id="xd31e14534" title="Corrected by author from: rains">rain</span> falls on <span class="corr" id="xd31e14537" title="Source: than; litterally">them; literally</span>: they are rained)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.8"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">DEFECTIVE VERBS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The following belong to such class: <i lang="war">may</i> (to have) which has only, one form. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">á </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(no, I do not wish)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">iyá </td> -<td class="cellRight">(receive it)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">ohò </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(look at it)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p><i lang="war">May</i> is also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, etc.”; conó (he -or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it was said) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb89">[<a href="#pb89">89</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">ambót </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(I do not know)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the root <i lang="war">may-adà</i>, whose irregular conjugation <span id="xd31e14586"></span>as follows: -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Infinitive</i> -</p> -<p>Present, and gerund: <span lang="war">pagcaada</span> or <span lang="war">pagcamay-adà</span> (to have) -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop center">PRESENT</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft center">SINGULAR -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight center">PLURAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">acó, etc. may ada or nagcacaada. </td> -<td>(I etc. have) -</td> -<td>camí, etc. may adá or nangagcacaada </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we, etc. have)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">PAST</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">acó, etc. nagcaada </td> -<td>(I, etc. had<span class="corr" id="xd31e14625" title="Not in source">)</span> -</td> -<td>camí, etc. nangagcaada </td> -<td class="cellRight">(we, etc. had)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight center">FUTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">acó etc. magcacadá </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(I shall, etc. have) -</td> -<td class="cellBottom">camí, etc. mangacacaada </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(we shall, etc. have)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Imperative</i> -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">pacaadá -</p> -<p class="center"><i>Subjunctive</i> -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">magcaadá -</p> -<p>NOTE 1. The strict meaning <span class="corr" id="xd31e14656" title="Corrected by author from: os">of</span> the form <i>may-ada</i> is “to acquire”, rather than “to have”, for which the defective <i>may</i> is used. -</p> -<p>2. The impersonal and defective <i>may</i> is very frequently joined to verbs in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. -As -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">May naquita co nga bucad</span> (I saw a flower; <span class="corr" id="xd31e14672" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: There is a flower seen by me), -</p> -<p>its regular order being: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">may bucad nga naquíta co. -</p> -<p class="example"><span lang="war">May tinagan co hin salapi</span> (I gave money to someone; <span class="corr" id="xd31e14683" title="Source: litterally">literally</span>: there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “<span lang="war">tauo nga</span>” are tacit, the regular form being: -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch2.1.4.9"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">OTHER CLASSES OF VERBS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists in their conjugational -roots. They are always <span class="pageNum" id="pb90">[<a href="#pb90">90</a>]</span>derived from the ordinary verbs, but bear different meaning, <span class="corr" id="xd31e14697" title="Source: altho">although</span> conjugated as ordinarily. -</p> -<p>The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in passive. -</p> -<p>From the original root SURAT we have the following classes: -</p> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.9.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">ACTIVE VOICE</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table" lang="war"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label center" lang="en"> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd31e14708" title="Corrected by author from: Conjngational">Conjugational</span> root </td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Indicative Present </td> -<td class="xd31e2191 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Classes</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">sinurat </td> -<td>nagsisinurat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">CONTINUATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">casurat </td> -<td>nacacasurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">cagsurat </td> -<td>nacacagsurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE POTENTIAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">isusúrat </td> -<td>náisusurat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE APTATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">ipagsusúrat </td> -<td>náipagsusurat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE APTATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagpasurát </td> -<td>nápasurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE PERMISSIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">papagsúrat </td> -<td>napapagsurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE PERMISSIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">papágsurat </td> -<td>pinasusurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">papagsurát </td> -<td>pinapagsurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE IMPERATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">susúrat </td> -<td>nasusúrat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">IMPREMEDITATIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">suratsúrat </td> -<td>nasuratsúrat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">suratsurát </td> -<td>nágsusuratsúrat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">suratsurát </td> -<td>násuratsurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE REPETITIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">suratsurát </td> -<td>nagsusuratsurát </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE REPETITIVE</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pasuratsúrat </td> -<td>nagpapasuratsurat </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RECIPROCATE -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="en" colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight">From the original root “<span lang="war">hadì</span>,” we have -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pacahádi </td> -<td>napacaháhì </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">IMITATIVE -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="en" colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight">From the original root “<span lang="war">buság</span>,” we have -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagticabusag </td> -<td>náticabusag </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">ABSOLUTE GRADUAL</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">pagticabusag </td> -<td>nagtiticabusag </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight">RELATIVE GRADUAL -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="en" colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight">From the original root “<span lang="war">sayáo</span><span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span>” we have -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">sayáo </td> -<td class="cellBottom">nagsasayáo </td> -<td lang="en" class="cellRight cellBottom">FIGURATIVE</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number of different -classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may permit. The subdivision <span class="pageNum" id="pb91">[<a href="#pb91">91</a>]</span><i>absolute</i> and <i>relative</i> of these classes corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already -explained. -</p> -<p>The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the interfix <i lang="war">in</i> and it expresses persistence of the action. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">nagtitinóoc an batà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(the child is crying persistently)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefix <i lang="war">paca</i> or <i lang="war">pacag</i> (absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part of the subject to execute -the action expressed by the original root. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí maaram </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(he cannot write, because does not know how to)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò in buhat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(he cannot write, because he is busy)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefix <i lang="war">i</i> or <i lang="war">ipag</i> (absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The absolute means -a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a mere intention; As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">náilalacat na hiyá han ac pag-abotá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(he was about to depart when I met him)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">naipagsusurat acó ha imo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I was intending to write you)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the absolute optative bears the particle <i lang="war">ca</i>, it expresses then proximate passivity, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">naicahorológ an bung̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(the fruit is about to fall)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefix <i lang="war">pagpa</i> or <i lang="war">papag</i> (absolute and relative) and it means leave <span class="corr" id="xd31e14949" title="Corrected by author from: of">or</span> abandonment. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">diri hiya napaútang hin salapí </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(he does not lend any <span class="corr" id="xd31e14958" title="Source: moneys">money</span>; <span class="corr" id="xd31e14961" title="Corrected by author from: litteraly">literally</span>: he does not permit any money to be lent)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a place, then the -idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">mapa Manila camí </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(we shall go to Manila)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">napahorón hi Juan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(John went to the farm)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb92">[<a href="#pb92">92</a>]</span></p> -<p>The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the prefix <i lang="war">papag</i> and <span class="corr" id="xd31e14985" title="Corrected by author from: the the">the</span> interfix <i lang="war">in</i>. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">pinacacadto ca </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(you are ordered to go there)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">pinapagtoón camo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(you are commanded to study)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first syllable of the original -root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate action. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">náyayácan ca lá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(you talk inconsiderately)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive noun.<a class="noteRef" id="n92.1src" href="#n92.1">94</a> As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we are cultivating a little camote)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive. -</p> -<p>The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that the accent -is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows the formation of the -figurative nouns,<a class="pseudoNoteRef" id="xd31e15028src" href="#n92.1">94</a> when the root has more than two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by -more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from the <span class="corr" id="xd31e15030" title="Corrected by author from: proceding">preceding</span> consonant. The repetitive expresses a repeated action. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I shall cultivate hemp again)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">macarocánhi acó buás </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I shall come again to-morrow)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that the <span class="corr" id="xd31e15047" title="Corrected by author from: recipocrate">reciprocate</span> uses the prefix <i lang="war">pa</i>. It means a mutual action. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">nagpapasuratsurat camí </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(we are writing to each other)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is also formed by the prefixes <i lang="war">pag</i> and <i lang="war">ig</i>, and the affix <i lang="war">an</i>. As “<span lang="war">pagquítáan</span> (to meet), <span lang="war">iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat</span>”. It has a passive character. -</p> -<p>The imitative is formed by the prefix <i lang="war">paca</i>, the same as the absolute potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object -of the imitation. As -<span class="pageNum" id="pb93">[<a href="#pb93">93</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">hiyá napacamaáram </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(he pretends to be learned)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">hiyá napacacatsilà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(he affects to be a Spaniard)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The gradual is determined by the prefix <i lang="war">pagtica</i>, and means an action by degrees. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">nagtiticapasò inin adlao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the day is becoming <span class="corr" id="xd31e15107" title="Corrected by author from: hatter">hotter</span>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">nagtiticalamrag an bulan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(the moon is becoming brighter)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the accent which -is always on the last syllable. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han caol-ol </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(he jumps as if he was dancing, on account of the pain he feels)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.9.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">DIRECT PASSIVE</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">CONTINUATIVE VERB</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: sinúrat -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: -</td> -<td class="cellTop">present and gerund: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">pagsinurata <i>s</i>; pagpinanuráta <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: -</td> -<td>Present: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guinsisinúrat <i>s</i>; guinpipinanúrat <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guinsinúrat <i>s</i>; guinpinanurat <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">pagsisinuraton <i>s</i>; pagpipinanuraton <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">pagsinuráta <i>s</i>; pagpinanuráta <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">pagsinuraton <i>s</i>; pagpinanuraton <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: hisurát -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">paghisurát <i>s</i>; panhisurát <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nahasusurát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nahasurát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mahasusurát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">(no imperative)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">mahasurát.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">RELATIVE POTENTIAL</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: hisurát -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">paghisurát <i>s</i>; panhisurát <i>p</i>.<span class="pageNum" id="pb94">[<a href="#pb94">94</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nahapapagsurát <i>s</i>; nanhihisurát <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nahapagsurát <i>s</i>; nanhisurát <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">mahapapagsurát <i>s</i>; manhihisurát <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">(no imperative)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">mahapagsurát <i>s</i>; manhisurát <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: isusurat -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">pag-isusurata <i>s</i>; pag-ipanunurata <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: -</td> -<td>Present: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guin-iisusurat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guin-isusurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">pag-iisusuraton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">pagisusurata</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">pag-isusuráton.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">RELATIVE OPTATIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: isusúrat -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">pag-ipagsusurata <i>s</i>; pag-ipanunuráta <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guin-iipagsusurat, <i>s</i>; guin-iipanunurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guin-ipagsusurat <i>s</i>; guin-ipanunurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">pag-iipagsusuráton <i>s</i>; pag-iipanunuraton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">pag-ipagsusurata</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Subjunctive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">pag-ipagsusuraton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">(The permissive verbs have no passive)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">papagsuratán <i>s</i>; papanuratán <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipinasusurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipinasurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipasusurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">ipasurát.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">ipasurát<span class="corr" id="xd31e15425" title="Source: :">.</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">RELATIVE IMPERATIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: pasurát -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">papagsuratán<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; papanuratán<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.<span class="pageNum" id="pb95">[<a href="#pb95">95</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: -</td> -<td>Present: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipinápagsurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; ipinápanurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipinapagsurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; ipinapanurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ipápagsurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; ipápanurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">ipapagsurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; ipapanurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">ipapagsurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; ipapanurát<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">IMPREMEDITATIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: susuráta -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">pagsusuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panunuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: -</td> -<td>Present: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sinususurat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: -</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">sinusurát.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future<span class="corr" id="xd31e15548" title="Source: ;">:</span> -</td> -<td class="cellRight">sususuráton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">susuráta.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: -</td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">susuráton.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">pagsuratsuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panuratsuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td class="cellRight">sinusuratsúrat,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td class="cellRight">sinuratsúrat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td class="cellRight">susuratsuraton.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">suratsurata.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: </td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">suratsuráton.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div5 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h6 class="main">RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE</h6> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Infinitive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellTop">pagsuratsuratá<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panuratsúrata<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellLeft">Indicative: </td> -<td>Present: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guinsusuratsurat<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; pinanunuratsurat<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Past: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">guinsuratsurat<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; pinanuratsurat<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Future: </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">pagsusuratsuraton<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panunuratsuratón<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imperative: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">pagsuratsuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panuratsuráta<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Subjunctive: </td> -<td lang="war" colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">pasuratsuraton<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>s</i>; panusatsuráton<span class="corr" title="Not in source">,</span> <i>p</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive) -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>(The reciprocate have no passive) -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb96">[<a href="#pb96">96</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.9.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">INDIRECT PASSIVE</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect passive (see -page 76), except in that in the continuative form the interfix <i>in</i> is used. -</p> -<p>The potential have no indirect passive. -</p> -<p>The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form (see page 73 -<i>et seq.</i>), as to the affixes. -</p> -<p>The imperative have no indirect passive. -</p> -<p>The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the primitive indirect -passive (see page 74) as to the affixes. -</p> -<p>The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the ordinary, primitive -(See page 78 <i>et seq</i>) as to the affixes. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection" id="ch2.1.4.9.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and diminutive verbs -is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and 80) as to the prefixes. -</p> -<p>The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive. -</p> -<p>NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and combinations; -but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the different forms hereinbefore -given are thoroughly mastered. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch2.1.4.10"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">DEPRECATIVE VERBS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">There are verbs used in a depreciative <span class="corr" id="xd31e15734" title="Corrected by author from: tune">tone</span>. Examples. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">for </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellTop">cáon </td> -<td class="cellTop">(to eat) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">ásoc, lámon, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war">lacát </td> -<td>(to walk) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">laág</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellBottom">yacán </td> -<td class="cellBottom">(to talk) </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">yaquimbot, etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb97">[<a href="#pb97">97</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.5" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e774">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e15775" title="Source: ADVERB">ADVERBS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The adverbs are of the following classes: -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF PLACE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">DIIN (where),—BISAN DIIN (wherever, anywhere),—DIDI (here, nearer to the speaker then -to the listener),—DINHI (here),—DIDÂ (there, nearer to the listener than to the speaker),—DIDTO -(there),—HARANI (near),—HARAYÒ (far). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF TIME</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">CACAN-O (when, past),—SAN-O (when, future),—BISAN CACAN-O (whenever, past),—BISANSAN-O -(whenever, future),—NIYÁN (now),—CANINA (before, short time ago, in the same day),—CAGAB’I -(last night),—CACOLÓP (yesterday),—CASANGAB’I (the night before last),—CASANGCOLOP -(the day before yesterday),—CASANGYADTO (the day previous to the day before yesterday),—ANAY -(before, anciently),—UNINA (after, in the same day),—BUAS (to-morrow),—ISANGBUÁS (the -day after to-morrow),—ISANGYÁDTO (the day following the day after to-morrow),—CANONAY -(always),—DAYÓ-DAY (persistently),—LAYON (soon),—DÁYON (immediately),—HADTO (then, -before),—NG̃ANÌ, CUN (when, whenever),—NAMAN (again),—LIUAT (again),—PA (yet),—NA -(already),—AGSOB (frequently),—DANAY (sometimes),—NGÁHAO (then). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF DEGREE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">CAPIN, LABIS, LAPÁS (more),—ORÓG (most),—URAÚRA (excessively),—TUMAN (a little scarcely)<span class="corr" id="xd31e15788" title="Source: ,">.</span> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ABVERBS OF MANNER</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">AMO, ASYA (so, thus),—ONAN-O (how),—MAN (also),—COLAÓNG, COLASÓT, COLANTOY (for example, -for instance). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF DOUBT</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">ADÂ, MAHAMOC, MASAGNI, MAHARANI, CADUÁS TING̃ALI, BANG̃IN, SABALI (probably, perhaps),—BAGÁ -(as). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">OO (yes),—MANGUD (indeed),—CAIYA, UGA, CAY UGÂ, GUI-HÁPON (of course). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF NEGATION</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">DIRI (no),—UARAY (no, past),—AYAO (no, future)<span class="corr" id="xd31e15804" title="Source: —">.</span> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERBS OF CAUSE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">CAY (because),—TUNG̃ÚD (because). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb98">[<a href="#pb98">98</a>]</span></p> -<p>OBSERVATIONS 1. Many adjectives and phrases are employed as adverbs, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">igbao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(above)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">niyán ng̃a adlao </td> -<td class="cellRight">(to-day)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">damò </td> -<td class="cellRight">(much)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>2. Some of the adverbs are frequently contracted, as those composed of “bisan” which -is contracted into “bis.” Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">bisan diín </td> -<td class="cellTop"><span class="seg">contracted</span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">bis diín</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">guihapon </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">contracted</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">guiháp.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>3. The adverbs have diminutive, comparative and superlative. As -</p> -<p class="example">from harani, haraníay, haroharaní, guihaharanií; etc. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.6" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e783">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e15861" title="Source: PREPOSITION">PREPOSITIONS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">HA (to, from, over, under),—TIPA (against, towards),—TUNG̃UD (for),—PATI, UPOD (<span class="corr" id="xd31e15865" title="Corrected by author from: whith">with</span>),—GAUÁS (without),—CAN (of, to),—TICANG, GUICAN (from, since),—TUBTUB (up to, till, -until),—TALIUAN (after),—LÁBUT (except). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.7" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e792">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e15870" title="Source: CONJUNCTION">CONJUNCTIONS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The conjunctions are of the following classes: -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">COPULATIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">UG, NG̃AN (and),—MAN (also),—NG̃A (that). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">DISJUNCTIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">O, CUN, <a class="noteRef" id="xd31e15880src" href="#xd31e15880">95</a> BA (or). -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">ADVERSATIVE</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">CUNDÌ (but),—SABALI, UGARING (but, though), CUN, NGANÌ (if),—BISAN (even, though),—BACAY -(as),—CUNTÀ (which bears the idea of past or future desire: it may frequently be translated -in English with the phrase: “if possible”). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb99">[<a href="#pb99">99</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">CONDITIONAL</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">CUN NG̃ANÌ, ABI,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e15911src" href="#xd31e15911">96</a> UGARING (if). -</p> -<p>CAUSAL -</p> -<p>CAY, TUNGUD, BACAY, SANGLIT, CAY (inasmuch, because). -</p> -<p>FINAL -</p> -<p>BASI (in order to),—BANGIN (lest). -</p> -<p>CONTINUATIVE -</p> -<p>TACAY (then),—BUSA (therefore),—TARA (then). -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1.8" class="div2 last-child section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e801">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e15928" title="Source: INTERJECTION">INTERJECTIONS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Admiration</span>: <span lang="war">¡a!, ¡ay!, ¡báá!, ¡abaá!, ¡baadao!, ¡abaadao! ¡pastilan!, ¡pauican!, ¡pauísac!, ¡palipac!, -ipalísac!, ¡pauiday!, ¡aguimpauican!, ¡aguimpastilan!, ¡aguimpauisac!, ¡aguimpali, -pac!, ¡aguimpalisac!, ¡aguimpauiday!, ¡pascalan!, ¡bongansiso!, !odoy!, ¡alágad!, -¡alagad dao!, ¡an ac pa!, ¡ito ngahao!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pain and sorrow</span>: <span lang="war">¡ay!, ¡ayhay!, ¡aguí!, ¡aroy!, ¡óhoy!, ¡pastilan!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Attention</span>: <span lang="war">¡óho!, ¡ohondá!, ¡tabí!, ¡oy!, ¡acay! ¡hacay!, ¡solibangco!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Insistence</span>: <span lang="war">¡gad!, ¡daó!, ¡uga!, ¡lugá!, ¡ugaring!, ¡lugaring!, ¡caiyá!, ¡pudó!, ¡haromámay!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Reprobation</span>: <span lang="war">¡diri!, ¡uaráy!, ¡ayao!, ¡hulát!, ¡bodó!, ¡buró!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surprise</span>: <span lang="war">¡ay!, ¡an!, ¡alágad!, ¡ús!, ¡balitao!, ¡bayá!</span>, etc.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e15972src" href="#xd31e15972">97</a> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pity</span>: <span lang="war">¡cairó!, ¡in tauo!, ¡pastilán!, ¡odóg!, ¡baadao!, ¡aguí!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Desire</span>: <span lang="war">¡cunta!, ¡upayda!, ¡unta!, ¡mangad pa!, ¡ihinaotpa!, ¡tubangan pa la!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Joy</span>: <span lang="war">¡ay!, ¡ahay!, ¡upayda!, ¡salamat!, ¡ta!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aversion</span>: <span lang="war">¡á!, ¡aguí!, ¡ambot!, ¡sabá!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Invitation</span>: <span lang="war">¡cadí!, ¡taná!, ¡halá!</span>, etc. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb100">[<a href="#pb100">100</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Self-correction</span>: <span lang="war">¡au!, ¡ay!, ¡sapayán!</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suspension</span>: <span lang="war">cuan.… inín.… ¡hulat!, ¡niyan!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Despair</span>: <span lang="war">¡sahó!</span>, etc. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gratitude</span>: <span lang="war">¡salamat!, ¡Dyos mag báyad!, ¡Dyos mag sugá!</span>, etc. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2017" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2017src">1</a></span> We do not write “<i lang="war">Dios</i>”, because it would be pronounced <i lang="war">Di-os</i>.—See “Vowels”, <i>supra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2017src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2070"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2070src">2</a></span> The use of <i>s</i> instead of the <i>h</i>, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns -of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, -the <i>h</i> is never used, but the <i>s</i> instead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use the <i>s</i> instead of the <i>h</i>, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous -affectation, in places where the <i>h</i> is used. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change -the aspirate sound of the <i>h</i>, or soft sound of the Spanish <i>j</i>, into <i>s</i>. So in olden times, the name <i lang="es">Juan</i> was pronounced <i>Suan</i>; <i lang="es">Jueves</i> was pronounced <i>Suebes</i>; and from the Spanish <i lang="es">jugar</i>, they made the Bisayan word <i lang="war">sugal</i>, which is still in use. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2070src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2149"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2149src">3</a></span> See “Contractions”, <i>supra</i>. As it is seen, the <i>m</i> is for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters -were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of -the Spanish letters. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2149src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2519" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2519src">4</a></span> This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and -angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending -of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund -of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation -with which the vowels <i>oa</i> are pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5) <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2519src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2602" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2602src">5</a></span> But if the primitive is <i lang="war">mapulá</i>, the diminutive will be <i lang="war">mapulapula</i>, as will be noted later. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2602src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2687"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2687src">6</a></span> In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle is <i lang="war">hi</i>, not <i lang="war">ha</i>, where it is said <i lang="war">hibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.</i> But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particle <i lang="war">ma</i> which is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal -article <i lang="war">hi</i> with which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas of <i lang="war">bobò, lipat, labà, táas</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2687src" title="Return to note 6 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2774" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2774src">7</a></span> It has also the regular form “<i lang="war">halabáay</i>”. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2774src" title="Return to note 7 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2805"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2805src">8</a></span> This is a metathesis of “<i>dacoalay</i>”, by the transposition of the liquid consonant <i>l</i>; and this <i>l</i> in “<i>dacoalay</i>” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for the <i>y</i> of “<i>dacoayay</i>”, which is the diminutive of “<i>dacoay</i>” not used. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2805src" title="Return to note 8 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2833"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2833src">9</a></span> It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “<i>gutiay<span id="xd31e2837"></span> nya durò</i>”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2833src" title="Return to note 9 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2859"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2859src">10</a></span> Transformed from <i>bobonbòbon</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2859src" title="Return to note 10 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2945"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2945src">11</a></span> We do not write <i>can-on,</i> because it is a contraction of <i>caran’on</i>, which is also contracted from <i>caraonón</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2945src" title="Return to note 11 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2956"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2956src">12</a></span> See “Comparative” and “Collective”, <i><span class="corr" id="xd31e2959" title="Corrected by author from: supra">infra</span></i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2956src" title="Return to note 12 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2987"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2987src">13</a></span> The last <i>u</i> is not a vowel properly; it should be the consonant <i>w</i>. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2987src" title="Return to note 13 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2997"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2997src">14</a></span> It also means anxiety for dancing. So from <i>isóg</i> (to enrage), it is said: “<i>daco it ac isogón</i>” (contracted from <i>irisogón</i>), my rage is great. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2997src" title="Return to note 14 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3128"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3128src">15</a></span> The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence -more emphatic. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3128src" title="Return to note 15 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3138"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3138src">16</a></span> <i>Interfix</i> is there used to designate the particle placed within a word. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3138src" title="Return to note 16 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3212"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3212src">17</a></span> Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, -this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the -eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from -the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover called <i>taclob</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3212src" title="Return to note 17 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3228"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3228src">18</a></span> It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern -coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the -present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, -from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (<i>tan-ao</i>) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The last <i>o</i> of this <i>tan-ao</i> is properly the consonat <i>w</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3228src" title="Return to note 18 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3363"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3363src">19</a></span> From <i>lolodhanan</i> from <i>lolohodanan</i>, where the <i>ó</i> is suppressed, and the <i>h</i> and <i>d</i>, transposed, for phonetical reasons. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3363src" title="Return to note 19 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3518"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3518src">20</a></span> As when we say: “<i>macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas</i>” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as -<i>“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”</i> (this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal -verbs, as will be seen later, as: “<i>macaoncáon na</i>” (I have appetite already). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3518src" title="Return to note 20 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4000"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4000src">21</a></span> I say “<i>is</i>”, because this combination <i lang="war">ng̃</i> is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be called <i lang="war">ng̃a</i>, as anciently. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4000src" title="Return to note 21 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4157" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4157src">22</a></span> This is also a verbal of <i lang="war">sapód</i> (to gather). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4157src" title="Return to note 22 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4206" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4206src">23</a></span> The particle <i lang="war">hi</i> sometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea -of “payment for”, as when from the verbs <i lang="war">budlay</i> (to tire one’s self), <i lang="war">salacáy</i>, (to embark), and the nouns <i lang="war">apóy</i> (grandfather or grandmother), <i lang="war">púsod</i> (navel), it is said: <i lang="war">himudlay</i> (any thing given as in payment of any work);—<i lang="war">hinálacay</i> (payment for passage);—<i lang="war">hingapóy</i> (a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or -her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or -grandmother of the latter);—<i lang="war">himósod</i> (present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born -child). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4206src" title="Return to note 23 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4600"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4600src">24</a></span> We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the last <i lang="war">o</i> of the first verb. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4600src" title="Return to note 24 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4789"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4789src">25</a></span> When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfix <i>r</i> is used, as <i>mag</i>bu<i>rugtò</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4789src" title="Return to note 25 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4834"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4834src">26</a></span> The second <i>u</i> must be the consonant <i>w</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4834src" title="Return to note 26 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5182" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5182src">27</a></span> This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two -syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is written <i lang="war">Diyos</i> (prouounced Di-yos), not <i>Dyos</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5182src" title="Return to note 27 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5227"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5227src">28</a></span> See “<i lang="war">Hi</i>”, under the heading “Verbal” <i>supra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5227src" title="Return to note 28 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5280" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5280src">29</a></span> See note 2 on page 20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5280src" title="Return to note 29 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5498"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5498src">30</a></span> So we say <i>dolúo-ha-Sulúg</i>, which means a medicinal plant (<i>duláo</i>) from (<i>ha</i>) Sulu (<i>Sulúg</i>). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5498src" title="Return to note 30 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5550"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5550src">31</a></span> See “<i>an, on</i>” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15 <i>supra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5550src" title="Return to note 31 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5572"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5572src">32</a></span> From <i>paladan</i>, the <i>d</i> having been solved into <i>r</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5572src" title="Return to note 32 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5653"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5653src">33</a></span> It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards -“Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated from <i>burabáron</i> (Contracted and made <i>Burauón</i>), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no -reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should -not be employed for all uses, the <i>u</i> of said word being replaced by the <i>w</i>, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5653src" title="Return to note 33 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5840"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5840src">34</a></span> This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation an <i>h</i> is used and it is made <i>maasinhanon</i> contracted <i>maasinhon</i> instead of <i>maasinánon</i> which is the regular form. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5840src" title="Return to note 34 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e5914"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e5914src">35</a></span> The natives, especially the low people pronounce <i>Mericá</i> instead of <i>America; mericano</i> instead of the Spanish “<i>americano</i>” for <i>American</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e5914src" title="Return to note 35 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6169"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6169src">36</a></span> The <span class="corr" id="xd31e6172" title="Corrected by author from: names">name</span> <i>Calyarâ</i> (native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated from <i>Cangara</i> (placed of one called <i>Garâ</i>). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the names <i>Calbigà</i> and <i>Calbáyog</i> (towns of Sámar). -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Besides the particle <i>can</i> the pronoun <i>hira</i> was probably used for similar cases. We think that the word <i>Hiraite</i> (Bisayan name of the word <i>Leyte</i>, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronoun -<i>hirá</i> and <i>Ite.</i> probably the name of the ancient owners of that place. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6169src" title="Return to note 36 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6269"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6269src">37</a></span> <i>Mano</i> and <i>mana</i> are probably a corruption of the Spanish “<i>hermano</i>,” “<i>hermana</i>.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6269src" title="Return to note 37 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6352"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6352src">38</a></span> See page 12 <i>et seq.</i> of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6352src" title="Return to note 38 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6494" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6494src">39</a></span> The word <i lang="war">capin sogóng, uraura,</i> in some localities are replaced by the Spanish word <i>duro</i> (hard). So they say “<i lang="war">duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,</i> or <i lang="war">maopay hin duro</i> (very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding -in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when -they are expressive, pure and original. The preposition <i lang="war">cundí</i> (but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanish <i lang="es">pero</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6494src" title="Return to note 39 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6523" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6523src">40</a></span> Instead of <i lang="war">uraura</i>, the word <i lang="war">masiado</i>, a corruption of the Spanish <i lang="es">demasiado</i>, is much in use. Read the preceeding note. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6523src" title="Return to note 40 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6660"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6660src">41</a></span> It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable, <i lang="war">masiromstróm</i>, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the -accent is upon the pennit, <i lang="war">masiromsírom</i>. The meaning is different in the phrases <i lang="war">masiromsírom pa</i>, and <i lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e6672" title="Source: masiromsírom">masiromsiróm</span> pa</i>; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6660src" title="Return to note 41 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6828"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6828src">42</a></span> The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was -the decimal. So <i>napulo</i> is a compound word from <i>na</i> (made) and <i>pulò</i> (pile, island). <i>Napulo</i> means “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6828src" title="Return to note 42 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6845"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6845src">43</a></span> This word <i>cag</i> (and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte where <i>ngan, ug</i> are employed for the said conjunction. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">In the southern part of Leyte it is said: <i>napala ug osá</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6845src" title="Return to note 43 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6863"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6863src">44</a></span> A collective noun formed by the prefix <i>ca</i> and the primitive <i>duha</i> whose <i>d</i> is transformed into <i>r</i>, and by the affix <i>an</i>. It means the reunion of two piles. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6863src" title="Return to note 44 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e6932"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e6932src">45</a></span> There seems to be no doubt that this word <i>ribo</i> has the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: -while the Bisayan <i>libo</i> means <i>ten thousand</i>, the Tagalog <i lang="tl">libo</i> means only <i>one thousand</i>. To express <i>ten thousand</i>, the Tagalogs have the word <i lang="tl">lacsá</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e6932src" title="Return to note 45 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7256"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7256src">46</a></span> This word may have been derived from <i>lagtuc</i> which means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7256src" title="Return to note 46 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7263"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7263src">47</a></span> An <span class="corr" id="xd31e7265" title="Corrected by author from: onomatopic">onomatopoetic</span> word bearing the idea of <span class="corr" id="xd31e7268" title="Corrected by author from: parvity">littleness</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7263src" title="Return to note 47 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7300"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7300src">48</a></span> An <span class="corr" id="xd31e7302" title="Corrected by author from: onomatopic">onomatopoetic</span> word meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7300src" title="Return to note 48 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7312"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7312src">49</a></span> As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; of <i lang="war">lacat</i> (to walk) <i lang="war">laag</i>; of <i lang="war">yacán</i> (to talk), <i lang="war">yaquimbot</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7312src" title="Return to note 49 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7415" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7415src">50</a></span> See page 31 of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7415src" title="Return to note 50 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7450" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7450src">51</a></span> These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31. -<i>supra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7450src" title="Return to note 51 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7460" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7460src">52</a></span> We also believe that these nouns are Spanish. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7460src" title="Return to note 52 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7473"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7473src">53</a></span> See “Collective,” <i>supra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7473src" title="Return to note 53 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e7670" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e7670src">54</a></span> This is the origin of “<span lang="war">Borong̃an</span>” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that -during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e7670src" title="Return to note 54 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8356"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8356src">55</a></span> See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8356src" title="Return to note 55 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8359"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8359src">56</a></span> See “Rule”, page 3 of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8359src" title="Return to note 56 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8527"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8527src">57</a></span> However, the correct and proper form is the first, <i lang="war">Panalaron</i>, a verbal derived from <i lang="war">panalad</i> a plural infinitive of the verb <i lang="war">pagsálad</i> which means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name -from the fact that, anciently, the people used <i>to sound (<span lang="war">panálad</span>)</i> in such place which was then covered by the sea. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8527src" title="Return to note 57 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8671"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8671src">58</a></span> <i lang="war">Quita</i> means “we”, the listener included; <i lang="war">camí</i> means “we”, the listener excluded. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8671src" title="Return to note 58 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8681"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8681src">59</a></span> Only used after the verb. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8681src" title="Return to note 59 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8696"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8696src">60</a></span> <i lang="war">Hiyá</i> and <i lang="war">siyá</i> are the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said about <i lang="war">hirá</i> and <i lang="war">sirá</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8696src" title="Return to note 60 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8739" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8739src">61</a></span> Contracted from <i lang="war">ni</i> (of) and <i lang="war">ácon</i> (mine). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8739src" title="Return to note 61 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8755" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8755src">62</a></span> Contracted from <i lang="war">da</i> and <i lang="war">ácon</i>. This particle <i>da</i> is used in some places as equivalent to the preposition <i lang="war">ha</i> or the contraction <i>han</i>. So in Carigata, Leyte, they say <i>dahani</i> (at old times), instead of <i lang="war">hanhaní</i> used in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The forms <i lang="war">damon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dira</i> have the same explanation. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8755src" title="Return to note 62 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e8792" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e8792src">63</a></span> <i lang="war">Quita</i> is frequently used for “acó”, as when we say <i lang="war">tagui quitá hin salapî</i>, (give me money), instead of <i lang="war">tagui aco hin salapî.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e8792src" title="Return to note 63 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e9312"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e9312src">64</a></span> See “Personal pronouns” page 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e9312src" title="Return to note 64 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e9493" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e9493src">65</a></span> See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, because <i lang="war">hin’o, sin’o</i> are contracted from <i lang="war">hi ano</i> and <i lang="war">si ano</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e9493src" title="Return to note 65 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e9597" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e9597src">66</a></span> However in this form in which the substantive <span class="corr" id="xd31e9599" title="Corrected by author from: preceds the adjetive">precedes the adjective</span> the suppression of <i>ng̃a</i> is <span class="corr" id="xd31e9604" title="Corrected by author from: permisible">permissible</span> in poetry. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e9597src" title="Return to note 66 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e9631" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e9631src">67</a></span> This is another irregularity of the pronoun <i lang="war">quita</i>. Here it is equivalent to <i lang="war">nimo</i>; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase, <i lang="war">naton</i> being the special pronoun for the same. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e9631src" title="Return to note 67 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e10456" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e10456src">68</a></span> In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounced <i lang="war">didínhi</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e10456src" title="Return to note 68 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e10482"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e10482src">69</a></span> See “Other classes of verbs”, <i>infra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e10482src" title="Return to note 69 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e10853"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e10853src">70</a></span> See “<span class="corr" id="xd31e10855" title="Corrected by author from: Potencial">Potential</span> Form”, <i>infra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e10853src" title="Return to note 70 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e10906"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e10906src">71</a></span> In Basay, Sámar the <i lang="war">m</i> is frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. -So they say there: <i lang="war">sínurat, ínabot</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e10906src" title="Return to note 71 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="n64.1" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#n64.1src">72</a></span> This form is taken from the <span class="corr" id="xd31e11153" title="Corrected by author from: snbjunctive">subjunctive</span>, as in the Spanish language. <span class="fnarrow">↑ </span><a class="fnreturn" href="#n64.1src" title="Return to note 72(a) in text.">a</a> <a class="fnreturn" href="#xd31e11162src" title="Return to note 72(b) in text.">b</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="n65.1"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#n65.1src">73</a></span> In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are -always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account -of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places: <i lang="war">nágsurat</i> instead of <i lang="war">nagsúsurat</i>. <span class="fnarrow">↑ </span><a class="fnreturn" href="#n65.1src" title="Return to note 73(a) in text.">a</a> <a class="fnreturn" href="#xd31e11351src" title="Return to note 73(b) in text.">b</a> <a class="fnreturn" href="#xd31e11407src" title="Return to note 73(c) in text.">c</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e11478"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e11478src">74</a></span> See the note on page 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e11478src" title="Return to note 74 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e11872" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e11872src">75</a></span> See the note on page 63. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e11872src" title="Return to note 75 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12203"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12203src">76</a></span> See page 65 <i>et. seq</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12203src" title="Return to note 76 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12216"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12216src">77</a></span> It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12216src" title="Return to note 77 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12227"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12227src">78</a></span> See page 64 <i>et seq</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12227src" title="Return to note 78 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12239"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12239src">79</a></span> It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12239src" title="Return to note 79 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12258"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12258src">80</a></span> See page 61. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12258src" title="Return to note 80 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12271"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12271src">81</a></span> See page 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12271src" title="Return to note 81 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12289"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12289src">82</a></span> See page 68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12289src" title="Return to note 82 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12486"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12486src">83</a></span> See page 62 <i>et seq</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12486src" title="Return to note 83 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12502"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12502src">84</a></span> See page 68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12502src" title="Return to note 84 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12530"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12530src">85</a></span> See page 69. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12530src" title="Return to note 85 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12561"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12561src">86</a></span> The translation made in those conjugations is <span class="corr" id="xd31e12563" title="Source: litteral">literal</span>. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12561src" title="Return to note 86 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12798"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12798src">87</a></span> See note on page 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12798src" title="Return to note 87 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12807"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12807src">88</a></span> See page 70 <i>et seq</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12807src" title="Return to note 88 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e12819"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e12819src">89</a></span> See page 71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e12819src" title="Return to note 89 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e13756"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e13756src">90</a></span> Page 61 of this book. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e13756src" title="Return to note 90 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e13897"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e13897src">91</a></span> The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is said -<i lang="tl">susulat aco</i> (I shall write), <i lang="tl">bucas aco susulat</i> (tomorrow I shall write). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e13897src" title="Return to note 91 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e14099"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e14099src">92</a></span> See page 61. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e14099src" title="Return to note 92 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e14275" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e14275src">93</a></span> In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it -is said: <i lang="war">dididâ</i>, etc. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e14275src" title="Return to note 93 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="n92.1"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#n92.1src">94</a></span> See the page 10. <span class="fnarrow">↑ </span><a class="fnreturn" href="#n92.1src" title="Return to note 94(a) in text.">a</a> <a class="fnreturn" href="#xd31e15028src" title="Return to note 94(b) in text.">b</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e15880"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e15880src">95</a></span> This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctive <i>or</i>. The English <i>or</i> and the Spanish <i>o</i> <span class="corr" id="xd31e15888" title="Source: become">are</span> difficult to <span class="corr" id="xd31e15891" title="Source: be translated">translate</span> into Bisayan with <i>cun</i>. For this reason the Spanish <i>o</i> is frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the English <i>or</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e15880src" title="Return to note 95 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e15911"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e15911src">96</a></span> It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example: <span id="xd31e15913"></span><span lang="war">nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”, <i>abi</i> tapa: “bayari acó”</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e15911src" title="Return to note 96 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e15972" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e15972src">97</a></span> There is another, viz: <i lang="war">susmaryosep</i> or <i lang="war">susmarosèp</i> the corrupted Spanish “<span lang="es">Jesús, María y José</span>”. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e15972src" title="Return to note 97 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt3" class="div0 last-child part"> -<h2 class="main">SYNTAX</h2> -<div id="ch3.1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e818">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">SUBJECTIVE RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a -verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="sc">An Dyos</span> macagagáhum </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(God is omnipotent)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><span class="sc">Acó</span> nagsusurát </td> -<td class="cellRight">(I write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft"><span class="sc">An paguaon</span> maopay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(The meal is good; <span class="corr" id="xd31e16077" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: the eating is good)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="sc">An guinquiquinauanglan ta</span> ámo an pag-orosa </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(what we need is union).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e826">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">PREDICATIVE RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">panurát quitá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(let us write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">magsurát hiyá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(let him or her write)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e834">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives, <span class="corr" id="xd31e16108" title="Corrected by author from: demonstratives">demonstrative</span> pronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, -relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. -As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">batá ng̃a sorogóon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the young servant; <span class="corr" id="xd31e16117" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: the boy servant)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">an sangcay ng̃a macpay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(the good friend)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">iní ng̃a baláy </td> -<td class="cellRight">(this house)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">an acon amáy </td> -<td class="cellRight">(my father)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">hinigugma nga iróy </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(loved mother)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb101">[<a href="#pb101">101</a>]</span></p> -<p>NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, -the particle <i>ng̃a</i> is not employed. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">adton Pedro </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(the late Peter)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The -articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page -9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the -vocative case. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">an lang̃it </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the heaven, or the sky)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">hi Eudong </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(Peter)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before -the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed -before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the -personal pronouns, except the third person. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">an Dyos </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(God)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">an iní ng̃a batà </td> -<td class="cellRight">(this boy)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">an amon búngto </td> -<td class="cellRight">(our town)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">macanhi in acon sangcay </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a friend of mine will come)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">hi camó ng̃an hi acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(you and I)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e842">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">COMPLEMENTARY RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding -article, or by a preposition. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">hi Pedro nagbabasa <i>han</i> surat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(Peter reads the letter)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">hirá nang̃atúrog <i>ha</i> sacayán </td> -<td class="cellRight">(they sleep on the boat)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">hi Tomás naruruyag <i>hin</i> pagcanhi </td> -<td class="cellRight">(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">mácadto acó <i>ha</i> Abúyog </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(I shall go to Abuyog).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The object of the verb <i>to be</i> is in the nominative case. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">an imo bahín, amo iní </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(your part is this)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">an táuo mamarátyon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(the man is mortal)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb102">[<a href="#pb102">102</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e850">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">ADVERBIAL RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. -As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">“dánay” acó cumádto </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I go there sometimes)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(If I read, he reads also).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the -said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” -(seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” -(also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” -(on the contrary), etc. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e858">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">REPRESENTATIVE RELATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative -pronoun <i lang="war">nga</i>, which is invariable. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">an batá nga tinmauag ha acon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(the boy who called me)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(the boys who called me)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relative <i>nga</i> never refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, -where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where -consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan -in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e16287src" href="#xd31e16287">1</a> Thus, if we wish to say -</p> -<p class="example">the boy whom I called -</p> -<p>we <span class="corr" id="xd31e16302" title="Corrected by author from: thould">should</span> say -</p> -<p lang="war" class="example">an bata ng̃a tinauag co -</p> -<p>which <span class="corr" id="xd31e16309" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span> is: the boy who was called by me. -</p> -<p>The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with -their antecedents or the word <span class="pageNum" id="pb103">[<a href="#pb103">103</a>]</span>or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns -have no gender. -</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e16287"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e16287src">1</a></span> The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance -of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more -expressive to say: <i>hinihigugma co icao</i> (<span class="corr" id="xd31e16291" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span>: <i>you are loved by me</i>) than to say: <i>nahigugma aco ha imo.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e16287src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.7" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e866">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CONNECTIVE RELATIONS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other -word. They place in the objective case the word that depends on <span class="corr" id="xd31e16320" title="Source: then">them</span>. -</p> -<p>The most important preposition in, Bisayan is <i lang="war">ha</i>, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">He saw me—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">hiyá quinmitá <i>ha</i> acon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">He wrote to me—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">hiyá nagsurát <i>ha</i> acon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">I come to Tacloban—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">nacanhi acó <i>ha</i> Tacloban</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">I come from Palo—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">ticang acó <i>ha</i> Palô</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">I pass by your house—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">linmabáy acó <i>ha</i> iyo baláy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">He is in the room—</td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">aadto niyá <i>ha</i> solód</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.8" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e874">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections. -</p> -<p>Vocatives, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(Peter, he <span class="corr" id="xd31e16386" title="Corrected by author from: sad">said</span>, come, please)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Interjection, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(oh!, have pity of me)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverb -<i>man</i>, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">naabot camí, natutunod man an adlao -</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(when we arrived, the sun set; <span class="corr" id="xd31e16409" title="Corrected by author from: litterally">literally</span><span class="corr" id="xd31e16411" title="Source: ;">:</span> we arrived, the sun also set).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.9" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e882">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">SYNTAX OF VERBS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(to learn well is the duty of a boy).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The gerund expresses the idea of past when <span class="corr" id="xd31e16428" title="Corrected by author from: preceeded">preceded</span> by the particle <i>han</i>, contraction of the preposition <i>ha</i> and the article <i>an</i>, as -<span class="pageNum" id="pb104">[<a href="#pb104">104</a>]</span> -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(when the sun raised, I was already awake).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">binilangò ng̃a táuo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(prisoner; <span class="corr" id="xd31e16455" title="Source: litterally">literally</span>: an imprisoned man)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinary <span class="corr" id="xd31e16461" title="Corrected by author from: used">use</span>, its present is frequently employed with the particle <i>cuntà</i>, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom">(If you had not come, I would have gone)</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed -with the conjunctions <i>ng̃a</i> (thato), <i>cun, ng̃anì</i> (if), <i>cuntà</i> (if possible). -</p> -<p><i>Ng̃a</i> and <i>cun</i> always precede the verb; <i>ng̃anì</i> and <i>cunta</i> when used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e16496src" href="#xd31e16496">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight">(If <span class="corr" id="xd31e16528" title="Corrected by author from: Jonh">John</span> passes by, call him)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">lumabáy cuntà hi Juan </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">(God grant that John passes).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives -and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. As -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao </td> -<td class="cellRight">(a strong dragger carabao)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb105">[<a href="#pb105">105</a>]</span></p> -<div id="ch3.10" class="div2 last-child section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e892">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the -beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">maópay ng̃a táuo </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">(good man)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">nagsusurát acó </td> -<td class="cellRight">(I write)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">etc.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e16496"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e16496src">1</a></span> In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting -in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which -is an exact Latin syntax, as -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="nestedTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">he wishes </td> -<td class="cellTop">me </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">to come</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Ille vult </td> -<td class="cellBottom">me </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">venire</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Such sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunction <i>ng̃a</i>, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thus -</p> -<p lang="war" class="footnote cont">caruyag niya <i>ng̃a</i> acó camánhi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e16496src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.11" class="div1 last-child chapter"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e900">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div id="ch3.11.1" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e910">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd31e16582" title="Source: BARBARISM">BARBARISMS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is the <i>Barbarism</i>. -</p> -<p>It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.11.2" class="div2 last-child section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e918">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">FOREIGN WORDS</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations -and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, -but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity -of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no corresponding<span class="corr" id="xd31e16593" title="Added by author"> word</span> in Bisayan. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb106">[<a href="#pb106">106</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch3.11.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch3.11.3.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">Spanish words</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Abierto, abre (open) </td> -<td class="cellTop">for </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">Binucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Adorno (<span class="corr" id="xd31e16613" title="Corrected by author from: adonment">adornment</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dayan, rayandayan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Agua (used to mean perfume) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Talamhot</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Aguanta (wait suffer) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Ílob, hulát</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Alisto (from <i>listo</i>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Andam</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Amigo (friend) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sángcay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Apique (close) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sóoc</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Apura, apurado (hurry) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dagmit, cadagmitan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Atrever, atrevido (bold) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paggahúm, gamhánan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Aver (for “give me”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Icadí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Aver pa (God grant) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mangad pa</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Bajado, Bajar (low) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Habobó, obós</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Bancó (bench) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pongcóan, lincoran, pápag</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Bando (edict) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pahamatngon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Batido (for “experienced”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lasgud, hiara</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Bote (for boat) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sacayan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cada usá (each one) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tágsa</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Calabozo (jail) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bilangóan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Calculo (calculus) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Igoigo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Calle (street) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dalan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Campana (bell) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Linganay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Canta (sing) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Laygay, laylay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cantodes (from “cantores”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paralaygay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Carcel (jail) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bi1angóan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cargo (for “debt”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Útang</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Carne (flesh <span class="corr" id="xd31e16836" title="Corrected by author from: meet">meat</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Unód</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Capaz (able) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sadang, angay, tacús</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Castigo (punishment) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Siroc</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cocina (kitchen) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lotoán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Coger </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagdacóp pacasacób</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Colá (from “colar”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bacá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Color (color) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tina, samay, culay<span class="pageNum" id="pb107">[<a href="#pb107">107</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Comósta (from “como está” how are you) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Matiónan-o ca</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Común (common) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Casahirác</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Convida (invite) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Áabiabi, sabi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Contra (against) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tipa, patoe, caauay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cortina (curtain) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Biráy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cuarta (money) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Salapí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cuarto (room) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Solód</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cuerdas (strings) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dolós</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cuello (collar) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Balióg</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Cuenta (account) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Iháp, ísip</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">De balde (<span class="corr" id="xd31e16994" title="Corrected by author from: mousefully">unusefully</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cáuaug</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">De buenas (fortunate) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paláran</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Decir (for “ask”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Siring hingyap</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd31e17024" title="Corrected by author from: Deefcto">Defecto</span> (defect) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Casaquihán, carát’an</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">De malas (<span class="corr" id="xd31e17036" title="Corrected by author from: unfurtunate">unfortunate</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Uaráy palad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Derecho (right) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃an</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Descanso (rest) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pahúuay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Despedida (farewell) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Panamilit</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Dibujo (<span class="corr" id="xd31e17075" title="Corrected by author from: drowing">drawing</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Badlis, Baguis</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Diferencia (difference) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Guincalainan, guicaíbban</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Dilatar (for delay) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pag-uláng, pagpahalawig</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Disgusto (unlikeness) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cangalas</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Dispensa (excuse) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pasaylo, paguará</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Diversion (amusement) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Caliáuan, liáoliáo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Dulce (sweet candy) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Matam’is</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Empezar (to commence) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagticáng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Entra (for “to make love”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pangasáua</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Entremés (joke) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tíao</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Escuela (school) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Liborán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Espejo (glass) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Salamíng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Esquina (corner) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Casóngnan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Estampa (image) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Ladáuan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Fino (fine) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Gamay, pilí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Firme (for always) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Agsub, ónob</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Fuerza (strength) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cusóg</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Fuerte (strong) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Macusóg, mabácod</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Fusil (gun) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lutbang<span class="pageNum" id="pb108">[<a href="#pb108">108</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Ganancia (gain) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Polós, tubo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Gracia (grace, favor) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Parábul</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Gratis (used for “payment”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Himúdlay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Gusto (wish) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Caruyag</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Hasta (until) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tubtub, ngadá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Hechura (shape) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Daguay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Interes (interest) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Guinsisiring, guinlalánat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Jardin (garden) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tanáman</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">La mesa (table) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dulang</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Latigo (whip) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Latós</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Lavá (from “lavar”, to wash) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Búnac</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Lavandero, a (launderer, laundress) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Magburunác</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Licencia, pag (to take leave) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sárit, panamilit</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Limós (from “limosna”, alms) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Calóoy, hatag</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Limpio (clean) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mahínis</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Lóa (praise) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dáyao</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Lugar (for “near” or “almost”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dapit, ma</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Macetas (flower-pot) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tinanóm, taranman</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Maestro (teacher) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Magtorótdo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Manteca (<span class="corr" id="xd31e17425" title="Corrected by author from: bulter">butter</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pinahagas</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Mantel (tablecloth) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Basnig ha dulang</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Mantilla (mantilla) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Taóng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Masiado (from “demasiado”, too) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Uraura</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Masque (from “por más que”, although) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bisan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Medio (half) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Catunga, bagá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Mismo (self-same) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Ngábao, gud</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Muchacho (for servant) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Surogóon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Número (number) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Iháp</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">O bien (or) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">O cun, ó, lugúd</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Oración (prayer) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pangadye, paugamuyo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Orden (order) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sugo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pabyon (from “pabellón”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Biráy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Paciencia (patience) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pag-ilub</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pago (for “debt”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Utang<span class="pageNum" id="pb109">[<a href="#pb109">109</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mag-oróna</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Paño (cloth) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Panapton, pudóng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pañolito (handkerchief) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Modongpódong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Para (for, halt) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróoc</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Parecer (opinion) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sagbang</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Parejo (equal) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sáma, sandag</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Paseada (from “paseo”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lacatlácat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Peligro (danger) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cataragman</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pensar (for talent) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Talíno</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Perdona (from “perdonar”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pasaylo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pero (but) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cundi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pertina (for “pretina”, waistband) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Háuac</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pierde (from “perder” to <span class="corr" id="xd31e17674" title="Corrected by author from: lost">lose</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lupig, nara</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pintar (to paint) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dum-it, díhog</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pintura (paint) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Idirihóg</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Plato (plate) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pingan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Platito (a little dish) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lampay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pliegues (plaits) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lopi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pobre (poor) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cablas</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Polvo (powder) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bócboc</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Posta (from “apuesta” <span class="corr" id="xd31e17750" title="Corrected by author from: bit">bet</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Butáng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Precio (price) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pulít</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Preparar (to prepare) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pag-andam, pagtíma</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Preso (<span class="corr" id="xd31e17780" title="Source: prissones">prisoner</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Binilangá.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Probar (to <span class="corr" id="xd31e17792" title="Corrected by author from: laste">taste</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tilao, sari</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Propecto (from “perfecto,” perfect) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Guinóod</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Prueba (proof, evidence) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paacamatóod</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Principal (chief, capital) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Labáo, pohonan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Provecho (profit) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Polós</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Puerta (door) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Ganghaán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Pulido (neat) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Hag-id, mahamis</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Puro (pure) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhid</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Queja (complaint) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sumbong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Querido (dear) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Hinigugma, pinalanga</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Que ver (for “to do”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Láhot<span class="pageNum" id="pb110">[<a href="#pb110">110</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Quinolá (from colar) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bináchan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Rabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Latob, latos</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Recibi (from “recibir”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Carauat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Reclamo (claim) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paglánat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Redondo (round) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lipóron, malídong</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Regalo (present) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Higugma, hatag, bucad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Regular (regular) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Igó, socol</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Relo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Orasán<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e17966src" href="#xd31e17966">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Remo (oar) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Gaód</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Renuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagdiri, pagdiuara</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Reventa (from “reventar” to explode) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagbotó</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Rico (rich) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mangáran</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Rugal (from “lugar”, spot) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Caraanan, tuna, umá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Saco (sack) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Sopót</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sadá (from “cierra”, close) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Locób</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sala (hall) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Ruáng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Saya (skirt) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tampí, Talapí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Seguro (for “probably”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mahámoe, angay la</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Señor (Sir, Mister) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Guinoo</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sirve (from “servir” to serve) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagmangno pag-ágad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Suerte (for “talk”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Himangrao</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sustento (<span class="corr" id="xd31e18094" title="Corrected by author from: maintanence">maintenance</span>) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhian</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tabla (board) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bugha</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tachar (for “contempt”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Yúbit, támay</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Taza (cup) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Yahóng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tiempo (time) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Adlao, túig</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tienda (merchandise, store) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Baligya, baligyáan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tieso (stiff) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Dángag, tadóng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tocar (to play) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Pagtonóg</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tocador (for glass) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Salamíng</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tonto (fool) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lórong, palinqui, pádlas</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Trabajo (work) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Buhat<span class="pageNum" id="pb111">[<a href="#pb111">111</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tranea (cross-bar) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Síol, Balabág</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tumba (to tumble) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Púcan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Vacio (empty) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lungág</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Ventana (window) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Tambóan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Verde (green) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Saguindáhon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Vicio (vice) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Casaquihán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Virtud (for “power”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Gahúm</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Zurce (for “zurcir” to darn) </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">Pagtábing,</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>And many others. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 subsubsection" id="ch3.11.3.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">CHINESE<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e18274src" href="#xd31e18274">2</a> WORDS</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Bochang (for sow) </td> -<td class="cellTop">for </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">Cablas</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Buísit (unfortunate) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Uaray pálad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Camsya (for “thank”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Salámat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Gonggong (foolish) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">Uaray salabótan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Lamloc (<span class="corr" id="xd31e18325" title="Corrected by author from: deer, for">dear,</span> fat) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Matamboc</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Laotuy (old) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Lagás, gurang</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Syâ (for eat) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Cáon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sinqui (new) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Bag-o</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Tampuâ (excess, present) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Táuad, labis</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Uchang (rich) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Mangáran</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Uísit (fortunate) </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">Paláran.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>and some others. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div4 last-child subsubsection" id="ch3.11.3.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h5 class="main">ENGLISH WORDS</h5> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Haló (halloo) </td> -<td class="cellTop">for </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellTop">Ohó</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Miting (“meeting”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Catirócan</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Háyc (“hike”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Paglacát, sódoy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Moning (for “money”) </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight">Salapí</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Sausau (<span class="corr" id="xd31e18432" title="Corrected by author from: chaw-chaw">chow-chow</span>) </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td lang="war" class="cellRight cellBottom">Pagcáon, caraonón</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>And others<span class="corr" id="xd31e18444" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -<p>NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear <span class="corr" id="xd31e18448" title="Not in source">“</span>¿háin an ac <i>dyografi</i> (geography), an ac <i>arismitic</i> (arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca ha <i>fif</i> (fifth) <i>greyd</i> (grade)?” “maaram na acó <i>mag espeling</i> (spelling)”—Why <span class="corr" id="xd31e18461" title="Source: do not they">do they not</span> talk in English? -<span class="pageNum" id="pb112">[<a href="#pb112">112</a>]</span></p> -<p>OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we -do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects -of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino -language. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="ch3.11.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “<span lang="war">maoroopay iní <span class="asc">QUE</span> hitón</span>”, (this is better than that). The use of the <span class="asc" lang="es">QUE</span> (which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, -as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more -purity and correctness: “<span lang="war">maooropáy iní hitón</span>”. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="ch3.11.5"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYAN</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather -then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported -from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding -words are lost in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, -Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. -We not only do not criticize <span class="corr" id="xd31e18487" title="Source: súch">such</span> adoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it -will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic -expressions. -</p> -<p>Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted: -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dyos</span> (from the Spanish <span class="sc">Dios</span>). It is true that we have the Tagálog <span class="sc">Bathala</span> which refers to the omnipotency, and the Bisayan <span class="sc">Laón</span> which refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the word <span class="sc">Dyos</span> derived from the Latin <i lang="la">Deus</i>, from the Greek <i>Zeus</i> which means <i>Divinite, Supreme <span class="corr" id="xd31e18515" title="Source: Begin">Being</span></i>, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes -of God, we think that the said <span class="pageNum" id="pb113">[<a href="#pb113">113</a>]</span>word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of -our dialect. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Oras</span> (from the Spanish <span class="sc">hora</span> “hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known -in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use of <span class="sc">reloj</span>, with the derivative <span class="sc">orasan</span> already used. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bapor</span> (from the Spanish “vapor” <span class="corr" id="xd31e18537" title="Source: steambot">steamboat</span>). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We have <span class="sc" lang="war">sacayán</span> (boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.” -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Papel</span> (from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must -be written in Bisayan form, as: <span class="sc">LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, -ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arorú</span> (from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb115">[<a href="#pb115">115</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e17966" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e17966src">1</a></span> See “Foreign words <span class="corr" id="xd31e17968" title="Source: necssarrily">necessarily</span> adopted in Bisayan”, <i>infra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e17966src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e18274"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e18274src">2</a></span> We do not refer to those <span class="corr" id="xd31e18276" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> words imported to Philippines with <span class="corr" id="xd31e18279" title="Source: chinese">Chinese</span> <span class="corr" id="xd31e18282" title="Corrected by author from: object">objects</span>. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular -expressions, either are lost, or never existed. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e18274src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div id="appendix" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e977">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">APPENDIX</h2> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb117">[<a href="#pb117">117</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div id="app1" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e982">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="app1.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">FIGURES OF SPEECH</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>Simile.</i> This figure is one of the most used in Bisayan, even in ordinary conversations. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">1.</span> Bagá an násirong ng̃a dila.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Applied to a person or thing intended to be kept out of the rain, but which becomes -wet, like the tongue (dila) which is always wet in the mouth. -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">2.</span> Canogon pa dao la—san imo catindog -</p> -<p class="line">maópay si báyhon—maráot an bántog -</p> -<p class="line">igpapananglit co—bayábas ng̃a hinóg, -</p> -<p class="line">maópay an panit—olóron an onód</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song,) -</p> -<p>Where the resemblance is between “maopay si bayhon” and “maopay an panit”, and also -between “maráot an bantog” and “olóron an onód”. -</p> -<p><i>Metaphor.</i> It is also used, especially in poetry. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">1.</span> Cáhoy ca ng̃a linauáan -</p> -<p class="line">sa búquid nanauantáuan -</p> -<p class="line">cun canan Dyos ca pagbut-an -</p> -<p class="line">matopóng sa ulasiman.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p>Applied to one who is in a high position in life, like “cahoy ng̃a linauáan”, the -“lauáan” tree being one of the tallest trees. -</p> -<p><i>Allegory.</i> It is also found in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Ugá ng̃a cáhoy si láuas, -</p> -<p class="line">patáy na, layâ si dáhon -<span class="pageNum" id="pb118">[<a href="#pb118">118</a>]</span></p> -<p class="line">nanaringsing sin casáquit -</p> -<p class="line">namúng̃a sin camatáyon</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p>Here the life or body (láuas) is called a dry tree (ugá ng̃a cáhoy), already dead -(patáy na), whose leaves are withered (laya si dahon), and which sprouted sorrow (nanaringsing -sin casáquit), and gave as fruit, the death (namúng̃a sin camatáyon). -</p> -<p><i>Personification</i>. One of the most frequent cases of personification in Bisayan is that consisting -in applying to things and objects the personal article <i>si</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Nagtitinang̃is <i>si</i> tucmo -</p> -<p class="line">cay tiarábut an bagyo.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p>Where the turtle-dove, (tucmo) is personifed by <i>si</i>. The expression would lose much of its charm if the article <i>an</i> is employed instead of <i>si</i>. -</p> -<p><i>Antithesis</i>. We have this figure in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Canógon pa dao la—san imo catindog -</p> -<p class="line">maópay si bayhon—maráot an bantog, etc.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Where “maopay” (good) and “maraot” (bad), “bayhon” (face) and “bántog” (fame) are -contrasted. -</p> -<p><i>Epigram</i>. This figure, in its modern meaning, is used in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Gumhúlat pa an naghínay. -</p> -<p class="line">an nagdagmit, uaráy.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Which literally means: he who went slow was awaited for; he who hastened was not waited -for. Its point is equivalent to that of the English “slow, but sure.” “Guinhulat” -(was awaited for) “uaráy” (was not), “naghínay” (went slow) and “nagdágmit” (<span class="corr" id="xd31e18656" title="Corrected by author from: hastned">hastened</span>) are contrasted. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb119">[<a href="#pb119">119</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Metonymy</i>. It is also found in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">An patay palang̃it, an buhi pacauít.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Literally: let the dead go to heaven; let the living go to the “cauít” (a bamboo where -the tubâ wine is ordinarily placed). The figure consists in this word “cauít,” container, -for “tuba wine,” the thing contained. -</p> -<p><i>Synecdoche</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Pag árog hin damò nga bugás cay damo camí ng̃a babà.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Literally it means: “Prepare much rice because we are many mouths.” Here the <i>mouths</i> (baba) a part, is used for <i>person</i>, the whole. -</p> -<p><i>Apostrophe</i>. We have it also in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mga cahatas’an. -</p> -<p class="line">tabang̃i, buligui—adin may pinas’an -</p> -<p class="line">an iní nga pálad—con diri mabáui -</p> -<p class="line">nouontan dao adá—sinin quinabuhi</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p>Literally: Heavens, altitudes, protect, help this who suffers something; if this fate -is not averted, it will undoubtedly affect the life. -</p> -<p><i>Exclamation.</i> -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">¡Pastilán bidíday,—bididay ca man la -</p> -<p class="line">ng̃a nacacalucmay—sinin hunahuna! … -</p> -<p class="line">¡ayáo pag saquita!—¡ayáo pagbidóa, -</p> -<p class="line">cay mag titinangis—canugon san luha! …</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p><i>Interrogation.</i> -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Mg̃a langit, mg̃a langit; -</p> -<p class="line">¿háin dao dapit an sáquit? … -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb120">[<a href="#pb120">120</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">sa calibutan uaráy man: -</p> -<p class="line">sabali sa panomdoman.</p> -</div> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p><i><span class="corr" id="xd31e18720" title="Source: Hyberbole">Hyperbole</span></i>. It is frequent in Bisayan. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<ul> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">1.</span> Macapánas hin buquid. (Man able to level a mountain) -</li> -<li class="numberedItem"><span class="itemNumber">2.</span> Macasagpo bin bahá. (Man able to suspend a flood)</li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">2.</span> Cun totóo, intoy—ng̃a imo tinguha -</p> -<p class="line">pag biling la anay—sílot ng̃a may bóa.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p>Literally: If your love is true, look for a “silot” (a young fruit of cocoanut) which -has “bua” (the bulb of the old cocoanut fruit when it is old enough to be used as -a seed). -</p> -<p><i>Climax</i> -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">¡ .….….… -</p> -<p class="line">nanaringsing sin masáquit, -</p> -<p class="line">namúnga sin camatáyon.</p> -</div> -<p class="first"><i>Irony</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<p>¡Camaopay mo! uaray ca gud pag tuman han imo pólong̃. -</p> -<p>Literally: How good are you! you did not keep your word. -</p> -<p><i>Asyndeton</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mg̃a cahatas’an -</p> -<p class="line"><i>tabang̃i, buligui,</i> inín may pinas’an, etc.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p><i>Repetition</i>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb121">[<a href="#pb121">121</a>]</span></p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">1.</span> <i>Dirì co cay</i> yubit—<i>diri co cay</i> dáyao</p> -<p class="line">pamahonpáhon mo—baga may parayao; etc.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span class="lineNum">2.</span> Pastilán, <i>bididay</i>—<i>bididay</i> ca man la</p> -<p class="line">ng̃a nacacalúcmay—sinín hunahuña, etc.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A popular song) -</p> -<p><i>Concatenation</i>. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Pastilán <i>ca curi—cacuri capinan</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>capin ca mabide</i>—san <i>bido</i> sa <i>dughan</i>,</p> -<p class="line"><i>dughan</i> co <i>pagílob—ilob calauasan</i>,</p> -<p class="line"><i>láuas</i> co <i>naponò—pono</i> casaquitan.</p> -</div> -<p class="first right">(A polular song). -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app1.2" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e999">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">PROSE</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Of the three universal important forms in prose, <i>i.e.</i>, description, narration, and exposition nothing in general needs be observed. -</p> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="app1.2.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">LETTERS</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">At present, one of the forms most generally employed in Bisayan prose is that belonging -to the class of narration, the letter. -</p> -<p>Nothing special needs be observed about letters, at present times, apart from their -external forms and the tendency to innovation prominently shown in them, more than -anywhere else, by frequent barbarisms. -</p> -<p>As to the external forms of the Bisayan letters, it is to be observed that a routinary -introduction is almost universally followed. We refer to the ordinary introduction -consisting in the following ideas and order: “This letter has <span class="pageNum" id="pb122">[<a href="#pb122">122</a>]</span>no other purpose” 2) “but to ask how you are” 3) “because as to me” 4) “I am in a -good health”. -</p> -<p>And after such an invariable introduction, the writer goes on in a paragraph apart; -“And I shall add that”, etc. -</p> -<p>Example: -</p> -<blockquote lang="war"> -<p class="first">Uaráy láin ng̃a tuyó hiní ng̃a acon surat cúndi an damo ng̃a mg̃a pang̃omósta co ha -imo, cay cun acó in ipaquiána, calooy sa Dyos maópay. -</p> -<p>Ng̃an isonouod co liuát, etc.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>This is the introduction generally adopted. We do not hesitate to state that more -than fifty per cent of the letters written in our Bisayan commence with these or equivalent -ideas and in the <span class="corr" id="xd31e18851" title="Corrected by author from: some other">same order</span>. -</p> -<p>As to the barbarisms, they are employed thruout the entire letter. -</p> -<p>On the heading it is usually written: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="es" class="first">Tacloban, á 2 de Octubre de 1908.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>instead of: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Tacloban, ica 2 han Octubre han 1908.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>On the introduction it ordinarily appears -</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="es" class="first">Sr. D .….….….….….….….….….…</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>or -</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="es" class="first">Sra. D.<sup>a</sup> .….….….….….….….….….…</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="es" class="first">Mi estimado amigo:</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>or -</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="es" class="first">Muy estimada Señora:</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The body of the letter is usually as follows: -</p> -<blockquote lang="war"> -<p class="first">Uaray lain ng̃a <i>objeto</i> hini ng̃a acon surat, <i>sino</i> an damo ng̃a mg̃a <i>pangomosta</i> ha iyo ngatanán, cay cun camí in iyo ipaquiána, calooy sa Dyos, uaray ano man ng̃a -<i>novedad</i>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb123">[<a href="#pb123">123</a>]</span></p> -<p><i>Y de consiguiente</i>, tatay, isusunod co liuat; cun uaray mo <i>inconveniente, gusto</i> co cunta comadá pag <i>vacacion; pero como guinadvertir</i> mo man aco han nacadi ca ng̃a mag <i>procurar</i> acó hin pag <i>obtener</i> anay han <i>titulo, por eso</i> amo iní ng̃a dirí aco na <i>atrever</i> pag guican <i>mientras</i> dirí paca aco macacarauát han imo <i>contestation</i> ng̃a pag hatag hin <i>permiso</i>, bisan cun <i>sobra y basta</i> gud an acon mg̃a <i>deseos</i> pag <i>visita</i> ha iyo. etc.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app1.3" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1017">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">POETIC FORMS</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Of the three main classes of poetry, epic, lyric and dramatic, the lyric is the only -one preserved in Bisayan in the form of popular songs. The dramatic form is found -at present mainly in the translations of Tagalog and Spanish dramas, usually employed -as plays on the Patron’s days in the towns. -</p> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="app1.3.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">VERSIFICATION</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>Rhythm</i> and <i>rhyme</i> are observed in Bisayan poems. -</p> -<p>The rhyme is not so perfect as that of the Spanish verses. Consonant words or with -similar sounding endings are employed in Bisayan. -</p> -<p><i>Kinds of meter</i>. There are two kinds of meter most used <i>in</i> Bisayan poetry: verses of six <span class="corr" id="xd31e18952" title="Corrected by author from: verses">syllables, verses</span> of eight syllables, and verses of twelve syllables divided in two fragments of six -syllables each. -</p> -<p>Examples: -</p> -<p>Verses of six syllables: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">¿Háin ca na, punay?… -</p> -<p class="line">cadí na panambo, -</p> -<p class="line">tambo madalíay, -</p> -<p class="line">liaua si casbo; -</p> -<p class="line">basi humalayhay -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb124">[<a href="#pb124">124</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">inín saquit, bido -</p> -<p class="line">nga asay tiónay -</p> -<p class="line">san casingcasing co.</p> -</div> -</div> -<p class="first">Verses of eight sy11ab1es: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Acó iní sugadsugad -</p> -<p class="line">san bánua nga tarotánglad, -</p> -<p class="line">bisan cun diín italad -</p> -<p class="line">mabubuhi cun may palad,</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Verses of twelve syllables: -</p> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Togon co sa imo,—mahal nga inógay -</p> -<p class="line">di ca gud padará—san damo nga sangcay; -</p> -<p class="line">an paglacát nime—gabay magmahinay, -</p> -<p class="line">nga diri hatócso,—lumiscad san látay.</p> -</div> -<p class="first">Note.—The verses of twelve syllables are really verses of six, the odd verses not -being rhymed. -</p> -<p><i>Combinations</i>. As seen in the preceding examples the combinations are the following: -</p> -<p>The verses of six syllables are grouped in four verses, the even verses being rhymed. -</p> -<p>The verses of eight syllables are grouped also in four verses all rhymed. -</p> -<p>The verses of twelve syllables are also grouped in four rhymed verses. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app1.4" class="div2 last-child section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1035">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">COLLECTION OF SOME BISAYAN <span class="corr" id="xd31e18992" title="Corrected by author from: SONG">SONGS</span></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">NOTE—In transcribing the following <span class="corr" id="xd31e18996" title="Corrected by author from: song">songs</span>, we shall use, the orthography proposed in the note of the first page of this book -using only three vowels: <i>a, i, o</i>. -</p> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="app1.4.1"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">MORAL POETRY</h4> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Si nanay, si tatay di ko babayuán -</p> -<p class="line">kay damò ng̃a dogô an akon naotag̃ -</p> -<p class="line">kun pag-ilsipon an siyam ka botan. -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a pag-inókoy ko sa kan nanay riyán. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Togon ko sa imo, mahal g̃a inógay: -</p> -<p class="line">di ka god padará san damò g̃a sangkay; -</p> -<p class="line">an paglakat nímo gabáy mag mahinay, -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a dirí katokao, lomiskad san látay. -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb125">[<a href="#pb125">125</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kamakaroroyag sa matá pagkit’on -</p> -<p class="line">sinin mag-asawa g̃a waray sin limbog, -</p> -<p class="line">kon daw naabot na ira kamatayon -</p> -<p class="line">náboká an lang̃it bási nira sadlon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Ayaw gani kahihilig -</p> -<p class="line">ayaw karirikandikan, -</p> -<p class="line">kay di man bagyo an toig, -</p> -<p class="line">di man kikilá an bolan.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="app1.4.2"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">PHILOSOPHIC POETRY</h4> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Mg̃a bitoón sa lag̃it -</p> -<p class="line">may mapawà, may mag̃itg̃it, -</p> -<p class="line">con sa tawo igpanag̃lit, -</p> -<p class="line">may malípay, may masákit. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kahoy ka g̃a linawaán -</p> -<p class="line">sa bokid nanawantawan, -</p> -<p class="line">kon kanan Dyos ka pagbot’an -</p> -<p class="line">matopóg̃ sa olasiman. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Di ko ginkakasorok’an -</p> -<p class="line">an salapí, an bolawan; -</p> -<p class="line">say ko ginkikinahag̃lan -</p> -<p class="line">maopay g̃a ginawian. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Sogad gud akó san gamót -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a nailarom sa kotkot, -</p> -<p class="line">kon kanan Dyos pagboót -</p> -<p class="line">malábaw akó san ódlot -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Diri ba ako pagsirig̃. -</p> -<p class="line">indayon, paghang̃narig̃, -</p> -<p class="line">kay bag̃in kitá kapadg̃an, -</p> -<p class="line">harayó an borogkátan. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Guin holát pá an naghinay; -</p> -<p class="line">an nag dagmit, waráy. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Waráy hiní balos báyad -</p> -<p class="line">bas’la an boót longáyad</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection" id="app1.4.3"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">LOVE POETRY</h4> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An bató bantilis náibas, nákilot -</p> -<p class="line">sa toró san tóbig sa darodagínot: -</p> -<p class="line">¡kasig̃kasig̃ pa ba an diri homómok. -</p> -<p class="line">sa gógma san tawo kon sa tarinónot. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Di ba sadto ánay imo akó sig̃sig̃ -</p> -<p class="line">sa walá g̃a kamót, todló tamoyig̃kig̃; -</p> -<p class="line">baman itó niyán di ka na násiplat, -</p> -<p class="line">¿anó an solá ko sa imo nabóhat? -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An sakít sa domdom og sa honahona, -</p> -<p class="line">makori ilig̃kod, makori íhigda: -</p> -<p class="line">¿ihagád sa láng̃it? ¿itamod sa tona?… -</p> -<p class="line">¡A baá Dyos ko, máonan’o dao la!… -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Pastilán kakori, ka kori kapinan -</p> -<p class="line">kapin kamabido san bido sa dóghan; -</p> -<p class="line">doghan ko pag-ilob, ilob kasawásan, -</p> -<p class="line">láwas ko g̃a ponó pone kasakitan<span class="corr" id="xd31e19083" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Pastilán, bididay, bididay ka man la -</p> -<p class="line">ga nakakalokmay sinín honahona: -</p> -<p class="line">ayáo pag sakita, ayao pag bidóa, -</p> -<p class="line">kay mag titinangis kanógon san loha. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Pastilán ka kori, ka kor ig̃akapin -</p> -<p class="line">san may pag kasákit sinin kasig̃kasig̃: -</p> -<p class="line">igpapanag̃lit ko sa osá ga borig̃ -</p> -<p class="line">bisan parigóson may gihapon bilin. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Háin ka na ponay, -</p> -<p class="line">kadi na panambo, -</p> -<p class="line">tambo madaliay. -</p> -<p class="line">liawá si kas’bo. -</p> -<p class="line">basi homanáyhay -</p> -<p class="line">inin sakit bido -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a asáy tiónay -</p> -<p class="line">sa kasigkasig ko. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Abá Tig̃tig̃ abá Tig̃tig̃. -</p> -<p class="line">ioli an akon sig̃sig̃. -</p> -<p class="line">opayda kon logarig̃on, -</p> -<p class="line">kondi kanan taklobauon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Akon iglilibaglibag̃ -</p> -<p class="line">inin kasákit sa doghan -</p> -<p class="line">baman ha banig ig matag̃ -</p> -<p class="line">sakit ga magtitilógag̃. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kadto na, kadto na, kadto na soranga -</p> -<p class="line">kadto na pag bilig̃ sin ibá g̃a gogma -</p> -<p class="line">ayaw gad pag hig̃yap sin sogad sa akon -</p> -<p class="line">asáy tig̃ohán maópay ga láyhon -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb126">[<a href="#pb126">126</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kon boot ka mang̃asáwa -</p> -<p class="line">inín barás pag pisia, -</p> -<p class="line">di ka g̃ani makapisi -</p> -<p class="line">pag toraw na la ganoli. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kon daw ha kasirig̃anon -</p> -<p class="line">tobig ka g̃a irinómon -</p> -<p class="line">diri sa dáhon pahonbon, -</p> -<p class="line">pahónbon sa doghan nakon -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kon bagá kahoy si lawas -</p> -<p class="line">patay na, laya si dahon -</p> -<p class="line">nanarig̃sig̃ sin kasákit -</p> -<p class="line">namóg̃a sin kamatáyon -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kap’atán ka tuig an akon paghig̃yap -</p> -<p class="line">pag-imasisirig̃ sa imo, binórak. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Han nákadto ka ha pantaw -</p> -<p class="line">akon ka gintitinan-aw -</p> -<p class="line">harápit ako matónaw -</p> -<p class="line">sa dako g̃a pag kahidlaw -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Anó iní g̃a nádoróy -</p> -<p class="line">kamasakit, kamakapoy, -</p> -<p class="line">an lawas sogád sin káhoy -</p> -<p class="line">g̃aginhaharoharópoy -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Bohi pa an bató g̃a pinamonakan -</p> -<p class="line">didto la katikag̃ an karokayakan -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Pastilán ka kori san pag-ig̃irikan -</p> -<p class="line">natag̃is si inday g̃a binabayáan, -</p> -<p class="line">gabáy daw la habsan inín kalalawdan -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a diri tomólin inín pagsarakyan -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Han nakadto ka ha lawdon -</p> -<p class="line">akon ka gintinan-awon -</p> -<p class="line">hapit kó ikaw karawton -</p> -<p class="line">ha barás diri patonbon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kon nag-iimót ka san imo kamathom -</p> -<p class="line">san pag kamabaysay san imo pamayhon, -</p> -<p class="line">bisan la an todló, an bohók, panapton -</p> -<p class="line">kon asay somirag̃, maopay na nakon, -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Hiará ako magnawá -</p> -<p class="line">magsakaysakay sa bará -</p> -<p class="line">og didto ako hidagsa -</p> -<p class="line">sa kam g̃awan g̃a tuna -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Katlóan ka tuig g̃a akon kahidlaw -</p> -<p class="line">sogád ka sin tobig nakon ikaóhaw -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kon baga ako si taro -</p> -<p class="line">tonáw na sa pag kaálo; -</p> -<p class="line">maopay si alimag̃o -</p> -<p class="line">kay may pag kalonolóno -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Mga lagit, mga lagit, -</p> -<p class="line">¿háin daw dapít an sakit?.… -</p> -<p class="line">sa kalibótan waráy man -</p> -<p class="line">sabáli sa panomdoman -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Sin pag kamamig̃aw sinín kakorolpon -</p> -<p class="line">waráy god nabantad bis osá g̃a dahon -</p> -<p class="line">bis an mg̃a tamsi sáhid mabidó an -</p> -<p class="line">¿say pa ba an tawo, di aipan gihapon?.… -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Hinógay na intoy, siton pakalipog̃ -</p> -<p class="line">sin kinarokanhi sinin amon libog̃ -</p> -<p class="line">opayda kon hiro iton imo bayhon -</p> -<p class="line">maamog̃ ka daw la sinín bantog namon</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection" id="app1.4.4"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">SUNDRY</h4> -<div lang="war" class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Adto na si adlaw -</p> -<p class="line">linmoyó sa bokid, -</p> -<p class="line">oli na, indayon, -</p> -<p class="line">kay waray pa tóbig. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Hi nonay g̃a kawayánon -</p> -<p class="line">malobaylobay hag̃anon -</p> -<p class="line">naglilinakat ha kógon -</p> -<p class="line">hi hawak royokdoyókon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Itón imo baba -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a nagyayabora -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a nagyiyinákan -</p> -<p class="line">sitón lonlun bowa; -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">kon di ko kahadlok -</p> -<p class="line">pághirót sin gaba -</p> -<p class="line">pag-oonloton ko -</p> -<p class="line">itón imo dila -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Akó magtotóon diri ko sasabwan -</p> -<p class="line">mangad na maloto, diri ko sosog̃-an -</p> -<p class="line">si akó mátimo di ko poporoton -</p> -<p class="line">mangad na mabosóg, diri ko totolnon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Anó man in akon kon diin ka kadto, -</p> -<p class="line">di mo la pag dad-on an tubig, kalayo: -</p> -<p class="line">di mo mam binohi ini g̃a lawas ko -</p> -<p class="line">tinmobo si inday kosóg san amáy ko. -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb127">[<a href="#pb127">127</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An tansman nimo mandig̃ -</p> -<p class="line">ginsisinólod san kand g̃ -</p> -<p class="line">an taranman nakikil g̃ -</p> -<p class="line">kay gin bobowad san baktin. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">¿Ano ba, Dyos ko, an nakakasógad, -</p> -<p class="line">an isda sa dagat g̃a nagkakalópad?… -</p> -<p class="line">¿ano ba, Dyos ko, iní ga nadoróy, -</p> -<p class="line">inin katamsihan g̃a nagkakalag̃oy?… -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Kanogon pa daw la san imo katindog -</p> -<p class="line">maópay si bayhon, maráot an bantog: -</p> -<p class="line">igpapanag̃lit ko, bayabas g̃a hinóg, -</p> -<p class="line">maópay an pánit, oloron an onód. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Ambot daw ada maorán -</p> -<p class="line">si dampog nag̃o odtóhan -</p> -<p class="line">bisan la inin pag̃ánod -</p> -<p class="line">doróyog tipailáwod -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Busa, bayái, balitaw, -</p> -<p class="line">ayáw gad tood kay tíaw -</p> -<p class="line">iní g̃a akon pagbolaw -</p> -<p class="line">igpapahaoli g̃ahaw. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Hilag̃kag kitá, hilag̃kag -</p> -<p class="line">sinín palawán g̃a pankag -</p> -<p class="line">kay bag̃in, idáy, makárag -</p> -<p class="line">dó loktan sinín alámag. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Makadí kamí maoli, -</p> -<p class="line">maoli g̃a bagá diri, -</p> -<p class="line">naghihiawil pa g̃ani -</p> -<p class="line">san ka maopay sangawi -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An di ko iginpinólog̃ -</p> -<p class="line">an kabasólan in akon: -</p> -<p class="line">si kahoy di mag torópog̃ -</p> -<p class="line">may balíko, may matadog̃ -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Anó man in akon kon diín ka hanoy -</p> -<p class="line">di mo la pagdad-on an tobig, an kahoy -</p> -<p class="line">iní g̃a lawas ko g̃a makalolóoy -</p> -<p class="line">tinmobo kan tatay, kan nanay g̃a iróy -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Diri ko kay yóbit, diri ko kay dayaw -</p> -<p class="line">pamahonpáhon mo bagá may paráyaw; -</p> -<p class="line">an imo pamálod pagkasadag̃ana, -</p> -<p class="line">baga nagkokori an akon ginhawa. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Ayáw gad hin tamay, ayáw gad hin yóbit -</p> -<p class="line">kay magsáma man la inín aton pánit; -</p> -<p class="line">an aton logárig̃ ginkakalainan, -</p> -<p class="line">kay diri mag-osá inín aton g̃aran. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Busa, bayái, bayái, -</p> -<p class="line">bayái ayáw baliki, -</p> -<p class="line">bisan dahon sin kamoti -</p> -<p class="line">mabobohi kami dinhi. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Abá Lolay, abá Lolay -</p> -<p class="line">ligid ligid sinin baybay -</p> -<p class="line">kon igkita ka sin away -</p> -<p class="line">dalagan, ayaw papátay -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Makadí kami maoli -</p> -<p class="line">sa baláy g̃a sinorambi -</p> -<p class="line">bisan la mawaráy bóg̃bog̃ -</p> -<p class="line">maoli kay logarig̃on -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An di ko iginkinanta<a class="noteRef" id="kantarsrc" href="#kantar">1</a> -</p> -<p class="line">an kabasolán onína; -</p> -<p class="line">si kahoy di magsaráma -</p> -<p class="line">may baliko, may balísa -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">An akon pagkinantáhon<a class="pseudoNoteRef" id="xd31e19317src" href="#kantar">1</a> -</p> -<p class="line">báyad san akon kináon; -</p> -<p class="line">bisan la akó tog̃boyón -</p> -<p class="line">g̃a diri oraoráhon. -</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Nag sisirom na daw inín kakorolpon -</p> -<p class="line">g̃atanán g̃a tamsi sa káhoy na hapon -</p> -<p class="line">kitá man an tawo ga may isip domdom. -</p> -<p class="line">máoli sa balay g̃a kalogarig̃on</p> -</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb128">[<a href="#pb128">128</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="kantar" lang="en"> -<p class="footnote" lang="en"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#kantarsrc">1</a></span> Derived from the Spanish “<span lang="es">cantar</span>” (to sing) <span class="fnarrow">↑ </span><a class="fnreturn" href="#kantarsrc" title="Return to note 1(a) in text.">a</a> <a class="fnreturn" href="#xd31e19317src" title="Return to note 1(b) in text.">b</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app2" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1077">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">NOTES ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">It is beyond any question that most of the Filipino dialects are derived from a common -origin: the Malay tongue. -</p> -<p>For this reason many Bisayan words are exactly the same in other Filipino dialects, -and many others bear some local dialectal differences, thus always showing a common -origin. -</p> -<p>The following lists are short collections of such words. -</p> -<div id="app2.1" class="div2 section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1085">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">WORDS EXACTLY THE SAME IN BISAYAN AND IN TAGALOG</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">A</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Ako.</span><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e19341src" href="#xd31e19341">1</a>—I</li> -<li><span lang="war">Agaw.</span>—To <span class="corr" id="xd31e19357" title="Source: snatsch">snatch</span></li> -<li><span lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e19361" title="Corrected by author from: Aglit">Ag̃lit</span>.</span>—A little pot</li> -<li><span lang="war">Amihan.</span>—North wind</li> -<li><span lang="war">Anák.</span>—son, daughter</li> -<li><span lang="war">Anino.</span>—Shadow</li> -<li><span lang="war">Apo.</span>—Grandson, grand-daughter</li> -<li><span lang="war">Apog.</span>—Lime</li> -<li><span lang="war">Asawa.</span>—Wife</li> -<li><span lang="war">Asín.</span>—Salt</li> -<li><span lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e19395" title="Corrected by author from: Aswág">aswag̃</span>.</span>—Witch</li> -<li><span lang="war">Atáy.</span>—Liver</li> -<li><span lang="war">Away.</span>—Fight</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">B</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Baboy.</span>—Pig</li> -<li><span lang="war">Baga.</span>—Red-hot</li> -<li><span lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e19421" title="Corrected by author from: Baga">Bagá</span>.</span>—as, like</li> -<li><span lang="war"><span class="corr" id="xd31e19427" title="Corrected by author from: Bagá">Baga</span>.</span>—Lung</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bagon.</span>—To raise</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bantay.</span>—Watch</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bantilis.</span>—A kind of rock</li> -<li><span lang="war">Basa.</span>—To read</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bata.</span>—Child</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bató.</span>—Stone</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bawi.</span>—To recover</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bayabas.</span>—Guava</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bayad.</span>—Pay</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bayáw.</span>—Brother-in-law</li> -<li><span lang="war">Boká.</span>—Open, untied</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bokás.</span>—Open</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bokó.</span>—Knot</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bohók.</span>—Hair</li> -<li><span lang="war">Bog̃a.</span>—Fruit</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">K</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Kabig.</span>—Pull</li> -<li><span lang="war">Kahoy.</span>—Tree, timber, wood</li> -<li><span lang="war">Kawayan.</span>—Bamboo</li> -<li><span lang="war">Kilala.</span>—To know</li> -<li><span lang="war">Koha.</span>—Take</li> -<li><span lang="war">Kólag̃.</span>—Insufficient</li> -<li><span lang="war">Kota.</span>—Wall</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">D</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Dagat.</span>—Sea</li> -<li><span lang="war">Dahon.</span>—Leave</li> -<li><span lang="war">Dalí.</span>—Quick</li> -<li><span lang="war">Dila.</span>—Tongue</li> -<li><span lang="war">Dogó.</span>—Blood</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">I</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Ibabaw.</span>—Over</li> -<li><span lang="war">Ikaw.</span>—Thou, you</li> -<li><span lang="war">Init.</span>—Heat</li> -<li><span lang="war">Inóm.</span>—Drink</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb129">[<a href="#pb129">129</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">H</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Habagat.</span>—West</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hagdan.</span>—Staircase</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hayop.</span>— Animal</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hiláw.</span>—Unripe</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hínay.</span>—Slow</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hinog.</span>—Ripe</li> -<li><span lang="war">Hógas.</span>—Wash</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">L</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Labis.</span>—Excess</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lakbay.</span>—Go over</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lag̃aw.</span>—Fly</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lag̃it.</span>—Heaven, sky</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lalaki.</span>—Male</li> -<li><span lang="war">Laway.</span>—Saliva</li> -<li><span lang="war">Likod.</span>—Back</li> -<li><span lang="war">Limá.</span>—Five</li> -<li><span lang="war">Liwanag.</span>—Clearness</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lokso.</span>—Jump</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lohá.</span>—Tear</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lorâ.</span>—Spit</li> -<li><span lang="war">Lotò.</span>—Cooked</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">M</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Manók.</span>—Chicken</li> -<li><span lang="war">Matá.</span>—Eye</li> -<li><span lang="war">Matambók.</span>—Fat</li> -<li><span lang="war">May.</span>—There is, etc.</li> -<li><span lang="war">Maya.</span>—A kind of bird</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">N</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Nipá.</span>—Nipá</li> -<li><span lang="war">Nipis.</span>—Thinness</li> -<li><span lang="war">Nosuos.</span>—To rub</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">O</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Ogát.</span>—Vein, nerve</li> -<li><span lang="war">Olo.</span>—Head</li> -<li><span lang="war">Oo.</span>—Yes</li> -<li><span lang="war">Opa.</span>—Payment</li> -<li><span lang="war">Otag.</span>—Debt</li> -<li><span lang="war">Owák.</span>—Raven</li> -<li><span lang="war">Owáy.</span>—Vine</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">P</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Pakpak.</span>—Applause with palms</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pait.</span>—Bitterness</li> -<li><span lang="war">Palad.</span>—Palm of the hand</li> -<li><span lang="war">Patay.</span>—Kill</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pati.</span>—Also, with</li> -<li><span lang="war">Patog̃.</span>—To place over</li> -<li><span lang="war">Payog̃.</span>—Umbrella</li> -<li><span lang="war">Paypay.</span>—Fan</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pili.</span>—A tree so called</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pili.</span>—To select</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pingan.</span>—Plate</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pitó.</span>—Seven</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pokpok.</span>—To beat</li> -<li><span lang="war">Pola.</span>—Red</li> -<li><span lang="war">Posod.</span>—Navel</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">S</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Sa.</span>—To, at, from, on, etc.</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sabaw.</span>—Broth</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sakay.</span>—To embark</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sakit.</span>—Sickness</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sagig̃.</span>—Banana</li> -<li><span lang="war">Saló.</span>—Receive</li> -<li><span lang="war">Saway.</span>—To correct</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sawsaw.</span>—To wash</li> -<li><span lang="war">Siko.</span>—Elbow</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sig̃ba.</span>—To adore</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sili.</span>—Pepper</li> -<li><span lang="war">Siyá.</span>—He, she</li> -<li><span lang="war">Siyam.</span>—Nine</li> -<li><span lang="war">Soka.</span>—To vomit</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sog̃ay.</span>—Horn</li> -<li><span lang="war">Solog̃.</span>—Forward</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sonod.</span>—Follow</li> -<li><span lang="war">Sonog.</span>—Fire</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">T</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Táas.</span>—Height</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tabas.</span>—To cut</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tadtad.</span>—To prick</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tag̃is.</span>—To weep</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tahí.</span>—To sew</li> -<li><span lang="war">Timog.</span>—South</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tiyán.</span>—Belly</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tobâ.</span>—A wine</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tobig.</span>—<span class="corr" id="xd31e19902" title="Source: Wreat">Water</span></li> -<li><span lang="war">Tobó.</span>—Sugar cane</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tobò.</span>—Profit, to grow</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tohod.</span>—Knee</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tohog.</span>—To string</li> -<li><span lang="war">Tonóg.</span>—Sound</li> -<li><span lang="war">Twad.</span>—To face dawnwards</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 last-child subsection"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main">W</h4> -<ul> -<li><span lang="war">Waló.</span>—Eight</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb130">[<a href="#pb130">130</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app2.2" class="div2 last-child section"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1092">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">WORDS WITH SOME DIALECTAL DIFFERENCES</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p id="app2.2.1" class="first">Differences in the vowels <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">BISAYAN </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">TAGALOG </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">ENGLISH -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Akon </td> -<td lang="tl">Akin </td> -<td class="cellRight">my, mine</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Amon </td> -<td lang="tl">Amin </td> -<td class="cellRight">our</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Aslom </td> -<td lang="tl">Asim </td> -<td class="cellRight">acidity</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Aton </td> -<td lang="tl">Atin </td> -<td class="cellRight">our</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Atóp </td> -<td lang="tl">Atíp </td> -<td class="cellRight">roof</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bitóon </td> -<td lang="tl">Bitúin </td> -<td class="cellRight">star</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bokog </td> -<td lang="tl">Bikig </td> -<td class="cellRight">fish-bone, bone</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bogás </td> -<td lang="tl">Bigas </td> -<td class="cellRight">rice</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bog-at </td> -<td lang="tl">Bigat </td> -<td class="cellRight">weight</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bolad </td> -<td lang="tl">Bilad </td> -<td class="cellRight">to sun</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bog̃ol </td> -<td lang="tl">Big̃í </td> -<td class="cellRight">deaf</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kan-on </td> -<td lang="tl">Kanin </td> -<td class="cellRight">cooked rice</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kaon </td> -<td lang="tl">Kain </td> -<td class="cellRight">to eat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Katol </td> -<td lang="tl">Katí </td> -<td class="cellRight">to itch, itching</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Dámò </td> -<td lang="tl">Dami </td> -<td class="cellRight">amount, much</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Datóg̃ </td> -<td lang="tl">Datig̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">to arrive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Dokót </td> -<td lang="tl">Dikit </td> -<td class="cellRight">to adhere, adhered</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Dolóm </td> -<td lang="tl">Dilim </td> -<td class="cellRight">dark</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Gorót </td> -<td lang="tl">Gilit </td> -<td class="cellRight">slice</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Hábol </td> -<td lang="tl">Habi </td> -<td class="cellRight">to weave</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Harok </td> -<td lang="tl">Halik </td> -<td class="cellRight">kiss, to kiss</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Hatod </td> -<td lang="tl">Hatid </td> -<td class="cellRight">to accompany</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Horám </td> -<td lang="tl">Hiram </td> -<td class="cellRight">to borrow</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Iuomon </td> -<td lang="tl">Inumin </td> -<td class="cellRight">potable water</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Itom </td> -<td lang="tl">Itim </td> -<td class="cellRight">black</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Liog </td> -<td lang="tl">Liig </td> -<td class="cellRight">neck</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Pawod </td> -<td lang="tl">Pawid </td> -<td class="cellRight">weaved nipa</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Salóg </td> -<td lang="tl">Sahig </td> -<td class="cellRight">floor</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sandig </td> -<td lang="tl">Sandal </td> -<td class="cellRight">to lean</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Takóp </td> -<td lang="tl">Takíp </td> -<td class="cellRight">cover</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tanom </td> -<td lang="tl">Tanim </td> -<td class="cellRight">plantation</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Taróm </td> -<td lang="tl">Talim </td> -<td class="cellRight">edge of a sword, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tindok </td> -<td lang="tl">Tundok </td> -<td class="cellRight">a kind of banana</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tindog </td> -<td lang="tl">Tindig </td> -<td class="cellRight">to stand</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Tonok </td> -<td lang="tl" class="cellBottom">Tiník </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">thorn</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb131">[<a href="#pb131">131</a>]</span></p> -<p id="app2.2.2">Differences in <i>k</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>t</i>. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">BISAYAN </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">TAGALOG </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">ENGLISH -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Adlaw </td> -<td lang="tl">Araw </td> -<td class="cellRight">Sun, day</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Aram </td> -<td lang="tl">Alam </td> -<td class="cellRight">Wisdom</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Badò </td> -<td lang="tl">Barò </td> -<td class="cellRight">Chemise</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Balay </td> -<td lang="tl">Bahay </td> -<td class="cellRight">House</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Balo </td> -<td lang="tl">Bao </td> -<td class="cellRight">Widow, widower</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Balon </td> -<td lang="tl">Baon </td> -<td class="cellRight">Provision</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Barahibo </td> -<td lang="tl">Balahibo </td> -<td class="cellRight">Feather, dawn</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bari </td> -<td lang="tl">Bali </td> -<td class="cellRight">To break</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bolan </td> -<td lang="tl">Bwan </td> -<td class="cellRight">Moon, month</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kagód </td> -<td lang="tl">Káyud </td> -<td class="cellRight">To scrath</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kalot </td> -<td lang="tl">Kámot </td> -<td class="cellRight">To scratch</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kamó </td> -<td lang="tl">Kayó </td> -<td class="cellRight">You</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Koló </td> -<td lang="tl">Kukú </td> -<td class="cellRight">Nail</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Dalan </td> -<td lang="tl">Daan </td> -<td class="cellRight">Path, road</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Daraga </td> -<td lang="tl">Dalaga </td> -<td class="cellRight">Young girl</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Digò </td> -<td lang="tl">Ligò </td> -<td class="cellRight">To bath</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Dirì </td> -<td lang="tl">Hindì </td> -<td class="cellRight">Not</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Hadì </td> -<td lang="tl">Harì </td> -<td class="cellRight">King</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Halabà </td> -<td lang="tl">Mahaba </td> -<td class="cellRight">Long</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Halarom </td> -<td lang="tl">Malalim </td> -<td class="cellRight">Deep</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Harayò </td> -<td lang="tl">Malayò </td> -<td class="cellRight">Far</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Higdà </td> -<td lang="tl">Higà </td> -<td class="cellRight">To lay down</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Iróg </td> -<td lang="tl">Ilog̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">Nose</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Lakát </td> -<td lang="tl">Lakad </td> -<td class="cellRight">To walk</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Lawod </td> -<td lang="tl">Láot </td> -<td class="cellRight">Ocean</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Mahínis </td> -<td lang="tl">Malinis </td> -<td class="cellRight">Clean</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Namok </td> -<td lang="tl">Lamok </td> -<td class="cellRight">Mosquito</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Napolo </td> -<td lang="tl">Sampù </td> -<td class="cellRight">Ten</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Parabol </td> -<td lang="tl">Palaboy </td> -<td class="cellRight">Favor, grace</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Pirit </td> -<td lang="tl">Pilit </td> -<td class="cellRight">To force</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Poro </td> -<td lang="tl">Pulò </td> -<td class="cellRight">Island</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Roag̃ </td> -<td lang="tl">Lwag̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">Broad</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Salod </td> -<td lang="tl">Sahod </td> -<td class="cellRight">To receive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sarapati </td> -<td lang="tl">Kalapati </td> -<td class="cellRight">Pigeon</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sarowal </td> -<td lang="tl">Salawal </td> -<td class="cellRight">Pants</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sira </td> -<td lang="tl">Sila </td> -<td class="cellRight">They</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sirag̃ </td> -<td lang="tl">Silag </td> -<td class="cellRight">To appear</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sirog̃ </td> -<td lang="tl">Silog̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">Beneath</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sodlay </td> -<td lang="tl">Suklay </td> -<td class="cellRight">Comb</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sorat </td> -<td lang="tl">Sulat </td> -<td class="cellRight">Letter</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sorok </td> -<td lang="tl">Sulok </td> -<td class="cellRight">Corner<span class="pageNum" id="pb132">[<a href="#pb132">132</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Talig̃a </td> -<td lang="tl">Taig̃a </td> -<td class="cellRight">Ear</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tarog̃ </td> -<td lang="tl">Talog̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight">A plant</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Torò </td> -<td lang="tl">Tulò </td> -<td class="cellRight">Drop</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Torog </td> -<td lang="tl">Tulog </td> -<td class="cellRight">To sleep</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Toktok </td> -<td lang="tl" class="cellBottom">Togtog </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">To sound, to play</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p id="app2.2.3">Differences in the accent, and in the separation of the syllables. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">BISAYAN </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">TAGALOG </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">ENGLISH -</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Bálik </td> -<td lang="tl">Balík </td> -<td class="cellRight">to come back</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kohà </td> -<td lang="tl">Kuha </td> -<td class="cellRight">to take</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Gaód </td> -<td lang="tl">Gáod </td> -<td class="cellRight">oar</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Hipág </td> -<td lang="tl">Hípag </td> -<td class="cellRight">sister-in-law</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Laón </td> -<td lang="tl">Láon </td> -<td class="cellRight">old, ancient</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sábay </td> -<td lang="tl">Sabáy </td> -<td class="cellRight">simultaneous</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tawá </td> -<td lang="tl">Táwa </td> -<td class="cellRight">laugh</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kab-it </td> -<td lang="tl">Kabít </td> -<td class="cellRight">connected</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kam-aw </td> -<td lang="tl">Kamao </td> -<td class="cellRight">a dish</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kan-on </td> -<td lang="tl">Kanin </td> -<td class="cellRight">cooked rice</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Koan </td> -<td lang="tl">Kwán </td> -<td class="cellRight">so and so</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Gab-i </td> -<td lang="tl">Gabí </td> -<td class="cellRight">evening, night</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sab-a </td> -<td lang="tl">Sabá </td> -<td class="cellRight">a kind of banana</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sab-it </td> -<td lang="tl">Sabit </td> -<td class="cellRight">to hook</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tan-aw </td> -<td lang="tl">Tanaw </td> -<td class="cellRight">to look</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Tig-a </td> -<td lang="tl">Tigás </td> -<td class="cellRight">hardness</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Tul-id </td> -<td lang="tl" class="cellBottom">Twid </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">straight</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p id="app2.2.4">Transformation from <i>a</i> to <i>o</i>, and viceversa. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellTop">Alapoop </td> -<td lang="tl" class="cellTop">Alapaap </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">cloud, fog</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Kamót </td> -<td lang="tl">Kamay </td> -<td class="cellRight">hand</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Doha </td> -<td lang="tl">Dalawá </td> -<td class="cellRight">two</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Habobò </td> -<td lang="tl">Mababà </td> -<td class="cellRight">low</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Sokól </td> -<td lang="tl">Sukat </td> -<td class="cellRight">measure</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Toló </td> -<td lang="tl">Tatlo </td> -<td class="cellRight">three</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Onóm </td> -<td lang="tl">Anim </td> -<td class="cellRight">six</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft">Opat </td> -<td lang="tl">Apat </td> -<td class="cellRight">four</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td lang="war" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Otok </td> -<td lang="tl" class="cellBottom">Utak </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">brain</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb133">[<a href="#pb133">133</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e19341"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e19341src">1</a></span> A: We use in these lists the orthography proposed in the first page of this book, -as an orthography practically the same is now being much used in Tagalog. But we employ -only <span class="corr" id="xd31e19343" title="Corrected by author from: there vowells">three vowels</span>: <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e19341src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="errata" class="div1 errata"><span class="pageNum">[<a href="#xd31e1136">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">ERRATA</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first transcriberNote">The errata have been applied to the text, except in a few cases where the misspelling -could not be located. -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="small"> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PAGE </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">LINE </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">1 </td> -<td>7 <span class="corr" id="xd31e20775" title="Not in source">(note)</span> </td> -<td>city. </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg">for</span> city, </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">2 </td> -<td>1 (note) </td> -<td>this method </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the method </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">8 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>han </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> han, canán </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">13 </td> -<td>3 (note) </td> -<td>SUPRA </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> INFRA </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">15 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>wich </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> with </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">18 </td> -<td>10 </td> -<td>as. </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> as </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">18 </td> -<td>27 </td> -<td>MGA </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> MAG </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">19 </td> -<td>11 </td> -<td>mag-áarot </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> mag-aárot </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">19 </td> -<td>19 </td> -<td>(person bold) in reading </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (person bold in reading) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">23 </td> -<td>11 </td> -<td>whe </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> we </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">23 </td> -<td>31 </td> -<td>(lier) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (liar) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">24 </td> -<td>5 </td> -<td>pauá, capauá </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> pauà, capauà </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">25 </td> -<td>1 </td> -<td>simyly </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> simply </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">25 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>take </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> taking </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">26 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>expresses, </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> expresses </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">30 </td> -<td>1 (note) </td> -<td>names </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> name </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">31 </td> -<td>6 </td> -<td>tastes </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> tests </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">32 </td> -<td>31 </td> -<td>adje- </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> adjec- </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">34 </td> -<td>last line </td> -<td>excesive </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> excessive </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">35 </td> -<td>1 </td> -<td>before primitive </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> before the primitive </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">35 </td> -<td>17 </td> -<td>paintful </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> painful </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">36 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>insted </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> instead </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">37 </td> -<td>28 </td> -<td>that and </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> and that </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">38 </td> -<td>14 </td> -<td>te </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">38 </td> -<td>16, 21 </td> -<td>cabataán-(reunion </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> cabatáan-(reunion) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">38 </td> -<td>19 </td> -<td>ty make </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> to make </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">39 </td> -<td>4 </td> -<td>despective </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> depreciative </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">39 </td> -<td>7 </td> -<td>tru </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> thru </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">39 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>voriations </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> variations </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">39 </td> -<td>3 (notes) </td> -<td>parvity </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> littleness </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">39 </td> -<td>3, 4 (notes) </td> -<td>onomatopic </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> onomatopoetic </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">40 </td> -<td>4, 12 </td> -<td>FEMENINE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> FEMININE </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">40 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>or of </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> or by </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">41 </td> -<td>11 </td> -<td>inflexion </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> inflection </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">41 </td> -<td>16 </td> -<td>samet leters </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> same letters </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">42 </td> -<td>17 </td> -<td>zingiber </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> ginger </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">42 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>moderstand </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> understand </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">42 </td> -<td>30 </td> -<td>passanger </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> passenger </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">44 </td> -<td>20 </td> -<td>follwed </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> followed <span class="pageNum" id="pb134">[<a href="#pb134">134</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">46 </td> -<td> 9 </td> -<td>cabataán </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> cabatáan </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">40 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>guipác, guipác </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> guipic, guipác </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">46 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>(saliba) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (saliva) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">46 </td> -<td>30 </td> -<td>(resine) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (resin) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">46 </td> -<td>30 </td> -<td>(unarticulate voice) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (inarticulate voice) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">47 </td> -<td>10 </td> -<td>Quitá, camí (we) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Quita, camí (3) (we) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">49 </td> -<td> 1 </td> -<td>further from the speaker than from the listener </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> far from both<span id="xd31e21282"></span> the speaker and the listener </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">50 </td> -<td>20 </td> -<td>the form hadton </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the forms hadto and haton. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td> 1 </td> -<td>REEALATIVE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> RELATIVE </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td>11 </td> -<td>inflexion </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> inflection </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td>16, 19, 24 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td>16 </td> -<td>verted </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> expressed </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td>28 </td> -<td>flwer) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> flower) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td> 3 (Notes) </td> -<td>preceds the adjetive </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> precedes the adjective </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">52 </td> -<td> 4 (Notes) </td> -<td>permisible </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> permissible </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">58 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">59 </td> -<td> 1, 4 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">59 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>I have written (I wrote </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (I have written, I wrote) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">60 </td> -<td>16, 17 </td> -<td>subjuntive </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> subjunctive </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">60 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>hade </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> had </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">62 </td> -<td>16 </td> -<td>Examp </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Example </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">62 </td> -<td>18 </td> -<td>the said consonant, being </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the said consonant being </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">62 </td> -<td> 1 (Note) </td> -<td>Potencial </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Potential </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">63 </td> -<td> 9 </td> -<td>FNTURE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> FUTURE </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">63 </td> -<td>23, 24 </td> -<td>dermined </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> determined </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">64 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>the some </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the same </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">64 </td> -<td> 1 (note) </td> -<td>snbjunctive </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> subjunctive </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">65 </td> -<td>28 </td> -<td>if it an M </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> if it is an M </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">67 </td> -<td> 1 </td> -<td>Ehe </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> The </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">67 </td> -<td> 5 </td> -<td>excep </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> except </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">68 </td> -<td>18 </td> -<td>ef </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> of </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">68 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>an HAND </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> and HAN </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">68 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>the combination </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> combination </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">68 </td> -<td>30 </td> -<td>(drinked) </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> (drunk) </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">69 </td> -<td>21, 23, 26 </td> -<td>litt. </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> lit. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">70 </td> -<td> 5 </td> -<td>INDICATIVE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> INFINITIVE </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">76 </td> -<td>10 </td> -<td>INDICATIVE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> INFINITIVE </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">77 </td> -<td>17 </td> -<td>and interfix </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> and the interfix </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">78 </td> -<td> 1, 2 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">78 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>PROGRESSIVE INDIRECT PASSIVE </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE INSTRUMENTAL </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">80 </td> -<td>32 </td> -<td>us you </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> us, you </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">80 </td> -<td>32 </td> -<td>than not write </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> them not write <span class="pageNum" id="pb135">[<a href="#pb135">135</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 81 </td> -<td> 4 </td> -<td>in primitive forms </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> among the primitive forms </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 81 </td> -<td> 5 </td> -<td>and in </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> and among the </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 82 </td> -<td>17 </td> -<td>and other </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> and the other </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 82 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>wher </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> where </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 83 </td> -<td>13 </td> -<td>there are </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> they are </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 83 </td> -<td>18 </td> -<td>came </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> come </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 83 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>take </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> takes </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 84 </td> -<td>24 </td> -<td>postponed to them </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> follow them </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 84 </td> -<td>25 </td> -<td>ALVERBIAL FORM </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> ADVERBIAL FORM </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 86 </td> -<td> 2 </td> -<td>cach </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> each </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 86 </td> -<td> 3 </td> -<td>befere </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> before </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 86 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>ordinaryly </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> ordinaryly </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 87 </td> -<td> 3 </td> -<td>preseut </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> present </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 87 </td> -<td>14 </td> -<td>with present </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> with the present </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 87 </td> -<td>24 </td> -<td>contigent </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> contingent </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 88 </td> -<td>24 </td> -<td>the rains </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the rain </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 88 </td> -<td>24 </td> -<td>than; litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> them; literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 89 </td> -<td> 3 </td> -<td>it as <span class="corr" id="xd31e21869" title="Source: follws">follows</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> as follows </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 89 </td> -<td>18 </td> -<td>os the form </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> of the form </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 89 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 90 </td> -<td> 7 </td> -<td>CONJNGATIONAL ROOT </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> CONJUGATIONAL ROOT </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 91 </td> -<td>27 </td> -<td>leave of abandonment </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> leave or abandonment </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 91 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 92 </td> -<td> 2 </td> -<td>the the interfix </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> the interfix </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 92 </td> -<td>20 </td> -<td>proceding </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> preceding </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 92 </td> -<td>25 </td> -<td>recipocrate </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> reciprocate </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 93 </td> -<td> 5 </td> -<td>hatter </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> hotter </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 96 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>tune </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> tone </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 98 </td> -<td>19 </td> -<td>whith </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> with </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">100 </td> -<td>13, 27 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">100 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>demonstratives </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> <span class="corr" id="xd31e22020" title="Source: demonstratIve">demonstrative</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">102 </td> -<td>29 </td> -<td>thould </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> should </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">102 </td> -<td>31 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">102 </td> -<td> 3 (note) </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">103 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>he sad </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> he said </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">103 </td> -<td>27 </td> -<td>litterally </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> literally </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">103 </td> -<td>32 </td> -<td>proceeded </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> preceded </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">104 </td> -<td> 6 </td> -<td>used </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> use </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">104 </td> -<td>20 </td> -<td>Jonh </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> John </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">105 </td> -<td>21, 22 </td> -<td>corresponding </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> corresponding word </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">106 </td> -<td> 4 </td> -<td>adonment </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> adornment </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">106 </td> -<td>28 </td> -<td>meet </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> meat </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">107 </td> -<td>12 </td> -<td>mousefully </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> unusefully </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">107 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>Deefcto </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Defecto <span class="pageNum" id="pb136">[<a href="#pb136">136</a>]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">107 </td> -<td>16 </td> -<td>unfurtunate </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> unfortunate </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">107 </td> -<td>20 </td> -<td>drowing </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> drawing </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">108 </td> -<td>21 </td> -<td>bulter </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> butter </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">109 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>to lost </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> to lose </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">109 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>bit </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> bet </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">109 </td> -<td>27 </td> -<td>laste </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> taste </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">110 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>maintanence </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> maintenance </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">111 </td> -<td>15 </td> -<td>deer, for fat </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> dear, fat </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">111 </td> -<td>28 </td> -<td>chaw-chaw </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> chow-chow </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">111 </td> -<td> 2 (note) </td> -<td>object </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> objects </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">118 </td> -<td>34 </td> -<td>hastned </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> hastened </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">122 </td> -<td>13 </td> -<td>some other </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> same order </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">123 </td> -<td>23 </td> -<td>verses of six verses </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> verses of six syllables, verses </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">124 </td> -<td>25 </td> -<td>BISAYAN SONG </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> BISAYAN SONGS </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">124 </td> -<td>26 </td> -<td>following song </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> following songs. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">125 </td> -<td>27 </td> -<td>Posed </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> posed </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">128 </td> -<td>14 </td> -<td>aglit … aswag̃ </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Ag̃lit, aswag̃ </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">128 </td> -<td>19, 20<span class="corr" id="xd31e22362" title="Source: ,,">,</span> 21 </td> -<td>Baga, Bága, Bagá </td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> Baga, Bagá, Baga </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">128 </td> -<td class="cellBottom"> 3 (note) </td> -<td class="cellBottom">there vowells </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">for</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> three vowels </td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="transcriberNote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> -<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project -Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a class="seclink xd31e30" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</p> -<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a class="seclink xd31e30" title="External link" href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>. -</p> -<p>Waray-waray is one of several languages called Visayan or Bisayan, and is spoken in -the eastern part of the Visayas region of the Philippines, that is, the islands of -Leyte and Samar, by, currently, about 2 to 3 million speakers. This book is a grammar -of the language by the (locally) well-known literator Norberto Romuáldez. This book -is quite scarce, and was apparently printed using rather primitive equipment on cheap -paper in the Philippines. -</p> -<p>The author followed the Spanish-based orthography of Waray-waray (back in 1908, when -the Philippines had been American territory for a decade), but was quite aware of -spelling-issues, as shown in this work. -</p> -<p>Scans for this book are available from the Internet Archive (copy -<a id="xd31e42" href="#xd31e42ext">1</a>). -</p> -<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3> -<table class="colophonMetadata" summary="Metadata"> -<tr> -<td><b>Title:</b></td> -<td>A Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetics and Filipino Dialectology</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Author:</b></td> -<td>Norberto Romuáldez y López (1875–1941)</td> -<td>Info <span class="externalUrl">https://viaf.org/viaf/280909527/</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Publication date:</b></td> -<td>2022-12-22</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>File generation date:</b></td> -<td>2022-12-22 21:30:42 UTC</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Language:</b></td> -<td>English</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td> -<td>1908</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Keywords:</b></td> -<td>Waray language -- Grammar</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Project Gutenberg:</b></td> -<td><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69603" class="seclink">69603</a></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>QR-code:</b></td> -<td colspan="2"><img src="images/qr69603.png" alt="QR-code of Project Gutenberg URL" width="148" height="148"></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> -<ul> -<li>2005-03-05 Started. -</li> -</ul> -<h3 class="main">External References</h3> -<p>Project Gutenberg does not use active external links in its ebooks. -The following URLs are shown purely for information. If so desired, you can copy and -paste them into the address-bar of your browser. -</p> -<table class="externalReferenceTable"> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>URL</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><a class="pageref" id="xd31e42ext" href="#xd31e42">N.A.</a></td> -<td><span class="externalUrl">https://archive.org/details/bisayangrammarno00romurich/page/n3/mode/2up</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctionTable" summary="Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -<th>Edit distance</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e368">IX</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">CONTRCTIONS</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">CONTRACTIONS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e517">IX</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Pronoun</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Pronouns</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e563">IX</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Verb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Verbs</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e773">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Adverb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Adverbs</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e782">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Preposition</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Prepositions</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e791">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Conjunction</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Conjunctions</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e800">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Interjection</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Interjections</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e883">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Sintax</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Syntax</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e909">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Barbarism</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Barbarisms</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e928">X</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">innecessarily</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">unnecessarily</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1159">1</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5731">28</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1238">2</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">this</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2635">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">bongtó<i>hay</i></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">bungtó<i>hay</i></td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2837">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">”</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2959">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">supra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">infra</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3160">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">wich</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">with</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><i title="56 occurrences">Passim. -</i></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3552">18</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12098">70</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3731">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Mga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Mag</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3837">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war"><i>mag</i>-á<i>a</i>rot</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war"><i>mag</i>-a<i>á</i>rot</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3926">19</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9655">53</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">)</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3928">19</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6212">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6219">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6229">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6236">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7281">39</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14625">89</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">)</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4667">23</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Whe</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">We</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4849">23</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">lier</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">liar</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4895">24</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">pauá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">pauà</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4901">24</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">capauá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">capauà</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5097">25</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">simyly</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">simply</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5220">25</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">take</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">taking</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5442">26</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10543">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10755">62</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11824">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13559">81</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e21282">134</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5691">27</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">;</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5927">28</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">american</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">American</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6172">30</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">names</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">name</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6226">31</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">tastes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">tests</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6340">32</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">adjetives</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">adjectives</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6613">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">very</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">sorry</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6672">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">masiromsírom</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">masiromsiróm</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6679">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">excesive</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">excessive</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6686">35</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13018">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13702">82</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14446">87</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the </td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6758">35</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">paintful</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">painful</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6769">35</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">paintful(</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">painful)</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6979">36</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">insted</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">instead</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7045">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">that and</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">and that</td> -<td class="bottom">7</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7127">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">te</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7143">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8483">46</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">cabataán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">cabatáan</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7152">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">táwo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">táuo</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7175">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ty</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">to</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7242">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">despective</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">depreciative</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7250">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">tru</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">thru</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7265">39</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7302">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">onomatopic</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">onomatopoetic</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7268">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">parvity</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">littleness</td> -<td class="bottom">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7279">39</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10428">59</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">(</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7331">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">voriations</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">variations</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7346">40</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">FEMENINE</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">FEMININE</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7470">40</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">of</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">by</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7505">41</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9531">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">inflexion</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">inflection</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7512">41</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">samet leters</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">same letters</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7794">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">zingiber</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ginger</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7900">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">moderstand</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">understand</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7908">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">passanger</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">passenger</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8213">44</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">follwed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">followed</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8512">46</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">guipác</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">guipic</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8592">46</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">saliba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">saliva</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8604">46</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">resine</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">resin</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8611">46</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">unarticulate</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">inarticulate</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8645">47</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">PRONOUN</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">PRONOUNS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8954">48</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Demonstratives</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">DEMONSTRATIVE</td> -<td class="bottom">13</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e8981">49</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">further from the speaker than from</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">far from both the speaker and</td> -<td class="bottom">17</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9217">50</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">form <i lang="war">hadtón</i></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">forms <i lang="war">hadto</i> and <i lang="war">haton</i></td> -<td class="bottom">11 / 10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9405">51</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9682">53</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10450">59</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10480">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10491">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10520">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11259">64</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11516">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11528">66</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11678">67</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11766">68</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14405">87</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14416">87</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14427">87</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18444">111</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19083">125</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9447">51</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">As</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">as</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9470">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">REEALATIVE</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">RELATIVE</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9545">52</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9556">52</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9568">52</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10345">58</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10369">59</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10379">59</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14672">89</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14683">89</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16077">100</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16117">100</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16291">102</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16309">102</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16409">103</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16455">104</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">litterally</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">literally</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9548">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">verted</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">expressed</td> -<td class="bottom">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9590">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">flwer</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">flower</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9599">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">preceds the adjetive</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">precedes the adjective</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9604">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">permisible</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">permissible</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9653">53</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">(</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9715">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">la</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">lâ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9874">55</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">and</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">an</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9884">55</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">”</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e9914">56</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Contractions</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">CONTRACTIONS</td> -<td class="bottom">11</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10233">57</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">VERB</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">VERBS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10376">59</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15425">94</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">:</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10431">59</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> (</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">, </td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10498">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12036">70</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15788">97</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10504">60</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">subjuntive</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">subjunctive</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10517">60</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">hade</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">had</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10604">61</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">—</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10727">62</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Examp.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Example</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10855">62</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Potencial</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Potential</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10950">63</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Fnture</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Future</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e10997">63</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13944">84</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18448">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">“</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11004">63</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">dermined</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">determined</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11007">63</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">inter fix</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">interfix</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11153">64</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">snbjunctive</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">subjunctive</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11196">64</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">some</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">same</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11338">65</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">ng</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">ng̃</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11394">65</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> is</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11428">66</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">from</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">form</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11546">67</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Ehe</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">The</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11552">67</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">excep</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">except</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11783">68</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ef</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">of</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11797">68</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"><i>han</i>d</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">han</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11808">68</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the </td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11845">68</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">drinked</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">drunk</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11912">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11919">69</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11926">69</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">litt</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">lit.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e11954">70</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12854">76</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Indicative</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Infinitive</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12076">70</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12112">71</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">, </td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12559">74</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">a </td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e12563">74</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">litteral</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">literal</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13028">77</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> (1)</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13062">78</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14961">91</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">litteraly</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">literally</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13113">78</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">being</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">used in</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13168">78</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Progressive indirect passive</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Passive Progressive Instrumental</td> -<td class="bottom">21</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13485">80</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">you, us you</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">you, us</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13490">80</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">than</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">them</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13511">81</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13514">81</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">in</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">among the</td> -<td class="bottom">8</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13719">82</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">wher</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">where</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13726">82</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">¿</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13823">83</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">There</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">They</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13837">83</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">came</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">come</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13877">83</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">take</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">takes</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e13995">84</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">postponed to</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">follow</td> -<td class="bottom">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14000">84</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ALVERBIAL</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ADVERBIAL</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14209">86</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">cach</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">each</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14215">86</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">befere</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">before</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14373">86</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ordinaryly</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ordinarily</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14389">87</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">preseut</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">present</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14457">87</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">contigent</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">contingent</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14498">88</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">tag iya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">tag-iya</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14534">88</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">rains</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">rain</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14537">88</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">than; litterally</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">them; literally</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14586">89</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">it </td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14656">89</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">os</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">of</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14697">90</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">altho</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">although</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14708">90</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Conjngational</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Conjugational</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14949">91</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">of</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">or</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14958">91</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">moneys</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">money</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e14985">92</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the the</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">the</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15030">92</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">proceding</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">preceding</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15047">92</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">recipocrate</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">reciprocate</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15107">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">hatter</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">hotter</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15548">95</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16411">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">;</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">:</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15734">96</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">tune</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">tone</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15775">97</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ADVERB</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">ADVERBS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15804">97</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">—</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15861">98</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">PREPOSITION</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">PREPOSITIONS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15865">98</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">whith</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">with</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15870">98</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">CONJUNCTION</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">CONJUNCTIONS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15888">98</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">become</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">are</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15891">98</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">be translated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">translate</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15913">99</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">‘</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e15928">99</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">INTERJECTION</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">INTERJECTIONS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16108">100</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">demonstratives</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">demonstrative</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16302">102</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">thould</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">should</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16320">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">then</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">them</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16386">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">sad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">said</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16428">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">preceeded</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">preceded</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16461">104</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">used</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">use</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16528">104</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Jonh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">John</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16582">105</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">BARBARISM</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">BARBARISMS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16593">105</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> word</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16613">106</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">adonment</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">adornment</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16836">106</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">meet</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">meat</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e16994">107</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">mousefully</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">unusefully</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17024">107</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Deefcto</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Defecto</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17036">107</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">unfurtunate</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">unfortunate</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17075">107</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">drowing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">drawing</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17425">108</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">bulter</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">butter</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17674">109</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">lost</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">lose</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17750">109</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">bit</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">bet</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17780">109</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">prissones</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">prisoner</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17792">109</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">laste</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">taste</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e17968">110</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">necssarrily</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">necessarily</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18094">110</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">maintanence</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">maintenance</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18276">111</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18279">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">chinese</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Chinese</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18282">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">object</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">objects</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18325">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">deer, for</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">dear,</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18432">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">chaw-chaw</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">chow-chow</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18461">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">do not they</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">do they not</td> -<td class="bottom">8</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18487">112</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">súch</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">such</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18515">112</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Begin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Being</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18537">113</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">steambot</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">steamboat</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18656">118</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">hastned</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">hastened</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18720">120</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Hyberbole</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Hyperbole</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18851">122</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">some other</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">same order</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18952">123</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">verses</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">syllables, verses</td> -<td class="bottom">11</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18992">124</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">SONG</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">SONGS</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e18996">124</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">song</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">songs</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19343">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">there vowells</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">three vowels</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19357">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">snatsch</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">snatch</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19361">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Aglit</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Ag̃lit</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19395">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Aswág</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">aswag̃</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19421">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Baga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Bagá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19427">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Bagá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="war">Baga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e19902">129</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Wreat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">Water</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e20775">133</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">(note)</td> -<td class="bottom">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e21869">135</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">follws</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">follows</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e22020">135</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">demonstratIve</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">demonstrative</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e22362">136</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom" lang="en">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Abbreviations</h3> -<p>Overview of abbreviations used.</p> -<table class="abbreviationTable" summary="Overview of abbreviations used."> -<tr> -<th>Abbreviation</th> -<th>Expansion</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B.A.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bachelor of Arts</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">P.I.</td> -<td class="bottom">Philippine Islands</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without 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