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diff --git a/old/69603-0.txt b/old/69603-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 91b2a95..0000000 --- a/old/69603-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7589 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan -Rhetoric and Poetic and Filipino Dialectology, by Norberto Romualdez - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Bisayan Grammar and Notes on Bisayan Rhetoric and Poetic and - Filipino Dialectology - -Author: Norberto Romualdez - -Release Date: December 23, 2022 [eBook #69603] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON -BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY *** - - - - - A BISAYAN GRAMMAR - AND - NOTES ON - BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS - AND - FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY - - By - NORBERTO ROMUÁLDEZ, B.A. - - —Provincial Fiscal of Leyte, P.I.— - —Attorney-at-Law— - —Formerly Director of “San Jose” College of Takloban— - —Professor of Latin— - - - O! good my lord, no Latin; - I am not such a truant since my coming - As not to know the language I have liv’d in - - SHAKESPEARE - - - 1908. - - “PAG PAHAYAG” CO.—TAKLOBAN. - - - - - - - - - TO THE - - TO THE YOUTH OF SAMAR AND LEYTE - - who are clearly demonstrating aspirations - for a brighter future thru education - this book is dedicated, - in the hope that it may give a stimulus to their work - and an incentive to appreciate what is best in their language - as well as in the hope that, at a future day, - some one of them may be fitted to do this work - better than here presented. - - The Author - - - - - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The publication of a Bisayan grammar has been eagerly awaited by many. -It has been desired by those who are interested simply in the study of -a native dialect. It has been needed by all Americans who desire an -acquaintance with the language of the people among whom they live in -order that they may get into closer touch with the great mass of -natives as yet unable to speak either Spanish or English. It has been -requested by many natives who wish to improve their use of their mother -tongue. To all such, the present volume will prove of great value. - -The author is recognized throughout Samar and Leyte as one of the -highest authorities on the Samareño dialect. His statements may -therefore be accepted as authoritative. His treatment of prefixes and -suffixes, of similar words with different meanings, and of the various -forms of the verb are especially interesting and valuable. - -It is hoped that Mr. Norberto Romuáldez may be able to carry out his -intention of putting out a combined grammar and language book designed -especially for those just beginning the study of Bisayan. Such a work -in conjunction with the present grammar would immensly facilitate the -acquisition of a speaking knowledge of the dialect. - - - W. W. MARQUARDT, - Division Superintendent of Schools. - - - - - - - - -PREFATORY REMARKS - - -This book is not intended to be a complete grammar, but is only an -elementary work containing a collection of some principles governing -the formation of the words and the construction of the sentences of the -Bisayan [1] dialect spoken on the islands of Samar and nearly half of -Leyte, by about four hundred thousand people. - -At random and at odd intervals as the author’s time permitted, he -arranged, more or less in a logical grammatical order, the material -gathered. Bearing in mind that there has never been any previous -treatise on this subject worthy the name, the whole field therefore -remaining practically unexplored, it will not be surprising that the -use of spare moments covering only a short period has left much of the -field undeveloped. However, what has been collected in this book will -be found to be of primary importance to any one desiring to gain a -quick acquaintance with the dialect for immediate practical use. After -a careful study of the many examples under the different rules, coupled -with a continuous practice, the user will be surprised—if he is a -stranger—at the ease with which he acquires an Asiatic dialect, and—if -he is a Filipino—how clear and logical is one of the most spoken -dialects in his Mother-land. - -The author had no intention of launching this work at the present time; -but it is done at the behest of his American friends who have urged him -to issue what has been collected, a portion only of what is intended -ultimately to be a complete treatise and grammar of Bisayan, in order -that this material may be available for the use of persons taking an -interest in the Islands, thereby bringing about a common means of -communication, which promotes a better feeling between the people born -here and the newcomer. - -The exposition of the different subjects is not in the modern didactic -form generally used in this class of works. This is simply due to the -lack of sufficient time. Thus the grammar is divided into the usual -parts: orthography, prosody, etimology, and syntax. Some of these parts -have been treated to a very limited extent, because time has not -admitted of the collection of sufficient material and of the -opportunity to weigh the relative values and eliminate the exceptions -from the rules. - -An appendix has been added where two topics are treated: notes on -Rhetoric and Poetics of Bisayan, and notes on Filipino Dialectology -consisting in a short comparative study of this dialect in reference to -Tagalog, one of its sister-dialects in the Archipelago. The first notes -are designed to complete the knowledge of Bisayan after the grammar is -mastered; the second are intended to show the possibility of the -formation of a common Filipino language [2] out of the different -dialects scattered thru out the Archipelago, in a similar way as the -Modern High German has been formed out of the main primitive groups -Frisian and Saxon. Frankish, Hessian, and Thuringian, and Alemannian -and Bavarian. - -We have to repeat that our work is far from being perfect, even -complete, on account of lack of sufficient time. Owing to the same -circumstance, many errors in printing have crept into this book, which -we have tried to correct at the end under the heading Errata. But we -sincerely admit that not all of the mistakes that may be found in this -book are to be assigned to lack of time. Like any other product of -human industry, this work bears marks of errors arising from the two -sources pointed out by Horace - - - quas aut incuria fudit, - Vut humana parum cavit natura. - - -Acknowledgement is hereby made for the help rendered by Messrs. W. W. -Marquardt, Div. Superintendent of Schools of Leyte, P.I., Fred -Shoemaker, and H. W. Halbourg, in correcting part of the proof, and for -the collaboration of Mr. Henry E. Neibert, Former American Teacher of -Jaro, Leyte, P.I. whose knowledge of both tongues, English and Bisayan, -added much material to the work. - -Hoping that this little volume may be of interest and real help, it is -offered to an indulgent public for what it is worth. - - Norberto Romualdez - - Takloban, Province of Leyte, - Philippine Islands. - November 8, 1908. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - DEDICATION I - INTRODUCTION III - PREFATORY REMARKS IV - CONTENTS IX - - ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY - - LETTERS 1 - THE ACCENTS 2 - PUNCTUATION 3 - VOWELS 5 - SYLLABLES 5 - CAPITALIZATION 5 - CONTRACTIONS 7 - - ETYMOLOGY - - PARTS OF SPEECH 6 - Articles 7 - Declension 8 - Nouns 9 - Diminutive 10 - Figurative 12 - Verbal 13 - Compound 22 - Derivative 23 - Proper and Common 29 - Positive, Comparative, and Superlative 32 - Cardinal, Ordinal, Partitive, and Distributive 35 - Collective 38 - Gender 40 - Number 40 - Case 41 - Important Observation 41 - Transposition of Accents 43 - Pronouns 47 - Personal 47 - Demonstrative 48 - Possessive 50 - Relative 52 - Contractions 56 - Verbs 57 - Conjugation—Voices 58 - Moods and Tenses 58 - Number and Person 61 - Inflections 61 - Table 1.—Primitive Active 61 - Table 2.—Progressive Active 61 - Table 3.—Primitive Direct Passive 68 - Table 4.—Progressive Direct Passive 70 - Table 5.—Primitive Indirect Passive 73 - Table 6.—Progressive Indirect Passive 75 - Table 7.—Primitive Instrumental Passive 76 - Table 8.—Progressive Instrumental Passive 78 - Negative Forms 80 - Interrogative Forms 82 - Suppletory Verbs 84 - Pronominal Form 84 - Adverbial Form 84 - Observation 87 - Impersonal Verbs 88 - Defective Verbs 88 - Other classes of Verbs 89 - Active Voice 90 - Direct Passive 93 - Indirect Passive 96 - Instrumental Passive 96 - Depreciative Verbs 96 - Adverbs 97 - Prepositions 98 - Conjunctions 98 - Interjections 99 - - SYNTAX - - Subjective relation 100 - Predicative relation 100 - Attributive relation 100 - Complementary relation 101 - Adverbial relation 102 - Representative relation 102 - Connective relation 103 - Absolute and independent constructions 103 - Syntax of verbs 103 - Arrangement of words 105 - - VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE 105 - Barbarisms 105 - Foreign words 105 - Foreign words unnecessarily used in Bisayan 106 - Spanish words 106 - Chinese words 111 - English words 111 - Foreign constructions 112 - Foreign words necessarily used in Bisayan 112 - - APPENDIX - - NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS 117 - - Figures of Speech 117 - Prose 121 - Letters 121 - Poetic forms 123 - Versification 123 - Collection of some Bisayan songs 124 - Moral Poetry 124 - Philosophic Poetry 125 - Love Poetry 125 - Sundry 126 - - NOTE ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY 128 - - Words exactly the same in Bisayan and in Tagalog 128 - Words with some dialectal differences 130 - Differences in the vowels i, o 130 - Differences k, h, l, r, d, t 131 - Differences in the accent, and in the separation - of the syllables 132 - Transformation from a to o and viceversa 132 - - ERRATA 133 - - - - - - - - -ORTHOGRAPHY AND PROSODY - - -LETTERS. - -The Bisayan letters are twenty: [3] - - - a, as a in large - b, } - c, } as in English - d, } - e, as e in well - g, as g in good - ng̃, as ng in long - h, as h in hat - i, sounding ee - l, } - m, } as in English - n, } - o, as o in long - p, as in English - qu, as the English k - r, } - s, } as in English - t, } - u, sounding oo as in good - y, as y in young - - -After knowing the respective sounds of these letters, according to the -preceding table, no rule is necessary for the pronunciation of Bisayan -words. - - - - -THE ACCENTS. - -The orthographical accent is an important sign in Bisayan, in order to -give to the words their proper pronunciation, and, consequently, their -proper meaning. - -Of the emission of the voice in pronouncing the Bisayan vowels, there -are two ways: one is the ordinary way, like that of the English vowels, -as in - - - baga (red-hot coal or wood), - dinhi (here), - olo (head), - - -and the other is by a guttural suspended emission of the voice, like - - - the last a in bagà (lungs), - the last i in dirì (not or no), and - the last o in torò (drop). - - -This guttural pronunciation is only used in the endings of words. - -From the various combinations of these ways of pronouncing the vowels -and the force with which they are pronounced, it follows that a vowel, -no matter which one it is, has four different sounds: - - - 1st. As ordinarily, and without any particular force. - 2nd. As ordinarily, but with force in its pronunciation. - 3rd. By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and without - force. - 4th. By a guttural suspended emission of the voice, and with force. - - -The first way does not need any orthographical sign. But the last three -ones require a special orthographical accent in each ease. - -When a vowel is pronounced as ordinarily, but with more force than -others in the same word, the proper accent is the acute (´). - -When a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound, but without -any force, the corresponding accent is the grave (`). - -And when a vowel is pronounced with a suspended guttural sound with -force, its accent is the circumflex (ˆ), which is simply the -combination of the two foregoing accents, as this last represents a -sound that is the combination of the two sounds, suspended guttural and -with force. - -Therefore, in writing the word quita, for example, in its three -different meanings and according to its three different pronunciations, -it must be as follows: - - - quitá (we) quità (see) quitâ (look at). - - -RULE. There are three different accents in Bisayan: the acute (´); the -grave (`); and the angular, which we may call improperly circumflex -(ˆ). - -The acute is located wherever it is needed, either at the beginning or -in the middle or at the ending of the word. Examples: - - - úpa (reward) upá (rice chaff). - - -The grave and angular, by their nature, are only used upon words ending -in a vowel, and then only upon the last vowel. Examples: - - - dacò (large), dacô (larger) - - - - -PUNCTUATION. - -The signs of punctuation in Bisayan are the same as those in English, -the rules for the use of the period (.), colon (:), semicolon (;), -comma (,), parenthesis (), dash (—), quotation marks (“ ”) and -apostrophe (’) being identical. - -But the rules are different for the use of the interrogation and -exclamation points, and hyphen. - -In Bisayan, the Spanish way is followed in using two points of -interrogation and two of exclamation, the one at the beginning of the -question or exclamation (¿) (¡), and the other at the ending (?) (!). - -While the hyphen (-) is also used in Bisayan to connect parts of a word -divided at the end of a line, and to connect two or more nouns, -adjectives, or particles, so as to form them into a single compound, it -has an additional use which is to separate distinctly the syllables of -certain words that would have a different meaning or none at all -without the said separation. Examples: - - - sál-ong (to hook) sálong (resin) - súl-ay (belching of an infant) súlay (prop) - bac-ad (to unroll) - os-og (to draw near from afar) - im-im (lip) - sid-ap (to look at) - san-o (when, future) - cacan-o (when, past) [4] - - -NOTE.—The above separations are not of the same character as those -caused by contractions or elisions, where the proper sign is not a -hyphen, but an apostrophe. As, - - -gáb’i from gabii (night) -cabitón’an, from cabitoónan (stars) -pabáy’i, from pabayái (leave him or her) -it’ im’ bugtò ng̃an from iton imo bugtò (your brother or -hit’ ac’ patód, ng̃an hitón acon patód sister and my cousin). - - -Therefore, it would not be correct to write gab-i, cabiton-an, pabay-i, -where the apostrophe should be employed instead of the hyphen. However, -the apostrophe is used only when needed to avoid wrong pronunciation or -confusion. So the last of the preceding examples is written without any -sign of punctuation, thus: it im bugtò ng̃an hit ac patód. - - - - -VOWELS - -The Bisayan people, especially in Leyte, always have a tendency to -separate the vowels in pronouncing the words, there being no Bisayan -dipthong. So it is bi-ol (small basket) and not biol; cá-on (eat), -ti-il (foot), ma-opay (good), and not cáon, tiil, maopay. But this -refers only to spoken language, not to written. - -Some words, like uásay (axe), sabáo (broth) are pronounced ua-say, -sa-bao, and not u-a-say, sa-ba-o. These syllables ua and ao are not -dipthongs. The u in the syllable ua and the o in the syllable ao, are -not the vowels u, o, but the consonant w. These words should be written -more properly wásay, sabáw. [5] - - - - -SYLLABLES - -Every vowel [6] with the consonant or consonants pronounced with it and -every vowel pronounced alone form one syllable, and are written as -such. This is the rule applied to the division of a word at the end of -a line. Examples: - - - ca-ru-ca-yá-can (conversation) - bác-dao (stand) - a-ha-cá (hemp), etc. - - - - -CAPITALIZATION - -In Bisayan, the following words should begin with capitals: - - - 1. The first word of every sentence. - 2. The proper nouns. - 3. The names of the days of the week and the months of the year. - 4. Titles of honor or office. - 5. All words, except prepositions, conjunctions and unimportant - adjectives, in the titles of books and essays. - 6. All names of God, and expressions referring to the Deity. - 7. Words representing important events in history and epochs of - time. - - - - -CONTRACTIONS - -There is no contraction used in Bisayan, except that in the sign mg̃a (a -particle employed to express the idea of plurality). - -Mg̃a is for mang̃a composed of ma (an important prefix of the Bisayan and -Tagalog dialects, which bears the idea of abundance or plurality) and -ng̃a (a conjunctive particle which is necessarily employed to connect -the variable parts of speech). - -NOTE. It would be desirable to have the following contractions adopted -in Bisayan, inasmuch as they are universally recognized: - - - i.e. for id est. - e.g. ,, exempli gratia. - viz. ,, videlicet. - etc. ,, et cetera. - P.D. ,, post data. - P.S. ,, post scriptum. - N.B. ,, nota bene. - a.m. ,, ante meridiem. - p.m. ,, post meridiem. [7] - - - - - - - - -ETYMOLOGY. - - -PARTS OF SPEECH. - -These are eight in number, in Bisayan: article, noun, pronoun, verb, -adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. - - - - -ARTICLES. - -There are three classes: - - - Definite: an (the) - Indefinite: in (a) - Personal: hi or si (no equivalent in English). - - -The definite article, as well as the indefinite, is used in Bisayan in -the same manner as its equivalent in English. The definite article, -however, is sometimes used before proper nouns, and it is very often -used before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Examples: - - - Nacánhi an batà (the boy or girl has come) - Nacánhi in batà (a boy or girl has come) - An Dyos [8] macagagáhum (God is omnipotent) - An iní nga bucád (this flower) - An acon calò (my hat) - - -The personal article is always used before the names of persons; it is -also used before the personal pronouns, except the third persons. -Examples. - - - Hi Pedro (Peter) - Hi acó (I) - Hi icao (you) - - -Instead of hi, si may be used. [9] - -These articles do not change in gender. Examples: an amáy (the father), -an iróy (the mother); hi Juan (John), hi María (Mary). - -The definite and indefinite articles change in the plural in the -following way: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - an an mg̃a [10] - in in mg̃a - - -The personal article does not change, in person or number, except in -the third person plural where it takes the form of the third personal -pronoun third person, plural number. Examples: - - - Hi quitá (we) - Hi camó (you, in plural) - Hirá Pedro ng̃an hi Juan (Peter and John) - - - -DECLENSION.—Articles have two cases: nominative and objective. - - - SINGULAR | PLURAL - | -NOMINATIVE: an in hi or | an mg̃a in mg̃a hirá or - si | sirá -OBJECTIVE: han or hin or ni, | han mg̃a hin nira, - san sin can | or san mg̃a or canda - | mg̃a sin - | mg̃a - - -Examples: - - -An batà nagbahása han surát ni Pedro (the boy reads Peter’s letter). -Hirá Carlos ng̃an hi Juan naghátag (Charles and John gave flowers -canda Tomás ng̃an hi Pedro hin mg̃a to Thomas and Peter). -bucád - - -The objective case covers all the different cases used in other -languages after the nominative, that is to say, the genitive, dative, -accusative and ablative cases. - -RULES. 1. The Bisayan articles are used immediately before the words to -which they refer. - -2. The definite article may be used without expressing the object to -which it refers, having, in this case, the nature of a relative -pronoun. Examples: - - - An nagtótoon, nahabábaro (He, who studies, learns). - An mg̃a nagtututdò ha aton (They who teach us.) - - -3. The personal article is always necessary before the names of -persons. It is not correct to say “Pedro nagsusurat”; hi is needed, and -it must be: “hi Pedro nagsusurat” (Peter is writing). - -EXCEPTIONS. 1. Between the definite article and the word to which it -refers, other words may be placed, in some instances, as in this -phrase: - - - An iní ng̃a baláy (this house), or - an maopay ng̃a batà (the good boy or girl). - - -The regular order in constructing the last phrase is: - - - an batà ng̃a maopay. - - -2. When the names of persons are in the vocative case, the personal -article is not used. Thus we say: - - - Mariano, cadí dao (Mariano, come, please). - Pamatì, Juan (listen, John). - - -3. In the objective case of hi, can is used before the verb, and ni -after the verb. Examples: - - - An can Juan guinsurát (what John wrote) - An guinsurát ni Juan (what John wrote) - - -N.B.—The indefinite article, when needed at the beginning of the -sentence, is replaced by the phrase “usa ng̃a” So, if we wish to say “a -boy came yesterday,” we should not say - - - in batà nacánhi cacolop; but - usá ng̃a batà nacánhi cacolóp. - - -This phrase usá ng̃a is not a perfect article, but it has the character -of an adjective, even when used as an article. Therefore, both the -indefinite in and the phrase usá ng̃a may be used in the same sentence. -So, we can say, changing the regular order of the last sentence: - - - Nacánhi cacolóp in usá ng̃a bata (a boy came yesterday). - - - - -NOUNS - -These are substantive and adjective. Both may be grouped in the -following classes: primitive, diminutive, figurative, verbal, compound, -derivative, proper, common, positive, comparative, superlative, -cardinal, ordinal, partitive, distributive and collective. Nothing -particular needs be said about the primitive. - - -DIMINUTIVE - -Examples: - - PRIMITIVE DIMINUTIVE - - baláy (house) balaybálay - saróual (trousers) sarouálay - carahà (frying-pan) caraháay - balóto (little boat) balotóhay - - -As is seen, the diminutive is formed by the repetition of the primitive -or by adding to the latter the affix ay or hay. - -The primitive is repeated when it has not more than two syllables. As, - - from - - dáhon (leave), dahondáhon, - cáhoy (tree), cahoycáhoy. - - -The affix ay or hay is added when the primitive has more than two -syllables; ay being used in cases where the noun ends with a consonant, -or a vowel with a grave or angular accent; and hay being employed when -the primitive ends with a vowel otherwise accented or non-accented or a -vowel that is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding it, or -is preceded by more than one consonant. As, - - from - - sacayán (boat), sacayánay, - habobò (low), habobóay, - balicô (crooked), balicóay, [11] - - abacá (hemp), abacáhay, - babaye (woman), babayéhay, - banat-i (a tree so called), banat-ihay, - malacsi (fast), malacsihay. - - -But the dissyllabic primitive is not repeated when its first vowel is -followed by more than one consonant, or when the last vowel has an -acute accent or is pronounced separately from the consonant preceding -it. In such cases the affix ay or hay is employed, the rules -established for the use of these affixes being applicable to such -diminutives. As, - - from - - támsi (bird), tamsíhay, not tamsitamsi, - túl-an (bone), tul-ánay, not tul-antul-an, - pulá (red color), puláhay, not pulapula, [12] - sagpò (plug), sagpóay, not sagposagpò, - sab-a (a kind of banana), sab-áhay, not sab-asab-a, - bungto (town), bungtóhay not bungtobungto. - - -Generally, as it has been observed in the preceding examples, the -adjectives follow the same rules. As, - - from - - matám-is (sweet), matam-isay, - malomó (soft), malomóhay, - halípot (short), halipótay. - - -But in must of the adjectives formed with ma (a particle bearing the -idea of abundance) and ha [13] (a particle that bears the idea of -place), like maopay, mabusag, mapulá, hatáas, halabà, the prefixes ma -or ha are disregarded in the formation of their diminutives, their -abstract roots being the only elements taken into consideration, as if -such adjectives were dyssillabic. Thus, opay, busag, pulá, táas, lubà, -being the abstract roots of the last mentioned adjectives, their -diminutives will be: - - from - - maópay (good), maopay-ópay - mabuság (white), mabusagbúsag - mapulá (red), mapulapulá - hatáas (high), hataastáas - halabà (long), halabalabà [14] - - -There are some adjectives that have irregular diminutives. Such are the -following: - - DIMINUTIVE - from REGULAR IRREGULAR - dacò (large), dacòdacò dacolaay [15] - gutì (small) gutigutì gutirurù [16] - - - - -FIGURATIVE - -We call those nouns figurative that are applied to the objects which, -not being of the same nature as that which is expressed by their roots, -show nevertheless analogy or similarity with those represented by the -corresponding primitive, in their meaning, form, use, or application. - -Examples: - -from - -bobón (fountain), mobonbóbon [17] (fontanel); -cabáyo (horse), carocabáyo, (objects that are like a horse - or cloud). -dámpog (cloud), darodámpog, - - -When the primitive has not more than two syllables, the formation of -its figurative follows the same rules as those for the dissyllabic -diminutive. As, - -from - - hadì (king), we have - hadihadi (a person who, by his vanity or harshness, resembles the - figure of a king). - - -But when thy primitive has more than two syllables, or its last vowel -is preceded by more than one consonant or is pronounced separately from -the consonant—preceding it, its figurative is formed by adding to the -root a prefix composed of its first syllable if it begins with a -consonant or of its first vowel if it begins with a vowel and the -syllable ro (a particle that bears the idea of imitation, repetition, -or collection). As, - - from - - sacayán (boat), sarosacáyan - ulalahípan (centipede), uroulalahipan - isdà (fish), iroisdà - can’on (cooked rice) carocan’on [18] - - -NOTE.—Many of the figurative nouns have the same forms as the -collective. There are few figuratives among the adjectives; of these, -those having the form of figuratives are really comparatives. [19] - - - - -VERBAL - -These are formed from the verb-root transformed by particles referring -to the agents or the objects of the roots. - -Examples: - -from - - sáyau (to dance) - - parasayáu (dancer), - tigsayáu (person who sometimes dances), - magsarayáu (person appointed to dance) - sarayauán [20] (place designed for dancing). - sarayauón (dance or musical piece to be danced) [21]; - - -from - - umá (to farm) - - paraúma (farmer), - tig-úma (person used to do farming), - mag-urúma (person in charge of farming), - urumáhan, contracted urúmhan (place designed for farming), - urumáhon, contracted urúmhon (ground or plant to be - cultivated); - - -from - - surat (to write), the similar verbals as above, so far as the idea - of the root and the use permit, with this variant: - - susurátan, not sururátan, - susuráton, not sururáton; - - -from - - toóc (to weep), the similar verbals, so far as the root and the use - permit, and this besides: - - matóoc (weeper); - - -from - - bóong̃ (to break), the similar verbals, and this: - - maboroóng̃ (liable or expected to be broken); - - -from - - inóm (to drink), the similar verbals, and the following: - - mainominóm (an inviting drink); - - -from - - sosón (to correct), the similar verbals, and this: - - hinóson (person fond of or bold in correcting); - - -from - - útang̃ (to borrow), - - hing̃útang̃ or hing̃ung̃utáng̃ [22] (person fond of or bold in - borrowing). - - -It may be observed that not all of the verb-roots produce the same -number of verbal nouns. It depends on the particular character of every -idea conveyed in the root, and mainly on the use. - -From the preceding examples, it is seen that the transformative -particles of the verbal nouns are various, the said particles being the -prefixes para, tig, mag, ma, hi, the interfixes [23] r, ro, um or the -affixes an, on. These particles are very important in Bisayan as they -greatly help to enrich the limited vocabulary of this tongue. - -For the sake of clearness, we shall see first the affixes. - - -AN, ON. - -These particles refer to the complement of the verb-root, an to the -indirect object of the action (generally regarding the place where the -act occurs), and on to the direct object (generally referring to the -termination of the action). - -An or on is used when the root ends with a consonant or a vowel with a -grave or angular accent. - -An h preceds them when the roots ends with a vowel otherwise accented -or non-accented, or pronounced separately from the preceding consonant -or consonants. - -The particle an or han is simply added to the root, as, - -from - -catúrog (to sleep), caturogán (sleeping place); -sing̃ba (to adore), sing̃báhan (church); -taclob (to cover), taclóban [24] (covering place); -tan-ao (to see at a distance), tan-aoan [25] (watching place); - - -or is employed either with the interfix r combined with the first vowel -of the root or with the first consonant and vowel of the root instead, -as - -from - - cáon (to eat) caraonán - - -from - - tíroc (to assembly) titiroeán (meeting place); - - -or with its first vowel if the root commences with a vowel, as - -from - - aro (to ask) aaroán (place designed for asking). - - -The particle on has the same use as an, as - - caturogón, - siringbahon, - lilibácon (from libác, to backbite), - aaroon. - - -NOTE.—The affix an is sometimes doubled, as, - -from - - lohód (to kneel down), lodhanán [26] - - -from - - tambò (to lock out), tamboànan, from tambóan (window). - - -PARA, TIG. - -Para bears the idea of habit, custom or occupation. Tig conveys the -idea of a repeated, but not frequent, act. - -They are simply prefixed to the root without any other complementary -particle, as, - - from - - cánhi (to come). - - paracánhi, - tigcánhi. - - -MA, WITH ON, WITH RO, OR WITH R. - -The particle ma conveys the idea of fondness, desirableness, or passive -potentiality or possibility. - -When, it means fondness, it is employed either by putting it at the -beginning of the root without any other particle, as - - from - - cáon (to eat), macáon (glutton), - - -or by combining it with the affix on or hon, according to the case, as - - from - - catúrog (to sleep), macaturogón (sleepy head), - - - from - - arába (to moan), maarabahón (person fond of moaning). - - -When the prefix ma, bears the idea of desirableness, it is placed -before the doubled root, when the root has not more than two syllables -and its last vowel is preceded by not more than two consonants or is -not pronounced separately from its preceding consonant or consonants, -as - - from - - cáon, macaoncaón (thing inviting to be eaten) [27] - - - from - - oná (to commence), maonaoná (provocative, quarrelsome), - - -and in cases where the root has more than two syllables, or if not, -where its last vowel is preceded by more than two consonants or is -pronounced separately from the consonant or consonants preceding it, -then this prefix is employed in combination with the interfix ro -preceded by the first consonant and vowel of the root or by the vowel -only if the root begins with a vowel, as - - - from catúrog, macarocaturóg, - ,, bányac, (to kick), maharobányac, - ,, síd-ap, (to look at), masirosíd-ap, - ,, arába, maaroarabá, - ,, ígham, (to grunt), mairoígham, - ,, ós-og (to draw near from afar), maoroós-og. - - -When the particle ma conveys the idea of passive potentiality or -possibility, it is used with the interfix r combined with the first -vowel of the root. The r with its complementary vowel is put after the -first syllable of the root. As, - - - from bóong (to break), maboroóng (brittle) - ,, abót (to reach), maarábot (attainable). - - -The particle ma is frequently replaced by the prefix ig or i combined -with the interfix r or its substitutes, as - - - from tambal (to cure), igtarámbal or (medicine), - itárambal - ,, surat (to write), isusúrat (thing to write - with). - - -MAG AND THE R. - -The prefix mag bears the idea of forcible, necessary, or continuous -agency. It is employed with the interfix r combined with and before the -first vowel of the root. This combination is placed between the first -and the second syllable of the root. But when there is an r in the -root, the interfix r is replaced by the first consonant of the said -root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix r is sometimes -suppressed, the said first vowel being used instead of the interfix. -As, - - - from sódoy (to stroll magsotodóy (one who strolls - about), about) - ,, bilíng̃ (to seek or magbiríling̃ (searcher), - search), - ,, siríng̃ (to request), magsisíring̃, (petitioner), not - magsiríring̃, - ,, ósoc (to set up), mag-orosóc (person designed - to set up), - ,, arót (to cut the mag-aárot (barber). - hair), - - -The particle mag is frequently contracted into ma, in which case the -root is considered as having an r, as - - - from suláy (to tempt), manunúlay (tempter), - ,, tábang̃ (to assist), mananábang̃ (helper). - - -HI - -This particle conveys the idea of boldness. When the root begins with a -labial consonant, except the m, the said consonant is transformed into -m, as - - - from bása (to read), himása (person bold in reading), - ,, pitíc (to leap), himític (person bold in leaping). - - -When the root begins with an m, the prefix hi is not commonly used but -the prefix para ma, or tig, as - - - from múlay (to teach), para-, ma-, or tigmulay, not himúlay, - ,, mogó (to observe), para-, ma-, or tigmógo, not himógo. - - -When the root begins with a vowel, ng̃ is [28] appended to the prefix; -ng̃ is also appended when the root begins with a guttural consonant, but -then the said consonant is suppressed. As, - - - from ásoy (to refer), hing̃ásoy (garrolous), - ,, cáon (to eat) hingáon (bold in eating), - ,, gúbat (to invade), hing̃úbat (bold in invading). - - -When the root commences with the nasal consonant ng̃, the prefix hi is -ordinarily replaced by the prefix para, ma, or tig, or the first -syllable of the root is made long, as - - - from ng̃isi (to laugh, para-, ma, or (person fond of - showing the tig̃ngisi, or grinning). - teeth), ñgisi - - -When the root begins with any other consonant, except l, n, r, the said -consonant is suppressed and the letter n is appended to the prefix, as - - -from dolóng, (to struggle), hinólong (bold in struggling), - ,, sosón (to correct), hinóson (bold in correcting), - ,, tápod (to confide), hinápod [29] (bold in confiding) - - -In all of these cases, the syllable following the prefix hi is -sometimes doubled, according to the use, as, - - - from himític, himimític, - ,, hing̃ásoy, hing̃ang̃asóy, - ,, hinóson, hinonoson, [30] etc. - - -UM. - -This particle bears the idea of option. It is used among the verbs for -the subjunctive mode. It is always combined with the interfix r or its -substitutes, and is placed between the first consonant and the first -vowel of the root. When the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is -placed immediately before the vowel. Examples: - - -from cáon (to eat), cumaraón (person going to, or expected - to, eat), - - ,, abót (to arrive), umarábot (person expected to arrive), - ,, arò (to ask), umaarô (person expected to ask). - - -Some roots without r follow the rule as if they had an r, as, - - - from sacá (to go up, to board), sumasáca (boarder). - - -Observations: 1. There are verbals formed with ma combined with the -interfix r or its substitutes. This formation takes place only in the -intransitive verbs commencing with the particle ca which then conveys -the idea of passivity. As, - - - from caauód (to be ashamed), macaaráuod (shameful), - ,, cabórong̃ (to be confused), macabobórong̃ (confusing), - ,, casína (to be angry), macasisína (odious). - - -2. The infinitives of the verbs, which are always preceded by the -particle pag, are frequently employed as substantives. In such cases -the particle pag is transformed in the plural, its g being then -replaced by the letter ng̃ if the root begins with a vowel or a guttural -consonant, except g, or by the consonant n when the root commences with -a dental consonant, or by the m if it begins with a labial. In the -plural, the roots commencing with a consonant lose said consonant. When -the root begins with a nasal or with the guttural g, said consonant is -preserved and the g of pag is replaced by n. Examples: - -from arò (to ask), cáon (to eat), dáop (to approach) bása (to read), -ng̃oyng̃oy (to groan), gábot (to, pull), we have: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - pag-arò (asking) pang̃arò, - pagcáon (eating) pang̃áon, - pagdáop (approaching) panáop, - pagbása (reading) pamása, - pagngoyngoy (groaning) panngóyagoy, - paggábot (pulling) pangábot, - - -3. The infinitives of roots commencing with the particle ca are also -used as substantives, and then with or without the prefix pag. - - - from cabido (to be sorry), pagcabídò, cabídò, (sorrow). - - -In such cases, the affix an or on is sometimes employed, as - - - from casáquit (to be sad), casaquítan (sadness), - ,, casína (to be angry), casinahón (anger). - - - - -COMPOUND - -The use gives the following: - - -from solód (to enter) and sólodbálay, which means the person who -baláy (house), thru his intimacy with the occupant of - a house, enters in at any time; -from sacá (to go up) and sacálúsad, applied to the person who is -lúsad (to go down), very busy or who suffers a great - misfortune and goes up and down the - house repeatedly. It is also applied to - boys or girls who go out the house - frequently, especially without - permission of their parents; -from dosô (to push) and dosô-bótong, [31] applied to a person -bótong (to pull), who takes determinations that are - contradictory; -from cábcab (to scratch) and cábcabtocâ, applied to persons who have -tocâ (what a bird does when to expend for their subsistence all -it picks up or bites that they gain by their work; -something with its beak), -from di, contraction of dirì diabotóncalóton, applied to that part -(not), abotón, from abót (to of the human back, which our hands -reach), and calóton, from cannot reach to scratch when it itches; -cálot (to scratch), - -from tábag (help), ha, a tabaghaamong̃-ámong̃, applied to those -preposition for the objective who maliciously pretend to help a -case, among̃ámong̃ (to person in trouble, but injure him. Etc. -malign); - - - - -DERIVATIVE - -We consider under this heading the nouns derived from other nouns. -Those originated from a verb are already treated as verbals. Most of -the derivatives are adjectives. - -The derivatives, like the verbal, are formed with particles, prefixes, -interfixes, and affixes. - -The usual particles are ca, ma, maca, mag, maqui, hi, pala, tag, as -prefixes; r, in as interfixes; and an, on as affixes. As, - - - from pauà (light), capanà (clearness) - ,, áram (wisdom), maáram (wise) - ,, bayáu (brother in mabaráyau (brother-in-law-to-be) - law), - ,, bidò (sorrow), macabibidò (sorrowful) - ,, isdà (fish), maquiisdà (fond of fish) - ,, púsod (navel), himósod (payment for attending - to the navel of a - new-born child) - ,, bugtò (brother or magbugtò (referring to two - sister), persons who are - brothers or sisters) - [32] - ,, bisaya (bisayan), binisaya (bisayan tongue) - ,, salâ (fault or saláan (guilty) - guilt), - ,, búuà [33] (lie), buuáon (liar). - - -Ca bears the idea of quality, and is used alone or in combination with -the affix an. As - - - from hatáas (high), cahatáas (height), - ,, dáot (bad), caraótan, carát’an (badness). - ,, pauà (light), capauà (clearness). - - -It is sometimes combined with the interfix in and the joined affix -anon, as - - - from masúgot (obedient), camasinug’tánon (obedience). - - -Ma conveys the idea of abundance and future condition. In the first -case, it is added at the beginning of the primitive, which is the form -of great many adjectives, as, - - - from ísog (courage, rage), maísog (courageous); - - -and when it means future condition, it is used with the interfix r -combined with the first vowel of the primitive, as, - - - from asáua (wife), maarasauá (woman betrothed) - - -The particle ma is frequently combined with the interfix in and the -affix on or ánon. In plural, the ma is appended with g. As - - - from túman (performance), matinumánon (faultless) plural, - magtinumánon - ,, sugót (obedience), masinug’tánon (obedient) - - -It is also used without any affix, and then the primitive is doubled as -from tubâ (a wine) matubatubâ (person or thing that smells as tubâ). - -Maca has the idea of potentiality, and is added to the beginning of the -primitive, by doubling the first syllable of the primitive or by using -the intermix r combined with the first vowel of the primitive. As, - - - from álo (shame), macaaálo (shameful), - ,, lípay (joy), macalilípay (rejoicer), - ,, budlay (grievance), macaburúdlay (grievous). - - -Mag conveys the idea of mutual relationship, and also of continuity in -a few cases. It is simply added at the beginning of the primitive. - -Relationship. Examples: - - - from patód (cousin), magpatód (cousins each other). - - -It is sometimes appended with tala, as from amáy (father), magtalaamáy -(father and son, or father and daughter). - -The derivatives formed with mag conveying the idea of mutual -relationship, are always in plural. - -Continuity. Examples: - - - from ága (morning), Mag-ága (the whole night until the - morning); - ,, colóp (evening); magcólop (the whole day until the - evening.) - - -Maqui signifies the idea of fondness, and is employed without any other -transformative particle, as, - - - from Dyos [34] (God), maquidyos (pious). - - -It is used in very few cases to form verbals, as - - -from hámpang̃ (to be present maquihahampang̃on (person fond of - during a being present or - conversation), taking part in a - conversation). - - -Hi, as transformative particle of derivatives, conveys the idea of -boldness, and also of consideration, or of payment. We have seen that -it means boldness when joined to verbs to form verbal nouns [35]. As to -its use, it follows here the same rules as when employed with verbs. -Examples: - - -from quinatsilâ (Spanish hing̃inatsilà (one who ventures - language), to talk Spanish, - knowing but little - of it). - - ,, apóy (grandfather), hing̃apóy - ,, púsod (navel), himósod [36] - - -Pala means resemblance. It is combined with the affix an. As, - - -from buyo (betel palabuyóan (applied to the wine of - nut), cocoanut, that resembles - the taste of the betel nut) - ,, biráu (a plant), palabirauán (applied to the fruit of - cocoanut that resembles the - color of biráu) - ,, camote (sweet palacamotián (applied to the fruit of - potato), “nang̃ca” (a tree) that - resembles the color of - camote) - ,, gátas (milk) palagatásan (applied to the young rice - or corn whose grain is yet - liquid resembling the milk) - - -Tag conveys the idea of ownership or authorship. It is simply added to -the primitive. As - - - from baláy (house), tagbaláy (owner of a house) - ,, sugò (order), tagsugò (author of an order). - - -It is sometimes used to indicate distribution, and then it is -frequently combined with the prefix ma preceding it. As - - - from túig (year), tagtuig (year by year) - ,, ádlao (day), matag-ádlao (every day). - - -These last particles are sometimes replaced by iquina which expresses -the same idea. As - - - from túig, adlao, búlan (month), pagcáon (meal) - iquinatúig (every year) - iquinaadlao (every day) - iquinabulan (every month) - iquinapagcáon, (every meal) - - -The interfix r, which bears no particular meaning, is here employed -under the same rules as those established for its use in the figurative -and verbal nouns. - -The interfix in expresses imitation. It is added at the beginning of -the primitive if the latter commences with a vowel. Otherwise, it is -placed before the first vowel of the primitive. As, - - - from Súlug [37] (the archipelago of Súlu), - sinulúg (a fight or dance after the Suluan fashion) - from tuyáo (crazy), - tinuyáo (foolishness) - from ínsic (chinaman), - ininsic (chinese language; ways; or habit). - - -An and on among the derivatives, signify the idea of abundance or -participation, an frequently conveying the idea of place. Both are -appended to the primitive without any other particle, and complemented -with an h, in the same way as in the formation of verbals. [38] -Examples: - - -from pálad (fate), paláran [39] (fortunate), - ,, asáua (wife), asauáhan (married man), - ,, salapi (silver, salapian (wealthy) - money), - ,, curi (difficulty), curián (stubborn person) - ,, sumat (information), sumatán (credulous) - ,, burabud (fountain), buraburon [40] (place where there - are many fountains) - ,, taro (wax), taróhon (an object that has - wax on) - ,, tubac (ant), tubacón (a thing that has - ants on.) - - -These particles are sometimes employed jointly, the an preceding the -on. This compound affix, anon, bears the idea of great abundance, or -birth or residence place, and is preceeded by an h according to the -same rules established for an and on. Examples: - - -from mang̃gad (wealth), mang̃gáran (wealthy), - manggaránon (rich). - ,, abacá (hemp), abacáhan (person that has - hemp), abacahànon - (person that owns - much hemp), - ,, Tan-auan (a town so tan-auananon (native or resident - called), of Tanauan). - ,, Palo (a town so paloánon (native or resident - called), contracted of Palo), - palon’on - ,, Tolosa (a town), tolosahanon, (native or resident - contracted of Tolosa), - tolosán’hon - ,, Dagami (a town), dagamiánon, (native or resident - contracted of Dagami), - dagamin’on - ,, Maasin (a town), maasinánon, (native or resident - contracted of Maasin), - maasinhon [41] - ,, Sugbu (Cebú), sugbuánon, (native or resident - of Cebú), - ,, Samar (province samaránon, (native or resident - so called), contracted of Sámar), - samárnon - ,, Manila (Manila), manilaanon, (native or resident - contracted of Manila). - manilan’on - ,, America (America), americahanon, (American). - contracted - americanhon [42] - - -OBSERVATIONS. There are other forms of derivatives, viz: ca cat iquina -or quina, taga, tagum or tagun, hi. - -Ca means also company, as from tupad (to be side by side) catúpad (the -person side by side). - -Cat means season, as from “áni” (harvest), “cat-aní” (harvest time). - -Iquina or quina expresses nature, as from “táuo” (man), “buhi” (alive), -“iquinatáuo” (property peculiar to men), “quinabuhi” (life). - -Taga, means origin or residence, posession, or measure, as from “Leyte” -(Island so called), “súndang̃” (bolo), “íroc” (armpits), we have: “taga -Leyte” (from Leyte), “tagasúndang” (one who bears a bolo), “tagairoc” -(up to the armpits). When this particle taga means measure, it is -sometimes replaced by pa, as from “háuac” (belly), “paháuác” (up to the -belly). - -Tagum expresses the idea of power, virtue, or peculiarity. When the -primitive commences with n, the m of tagum is suppressed. When the -primitive begins with a consonant not labial, the said m is replaced by -n. It is sometimes combined with the affix an, As: from “matá” (eye) -“baba” (mouth), “lipong” (confusion), we have “tagumatá” (peculiar -disease of the eye), “tagumbabáan” (person whose words have a peculiar -power or virtue), “tagunlipóng̃an” (one who has the power to make -himself invisible). - -Hi is also combined with the interfix r and the affix an, as from -“polós” (profit), “himorólsan” (profitable). Among verbs ha is used -instead of hi, as from “cáon” (to eat), “hacaraón” (eatable). - -NOTE.—The past participles take sometimes the affix an, as - - - from cauil (fish-hook), quinauilán (fish caught with - “cauil”) - bitánà (a kind of fishing binitanáan (fish caught with - net), “bitanà”). - - -There are other transformative particles not so important as those -already mentioned, and which the use will show to the student. - - - - -PROPER AND COMMON - -Like in other tongues there is in Bisayan a distinction between proper -and common nouns. Tacloban, Catbalaógan, Ilong̃-ílong̃ (Iloilo), Espanya -(Spain), Pedro (Peter), Guillermo (William), etc., are proper nouns; -bucad (flower), bató (stone), áyam (dog), etc., are common. - -The Bisayan language has also familiar names for persons. As - - - of Pedro, Péndong̃, Endong̃, Edóng̃, Edós, Pedó, etc; - ,, Juan, Uáuang̃, Uauay, Uáuà, Uuán, Uuâ, etc; - ,, Vicente, Tenteng̃, Titíng̃, Sente, Setée, etc; - ,, Rafael, Pápeng̃, Paéng̃, Paél, Pápè, etc; - ,, Margarito, Titong̃, Itong̃, Titoy, Itoy, etc.; - ,, Francisco, Quicoy, Incoy, Quicò, etc; - ,, Juana, Uánday, Uáday, etc.; - ,, Antonio, Tónyo, Todóc, etc.; - ,, Alejandro, Andong̃, Andoy, etc.; - ,, Isabel, Sabel, etc.; - ,, Gregorío, Goyóng̃, etc.; - ,, Saturnino, Satúr, etc.; - ,, Claudia, Calán, etc. - - -Among the names of places, there are a few formed by the preposition -can (which means possession or property), and the particles ca (which -denotes abundance), and guin (which conveys the idea of past passive -action), as - - -Cansámqui (a place, which probably belonged formerly to one - named Samqui) -Can-orquin (place probably owned formerly by one called Orquin) -Canramos, [43] transformed Carrámos (place probably owned or - possessed in former times by one named Ramos) - -Cabuyúan (place where formerly there was much “buyu” - (betelnut)) -Cabalían (place where the strong current of the sea breaks the - oars (balì)) -Guintiguían (place in the “San Juanico strait,” where the strong - current of the sea tests the rowers (tigui)) -Guintúlyan (a place in Basáy, Samar, where probably many fishes - were caught (tulúy) with nets.) - Etc. - - - NOTE.—The names of persons among the Bisayan people are all - Christian at the present time. Many of the surnames are Spanish, - many others being of Bisayan origin as Lágbas, Pócpoc, Macasáit, - Cabaobao, Balasbas, Yagomyom, etc. - - -To indicate relationship, as the English papa, mamma, and respect, -confidence, or tenderness, there are a number of Bisayan nouns, which -show by themselves the relation between the speaker or writer and the -person to whom the noun is applied. Examples: - - - for papa, tátay or tatáy, tátang̃ or tatáng̃, itáy, or itáng̃; - ,, mamma, nánay or nanáy, nánang̃ or nanáng̃, ináy, or ináng̃. - - -There are others applied to grandfathers and grandmothers, and also to -those persons who act or are considered as fathers or mothers. -Examples: - - - Mano, manóng, mamo, mamoy, babay, dudoy, dudù inco, tutoy, yuyu, - iyô (applied to elder brothers, uncles or elder male relatives of - any degree, even to persons not related to but respected by the - speaker or writer). - Mana [44] manang, manáy, mama, mamay. manding, duday, duda, insi - tutay, yuya, tuta (applied to elder sisters, aunts or elder female - relatives of any degree, even to women not related to, but - respected by the speaker or writer). - Tío, or tí, tia or tí (applied as á form of politeness and respect, - respectively to men or women not related to or unknown by the - speaker or writer). - Idoy, íntoy, budóy, busóy, and idáy, inday, udáy, idíng, iyíng, - bididay, nonay, neneng, (applied with tenderness to boys or girls - respectively). - - -NOTE.—The word cuán (so and so), not meaning anything by itself, is -applied to persons or things whose names the speaker or writer does not -know, or venture, or wish to express. As the phrase “so and so”, it -helps a great deal in a conversation, and is used also instead of the -verbs and other parts of speech. - - -The words inín (contracted of iní nga) and adâ (I guess, perhaps) are -also used in the conversation, as auxiliary particles, they being then -equivalent to the English why. - - -Examples: - - Question.—“¿Guinsorat mo na an balos?” (Have you already written - the answer?) - Answer.—“Oo guincoan co na gad” (Yes I already have). - Q.—¿Háin an basahón? (Where is the book?) - A.—Inin ... aadto ada ha ac solód (why ... I guess it is in my - room) - Q.—Mapiráu, ¿ano in bubuhaton co? (I am sleepy, what shall I do?) - A.—Ada ... catúrog (Why ... to sleep). - - - - -POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE. - -As in other languages, there are three degrees for adjectives, also -used for substantives in Bisayan. These degrees are positive, -comparative and superlative. - -Nothing particular needs be observed about the positive degree, except -what is mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs: - -The comparatives are formed exactly in the same way as the figuratives -[45], the number of syllables being disregarded, as if all has more -than two syllables. - - - from hatáas (high), harohataás (higher), - ,, hobóg (intoxicated), horohobóg (more intoxicated), - ,, táuo (man), tarotauó (more of a man). - - -In the formation of adjectives prefixed with ma, this particle is -preferably disregarded, as if such particle did not exist, as - - - from maópay (good), maoroopáy (better) - ,, magbuság (white), maboroboság (whiter), etc. - - -There is another form of comparative consisting in the use of the -combined particles labi (more) and ca, as - - - labí ca maopay (better), - labí ca mabusag (whiter). - - -This last form is sometimes used for superlatives. - -The superlatives are of three classes: - -Those which do not admit any comparison, and which we call absolute or -supreme superlatives, as - - - guimaopáyi (the best of all); - - -those which are not so absolute, and which we call ordinary -superlative, as, - - - capín ca maópay } - maopay nga capín } (very good); - maopay hin sogóng̃ [46] } - - -and those which convey the idea of excess, and which we call excessive -superlatives, as - - - uraúra [47] ca maópay } (to good). - maópay ng̃a uraúra } - - -As is seen from the preceding examples, the supreme supertive is formed -by adding to the beginning of the primitive the prefix gui and by -appending to said primitive the affíx i. The first syllable of the -primitive may be doubled as use permits. As, - - - from hatáas (high, tall), guihataási, or (the highest) - guihahataasi - táuo (man), guitáu’i (a true and - perfect man). - - -The first form is also adopted for the substantives to show the highest -degree of identity as in this phrase: - - - An guiaamáyi mo gud an natauág ha imo - (It is your very father who calls you). - - -The ordinary superlative is formed with the particles capin ca or labí -ca placed before the primitive, or with the particles caópay, ng̃a -capin, or hin sogong̃ put after the primitive. As, - - - from mabido (sorry) - capín ca mabidò } - labí ca mabidò } - mabidò caopay } (very sorry) - mabidò ng̃a capín } - mabidò hin sogóng̃ } - - -Some of the adjectives formed with particle ma, have another form for -ordinary superlative, in doubling their root and disregarding the -prefix ma, as from “masiróm” (dark), “masiromsiróm” [48] (very dark). - -The excessive superlative is formed with the particle uraúra ca placed -before the primitive, or the particle ng̃a uraúra located after the -root. As, - - - from maasín (salty) - uraúra ca maasín } (excessively salty) - maasín ng̃a uraúra } - - -The idea of the excessive superlative is also expressed sometimes with -the particles “lapás ca” (excessively), or with the phrase “dirí sonô -hin ca” or “dirì socól hin ca” (out of measure), placed before the -primitive, as - - - lapás ca maasín - dirì sonô hin ca maasín - dirì socól hin ca maasín. - - -NOTE.—The particles “labi” and “capin” take sometimes the affix an, as - - - from mahúsay (orderly, beautiful), - labínan ca mahúsay (very beautiful); - from masáquit (painful), - masáquit ng̃a capínan (very painful). - - - - -CARDINAL, ORDINAL, PARTITIVE, AND DISTRIBUTIVE. - -The cardinal adjectives are the following: - - - usá, contracted us, (one) - duhá (two) - tuló (three) - upát (four) - limá (five) - unóm (six) - pitó (seven) - ualó (eight) - siyám (nine) - napulò [49] (ten) - napulo cag [50] usá (eleven). - caruhaán [51] (twenty) - catloán (thirty) - cap’atán (forty) - calim’an (fifty) - caúnman (sixty) - capitoán (seventy) - caualoán (eighty) - casiyamán (ninety) - usá ca gatós (one hundred) - duhá ca gatós (two hundred) - usá ca yocót (one thousand) - usá ca ríbo [52] (ten thousand) - usá cagatós ca ribo (one million), etc. - - -As it is noticed above, the cardinals are formed by the preposition -“cag” (and), the prefix “ca” (which means collection) and the affix -“an”, added to the primitives “usá, duhá, tuló, upáo, lima, unóm, pitó, -ualó, siyám, napulo, gatós, yocót, ribo”, the phonetical reasons being -taken in consideration. Thus we say: - - - caruhaán, not caduhaán, - catloan, not catuloán, - cap’atán not caupatán, - calim’an not calimahán, - caúnman, not caunoman. - - -The word “usa” is frequently contracted, especially in familiar -language, by the supression of the last vowel. Thus: - - - us ca gatos } - us ca yocót } instead of “usá” ca etc. - us ca ribo } - - -In reading the numbers, the English way is followed, the particles “uga -may” being sometimes employed especially in cases of large amounts. -Thus, to read this number - - 987654321, - -we would say: - - “Casiyamán cag ualó cayocót, pitó cagatós caúnman cag limá caribo, - ng̃a may upát ca yocót, tuló ca gatós caruhaán cag usá.” - -NOTE—In Bisayan, there is no word corresponding to the English zero -(0). However, its figure is used in Bisayan. It is suggested that the -word “lung̃ág” (empty), or “uaráy” (nothing) be adopted as corresponding -to the word “zero” which is derived from modern Latin zephiram from -Arabic cafrun, cifrun or sefer (empty). - -The ordinals are formed by employing the particles “ica” (which bears -the idea of order), placed before the cardinal. As - - - ica usá, - ica napulò - ica calim’an - ica upat ca gatós - ica siyam ca yucót - icá pito ca ribo. - - -The ordinal of usa has also simple forms, as siyahan, siyapá, and -frequently admits the particle icag instead of ica, as icag usá. - -The partitives have exactly the same form, as the ordinals, except in -that the ordinals cag usa, siyahan and siyapá are never used as -partitives; and that there is the form tung̃â and its variants catung̃â, -tung̃â or catung̃â hin or ng̃a (half), employed instead of icaduhà. - -The phrase ca bahín (part) is frequently used in the partitives to -avoid confusion. Thus - - - an icaupát ca bahín (the fourth part) - - -The particle ica is sometimes contracted into caas “catung̃a” (half), -“cauróg” (most). - -The distributives are formed by adding to the cardinals the particle -tag (which conveys the idea of distribution). As - - - tag dúha (two, each) - tag caualóan (eighty, each) - tag yúcot (thousand, each) - - -When the distributive bears the meaning of portion, the particle iquina -is combined with tag. As - - - iquina tag duha (each two), etc. - - - - -COLLECTIVE - -The collective nouns are formed by adding at the beginning of the -primitive the prefix ca (which bears the idea of collection or reunion) -and the affix an. As, - - -from bata (boy or girl), cabatáan (reunion of boys or girls) - táuo (person), catauóhan (reunion of persons). - duhá (two), caruhaán (twenty). - - -These forms are very frequently used to make the plural of the nouns, -as of the singular batá we make the plural. - - - mga batà or cabataan. - - -NOTE—The particle ca is also employed to express abstract ideas, as - - - from buság (white color), mabuság (white), camabuság (whiteness) - - -The particle pag is sometimes added at the beginning of the particle, -as - - - pagcamabuság (whiteness). - - -The collectives take also the form of the figuratives with or without -the particles ca and an, as the use may permit, as - - - caborobong̃tóhan, - borobóng̃to. - - -NOTE.—There is another class of nouns which may be called depreciative. -They are limited in number. The following belong to such class: - - for batà (child), - - nagbobóto (a being born thru an explosion) - lumátud (person of big abdomen) - lugtuc, [53] - motatô [54] - motó, from botó (report of a gun, explosion); - - -for anác (son or daughter) - - - nahólbot (past participle of “hólbot” to pull out of a hole); - - -for baba (mouth) - - - nasárag (of “sárag” to put something in the mouth); - - -for camót (hand) - - - camrauón (from “cámram”, what an eagle does with its fingers); - - -for tiil (foot) - - - sincádol [55] etc. - - -There are despectives derived from their primitives, as, - - - for húbya (lazy), “húbsac” [56] - - -The variations to which the Bisayan names are subject, are: gender, -number, and cases. - - - - -GENDER. - -The gender is scarcely regarded. We have however for few nouns the -natural and grammatical genders. - -Examples of natural gender: - - - MASCULINE FEMININE - - laláqui (male person) babaye (woman) - lalaquí (male not person) babayé (female not person) - amay (father) iróy (mother) - bána (husband) asáua (wife) - bata (uncle) dadâ (aunt) - baylo (brother in law) hipág (sister in law), etc. - - -Examples of gramatical gender: - - - MASCULINE FEMININE - - dudoy [57] duday - tutoy tutay - idoy iday - intoy inday - mano mana - manoy manáy - manong manang [58] - tío tía [59], etc. - - - - -NUMBER - -The plural is determined by the particle mga or by those for -collectives as formerly seen [60], or by the interfix g among the -adjectives. Examples: - - - of táuo (man) “mg̃a táuo,” or “catauóhan” (men), - of dacò (large), dagcò (large, plural). - of matam-is (sweet), magtam-is (sweet, plural), - of hatáas (high), hagtáas (high, plural). - - -When the noun is preceded by numeral adjectives, the singular keeps its -form, as - - - usá ca táuo (one man), napulò ca tauo (ten men), - usá ng̃a baláy (one house), calim’an ng̃a baláy (fifty houses). - - -Some adjectives do not admit the interfix g, for euphonical reason, as - - - of hubyà (lazy), mg̃a hubya, not húgbyà, etc. - - - - -CASE. - -There is no inflection for Bisayan nouns to distinguish their different -cases, as in Greek and Latin. The cases are determined by the -prepositions and by variable parts of speech preceding the noun. - - -IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. - -There are great many Bisayan nouns composed of the same letters, but -which have different meanings according to the accent they bear. Of -these are the following: - - -anáy (she-hog), ánay (before) -apó (grandson or ápò (a thing fully - grand-daughter), introduced) -áyao (distributive ayáo (no, imperative) - possession), -bábà (mouth), babá (to carry a thing on - the back) -babáye (woman), babayé (female not person) -baga (red-hot coal or bága (lung), bagá (like) - wood), -bálay (turn), baláy (house) -bálod (a kind of dove), balód (wave) -bálos (return), balós (revenge) -bánus (abundant, thick), banús (to scrub) -bárang̃ (an amulet), baráng (knot) - -bayáo (brother-in-law), báyao (to lift up) -bucád (flower), búcad (to dig up) -búhat (work), buhát (to raise) -buhi (alive), buhi (losse) -buláo (yellow), búlao (to provoke a stranger) -búrong [61] (fog), buróng (to throw) -busà (reprimand), búsà (therefore) -cóbal (thread), cobál (corn, callosity) -comót (sinked), cómot (quick) -dósol (pain of the dosól (despective form of - stomack), “cáon”, to eat) -hóron (to pass the night), horón (farm) -igo, (just), igô (to be hit) -lága (flame), lagà (cooked) -láya (a net for fishing), layà (to wither), layâ - (withered) -laláqui (man), lalaquí (male, not person) -látos (reaching, latós (to whip) - overtaking), -lúya (weakness), luyà (lime), luyâ - (restlessness), luy-a - (ginger) -muláy (play), múlay (to teach) -obós (low), óbos (to exhaust) -usá or usâ (one), úsa (to marvel) -úpa (reward), upá (rice chaff) -pátag (plane), patág (a kind of basket) -píli (a tree so called), pilì (to select) -pálad (palm), palád (a fish) -pusò (flower of banana), pusô (rice especially - cooked) -pusâ (pounded), pusà (to wash the feet) -púto (a dainty so called), pútò (partition), putó (last - son or daughter) -sábot (agreement), sabót (filement or to - understand) -sácay, (passenger or sacáy (to embark) - companion on a boat), -sócot (frequent), socót (to collect) - -súso (teat), susò (thickset), susô (a - mollusk so called) -tíao (joke), tiáo (maniac) -tíma (finished), timá (uneven) -túba (a plant so called), tubâ (wine from cocoanut or - nipa) -tubó (sugar-cane), túbò (to grow), etc. - - - - -TRANSPOSITION OF ACCENTS. - -The accent of a word frequently changes its place upon its -transformation. - -In the diminutives formed by repetition of the root or by the affix ay, -the acute accent is always placed upon the penult. As - - - from baláy, balaybálay - ,, saróual, sarouálay - ,, balóto, balotóhay. - - -The grave accent of the root is preserved; and its angular accent -becomes grave, which is preserved in its repetition. As - - - from dacò, dacòdácò - ,, bohô (hole), bohòbóhò (little hole). - - -When the primitive has the acute accent on its penult, said accent is -transferred to the last syllable of the original primitive, the -repeated primitive following the preceding rules. As. - - - from dáhon, dahóndáhon - ,, cáhoy, cahoycáhoy - ,, halípot, halipótay - ,, maópáy, maopay-ópay - ,, hatáas, hataastáas - - -In the figuratives, the same rules are followed; and when the interfix -ro is employed, the primitive generally loses its acute accent which is -placed upon the penult of the figurative. As - - - from sacayán, sarosacáyan. - - -In the verbal nouns, it is a general rule that when the verb root has -its acute accent on its penult, its verbals have said accent trasplaced -to their last syllables, and viceversa, as - - - from sarát, (to write), from bása (to read) - parasúrat parabasá - tigsúrat tigbasá - magsusúrat magbarasá - susurátan barasahán - susuráton barasahón - masúrat mabasá - isusúrat, ibarasá; - - -except when the transformative particle is ma meaning desirableness, in -which case the acute accent is always on the last syllable; and also in -case of the particle hi, where the accent is always put on the penult. -As - - - masuratsurát, - himása. - - -In case where the penult, of the verb root is necessarily long, as when -its vowel is followed by more than one consonant, and when the last -syllable of the root is pronounced independently from the consonant or -consonants preceding it, then the original acute accent of the root is -preserved on the penult of the verbal. As - - - from cánhi (to come), dól-ong (to bear, to accompany) - paracánhi paradól-ong - tigcánhi tigdól-ong - cumaránhi domoról-ong - caranhían dorol-óngan - caranhíon dorol-óngon - macanhíon madol-óngon - icaránhi idoról-ong - hang̃aránhi hinonól-ong - - -In the derivatives, when the accent is on the penult of the primitive, -it is also placed on the penult of the derivative; and when the accent -is on the last syllable of the primitive, it is also put on the last -syllable of the derivative, as - - - from áram, maáram - bayáu, mabaráyau - púsod, himósod - búua, buuáon - tubác, tubacón. - - -It must be noted that we refer to the acute accent. It sometimes -happens that the last syllable of the primitive has angular accent, in -which case such accent is discomposed, the grave being kept and the -acute being transposed to the penult of the derivative, as - - - from salâ, saláan, - - -where the a of the penult really bears two accents, angular and grave, -the angular not being employed for the reason that is it not necessary, -as the last two aa are pronounced separately [62], and because it is -not proper, as the angular accent is only used at the endings of the -words. [63] - -In the derivatives formed with taga, or tag, or maqui the accent of the -root is not changed. As - - - from bódo, (salted fish), tagabódo - baláy (house), tagbaláy - calámay (dark sugar) maquicalámay - - -The comparatives formed with, the interfix ro, have always the accent -on the last syllable no matter where it was in the primitive. As - - - from halábà (long), harohalabâ - uguis (white), urouguís. - - -The superlatives formed with the prefix gui and the affix i always have -the accent on the penult, without regarding where it was in the -primitive. As - - - from halárum (deep), guihahalarúmi - matahúm (beautiful), guimamatahúmi - - -The collectives follow the way in which their primitives are accented, -so, if their, primitives have the accent on the penult, they have it on -the penult, and when the primitives have the accent on the last -syllable they also have it on their last syllables. As - - - from bátà (child), cabatáan - baláy (house), cabalayán. - - -It must be observed also that there are nouns which, thru phonetical -variations, have more than one forms. Of such words are the following: - - - báchò, bíchò (groaning) - bándoc, búndac (kick) - guipic, guipác (broken) - guisî, gusî, quisî, cusî (sagged) - Panalaron, Palanaron, Planaron (one of the suburbs of - the town of Tacloban), [64] - piló, lopí (fold) - quíróg, coróg (trembling) - quirógpos, corógpos (surtout) - sitsit, sutsut (whistle) - taclap, taplac (blanket), etc. - - -There are also words composed of the same letters but sounding -differently and having different meanings thereby, on account of the -separation with which some of their syllables are pronounced. As - - - bágo (a tree), bag-o (new) - lauay (saliva), lau-ay (repugnance) - tagóc (resin), tág-oc (inarticulate voice). - bágang (an insect), bág-ang (grinder) - bútol (bulky), bút-ol (throat) - bulánon (moony), bul’ánon (from Bohol), etc. - - - - -PRONOUNS - -There are four classes: personal, demonstrative, possessive, and -relative. - - -PERSONAL. - -They are the following: - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - Acó (I) Quitá, camí (we) [65] - Icáo, ca, [66] (thou, you) Camó (you) - Hiyá, or siyá [67] (he or she) Hirá, or sirá (they) - - -DECLENSION - -The cases are four; nominative, genitive, objective, and vocative. - - -First person.—Singular. - -Nominative.— Acó (I) -Genitive.— Nácon, [68] ácon, co (of, by me) -Objective.— Ha ácon, dácon [69] (to, for, in, at, on, upon, over, - under, etc. me) - -Plural. - - Nominative,— Camí—quitá. [70] (we) - Genitive.— Nímon, ámon—aaton, aton, ta (of, by us) - Objective.— Ha ámon, dámon—ha áton, dáton (to, for, etc. us) - -Second person.—Singular. - - Nominative.— Icáo, ca (thou, you) - Genitive.— Nimo, imo, mo (of, by thee, or you) - Objective.— Ha imo, dimo (to, for, etc. thee, or you) - Vocative.— Icao (thou, or you) - -Plural. - - Nominative.— Camó (you) - Genitive.— Niyo, iyo (of, by you) - Objective.— Ha iyo, díyo (to, for, etc. you) - Vocative.— Camó (you) - -Third person—Singular. - - Nominative.— Hiyá (he, or she) - Genitive.— Niya, iya (of, by him, or her) - Objective.— Ha iya, díya (to, for, etc. him or her) - Vocative— Hiyá (He, or she). - -Plural. - - Nominative— Hirá (They) - Genitive— Nira, ira (of, by them) - Objective— Ha ira, dira (to, for etc., them) - Vocative— Hirá (they). - - - - -DEMONSTRATIVE. - -They have the same forms both for the singular and plural, as follows: - - - adí (this, these, nearer to the speaker than to the listener) - ini (this, these) - itó (that, those, nearer to the speaker than to the listener, - corresponding to the Spanish “ese, esa, eso, esos, esas”) - adto (that, those, far from both the speaker and the listener, and - corresponding to the Spanish “aquel, aquella, aquellos, - aquellas”). - - -When used before the nouns, they have the particle nga after them; said -particle being frequently contracted with the pronun. As - - - adí ng̃a, contracted adín, - iní ng̃a, contracted inín, - itó ng̃a, contracted itón, - ádto ng̃a, contracted ádton. - - -The form itón sometimes takes again the particle ng̃a. So it is said -itón ng̃a batâ (that boy or girl). - -Adí, adto in some places have their variants yadi, yadto. - -In plural, the particle mga is placed after the preceding combinations; - -They have two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - -Adí.—Singular - -Subjective— Adí, adí ng̃a, adín (this) -Objective— Hadí, hadí ng̃a, hadín, or hadin mg̃a (of, etc. this) - -Plural. - - Subjective— Adí, adi ng̃a mg̃a, adín mg̃a (these) - Objective— Hadí, hadi ng̃a mg̃a, hadín, or (of, etc., these). - hadin mg̃a - -Iní.—Singular - - Subjective— Iní, iní ng̃a, inín (this) - Objective— Hiní, hiní ng̃a, hinín (of, etc., this) - -Plural. - - Subjective— Iní, ini ng̃a mg̃a, inín mg̃a (these) - Objective,— Hiní, hini ng̃a mg̃a, hinin mg̃a (of, etc., these). - -Itó.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a, itón, itón ng̃a (that) - Objective— Hitó, hitó ng̃a, hitón, hitón, ng̃a (of, etc. that) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Itó, itó ng̃a mg̃a, itón mg̃a, itón (those) - ng̃a mg̃a -Objective.— Hitó, hitó ng̃a mg̃a, hitón mg̃a, (of, etc., those) - hitón ng̃a mg̃a - -Adto.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a, adton (that) - Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a, hadton (of, etc., that) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Adto, adto ng̃a mg̃a, adton mg̃a (those) -Objective.— Hadto, hadto ng̃a mg̃a, hadton mg̃a (of, etc., those) - - -The forms adton and hadton are frequently used instead of itón, hitón -when the object referred to is very close to the listener. Itón is -sometimes replaced by the forms hadto and haton. Examples: - - - mopáy adtón hiní (that one is better than this) - condî darodacô iní hadton (but this is larger than that) - say co hatón (I prefer that one). - - - - -POSSESSIVE. - -They are the following: - - -SINGULAR PLURAL -acon, co (my, mine) aton, ta, amon (our, ours) -imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) iyo (your, yours) -iya (his or her) ira (their) - - -The forms co, mo, ta are used only after the nouns. - -The same distinction exists between aton and amon, as between quitá and -camí. [71] - -They have also two cases: subjective, and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - -Acon.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Acon, co (my, mine) - Objective.— Ha acon, han acon (of, etc., my) - -Plural. - -Subjective.— Aton, ta, amon (our, ours) -Objective.— Ha aton, han aton, ha amon, han amon (of, etc., our) - -Imo.—Singular. - - Subjective.— Imo, mo (thy, thine, your, yours) - Objective.— Ha imo, han imo (of, etc., your, thy) - -Plural. - - Subjective.— Iyo (your, yours) - Objective.— Ha iyo, han iyo (of, etc., your) - -Iya—Singular. - - Subjective— Iya (his, her, hers) - Objective.— Ha iya, han iya (of, etc., his, her) - -Plural. - - Subjective.— Ira (their) - Objective.— Ha ira, han ira (of, etc., their) - -These plurals refer to the subjects possessing. The plural referring to -the objects possessed, is formed in each case by using the particle -mg̃a, as - - Acon mg̃a cabogtóan (my brothers or sisters) - Iyo mg̃a láuas (your bodies) - Ira mg̃a cabalayán (their houses) - - - - -RELATIVE - -They are as follows: - - - Ng̃a (that, which) - anó (what) - bisan anó (whatever) - hín’o or sin’o [72] (who) - bisan hin’o or bisan sin’o (whoever) - háin (which) - bisan háin (whichever) - - -These pronouns, except hin’o and bisan hin’o have no inflection for -cases. - - -NG̃A. - -This relative always refers to the subject of the verb. It never -relates to the complement. So the sentence: - - “the house that Peter builds is big”, - -cannot be translated literally into Bisayan. It is expressed by passive -voice. Thus: - - “an baláy ng̃a guintitindog ni Pedro, dacô”; - -literally “the house that is being built by Peter is big”, And this: - - “the book which you gave me yesterday” - -is translated: - - “an basahón ng̃a ihinátag mo ha acon cacolóp”; - -literally “the book which was given by you to me yesterday” - -This pronoun is indispensable when a substantive is qualified by an -adjective, as - - - maópay ng̃a táuo (good man,) not maúpay táuo, - bucad ng̃a mahamót (fragrant flower) not bucád mahamot [73] - - -It differs from the conjunction ng̃a (that) in that the pronoun always -refers to a noun, never to a verb. - -NOTE.—This particle ng̃a expresses in some instances the idea of -“saying,” “question,” “answer,” etc., as when we say: - - Ng̃a ni Pedro: “tágui acó hin salapí.” Dáyon batón ni Juan, ng̃a - niya: “uaray co salapí.” - -Peter said: “give me money.” John immediately replied by saying: “I -have no money.” - - Pacanhía hi Guillermo. Ng̃a natón [74] “guinquiquína hang̃lan ca - didto.” - - Make Guillermo come. Tell him: “you are needed there.” - -When applied to the third person it is frequently combined with the -particle laóng̃ as: - - Násiring̃ hi Pedro, ng̃alaóng̃: “magtotoón aco.” - - Peter said: “I shall study”. - -This special idea conveyed by the word ng̃a seems to show in other -instances in the Bisayan tongue, as when it is said depreciatively: - - ¡Ca damò hin im ng̃ang̃a! - - How many things you ask or talk! - -where the doubled ng̃a means request or talking. - - -ANÓ. - -This pronoun has the same use as the English what, except when the -latter is used as an objective relative, in which case the said English -pronoun is translated by the article an. As when it is said: - - “What you need is patience, not science,” which is translated: - - An guinquiquinahang̃lan mo an pag-ílob, dirì hibaró. - - -BISAN ANÓ. - -Bisan ano means “anything” or “whatever.” Examples: - - Whatever you do I’ll know it. - - Bisan ano in buháton mo, hisasabotán co. - - Give me anything eatable. - - Tágui aco hin bisan anó ng̃a hacaraón. - -It is frequently replaced by ano lâ, or anoano lâ. Ex.: - - Anything you may desire, I’ll give you. - - Ano lâ ng̃a caruyágon mo, ihahatag co ha imo. - - You wish to see everything. - - Anoano lâ buót mo hiquit’an. - -When it is preceded by an article, it means “which,” as - - Which horse do you like? - - ¿An anó ng̃a cabayo in buót mo? - - -HIN’O - -This relative is only used in the interrogative phrases. It is not -employed as the English “who” when this relative serves as “that”. So -this phrase - - “that person who talks is my brother” is translated: “itón tauo ng̃a - nagyayácan, acon bugto,” not “itón tauo hin’o nagyayácan, etc.” - -It has two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION - - SINGULAR PLURAL - - Subjective— Hin’o (who) Hirá hin’o (who) - Objective— Canáy, can (of, etc. Canda canáy (of, etc., - canáy whom whose) whom, whose) - - -BISAN HIN’O - -Bisan hin’o means “whoever” or “anyone”. Example: - - Whoever is there, let him come. - - Bisan hin’o in adâ, pacanhía. - - Anyone knows him. - - Bisan hin’o náquilála ha iya. - -It also has two cases: subjective and objective. - - -DECLENSION. - - SINGULAR PLURAL - Subjective.— Bisan hin’o (whoever) Bisan hirá (whoever) - hin’o - Objective.— Bisan canáy (of, etc., Bisan canda (of etc., - whomever) canáy whoever) - - -HAIN. - -Hain means “which.” Examples: - - Which of these hats is yours? - ¿Háin hiní ng̃a mg̃a calò in imo? - -Similarly to “ano,” the pronoun “háin” is only used in the -interrogative forms, never as ng̃a (that). So the phrase - - “the book which you saw” - -is translated - - “an basahón ng̃a imo quinità” - -(literally: the book that was seen by you), and not - - “an basahon háin icao quinmità.” - - -BISAN HÁIN. - -It is equivalent to the English “whichever,” Examples: - - Whichever of those books satisfies me. - - Didâ hitó ng̃a mga basahón bisan háin maopay co. - -NOTE.—These relatives hain and bisan háin must not be confounded with -the adverbs of the same form, háin (where) and bisan háin (wherever). -The former refer only to nouns, the latter to verbs. - - - - -CONTRACTIONS. - -The pronouns are frequently contracted as follows: - - - acó, ácon, to ac - nácon ,, nac - dácon ,, dac - camí ,, cam - quitá ,, quit - námon ,, nam - ámon ,, am - náton ,, nat - áton ,, at - dámon ,, dam - dáton ,, dat - icáo ,, ic - nímo ,, nim - imo ,, im - dimo ,, dim - camó ,, cam - adi ,, ad - iní ,, in - itó ,, it - adín ,, ad - itón ,, it - hadí ,, had - hadín ,, had - hiní ,, hin - hinín ,, hin - hitó ,, hit - hitón ,, hit - hatón ,, hat - ácon ,, ac - áton ,, at - ámon ,, am - imo ,, ini - bisan anó ,, bis ano - bisan háin ,, bis hain - - - - -VERBS - -The verbs may be grouped in the following classes: - -As to their conjugation: active, passive, negative, interrogative, -suppletory, impersonal, defective. - -As to their inflections: primitive, and progressive. - -The Active verb represents the subject as acting, as: - - acó násugò (I order). - -The Passive verb represents the subject as being acted upon, as: - - acó sinúsugò (I am ordered). - -The Negative verb involves a negation, as: - - ayáo catúrog (do not sleep). - -The Interrogative verb involves a question, as: - - ¿diín ca cadto? (where did you go?) - -The Suppletory verb supplies the lack of all auxiliary and a few other -verbs as from ini (this), we have: - - íiní acó (I am here), to express the verb “to be,” in Bisayan. - -The Impersonal verb has not a definite subject, as: - - náurán (it rains). - -The Defective verb lacks one or more of its principal parts as, - - iyá (receive it). - -The Primitive verb is used in its original and simplest form as: - - acó násurát (I write). - -The Progressive verb denotes continuance of the action, as: - - acó nagusurát (I am writing). - - - - -CONJUGATION - -VOICES - -They are active and passive. The passive voice has three classes: -direct, indirect, and instrumental. - -The direct passive is where the subject is the direct object in active -voice, as: - - suratá an acon ng̃aran (write my name; literally: let my name be - written by you). - -The indirect passive is where the subject is an indirect object of the -verb in its active voice, as: - - suratí an imo amáy (write to your father; literally: let a letter - be written by you to your father), - -The instrumental passive is where the subject is the instrument or real -object of the action, as: - - igsurát iní ng̃a pluma (write with this pen; literally: let this pen - be used by you in writing.) - - - - -MOODS AND TENSES - -There are four moods: infinitive, indicative, imperative, and -subjunctive, - -The infinitive has two tenses: present, and gerund; three in passive -voice: present, gerund, and past participle. - -The indicative has three. The ordinary forms have present, past and -future. The irregular forms have present, imperfect past, and past. - -The imperative and subjunctive, have each one tense: present. - -Infinitive: The present is frequently used as a noun, as: - - an pagcáon (the meal). - -The gerund is frequently used in compound sentences for past tenses, -as: - - han pag-abot co (when I arrived: literally: upon my arriving). - -The past participle is employed as an adjective as: - - hinigugma co ng̃a iróy. (my dear mother; literally: mother loved by - me). - -NOTE.—There are in Bisayan forms resembling and equivalent in many -instances to the Latin infinitive future ending in rus, in active, and -in dus, in passive, as amaturus and amandus. Such Bisayan forms are -those formed by the particle um combined with the interfix r or its -substitutes (See page 20), as: - - cumaráon (one who is to eat) - - caraonón (a thing to be eaten). - -Indicative. Ordinary forms. The present corresponds to the same tense, -in English, and also to the Spanish and Latin imperfect past. As: - - nácaon acó (I eat) - - nácaon acó han pag-abot mo (I was eating when you arrived) - -The past tense represents the English present perfect, and past, -indicative mood. As: - - nagsurát acó (I have written, I wrote) - -The future corresponds to the English future tense, as: - - másurat acó (I shall write) - -Suppletory forms. The present represents the English present and future -tenses, indicative. As: - - He is here: hiyá háhani. - - He will be here tomorrow: hiyá hahaní buás. - -The imperfect past and past tense corresponds to the same tense of the -Latin and Spanish languages: as - - didinhi [75] hi Juan han pag-abót co (John was here, when I - arrived) - - -Imperative and Subjunctive. The single tense (present) of each of these -moods corresponds to the same tense in English, as: - - cadto búas (go there to-morrow) - - cun cumadto ca buas, tauága acó (If you go there tomorrow, call - me). - -Observations. 1. The English past perfect, indicative, is supplied in -Bisayan by the present tense, indicative, of the potential form which -we shall see later. [76] As: - - han imo pag-abót nacacatima na acó (when you arrived, I had already - finished). - -2. The English future perfect tense is supplied in Bisayan by the -future tense, indicative, of the potential form. As - - umabút ca ng̃anì macacatima na aco (when you arrive, I shall have - finished). - -3. The Latin and Spanish imperfect past tense, subjunctive mood, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present, subjunctive, and future indicative. -As - - Cun gumican acó niyán, diri co hiya igquiquita buás (If I should go - today, I would not meet him tó-morrow). - -4. The Latin and Spanish perfect past tense, subjunctive, is supplied -in Bisayan by the past tense, indicative. - -5. The Latin and Spanish plusquamperfect past tense, subjunctive, is -supplied in Bisayan by the past and future (potential) tenses, -indicative, respectively. As - - Cun nagdágmit acó, hinaabután co cunta hiyá (If I had hastened, I - should have reached him). - -6. The Latin and Spanish imperfect future tense, subjunctive, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present subjunctive. - -7. And the perfect future tense, subjunctive, of said languages, is -supplied in Bisayan by the present, indicative, potential form. - - - - -NUMBER AND PERSON. - -There are two numbers: singular and plural. - -There are three persons: first, second, and third. Except in the -imperative, the inflections of the verbs generally do not change, in -each tense. However, the progressive and suppletory forms frequently -undergo some changes in plural, as - - acó nagsusurát (I am writing), - - camí nanunurát (we are writing) - - - - -INFLECTIONS. - -The inflections are determined by particles, which are shown in the -following tables: - -(In the tables below, the dash represents the root; the sign (d) means -that the first syllable of the root is doubled; s and p mean singular -and plural, respectively). - - -TABLE 1 - -PRIMITIVE ACTIVE - -Infinitive - Present, and gerund: PAG—, s; PANG—, PAM—, PAN—, p - -Indicative - Present: NA— - Past: INM—, or —INM— - Future: MA— - -Imperative - (the root unaltered) - -Subjunctive - UM—, or —UM— - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -Infinitive. The present and gerund are formed by the prefix pag, and -the root. In the plural, the g of pag undergoes the following changes: - -When the root begins with a vowel o: with the consonant c, the pag is -changed into pang the c then being suppressed. Examples: - - - from “arò” (to ask), pag-arò, pl. pang̃aro. - “catúrog” (to sleep), pagcátúrog, pl. pang̃atúrog. - - -If the root commences with a labial consonant, except m, pag is -transformed into pam, and then the labial consonant disappears. -Examples: - - - from “báyad” (to pay), pagbáyad, pl. pamáyad. - “pilì” (to select), pagpilì, pl. pamilì. - - -When the root begins with m, pag is transformed into pan, the m of the -root remaining in it. Example: - - - from “múlay” (to teach), pagmúlay, pl. panmúlay. - - -If the root commences with any other consonant, pag is replaced by pan, -the said consonant being then suppressed except when it is a g or h. -Examples. - - - from “hapon” (to perch), paghápon, pl. panhápon, - ,, “gúbat” (to invade), paggúbat, pl. pangúbat, - ,, “búao” (to visit), pagdúao, pl. panúno, - ,, “tubò” (to grow), pagtubò, pl. panubò, - ,, “surát” (to write), pagsurát, pl. panurát. - - -Indicative.—Present. The transformative particle of this tense is the -prefix na, which must always be pronounced long, in order not to -confound it with the short na of the passive potential form, as it will -be seen later. [77] As - - - (long na) nápilì acó (I select) - (short na) napílì acó (I was selected). - - -Past.—This tense is determined by the interfix inm placed between the -first consonant and the first vowel of the root. - -When the root commences with a vowel, this particle is simply prefixed -to the root. As, - - - from “surát” (to write), “abót” (to arrive) acó sinmurát [78] (I - write), inmabót hirá (they arrived) - - -NOTE.—The m of imn is frequently suppressed. As, - - - from “múlay” (to teach), abót (to arrive) - ,, minúlay, inábot. - - -Future.—The particle determining this tense is the prefix ma which must -be always pronounced long, so as not to confound it with the short ma -used among the verbal and derivative nouns. As, - - - (long ma) hiyá mácáon (he or she will eat) - (short ma) hiyá macaón (he or she is a glutton) - (long) máborong̃ (there will be fog) - (short) mabórong̃ (confuse) - - -Imperative.—It is simply the root without any transformative particle. - -NOTE.—There is a form consisting in doubling the first syllable of the -root. But this form is used only in the preceptive language, as when we -say: “tauágon ca ng̃anì, bábatón” (whenever you are called, always -answer). - -Subjunctive.—The single tense of this mood is determined by the -interfix um which is placed between the first consonant and the first -vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is -added to the beginning as from “arò” (to ask), “umarò,” from “cáon” (to -eat) cumáon. - -Example: - -Root: surát. - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurát } (to write, writing) - { plural: panurát } - -Indicative - -PRESENT - -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó } { I, } | camí quitá } { we } -icao } násurat { they, you } write, etc. | camó } násurat { you } write -hiyá } { he, she } | hirá } { they } - -PAST - - acó, etc. (I, etc. wrote) camí, etc. (we, etc. - inmurát sinmurát wrote) - -FUTURE - - acó, etc. (I shall, etc. camí, etc. (we shall, etc. - másurat write) másurat write) - - -Imperative - - surát icao (write) sumurát [79] (let us, them - camí, hirá write) - sumurát[79] (let him or surát quitá, camó (let us, you - hiya her write) write) - - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may, etc. camí, etc. (we may, etc. - sumurát write) sumurát write) - - - - -TABLE 2. - -PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE - -Infinitive. - (the same as that of the primitive active) - -Indicative - Present: NAG(d)—, s; NANG(d)—, NA(d)—, or NAN(d)—, p. - Past: NAG—, s: NANG—, NA—, or NAN—, p. - Future: MAG(d)—, s; MANG(d)—, MA(d)—, or MAN(d)—, p. - -Imperative. - PAG—, s; PANG—, PA—, or PAN—, p. - -Subjunctive - MAG—, s; MANG—, MA—, or MAN—, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive. Its forms are exactly the same as those of the primitive -active. - -Indicative. Present. Its singular is determined by doubling the first -syllable [80] of the root, prefixed by nag. - -Its plural is formed according to the first letter of the root. When -the root commences with a vowel, or with the consonant c as - - - arò (to ask) - cáon (to eat) - - -the formation takes the following process: ng̃ is added to the beginning -of the root, c being suppressed, as - - - ng̃aro, ng̃áon; - - -the first syllable is doubled,[80] as - - - ng̃ang̃aro, ng̃ang̃áon, - - -to which the particle na is prefixed, as - - - nang̃ang̃arò, nang̃ang̃áon, - - -which is the final form. - -When the root commences with a labial consonant, as - - - báyad (to pay) - múlay, (to teach) - pili (to select), - - -the formation of the plural is as follows: the first consonant of the -root is replaced by m, or not altered if it is an m, as - - - máyad, múlay, mili; - - -then the first syllable is doubled,[80] as - - - mamáyad, mumúlay, mimilí; - - -and the prefix nan is employed, as - - - nanmamáyad, nanmumúlay, nanmimili, - - -the final form. - - -The last n of nan is frequently suppressed, as - - - namamáyad - namimili. - - -When the root begins with a dental consonant as - - - dapò (to approach) - tábon (to cover) - surát (to write) - - -the formation of the plural consists in replacing the first consonant -by n, as - - - napó, nabon, nurat, - - -whose first syllable is doubled [81], as - - - nanapo, nanabon, nunurat, - - -to which the particle na is prefixed as - - - nanánapó, nanánabon, nanúnurat, - - -the final form. - - -If the root commences with any other consonant, the plural is formed by -doubling the first syllable of the root, and by prefixing the particle -nan to the root so transformed. Examples: - - - from hugas (to wash), nanhuhugas. - lohód (to kneel down), nanlolohod. - rabot (to pull), nanrarabot. - - -Past. The singular is formed by adding to the root the prefix nag. - -The plural is formed exactly as the plural present, except in that the -first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled. - -Future.—The formation of this tense is the same, both in singular and -plural, as that of the present, except in that the prefixes used here -are mag, ma, man, mang, instead of nag, na, nan, nang. - -Imperative.—In singular, the prefixes pag and mag are employed. In -plural, the prefixes, pa, pan, pang, ma, man, mang, are used in the -same way and cases as the prefixes na, nan, nang, in the present -indicative. - -Subjunctive.—It is formed in the same way as the future indicative, -except in that the first syllable of the root is not doubled here. - - -Root: surát (write) - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagurát } (to be writing, being - { plural: panurat } writing) - -Indicative - -PRESENT - -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc., (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -nagsusurát writing) | nanunurát writing) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -nagsurát writing) | nanurát writing) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall, etc. | camí, etc., (we shall, etc. -magsusurát be writing) | manunurát be writing) - | -Imperative | - | -pagsurát icao (be writing) | panurát quita, (let us, you be - | camó writing) -magsurát hiya (let him or her | manurát camí, (let us, them be - be writing) | hirá writing) - | -Subjunctive | - | -acó etc. magsurát (I may, etc. be | camí, etc. (we may, etc. be - writing) | manurát writing) - - - - -TABLE 3 - -PRIMITIVE DIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p - -Past participle: IN—, or —IN— - -Indicative - Present: IN(d)—, or —IN(d)— - Past: IN—, or —IN—. - Future: (d)—ON. - -Imperative - —A. - -Subjunctive - —ON. - - -Infinitive. The present and gerund are determined in singular by the -prefix pag and the affix á. Pag is used as in the active voice. The -affix a is accented (if the last syllable of the root is accented) and -simply appended to the root prefixed by pag. This affix is sometimes -ha. The use of a or ha follows the same rules established for the use -of the affixes an and han (See page 15 of this book). - -In plural the prefixes pang, pam, pan, are employed in combination with -the affix a. The said prefixes are used in same way as their similar in -the primitive active. (See page 62 of this book). - -The past participle is formed by the interfix in placed between the -first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If this begins with a -vowel the in is prefixed to the root. As - - - from “cáon” (to eat), quináon (eaten) - ,, “inóm” (to drink), ininóm (drunk) - - -Indicative.—Present. This tense is formed by doubling the first -syllable of the root and by then placing in it (after doubling the said -first syllable) the interfix in, in a similar way as in the past -participle. (See the preceding observution). As, - - - from cáon, quinacáon - ,, inóm, iníinóm [82] - - -Past.—The formation of this tense is exactly the same as that of the -past participle seen above. - -Future.—This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root -and appending to it the affix on. As - - - from “caón,” cácaónon - ,, “inóm,” iinomón, contracted iinmon. - - -Imperative.—The single form of this mode, consists in the root appended -by the affix “á.” It must be observed that this affix “á” in the -imperative bears the idea that the order or command is always directed -to the second person or first plural, If such order or command is -directed to some other person, not to the second, or first (quitá) -plural then the subjunctive is used. As - - - higugmaá an Dyos (love God; lit.: let God be loved by you) - higugmaá ta an catadúng̃an (let us love justice; lit.: let justice - be loved by us). - higugmaón nira an igcasitáuo (let them love the fellow-man: lit.: - let the fellowman be loved by them). - - -The last form is also frequently used for the second person, singular -and plural, and for the first person, plural. As - - - higugmaón mo an Dyos (love God) - higugmaón niyo, etc. - higugmaón námon, etc. - higugmaón ta, etc. - - -Subjunctive. The single form of this mode consists in the root appended -by the affix on, as it is seen in the preceding examples. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratá } (to be written, being. - { plural: panuratá } written) - -Past participle: sinurát (written) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinúsurat written) | sinúsurat written) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. sinurát (I was, etc. | camí, etc. (we were, etc - written) | sinurát written) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall, etc -susuratón be written) | susuratón be written) - -Imperative - -suratá acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hírá (let me, thee, you, -him, her, us, you them he written by you) - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may, etc. camú, etc. (we may, etc. be - suratón written) suratón written) - - - - -TABLE 4. - -PROGRESSIVE DIRECT PASSIVE. - -Infinitive. - -Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p. -Past participle: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p. - -Indicative - Present: GUIN(d)—, s; PIN(d)—, PINAN(d)—, p. - Past: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p. - Future: PAG(d)—ON, s; PA(d)—ON, PAN(d)—ON, p. - -Imperative - PAG—A, s; PA—A, PAN—A, p. - -Subjunctive - PAG—ON, s; PA—ON, PAN—ON, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive. Present and gerund. The singular is formed by the root -prefixed by pag and affixed by a. In plural the prefixes pa, pan, or -pang are employed in the same cases as those mentioned for the use of -nang nam, and na of the present tense, indicative, of the progressive -form, active voice. [83] - -The past participle is formed by the prefix guin added to the root. - -Indicative. Present. In singular the first syllable is doubled, [84] -and the prefix guin is employed. - -In plural the prefix pina is used and the root is transformed exactly -in the same way as the plural, present tense, indicative; of the -progressive form active voice. [85] - -Past. The same as the present, except in that the first syllable of the -root transformed is not doubled. - -Future. Its singular is formed by the prefix pag, added to the root -whose first syllable is doubled, [86] and by the affix on. - -Its plural is formed by the prefix pa, pang or pam and the root -transformed in the same way as in the use of na nang or nam and as the -trasformation of the root in the plural, present tense, indicative of -the progressive form, active voice. [87] - -Imperative. It consists in the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. -We reproduce here the observation made on the imperative, primitive -form, direct passive. [88] - -Subjunctive. Its singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and -affixed by on. Its plural consists in the use of pa pang or pam in the -same way as in the plural, present tense indicative, progressive form, -active voice, [89] and of the affix on. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurátá } (to be written, being - { plural: panuratá } written) - -Past participle: guiusurát s.; pinanunurát p. (written). - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -guinsusurát being written) | pinanunurát being written) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -guinsurát being written) | pinanurát being written) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall be, | camí, etc. (we shall be, -pagsusuratón etc. being | panunuratón etc. being - written) | written) - -Imperative - -Pagsuratá acó, icao, hiya, camí, hira (let me, you, him or her, us, -you, them be being written). - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may be, etc. camí, etc. (we may be, etc. - pagsuratón being written) panuratón being written) - - - - -TABLE 5 - -PRIMITIVE INDIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive. - Present, and gerund: PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - Past participle: —IN—AN, or IN—AN - -Indicative. - Present: IN(d)—AN, or —IN(d)—AN - Past: —IN—AN, or IN—AN - Future: (d)—AN - -Imperative. - —I - -Subjunctive. - —AN - - -OBSERVATION: - -Infinitive. Present and gerund. This form consists in the root -transformed by the affix i, and by the prefix pag in singular, and -pang, pan, or pa in plural, according to the rules above established -for the use of these prefixes. [90] - -Past participle,—This form consists in the root transformed by the -interfix in and the affix an. The use of the interfix in follows the -same rules as those hereinbefore established for the said interfix. -[91] - -Indicative.—Present. This tense is determined by doubling the first -syllable of the root, and then (after the said first syllable being -doubled) by placing the interfix in between the first consonant and the -first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix -in is prefixed to the root whose first syllable has been already -doubled. - -Past.—This tense has the same form as the past participle. - -Future.—The form of this tense consists in doubling the first syllable -of the root and by appending to it the affix an. - -Imperative. Its form consists in the root appended by the affix i. - -The same observation is made here, as that on the imperative of the -primitive direct passive. [92] - -Subjunctive. It’s form is the root appended by the affix an. - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratí } (to be addressed with a - { plural: panuratí } letter, being addressed - with a letter) [93] - -Past participle: sinuratán (addressed with a letter) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinusuratán addressed with a | sinusuratán addressed with a - letter) | letter) - | -PAST | -acó, etc. (I was, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -sinuratán addressed with a | sinuratán addressed with a - letter) | letter) - | -FUTURE | -acó, etc. (I shall be, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall be, -susuratán addressed with a | susuratán etc. addressed - letter) | with a letter) - -Imperative - -uratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quita, camó, hirá (let me, thee, you, him, -her, us, you, them be addressed with a letter) - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may be, etc. camí, etc. (we may be, etc. - suratán addressed with a suratán addressed with a - letter) letter) - - - - -TABLE 6. - -PROGRESSIVE INDIRECT PASSIVE - -Infinitive - Present and gerund: PAG—I, s; PAN—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - Past participle: GUIN—AN. - -Indicative - Present: GUIN(d)—AN, s; PINA(d)—AN, - PINAN(d)—AN, PINANG(d)—AN, p. - Past: GUIN—AN, s; PINA—AN, PINAN—AN, - PINANG—AN, p. - Future: PAG(d)—AN, s: PA(d)—AN, PAN(d)—AN, - PANG(d)—AN, p. -Imperative - PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. - -Subjunctive - PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive.—Present, and gerund. Their single form is the same as their -corresponding primitive form indirect passive. - -Past participle. It is distinguished by the prefix guin. - -Indicative.—Present, singular. The first syllable of the root is -doubled [94] and the affix guin added. Its plural is formed as its -corresponding in the progressive direct passive, except in that here -the affix an is added. [95] - -Past.—The forms of this tense are the same as those of their -corresponding form in the progressive direct passive, except in that -here the affix an is added. [96] - -Future.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in -that the affix an is used here instead of on. - -Imperative.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except -in that the affix i is used here instead of a. - -Subjunctive—Also the same as that of the progressive direct passive, -except in that the affix an is here used instead of on. - - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratí } - { plural: panuratí } - -Past participle: guinsurát - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. guinsusuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán - | - PAST | - acó, etc. guinsuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán - | - FUTURE | - acó, etc. pagsusuratán | camí, etc. panunuratán - - -Imperative - - pagsuratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hirá - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. pagsuratán camí, etc. panuratán - - - - -TABLE 7 - -PRIMITIVE INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE. - -Infinitive. - Present, and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - Past participle: I—IN—, IIN— - -Indicative - Present: I—IN(d)—, IIN(d)— - Past: I—IN—, IIN— - Future: I(d)— - -Imperative - I— - —AN - -Subjunctive - I— - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -Infinitive, Present, and gerund. The same observation is made as that -on the same tenses of the primitive, active, with the addition that -here the affix an is appended to the root. - -Past participle. It is formed by the prefix i and the interfix in. If -the root commences with a vowel, the prefix and the interfix are -joined, as - -from “arò” (to ask), iinarò. - -Indicative.—Present, past. They are the same as the present and past -tenses indicative of the primitive direct passive, with the addition of -the prefix i. - -Future.—It is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by -using the prefix i. As - -isusurát, iaaro. - -Imperative.—The first form consists in prefixing to the root the -particle i. The second form consists in affixing to the root the -particle an. - -Subjunctive. It consists in prefixing to the root the particle i. - -NOTE.—The instrumental passive is also employed to express -substitution; as when we say in English: - -Read this word for me: ibása acó hiní ng̃a polong̃ (literally: let me be -substituted by you in reading this word). - -Example: - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - -Present and gerund { singular: pagsuratán } (to be used in writing, - { plural: panuratán } being used in writing) - -Past participle: isinurát: used in writing - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. (I am, etc. used | camí, etc. (we are, etc. - isinusurát in writing) | isinusurát used in writing) - | - PAST | - acó, etc. (I was, etc. used | camí, etc. (we are, etc. - isinurát in writing) | isinurát used in writing) - FUTURE | - | - acó, etc. (I shall etc. be, | camí, etc. (we shall etc. - isusurát used in writing) | isusurát be, used in - | writing) - -Imperative - -isurát or suratán acó, icao, hiya, camí, quitá, camó hira (let me, -thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be used in writing). - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. (I may etc. be, | camí, etc. (we may etc. be, - isurát used in writing) | isurát used in writing) - - - - -TABLE 8. - -PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE INSTRUMENTAL - -Infinitive - Present and gerund: PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - Past participle: IGUIN— - -Indicative - Present: IGUIN(d)—, s; IPINA(d)—, IPINAN(d)—, IPINANG(d)—, p. - Past: IGUIN—, s; IPINA—, IPINAN—, IPINANG—, p. - Future: IG(d)—, s: IPA(d)—, IPAN(d)—, IPANG(d)—, p. - -Imperative - PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. - IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. - -Subjunctive - IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. - - - - -OBSERVATIONS: - -The observations made on the conjugation of the progressive direct -passive are applied to the above conjugation except in that the -present, and gerund take the affix an, and that the past participle, -the present, and past indicative, and the subjunctive, plural, take the -prefix i, and in that the imperative has the affix an, and the -subjunctive singular the affix on, and the future, imperative, and -subjunctive have a g after the prefix i. - -Example: - -Root: surat - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratán } - { plural: panuratán } - -Past participle: iguinsurát. - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. iguinsusurát. | camí, etc. ipinanunurát - | - PAST | - acó, etc. iguinsurát | camí, etc. ipinanurát - | - FUTURE | - acó, etc. igsusurát | camí, etc. ipanunurat - -Imperative - -Pagsaratán or igsarát acó, icáo, hiyá. Panoratán or ipaanrát camí, -quitá, camó, hirá. - -Subjunctive - - acó, etc. igsurát. camí, etc. ipaaurát. - - - - -NEGATIVE FORMS - -These forms consist in employing the adverbs “diri” before the -inflections of the infinitive, present and future indicative, and -subjunctive; “uaráy” before the past indicative, and “ayáo” before the -imperative. - -As to the inflections of the root, they are the same as those of the -corresponding; affirmative except the past indicative, which always -takes the inflections of the imperative. - -Example: - -Negative Primitive Active. - -Root: surát - -Indicative. - - Present, and gerund { singular: diri pagsurát } (not to write, - { plural: diri panurat } not writing) - -Indicative - -PRESENT -SINGULAR | PLURAL -diri acó, etc. (I do not, etc. | diri camí, etc. (we do not, -násurát write) | násurát etc. write) - | -PAST | -uaráy acó, etc. (I did not, | uaráy camí, (we did not, -surát etc. write) | etc. surát etc. write) - | -FUTURE | -diri acó, etc. (I shall not, | diri camí, etc. (we shall not, -másarát etc. write) | másurat etc. write) - -Imperative - -ayáo surát icáo, quitá, camó (let you, us not write) - -diri sumurát hiyá, camí, hirá (let him, us, them not write) - -Subjunctive - -diri acó, etc. (I may not, etc. | diri camí, etc. (we may, etc. -sumurát write) | sumurát not write) - - -NOTE.—The past consists sometimes, among the primitive forms, in the -root having the first syllable doubled; and among the progressive -forms, it consists in the prefix pag and the root whose first syllable -is doubled. In plural, the pag undergoes the same changes as in the -active conjugation. - -Examples: - - uaráy acó susurát (I did not write) - uaráy acó pagsusurát (I did not write) - - -Negative Progressive Active. - -Root: surát - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: diri pagsurát } (not to be writing, - { plural: diri panurát } not being writing) - -Indicative - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - diri acó, etc. (I am, etc. not | diri camí, etc. (we are, etc. - nagsusurát writing) | nanunurát not writing) - | - PAST | - uaráy acó etc. (I was etc. not | uaráy camí etc. (we were etc. - pagsurát writing) | panurát not writing) - | - FUTURE | - diri acó etc. (I shall etc. | diri camí, etc. (we shall not, - magsusurát not be writing) | manunurát etc. be - | writing) - -Imperative - - ayao icao (do not be | ayao quitá, camo (let us, you, not - pagsurát writing) | panurát be writing) - diri hiya (let him not be | diri camí, hirá (let us, them not - magsurát writing) | manurát be writing) - -Subjunctive - -diri acó, etc. (I may, etc. not | diri camí, etc. (we may, etc. -magsurát be writing) | manurát not be writing) - - - - -INTERROGATIVE FORMS - -They are determined by the phrases “cay anó” (why), and by “diín”, -“háín” (where), and by “san-o”, “cacan-o” (when, past and future -respectively). - - -CAY ANO - -The interrogative conjugation by this phrase simply consists in the -regular conjugation of the verb, placing before every inflection the -said phrase followed by the particle ng̃a. As - - - ¿cay anó ng̃a nasurat ca? (why do you write?) - ¿cay anó ng̃a sinmurát hiya? (why did he or she write?) - ¿cay anó ng̃a macadto quita? (what shall we go there for?) etc. - - -DIIN, HAIN. - -The interrogative primitive formed; by these adverbs, has only two -inflections: one which consists in the original root, and which is the -past tense indicative; and the other which consists on the same root, -its first syllable being doubled; this last form is for the present and -future tenses, indicative. These three tenses are the only tenses that -this conjugation has. The adverb “diín” is for the present and past -tenses. The adverb “háin” is for the future. Thus: - - - Present: ¿diin acó susurat? (where do I write?) - Past: ¿diin ca surát? (where did you write?) - Future: ¿háin camí susurát? (where shall we write?) - - -The interrogative progressive only differs from the preceding one in -that the particle pag precedes all of the inflections. In plural this -pag becomes pa, pan, or pang, according to the same rules laid on the -progressive active form. [97] Thus: - - - ¿diín ca pagsusurát? (where are you writing?) - ¿háin camó panunurát? (where will you be writing?) - - -In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the -root takes the affix a in the direct passive and the affix i in the -indirect passive, and the prefix i for the primitive form, or the -prefix ig for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus: - - - ¿diín suratá? - ¿diín suratí?, etc. - - -NOTE.—Instead of the prefix ig or i, in the instrumental passive, the -affix an is frequently employed. As - - - ¿diín susuratán? for ¿diín isusurát? etc. - - -CACAN-O SAN-O - -“Cacan-o” is placed before the past indicative; “san-o” is used before -the future, indicative. They are the only two tenses of this kind of -conjugation. As to the inflections in the primitive form, the past is -simply the root, and the future is the root, whose first two letters -are doubled. As - - - ¿cacan-o camo surat? (when did you write?) - ¿san-o ca cácanhi? (when will you come?) - - -In the progressive form the root takes the prefixes pag for the -singular and pa, pan, pang in plural. - -In the passive, the affix a is used in the direct passive; the affix i, -in the indirect passive; and the prefix i or ig in the instrumental. -These prefixes are frequently replaced by the affix an. Examples: - - - ¿cacan-o surata? - ¿Ban-o susuratí? etc - - -IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. The verb referred to by any adverb of time takes -the same form, as to the indicative, as the adverbs cacan-o and san-o. -As - - - buás acó cacanhi (tomorrow I shall come) - canina han ága acó pagsurát (this morning I have written) [98] - - - - -SUPPLETORY VERBS - -Irregular conjugation - -The suppletory verbs in Bisayan are those formed by the pronouns “iní”, -“adí”, “itó”, “itón”, “adtó”, “adtón”; to supply the English “to be”, -and those formed by the adverbs “dinhi”, “didi”, “dida”, “dídton”, -“díthon”, “dídto”, to supply the same verb “to be” and also the verbs -“to come”, and “to go.” Of these verbs we call pronominal those derived -from pronouns, and adverbial those derived form adverbs. - - - - -PRONOMINAL FORM. - -This is a defective form, as it has only one inflection which consists -in doubling the first vowel it being for the present tense, indicative -mood. Ex.: - - - iini acó (I am here) - aadí camí (we are here) - iito hiya (he or she is there) - iiton hira (they are there) - aadto ca (you are there) - aadton camo (you are there) - - -NOTE. In same places of Leyte, as Dulag, these forms are not used but -instead of them, the pronouns are doubled as: iniini, adiadi, itoito, -etc. - -In using these forms it is preferable to have the pronouns follow them. - - - - -ADVERBIAL FORM. - -This conjugation is common to the adverbs dínhi, didí, didto, dithon, -didto. - -Root: dinhi (here) - -Infinitive - - Present, and gerund { singular: pagdinhi } (to be here, being here) - { plural: paninhi } - -Indicative - -PRESENT, AND FUTURE -SINGULAR | PLURAL -acó, etc. aanhi or (I am, etc. | camí, etc. (we are, etc. -hahaní shall be, etc. | aanhi or shall be, etc. - here) | hahani here) - -Imperfect past, and past. - -acó, etc. didinhi or (I was, etc. | camí etc. (we were, etc. -nacanhi here) | didinhi or here) - | nacanhi - -Imperative - - dinhi icao, etc. (be here, etc). - -Subjunctive - -acó, etc. maanhi (I may etc. be | camí, etc. maanhi (we may, etc. -or mahani here) | or mahani be here) - - - - -OBSERVATIONS. - -Infinitive.—Present and gerund. Here the particles pag and pan are -employed in the same way as among the primitive active voice [99]. As - - - SINGULAR PLURAL - pagdinhi paninhi - pagdidí panidí - pagdidâ panidâ - pagdidton panidton - pagdithon panithon - pagdidto panidto. - - -Indicative.—Present and future. It is formed by replacing the first two -letters of the root with the prefix a doubled. As - - - from dinhi aanhi, - ,, didí aadí - ,, didâ aadâ - ,, didton aadton - ,, dithon aathon - ,, didto aadto - - -NOTE.—The form hahani is the transformation of aanhi, where the h is -doubled and transposed by placing each h before each a. The other -pronouns have not such a form. - -Imperfect past and past. Their single form consists in doubling the -first two letters of the root, as - - - from dinhi dídinhi - ,, didi dídidi - ,, didâ dididâ - ,, didton dídidton - ,, dithon dídíthon - ,, didto dídidto [100] - - -Imperative.—It simply consists in the root. - -Subjunctive.—It has two forms. The first consists in in prefixing to -the root the particle ma; the second form consists in replacing the -first two letters of the root with the prefix maa. As - - - from dinhi, madínhi, maánhi - ,, didí. madidí, maadí - ,, didâ, madidâ maadâ - ,, didton, madidton, mandton - ,, dithon, madithon, maathon - ,, didto, madidto, maadto. - - -NOTE—The form mahani is a transformation of maanhi like hahani of -aanhi. - -The verbs that supply the English “to come” and “to go” are conjugated -as ordinarily. But they have a basis for conjugation, derived from the -original root, and which we call conjugational root. So from the -original roots - - dinhi, didí, didá, didton, dithon, didto, - -we have the corresponding conjugational roots: - - cánhi, cadi, cadá, cadton, cathon, cádto. - -The form followed in this conjugation is that of a primitive. Thus from -the root “canhi”, we have: - -Infinitive, present and present participle: pagcanhi (to come, coming) - -NOTE.—But the plural of this tense is irregular. It is - -pagpacánhi (to come, coming, plural). - - - Indicative present: acó, etc., nácanhi. - ,, past: acó, etc., quinmánhi. - ,, future: acó, etc., mácanhi. - - -Imperative: cánhi, etc. - -Subjunctive: acó, etc. cumánhi. - - -NOTE. The past, indicative, and the present, subjunctive, have the -irregular forms, nacanhi and macanhi respectively, which must not be -confounded with the present and future, indicative, as the accent of -the former in past and subjunctive is on the penult and not on the -first syllable as in the present and future indicative. - - - - -OBSERVATION. - -We have seen that when the verb “to be” refers to a place it is -frequently expressed in Bisayan either, by the pronominal form or by -the adverbial form. - -But when the verb “to be” is equivalent to the Spanish “estar”, i.e., -when it represents state, situation, or contingent condition, it is -then expressed by the particles pag, nag, ma, na added to the words -which are predicate of “to be” in English. As - - - I shall be sorry: magmamabidò acó. - - -In cases where the verb “to be” needs to be represented by an -independent word, the expressions “amo”, “asya”, “asáy”, “say” (which -express identity, rather than a mere essence, substance or existence) -are frequently employed. As - - - { Hi Pedro ámo an tag-iya hiní ng̃a - { baláy -Peter is the owner of this house { hi Pedro asya an tag-iya, etc. - { hi Pedro asáy tag-iya, etc. - { hi Pedro say tag-iya, etc. - - -In other cases, the verb “to be” is not translated into Bisayan. As - - - God is omnipotent: an Dyos macagagáhum. - - - - -IMPERSONAL VERBS - -The impersonal verbs follow the two forms: primitive, and progressive. - -Owing to the fact that the Bisayan tongue has indirect and instrumental -passive, all of the verbs, no matter to what class they belong, have -passive voice. So the intransitive verbs of other languages have -passive voice in Bisayan, The same thing happens to the impersonal -verbs. They have indirect and instrumental passives which are complete -in their conjugation. - -Thus, in passive, there is no impersonal verb in Bisayan. The forms of -conjugation of this kind of verbs are the same as those of the regular -verbs. - -Examples: - -nagdadalogdog (it thunders) -nagiinuran (it rains persistently) -inuuranán hirá (the rain falls on them; literally: they are rained) -etc. - - - - -DEFECTIVE VERBS - -The following belong to such class: may (to have) which has only, one -form. - - - á (no, I do not wish) - iyá (receive it) - ohò (look at it) - - -May is also used as impersonal and then it means “there, is, there was, -etc.”; conó (he or she says or said; they say or said;—it is said, it -was said) - - - ambót (I do not know) - - -The English “to have” is also expressed in Bisayan by the root may-adà, -whose irregular conjugation as follows: - - -Infinitive - -Present, and gerund: pagcaada or pagcamay-adà (to have) - - PRESENT - SINGULAR | PLURAL - acó, etc. may ada (I etc. have) | camí, etc. may (we, etc. - or nagcacaada. | adá or have) - | nangagcacaada - PAST | - acó, etc. nagcaada (I, etc. had) | camí, etc. (we, etc. - | nangagcaada had) - FUTURE | - acó etc. magcacadá (I shall, etc. | camí, etc. (we shall, - have) | mangacacaada etc. have) - -Imperative - pacaadá - -Subjunctive - magcaadá - - -NOTE 1. The strict meaning of the form may-ada is “to acquire”, rather -than “to have”, for which the defective may is used. - -2. The impersonal and defective may is very frequently joined to verbs -in passive voice, it keeping its impersonal character. As - - - May naquita co nga bucad (I saw a flower; literally: There is a - flower seen by me), - - -its regular order being: - - - may bucad nga naquíta co. - - May tinagan co hin salapi (I gave money to someone; literally: - there is some one given by me with money);—where the words “tauo - nga” are tacit, the regular form being: - - May tauo nga tinagan co hin salapi. - - - - -OTHER CLASSES OF VERBS - -There are other kinds of verbs whose distinguishing character consists -in their conjugational roots. They are always derived from the ordinary -verbs, but bear different meaning, although conjugated as ordinarily. - -The conjugational roots in active voice are different from those in -passive. - -From the original root SURAT we have the following classes: - - -ACTIVE VOICE - - Conjugational root Indicative Present Classes - - sinurat nagsisinurat CONTINUATIVE - casurat nacacasurát ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL - cagsurat nacacagsurát RELATIVE POTENTIAL - isusúrat náisusurat ABSOLUTE APTATIVE - ipagsusúrat náipagsusurat RELATIVE APTATIVE - pagpasurát nápasurát ABSOLUTE PERMISSIVE - papagsúrat napapagsurát RELATIVE PERMISSIVE - papágsurat pinasusurát ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE - papagsurát pinapagsurát RELATIVE IMPERATIVE - susúrat nasusúrat IMPREMEDITATIVE - suratsúrat nasuratsúrat ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE - suratsurát nágsusuratsúrat RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE - suratsurát násuratsurát ABSOLUTE REPETITIVE - suratsurát nagsusuratsurát RELATIVE REPETITIVE - pasuratsúrat nagpapasuratsurat RECIPROCATE - - From the original root “hadì,” we have - - pacahádi napacaháhì IMITATIVE - - From the original root “buság,” we have - - pagticabusag náticabusag ABSOLUTE GRADUAL - pagticabusag nagtiticabusag RELATIVE GRADUAL - - From the original root “sayáo,” we have - - sayáo nagsasayáo FIGURATIVE - - -As it may be observed above, one original root may give a great number -of different classes of verbs, as the nature of the root and use may -permit. The subdivision absolute and relative of these classes -corresponds exactly to the primitive and progressive forms already -explained. - -The continuative is distinguished, in its conjugational root, by the -interfix in and it expresses persistence of the action. As - - - nagtitinóoc an batà (the child is crying persistently) - - -The potential is determined, in its conjugational roots, by the prefix -paca or pacag (absolute and relative) and it means ability on the part -of the subject to execute the action expressed by the original root. As - - -dirì hiyá nacacasurát, cay dirí (he cannot write, because does not -maaram know how to) -dirì hiyá nacacagsurát, cay damò (he cannot write, because he is -in buhat busy) - - -The optative has, in its conjugational root the prefix i or ipag -(absolute and relative), and it represents the idea of desire. The -absolute means a desire about to be executed; the relative signifies a -mere intention; As - - - náilalacat na hiyá han ac (he was about to depart when I met - pag-abotá him) - naipagsusurat acó ha imo (I was intending to write you) - - -When the absolute optative bears the particle ca, it expresses then -proximate passivity, as - - - naicahorológ an bung̃a (the fruit is about to fall) - - -The permissive is distinguished in its conjugational root by the prefix -pagpa or papag (absolute and relative) and it means leave or -abandonment. As - - - diri hiya napaútang hin (he does not lend any money; literally: he - salapí does not permit any money to be lent) - - -When the original root of this form is a substantive referring to a -place, then the idea of “going” or “coming” is represented. As - - - mapa Manila camí (we shall go to Manila) - napahorón hi Juan (John went to the farm) - - -The imperative, which means order or command, is determined by the -prefix papag and the interfix in. As - - - pinacacadto ca (you are ordered to go there) - pinapagtoón camo (you are commanded to study) - - -The impremeditative is determined by the repetition of the first -syllable of the original root, and expresses a sudden and inconsiderate -action. As - - - náyayácan ca lá (you talk inconsiderately) - - -The formation of the diminutive class follows that of a diminutive -noun. [101] As - - -nagtatanomtanom cami hin camote (we are cultivating a little camote) - - -The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive. - -The repetitive has the same formation as the diminutive, except in that -the accent is always on the last syllable of the repetitive. It follows -the formation of the figurative nouns,[101] when the root has more than -two syllable, or when the last syllable is preceded by more than one -consonant or is pronounced separately from the preceding consonant. The -repetitive expresses a repeated action. As - - - magtatanomtanóm acó hin abacá (I shall cultivate hemp again) - macarocánhi acó buás (I shall come again to-morrow) - - -The reciprocate is formed exactly as the diminutive, except in that the -reciprocate uses the prefix pa. It means a mutual action. As - - - nagpapasuratsurat camí (we are writing to each other) - - -It is also formed by the prefixes pag and ig, and the affix an. As -“pagquítáan (to meet), iguinquiquita iguinhihisugat”. It has a passive -character. - -The imitative is formed by the prefix paca, the same as the absolute -potential, but here the root is always a noun, the object of the -imitation. As - - - hiyá napacamaáram (he pretends to be learned) - hiyá napacacatsilà (he affects to be a Spaniard) - - -The gradual is determined by the prefix pagtica, and means an action by -degrees. As - - - nagtiticapasò inin adlao (the day is becoming hotter) - nagtiticalamrag an bulan (the moon is becoming brighter) - - -The figurative verb has the same form as its original, except in the -accent which is always on the last syllable. As - - - nagsasayáo hiyá tung̃ud han (he jumps as if he was dancing, on - caol-ol account of the pain he feels) - - - - -DIRECT PASSIVE - - -CONTINUATIVE VERB - -Conjugational root: sinúrat - -Infinitive: present and gerund: pagsinurata s; pagpinanuráta p. -Indicative: Present: guinsisinúrat s; guinpipinanúrat p. - Past: guinsinúrat s; guinpinanurat p. - Future: pagsisinuraton s; pagpipinanuraton p. -Imperative: pagsinuráta s; pagpinanuráta p. -Subjunctive: pagsinuraton s; pagpinanuraton p. - - -ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL - -Conjugational root: hisurát - -Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. -Indicative: Present: nahasusurát - Past: nahasurát - Future: mahasusurát -Imperative: (no imperative) -Subjunctive: mahasurát. - - -RELATIVE POTENTIAL - -Conjugational root: hisurát - -Infinitive: paghisurát s; panhisurát p. -Indicative: Present: nahapapagsurát s; nanhihisurát p. - Past: nahapagsurát s; nanhisurát p. - Future: mahapapagsurát s; manhihisurát p. -Imperative: (no imperative) -Subjunctive: mahapagsurát s; manhisurát p. - - -ABSOLUTE OPTATIVE - -Conjugational root: isusurat - -Infinitive: pag-isusurata s; pag-ipanunurata p. -Indicative: Present: guin-iisusurat - Past: guin-isusurat. - Future: pag-iisusuraton. -Imperative: pagisusurata -Subjunctive: pag-isusuráton. - - -RELATIVE OPTATIVE - -Conjugational root: isusúrat - -Infinitive: pag-ipagsusurata s; pag-ipanunuráta p. -Indicative: Present: guin-iipagsusurat, s; guin-iipanunurat. - Past: guin-ipagsusurat s; guin-ipanunurat. - Future: pag-iipagsusuráton s; pag-iipanunuraton. -Imperative: pag-ipagsusurata -Subjunctive: pag-ipagsusuraton. -(The permissive verbs have no passive) - - -ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE - -Infinitive: papagsuratán s; papanuratán p. -Indicative: Present: ipinasusurat. - Past: ipinasurat. - Future: ipasusurat. -Imperative: ipasurát. -Subjunctive: ipasurát. - - -RELATIVE IMPERATIVE - -Conjugational root: pasurát - -Infinitive: papagsuratán, s; papanuratán, p. -Indicative: Present: ipinápagsurát, s; ipinápanurát, p. - Past: ipinapagsurát, s; ipinapanurát, p. - Future: ipápagsurát, s; ipápanurát, p. -Imperative: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p. -Subjunctive: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p. - - -IMPREMEDITATIVE - -Conjugational root: susuráta - -Infinitive: pagsusuráta, s; panunuráta, p. -Indicative: Present: sinususurat. - Past: sinusurát. - Future: sususuráton. -Imperative: susuráta. -Subjunctive: susuráton. - - -ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE - -Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat - -Infinitive: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. -Indicative: Present: sinusuratsúrat, - Past: sinuratsúrat. - Future: susuratsuraton. -Imperative: suratsurata. -Subjunctive: suratsuráton. - - -RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE - -Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat - -Infinitive: pagsuratsuratá, s; panuratsúrata, p. -Indicative: Present: guinsusuratsurat, s; pinanunuratsurat, p. - Past: guinsuratsurat, s; pinanuratsurat, p. - Future: pagsusuratsuraton, s; panunuratsuratón, p. -Imperative: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p. -Subjunctive: pasuratsuraton, s; panusatsuráton, p - - -(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive) - - -(The reciprocate have no passive) - - -(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive) - - - - -INDIRECT PASSIVE - -The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect -passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the -interfix in is used. - -The potential have no indirect passive. - -The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form -(see page 73 et seq.), as to the affixes. - -The imperative have no indirect passive. - -The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the -primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes. - -The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the -ordinary, primitive (See page 78 et seq) as to the affixes. - - - - -INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE. - -The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and -diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and -80) as to the prefixes. - -The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive. - -NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and -combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the -different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered. - - - - -DEPRECATIVE VERBS - -There are verbs used in a depreciative tone. Examples. - - - for cáon (to eat) ásoc, lámon, etc. - ,, lacát (to walk) laág - ,, yacán (to talk) yaquimbot, etc. - - -These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily. - - - - -ADVERBS - -The adverbs are of the following classes: - - -ADVERBS OF PLACE - -DIIN (where),—BISAN DIIN (wherever, anywhere),—DIDI (here, nearer to -the speaker then to the listener),—DINHI (here),—DIDÂ (there, nearer to -the listener than to the speaker),—DIDTO (there),—HARANI (near),—HARAYÒ -(far). - - -ADVERBS OF TIME - -CACAN-O (when, past),—SAN-O (when, future),—BISAN CACAN-O (whenever, -past),—BISANSAN-O (whenever, future),—NIYÁN (now),—CANINA (before, -short time ago, in the same day),—CAGAB’I (last night),—CACOLÓP -(yesterday),—CASANGAB’I (the night before last),—CASANGCOLOP (the day -before yesterday),—CASANGYADTO (the day previous to the day before -yesterday),—ANAY (before, anciently),—UNINA (after, in the same -day),—BUAS (to-morrow),—ISANGBUÁS (the day after to-morrow),—ISANGYÁDTO -(the day following the day after to-morrow),—CANONAY (always),—DAYÓ-DAY -(persistently),—LAYON (soon),—DÁYON (immediately),—HADTO (then, -before),—NG̃ANÌ, CUN (when, whenever),—NAMAN (again),—LIUAT (again),—PA -(yet),—NA (already),—AGSOB (frequently),—DANAY (sometimes),—NGÁHAO -(then). - - -ADVERBS OF DEGREE - -CAPIN, LABIS, LAPÁS (more),—ORÓG (most),—URAÚRA (excessively),—TUMAN (a -little scarcely). - - -ABVERBS OF MANNER - -AMO, ASYA (so, thus),—ONAN-O (how),—MAN (also),—COLAÓNG, COLASÓT, -COLANTOY (for example, for instance). - - -ADVERBS OF DOUBT - -ADÂ, MAHAMOC, MASAGNI, MAHARANI, CADUÁS TING̃ALI, BANG̃IN, SABALI -(probably, perhaps),—BAGÁ (as). - - -ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION - -OO (yes),—MANGUD (indeed),—CAIYA, UGA, CAY UGÂ, GUI-HÁPON (of course). - - -ADVERBS OF NEGATION - -DIRI (no),—UARAY (no, past),—AYAO (no, future). - - -ADVERBS OF CAUSE - -CAY (because),—TUNG̃ÚD (because). - - -OBSERVATIONS 1. Many adjectives and phrases are employed as adverbs, as - - - igbao (above) - niyán ng̃a adlao (to-day) - damò (much) - etc. - - -2. Some of the adverbs are frequently contracted, as those composed of -“bisan” which is contracted into “bis.” Examples: - - - bisan diín contracted bis diín - guihapon ,, guiháp. - - -3. The adverbs have diminutive, comparative and superlative. As - - - from harani, haraníay, haroharaní, guihaharanií; etc. - - - - -PREPOSITIONS - -HA (to, from, over, under),—TIPA (against, towards),—TUNG̃UD -(for),—PATI, UPOD (with),—GAUÁS (without),—CAN (of, to),—TICANG, GUICAN -(from, since),—TUBTUB (up to, till, until),—TALIUAN (after),—LÁBUT -(except). - - - - -CONJUNCTIONS - -The conjunctions are of the following classes: - - -COPULATIVE - -UG, NG̃AN (and),—MAN (also),—NG̃A (that). - - -DISJUNCTIVE - -O, CUN, [102] BA (or). - - -ADVERSATIVE - -CUNDÌ (but),—SABALI, UGARING (but, though), CUN, NGANÌ (if),—BISAN -(even, though),—BACAY (as),—CUNTÀ (which bears the idea of past or -future desire: it may frequently be translated in English with the -phrase: “if possible”). - - -CONDITIONAL - -CUN NG̃ANÌ, ABI, [103] UGARING (if). - - -CAUSAL - -CAY, TUNGUD, BACAY, SANGLIT, CAY (inasmuch, because). - - -FINAL - -BASI (in order to),—BANGIN (lest). - - -CONTINUATIVE - -TACAY (then),—BUSA (therefore),—TARA (then). - - - - -INTERJECTIONS - - -Admiration: ¡a!, ¡ay!, ¡báá!, ¡abaá!, ¡baadao!, ¡abaadao! ¡pastilan!, -¡pauican!, ¡pauísac!, ¡palipac!, ipalísac!, ¡pauiday!, ¡aguimpauican!, -¡aguimpastilan!, ¡aguimpauisac!, ¡aguimpali, pac!, ¡aguimpalisac!, -¡aguimpauiday!, ¡pascalan!, ¡bongansiso!, !odoy!, ¡alágad!, ¡alagad -dao!, ¡an ac pa!, ¡ito ngahao!, etc. - -Pain and sorrow: ¡ay!, ¡ayhay!, ¡aguí!, ¡aroy!, ¡óhoy!, ¡pastilan!, -etc. - -Attention: ¡óho!, ¡ohondá!, ¡tabí!, ¡oy!, ¡acay! ¡hacay!, ¡solibangco!, -etc. - -Insistence: ¡gad!, ¡daó!, ¡uga!, ¡lugá!, ¡ugaring!, ¡lugaring!, -¡caiyá!, ¡pudó!, ¡haromámay!, etc. - -Reprobation: ¡diri!, ¡uaráy!, ¡ayao!, ¡hulát!, ¡bodó!, ¡buró!, etc. - -Surprise: ¡ay!, ¡an!, ¡alágad!, ¡ús!, ¡balitao!, ¡bayá!, etc. [104] - -Pity: ¡cairó!, ¡in tauo!, ¡pastilán!, ¡odóg!, ¡baadao!, ¡aguí!, etc. - -Desire: ¡cunta!, ¡upayda!, ¡unta!, ¡mangad pa!, ¡ihinaotpa!, ¡tubangan -pa la!, etc. - -Joy: ¡ay!, ¡ahay!, ¡upayda!, ¡salamat!, ¡ta!, etc. - -Aversion: ¡á!, ¡aguí!, ¡ambot!, ¡sabá!, etc. - -Invitation: ¡cadí!, ¡taná!, ¡halá!, etc. - -Self-correction: ¡au!, ¡ay!, ¡sapayán! - -Suspension: cuan.... inín.... ¡hulat!, ¡niyan!, etc. - -Despair: ¡sahó!, etc. - -Gratitude: ¡salamat!, ¡Dyos mag báyad!, ¡Dyos mag sugá!, etc. - - - - - - - - -SYNTAX - - -SUBJECTIVE RELATION - -The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a -pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As - - - An Dyos macagagáhum (God is omnipotent) - Acó nagsusurát (I write) - An paguaon maopay (The meal is good; literally: the - eating is good) - An guinquiquinauanglan ta ámo an (what we need is union). - pag-orosa - - - - -PREDICATIVE RELATION - -The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As - - - panurát quitá (let us write) - magsurát hiyá (let him or her write) - - - - -ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION - -The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, -adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and -participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is -placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. As - - - batá ng̃a sorogóon (the young servant; literally: the boy - servant) - an sangcay ng̃a macpay (the good friend) - iní ng̃a baláy (this house) - an acon amáy (my father) - hinigugma nga iróy (loved mother) - - -NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to -“deceased”, “late”, the particle ng̃a is not employed. As - - - adton Pedro (the late Peter) - - -The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it -limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which -they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always -employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. As - - - an lang̃it (the heaven, or the sky) - hi Eudong (Peter) - - -The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and -frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The -indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive -pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal -pronouns, except the third person. As - - - an Dyos (God) - an iní ng̃a batà (this boy) - an amon búngto (our town) - macanhi in acon sangcay (a friend of mine will come) - hi camó ng̃an hi acó (you and I) - - - - -COMPLEMENTARY RELATION - -The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by -the corresponding article, or by a preposition. As - - - hi Pedro nagbabasa han surat (Peter reads the letter) - hirá nang̃atúrog ha sacayán (they sleep on the boat) - hi Tomás naruruyag hin pagcanhi (Thomas wishes to come; literally: - Thomas wishes a coming) - mácadto acó ha Abúyog (I shall go to Abuyog). - - -The object of the verb to be is in the nominative case. As - - - an imo bahín, amo iní (your part is this) - an táuo mamarátyon (the man is mortal) - - - - -ADVERBIAL RELATION - -The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or -another adverb. As - - - “dánay” acó cumádto (I go there sometimes) - nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá (If I read, he reads also). - - -The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, -some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), -“masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the -said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” -(precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” -(on the contrary), etc. - - - - -REPRESENTATIVE RELATION - -The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is -the relative pronoun nga, which is invariable. - - - an batá nga tinmauag ha acon (the boy who called me) - an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon (the boys who called me) - - -As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relative nga never refers -to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other -languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the -object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the -objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the -most used in this tongue. [105] Thus, if we wish to say - - - the boy whom I called - - -we should say - - - an bata ng̃a tinauag co - - -which literally is: the boy who was called by me. - -The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and -number with their antecedents or the word or words that they represent. -There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender. - - - - -CONNECTIVE RELATIONS - -The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to -some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends -on them. - -The most important preposition in, Bisayan is ha, which is equivalent -to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples: - - - He saw me— hiyá quinmitá ha acon - He wrote to me— hiyá nagsurát ha acon - I come to Tacloban— nacanhi acó ha Tacloban - I come from Palo— ticang acó ha Palô - I pass by your house— linmabáy acó ha iyo baláy - He is in the room— aadto niyá ha solód - etc. - - - - -ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS - -Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with -vocatives, and interjections. - -Vocatives, as - - - Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao (Peter, he said, come, please) - - -Interjection, as - - - Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó (oh!, have pity of me) - - -Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by -the adverb man, as - - - naabot camí, natutunod man (when we arrived, the sun set; - an adlao literally: we arrived, the sun also - set). - - - - -SYNTAX OF VERBS - -THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as - - - an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an (to learn well is the duty of a - catungdánan han batà boy). - - -The gerund expresses the idea of past when preceded by the particle -han, contraction of the preposition ha and the article an, as - - - han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá (when the sun raised, I was - na acó already awake). - - -The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as - - - binilangò ng̃a táuo (prisoner; literally: an imprisoned man) - - -INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinary use, its present is frequently -employed with the particle cuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted -or intended action. As - - -cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta (If you had not come, I would have -acó gone) - - -SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always -constructed with the conjunctions ng̃a (thato), cun, ng̃anì (if), cuntà -(if possible). - -Ng̃a and cun always precede the verb; ng̃anì and cunta when used for the -subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As - - -caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas (I wish you to come to-morrow; - literally: I wish that you may come - to-morrow). [106] -cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága. (If John passes by, call him) -lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga. -lumabáy cuntà hi Juan (God grant that John passes). - - -NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal -adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction -of an adjective. As - - - táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat (a good writer: literally; a man who - writes well) - macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao (a strong dragger carabao) - etc. - - - - -ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS - -The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever -possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence. - -Examples: - - maópay ng̃a táuo (good man) - nagsusurát acó (I write) - etc. - - - - -VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE - - -BARBARISMS - -The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is the -Barbarism. - -It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions. - - - - -FOREIGN WORDS - -Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan -conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not -because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of -innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the -words introduced however are necessary as they have no corresponding -word in Bisayan. - - -FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN - -SPANISH WORDS - -Abierto, abre (open) for Binucsan, inucáb, bucás - ucáb. -Adorno (adornment) ,, Dayan, rayandayan -Agua (used to mean perfume) ,, Talamhot -Aguanta (wait suffer) ,, Ílob, hulát -Alisto (from listo) ,, Andam -Amigo (friend) ,, Sángcay -Apique (close) ,, Sóoc -Apura, apurado (hurry) ,, Dagmit, cadagmitan -Atrever, atrevido (bold) ,, Paggahúm, gamhánan -Aver (for “give me”) ,, Icadí -Aver pa (God grant) ,, Mangad pa -Bajado, Bajar (low) ,, Habobó, obós -Bancó (bench) ,, Pongcóan, lincoran, pápag -Bando (edict) ,, Pahamatngon -Batido (for “experienced”) ,, Lasgud, hiara -Bote (for boat) ,, Sacayan -Cada usá (each one) ,, Tágsa -Calabozo (jail) ,, Bilangóan -Calculo (calculus) ,, Igoigo -Calle (street) ,, Dalan -Campana (bell) ,, Linganay -Canta (sing) ,, Laygay, laylay -Cantodes (from “cantores”) ,, Paralaygay -Carcel (jail) ,, Bi1angóan -Cargo (for “debt”) ,, Útang -Carne (flesh meat) ,, Unód -Capaz (able) ,, Sadang, angay, tacús -Castigo (punishment) ,, Siroc -Cocina (kitchen) ,, Lotoán -Coger ,, Pagdacóp pacasacób -Colá (from “colar”) ,, Bacá -Color (color) ,, Tina, samay, culay -Comósta (from “como está” how are -you) ,, Matiónan-o ca -Común (common) ,, Casahirác -Convida (invite) ,, Áabiabi, sabi -Contra (against) ,, Tipa, patoe, caauay -Cortina (curtain) ,, Biráy -Cuarta (money) ,, Salapí -Cuarto (room) ,, Solód -Cuerdas (strings) ,, Dolós -Cuello (collar) ,, Balióg -Cuenta (account) ,, Iháp, ísip -De balde (unusefully) ,, Cáuaug -De buenas (fortunate) ,, Paláran -Decir (for “ask”) ,, Siring hingyap -Defecto (defect) ,, Casaquihán, carát’an -De malas (unfortunate) ,, Uaráy palad -Derecho (right) ,, Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃an -Descanso (rest) ,, Pahúuay -Despedida (farewell) ,, Panamilit -Dibujo (drawing) ,, Badlis, Baguis -Diferencia (difference) ,, Guincalainan, guicaíbban -Dilatar (for delay) ,, Pag-uláng, pagpahalawig -Disgusto (unlikeness) ,, Cangalas -Dispensa (excuse) ,, Pasaylo, paguará -Diversion (amusement) ,, Caliáuan, liáoliáo -Dulce (sweet candy) ,, Matam’is -Empezar (to commence) ,, Pagticáng -Entra (for “to make love”) ,, Pangasáua -Entremés (joke) ,, Tíao -Escuela (school) ,, Liborán -Espejo (glass) ,, Salamíng -Esquina (corner) ,, Casóngnan -Estampa (image) ,, Ladáuan -Fino (fine) ,, Gamay, pilí -Firme (for always) ,, Agsub, ónob -Fuerza (strength) ,, Cusóg -Fuerte (strong) ,, Macusóg, mabácod -Fusil (gun) ,, Lutbang -Ganancia (gain) ,, Polós, tubo -Gracia (grace, favor) ,, Parábul -Gratis (used for “payment”) ,, Himúdlay -Gusto (wish) ,, Caruyag -Hasta (until) ,, Tubtub, ngadá -Hechura (shape) ,, Daguay -Interes (interest) ,, Guinsisiring, guinlalánat -Jardin (garden) ,, Tanáman -La mesa (table) ,, Dulang -Latigo (whip) ,, Latós -Lavá (from “lavar”, to wash) ,, Búnac -Lavandero, a (launderer, laundress) ,, Magburunác -Licencia, pag (to take leave) ,, Sárit, panamilit -Limós (from “limosna”, alms) ,, Calóoy, hatag -Limpio (clean) ,, Mahínis -Lóa (praise) ,, Dáyao -Lugar (for “near” or “almost”) ,, Dapit, ma -Macetas (flower-pot) ,, Tinanóm, taranman -Maestro (teacher) ,, Magtorótdo -Manteca (butter) ,, Pinahagas -Mantel (tablecloth) ,, Basnig ha dulang -Mantilla (mantilla) ,, Taóng -Masiado (from “demasiado”, too) ,, Uraura -Masque (from “por más que”, -although) ,, Bisan -Medio (half) ,, Catunga, bagá -Mismo (self-same) ,, Ngábao, gud -Muchacho (for servant) ,, Surogóon -Número (number) ,, Iháp -O bien (or) ,, O cun, ó, lugúd -Oración (prayer) ,, Pangadye, paugamuyo -Orden (order) ,, Sugo -Pabyon (from “pabellón”) ,, Biráy -Paciencia (patience) ,, Pag-ilub -Pago (for “debt”) ,, Utang -Palati (from “palatico”, from -“práctico”) ,, Mag-oróna -Paño (cloth) ,, Panapton, pudóng -Pañolito (handkerchief) ,, Modongpódong -Para (for, halt) ,, Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, - toróoc -Parecer (opinion) ,, Sagbang -Parejo (equal) ,, Sáma, sandag -Paseada (from “paseo”) ,, Lacatlácat -Peligro (danger) ,, Cataragman -Pensar (for talent) ,, Talíno -Perdona (from “perdonar”) ,, Pasaylo -Pero (but) ,, Cundi -Pertina (for “pretina”, waistband) ,, Háuac -Pierde (from “perder” to lose) ,, Lupig, nara -Pintar (to paint) ,, Dum-it, díhog -Pintura (paint) ,, Idirihóg -Plato (plate) ,, Pingan -Platito (a little dish) ,, Lampay -Pliegues (plaits) ,, Lopi -Pobre (poor) ,, Cablas -Polvo (powder) ,, Bócboc -Posta (from “apuesta” bet) ,, Butáng -Precio (price) ,, Pulít -Preparar (to prepare) ,, Pag-andam, pagtíma -Preso (prisoner) ,, Binilangá. -Probar (to taste) ,, Tilao, sari -Propecto (from “perfecto,” perfect) ,, Guinóod -Prueba (proof, evidence) ,, Paacamatóod -Principal (chief, capital) ,, Labáo, pohonan -Provecho (profit) ,, Polós -Puerta (door) ,, Ganghaán -Pulido (neat) ,, Hag-id, mahamis -Puro (pure) ,, Putli, lonlon, sandag, - sáhid -Queja (complaint) ,, Sumbong -Querido (dear) ,, Hinigugma, pinalanga -Que ver (for “to do”) ,, Láhot -Quinolá (from colar) ,, Bináchan -Rabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe) ,, Latob, latos -Recibi (from “recibir”) ,, Carauat -Reclamo (claim) ,, Paglánat -Redondo (round) ,, Lipóron, malídong -Regalo (present) ,, Higugma, hatag, bucad -Regular (regular) ,, Igó, socol -Relo, relos (from “reloj” watch, -clock) ,, Orasán [107] -Remo (oar) ,, Gaód -Renuncio (from “renunciar”, to -renounce) ,, Pagdiri, pagdiuara -Reventa (from “reventar” to -explode) ,, Pagbotó -Rico (rich) ,, Mangáran -Rugal (from “lugar”, spot) ,, Caraanan, tuna, umá -Saco (sack) ,, Sopót -Sadá (from “cierra”, close) ,, Locób -Sala (hall) ,, Ruáng -Saya (skirt) ,, Tampí, Talapí -Seguro (for “probably”) ,, Mahámoe, angay la -Señor (Sir, Mister) ,, Guinoo -Sirve (from “servir” to serve) ,, Pagmangno pag-ágad -Suerte (for “talk”) ,, Himangrao -Sustento (maintenance) ,, Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhian -Tabla (board) ,, Bugha -Tachar (for “contempt”) ,, Yúbit, támay -Taza (cup) ,, Yahóng -Tiempo (time) ,, Adlao, túig -Tienda (merchandise, store) ,, Baligya, baligyáan -Tieso (stiff) ,, Dángag, tadóng -Tocar (to play) ,, Pagtonóg -Tocador (for glass) ,, Salamíng -Tonto (fool) ,, Lórong, palinqui, pádlas -Trabajo (work) ,, Buhat -Tranea (cross-bar) ,, Síol, Balabág -Tumba (to tumble) ,, Púcan -Vacio (empty) ,, Lungág -Ventana (window) ,, Tambóan -Verde (green) ,, Saguindáhon -Vicio (vice) ,, Casaquihán -Virtud (for “power”) ,, Gahúm -Zurce (for “zurcir” to darn) ,, Pagtábing, - -And many others. - - -CHINESE [108] WORDS - -Bochang (for sow) for Cablas -Buísit (unfortunate) ,, Uaray pálad -Camsya (for “thank”) ,, Salámat -Gonggong (foolish) ,, Uaray salabótan -Lamloc (dear, fat) ,, Matamboc -Laotuy (old) ,, Lagás, gurang -Syâ (for eat) ,, Cáon -Sinqui (new) ,, Bag-o -Tampuâ (excess, present) ,, Táuad, labis -Uchang (rich) ,, Mangáran -Uísit (fortunate) ,, Paláran. - -and some others. - - -ENGLISH WORDS - -Haló (halloo) for Ohó -Miting (“meeting”) ,, Catirócan -Háyc (“hike”) ,, Paglacát, sódoy -Moning (for “money”) ,, Salapí -Sausau (chow-chow) ,, Pagcáon, caraonón - -And others. - - -NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear “¿háin an -ac dyografi (geography), an ac arismitic (arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca ha -fif (fifth) greyd (grade)?” “maaram na acó mag espeling (spelling)”—Why -do they not talk in English? - -OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in -Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because -Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because -such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language. - - - - -FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONS - -Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: -“maoroopay iní QUE hitón”, (this is better than that). The use of the -QUE (which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not -necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and -with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní -hitón”. - - - - -FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYAN - -But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which -enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words -that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express -ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are -lost in Bisayan. - -We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us -such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the -adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticize such -adoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, -because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds -of scientific and artistic expressions. - -Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted: - -Dyos (from the Spanish Dios). It is true that we have the Tagálog -Bathala which refers to the omnipotency, and the Bisayan Laón which -refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the word Dyos -derived from the Latin Deus, from the Greek Zeus which means Divinite, -Supreme Being, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent -another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said word -DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the -inflections of our dialect. - -Oras (from the Spanish hora “hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as -there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption -we have a way to avoid the use of reloj, with the derivative orasan -already used. - -Bapor (from the Spanish “vapor” steamboat). It has no corresponding in -Bisayan. We have sacayán (boat), but it does not include the idea of -the “steam.” - -Papel (from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan. - -The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the -year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as: LUNES, MARTES, -MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, -ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, -DISYEMBRE. - -Arorú (from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others. - - - - - - - - -APPENDIX - -NOTES ON BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETICS - - -FIGURES OF SPEECH - -Simile. This figure is one of the most used in Bisayan, even in -ordinary conversations. - -Examples: - -1. Bagá an násirong ng̃a dila. - - -Applied to a person or thing intended to be kept out of the rain, but -which becomes wet, like the tongue (dila) which is always wet in the -mouth. - - -2. Canogon pa dao la—san imo catindog - maópay si báyhon—maráot an bántog - igpapananglit co—bayábas ng̃a hinóg, - maópay an panit—olóron an onód - - (A popular song,) - -Where the resemblance is between “maopay si bayhon” and “maopay an -panit”, and also between “maráot an bantog” and “olóron an onód”. - -Metaphor. It is also used, especially in poetry. - -Example: - -1. Cáhoy ca ng̃a linauáan - sa búquid nanauantáuan - cun canan Dyos ca pagbut-an - matopóng sa ulasiman. - - (A popular song) - -Applied to one who is in a high position in life, like “cahoy ng̃a -linauáan”, the “lauáan” tree being one of the tallest trees. - -Allegory. It is also found in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Ugá ng̃a cáhoy si láuas, - patáy na, layâ si dáhon - nanaringsing sin casáquit - namúng̃a sin camatáyon - - (A popular song) - -Here the life or body (láuas) is called a dry tree (ugá ng̃a cáhoy), -already dead (patáy na), whose leaves are withered (laya si dahon), and -which sprouted sorrow (nanaringsing sin casáquit), and gave as fruit, -the death (namúng̃a sin camatáyon). - -Personification. One of the most frequent cases of personification in -Bisayan is that consisting in applying to things and objects the -personal article si. - -Example: - - Nagtitinang̃is si tucmo - cay tiarábut an bagyo. - - (A popular song) - - -Where the turtle-dove, (tucmo) is personifed by si. The expression -would lose much of its charm if the article an is employed instead of -si. - -Antithesis. We have this figure in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Canógon pa dao la—san imo catindog - maópay si bayhon—maráot an bantog, etc. - - -Where “maopay” (good) and “maraot” (bad), “bayhon” (face) and “bántog” -(fame) are contrasted. - -Epigram. This figure, in its modern meaning, is used in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Gumhúlat pa an naghínay. - an nagdagmit, uaráy. - - -Which literally means: he who went slow was awaited for; he who -hastened was not waited for. Its point is equivalent to that of the -English “slow, but sure.” “Guinhulat” (was awaited for) “uaráy” (was -not), “naghínay” (went slow) and “nagdágmit” (hastened) are contrasted. - - -Metonymy. It is also found in Bisayan. - -Example: - - An patay palang̃it, an buhi pacauít. - - -Literally: let the dead go to heaven; let the living go to the “cauít” -(a bamboo where the tubâ wine is ordinarily placed). The figure -consists in this word “cauít,” container, for “tuba wine,” the thing -contained. - -Synecdoche. - -Example: - - - Pag árog hin damò nga bugás cay damo camí ng̃a babà. - - -Literally it means: “Prepare much rice because we are many mouths.” -Here the mouths (baba) a part, is used for person, the whole. - -Apostrophe. We have it also in Bisayan. - -Example: - - Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mga cahatas’an. - tabang̃i, buligui—adin may pinas’an - an iní nga pálad—con diri mabáui - nouontan dao adá—sinin quinabuhi - - (A popular song) - - -Literally: Heavens, altitudes, protect, help this who suffers -something; if this fate is not averted, it will undoubtedly affect the -life. - -Exclamation. - -Example: - - ¡Pastilán bidíday,—bididay ca man la - ng̃a nacacalucmay—sinin hunahuna! ... - ¡ayáo pag saquita!—¡ayáo pagbidóa, - cay mag titinangis—canugon san luha! ... - - (A popular song) - - -Interrogation. - -Example: - - Mg̃a langit, mg̃a langit; - ¿háin dao dapit an sáquit? ... - - sa calibutan uaráy man: - sabali sa panomdoman. - - (A popular song) - - -Hyperbole. It is frequent in Bisayan. - -Examples: - - -1. Macapánas hin buquid. (Man able to level a mountain) -2. Macasagpo bin bahá. (Man able to suspend a flood) - -2. Cun totóo, intoy—ng̃a imo tinguha - pag biling la anay—sílot ng̃a may bóa. - - (A popular song) - - -Literally: If your love is true, look for a “silot” (a young fruit of -cocoanut) which has “bua” (the bulb of the old cocoanut fruit when it -is old enough to be used as a seed). - -Climax - -Example: - - ¡ ............ - nanaringsing sin masáquit, - namúnga sin camatáyon. - - -Irony. - -Example: - -¡Camaopay mo! uaray ca gud pag tuman han imo pólong̃. - -Literally: How good are you! you did not keep your word. - - -Asyndeton. - -Example: - - Ohoy mg̃a lang̃it—mg̃a cahatas’an - tabang̃i, buligui, inín may pinas’an, etc. - - (A popular song) - - -Repetition. - -Examples: - -1. Dirì co cay yubit—diri co cay dáyao - pamahonpáhon mo—baga may parayao; etc. - - (A popular song) - -2. Pastilán, bididay—bididay ca man la - ng̃a nacacalúcmay—sinín hunahuña, etc. - - (A popular song) - - -Concatenation. - -Example: - - Pastilán ca curi—cacuri capinan - capin ca mabide—san bido sa dughan, - dughan co pagílob—ilob calauasan, - láuas co naponò—pono casaquitan. - - (A polular song). - - - - -PROSE - -Of the three universal important forms in prose, i.e., description, -narration, and exposition nothing in general needs be observed. - - -LETTERS - -At present, one of the forms most generally employed in Bisayan prose -is that belonging to the class of narration, the letter. - -Nothing special needs be observed about letters, at present times, -apart from their external forms and the tendency to innovation -prominently shown in them, more than anywhere else, by frequent -barbarisms. - -As to the external forms of the Bisayan letters, it is to be observed -that a routinary introduction is almost universally followed. We refer -to the ordinary introduction consisting in the following ideas and -order: “This letter has no other purpose” 2) “but to ask how you are” -3) “because as to me” 4) “I am in a good health”. - -And after such an invariable introduction, the writer goes on in a -paragraph apart; “And I shall add that”, etc. - -Example: - - - Uaráy láin ng̃a tuyó hiní ng̃a acon surat cúndi an damo ng̃a mg̃a - pang̃omósta co ha imo, cay cun acó in ipaquiána, calooy sa Dyos - maópay. - - Ng̃an isonouod co liuát, etc. - - -This is the introduction generally adopted. We do not hesitate to state -that more than fifty per cent of the letters written in our Bisayan -commence with these or equivalent ideas and in the same order. - -As to the barbarisms, they are employed thruout the entire letter. - -On the heading it is usually written: - - - Tacloban, á 2 de Octubre de 1908. - - -instead of: - - - Tacloban, ica 2 han Octubre han 1908. - - -On the introduction it ordinarily appears - - - Sr. D ........................................ - -or - - Sra. D.a ........................................ - - Mi estimado amigo: - -or - - Muy estimada Señora: - - -The body of the letter is usually as follows: - - Uaray lain ng̃a objeto hini ng̃a acon surat, sino an damo ng̃a mg̃a - pangomosta ha iyo ngatanán, cay cun camí in iyo ipaquiána, calooy - sa Dyos, uaray ano man ng̃a novedad. - - Y de consiguiente, tatay, isusunod co liuat; cun uaray mo - inconveniente, gusto co cunta comadá pag vacacion; pero como - guinadvertir mo man aco han nacadi ca ng̃a mag procurar acó hin pag - obtener anay han titulo, por eso amo iní ng̃a dirí aco na atrever - pag guican mientras dirí paca aco macacarauát han imo contestation - ng̃a pag hatag hin permiso, bisan cun sobra y basta gud an acon mg̃a - deseos pag visita ha iyo. etc. - - - - -POETIC FORMS - -Of the three main classes of poetry, epic, lyric and dramatic, the -lyric is the only one preserved in Bisayan in the form of popular -songs. The dramatic form is found at present mainly in the translations -of Tagalog and Spanish dramas, usually employed as plays on the -Patron’s days in the towns. - - -VERSIFICATION - -Rhythm and rhyme are observed in Bisayan poems. - -The rhyme is not so perfect as that of the Spanish verses. Consonant -words or with similar sounding endings are employed in Bisayan. - -Kinds of meter. There are two kinds of meter most used in Bisayan -poetry: verses of six syllables, verses of eight syllables, and verses -of twelve syllables divided in two fragments of six syllables each. - -Examples: - -Verses of six syllables: - - - ¿Háin ca na, punay?... - cadí na panambo, - tambo madalíay, - liaua si casbo; - basi humalayhay - - inín saquit, bido - nga asay tiónay - san casingcasing co. - - -Verses of eight sy11ab1es: - - - Acó iní sugadsugad - san bánua nga tarotánglad, - bisan cun diín italad - mabubuhi cun may palad, - - -Verses of twelve syllables: - - - Togon co sa imo,—mahal nga inógay - di ca gud padará—san damo nga sangcay; - an paglacát nime—gabay magmahinay, - nga diri hatócso,—lumiscad san látay. - - -Note.—The verses of twelve syllables are really verses of six, the odd -verses not being rhymed. - -Combinations. As seen in the preceding examples the combinations are -the following: - -The verses of six syllables are grouped in four verses, the even verses -being rhymed. - -The verses of eight syllables are grouped also in four verses all -rhymed. - -The verses of twelve syllables are also grouped in four rhymed verses. - - - - -COLLECTION OF SOME BISAYAN SONGS - - -NOTE—In transcribing the following songs, we shall use, the orthography -proposed in the note of the first page of this book using only three -vowels: a, i, o. - - -MORAL POETRY - - Si nanay, si tatay di ko babayuán - kay damò ng̃a dogô an akon naotag̃ - kun pag-ilsipon an siyam ka botan. - g̃a pag-inókoy ko sa kan nanay riyán. - - Togon ko sa imo, mahal g̃a inógay: - di ka god padará san damò g̃a sangkay; - an paglakat nímo gabáy mag mahinay, - g̃a dirí katokao, lomiskad san látay. - - Kamakaroroyag sa matá pagkit’on - sinin mag-asawa g̃a waray sin limbog, - kon daw naabot na ira kamatayon - náboká an lang̃it bási nira sadlon. - - Ayaw gani kahihilig - ayaw karirikandikan, - kay di man bagyo an toig, - di man kikilá an bolan. - - -PHILOSOPHIC POETRY - - Mg̃a bitoón sa lag̃it - may mapawà, may mag̃itg̃it, - con sa tawo igpanag̃lit, - may malípay, may masákit. - - Kahoy ka g̃a linawaán - sa bokid nanawantawan, - kon kanan Dyos ka pagbot’an - matopóg̃ sa olasiman. - - Di ko ginkakasorok’an - an salapí, an bolawan; - say ko ginkikinahag̃lan - maopay g̃a ginawian. - - Sogad gud akó san gamót - g̃a nailarom sa kotkot, - kon kanan Dyos pagboót - malábaw akó san ódlot - - Diri ba ako pagsirig̃. - indayon, paghang̃narig̃, - kay bag̃in kitá kapadg̃an, - harayó an borogkátan. - - Guin holát pá an naghinay; - an nag dagmit, waráy. - - Waráy hiní balos báyad - bas’la an boót longáyad - - -LOVE POETRY - - An bató bantilis náibas, nákilot - sa toró san tóbig sa darodagínot: - ¡kasig̃kasig̃ pa ba an diri homómok. - sa gógma san tawo kon sa tarinónot. - - Di ba sadto ánay imo akó sig̃sig̃ - sa walá g̃a kamót, todló tamoyig̃kig̃; - baman itó niyán di ka na násiplat, - ¿anó an solá ko sa imo nabóhat? - - An sakít sa domdom og sa honahona, - makori ilig̃kod, makori íhigda: - ¿ihagád sa láng̃it? ¿itamod sa tona?... - ¡A baá Dyos ko, máonan’o dao la!... - - Pastilán kakori, ka kori kapinan - kapin kamabido san bido sa dóghan; - doghan ko pag-ilob, ilob kasawásan, - láwas ko g̃a ponó pone kasakitan. - - Pastilán, bididay, bididay ka man la - ga nakakalokmay sinín honahona: - ayáo pag sakita, ayao pag bidóa, - kay mag titinangis kanógon san loha. - - Pastilán ka kori, ka kor ig̃akapin - san may pag kasákit sinin kasig̃kasig̃: - igpapanag̃lit ko sa osá ga borig̃ - bisan parigóson may gihapon bilin. - - Háin ka na ponay, - kadi na panambo, - tambo madaliay. - liawá si kas’bo. - basi homanáyhay - inin sakit bido - g̃a asáy tiónay - sa kasigkasig ko. - - Abá Tig̃tig̃ abá Tig̃tig̃. - ioli an akon sig̃sig̃. - opayda kon logarig̃on, - kondi kanan taklobauon. - - Akon iglilibaglibag̃ - inin kasákit sa doghan - baman ha banig ig matag̃ - sakit ga magtitilógag̃. - - Kadto na, kadto na, kadto na soranga - kadto na pag bilig̃ sin ibá g̃a gogma - ayaw gad pag hig̃yap sin sogad sa akon - asáy tig̃ohán maópay ga láyhon - - Kon boot ka mang̃asáwa - inín barás pag pisia, - di ka g̃ani makapisi - pag toraw na la ganoli. - - Kon daw ha kasirig̃anon - tobig ka g̃a irinómon - diri sa dáhon pahonbon, - pahónbon sa doghan nakon - - Kon bagá kahoy si lawas - patay na, laya si dahon - nanarig̃sig̃ sin kasákit - namóg̃a sin kamatáyon - - Kap’atán ka tuig an akon paghig̃yap - pag-imasisirig̃ sa imo, binórak. - - Han nákadto ka ha pantaw - akon ka gintitinan-aw - harápit ako matónaw - sa dako g̃a pag kahidlaw - - Anó iní g̃a nádoróy - kamasakit, kamakapoy, - an lawas sogád sin káhoy - g̃aginhaharoharópoy - - Bohi pa an bató g̃a pinamonakan - didto la katikag̃ an karokayakan - - Pastilán ka kori san pag-ig̃irikan - natag̃is si inday g̃a binabayáan, - gabáy daw la habsan inín kalalawdan - g̃a diri tomólin inín pagsarakyan - - Han nakadto ka ha lawdon - akon ka gintinan-awon - hapit kó ikaw karawton - ha barás diri patonbon. - - Kon nag-iimót ka san imo kamathom - san pag kamabaysay san imo pamayhon, - bisan la an todló, an bohók, panapton - kon asay somirag̃, maopay na nakon, - - Hiará ako magnawá - magsakaysakay sa bará - og didto ako hidagsa - sa kam g̃awan g̃a tuna - - Katlóan ka tuig g̃a akon kahidlaw - sogád ka sin tobig nakon ikaóhaw - - Kon baga ako si taro - tonáw na sa pag kaálo; - maopay si alimag̃o - kay may pag kalonolóno - - Mga lagit, mga lagit, - ¿háin daw dapít an sakit?.... - sa kalibótan waráy man - sabáli sa panomdoman - - Sin pag kamamig̃aw sinín kakorolpon - waráy god nabantad bis osá g̃a dahon - bis an mg̃a tamsi sáhid mabidó an - ¿say pa ba an tawo, di aipan gihapon?.... - - Hinógay na intoy, siton pakalipog̃ - sin kinarokanhi sinin amon libog̃ - opayda kon hiro iton imo bayhon - maamog̃ ka daw la sinín bantog namon - - -SUNDRY - - Adto na si adlaw - linmoyó sa bokid, - oli na, indayon, - kay waray pa tóbig. - - Hi nonay g̃a kawayánon - malobaylobay hag̃anon - naglilinakat ha kógon - hi hawak royokdoyókon. - - Itón imo baba - g̃a nagyayabora - g̃a nagyiyinákan - sitón lonlun bowa; - - kon di ko kahadlok - pághirót sin gaba - pag-oonloton ko - itón imo dila - - Akó magtotóon diri ko sasabwan - mangad na maloto, diri ko sosog̃-an - si akó mátimo di ko poporoton - mangad na mabosóg, diri ko totolnon. - - Anó man in akon kon diin ka kadto, - di mo la pag dad-on an tubig, kalayo: - di mo mam binohi ini g̃a lawas ko - tinmobo si inday kosóg san amáy ko. - - An tansman nimo mandig̃ - ginsisinólod san kand g̃ - an taranman nakikil g̃ - kay gin bobowad san baktin. - - ¿Ano ba, Dyos ko, an nakakasógad, - an isda sa dagat g̃a nagkakalópad?... - ¿ano ba, Dyos ko, iní ga nadoróy, - inin katamsihan g̃a nagkakalag̃oy?... - - Kanogon pa daw la san imo katindog - maópay si bayhon, maráot an bantog: - igpapanag̃lit ko, bayabas g̃a hinóg, - maópay an pánit, oloron an onód. - - Ambot daw ada maorán - si dampog nag̃o odtóhan - bisan la inin pag̃ánod - doróyog tipailáwod - - Busa, bayái, balitaw, - ayáw gad tood kay tíaw - iní g̃a akon pagbolaw - igpapahaoli g̃ahaw. - - Hilag̃kag kitá, hilag̃kag - sinín palawán g̃a pankag - kay bag̃in, idáy, makárag - dó loktan sinín alámag. - - Makadí kamí maoli, - maoli g̃a bagá diri, - naghihiawil pa g̃ani - san ka maopay sangawi - - An di ko iginpinólog̃ - an kabasólan in akon: - si kahoy di mag torópog̃ - may balíko, may matadog̃ - - Anó man in akon kon diín ka hanoy - di mo la pagdad-on an tobig, an kahoy - iní g̃a lawas ko g̃a makalolóoy - tinmobo kan tatay, kan nanay g̃a iróy - - Diri ko kay yóbit, diri ko kay dayaw - pamahonpáhon mo bagá may paráyaw; - an imo pamálod pagkasadag̃ana, - baga nagkokori an akon ginhawa. - - Ayáw gad hin tamay, ayáw gad hin yóbit - kay magsáma man la inín aton pánit; - an aton logárig̃ ginkakalainan, - kay diri mag-osá inín aton g̃aran. - - Busa, bayái, bayái, - bayái ayáw baliki, - bisan dahon sin kamoti - mabobohi kami dinhi. - - Abá Lolay, abá Lolay - ligid ligid sinin baybay - kon igkita ka sin away - dalagan, ayaw papátay - - Makadí kami maoli - sa baláy g̃a sinorambi - bisan la mawaráy bóg̃bog̃ - maoli kay logarig̃on - - An di ko iginkinanta [109] - an kabasolán onína; - si kahoy di magsaráma - may baliko, may balísa - - An akon pagkinantáhon[109] - báyad san akon kináon; - bisan la akó tog̃boyón - g̃a diri oraoráhon. - - Nag sisirom na daw inín kakorolpon - g̃atanán g̃a tamsi sa káhoy na hapon - kitá man an tawo ga may isip domdom. - máoli sa balay g̃a kalogarig̃on - - - - - - - - -NOTES ON FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY - - -It is beyond any question that most of the Filipino dialects are -derived from a common origin: the Malay tongue. - -For this reason many Bisayan words are exactly the same in other -Filipino dialects, and many others bear some local dialectal -differences, thus always showing a common origin. - -The following lists are short collections of such words. - - - - -WORDS EXACTLY THE SAME IN BISAYAN AND IN TAGALOG - - -A - -Ako. [110]—I -Agaw.—To snatch -Ag̃lit.—A little pot -Amihan.—North wind -Anák.—son, daughter -Anino.—Shadow -Apo.—Grandson, grand-daughter -Apog.—Lime -Asawa.—Wife -Asín.—Salt -aswag̃.—Witch -Atáy.—Liver -Away.—Fight - - -B - -Baboy.—Pig -Baga.—Red-hot -Bagá.—as, like -Baga.—Lung -Bagon.—To raise -Bantay.—Watch -Bantilis.—A kind of rock -Basa.—To read -Bata.—Child -Bató.—Stone -Bawi.—To recover -Bayabas.—Guava -Bayad.—Pay -Bayáw.—Brother-in-law -Boká.—Open, untied -Bokás.—Open -Bokó.—Knot -Bohók.—Hair -Bog̃a.—Fruit - - -K - -Kabig.—Pull -Kahoy.—Tree, timber, wood -Kawayan.—Bamboo -Kilala.—To know -Koha.—Take -Kólag̃.—Insufficient -Kota.—Wall - - -D - -Dagat.—Sea -Dahon.—Leave -Dalí.—Quick -Dila.—Tongue -Dogó.—Blood - - -I - -Ibabaw.—Over -Ikaw.—Thou, you -Init.—Heat -Inóm.—Drink - - -H - -Habagat.—West -Hagdan.—Staircase -Hayop.— Animal -Hiláw.—Unripe -Hínay.—Slow -Hinog.—Ripe -Hógas.—Wash - - -L - -Labis.—Excess -Lakbay.—Go over -Lag̃aw.—Fly -Lag̃it.—Heaven, sky -Lalaki.—Male -Laway.—Saliva -Likod.—Back -Limá.—Five -Liwanag.—Clearness -Lokso.—Jump -Lohá.—Tear -Lorâ.—Spit -Lotò.—Cooked - - -M - -Manók.—Chicken -Matá.—Eye -Matambók.—Fat -May.—There is, etc. -Maya.—A kind of bird - - -N - -Nipá.—Nipá -Nipis.—Thinness -Nosuos.—To rub - - -O - -Ogát.—Vein, nerve -Olo.—Head -Oo.—Yes -Opa.—Payment -Otag.—Debt -Owák.—Raven -Owáy.—Vine - - -P - -Pakpak.—Applause with palms -Pait.—Bitterness -Palad.—Palm of the hand -Patay.—Kill -Pati.—Also, with -Patog̃.—To place over -Payog̃.—Umbrella -Paypay.—Fan -Pili.—A tree so called -Pili.—To select -Pingan.—Plate -Pitó.—Seven -Pokpok.—To beat -Pola.—Red -Posod.—Navel - - -S - -Sa.—To, at, from, on, etc. -Sabaw.—Broth -Sakay.—To embark -Sakit.—Sickness -Sagig̃.—Banana -Saló.—Receive -Saway.—To correct -Sawsaw.—To wash -Siko.—Elbow -Sig̃ba.—To adore -Sili.—Pepper -Siyá.—He, she -Siyam.—Nine -Soka.—To vomit -Sog̃ay.—Horn -Solog̃.—Forward -Sonod.—Follow -Sonog.—Fire - - -T - -Táas.—Height -Tabas.—To cut -Tadtad.—To prick -Tag̃is.—To weep -Tahí.—To sew -Timog.—South -Tiyán.—Belly -Tobâ.—A wine -Tobig.—Water -Tobó.—Sugar cane -Tobò.—Profit, to grow -Tohod.—Knee -Tohog.—To string -Tonóg.—Sound -Twad.—To face dawnwards - - -W - -Waló.—Eight - - - - -WORDS WITH SOME DIALECTAL DIFFERENCES - -Differences in the vowels i, o. - - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Akon Akin my, mine - Amon Amin our - Aslom Asim acidity - Aton Atin our - Atóp Atíp roof - Bitóon Bitúin star - Bokog Bikig fish-bone, bone - Bogás Bigas rice - Bog-at Bigat weight - Bolad Bilad to sun - Bog̃ol Big̃í deaf - Kan-on Kanin cooked rice - Kaon Kain to eat - Katol Katí to itch, itching - Dámò Dami amount, much - Datóg̃ Datig̃ to arrive - Dokót Dikit to adhere, adhered - Dolóm Dilim dark - Gorót Gilit slice - Hábol Habi to weave - Harok Halik kiss, to kiss - Hatod Hatid to accompany - Horám Hiram to borrow - Iuomon Inumin potable water - Itom Itim black - Liog Liig neck - Pawod Pawid weaved nipa - Salóg Sahig floor - Sandig Sandal to lean - Takóp Takíp cover - Tanom Tanim plantation - Taróm Talim edge of a sword, etc. - Tindok Tundok a kind of banana - Tindog Tindig to stand - Tonok Tiník thorn - - -Differences in k, h, l, r, d, t. - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Adlaw Araw Sun, day - Aram Alam Wisdom - Badò Barò Chemise - Balay Bahay House - Balo Bao Widow, widower - Balon Baon Provision - Barahibo Balahibo Feather, dawn - Bari Bali To break - Bolan Bwan Moon, month - Kagód Káyud To scrath - Kalot Kámot To scratch - Kamó Kayó You - Koló Kukú Nail - Dalan Daan Path, road - Daraga Dalaga Young girl - Digò Ligò To bath - Dirì Hindì Not - Hadì Harì King - Halabà Mahaba Long - Halarom Malalim Deep - Harayò Malayò Far - Higdà Higà To lay down - Iróg Ilog̃ Nose - Lakát Lakad To walk - Lawod Láot Ocean - Mahínis Malinis Clean - Namok Lamok Mosquito - Napolo Sampù Ten - Parabol Palaboy Favor, grace - Pirit Pilit To force - Poro Pulò Island - Roag̃ Lwag̃ Broad - Salod Sahod To receive - Sarapati Kalapati Pigeon - Sarowal Salawal Pants - Sira Sila They - Sirag̃ Silag To appear - Sirog̃ Silog̃ Beneath - Sodlay Suklay Comb - Sorat Sulat Letter - Sorok Sulok Corner - Talig̃a Taig̃a Ear - Tarog̃ Talog̃ A plant - Torò Tulò Drop - Torog Tulog To sleep - Toktok Togtog To sound, to play - - -Differences in the accent, and in the separation of the syllables. - - BISAYAN TAGALOG ENGLISH - - Bálik Balík to come back - Kohà Kuha to take - Gaód Gáod oar - Hipág Hípag sister-in-law - Laón Láon old, ancient - Sábay Sabáy simultaneous - Tawá Táwa laugh - Kab-it Kabít connected - Kam-aw Kamao a dish - Kan-on Kanin cooked rice - Koan Kwán so and so - Gab-i Gabí evening, night - Sab-a Sabá a kind of banana - Sab-it Sabit to hook - Tan-aw Tanaw to look - Tig-a Tigás hardness - Tul-id Twid straight - - -Transformation from a to o, and viceversa. - - Alapoop Alapaap cloud, fog - Kamót Kamay hand - Doha Dalawá two - Habobò Mababà low - Sokól Sukat measure - Toló Tatlo three - Onóm Anim six - Opat Apat four - Otok Utak brain - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] We write Bisayan, and not Visayan for the reason, among others, -that there is no V or sound of V in our dialect, and that there seems -to be no necessity for changing in English the B of the original Bisayâ -into V. - -[2] A commitee has been found lately in Manila for this purpose. - -[3] According to the nature of the Bisayan dialect and according to -what some Filipino philologists have written, Rizal among them, -referring to the dialects in the Philippines, the letters of the -Bisayan language must be the following: - -a, b, d, e, g, g̃, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, y, w. - -As it can be noticed, the letters c, f, j, ñ, q, v, x and z are omitted -from the preceding list, and g̃ and w are introduced. The reason for -this is as follows: - - c, in its sound as in city, can be substituted by the letter s; - and, in its sound like c in cup, it can be substituted by k. - f is never used in Bisayan. - j, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by h, which has an - aspirate pronunciation in Bisayan in all cases. In Bisayan, there - is no sound like that of the English j; however, in some places on - the western and southern coasts of Leyte, the y is pronounced like - the English j, as in maayo (pronounced mah-ah-joh) good. - The Spanish letter ñ, or a sound like it, can be written in Bisayan - more properly with the combination of these two letters ny, as in - minyo (pr. mean-yo) married. - q is not necessary, since the k can be used in all cases, where q - is needed. The phrase quiquilàon co (I shall see it) can be - perfectly written kikiláon ko. - v is never used in Bisayan. - x, in its Spanish sound, can be substituted by ks; and, in its - English sounds, it can be substituted by gs or ks, respectively. - z, in either its English or its Spanish sound, is never used in - Bisayan. - The g̃ is for the nasal sound that is very often used in Bisayan, - like the ng in song, longing. The g is preferable to the - combination ng̃, which would sometimes lead to confusion; because - this combination ng in Bisayan, is not pronounced as one letter, in - many instances, but each of these letters is pronounced; as, for - example, the word bug̃a (fruit), if written bunga, should sound - booong-ghah, which means to dart or to be darted. - w is needed in all cases of sounds like Spanish dipthongs; but it - must be used in Bisayan always as a consonant, never as a vowel. - -Notwithstanding the preceding considerations, the orthography used in -this book is the old one, but simplified to a certain extent, on -account of the fact that this alphabet (if it can be properly called an -alphabet, it having no f or sound of f) is not yet used, even known, -but by very few persons among the Bisayan speaking people. - -It would be very desirable for the people to adopt the new orthography -proposed in this note, because it is evidently more simple and proper -for the particular nature of the Bisayan dialect. - -A study of the method of reducing the number of Bisayan vowels is also -to be desired, as it seems that not more than three are needed, to wit: -a, e or i, o or u. - -The nature of the Bisayan tongue argues for such a simplicity. Dr. T.H. -Pardo de Tavera, referring to the ancient Filipino alphabet, says: “The -alphabet was composed of seventeen letters, three of which were vowels. -A consonant standing alone was always pronounced with an a sound -following; by the use of a dot or dash near and above the consonant -stem, in much the same fashion as is used in certain systems of -shorthand, instead of the sound of the a, the sound of the vowels e or -i was produced: when the dot or dash was placed below the consonant -stem the vowel sound given was equivalent to o or u.” (See Census of -the Philippine Islands: 1903 Volume One, page 327). - -[4] In most of the towns of the island of Sámar, such separation as -well as that by apostrophe is frequently disregarded, this being one of -the most noticeable differences between the Sámar and Leyte dialects. - -[5] See the note on the first page of this book. This is one of the -facts that urge the adoption of a more logical alphabet (?) for the -Bisayan tongue. - -[6] Except o and u when used as consonants, their function then being -properly that of a w. - -[7] The author believes that it is better to adopt these contractions -than to invent others of Bisayan origin for the reason that they afford -signs universally understood, and because every tongue has a tendency -to assimilate such universal signs. - -[8] We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronounced Di-os.—See -“Vowels”, supra. - -[9] The use of s instead of the h, in these articles, depends upon the -place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and -Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, the h is -never used, but the s instead for these articles. Generally, it is -considered more solemn to use the s instead of the h, in speeches, -letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous -affectation, in places where the h is used. - -It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a -tendency to change the aspirate sound of the h, or soft sound of the -Spanish j, into s. So in olden times, the name Juan was pronounced -Suan; Jueves was pronounced Suebes; and from the Spanish jugar, they -made the Bisayan word sugal, which is still in use. - -[10] See “Contractions”, supra. As it is seen, the m is for ma. This -contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters -were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the -adoption of the Spanish letters. - -[11] This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be -accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because -such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, -page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last -vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the -separation with which the vowels oa are pronounced (see “Vowel”, page -5) - -[12] But if the primitive is mapulá, the diminutive will be mapulapula, -as will be noted later. - -[13] In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle is hi, not ha, -where it is said hibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas. But, in my opinion, -it is simply a result of confounding the particle ma which is more -proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the -personal article hi with which it is thus intended to personify the -abstract ideas of bobò, lipat, labà, táas. - -[14] It has also the regular form “halabáay”. - -[15] This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the -liquid consonant l; and this l in “dacoalay” has been substituted, for -phonetical reason, for the y of “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of -“dacoay” not used. - -[16] It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiay nya -durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative. - -[17] Transformed from bobonbòbon. - -[18] We do not write can-on, because it is a contraction of caran’on, -which is also contracted from caraonón. - -[19] See “Comparative” and “Collective”, infra. - -[20] The last u is not a vowel properly; it should be the consonant w. -See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book. - -[21] It also means anxiety for dancing. So from isóg (to enrage), it is -said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted from irisogón), my rage is great. - -[22] The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to -make the sentence more emphatic. - -[23] Interfix is there used to designate the particle placed within a -word. - -[24] Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. -According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that -before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present -site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a -bamboo instrument, like a cover called taclob. - -[25] It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, -located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a -tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, -before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose -prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from -Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The last o of this tan-ao is -properly the consonat w. - -[26] From lolodhanan from lolohodanan, where the ó is suppressed, and -the h and d, transposed, for phonetical reasons. - -[27] As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is -inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as -“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon” (this servant is fond of eating -surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will -be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already). - -[28] I say “is”, because this combination ng̃ is properly one letter in -Bisayan, which should be called ng̃a, as anciently. - -[29] This is also a verbal of sapód (to gather). - -[30] The particle hi sometimes with the verbs and especially among the -derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the -verbs budlay (to tire one’s self), salacáy, (to embark), and the nouns -apóy (grandfather or grandmother), púsod (navel), it is said: himudlay -(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay (payment for -passage);—hingapóy (a present given to a grandfather or grandmother -upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the -consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of -the latter);—himósod (present given to the midwife for cutting and -attending to the navel of a new-born child). - -[31] We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of -the last o of the first verb. - -[32] When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then -the interfix r is used, as magburugtò. - -[33] The second u must be the consonant w. - -[34] This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way -consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to -that pronounciation, it is written Diyos (prouounced Di-yos), not Dyos. - -[35] See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal” supra. - -[36] See note 2 on page 20. - -[37] So we say dolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) -from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg). - -[38] See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15 supra. - -[39] From paladan, the d having been solved into r. - -[40] It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called -by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been -originated from burabáron (Contracted and made Burauón), on account of -the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no -reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the -present time should not be employed for all uses, the u of said word -being replaced by the w, if the letters proposed in the note of the -first page of this book are adopted. - -[41] This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its -formation an h is used and it is made maasinhanon contracted maasinhon -instead of maasinánon which is the regular form. - -[42] The natives, especially the low people pronounce Mericá instead -of America; mericano instead of the Spanish “americano” for American. - -[43] The name Calyarâ (native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has -been probably originated from Cangara (placed of one called Garâ). A -similar explanation might be given for the formation of the names -Calbigà and Calbáyog (towns of Sámar). - - Besides the particle can the pronoun hira was probably used for - similar cases. We think that the word Hiraite (Bisayan name of the - word Leyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is - formed by the said pronoun hirá and Ite. probably the name of the - ancient owners of that place. - -[44] Mano and mana are probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” -“hermana.” - -[45] See page 12 et seq. of this book. - -[46] The word capin sogóng, uraura, in some localities are replaced by -the Spanish word duro (hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a -duro, or maopay hin duro (very good). It is proper to adopt foreign -words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not -see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are -expressive, pure and original. The preposition cundí (but) is suffering -the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanish pero. - -[47] Instead of uraura, the word masiado, a corruption of the Spanish -demasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note. - -[48] It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last -syllable, masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the -same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit, -masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrases masiromsírom pa, -and masiromsiróm pa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it -is very dark yet”. - -[49] The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan -people in counting was the decimal. So napulo is a compound word from -na (made) and pulò (pile, island). Napulo means “one pile made”, -wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows. - -[50] This word cag (and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in -Sámar or Leyte where ngan, ug are employed for the said conjunction. - - In the southern part of Leyte it is said: napala ug osá. - -[51] A collective noun formed by the prefix ca and the primitive duha -whose d is transformed into r, and by the affix an. It means the -reunion of two piles. - -[52] There seems to be no doubt that this word ribo has the same origin -as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the -Bisayan libo means ten thousand, the Tagalog libo means only one -thousand. To express ten thousand, the Tagalogs have the word lacsá. - -[53] This word may have been derived from lagtuc which means the -swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water. - -[54] An onomatopoetic word bearing the idea of littleness. - -[55] An onomatopoetic word meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul). - -[56] As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; of lacat -(to walk) laag; of yacán (to talk), yaquimbot. - -[57] See page 31 of this book. - -[58] These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the -note on pape 31. supra. - -[59] We also believe that these nouns are Spanish. - -[60] See “Collective,” supra. - -[61] This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of -the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch -of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog. - -[62] See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book. - -[63] See “Rule”, page 3 of this book. - -[64] However, the correct and proper form is the first, Panalaron, a -verbal derived from panalad a plural infinitive of the verb pagsálad -which means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed -took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people used to sound -(panálad) in such place which was then covered by the sea. - -[65] Quita means “we”, the listener included; camí means “we”, the -listener excluded. - -[66] Only used after the verb. - -[67] Hiyá and siyá are the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. -The same may be said about hirá and sirá. - -[68] Contracted from ni (of) and ácon (mine). - -[69] Contracted from da and ácon. This particle da is used in some -places as equivalent to the preposition ha or the contraction han. So -in Carigata, Leyte, they say dahani (at old times), instead of hanhaní -used in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The forms damon, daton, -dimo, diyo, diya, dira have the same explanation. - -[70] Quita is frequently used for “acó”, as when we say tagui quitá hin -salapî, (give me money), instead of tagui aco hin salapî. - -[71] See “Personal pronouns” page 47. - -[72] See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, -because hin’o, sin’o are contracted from hi ano and si ano. - -[73] However in this form in which the substantive precedes the -adjective the suppression of ng̃a is permissible in poetry. - -[74] This is another irregularity of the pronoun quita. Here it is -equivalent to nimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase, -naton being the special pronoun for the same. - -[75] In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounced -didínhi. - -[76] See “Other classes of verbs”, infra. - -[77] See “Potential Form”, infra. - -[78] In Basay, Sámar the m is frequently suppressed, the first vowel -becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there: -sínurat, ínabot. - -[79] This form is taken from the subjunctive, as in the Spanish -language. - -[80] In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of -Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the -verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus -it is said in the mentioned places: nágsurat instead of nagsúsurat. - -[81] See the note on page 65. - -[82] See the note on page 63. - -[83] See page 65 et. seq. - -[84] It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65. - -[85] See page 64 et seq. - -[86] It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65. - -[87] See page 61. - -[88] See page 65. - -[89] See page 68. - -[90] See page 62 et seq. - -[91] See page 68. - -[92] See page 69. - -[93] The translation made in those conjugations is literal. We try to -express in English the exact idea contained in these forms. - -[94] See note on page 65. - -[95] See page 70 et seq. - -[96] See page 71. - -[97] Page 61 of this book. - -[98] The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog -form, where it is said susulat aco (I shall write), bucas aco susulat -(tomorrow I shall write). - -[99] See page 61. - -[100] In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to -the penult. So it is said: dididâ, etc. - -[101] See the page 10. - -[102] This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctive -or. The English or and the Spanish o are difficult to translate into -Bisayan with cun. For this reason the Spanish o is frequently employed -in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the English or. - -[103] It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example: nasiring -an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”, abi tapa: “bayari acó”. - -[104] There is another, viz: susmaryosep or susmarosèp the corrupted -Spanish “Jesús, María y José”. - -[105] The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan -show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we -wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say: hinihigugma co -icao (literally: you are loved by me) than to say: nahigugma aco ha -imo. - -[106] In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the -English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective -case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, -as - - he wishes me to come - Ille vult me venire - -Such sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunction -ng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, -thus - -caruyag niya ng̃a acó camánhi. - -[107] See “Foreign words necessarily adopted in Bisayan”, infra. - -[108] We do not refer to those Chinese words imported to Philippines -with Chinese objects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, -because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or -never existed. - -[109] Derived from the Spanish “cantar” (to sing) - -[110] A: We use in these lists the orthography proposed in the first -page of this book, as an orthography practically the same is now being -much used in Tagalog. But we employ only three vowels: a, i, o. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BISAYAN GRAMMAR AND NOTES ON -BISAYAN RHETORIC AND POETIC AND FILIPINO DIALECTOLOGY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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