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diff --git a/old/68706-0.txt b/old/68706-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23d6cf9..0000000 --- a/old/68706-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7976 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern house-plans for everybody, by -S. B. Reed - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Modern house-plans for everybody - For village and country residences costing from two hundred and - fifty dollars to eight thousand dollars - -Author: S. B. Reed - -Release Date: August 7, 2022 [eBook #68706] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN HOUSE-PLANS FOR -EVERYBODY *** - -=Transcriber’s Note:= Illustrations have been moved to the end of each -chapter. - - - - - - Modern - HOUSE-PLANS - For - Everybody - - _FOR VILLAGE AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES - COSTING FROM TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY - DOLLARS TO EIGHT THOUSAND DOLLARS_ - - Including - Full Descriptions and Estimates in Detail - of Materials, Labor, - Cost and Many Practical Suggestions - - By - _S. B. REED_ - Architect - - ILLUSTRATED - - New York - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - 1900 - - Copyright, - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, - 1900. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -In the modernized and revised edition of “House-Plans for Everybody,” -but little attempt has been made to change the text or floor plans, as -these are standard features requiring no revision. In the matter of -outward dress, however, nearly all the elevations have been redrawn, with -special regard to modern ideas and tastes, and in this respect it is -specially new and commendable. The author has been guided in this work -by many years’ experience, in planning and superintending the erection -of country buildings, and has selected, from an extensive aggregation -of original designs in his possession, such examples as seemed best to -serve for purposes of simplicity, comfort, and economy. All the matters -here presented are purely practical—well calculated to assist such as -are contemplating the erection of either a village or country house. -The plans embrace almost every variety of arrangement and style—each -one is accompanied with a detailed description of its conveniences -and construction—and its cost is shown by careful estimates, made to -correspond with a uniform standard of prices, at present rates. To -builders, this work will be valuable as a handbook of reference, to aid -them when applied to for suggestions, either in the projection of new -dwellings, or in the alteration of old ones, saving much time, study and -calculations. The estimates of cost have been found correct as to totals, -in the neighborhood of New York, and in many other localities builders -have offered to duplicate the structures for the figures given. - - S. B. REED. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - _Page._ - - DESIGN NO. I. - - A COTTAGE, COSTING $250. - - Accommodations for Beginners in House-Keeping, with Limited - Means.—Arranged as the Wing of a future Main House.—First Steps. 9 - - DESIGN NO. II. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450. - - Approximating the Cheapest Construction.—Roofs must not be - slighted.—Their Relative Cost.—Suggestions as to Inside Linings. 12 - - DESIGN NO. III. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - Effect of Angles and Vertical Lines.—New form of Radiator, with - Designs and Description.—A Durable Wash for rough work. 17 - - DESIGN NO. IV. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - Adapted to an Eastern Frontage.—Good accommodations for a small - family.—May have a Vestibule in Piazza.—Exterior Plastering. 22 - - DESIGN NO. V. - - CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650. - - Little required to build a comfortable home.—Saving - by use of regular sizes of Sash, Doors, etc.—Novelty - Siding.—Gutters.—Desirability, and Cost of Hanging Sash. 26 - - DESIGN NO. VI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $700. - - Providing for future Enlargement.—Framework below the First - Floor.—Section of Frame, with Description.—Cornice. 33 - - DESIGN NO. VII. - - COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750. - - Fair Expression of Purpose.—Best Results from Location.—Outside - Plastering.—Stearate of Lime.—Formula for Making. 39 - - DESIGN NO. VIII. - - A COTTAGE, COSTING $800. - - Enlargement of Design No. 1.—Best use of the Space.—Short - Spans, and Bridging of Beams.—Suggestions as to Location. 44 - - DESIGN NO. IX. - - COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000. - - Cosy and Homelike.—Style Determined by the Form of Roof.—Modes - of Plastering.—Advantages of the One-coat work. 49 - - DESIGN NO. X. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,100. - - Adapted to a Twenty-five Foot Lot.—Trim Outline.—No Waste in - Materials.—Pitch of Roofs.—Ventilator and Scuttle combined. 54 - - DESIGN NO. XI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,600. - - Practical Experience Valuable in Planning.—Conventional - Requirements.—A Fifth House.—Section of Outside Wall, and - Description. 62 - - DESIGN NO. XII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,700. - - Important Features in Exterior.—Care in Foundations.—Regular - _versus_ Balloon Framing.—Painting. 69 - - DESIGN NO. XIII. - - FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - For thickly settled localities.—Enlivened Dressing.—Purpose of - Ornament.—Bracing of Frame.—Taste in Painting. 76 - - DESIGN NO. XIV. - - FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - Conforming to a Declivity.—Outlines of Grounds.—Tower-like - Corner, Supported by a Column.—Weight of Slate, and Tin. 82 - - DESIGN NO. XV. - - SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,000. - - Extended Area of Ground Floor.—Requirements for - Shade.—Preparations for Severe Weather.—Food Department. 86 - - DESIGN NO. XVI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,100. - - Pointed Style—in harmony with rural surroundings.—Earth Finish - around Foundation.—Exhausting poisonous vapors from cellars. 92 - - DESIGN NO. XVII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,200. - - The most Economical Form.—High Foundations.—Surrounding - Grades.—Bridging Beams.—Stairs.—Why Contractors differ.—Who - qualified to estimate. 98 - - DESIGN NO. XVIII. - - SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,200. - - Style adapted to Middle and Southern - States.—Tower.—Verandas.—Windows extending to the - Floor.—Ventilation. 105 - - DESIGN NO. XIX. - - STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500. - - Balance in Outlines.—Site.—Cellar, how sweetened.—Plant Window, - with Contents Reflected.—Drudgery of Housework. 111 - - DESIGN NO. XX. - - COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - Suited to a Southern Climate.—Double Front.—May face any point - of Compass.—Detailed Estimate of Windows and Doors. 115 - - DESIGN NO. XXI. - - FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - Economical and Practical.—Size and Shape.—Direction to - Face.—Hight above Ground.—Cause of Decay in Principal - Timbers.—Paving instead of flooring Shed. 120 - - DESIGN NO. XXII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Advantages of Square Form.—Rounded Roof Outlines.—New - Modification of Mansard Roof.—Front Hall Dispensed - with.—Chimneys to Save Heat. 128 - - DESIGN NO. XXIII. - - COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Suited to the Wants of Professional Men.—Outlines and - Dress.—Good Taste.—Rule for Projections.—Slate.—Estimate in - Detail for Plastering. 134 - - DESIGN NO. XXIV. - - FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Questions Involved in Locations.—Distance from the Street - to Build.—Seeming Growth of the Earth.—Superintending - Construction.—Points. 140 - - DESIGN NO. XXV. - - A HALF-STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Rustic and Substantial.—Front and Rear - Finish.—Construction.—Confined Sewage.—Prices of Building - Materials. 147 - - DESIGN NO. XXVI. - - A FRAME HOUSE, COSTING $2,900. - - External Features.—Spreading out.—Direction to Face.—An - Auxiliary Apartment.—Building a Section at a Time.—Reducing the - Cost. 152 - - DESIGN NO. XXVII. - - A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,900. - - Solid, Independent, and Homelike.—Vines and Creepers for - Decoration.—Manner of Building Corners, with Designs and - Description. 158 - - DESIGN NO. XXVIII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,000. - - Suburban Cottage, with Modern Improvements.—High - Foundations.—Large Rooms.—Platform Stairs.—Low-down - Grates.—Coal-lift. 164 - - DESIGN NO. XXIX. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,100. - - Summer Residence, with Principal Rooms in the Rear.—Parlor and - Piazza for Use together.—Well, How Constructed. 171 - - DESIGN NO. XXX. - - FRAME AND BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $3,300. - - Indestructible Covering.—Design Showing Method of Construction, - with Description.—Economical Plumbing. 175 - - DESIGN NO. XXXI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,700. - - Residence or Parsonage.—Three Elevations.—Nearly Square - Ground-Plan.—Arranged Similar to Double House. 180 - - DESIGN NO. XXXII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $4,000. - - Double Front.—Bay Windows.—Circular Window Heads.—Preventing - drafts.—Fire-place Heaters.—Plumber’s Work in Detail. 187 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIII. - - A BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $4,000. - - Compact Outline.—Vestibule Doors.—Vertical Side Walls in - Mansard Roof.—Design of Frame, with Description. 196 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIV. - - COUNTRY RESIDENCE, COSTING $4,750. - - Perspective View.—Physicians’ Office.—Laboratory.—Water - Reservoir.—Fountain.—Heaters and Grates. 203 - - DESIGN NO. XXXV. - - SUBURBAN RESIDENCES, COSTING $4,000. - - Mansard Roofs.—Variety.—Conservatory.—Roofing Materials foreign - to each other.—Furnace. 205 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVI. - - A FARM HOUSE, COSTING $5,000. - - Hooded Style.—Main Entrance from two directions.—Position of - Kitchen Wing.—Conservatory.—Beam Filling. 209 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVII. - - A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $7,000. - - Outlines determined by location.—Irregularities.—Pleasantest - Apartments.—Arches.—Concrete Floors.—Parquet Floors. 214 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVIII. - - A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $8,000. - - Perspective View.—Modern Improvements.—Five Story Tower.—Dormer - Windows.—School Room.—Remarks on Style. 220 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIX. - - SIX CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $6,000. - - Building in Blocks.—What is Saved.—Overcoming many - objections.—Preserving their identity as Cottages.—Deafening - Partitions. 227 - - DESIGN NO. XL. - - FIVE CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $10,000. - - Residence.—Corner-Stone.—Observatory.—Desirability.—Imposing - and animated.—Full Specifications of Plumber’s Work. 232 - - - - - -DESIGN I. - -A COTTAGE, COSTING $250. - - -This plan was designed for a simple cottage, with sufficient -accommodations for beginners in housekeeping with limited means. It is -arranged as the _Wing_ of a larger house to be erected in the future, as -indicated in the dotted sketch adjoining the ground-plan. (The building, -with the proposed enlargements complete, are given in Design VIII.) -To a certain extent, one’s dwelling is an index of his character. Any -effort at building expresses the owner’s ability, taste, and purpose. -Every industrious man, starting in life, has a right, and should be -encouraged, to anticipate prosperity, as the sure reward of honest -worth; and he may, with propriety, give emphasis to such anticipations -in every step, and with every blow struck. His dwelling may well express -the progressive character, rather than a conclusive result. Beginning a -home by starting with a room or two, as present means will allow, and -increasing its dimensions as can be afforded, without the precarious aid -of the money-lender, is honest, independent, and best provides against -the ever-changing vicissitudes of life. The first step towards building -is the preparation of plans. These should be sufficiently comprehensive -to embrace all probable requirements. If only a small beginning is -intended, it should be made to exhibit some degree of completeness, and -be arranged to conform with the proposed future enlargements without -serious alterations.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 1).—In view of the relation -this structure is to bear to a proposed main house, and to allow for -the grading likely to be required in the ultimate completion of the -whole, the foundation is made to show four feet above the ground. Such -elevation adds to the prominence and good appearance of the building, and -relieves the interior from the dampness likely to result from a closer -contact with the soil. The style is simple, neat, and favorable for the -using of ordinary materials and methods of construction.... INTERIOR, -(fig. 2).—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. The entire floor space is utilized -in the three convenient divisions—a Living-room, Bedroom, and a Large -Pantry—with no chimney-breast, or stairway to interfere. Each room is -pleasantly lighted, and the larger one has outside entrances front and -rear. With a favorable location, the living-room may be made a very -cheerful apartment.... CONSTRUCTION.—For economy, and in prospect of a -future enlargement, that shall include ample cellars, such excavations -are omitted for this building. The Foundations are brick piers, -extending in the earth below the reach of frost, and 4 feet above, and -the intermediate spaces are close-boarded, making an inclosure useful -for many purposes. If desired, a sort of temporary cellar may be made, -by deepening the central portion of this inclosure a foot or two, and -banking the loose earth against the inside of the boarding. The Framework -and other parts are substantially constructed, of materials as indicated -in the appended estimate. The Chimney rests on the central partition -(which is strengthened by the central pier of the foundation), and has -two flues, with metal thimbles in the bottom of each—one to receive the -stove-pipe from the living-room, and the other to serve as a ventilator -for the bedroom. All of the materials are intended to be of merchantable -quality. The siding, flooring, and casings are mill-dressed. The sizes of -the sash are 2 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. 2 in., and of the doors, 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 -ft. 8 in., all 1¼ in. thick, and may be found ready-made, and seasoned, -in the stock of any regular dealer.... In the following _estimate_, the -item of $20, for carpenter’s labor, may seem very little. This amount -is allowed for preparing the building ready for the plasterer, and is -entered in this manner for convenience in making the calculations. Adding -to the above amount the cost of such labor in the “completed” parts, will -make a total of $50. - -ESTIMATE, cost of materials and labor: - - 1,000 bricks, laid, at $12 per M. $12.00 - 124 yards plastering, at 20c. per yard. 24.80 - 636 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 9.54 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 14 ceiling boards, 2 × 4 in. 16 ft. long. - 75 wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each. 8.25 - 98 siding, 9½ inches, at 25c, each. 24.50 - Cornice materials. 6.00 - 50 shingling lath, at 5c. each. 2.50 - 6 shingling planks, at 20c. each. 1.20 - 12 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 15.00 - 36 flooring, 9½ in., at 25c. 9.00 - 7 windows, complete, at $6. 42.00 - 4 doors, complete, at $5. 20.00 - 2 stoops and closets, complete. 20.00 - Nails, $4; painting, $14; carting, $5. 23.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 20.00 - Incidentals. 12.21 - ------- - Total cost. $250.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—EXTERIOR OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—INTERIOR OF COTTAGE.] - - - - -DESIGN II. - -COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450 TO $550. - - -This plan of an inexpensive country dwelling is adapted to the wants -of many people whose circumstances will not admit of a larger outlay. -It was originally prepared and published in response to many calls for -very low-priced country houses, “some as cheap as lumber and nails can -make them.” The present one approximates that point, and will aid in -devising others.... TWO ELEVATIONS are given for the same ground-plan; -the first (fig. 3) is for a one-story house of the simplest design, -with an entrance door, a neat porch, and two windows in front. The rear -is arranged similarly. The roof is conspicuous, in keeping with its -importance. No matter how cheaply one proposes to build a house, it is -essential not to slight the roof. A roof fit for a one-story cottage -would answer equally well on a three-story house, so that relatively the -cost of this part becomes greater, as the other parts become reduced -and cheapened.... GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 4).—The accommodations are quite -sufficient for a small family, consisting of three rooms, two lobbies, -a kitchen-pantry, and a clothes-press. The Lobbies protect the rooms -from direct contact with the outside doors. The Living-room is large, -and accessible alike from each entrance; it has windows front and rear, -and is convenient to the pantry; one entire side is unbroken, giving -additional space for furniture, etc. The Pantry is shelved on two sides, -and has a sash opening from the rear lobby, receiving light through the -head-light over the rear entrance door. The front Bedroom is of good -size—large enough to be used as a sitting-room; it adjoins the rear -bedroom, and a clothes-press, and has a window facing the road. The -rear Bedroom is the most retired, and has a window looking to the rear. -The Press or closet is shelved and hooked in the usual manner. The door -between the bedrooms might be dispensed with, but its convenience more -than repays its cost.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundations are of common -stone and mortar, laid in trenches, so as not to be affected by frost, -and show 1½ feet above ground. The supports for the central partitions -are stone piers, 4 feet apart. The Chimneys are of hard brick and mortar, -passing through the first story in two flues, but joined together beneath -the roof, and finished above as a single chimney. All the timber of the -exterior frame is of 4 × 6-inch spruce. The sills are laid flatways on -the foundation, and the upright frame-work stands upon them. The beams -are of 1¼ × 8-inch spruce planks; they are notched 4 inches, to fit on -the sill, and bear on the foundation, and are nailed to the studding and -sills, binding the whole together. The ceiling-strips are of 1¼ × 5-inch -spruce, resting on the ties, and nailed to the studding. The rafters are -2 × 4-inch wall-strips. All beams, studding, and rafters, are placed -16 inches apart from centers. The siding is of 10-inch dressed pine. -The roof is covered with 18-inch pine shingles, laid on 1¼ × 2-inch -shingling-lath. The porch-frame is of dressed and cornered timber, and -is roofed with shingles on flooring laid face down. The flooring is 1⅛ -× 9-inch spruce “milled.” The interior is plainly cased: for doors and -windows, 3¼ inches wide; base, 6 inches; chair-back in the living-room, 3 -inches; all beveled. All sashes and doors are 1¼ inch thick. The interior -side-walls and ceilings are white-sand finished, on brown mortar and -seasoned lath. Many efforts have been made to devise something cheaper -than plastering for the inside lining of walls, but no substitute has -yet been found to equal it in cheapness or durability. Plastering, as -usually prepared and applied, conduces to the healthfulness of any -apartment, emits no odor of mouldiness, has no attraction or harbor for -vermin, is impervious to air, and a non-conductor of sound. Where linings -of thin wood or paper are used, it is necessary to deafen the partitions -and ceilings, otherwise they will be noisy. Sound made in any one part -will reverberate through the house with drum-like suggestiveness. Most of -such materials absorb moisture rapidly from the atmosphere, and when at -any distance from the house-fires, so as not to be warmed and dried, the -moisture is retained in them. This is especially the case in chambers and -closets. Rather than seek a substitute for plastering, it is better to -extend its use, and, where practicable, apply it as an outside covering, -as well as for inside linings, as described for Design VI. The SECOND -ELEVATION, (fig. 5,) shows an enlargement of the first, by increasing the -outlines of the roof, giving space for a SECOND FLOOR, (fig. 6). Such -space, though not immediately required for bedrooms, would be valuable -for many purposes. The appearance of the building is improved by the -enlargement, and the extra cost will not exceed one hundred dollars. - -Cost of Cottage—No. 1: - - 468 ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per foot. $23.40 - 1,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 12.00 - 270 yards plastering, at 25c. per yard. 67.50 - 576 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 8.64 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 80 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 2 plates 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 160 wall-strips, at 13c. each. 20.80 - 56 rough plank, at 16c. each. 8.96 - 70 flooring, at 20c. each, $14; 115 siding, at 25c., $28.75. 42.75 - 156 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.36 - 27 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 40.50 - Cornice and porch materials. 21.00 - 4 windows, at $5 each, $20; 9 doors, at $3 each, $27. 47.00 - Closet finish and nails, $26.09; cartage, $12. 38.09 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 60.00 - Painting. 50.00 - ------- - Total. $450.00 - -Extra cost of cottage—No. 2: - - 3 windows, at $5 each, $15; 70 flooring, at 20c, $14. $29.00 - 25 siding, $6.25; 19 rough plank, $3.04. 9.29 - 23 shingling-lath, $1.38; 4 bunches shingles, $6. 7.38 - 25 wall-strips, $3.25; 400 brick, $4.80. 8.05 - Timber, $5; stairs, $20; porch, $5. 30.00 - Carpenter’s labor. 16.28 - ------- - Total. $100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—ELEVATION OF ONE-STORY HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.—GROUND-PLAN OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.—ELEVATION OF STORY-AND-A-HALF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.—SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN III. - -A COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - -These plans are for a low-priced house, similar in character to those -in Design II., but differing entirely in outlines and arrangement, -and embracing a much larger area of floor space, with increased -accommodations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 7.)—The Front is broken with angles, -furnishing a greater number of vertical lines, thus giving relief from -the depressing appearance that would otherwise be manifest. The roof -projections are proportionate, with simple finish. The cornices of the -central or main part are the most prominent, and have plain trusses. The -gable openings supplying ventilation between the ceilings and roof.... -GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 8).—The interior contains five quite ample rooms, -conveniently arranged, besides a lobby, pantry, and two closets. Hight -of ceilings in two principal rooms, 9½ feet, in the side extensions, 6 -feet at the plate, following the rafters to the center of the rooms, -and from thence are leveled across at the hight of 9 feet. The front -entrance is through a lobby. (If desired to economize further, the -front stoop and one door may be saved, by putting an arch in place -of the front door, making a recessed porch of the lobby.) The Parlor -has two front windows, and a closet, and adjoins the kitchen and two -bedrooms. The Kitchen is large, has two windows, an open fire-place, -and adjoins a commodious pantry, and a bedroom. The Pantry has a large -window, and is shelved on one side and end. A convenient Clothes-press -opens from the right-hand bedroom. The Chimney is near the center of -the house, insuring much saving of heat. The interior of this house may -be comfortably warmed from a single fire, by placing a Radiator in the -parlor, and leading the fire-draught from the kitchen stove through it. -As the peculiar form and construction of this radiator is comparatively -new, having originated with me, a description is here given, which will -enable any skillful sheet-iron worker to make one (see figs. 9 and 10): -_A_, is the parlor side of the chimney-breast; _B_, the kitchen side; -_C_, chimney-flue; _D_, kitchen fire-place, containing kitchen-stove; -_E_, smoke-pipe leading from the stove through the throat-piece, into -the chimney-flue; _F_, _F_, stove-pipe branches passing through the -back of the fire-place, and connecting the smoke-pipe, _E_, with the -radiator; _G_, interior section of radiator; _H_, face of radiator; _I_, -partition within radiator. The draught is regulated by a damper, _J_, -in the smoke-pipe _E_, between the branches, _F_, _F_, and is forced -through the radiator as required. The radiator may be made of any size -desired to fit the mantle-opening, and if neatly constructed of Russian -iron, will be quite ornamental. The partition, _I_, is 5 inches wide, -and extends to within 6 inches of the bottom at either side, has turned -edges, and is riveted to the front and back. In use, to start the fire, a -direct draught is made by opening the damper, _J_, after which it may be -closed to turn the draught through the lower branch-pipe into the central -part of the radiator, where it descends, passing the lower ends of the -partition, _I_, into the side passages, where it ascends and enters the -upper branch-pipe, leading to the smoke-pipe, _E_. The bottom should -have a collar to slide within the upright part, to facilitate cleaning -when necessary. If there is no hearth-stone to set the radiator upon, -the bottom may be filled with an inch deep of coarse plaster, which -will make it safe even on a carpet. In setting the radiator, an inch or -two of open space should be left between it and the chimney-back (just -the thickness of the interior wall-plates of the mantle, against which -the radiator should join.) Into the bottom of this space, air may be -introduced from the outside of the house, through a two-inch pipe. The -air thus let in becomes heated, and escapes around the margin, furnishing -a pure healthful supply to the room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate -annexed, includes materials, and methods of construction similar to those -described for Design II. The form and arrangement of this building admits -of its being erected in sections; the central or main part may be first -put up, and the side extensions added as means or necessity requires or -allow. In localities where it is difficult to get dressed lumber, rough -boards may be used for the siding, put on vertically, and battened, but -in this case it would be practical to paint the cornices and other -dressings only with lead and oil—using a lime-wash for the rough work. -A durable wash may be made by slaking freshly-burned lump-lime in hot -brine. This can be colored by adding dry-stainers as desired, and may be -applied with an ordinary whitewash brush. Such work would greatly reduce -the cost, and, if properly done, add a feature of rustic beauty, quite -becoming in this class of building. - -ESTIMATE cost of materials and labor: - - 340 ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per ft. $17.00 - 1,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 12.00 - 290 yards plastering, at 25c. per yard. 72.50 - 800 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 12.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 4 sills, 4 × 6 in. 9 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 300 wall strips, at 13c. each. 39.00 - 70 plank rough spruce, 1¼ × 10, at 16c. each. 11.20 - 130 siding, dressed pine, ⅛ × 10, at 25c. each. 32.50 - 176 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 10.56 - 30 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 45.00 - 82 flooring, dressed spruce, at 20c. each. 16.40 - 8 windows, at $5 each, $40; 10 doors, at $3 each, $30. 70.00 - Closet and base finish, $16; cornice materials, $15. 31.00 - Nails, $10; painting, $60; cartage, $14. 84.00 - Carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $21.84. 96.84 - ------- - Total cost, complete. $550.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.—GROUND-PLAN.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.—RADIATOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.-RADIATOR.] - - - - -DESIGN IV. - -A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $550 TO $700. - - -This plan of a low-priced dwelling is adapted to the wants of many -living in the country. It will accommodate a small family well, and -has a pleasing appearance.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 11.)—The Front has a -sufficient variety of parts to insure a fair degree of picturesqueness. -An allowable amount of neat tracery is admitted in the composition of -the gables, and between the piazza columns, to give an expression of -taste and cheerfulness. More than this would not accord with the utility -and economy especially aimed at in these low-priced plans. If intended -for a Summer Cottage, or Gate-lodge, for persons of larger means, the -matter of exterior dress would assume quite a different aspect, and admit -of more liberal treatment.... GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 12.)—The arrangement -shown is adapted to an _eastward_ frontage, placing the Entrances and -the Living-room on the pleasant side, where least exposed to northerly -winds and cold. Should an opposite frontage be selected, the plan may -be suited to it by reversing the sides, as this would be reflected if -held before a mirror. The hight of the ceilings are 10 feet. The front -entrances open directly from the piazza to the parlor and living-room. -These entrances may be protected in winter by a sash inclosure, forming -a pleasant vestibule of a part of the piazza. The principal rooms are -a Parlor, Kitchen, and two Bedrooms. The Parlor is in front of the -main building, and of sufficient size for the ordinary uses of such -an apartment. The Kitchen is intended as the Living-room, where the -family, maintaining the simplicity of cottage life, spend much of their -in-door time, sharing together the domestic cares and comforts. It is -sufficiently spacious to admit of the requisite furniture, and allow of -the ordinary family gathering without crowding. It has three windows; -if desired, the upper part of the front door may have sashes, giving -views in three directions. The pantry and lobby, at the rear, are of -equal size, both opening from the kitchen. The two Bedrooms adjoin each -other (but have no communication between them in the plan. This may be -arranged as desired.) One opens from the parlor, the other from the -kitchen, and each has a closet. The Chimney is placed between the kitchen -and parlor, with an open fire-place on the kitchen side. The method of -heating, described for Design III., would insure the comfortable warming -of both of the principal rooms from one kitchen fire.... CELLAR, (fig. -13.)—Hight, 6½ feet. The dimensions embrace the space below the kitchen -and the bedrooms; it has three windows and an outside entrance. The part -under the parlor is unexcavated.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation-walls -are of broken stone and mortar, and show 2 feet above ground. Those under -the parlor are laid in trenches, extending below the reach of frost. -The chimney is of hard brick and mortar. The frame-work, roofing, and -exterior plastering, are similar to those described for Design VI. The -gables are inclosed with vertical boarding, having their lower ends cut -to pattern, and are battened over the joints. The ornamental verges in -the gable-cornices are of pine boards, and, being of simple design, are -readily made, and put in position while building. A pleasing effect is -produced by “lining off” the surface of the exterior plastering into -courses or squares. This is easily done with a “straight-edge,” and an -=S= shaped iron while finishing. The final “Stearate” covering (see -Design VI.) may be divided and shaded in two parts, and so applied as -to give the alternate squares slight changes of shade. The best results -may be obtained from _exterior plastering_ where properly done. It -is impervious to either air or water, and therefore equals the more -expensive methods of inclosures for houses of this character. It should -not be attempted over _horizontal_ lines of framework, as the shrinking -and consequent contraction will cause a bulging and cracking of the -plaster at those points. Whenever obliged to cross such timbers, the -upright framework must be halved on to them, and continued in whole -lengths, to prevent such contractions. All joinings with the exterior -wood-finish must be carefully made, especially at the top, to prevent -water from entering, and running down behind the walls. Wide projectives -of cornices afford a valuable protection for such walls against driving -storms. Exterior plastering may be done in any season that is free from -frost. An ordinary rain will do no injury to either of the two coats of -plaster after they have become “set.” The “Stearate” should be applied as -soon as the plastering is thoroughly dried. - -ESTIMATE for cost of materials and labor: - - 54 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $10.80 - 1,300 ft. foundation, at 10½c. per ft. 136.50 - 1,250 brick, laid, at $12 per M. 15.00 - 28 ft. stone steps and sills, at 28c. per ft. 7.84 - 120 yards exterior plastering, at 30c. per yard. 36.00 - 224 ” interior ” ” 25c. ” ” 56.00 - 1,700 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 25.50 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 3 plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 7 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 3 sills. 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 10 beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 9 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 7 beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 200 wall-strips, at 10c. each, $20; cornice materials and - gable finish, $18.25. 38.25 - 180 shingling lath, at 5c. each, $9.00; 16 spruce-planks, - at 20c. each, $3.20. 12.20 - 34 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 42.50 - 80 flooring-planks, at 20c., $16; piazza, $40. 56.00 - 3 cellar-windows, $9; 8 plain windows, $56. 65.00 - 11 doors, $44: closet-finish, $12: nails, $10: carting, $12. 78.00 - Painting, $30; carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $15.41. 120.41 - ------- - Total cost. $700.00 - If cellar is omitted, deduct, $167.14. Cost - without cellar. $532.86 - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.—FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - - - - -DESIGN V. - -A CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650. - - -The accompanying plans were designed for a simple, compact, and -economical house, and will be appreciated by any one who may desire -to know just how little is required to build a comfortable home. They -provide ample room for a small family.... The CELLAR extends under the -whole house, the walls are built as shown in the details of foundation -and frame, given in Design VI., with 3 feet of masonry and 3 feet of -frame-work.... The FIRST STORY contains a good-sized Hall, Parlor, and -Kitchen, or Living-room, with two closets, pump, and sink. The stairs -to the cellar lead directly from the kitchen, passing down under the -stairs in the main hall. A “fire-place heater” can be put in the parlor -fire-place, which will also warm the chamber above. This method of -heating is economical, and occupies but little room.... The SECOND -STORY has three good-sized rooms, two closets, and small hall, in the -main house, and an attic over the kitchen. The floor of the attic is -one foot lower than that of the main house; this gives valuable room -for storage, etc.... The hight of the first story of the main house is -8 feet 6 inches; of the second story, 7 feet. The hight of the kitchen -ceiling is 7½ feet. The attic is arranged to have just standing room in -the center.... A great saving of time and trouble is made, when openings -are provided for _regular sizes_ of sash, blinds, and doors, as they -may be obtained of seasoned and well-made stock, at any time, from any -dealer in such materials. These plans are drawn with reference to such -regular sizes, viz.: the first-story windows are 2 ft. 7 in. × 5 ft. 6 -in.; second story, 2 ft. 7 in. × 4 ft. 6 in.; cellar, 2 ft. × 2 ft. 8 -in., all 1¼ inch thick. All principal windows should have their frames -made with pockets and pulleys, and the sash hung with iron weights and -good cord. The cost for the addition of these necessary parts, beyond -what is required for the plain frame, is about as follows, for each -window of ordinary size: 4 pulleys, (at 40c. per doz.) 14c.; 20 lbs. -iron weights, 2½c. per lb., 50c.; ½ lb. sash-cord, 16c. per lb., 8c; -1 doz. screws, ⅞ in., 35c. per gross, 3c.; labor putting in pockets, -pulleys, etc., 20 c.—Total, 95 cents, and when once done, will need no -further attention or expense, while the house lasts. The satisfaction of -having neat-fitting, easy-working sash, where the upper, or lower one, -may be opened at will, is great. The saving of little fingers, and older -nerves, to say nothing of shattered sash and glass, more than repays -the extra cost of hanging sash.... The front, rear, and parlor DOORS -are 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1½ in.; other first-story doors, 2 ft. -6 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1¼ in.; second-story doors, 3 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. -6 in. × 1¼ in.; all 4-paneled, and neatly moulded. The 1½-inch doors -have mortise-locks; other doors rim-locks, all with porcelain knobs and -escutcheons.... BLINDS are included for the first and second stories, -in the estimate appended, at an average cost of $2.40 per pair, and -may be omitted, but are recommended as useful; they protect the sash -from storms, and can be operated to give almost any desired light or -shade in the rooms.... Many people may be in circumstances that would -justify the building of one part of a house first, to be occupied as a -temporary residence until means and opportunity warrant the building of -the whole. A newly-married couple could arrange to have the kitchen part -built as a residence for a season, rather than forego the opportunity -of setting out trees, vines, and shrubbery, planting, and otherwise -developing their grounds. They would then be near the work when building -the main part, to superintend it, and care for materials, saving much -that is often wasted, or lost. The wing, or kitchen part, could be -built at a cost of about $185, so arranged as that the main house could -be joined to it at any time—or, what would be better, the main house -may be built first, at a cost of about $650, and the kitchen added at -convenience.... The exterior dressing of cornice, window-caps, and stoop, -are decided in their character for simplicity and boldness, giving a -generous and finished appearance to the whole.... NOVELTY SIDING, fig. -18, is mentioned in many of the estimates for these houses. This form of -siding I first introduced some sixteen years ago, since which time it -has grown into general favor and use in this neighborhood. It has the -following merits to recommend it: 1st, It is easily put on by ordinary -mechanics. 2d, When properly nailed to the frame, it strengthens it, -so as to make bracing of the frame almost unnecessary. 3d, The spaces -between the studding, when the interior is plastered, are each air-tight -compartments, containing only stationary air, which is a non-conductor of -cold (or heat), thus protecting the inside wall from the extreme changes -of outward temperature. 4th, A cheaper quality of lumber can be used, the -more cross-grained the materials, the less likely they are to check, or -shrink, and any small, sound knots are easily covered with shellac before -painting, which closes them effectually. 5th, The general surface is -even, so that any brackets or other ornamentation can be put on without -the trouble and difficulty of “scribing” them up to the clap-boarding.... -The SHINGLING referred to in the estimate is of 18-inch pine shingles, -and may be laid 5¾ inch to the weather, and secured with large-headed -“shingle-nails.” It is best in laying shingles to lap at one-third the -breadth, never in the center, for should one shingle check in the center, -as they are liable to do, an opening is made through the three courses, -and a leaky roof will be the result. “Shingling-lath” 1¼ × 2 in., with -the lower edge placed just where the buts of the shingles would cover, -will allow air to freely circulate on both sides of the shingles, and -preserve them one-third longer than when laid on close planking, which -holds the moisture, and assists decay of every part of the roof.... -GUTTERS.—The old wooden gutter has nearly gone into disuse, and always -seemed a barrier to any satisfactory finish of cornice. It was difficult -to get timber of sufficient width for projections, and in such cases, the -cornices were proportioned by boxing off, and building up around this -“gutter-stick,” which was bad construction—the outer-edge of the gutter, -being higher than the edge next the house, would cause the water, during -heavy storms, or when the leader was choked up, to flow over against the -frame-work of the building, which was one of the most frequent causes of -decay and settling in the older houses in this country.—The tin-lined -“box” and “trough” gutters are often troublesome; the tin can not be -laid in them except in long lengths, which have been soldered together -while flat and smooth. To lay these long lengths into the ready-formed -gutter, requires much bending and hammering, which breaks the best tin -at the soldered joints, on the under-side, where it is impossible to -repair it, so that, while it may not appear at once to leak, it is sure -to do so soon, to be discovered after the cornice has been swelled out -of shape or destroyed. The gutter that I have adopted in all cases where -practicable (see section, fig. 19), either for shingles or slate, is -made of charcoal-tin, 14 inches wide, in lengths as long as can be well -handled. One edge is turned or rolled up around a ⅝ iron rod, which makes -a strong edge. Then a bend is made at 3½ inches from the turned edge, -forming a right angle the whole length. This is laid on the second course -of shingles, with one end lower than the other, so as to give a good run -for the water. The ends are turned up, where required, to stop the water, -and a tube put through the cornice in the usual manner.... For TIN ROOFS, -having a pitch of at least one inch to the foot, the gutters are formed -in a similar manner, with the flat, or bottom part, about ½ inch wide, -making a flange, which is soldered to the roof near the eaves, to a line -drawn at an angle to make one end lower than the other, as for shingle -roofs. This is the simplest and best kind of gutter, will outlast any -other, and in the event of a possible damage, or leakage, no harm will be -done beyond the loss or waste of the water that runs off over the eaves. -It can be easily repaired, or replaced at any time, without interfering -with the principal roof, and it saves the trouble and expense of building -and boxing for gutters, or of making cornices with special reference to -them, and it is cheaply constructed.—ESTIMATE OF COST of building by this -plan in the vicinity of New York City: - - 38 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $7.60 - 5,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 60.00 - 230 yards lath and plastering, 3 coats, at 28c. per yard. 64.40 - 1,412 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 21.18 - 1 sill, 3 × 8 in. 92 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long. - 18 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 10 beams, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 1 locust-post, 4 inch. 35 - 220 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 10c. 22.00 - 160 novelty siding-boards, 9¾ in., at 28c. 44.80 - 30 rabbeted siding, 9¾ in., at 28c, $8.40; 92 ft. cornice - materials, $15. 23.40 - 100 shingling-lath, at 6c, $6; 16 bunches shingles, at - $1.50, $24. 30.00 - Tin gutters and leaders. 7.00 - 90 tongued and grooved flooring. 9½ in., at 30c. 27.00 - 8 windows with blinds, at $8, $64; 3 cellar windows, - plain, at $3, $9. 78.00 - 2 stoop materials, $20; stairs, 1st story and cellar, $40. 60.00 - 12 doors and materials. 48.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 75.00 - Painting, two coats, $40; cartage, average one mile, $12. 52.00 - Extras, for base, sink, pump, and nails, etc. 34.27 - ------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $650.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 14.—FRONT ELEVATION.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 15.—CELLAR.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 16.—FIRST STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 17.—SECOND STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 18.—“NOVELTY SIDING.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 19.—PORTION OF ROOF AND GUTTER.] - - - - -DESIGN VI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $700. - - -The plans here given are of simple design, intended to meet the large -and increasing demand for low-priced country or village houses, having -at the same time some architectural beauty. Without this latter feature, -a comfortable house of this size can, in many places, be erected for -much less than $700 even.... The house here described provides for as -much room as a small family would require, while at the same time it -admits of future enlargement, as one’s necessity or means may indicate, -by additions, ells, or wings, at either side, or rear. In all cases, when -planning small houses, it is best to provide for such enlargements. The -triplet window in front is so arranged that it can be readily changed -to a bay-window, when that improvement can be afforded, without marring -the rest of the wood-work, or the harmony of the front elevation.... -The Cornice of the main building is bracketed, and projects sufficient -to relieve it of the stunted look so common to country houses. The -brackets are made of 2 × 4-inch timber, in three pieces each, mitred -to the angles required, and nailed together (see fig. 25), making an -effective support and pleasant appearance.... A large saving in expense -of foundations is secured by the following method of construction (see -section of foundation and frame, fig. 24). The excavation is made for the -cellar 2½ feet deep. A foundation of 8-inch brick-work, 3 feet high, or -6 inches above the level of the ground only, is required. A sill of 3 × -8-inch timber is laid on, and “flush” with the inside of the wall, to -provide nailing for the wainscoting of the basement, if it is afterwards -finished off.... The beams or joists for the first floor are supported -by a plank-strip five inches wide, let into the inside of the frame at a -proper hight, and securely fastened with heavy nails. The other parts of -the framing are executed, and the whole raised, in the usual manner.... -The inclosing, or siding, below the first story, is of 10-inch boards -rabbeted and cross-grooved in imitation of large stone-work, and painted -in contrast with the principal body of the house, and the water-table -is put just above them.... Many small houses in the country are built -without any permanent foundation, but are temporarily supported on -posts set in the ground, and “boarded down.” They are always shaky, and -doubtful while they stand, and are frequently blown over altogether. -As will be readily seen, the above method provides for the saving of -one-half of the mason-work in the foundation. In many places stone is -abundant, and will answer the same purpose as brick in this case, except -for the 6 inches above ground. The laying up of a single-face wall, 2½ -feet high, of rough stone and mortar, would cost but a trifle. If the -cellar should be finished at any time for basement purposes, these walls -would be much drier and more healthful than when the walls are entirely -of masonry. In this case it would be preferable to have the foundation -walls 6 inches higher, so as to have the basement rooms 7 feet in the -clear.... Several houses have been built on this plan in villages, and in -most cases it has been decided not to have any rear outside door for the -first story (fig. 22), but to wait until a kitchen could be finished in -the front part of the cellar, when the common entrance would be by the -area to the kitchen. In the plan (fig. 22), we have indicated two rear -windows, but a door may take the place of either of them. We have also -indicated by dotted lines where pantry, sink, etc., may be placed in the -corner, according to the wishes of the proprietor.... There is but one -chimney. The parlor is heated by running a stove-pipe through earthen -thimbles placed in the partitions under the stairs, to the chimney, which -is perfectly safe, and no heat is lost. When desired, a fire-place, or -stove-pipe flue, may be carried up through the parlor, as well as through -the living-room, and the two be brought together above the stairs into -one chimney.... The SECOND STORY, (fig. 23), may be divided into three -rooms, the front one being 12 × 15 feet; or, if preferred, this front -room may be divided into two smaller rooms, as indicated by the dotted -lines. One may be 8 × 12, and the other 6½ × 12. The latter would be -large enough for an ordinary bed (4½ × 6½ feet), with stand or chair by -the window; and in this case a small closet could be cut off from the -corner, opening into the large room, as shown by the dotted lines. - -COST.—The following estimate in detail, at present prices, near this -city, will enable any one to determine the cost of building by this plan. -Allowance can be made for any difference in cost of materials or labor as -required in other localities: - - 43 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $8.60 - 6,000 brick, laid complete, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 1,636 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 24.50 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 3 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 32 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 ft. long, at 20c. 6.40 - 200 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 22.00 - 162 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c. 45.36 - 28 rabbeted siding, 10 in., at 28c. 7.84 - 97 flooring spruce, 9½ in., at 28c. 27.16 - 123 shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 in., at 6c. 7.38 - 22 bunches shingles, 18 in., at $1.25. 27.50 - 14 windows, with blinds, two stories, 9 at $8; 5 at $3. 87.00 - 2 stairs, $25; 11 doors and trimmings, $44; 1 stoop - materials, $10. 79.00 - 14 rough spruce-plank, 1¼ × 10 in., at 30c. 4.20 - 100 feet cornice materials. 20.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 90.00 - 350 yards plastering, three coats, at 25c. 87.50 - Cartage, average one mile. 12.00 - Painting, two coats, $40; extras, for tin, nails, - etc. $31.56. 71.56 - ------- - Total cost in above style. $700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 20.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 21.—CELLAR.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 22.—FIRST STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23.—SECOND STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 24.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 25.] - - - - -DESIGN VII. - -COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750 TO $1,050. - - -These plans represent a commodious dwelling house, constructed with -especial regard for economy and utility, and they will be appreciated -by those desiring to provide a comfortable, permanent shelter for home -by the use of limited means.... ELEVATION, (fig 26).—In preparing -plans for “low-priced” houses, the simplest outlines are indicated. -Having to combine usefulness and small outlay, there can be no latitude -for architectural display, beyond mere matters of accommodation and -completeness. The exterior of this example fairly expresses its domestic -purpose. The breadth of the front, the preponderance of horizontal lines, -and the hooded roof, are each indicative of strength, and suggest its -adaptation to rural situations. The satisfactory appearance of this -house will greatly depend on its location. The best results would be -obtained by placing it on a slight knoll, giving it additional altitude. -This would prevent its being obscured by shrubbery and trees, which -are indispensable accompaniments of a properly developed homestead.... -CELLAR, (fig. 27).—Hight, 6½ feet. It has three windows, an outside -entrance, and stairway leading to the kitchen above.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 28.)—Hight of ceiling, 10 feet. The accommodations, consisting -of five rooms, a pantry, and two closets, are adapted to a good-sized -family. The Parlor and Kitchen are the principal rooms, and occupy the -middle portion, their sides being protected by other rooms, and, having -the fire-place between them, they are easily warmed. The device for -heating _described_ for Design III. would serve admirably in this house. -Two Bedrooms adjoin the parlor. Many might choose to have _double_ doors -entering these bedrooms, to allow all three rooms to be used together -occasionally. This would not preclude the use of the smaller ones as -bedrooms, or, if preferred, as a sewing-room and a library. The Kitchen -is the largest apartment, and has doors leading to the pantry, bedroom, -parlor, stairway, and the rear entrance. The outside or entrance doors -may be protected in severe seasons by storm-doors hung to open outward, -with loose joint-buts to allow of their ready removal. The rear veranda -is similar to the front one shown on the elevation.... SECOND STORY, -(fig. 29).—The front portion only is finished, with ceilings 8 feet high, -and is divided into two chambers and four closets. The rear portion -is left unfinished, to be used as an open garret. The space above the -ceiling of the finished portion may be floored over with boards, to -serve for storage of quilting-frames, trunks, etc.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -excavations for the cellar are 4 feet deep. The foundation-walls are of -broken stone, laid in mortar, and show 2 feet above the earth-grade. A -strong girder, resting on large posts, or columns of stone or brick, -supports the center of the building. In setting the girder, it should be -elevated from ½ to ¾ of an inch in the center, rising gradually from each -end, to allow for settling, which invariably occurs from shrinkage of the -interior frame-work. The timber for the frame-work is indicated in the -estimates below, and is substantially framed together. All the outside -studding is _halved_ over the principal timbers, to prevent vertical -shrinkage from affecting the exterior covering of the side-walls. The -exterior covering is of lath and plaster, as follows: all cornices -and other dressings, and the roof, should first be completed—and all -window and door frames set and cased. The outside frame should then be -thoroughly lathed outside and inside. _All this is to prevent jarring -or pounding on these parts during the application or setting of the -plaster._ The plaster is made in the usual manner of fresh lime and sharp -sand, with half a bushel of hair to each barrel of lime used, and allowed -to lay two weeks to insure a thorough slaking and permeation of the lime. -It is then applied in two coats—the first a “scratch,” the second a -“browning.” The surface is floated with a darby, (not trowelled). After -having stood a sufficient time to become dry, the whole is covered with -a preparation called “Stearate of Lime,” using an ordinary white-wash -brush. The formula for making this stearate of lime (known only to a -few, who have treated it as a secret,) is here published for the first -time, and it will be understood by those familiar with the nature and -operation of slaking lime. The ingredients are simply fresh-burned -finishing-lime, using the lumps only, unrendered beef-suet, and hot -water. It is necessary that these parts be kept in lively motion while -dissolving, or they will be entirely destroyed by “burning.” The usual -process is to sink a large barrel, having an open end, 2 feet in the -ground, pounding the earth around to make it firm. An upright piece, 4 -inches in diameter, and 6 feet long, is set upright in the center of the -barrel, and held in position by cleats at the bottom and top, leaving -the upright free to turn. Arms are put through the upright within the -barrel, and a cross-bar or lever is attached to the upper end—the whole -making an apparatus similar to a “clay-mill.” One bushel of lime, 20 -lbs. of suet (chopped fine), and a barrel of boiling water are provided; -and while one works the “mill,” another feeds alternately lime, suet, -and hot water. This quantity of material, costing about $2, will make -a full barrel of the preparation. Any desired shade may be afterwards -given by adding stainers. This mixture is applied while hot—two coats -being necessary to insure a thorough covering. This will also be found a -valuable preparation for covering exterior brick or concrete work. It is -impervious to water, and will outlast any of the paints prepared for such -purpose. All other information concerning the finish of this house may be -inferred upon a careful study of the following estimates.—ESTIMATE cost -of materials and labor: - - 95 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $19.00 - 1,062 ft. stone-foundation, at 15c. per ft. 159.30 - 24 ft. stone steps and coping, at 28c. per ft. 6.72 - 2,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 517 yards plastering, inside at 25c. per yard. 129.25 - 130 ” ” outside, at 30c. per yard. 39.00 - 1,850 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 27.75 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 3 ties, 3 × 6 in. 34 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 perlines, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 2 perlines, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 100 beams, 1¼ × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 300 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 33.00 - 4 locust-posts, at 30c. each, $1.20; 190 flooring, at 20c. - each, $38. 39.20 - 216 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 12.96 - 39 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 48.75 - 3 cellar windows, at $3, $9; 12 plain windows, at $7, $84. 93.00 - 17 doors, at $4 each, $68; 2 verandas, $50 each, $100. 168.00 - Stairs, $20; cornice materials, $18. 38.00 - Closet finish and base, $15; nails, $12; cartage, $20. 47.00 - Painting, $40; carpenter’s labor, $100; incidentals, $25.07. 165.07 - -------- - Total cost, complete. 1,050.00 - Omitting cellar and verandas would save 300.00 - ------- - Total, after deductions. $750.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 26.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 27.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 28.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 29.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN VIII. - -A COTTAGE, COSTING $800 TO $1,050. - - -This design is an enlargement of the small cottage described in Design -I. The arrangements are very complete in convenience, appearance, and -economy.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 30).—The outlines and style are simple. -The front is enlivened by the Porch, Bay-Window, and other projections. -The details of finish are of neat design, and in harmony, giving an -agreeable expression of taste and refinement—features especially pleasing -in cottage architecture.... CELLAR, (fig. 31).—Hight in clear, 6½ feet. -It is under the main building only; has two windows, and stairs leading -to the first story. It contains 378 feet area, giving abundant room for -all ordinary requirements.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 32).—Hight of ceiling, -9 feet. The best use is made of the space by having but few divisions, -leaving good-sized rooms. The Hall is small, but is conveniently arranged -to answer all necessary purposes. It is entered from the front porch, and -communicates directly with the parlor and dining-room, and by the main -stairs with the second story. There is sufficient room for a hat-rack -at the right of the front door. The Parlor is of fair size, the large -bay-window adding materially to its area and cheerfulness. With very -little expense in furniture, this apartment may be made pleasant and -cosey. The Dining-room extends the whole width of the house, and has a -window at each end. It is conveniently arranged, with doors opening from -the hall, parlor, kitchen, pantry, and to the stairs. The Kitchen is -commodious and pleasant; has three windows, an outside rear entrance, and -adjoins the dining-room, pantry, and bedroom. The Pantry is sufficiently -large and convenient to answer the requirements of both dining-room and -kitchen. It has a small window, and is thoroughly shelved. The Bedroom -opens directly from the kitchen. Its purpose in the partial erection -(as shown in Design I.) may be changed in the completed building here -described by making it an auxiliary of the kitchen for the coarser -work; or, if needed, it may still be used as a bedroom for help.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 33).—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. There is a hall, two -chambers, two bedrooms, and two closets, in this story, and no waste -room. The Hall is just large enough for convenience. The Chambers are -of ample dimensions, with a chimney between them, admitting the use of -stoves when required.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundations for the main -house are of broken stone and mortar, showing three feet above ground, -neatly pointed where exposed to sight. The Wing is supported on piers, -as described in Design I. Girders (shown on the cellar-plan by dotted -lines), supported on strong posts, carry the central portions of the -building. The shortness of the spans between bearings allow very light -floor-beams. It is, however, important that the beams should be _bridged_ -to secure uniformity of strength, and prevent vibrations. The Frame is -constructed in the usual manner—all the ties, girts, and headers being -“framed in.” The inclosing is sufficiently indicated in the estimate. The -front windows have semi-circular heads outside. In their construction -the frames and sash are square, to admit ordinary curtain fixtures on -the inside. The circular head is outside of, and “planted” on the flat -casing, or “blind-strip,” and is made perfectly tight by a flange of -tin. The additional expense of such circular finish is but trifling, -compared with its good appearance. The side and rear windows have square -heads, with rabbeted drips. Blinds are intended for all windows above -the cellar. Ventilators are placed in each gable. The Porch has boxed -pedestals and columns, scroll-sawed balusters, and circular spandrels. -The inside walls and ceilings are “sand-finished” on two coats of -brown mortar. The main stairs are constructed with a quarter circle, -and winders at the top. These winders extend beyond the hall into the -ceilings of the dining-room (as sketched), but do not interfere with its -use, or seriously injure its appearance. The Bay-Window is neatly arched -on the inside. Marble mantels are put in the parlor and dining-room, and -shelves in the chambers. The second story-hall is lighted through the -door (sash) of the front bedroom.... SUGGESTIONS.—This plan was arranged -to suit a village lot 25 feet in width, leaving a passage-way at the -side. This necessitated placing the wing at the rear of the main house. -If there is more ground, the wing may be placed at the right of the main -part, facing the road. The communications between the dining-room and -wing would be still similar to those shown. The window at the right of -the dining-room would be placed in the rear. These changes entail no -extra expense, if determined on before commencing to build.—ESTIMATE -cost of materials and labor for main house: - - 56 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.20 - 875 ft. stone-foundation, at 5c. per ft. 43.75 - 2,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 340 yards plastering, complete, at 25c. per yard. 85.00 - 1,126 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 16.89 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 9 ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 250 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 27.50 - 162 siding, 9 in., at 20c. each. 32.40 - Cornice materials. 18.00 - 135 shingling-lath, at 5c. each. 6.75 - 8 rough planks, at 20c. each. 1.60 - 24 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 30.00 - 112 flooring, 9 in., at 25c. 28.00 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $4. 8.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 40.00 - 5 plain windows, complete, at $12. 60.00 - Stairs, complete, $40; 12 doors, complete, $96. 136.00 - Mantels, $39.91; porch, $30; closets, $10. 79.91 - Nails, $9; painting, $50; carting, $12. 71.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 80.00 - ------- - Total cost of main house. $800.00 - Add Design I.’s estimate for wing. 250.00 - -------- - Total for whole complete. 1,050.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 30.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 31.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 32.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 33.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN IX. - -COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000. - - -This plan is designed to answer many requests for a “cosey and homelike -Cottage, suited to the wants of Mechanics and Laboring People, costing -from $700 to $1,000.” It is best adapted to a westward frontage—with the -hall, entrances, and porches protected from the north, but may be easily -adapted to an opposite frontage by reversing the plan—placing the hall, -etc., on the opposite side of the main house. The width, 21 feet, adapts -it to a 25-foot village lot, leaving a side passage to the rear.... -EXTERIOR, (figs. 34 and 35.)—The _style_ of any building is determined by -the form of its roof; the steep and hooded style in this design accords -fully with domestic feelings and artistic sentiments, and is growing in -public favor for suburban structures. Compared with the usual _Mansard_ -style is more practical, less expensive, and serves equally well. The -side-angles, porches, bay-window, cornices, and chimneys, each of simple -construction, make up a pleasing variety of parts. All superfluous -ornamentation is avoided. A too common fault prevails in villages, and -even in the country, of building close up to the street lines. A clear -depth of at least 20 feet in front should be devoted to a flower-garden, -shrubbery, and vines, for flowers are proper accessories of cottage -adornment, and architectural ornamentation can never compensate for -their absence.... CELLAR, (fig. 36.)—Hight of ceiling, 6½ feet. It -extends under the front half of the building, giving an average area of -11½ × 15 feet—quite sufficient for ordinary requirements. It has two -small front windows. A good ventilation may be had through the chimney; -openings in the rear foundation allow a circulation of air over the -unexcavated portion.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 37.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet; -is divided into a hall, parlor, living-room, rear entry, and a closet. -The Hall, entered from the front porch, connects through doors with the -parlor, living-room, and rear entry, and contains the main stairs. The -Parlor has a large bay-window in the front, opposite to which is a marble -shelf resting on stucco trusses. It communicates with the living-room -and hall. The remaining wall spaces are unbroken, for furniture and wall -ornaments. The Living-room is a little larger than the parlor, has two -windows, an open fireplace, a closet, and doors leading to the front -hall, parlor, and rear entry. The rear entry is under the platform of the -main stairs; is divided from the front hall, and is to be used as the -common entrance. It has doors leading from the front hall, living-room, -rear porch, and the cellar stairs. The parlor may be warmed by placing -a radiator under the marble shelf, and passing the smoke-pipe from the -living-room through it, as for Design III. The cost of such a radiator -is $6.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 38.)—Hight of center ceilings, seven feet; -hight of side-breast walls, 3½ feet. The stairs leading to this story -are made with a platform, placed three risers below the upper landing, -which allows for the required head-room. The divisions provide for four -rooms, a hall, and two closets; the large chamber has a double window -in front, a marble shelf on the chimney-breast, and a closet; the hall -bedroom is designed to be used in connection with the large chamber as -a child’s room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The excavation for the cellar is made -four feet deep, and for the rear foundation walls one foot. The loose -earth is graded around the foundation at completion, leaving 1½ feet of -the foundation exposed to sight on the outside. The foundation walls -are of broken stone, laid in common mortar, 16 inches thick, and neatly -pointed where exposed to sight, and are generally even with the framework -on the outside. Provision is made for the cellar stairway by extending -the adjoining walls beyond the inside of the frame to the hight of the -ground, and finishing above with brick-work. The chimney is started with -the cellar walls, and arranged with two continuous flues to the top. -Side-openings are made under the cap by inserting 6-inch earthen thimbles -on each side of the flues. The top courses of brick-work are laid across -the entire chimney, making a solid and more lasting cap. Sheet-iron -thimbles are put in the chimneys adjoining the parlor and front chamber. -The framing, inclosing, flooring, etc., are done in a substantial manner, -of materials indicated in the estimate below. Beams placed two feet apart -from centers; rafters and studding 16 inches apart. The cornice-trusses -are made of 2 × 4-inch timber, as shown in Design VI., and the shingling -and gutters in Design V. Sash, 1¼ inch thick, glazed with second quality -of French sheet-glass, counter-checked, and hung to iron balance-weights, -with good cord. Doors 4-paneled each, for the outside and rooms in first -story, and 1½ inches thick; all others 1¼ inches thick, moulded, with -double faces. The main stairs has a 7-inch octagon newel, a 2¼ × 4-inch -moulded rail, and 2-inch turned balusters, all of black walnut. The -side-walls and ceilings of the two full stories are white-sand finished, -on one coat of “laid-off” brown mortar. This is the favorite mode of -plastering through the Eastern States, while in the neighborhood of -New York two coats of brown mortar are usually applied. Where one-coat -work is properly done, more hair is mixed in the mortar, increasing its -strength. The _same quantity_ of mortar is used as for two coats. The -advantages claimed for the “one-coat work” are, a saving of one-third -in labor, and obviating the delay for the additional coat to dry. All -the wood-work usually painted, and the chimney-top, have two coats of -best American lead and _raw_ linseed-oil. For more extended remarks on -painting, see article with Design XII. - -ESTIMATE of materials required, and total cost. - - 58 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.60 - 26 perches stone-work, complete, at $2.50. 65.00 - 2,000 bricks, furnished and laid, complete, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 360 yards plastering, complete, at 25c. 90.00 - 1,694 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 25.41 - 1 sill, 4 × 7 in. 26 ft. long. - 3 sills, 4 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 3 ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 23 ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 13 beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 20 ceiling-strips, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long. - 50 joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 8.00 - 200 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 13c. each. 26.00 - 130 siding-boards, at 23c. each. 29.90 - 160 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.60 - 40 bunches shingles at $1.25. 50.00 - 12 spruce plank, at 20c. 2.40 - Materials in cornices, $14; stoops, complete, $20. 34.00 - 95 flooring, at 18c. each. 17.10 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $3 each. 6.00 - 2 single windows, complete, at $12 each. 24.00 - 3 double windows, complete, at $15 each. 45.00 - 15 doors, complete, at $9 each. 135.00 - Closet, shelving, and nails. 20.00 - Stairs, $50; bay-window, complete, $50. 100.00 - Tin (gutters, valleys, and leaders). 11.00 - 2 marble shelves, $10; painting, $80; carting, $15. 105.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 100.00 - Incidentals, sink, pump, etc. 60.99 - --------- - Total cost. $1,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 34.—FRONT VIEW OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 35.—SIDE VIEW OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 36.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 37.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 38.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN X. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,100. - - -This economical cottage has ample, convenient apartments for a -medium-sized family, and is adapted to either a village or a more rural -location. A 25 × 100-feet lot will contain such a house, besides the -needed side alleyway to the rear. Those contemplating the erection of -low-priced, tasteful cottages in duplication, either for selling, or -by coöperation as in Building Associations, will find this plan suited -to their wants.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 39).—The front presents a graceful, -trim, outline, with a neat and pleasant arrangement of openings. The -Porch fits in an angle, with its steps projecting beyond the principal -building, providing an appropriate entrance to the house. The large -Bay-window is the most imposing feature of the front, is expressive of -comfort and cheerfulness, and gives a good appearance and character to -the whole building. The principal cornices are neatly trussed, and have -such “spread” as gives a finished and bold appearance to the roofs. -It has such proportions and genteel style, that if near a more formidable -or costly residence, it would not disgrace it.... CELLAR, (fig. -40.)—Hight 7 ft. Its outlines correspond with the ground-plans of the -principal building; it is three feet below the general surface of the -ground, and four feet above, and has an outside entrance door, three -good sized cellar windows, two of which are in the front, and one at -the side, contiguous to the coal-bin. It is accessible from the first -story by a plain stairway. If desirable at any time, a pleasant basement -room may be finished in the front part, at a small cost.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 41).—Hight of ceilings, 9½ feet. It is divided into three rooms -of nearly equal size, with a Hall and two Closets. The Bay-window adds -considerable to its area, making it the largest and pleasantest room. -The Dining-room adjoins the parlor, and may be used with it as occasion -requires by opening the folding doors. Each of these rooms has neat -marble mantles, and opens into the front hall. The Kitchen connects with -the dining-room, and is provided with a pantry, pump, sink, two windows, -and an outside door leading to the rear yard. When houses are built on -single village lots, it is usual to arrange for one “blank” side, as -in this plan, but where more ground is allowed, it is desirable that -openings should be made for at least one window in each story of this -side, as they would add to the cheerfulness of the interior, and give -a better appearance to the outside. Two windows are thus indicated by -dotted lines, one for the dining-room, and one for the interior chamber, -though the latter is lighted from the roof, as noted. It may be advisable -even to put two other windows on this side of the house, for the outside -general good appearance, or blind-windows may be put in at small expense, -for the same purpose.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 42).—Ceilings 8 feet high. -The divisions are very simple, making four rooms, three closets, a -stairway, and passage leading to each room.... CONSTRUCTION.—Reference -is had in this plan to what is known in the trade as “piece-lumber”—the -joists, wall-strips, boards, etc., being generally in lengths of 13 feet -each. There is great economy in being able to use such standard lumber, -without cutting to waste. Figure 43 shows how a neat, cosey cottage-frame -may be cheaply constructed almost wholly of such 13-feet materials. But -there is a decided preference for full chamber ceilings, and as the -difference in cost would not exceed $60, it is best to make the house -_two full stories high_. The principal frame is of 3-inch timber, with -studding of 2 × 3 inch. This thickness of the frame-work secures some -220 feet more interior space to the rooms, than in the use of 4-inch -timber, besides saving one-fourth of its quantity and cost. Ordinary 1¼ -× 10-inch spruce plank are used for the frame-work, for the floors and -ceilings. For the beams they are reduced to the depth of eight inches, -and the 2-inch strips sawed off are used for shingling-lath. For the -ceiling-frame of the second story, they are simply sawed through the -middle, leaving each half five inches deep, and are all placed 16 inches -apart from centers. One row of cross-bridging is put through the center -of each tier of beams, and the center of the ceiling-strips are secured -by hangers from the rafters. The Rafters are 2 × 4 inches, framed to rest -on the principal plates, where they are connected with the ceiling-strips -by spikes, preventing any settling or spreading of the roof. The Roof of -the main wing is constructed with double pitch, corresponding with that -of the main roof. The principal roofs are finished with shingles, and -has improved gutters, described in Design V. The porch and bay-window -roofs are covered with tin laid on smooth boarding.—The _rake_ or _pitch_ -of roofs has much to do in giving character and finish to buildings. -For ordinary roofs, when shingles or slate are used, the rise should be -_one-third_ the width of the building, as in this case, the rise is 4⅓ -feet, for the width of 13 feet. This pitch is very pleasant to the eye, -and easy of construction. In larger buildings, it is often desirable to -secure more space or head-room in the attic, when the rise should be -_one-half_ the width of the building. We would never go _between_ these -two angles in search of a roof-line that would gratify good taste, or -comport with any style, but deviations above one-half or below one-third -may be made, as circumstances indicate.—Circular openings covered with -blinds, in each gable, give free air circulation between the ceilings -and roof. Every dwelling should have some way of readily reaching the -roof from the inside to clean the gutters, repair the roof or chimneys, -and in case of fire in the house or in the neighborhood. An opening is -made in the ceiling of the middle chamber (fig. 42) over and just inside -the door, and thence through the roof. This is neatly boarded around -its sides, forming a “well,” and is covered at the top with a _sash_, -sloping with the roof, hung so as to be easily opened and closed by a -cord from the inside. This provides for light, ventilation, and a scuttle -in combination. A sash, hung on center pins to revolve, over the door of -this room, transmits light from the skylight to the second-story passage -and stairway, and supplies ventilation.... The mason’s work is complete -and substantial in every part. The foundation walls, piers, and chimneys, -are of hard brick and mortar; the plastering is two coats of brown mortar -and a hard finish.... HEATING.—Only two fires are required at any time -to make the principal rooms of this house comfortable. The parlor, and -chamber immediately above it, are warmed through a heater placed in a -parlor fire-place. The dining-room has a radiator fitted in the opening -of the mantel, and connected by 5-inch pipes through the fire-place back -with the kitchen stove. - -ESTIMATE of materials and cost: - - 40 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $ 8.00 - 12,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 32 ft. stone steps and coping, at 20c. per ft. 6.40 - 450 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 135.00 - 1,969 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 29.53 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 39 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 3 × 4 in. 104 ft. long. - 116 studding, 2 × 3 in. 10 ft. long. - 6 posts, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 1 tie, 3 × 6 in 104 ft. long. - 1 sill, 2 × 4 in. 91 ft. long. - 153 studding, 2 × 3 in. 9 ft. long. - 70 planks for beams and ceilings, at 25c. each. 17.50 - 55 rafters, 2 × 4 × 13, at 13c. each. 7.15 - 208 siding, 10 inch, at 26c. each. 54.08 - 100 lbs. tarred felting, at 3c. per lb. 3.00 - Materials in cornices, water-table, and corner-boards. 20.00 - 165 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.90 - 28 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 42.00 - 200 ft. gutters, leaders and roofs, at 8c. per ft. 16.00 - 96 flooring, at 26c. each. 24.96 - Stairs, complete, $40; porch and stoops, complete, $40. 80.00 - Bay-window, complete. 60.00 - 8 windows, complete, at $10 each. 80.00 - 3 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 18.00 - 15 doors, complete, at $8 each. 120.00 - Closets and shelving, $8; mantels, $30. 38.00 - Pump and sink, $18; nails, $15. 33.00 - Painting, $60; cartage, $13.48. 73.48 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 80.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $1,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 39.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 40.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 41.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 43.—MANNER OF FRAMING.] - - - - -DESIGN XI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,600. - - -This plan is for a comfortable and genteel dwelling, suited to almost any -location, and for the accommodation of an averaged-sized family. Upwards -of twenty years’ experience in planning and building has taught me that -it is not difficult to design either as to Style, Room, or Cost, when -the owners have means sufficient to gratify their individual tastes, and -no special care is required to save expense. But it is quite another -matter to provide plans for the great mass of people who, through habit -or necessity, put everything to the test of economy, and to whom every -inch of room, or foot of material, is an important consideration. In -designing and projecting such work, theories avail little; practical -experience must then be the chief guide.... Conventional modes of living -have established a system of household arrangement and economy requiring -for every home of even moderate refinement, a house with a front hall, a -parlor, a dining-room, and a kitchen on the first floor, and a liberal -suite of chambers in a second story. Our plan herewith, though only 20 -by 30 feet, provides for all the above. If built on an ordinary 25-feet -village lot, it will allow a needed passage-way on one side. In rapidly -filling up, crowded localities, four persons owning single lots, making -a frontage of 100 feet, can arrange together and build five houses on -this plan for about the cost of erecting four detached houses. The -fifth house may be rented or sold for the benefit of the four owners. -In such cases, a hall should be finished in the basement, with an -entrance in front similar to the one shown in the rear in fig. 45.... -The FRONT ELEVATION is made up of simple parts, in a neat arrangement. -The Bay-window indicates refinement, and adds largely to the area or -room of the parlor.... The CELLAR walls are of hard brick, are 8 inches -thick, 7 feet high, and show at least 3 feet above ground. For health’s -sake alone, as well as for a better appearance, and for convenience, if -the basement should ever be desired finished off in rooms, which can be -done at any time with little expense, it is best to always place the -first floor well up from the ground. In very cold localities, frost -can be kept out of the basement by banking up in winter, or better by -laying the brick walls with an opening up through the center, extending -bricks across the opening at frequent intervals to secure firmness. -This central air-chamber promotes health, warmth, and dryness in the -basement or cellar. One foot of the soil taken from the excavation for -the cellar should be used in grading around the house, to secure the -flow of water _away_ from it, and still leave the walls three feet or -more above the ground.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 46).—Hight of ceiling, 9½ -feet. The divisions embrace three rooms, a hall, and two closets. Double -doors are provided for the front entrance, and between the parlor and -dining-room, and marble mantles and shelves in the principal rooms. -A movable “Dresser” having drawers and shelving with small doors, is -indicated for the dining-room. This room may be heated by leading a -pipe from the kitchen stove to a drum and back into the chimney, or up -through the chamber above to warm that somewhat. A “Fireplace heater” in -the parlor will warm the chamber above.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 47.)—The -hight of the ceilings are 8½ feet. There are four chambers, with closets -to each, and a small hall. The head-room over the main stairs extends -beneath the closet to the inner edge of the shelf shown—the floor in -these parts being angled to suit the pitch of the stairs.... REMARKS -on construction.—An end section of the “Novelty siding” is shown in -fig. 48. This is of 10-inch boards, 1 inch thick, cut as shown in the -engraving. The groove in the center gives it the appearance of narrow -clapboards; the lap of about an inch closes tightly, and the thick boards -not only add to the warmth, but also to the strength. A house covered -with this will vibrate very little in the most windy situations, and be -firmer than one covered with thin siding having much heavier timber. -Where planing mills are accessible, it is little more expensive than the -dressed half-inch boarding, and the appearance is quite as pretty. In -this vicinity it is customary to purchase a lot of pretty good quality -merchantable pine boards, select the best and clearest of knots for -siding, and use the rest for flooring where knots are not objectionable -when to be covered with carpeting. The smaller and firm knots in the -siding used, are readily covered with paint, if first primed with a -little solution of shellac in alcohol. A section of the wall is shown -in fig. 49. The studding, 2 × 4, makes a space of four inches between -the siding and plastering. Tarred paper, or what is termed roofing-felt, -is procured in rolls 32 inches wide. A saw run through the roll cuts it -into 16-inch strips. The studs being set 16 inches apart from center -to center, leaves the clear space of 14 inches. The strips of felt are -turned up an inch on each edge, and these turned edges are held against -the studs by lath firmly up and down, so as to hold the sheets midway -between the plastering and siding. This leaves _two_ air-chambers, both -good non-conductors of heat. Mice or insects will not eat or go through -this material. It is impervious to currents of air, and the whole is as -warm as if filled in with brick. The cost is very small, and, as will be -readily seen, it is much warmer than when the felt is put on directly -under the boards, leaving only one air-chamber, and that a wide one.... -In all house-plans, we advise putting in all the closets possible; they -are always convenient, even a foot square “cubby-hole” in the side -of a chimney is a handy place. In planning a house, after making the -size as large as one’s means will allow, the “better half” should be -consulted as to the advisability of making this or that room a little -smaller by cutting off a few inches here and there to enlarge a pantry -or closet.... We always advise to put in an extra bell or two, and one -or more speaking-tubes, to connect the upper and lower rooms. The cost -is but trifling, if they are put in when building. A hundred feet of -speaking-tube will cost but $2 or $3; the carpenter can insert it behind -the lath, running it from one room to another in a few minutes, and it -will save many steps, and much calling through the halls, especially when -the mother happens to be an invalid, and restrained to a chamber.... In -arranging sink, table, dish-pantry, etc., with reference to dining-room -and kitchen, always plan to save steps. A distance of 10 feet extra, -traveled over each way, say 20 times a day, in handling food and dishes, -amounts to 28 miles extra walking every year, all of which may be saved -by a slight change in arrangement. These are small matters, but these -have much to do in making a “convenient house.” - -COST.—The following ESTIMATES of cost in detail will give an idea of the -general character of the work. The prices given are for materials in -the vicinity of New York. Carpenters wages are reckoned at $2 per day; -mason’s work, $2.50 per day; and painters, $3 per day: - - Excavation, 2½ ft. deep, at 20c. per yard. $11.00 - 12,000 hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 28 ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft. 11.20 - 16 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 4.80 - 488 yards lath and plastering, at 30c. 144.90 - 2,000 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 30.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 stringers, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 32 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 feet long, at 18c. 5.76 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 33.00 - 200 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 30c. 60.00 - 160 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. 8.00 - 100 hemlock boards, 10 in., at 18c. 18.00 - 100 ft. main cornice, at 40c. 40.00 - 1 bay-window, complete, with blinds, labor included. 60.00 - 1½ stoops, complete, labor included. 70.00 - 8 windows, with blinds, at $16. 128.00 - 4 windows, with blinds, at $8. 32.00 - 8½ squares of tin roofing, at $7. 59.50 - 100 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. 10.00 - 150 flooring-plank, tongued and grooved, at 28c. 42.00 - Stairs, main and cellar, $60; base-boards, shelving, - etc. $30. 90.00 - 4 mantels (1 full marble, and 3 marble shelves on - trusses of plaster). 50.00 - 21 doors, complete, labor included, $158; 350 lbs. nails, - at 5c., $17.50. 175.50 - Painting, two coats. 80.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included in windows, doors, - and porches, about $200.00; cartage, average - one mile, $30.00. 230.00 - Allow for extras, cistern, pump, sink, etc., etc. 62.34 - --------- - Total. $1,600.00 - -Prices vary in different localities, somewhat, but when higher in some -particulars, they will generally be lower in others, so that the whole -cost will not be greatly different over a considerable extent of country. -There are many items that can be cut down in the above estimate, where -great economy is needful. For example, substitute wood for stone steps -and sills; omit the blinds and bay-windows, use cheaper doors, pine-stair -railing and newel, instead of walnut, etc. Our estimate is for a pretty, -complete, tasteful house. - -[Illustration: Fig. 44.—FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 45.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 46.—PLAN OF FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 47.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48.—“NOVELTY SIDING.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 49.—SECTION OF OUTSIDE WALL.] - - - - -DESIGN XII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,700. - - -The plans here given are similar in many respects to Design XI., and -are somewhat larger, but can be built for very nearly the same cost.... -ELEVATION, (fig. 50).—The front is irregular, having an angle, which -narrows the parts, supplies more vertical lines, and adds to their -length comparatively. These are important features, imparting a graceful -appearance, and influencing the entire character of the house.... The -angle affords ample room for the piazza, which can be built for much -less cost than when its three sides are exposed. The next attractive -features of the front are the bay-windows below, and double windows -above, with the balustrade and hood so proportioned and arranged that -they conform with each other with pleasing effect.... CELLAR, (fig. -51).—The Foundation Walls are of hard brick laid in mortar, 8 inches -thick, and 7 feet high. In localities where the foundation rests on loose -sand, care should be taken to provide a bedding, laid 4 inches below -the cellar bottom, 16 inches wide, of brick, or better, of large flat -stones. Still greater care should be bestowed on the bedding for the -chimneys and girder supports, for they sustain the greatest proportionate -weight, and any settlement of these parts will cause a depression of -the floors, disarranging the whole house, and become an immediate and -continuous source of anxiety and expense. The Area in the rear is built -of hard brick and mortar, with blue-stone steps and coping. Blue-stone -sills are provided for each of the cellar windows.... FIRST STORY, (fig. -52.)—The interior arrangement of the plan will be appreciated as making -the best possible use of the room. The Front Hall is wider than is usual -in houses of this character. The Stairs are arranged with the “quarter -circle” about midway of their hight, which brings the niche down where -it becomes an important feature of the hall. The three principal rooms, -the parlor, dining-room, and kitchen, can be entered from the hall. The -latter two rooms have doors leading to the lobby. The Lobby is built of -4½-inch tongued and grooved ceiling-boards, with sashes made to swing. -A Shelf, 1½ feet high, and another just above the sash, give sufficient -frame-work to fasten the center of the boarding; the ends are nailed -to the sill and plate; these shelves will be found useful for many -purposes. Attached to the lobby, and built with it, is a good-sized -Pantry (_P_), for the dining-room. The Kitchen is provided with a closet -at the side of the chimney, a sink, with small closet underneath, and -a direct communication to the cellar stairs under the hall stairs. The -window in the side of the dining-room may be omitted, if the house is -in a village and joins another, but this is desirable to give abundant -light in this, which is really the living-room of the family.—The method -of heating indicated in Design XI. is applicable to this plan.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 53.)—The peculiar manner of constructing the Stairs brings -their landing nearly in the center, so that hall space sufficient only -for four doors is necessary, leaving almost the entire floor to be laid -off into rooms. The heavy lines show the most simple method of dividing -this story into four rooms. Should another room be desirable, it can be -taken off from two rooms, as shown by the dotted lines. In this case, -another window may be inserted as indicated. Every one’s experience will -suggest that there can not be too many closets, and we have added one to -every room in the house, except the parlor.... CONSTRUCTION.—The bill of -timber appended indicates a “regular” _Frame_. It is a great satisfaction -and saving to have the timber properly “laid out,” and framed by, and -under the immediate direction of a master mechanic, so as to be quickly -and substantially raised. Four good carpenters would easily frame all -the timber in this house in two days, and raise it the next day. At -least one man of well-known ability and experience as a mechanic should -be with and take charge of those employed to build a house. It is not -economical for one about to build a _home_ to trust such work to the -caprice of an inexperienced man, who has “helped” around some job, until -he has learned the name of tools, but who has no positive knowledge of -the trade, and could not for his life “lay out” the corner-post for a -two-story house, yet is shrewd enough to screen his deficiencies by -suggesting “balloon,” or something indefinite, that requires little or no -skill. It sometimes happens, in localities remote from large cities or -large towns, that persons are obliged to do with make-shifts, to get a -home at all. It was such a condition of things that led the well-disposed -pioneer of the West to adopt the method called “Balloon framing,” which -is really no framing at all, and required no skill to get up a kind of -home acceptable under such circumstances. But wherever skilled labor -may be had, it is ridiculous to see a gang of intelligent(?) mechanics -standing up pieces of diverse lengths, and propping them in a vertical -position with rods running every way as braces, not one of which can be -removed until the upper ends are secured by ties of some sort. A good -frame in a house is equivalent to a good constitution in a man, and is -of vital importance; it need not be clumsy or overloaded, but should -at least have the merit of being able to stand alone.... PAINTING.—The -principal object in Painting should be to protect and preserve the -materials used in construction, as also to give a good appearance. -All exterior wood-work, though executed with the greatest care and in -the most substantial manner, if left exposed to climatic influences, -is very soon destroyed. It is economy to use only the _best lead_ and -_linseed-oil_ in painting exterior wood-work. They will outlast all other -compounds, present a better appearance, and in the end furnish a much -better foundation for future painting. The difference in cost between the -best materials and the imitations, for painting the exterior of a house -built on these plans, would not exceed $12, and the cost of labor would -be just the same in either case. The first coat or “priming,” should be -put on with the greatest care, so as to thoroughly cover and close all -the pores in the exposed surface. All window and outside door frames, -corner-boards, window-caps, water-table, and stoop-flooring, should be -primed _before_ setting, especially their edges, where joinings require -to be made, as it will be the last opportunity to do justice to these -parts, where moisture is liable to collect and remain. When priming is -well done, it is best to let the building stand until thoroughly dried, -both inside and out, before adding the second coat. It must be evident -to any one that much of the water used in the plastering must percolate -through, and thoroughly saturate every part of a house. Sufficient time -should be allowed for this moisture to pass off, and the whole house to -become dried out.... The nails should then be “set,” which will tighten -up permanently all the laps in the siding, after which the work should -be properly puttied, and the second coat applied. Autumn is the best -season to paint, after the extreme heat has passed, and insects have -disappeared; the process of drying will be slower and more perfect, with -less waste by evaporation, leaving a smooth, solid surface. I am often -asked “_what color to paint?_” Notwithstanding much has been said against -white for outside painting, and realizing that there are many cases -where white would not be suitable, or thought of, yet I believe that for -suitability and good taste, in nine cases out of ten, very light colors, -or pure white, are indicated. I have known instances where much time has -been spent to discover a suitable color for a house, where nearly all the -different pigments were drawn from, and after much mixing and testing, -the result has generally been an unknown and unnamed shade, as if -everything depended on some sentimental “blending with the background,” -or in other words, painting the house out of sight. As a rule, paint so -as to best reveal the true character of the building, and this is best -done when the colors afford the foundation for the natural shadows that -result from the true and actual projections. For the body and trimmings -are suggested a light “Dorchester” gray; roofs, graphite-black; sash, -coach-black; blinds, “chocolate.” - -COST.—The following items, prepared with care, embrace the full bill of -materials and labor required in the construction of this house, together -with their present cost in the vicinity of New York: - - 57 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.40 - 13,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 500 yards lath and plastering, at 30c. per yard. 150.00 - 28 ft. stone steps and coping, at 40c. per ft. 11.20 - 16 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 4.80 - 2,370 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 35.55 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 26 beams, 3 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 6 beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 8 pieces, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 400 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 200 novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 30c. each. 60.00 - 160 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 8.00 - 128 tongued and grooved flooring, 9½ in., at 35c. each. 44.80 - 110 hemlock boards, at 18c. each. 19.80 - 9½ squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square. 66.50 - 120 ft. cornice, at 30c. per ft. 36.00 - 111 ft. gutter and leader, at 10c. per ft. 11.10 - 1 bay-window, with blinds, complete. 60.00 - Materials in stoop, lobby, balcony, hood, and - corner-boards. 78.00 - 8 windows, with blinds, complete, at $16 each. 128.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 24 doors, complete, at $8 each. 192.00 - 2 stairs, complete. 60.00 - 2 marble mantels and 4 pine mantels. 75.00 - Base-boards and shelving. 25.00 - Nails, sink, and pump. 34.00 - Cartage, average one mile. 30.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 200.00 - Painting, two coats. 80.00 - Extra for girder supports, grading, etc. 62.85 - --------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $1,700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 50.—ELEVATION OF FRONT.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 51.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 52.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 53.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIII. - -FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans were designed for a genteel cottage adapted to -thickly-settled localities, where the increased value of lands make -it necessary to reduce the area, and build upwards. Several houses -constructed from these plans in this vicinity are admired for their -convenient accommodation and cheerfulness.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 54.)—The -Foundation extends four feet above ground, giving a desirable altitude -to the whole building. The front is enlivened by the numerous window -and door openings, the several projections of piazza, dormers, and -cornices, and the variety of the materials used. The dressing of the -several parts are of simple designs. The projections of cornices, etc., -should always be self-sustaining, yet while this is true, there is sure -to be a fancied necessity for some apparent support obvious from the -outside. Such supports require special treatment, with a view to their -proper form and proportion, and should be sparingly applied, giving to -each one its distinct place and purpose. Brackets of neat pattern are -often crowded so closely together as to cheapen and destroy their beauty, -and overload the cornice, thus reversing their legitimate purpose as -supports.... CELLAR, (fig. 55.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet; it extends under -the main house only. Its hight above the ground gives an opportunity for -good-sized window openings. If desired at any time, an airy and light -work-room or laundry can be made by dividing and flooring a part of this -story at little cost.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 56).—Hight of ceiling 10 -feet. It has a hall running through the whole length of the main house, -with entrances from both front and rear. The parlor, dining-room, and -kitchen, are all good-sized apartments, and pleasantly arranged. Double -folding doors are provided for the front entrances and from the hall -to the parlor, and sliding doors between the parlor and dining-room. A -bay-window adds materially to the size and pleasantness of the dining or -living-room. Each room has an open fire-place; the kitchen has a pump and -sink, with the usual supply and waste pipe connections. The rear stoop -is roofed, and has a portable enclosure of light ceiling boards, to be -used in severe weather.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 57.)—Hight of ceiling 8½ -feet. The divisions of this story are simple—giving a hall, two large -chambers, with passage between, two hall rooms, and two closets.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate given provides for foundation of broken stone, -laid and neatly pointed with good mortar; the stone exposed to sight on -the outside to be “semi-dressed.” Blue-stone, or other suitable stone -obtained most readily, are used for the sills of cellar windows, for the -steps, and wall coping of the cellar entrance. The principal timber is -of seasoned spruce or pine, thoroughly framed, raised, and secured. The -“framing-in” of braces is too frequently omitted—cutting them “barefoot,” -and spiking, being substituted. The latter does very well where the frame -is strongly sheathed over, and the outer siding applied afterwards. The -sheathing aids largely in stiffening the frame, but should not be relied -on to the exclusion of the necessary braces to square up the frame, and -prevent the swaying which often happens unobserved, to be discovered -when too late to remedy it. Laxity in the matter of bracing has led to -frequent errors as to their proper place in the frame. When framed in -they are invariably placed in the _upper angles_ under the ties and -plates, adjoining the posts, and when barefoot they should be put in -the same angles; never, as is frequently done for convenience, in the -lower angles, nor on the sills. A moment’s reflection will convince any -one that _if the right angles along the principal frame are rigidly -maintained, displacements will never occur_, except, as rarely happens, -the whole is bodily raised from the foundation by a hurricane. The most -_reliable_ angles are those formed by the tie and post connections, -because at these points the posts are tenoned and mortised together, -and secured with hard wood pins. Those least reliable are at the foot -of the posts, adjoining the sills, where their connections are secured -only by the weight of the upper frame. Braces placed in the latter angles -serve only as fulcrums to endanger the frames when tested by ordinary -winds; but if the former or _upper_ angles are made positive, by having -substantial braces in them, the severest gales may be defied. The siding -is of narrow, clear pine clapboards, laid on “thicknessed” sheathing. -The Mansard part of the main roof is covered by 8 × 16-inch slate—the -piazza, bay-window, kitchen, stoop, cornices, window, and deck roof with -IC. charcoal tin—all laid on hemlock boards. Tarred felting is spread -under all siding and slate. The first and second stories are fully -completed inside; the attic is floored, but otherwise unfinished, but may -be divided at any time into rooms as shown for the second story (fig. -57). The interior plastering is three-coat work, on seasoned lath. All -sash are four lights, and hung to balance-weights. Blinds are properly -hung (outside) to each window. All wood, tin, and brick-work, usually -painted, has two coats of best lead and oil-paint, with stainers to suit -the owner’s taste. The choice of colors for the exterior is frequently -canvassed during the construction of these buildings; often some person -of _taste_ (?) decides by “warming”—adding red and yellow, until, by the -preponderance of these stainers, the most sombre and dismal colors are -produced. The most appropriate and pleasing shade for the body of this -class of house is a _light gray_; for the trimmings, _dark gray_; for -the sash, _burnt sienna_; for the blinds, _chocolate_. The tin roofing -should match the _slate_ in color. Red colors should be sparingly used, -or omitted altogether. - -ESTIMATE of materials required, and total cost: - - 50 yards excavation, at 25c. per yard. $12.50 - 975 ft. of stone foundation, at 8c. per ft. 78.00 - 45 ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 13.50 - 4,000 bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 48.00 - 480 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 144.00 - Cornices and centers, stucco. 30.00 - 4,000 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 60.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 6 ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 6 ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 7 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 decks, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 decks, 3 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 1 cross-tie, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - 2 piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 325 wall-strips, at 12c. each, $39; 75 joists, at 16c. each, - $12. 51.00 - 210 hemlock boards, at 12c. each, $25.20; cornice materials, - $60. 85.20 - 215 sheathing, at 16c. each, $34.40; 560 pine siding, at 12c. - each, $67.20. 101.60 - 8 squares slate, at $8.50 per square. 68.00 - 13 squares tin, at $7.50 per square. 97.50 - 65 ft. leaders, at 10c. per ft., $6.50; 260 flooring, at - 18c. each, $46.80. 53.30 - Piazza and stoop, complete, $80 and $28. 108.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 5 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 60.00 - 6 plain windows, complete, at $10 each, $60; 1 bay - window, $60. 120.00 - 5 dormer windows, complete, at $16 each. 80.00 - 13 doors, complete, at $10 each. 130.00 - 1 area door, $5; stairs, $90; closets, pump, and sink, $50. 145.00 - Mantle, $52; tarred felting, $10. 62.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 135.00 - Carting, average 1 mile, $30; painting, $130; - incidentals, $141.40. 301.40 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 54.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 55.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 56.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 57.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIV. - -A FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans were designed for a cottage recently built by Mr. W. W. -Billings, in New London, Conn. These sketches embrace also the outlines -of the grounds immediately surrounding. The site faces a street having -steep grades, conforming to the general declivity upon which a large -part of the city is built. The grounds are raised above the sidewalk, -and leveled in front, and are faced with stone-work from 2½ feet high -at left, to 6 feet high at the right. The rear grounds are 6 feet -higher than those in front. The step _A_, at the entrance (see fig. -59), is 8 inches above the sidewalk. _B_ is the bottom of the cellar, -2 feet 2 inches higher than _A_, and is solid rock. The walk leading -from _A_ to the rear ascends 1¼ inch to the foot; the banks at either -side are terraced, and have stone steps inserted in them leading to -the flagging at the foot of the porch steps, and also to the area, or -cellar entrance.... ELEVATION, (fig. 58.)—The French roof style is well -adapted to this situation on account of its rounded and solid appearance. -The irregularities of outline secure agreeable features of variety and -picturesqueness. The Foundation shows 4 feet above ground in front, -and 1 foot in the rear. The Porch is in an angle, and the second story -extending over it is carried up vertically past the slated part of the -main roof, forming a tower-like corner. This corner is largely supported -by a single column, and to make it as light as possible, slating of this -portion is omitted.—(_As usually laid, slate weighs 500 lbs.; tin, 50 -lbs. per square._).... CELLAR, (fig. 59.)—Hight is 6½ feet. Four windows -are placed where they give light to every part. An outside door opens -to the area, the latter being covered by the front porch. The front -portion of this cellar can easily be finished off for a work-room or -summer kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 60.)—Hight of ceiling 10 feet. The -arrangements are convenient, comprising a hall, parlor, dining-room, -and kitchen. The main entrance leads from the right of the porch, and -the hall runs parallel with the front. Many persons prefer the entrance -arranged in this way, as the contents of the hall are not exposed to -the street whenever the doors are opened or left ajar. A partition -crosses the hall under the platform, adjoining the cylinder, forming -a rear passage leading from the kitchen to the cellar stairs. The -Parlor has a large bay-window in front, with a marble mantle directly -opposite. The Dining-Room and Kitchen each have windows giving views -in three directions. The small wing at the rear contains a good-sized -pantry, closet, and the rear entrance or lobby.... SECOND STORY, (fig. -61.)—Hight of ceiling 9 feet. The divisions include a hall, three large -chambers, a bedroom, and three closets. All parts are well lighted. -Ventilating Registers are placed in the center of each chamber ceiling. -The space above this ceiling under the tin roof is ventilated through -8-inch pipes inserted in opposite sides of the roof. These pipes have -funnel-shaped covers, elevated two inches above the upper end of the -pipes.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation Walls are of semi-dressed stone. -The Chimneys are of hard brick, the cellar portions are constructed with -a hollow space or ash-pit, arranged to receive the ashes from the fires -of the first story. The siding is beveled clap-boards, laid on sheathing -felt. The mansard parts of the main roof are covered with 8 × 16-inch -Keystone slate laid on felt. All other roofs are of IC. charcoal tin, all -laid on seasoned boards. The two full stories are hard finished upon two -coats of brown mortar. All parts usually painted have two coats of paint, -of material and shades to suit the owner. For suggestions on selecting -colors or shades see Design XIII.—ESTIMATE cost of materials and labor: - - 46 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $9.20 - 1,300 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 195.00 - 40 ft. blue-stone, at 25c. per ft. 10.00 - 5,000 bricks in chimney, at $12 per M. 60.00 - 700 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 210.00 - 3,650 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 54.75 - 100 joists, at 14c., $14; 400 wall-strips, at 11c., $44. 58.00 - 1,660 ft. siding, at 2¾c. per ft. 45.65 - Cornice materials, $70; felt, $10. 80.00 - 220 rough boards, at 15c. each. 33.00 - 9 squares slate, at $9 per square. 81.00 - 13 squares tin, at $7.50. 97.50 - 194 spruce flooring, at 20c. each. 38.80 - 14 pine flooring, at 25c. each. 3.50 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $3 each. 12.00 - 8 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 96.00 - 1 bay window, complete. 50.00 - 7 dormer windows, at $14. 98.00 - Porch, finished, $22; mantles, $50. 72.00 - Stairs, $65; nails, sink, and ventilator, $32. 97.00 - Closet, finished, $13; painting, $150. 163.00 - 18 doors, complete, at $9 each. 162.00 - Carting, $25; labor, not included above, $225. 250.00 - Incidentals. 23.60 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 58.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 59.—PLAN OF CELLAR AND GROUNDS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 60.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 61.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XV. - -A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans, designed for a Georgia residence, will be adapted to the -requirements of others desiring to build an inexpensive rural home in -any of the Southern States.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 62.)—The plan indicates -that the proprietor is not circumscribed by want of land, and prefers to -extend the area of the ground floor, rather than to build upward. The -breadth of the front (48 feet), the large entrance and window openings, -the spacious verandas, and broad steps, are each prominent and desirable -features, indicative of comforts and hospitality. The elevated, or -second story part of the Main House, forms a substantial and fitting -center, around which the roofs of the wings and verandas incline, and -adds largely in giving poise and character to the whole building. The -hight from the earth grades to the frame-work of the building is 2 feet. -Its location should have a good surface drainage assured during rainy -seasons, and afford pleasant outlooks from the verandas.... INTERIOR.—In -most parts of the South, very much of the year could be a latitude -comfortably spent out of doors altogether, but for the requirements of -shade and retirement. There are times, however, when severe weather makes -it necessary that one’s family should be well housed, and when a good -fire is both a luxury and necessity. A house for such should have large -rooms, with high ceilings, an abundance of door and window openings, and -a plentiful spread of shady verandas. Where practicable, the windows -should have folding sashes opening to the floor, if protected by outside -coverings. There should be at least one chimney in the main or highest -part of the house, having a large open fire-place adapted to the use -of wood for fuel, and having openings near the room ceilings into the -flues, for ventilation. The Dining-room, Kitchen, and the more domestic -offices, require a separate and distinct building, situated a short -distance in the rear of the house, and connected with it by a covered -passage-way.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 63.)—Hight of ceiling 10 feet. The -simple arrangement shown provides for each of the above requirements. The -front Entrance is through large double doors. The Hall extends through -the house. The Living-room, a large apartment adapted to a good-sized -family, is centrally situated, and protected on every side from the -direct rays of the sun; it adjoins the pleasant and shady verandas front -and rear, both being accessible through the folding windows, that open -like doors down to the floor. It communicates with the hall through -wide double doors, has a large closet and an open fire. The Bedroom is -of good dimensions, has three windows opening to the verandas, and one -side window. The two closets are so arranged as to form an alcove to -the rear window. The ceiling of this alcove is arched over, producing a -very pleasant effect. An opening is made near the ceiling into one of -the flues of the adjoining chimney for ceiling ventilation. The Parlor -(or Library) is situated in the most quiet part of the building, where -company may be entertained, or persons may engage in reading or study, -without disturbance from those engaged in housework. Large windows open -to the front veranda, and other windows are provided at the side and -rear. A covered Passage-way leads from the rear hall door to the food -departments. These consist of a Dining-room, Kitchen, Store-room, and -two Closets, and to the rear of these is added a servant’s Bedroom. The -dining-room and kitchen are each of ample size, with windows arranged -on opposite sides to admit a plentiful supply of fresh air. A pump, -sink, and two wash-tubs are provided in the kitchen. The store-room and -closets are thoroughly shelved. If desirable, a china closet may be -easily constructed at one side of the fire-place, into which one of the -doors already provided would open.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 64.)—Hight of -ceiling 9 feet. This may be divided into two or more rooms, as required, -for bedrooms. The cross-partitions may be 8 feet high, admitting a free -passage of air above them.... CONSTRUCTION.—Brick piers, placed 6 feet -apart under all sills, are intended for the foundation. The remaining -space is left unobstructed for the circulation of air. A cellar may be -excavated, and walled up under the main house, with stairs leading to it -from the rear veranda, under the main flight. In the estimate, provision -is made for a regular frame of sawed timber, which should be framed and -raised in a substantial manner. The siding for the main house and wings -is of 6-inch pine clap-boards, laid 5 inches to the weather. The roofs of -the main house and wings are laid with hemlock boards; all other roofs -and cornice projections are laid with inverted 1 × 4½-inch tongued and -grooved pine flooring, and lastly covered with IC. charcoal tin, locked -and soldered in the best manner. The cornices are constructed with wide -projections, and have neat truss supports. The verandas are made with -simple parts. The columns for the front are 7-inch boxed, with bases, and -scrolled spandrels; for the rear of 3 × 4 joist with bases, and plain -spandrels. The veranda plates and rafters are dressed for painting, and -are left exposed to sight. The pediments shown on the front are of open -work, to allow the warmed air from near the roofs to escape. The upper -frame-work (plates and rafters) of the rear building are also planed, -and left exposed to sight from the inside. The inclosing and partitions -for this part are of 1 × 4½-inch pine tongued and grooved flooring, -dressed on both sides, put on in a vertical manner, and nailed to the -sills and plates; 1¼-inch pine battens are put around the inside of the -rooms at the proper hight for a chair-rail (2¾ feet to the upper edge), -and joined to the casings of the doors and windows of like materials, -and all thoroughly nailed with “clinch” nails to the upright boarding. -The roof is built as described for the verandas, is double pitch, and -has sufficient spread to include the shed, making it a part of the same -building. The kitchen chimney is built nearly in the center of this -building, has a large open fire-place, and has a good hight above the -roof. All floors are of 1 × 4½-inch tongued and grooved pine flooring, -close laid and blind nailed. All rooms in the main building and wings are -hard-finished upon two coats of brown mortar. All work usually painted -has two coats of good paint. The roof-gutters are made as shown in Design -V.... ESTIMATE: - - 8,000 bricks in piers and chimneys, furnished and laid, at - $12 per M. $96.00 - 550 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 154.00 - 5,054 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 75.81 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 261 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 261 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 92 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 56 beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 32 beams, 2 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 piazza sill, 3 × 8 in. 230 ft. long. - 1 piazza plate, 3 × 8 in. 206 ft. long. - Piazza beams, 2 × 6 in. 384 ft. long. - 50 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13ft. long, at 16c. each. 8.00 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 33.00 - 370 siding (6-inch clap-boards), at 18c. each. 66.60 - 170 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 27.20 - 240 ft. cornice, bracketed, at 20c. per ft. 48.00 - 208 ft. simple rear cornice, at 8c. per ft. 16.64 - 38 squares of tin, at $7 per square. 266.00 - 6,000 ft. of 1 × 4½ tongued and grooved flooring pine, at - 3c. per ft. 180.00 - 24 piazza columns, complete, average at $1 each. 24.00 - 1 stairs, complete, $50; 31 windows, at $10, $310. 360.00 - 20 doors, at $8, $160; 1 mantle, $50. 210.00 - Sinks, pumps, and wash-tubs. 22.00 - Closet finish, $12; nails, $25. 37.00 - Painting, $100; carting, $20. 120.00 - Boards for outside casings and incidentals. 105.75 - Carpenter’s labor. 150.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 62.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 63.—FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 64.—SECOND STORY OF MAIN BUILDING.] - - - - -DESIGN XVI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,100. - - -This plan, embodying the principal characteristics of a design I made -several years ago, for the residence of Mr. Arthur Waller, Newtown, L. -I., has a homelike, tasteful, and picturesque appearance—particularly -now, with its neatly laid-out grounds and grown up shrubbery, which -especially befit its _pointed style_, and demonstrate the harmony that -exists between these simple _cottage_ outlines, and rural surroundings. -It is thus adapted to either a suburban or more retired country -situation.... ELEVATION, (fig. 65.)—A noticeable peculiarity is the earth -finish around the foundation, which is simply utilizing the earth from -the cellar. This is banked against the foundation, up to within six -inches of the wood, evenly graded at 45 degrees angle, and neatly covered -with closely laid turf. This conceals a roughly constructed foundation; -it insures more dryness of the cellar, and consequently of the whole -house; it guards the cellar against extreme heat in summer, and frost in -winter; and it gives such a visible breadth of bottom as to add to its -apparent strength. This earth finish around the foundation is especially -adapted to wet or clayey soils, where it is desirable to have the cellar -mostly above ground; at the same time it secures greater elevation to -the whole building.... There are marked features of dissimilarity in the -several openings, and in the details of the exterior dressing, each part -being adapted to its special purpose, and so arranged as to be in keeping -with the general design; it therefore unites harmony and beauty.... -CELLAR, (fig. 66.)—The Cellar extends under the whole house; clear hight -6½ feet. The outside entrance to the cellar is by an area-way, having -stone steps and walls, with hatchway and inside doors; the hatchway -doors, when closed, being even with the sloping earth finish.... FIRST -STORY, (fig. 67.)—Hight of ceiling 9½ feet. The irregular outlines of -this plan contribute to the cheerfulness of the different apartments, -by giving opportunity for the insertion of windows where they will -command the most pleasing prospects. The principal entrance is from -the porch through double doors to the spacious hall, which adjoins the -parlor and dining-room. The Parlor has one bay and two plain windows, -with large wall space for furniture and wall decoration. The Dining-room -is conveniently arranged to connect with the principal hall, parlor, -rear lobby, large pantry, or closet, and the cellar stairway, and has a -large bay and one plain window. The Kitchen is planned to have a range, -sink, pump, wash-tubs, and the usual pipes for cold and hot water, and -is provided with two windows, situated in opposite sides of the room to -give abundant light, and afford thorough ventilation; a closet adjoins -the chimney-breast, and a cupboard is put beneath the sink. The Pantry -is of good dimensions, contiguous to both dining-room and kitchen, has -a suitable window, and is furnished with shelving. The rear entrance is -from the covered stoop to the rear lobby, and from thence to either -dining-room or kitchen.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 68.)—This story is -reached by a winding stairway from the principal hall, and contains four -good-sized chambers, a bath-room, five large closets, and the needed -passage-ways. The breast-walls are vertical to the hight of 3½ feet, and -are continued upward along the underside of the steep roof frame-work -to the ceiling, which is 8 feet high. The Bath-room is provided with a -bath-tub and seat-closet. The Tank is 1 foot 8 in. wide, 2 feet long, and -3 feet deep, and is placed in the closet adjoining the bath-room, at a -hight of 2 feet above the floor, and provided with a neat-fitting lid. -The spaces above and below the tank may be used as a closet for toweling, -etc. The _interior location_ of this tank should insure it against frost, -so long as the house is occupied by the family.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -excavations for the cellar are 2 feet deep, and the earth is used as -above described. The materials for the principal foundations may be of -the roughest stone, such as are commonly used in farm-fencing, and coarse -mortar. Very little skill is required in the construction of these walls, -as only the last, or top course, is seen from the outside, which should -be laid to a line, and levelled to receive the frame-work. The exposed -portions of the bay-window foundations are constructed of brick laid in -mortar, resting on stone-work, and leaving an interior recess or shelf, -as shown on the cellar plan. The cellar windows are of good dimensions, -and situated where they will insure sufficient light, and provide for -the complete airing of the cellar. An opening should be left in one, or -both of the chimneys, near the cellar ceiling, having a continuous flue -to the top, which will be heated by contact with the fire-places above -when in use, and produce a draft that will exhaust the poisonous vapors -always generated in cellars, and prevent them from rising through the -house to contaminate the air of the living-rooms. This cellar may be -easily and cheaply divided into separate apartments by rough planking or -otherwise, if ever desirable. The rear portion might be readily converted -into a laundry, where the wash-tubs, with their accompanying pipes, might -be placed, leaving more kitchen room, and relieving it of the steam and -general disturbance of the ever-recurring washing days. Large durable -posts are placed in the cellar, resting on large flat stones that have -been embedded in the cellar bottom, as supports for the 4 × 8-inch -girders, shown on the cellar plan by the dotted lines. By the estimate, -it will be seen that very little timber is used in the frame-work, of -which the sills and beams comprise the heavier parts. I would enforce -the importance of having the frame fitted and secured together in -a substantial manner. The beams should be bridged as described for -Design XVII.... The exterior sides of the frame-work are designed to be -inclosed with double boarding, with an intermediate lining of tarred -felting. The first covering should be milled to even thicknesses, and -put on horizontally and double nailed to each stud. The felting is next -applied in whole width strips, running from the sill to the plate. The -water-table and window-frames are next put in their places, after which -the final covering of tongued and grooved sheathing is put on vertically, -with the lower ends neatly fitted to the water-table, and the upper ends -covered with a 10-inch board forming a frieze to the cornice. The siding -should then be painted one coat in a thorough manner, when battens of 1½ -inch “half round” (previously painted both sides) are firmly nailed over -the joints of the sheathing. The windows are all arranged for 1½-inch -sash, hung to iron weights with good cord, and neatly cased and moulded -on the inside; outside blinds are intended for each window above the -cellar. The cornices are constructed in the simplest manner, and the -perforated barges and finials are made as indicated by the elevation, and -placed near the extremity of the gable cornices, from which ever-varying -shadows are made against the building, producing the most delicate -and pleasing effects. It is purposely intended that the roofs of the -principal building, porch, stoop, bay, and dormer windows, shall have -sufficient pitch for shingling.... The character of the balance of the -work may be inferred from the estimate which is given in detail.—ESTIMATE: - - 61 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.20 - 1,278 ft. stone foundation, complete, at 12c. per ft. 153.36 - 5,000 brick for bays and chimneys, furnished and laid, at - $12 per M. 60.00 - 30 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 9.00 - 660 yards 3-coat plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 184.80 - 3,526 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 52.89 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 151 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 136 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 17 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 13 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 19 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 beam, 3 × 7 in. 80 ft. long. - 50 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long. - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each. 33.00 - 200 sheathing, 9 in., at 18c. each. 36.00 - 100 lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb. 5.00 - 200 tongued and grooved sheathing, at 28c. each. 56.00 - 200 battens, at 6c. each. 12.00 - Materials in cornices and water-table. 38.00 - 325 shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 × 13, at 6c. each. 19.50 - 60 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 90.00 - 177 flooring, 1¼ × 9½ in., at 25c. each. 44.25 - 2 stoops (front and rear), complete. 80.00 - 2 bay-windows (with blinds), complete. 100.00 - 10 plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $12 each. 120.00 - 4 dormer windows (with blinds), complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 3 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 18.00 - Stairs, complete, $75; 24 doors, complete, at $8 each, - $192. 267.00 - 3 mantles, complete, $20, $10, and $6. 36.00 - Shelving, etc., $12; nails, $18; painting, $110. 140.00 - Plumbing and range, complete, $222.70; cartage, average - 1 mile, $25. 247.70 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - For contingencies. 55.30 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 65.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 66.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 67.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 68.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XVII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,200. - - -These plans are for a full two-story house, that will embrace the -merits of the most economical form of construction (having a floor -measurement of 24 × 28, nearly square), with symmetry of style, and -containing a very commodious and convenient interior arrangement. The -ELEVATION (fig. 69), has marked features of simplicity and refinement, -with sufficient diversity of parts to give variety and grace, without -pretentious display. We invariably recommend high foundations for -houses of this character; of course a foot in hight at the bottom will -add a foot to the hight of the whole, imparting a better appearance -externally, and on account of the better ventilation thereby afforded -to the cellar, adds greatly to the healthfulness of the interior of -the whole house. Additional steps will be required to the stoops, but -the cost of these are compensated by deductions in the excavation for -the cellar, and stone steps to the area. The large porch and double -doors, the bay and other windows, each distinctive in themselves, and -adapted to their places, similar only in conformity of character, are so -proportioned as to harmonize with each other with pleasing effect. The -pediments of the roof are so arranged that each “face” of the building -will have very nearly the same appearance of outline. The main cornice -projects two feet beyond the frame-work of the house, and is supported -by large trusses; all other cornices and window-caps have proportionate -projections, insuring heavy shadows, giving relief and finish to the -whole.... CELLAR, (fig. 70.)—Excavations for this cellar are made 2 feet -6 inches below the general surface of the ground. The Foundation-walls, -Chimneys, Girder-supports, and rear Area-walls are built as described -for Design XII., after which the earth is graded around, and up against -the foundation, so as to give such slope as will turn the water away -from the house and walks, leaving the foundation 4 feet above the final -grade.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 71.)—This story contains the principal -hall, parlor, dining or living-room, kitchen, rear lobby, three closets, -and private stairs. The principal Hall is entered from the front porch, -through large double doors, is square (10 × 10 feet), and contains the -principal stairs, which are built with a quarter circle and niche nearly -in the center of their hight, as described in Design XII. This hall -connects with the parlor through double doors; this will be found to give -an impression of amplitude that would scarcely be expected in a house of -this size. The Parlor has a large bay-window, finished with elliptical -arch and ornamental corbels, and a marble mantle. The Dining-room is -intended as the living-room of the family, and communicates with each -room and hall of the first story; has a closet under the front stairs, -and has a marble mantle. The Kitchen is provided with a large range, -two closets, sink, with cold and hot water, and closet underneath, and -communicates with the dining-room, lobby, and cellar stairway. The -rear entrance to this story is through the lobby, which has two small -windows. The private stairs are arranged to start from the rear lobby.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 72.)—The manner in which this story is divided into -rooms very much resemble a “double” house, the hall being nearly in -the center of the house, and the rooms at either side: contains hall, -two stairways, six rooms, and five closets. The hall is 5 ft. 6 in. × -10 ft., and has seven doors leading from it to the different rooms and -private stairway. Many persons require a “study”; the room directly -above the principal hall is best adapted for such purpose, has a large -closet, and is most convenient to the stairs. The door to this room -should have ground glass upper panels, to admit light to the hall. The -Bath-room is provided with French bath-tub, seat-closet, and wash-basin. -The soil-pipe from this story will be concealed by passing down inside -one of the kitchen closets. Marble shelves, resting on stucco trusses, -are intended for each of the four principal rooms of this story.... -GENERAL DETAILS.—It is intended that all the work should be done in a -workmanlike and substantial manner, of good materials, as indicated in -the estimate. All the principal timber is framed together, and raised in -the usual manner, and secured with hard-wood pins. The enclosing should -be dressed, of thoroughly seasoned materials, and nailed with 10_d._ -nails. The cornices are ornamented with bold panelled brackets and dentil -courses. Each gable is provided with a circular ventilator. All roofs -are covered with charcoal tin, laid on rough boards, and have gutters -as described for Design V., at a cost of 10 cts. per running foot. The -columns of the front porch are turned, and have ornamental caps and -square pedestals. The stoop-rail is 5 inches wide, and the balusters are -scroll-sawed, of 1½-inch pine plank. The trusses under the bay-window are -large, scroll-sawed, and ornamental. The flooring should be thoroughly -dried, close-laid, and double-nailed to each beam with 10_d._ nails. -While laying the floor (having reached the center of the span of the -beams), a row of cross-bridging should be put in, in a strong manner. -In this way, the _inequalities_ of the upper surfaces of the beams, -which are always more or less sprung, will be brought _into line_ by the -flooring, and each piece of bridging will receive its relative proportion -of the weight. The tarred paper is next inserted between the outside -studding, in the manner described for Design XI., which is much cheaper -than “brick-filling,” and for many reasons more desirable. The central -partitions, that carry the principal weight, should be studded strongly -of 4-inch materials, or wall-strips set edgeways. All closet, stair, -and cross partitions may be set of 2-inch materials, or wall-strips set -flatways. This latter method saves nearly one-half of the space taken -by the partitions, which may be added to the size of the rooms, where -it frequently happens that a few inches becomes a matter of importance. -The second-story ceiling timbers are of wall-strips, put 12 inches from -centers, and a flooring of rough boards is laid over a part, to make room -for storage, etc. All sash are 1½ inches thick, and have second quality -French glass in them, and are hung with iron weights. We think there is -a good opportunity for improvement in the manufacture of window sashes, -making them air-tight, and suggest inserting the necessary rubber strips -near their edges, and especially in the lips of the check-rail—this -would effectually shut out all drafts of air, and make the unsightly -and impracticable “weather-strip” unnecessary. All stairs should have -1¼ strings and treads, and ⅞ risers, and should be so housed, glued, -and keyed, as to make them solid; squeaky stairs are abominable, and -even when assured of their safety, one feels an instinctive suspicion of -danger, and will look for treachery in every part of the house. Black -walnut panelled newel, moulded rail, and fluted balusters, are intended -for the principal flight of stairs. Setting the niche is a part of the -stair-builder’s work, and should always be included in his estimate -for stairs of this character. The trimming of the hall, dining-room, -and parlor, are of clear pine, the architraves are 8 inches wide, and -“double-moulded,” with panelled back to each window. Base 7-inch and -moulded. All other rooms have 5-inch “single trim,” with back moulding, -and base to match. All doors panelled and moulded; all room-doors have -mortise locks, and closet-doors have rim-locks, all with brass bolts -and keys; knobs and escutcheons of porcelain, and all saddles are of -hard-wood. All parts of this house that are usually painted should have -two coats of paint of the best materials, and of such colors as shall -suit the owner. All hard-wood, such as the stair-rail, bath-room finish, -and saddles, should have two coats of linseed-oil.... COST.—Contractors -everywhere differ in their estimates for work of any kind. These -differences are sometimes the result of some peculiar circumstance, but -most generally they arise through some misapprehension of fact; either -the plans are incomprehensible, or the description of them ambiguous, -leading to a variety of interpretations, and consequently a variety of -prices, some of which are too low, and some too high. The low man who -usually _proposes_ to do the best work, and the most of it, gets the -job, and executes the work in accordance with his preconceived ideas, -gets his money, and leaves the owner in possession of something he did -not expect. No one can know the extent and character of the work better -than the projector of them, who should be equally qualified to give exact -estimates of quantities and cost of everything connected with their -thorough development and execution, and thus truly fulfill his mission as -the architect of the works. Cost is one of the most interesting features -in any project, and no plan is hardly worth considering that does not -comprehend in some way the expense of its execution. Builders and others -interested in such plans, will appreciate the detailed estimates, as -furnishing the key to the whole plan, supplying the needed information as -to the real quality and character of the work.—ESTIMATE: - - 62 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.40 - 13,000 hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 700 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 196.00 - 32 ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft. 12.80 - 24 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 7.20 - 2,300 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 34.50 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 28 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 230 novelty clear siding-boards, at 28c. each. 64.40 - 175 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 8.75 - 150 tongued and grooved flooring, at 28c. each. 42.00 - 130 hemlock roof-boards, 16c. each. 20.80 - 12 squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square. 84.00 - 156 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 15.60 - 104 ft. cornice, at 40c. per ft. 41.60 - 1 bay-window (with blinds), complete. 75.00 - 12 plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $16 each. 192.00 - 8 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 32.00 - 1 stoop (except tin as above), complete. 70.00 - 27 doors, complete, at $9 each, $243; 3 stairs, complete, - $70. 313.00 - 2 marble mantles, and 4 shelves on trusses. 50.00 - Range, plumbing, sink, bath, water-closet, and pump. 314.55 - Corner-boards, base, and shelving, $32.50; nails, $20. 52.50 - Cartage, average one mile. 20.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above, $200; painting, - $100. 300.00 - Incidentals. 40.90 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,200.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 69.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 70.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 71.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 72.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XVIII. - -A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,200. - - -This plan of a simple, yet genteel Southern house, embraces ample -interior accommodation for the wants of a good-sized family. It has -an abundance of outside verandas and artificial shade, and may be -constructed at a very moderate cost.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 73.)—The style is -adapted to the Middle and Southern States, because of its elevation and -airiness, the overhanging projections of its roof, and the facility with -which wings or verandas may be added. The Tower is a conspicuous feature, -and though without any special ornamentation, it gives an expression of -unity and completeness to the whole structure. The Verandas on every -side afford protection from the sun. Many persons prefer disconnected -verandas (as shown in figs. 73 and 75), with open ends to the roofs for -the escape of the heated air that would otherwise be retained in them. -Moreover, disconnected verandas prevent the annoyance arising from the -noise made by children who are fond of running and playing upon them.... -CELLAR, (fig. 74.)—This is under the kitchen wing only; is 6½ feet -deep, has two windows, an outside entrance with stone steps, and a -stairway leading to the rear entry of the first floor.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 75.)—Hight of ceiling in the main house, 11 feet, and in the wing -9 feet. The entrance Hall, nearly square, and entered from the front -piazza through double doors, contains the main stairs, and communicates -with the parlor and dining-room. Each of these apartments communicates -with the library through large sliding-doors. The windows to these rooms -open to the floor, and are protected on the outside by the verandas. -The front parlor window is 6½ feet wide, with the sashes arranged to -slide in pockets at either side, by which means the parlor is apparently -prolonged to, and may be used with the veranda. Each of the large rooms -has fire-places and marble mantles. The closet for the dining-room is -under the main stairs. The Kitchen is in the rear wing, and separated -from the main house by the rear lobby and the pantry; it has a good-sized -double window at each side, a large pantry, and a fire-place. In the rear -entry are stairways leading to the second story and to the cellar.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 76.)—Hight of ceilings in main house, 9 feet, and -in the wing 7 feet. It is divided into six chambers, besides halls and -closets. The three larger Chambers have fire-places with marble shelves, -and two windows in each. The window in the small chamber is placed near -the ceiling, above the kitchen roof. The two Chambers in the wing are -intended as servants’ rooms, and have no communication with the main -house.... TOWER AND ATTIC.—The Tower has an inclosed stairway, with -a door at the foot. The main roof finish at the rear of the tower is -leveled even with the main ridge, inclosing the intervening space; this -affords room for a door leading from the tower to the attic. This story -is thoroughly floored, and has small windows in each gable, and is useful -as a place for storage. In cases of necessity, a portion of this attic -may be used for bedrooms.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Cellar excavations are -made in the ground 4½ feet deep, and for the underpinning of the main -house one foot. The loose earth is used in grading, raising the surface -immediately surrounding the foundation 8 inches. The foundation walls -are 8 inches thick, of hard brick and good mortar. The cellar walls -are 6½ feet high, and the underpinning 3 feet 2 inches high, leaving -an exposed surface 18 inches high at completion. Only the portions of -the foundation plan, shown darker in the plan, fig. 74, are walled, the -intervening spaces being left open for the free circulation of air. -The general character of the materials to be used in the construction -of this house (a large portion of which is milled, and manufactured -ready for use,) may be inferred from the appended estimate. The manner -of putting these materials together is of great importance, and should -be entrusted only to skillful and thorough workmen. The details of -the exterior finish are so plain, that the work of “getting out” the -several parts may be done by the mechanics employed in building, without -recourse to the scroll-saw or carver. The truss-work of the cornices, -and the open frame-work, and columns of the verandas, are of dressed -timber, and stop-chamfered. All the roofs have sufficient pitch to allow -the use of shingles, which are much lighter and cooler than slate or -metal. Veranda roofs so constructed do not reflect so much heat into -the chamber windows as others, which is important in a warm climate.... -VENTILATION.—Large window openings, with easy working sashes, are -provided, and afford the best means of changing the air of any apartment. -The chimneys are large, and have open fire-places, and ventilating -side-flues with registers near the ceilings. These openings, which should -never be closed, will be found to afford satisfactory ventilation. During -seasons of extreme heat, the tower may be made to serve as a general -ventilator, by lowering the upper sashes, and opening all the doors -leading to it. The following estimate includes everything necessary to -complete this building in a thorough manner, at prices now ruling in the -vicinity of New York.—ESTIMATE: - - 61 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.20 - 15,000 bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 180.00 - 26 ft. stone steps and sills, at 30c. per ft. 7.80 - 700 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 196.00 - 6,112 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 91.68 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 247 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 34 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 7 in. 40 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 78 beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 34 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 39 beams, 2 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 15 beams, 2 × 7 in. 11 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 2 × 7 in. 375 ft. long. - 2 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 420 siding, 6½ in. wide 13 ft. long, at 26c. each. 109.20 - Materials in cornices and verandas. 40.00 - 120 hemlock boards (for main house), at 15c. each. 18.00 - 236 pine boards for roofing, 4½ × 13, at 18c. each. 42.48 - 67 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 100.50 - Finial on tower. 8.00 - 168 Flooring for verandas, 4½ in. wide, at 20c. each. 33.60 - 360 flooring for inside, 9½ in. wide, at 26c. each. 93.60 - Stairs, $70; closet finish, $20. 90.00 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 12.00 - 28 windows, at $10, $280; 32 doors, at $9, $288. 568.00 - 3 mantles, $25 each, $75; 3 shelves, $6 each, $18. 93.00 - 224 ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 17.92 - Nails, $22; painting, $125; carting, $25. 172.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 200.00 - Incidentals. 54.02 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,200.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 73.—VIEW OF EXTERIOR OF A SOUTHERN HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 74.—CELLAR AND GROUND PLAN.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 75.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 76.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIX. - -A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500. - - -This plan has many features to commend it as an economical country -house. It is similar in many respects to Design XXVII., having an equal -breadth of front, and is constructed of like substantial materials. -The arrangement of the several parts, however, are more regular and -compact, and embrace accommodations for a good-sized family.... EXTERIOR, -(fig. 77.)—At first sight, the reader will perceive the perfect balance -apparent in the outlines and details of the front. Variety is also an -especial feature, resulting from the pleasing diversity and systematic -distribution of the prominent parts. The site has much effect upon the -appearance of any building. This house should have a commanding position -to afford such views as would seem to be expected from its broad and -generous windows. Health and happiness being largely dependent on -the situation, it is important to select a position having a natural -drainage, and therefore more likely to be surrounded with pure wholesome -air.... CELLAR, (fig. 78.)—Hight 6½ feet. The plain engraving saves the -need of further explanation. The ceiling is smoothly “laid off” with -one coat of plaster, and the walls are flush-pointed, so that the whole -interior may be whitewashed whenever it shall be desirable to lighten -or sweeten the cellar.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 79.)—As is suggested by -the exterior, system and order are prominent features in the interior -arrangement. The main entrance is through double doors. The principal -hall is central and roomy, and contains the open and balustered stairway -to the second story. The two principal rooms are of equal size, with -outlooks front and rear. The Parlor has a pleasant bay or plant window, -arranged to be shut off, when desirable, by large sash doors. This window -has no floor, but is cemented around its sides below the floor-line, to -secure dryness to the walls, and is filled with earth wherein plants -may be grown. The thick masonry surrounding this plant-bed will secure -it from frost. The temperature required to make the parlor comfortable -will be sufficient for the plants, while the strong sunlight will -insure their vigorous growth. A mirror may be placed on the mantle -opposite this window, arranged to reflect its contents, and make a most -cheerful picture.—The Living-room is a convenient apartment, in easy -communication with the front and rear entrances, the wood-house, and -cellar-stairs, passing down under the front hall stairs. It has a large -pantry, and is provided with a range, sink, stationary wash-tubs, water, -and waste-pipes. The importance of having cold and hot water always -ready should not be overlooked. Very much of the drudgery of housework -in the country consists in drawing and carrying water, and besides, it -generally happens that when water is most wanted, the vessels are empty, -necessitating great inconvenience and frequent distress.—The Bedroom is -situated between the parlor and living-room, and communicates with both, -and has a good-sized closet. This apartment may be used as a sewing-room, -where such work need not be put away every time it is laid down for a -moment. The Wood-house at the rear is constructed of light materials, -and serves as a fuel and utensil room.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 80.)—This -story is divided into five chambers, a hall, and seven closets. Each room -is entered directly from the hall, obviating the too frequent necessity -of passing through one room to reach another. Closets are a necessity -to any well ordered household; their uses are so numerous that it is -hardly possible to provide too many.... REMARKS ON CONSTRUCTION.—The -element of durability is an important quality of this structure, avoiding -the necessity and expense of frequent repairs. The exterior walls are -constructed of stone and brick, as described in Design XXVII. Care should -be taken to make these walls perfectly solid and thorough. The mortar -used should be of the best lime, and coarse, sharp sand. Such mortar -improves with age, always increasing in hardness and strength. The brick -corner-work may be laid in dark or blue mortar with good effect in -subduing the strong contrasts in color. Interior plastering should never -be applied directly to the stone-work. Such walls do not readily conform -to the sudden changes of the surrounding temperature, and are rendered -damp and unwholesome from the moisture of the air being condensed upon -them. They should be furred off, leaving an air-space between the -stone-work and plastering, through the whole hight of the wall, and -opening into the spaces between the rafters of the roof. Side-walls -constructed in this manner afford a most comfortable interior, having a -more equal temperature than is possible in the usual frame building, and -neither the severe cold of winter, nor the extreme heat of summer, is -immediately felt within. The chimneys are of hard brick; their interior -location insures a great saving of fuel, as the heat that is radiated -from them greatly assists in warming the house. The principal roofs are -covered with dark slate. “Keystone” and “Chapman” are good qualities, -and are mostly used in this vicinity; they have good color, and do not -fade. A good effect is produced by clipping the exposed corners of about -one-third of the slate, in a uniform manner, and laying them in belts of -five or six courses each across the roof. - -ESTIMATE OF THE COST: - - 111 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.20 - 171 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 470.25 - 103 ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft. 30.90 - 2,000 bricks in angles, etc., at $12 per M., laid. 24.00 - 4,000 bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M., laid. 48.00 - 660 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 184.80 - 80 yards plastering in ceiling of cellar, at 20c. per yard. 16.00 - 3,367 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 50.50 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 plates, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 44 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 40 rafters, 2 × 5 in. 19 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 18 collars, ¼ × 5 in. 14 ft. long. - 230 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 25.30 - 130 furring strips, at 6c. each. 7.80 - Anchors, of tire iron, $3; cornice materials, $30. 33.00 - 300 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 18.00 - Rear wing, exclusive of tin, complete. 100.00 - 20 squares of slate, at $9 per square. 180.00 - 32 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 5.12 - 3½ squares of tin, at $7 per square. 24.50 - 60 ft. of leaders and gutters, at 10c. per ft. 6.00 - 213 flooring, 8 inch, at 25c. each. 53.25 - Stairs, complete. 70.00 - Piazza and stoop, exclusive of tin, complete. 80.00 - 6 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 30.00 - 17 plain windows, complete, at $10 each. 170.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $18 each. 72.00 - 27 doors, complete, at $9 each. 243.00 - 4 mantles, 2 marble and 2 wooden, complete. 62.00 - Closet finish, complete. 18.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 150.00 - Nails, $14; painting, $60; cartage, $15. 89.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 125.00 - Incidentals. 91.38 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,500.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 77.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 78.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 79.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 80.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XX. - -A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - -This plan is somewhat similar in style and materials to Design XXIV. -The changes here indicated adapt it to a more southern climate, such as -larger window openings, more piazzas, and placing the domestic rooms at -the _rear_ of the main building.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 81.)—“Double front” -houses (as those having their front entrance in the center are usually -called), may face any point of compass, and are adapted to almost any -situation. They appear best when located at sufficient distance from -the road to allow extended, neatly laid-out approaches, and thus give -an air of retirement.... CELLAR, (fig. 82.)—Hight, 7 feet. Full size -of the main building, with window openings on every side.... FIRST -STORY, (fig. 83.)—Hight of ceilings in main house, 11 feet; in the -wing, 9 feet. The apartments embraced in the main house are unusually -large, airy, and pleasant. All the windows open down to the floor, and -are protected from sun and rain by the piazza. The Hall has a wide -entrance leading from the piazza, and contains the principal flight of -stairs. The Parlor and Living-room are of equal size (14 × 24 feet), -have windows looking in three directions, and have open fire-places -in each. The rear entry occupies part of the main house and wing, its -hight of ceiling is determined by the platform of the main stairs. It -communicates conveniently with the rear piazza, main hall, living-room, -kitchen, cellar-stairs, and a closet. In the Wing are a kitchen, -work-room or summer-kitchen, butler’s pantry, and two closets. The -Kitchen communicates with the living-room through the butler’s pantry, -which is “dresser-finished” with drawers and shelving. The work-room is -furnished with a pump, sink, and two stationary wash-tubs. If desired, a -bath-room may be placed in this wing, and fitted up with the necessary -plumbing, as shown in Design XXXIII.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 84.)—Hight of -ceiling, 9 feet. A hall, three chambers, a bedroom, and four closets are -the divisions of this story. The stairs leading to the attic are placed -above those of the first story, with a door at the foot.... ATTIC.—The -estimate provides for a floor in this, and for casing the four pair of -windows, but it is otherwise left unfinished. Four or more bedrooms may -be made in this story if desired.... CONSTRUCTION.—The materials are -indicated in the estimate. The foundation-walls show 2 feet above the -ground. The timber is framed and raised in the most thorough manner. -The beams are placed 2 feet apart from centers, and bridged with one -row of “cross-bridging” in each span. Observe that the main posts are -25 feet long; this includes the whole hight from bottom of sills to top -plates, and allows for four feet of inside breastwork from the attic -floor to foot of main rafters. The main roof is set at an angle of 45°. -The “open-worked” barges in the pediment (fig. 81), are of 1¼-inch-plank, -16 inches wide, pierced in simple figure, and require only one set of -patterns for the four gables. The piazza-rafters show in their ceilings. -Perforated pediments in each side allow the escape of heated air from -under the roofs. The columns are “boxed” 7 inches square, and chamfered. -The spandrels are scroll-sawed from 3-inch timber. The two full stories -are hard finished on two coats of brown mortar and seasoned lath. All -doors are panelled, and all architraves in the main house are double -moulded; in the wing single moulded. All sashes are 1½ inch thick, and -glazed with second quality French glass. The parlor and living-room -have marble mantles; the chambers have marble shelves resting on stucco -trusses. The main stairs have an 8-inch octagon newel, a 2¼ × 4¼ moulded -hand-rail, and 2-inch fluted balusters, all of black walnut, as also -are the saddles to each room. All knobs, roses, and escutcheons are of -white porcelain. All wood usually painted has two coats of best paint, in -shades to suit the owner’s taste. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 137 yards excavation, complete, at 20c. per yard. $27.40 - 52 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 143.00 - 6,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 44 ft. blue-stone, at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 623 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 174.44 - 7,126 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 106.89 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 205 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 124 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 205 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 5 in. 332 ft. long. - 90 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 40 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 8 in. 370 ft. long. - 500 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 55.00 - 360 siding, at 28c. each. 100.80 - Materials in cornices, corner-boards, etc. 40.00 - 360 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 21.60 - 65 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 97.50 - 134 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 21.44 - 15 squares tin roofing, gutters, and leaders, at 7c. per ft. 105.00 - 360 flooring, at 28c. each, $100.80; stairs, complete, $90. 190.80 - Piazzas, except roofing, complete. 150.00 - 8 cellar windows, $48; 30 windows, $300. 348.00 - 28 doors, complete, at $10, $280; closet finish, $20. 300.00 - Mantles and shelves, $75; nails, $20. 95.00 - Painting, complete, $150; cartage, $35. 185.00 - Pump, sink, and range, $60; incidentals, $42.93. 102.93 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,600.00 - -The following detailed estimate of the cost of windows and doors, -“complete,” are given in explanation as to what is included in the -foregoing and other lists, viz.: - -_First-class Windows_, complete.—For a 2-7 × 6-2 window, with panelled -back, and full double trim, viz.: - - 22 ft. running lumber in frame, at 4c. $0.88 - 4 pulleys. .14 - 28 lbs. iron weights, at 2½c. .70 - Sash cord, 8c.; screws, 3c. .11 - 22 ft. of 8-inch trim, at 8c. 1.76 - Panelled back materials. .48 - Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung. 2.80 - Blinds, with fastenings. 1.80 - Materials in outside cap. .64 - Nails, 8c.; labor, $4. 4.08 - ------ - Total. $13.39 - -_Second-class Windows_, complete.—For a 2-7 × 5-2 window, with plain -single moulded trim, viz.: - - 20 running ft. of lumber in frame, at 4c. $0.80 - 4 pulleys, at 40c. per dozen. .14 - 26 lbs. sash-weights, at 2½c. .65 - Sash-cord. .08 - Screws. .03 - 16 ft. of 5-inch trim, at 5c. .80 - Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung. 2.16 - Blinds, with fastenings. 1.56 - Nosing, apron, and drip. .30 - Nails, 6c.; labor, $2.50. 2.56 - ----- - Total. $9.08 - -Where there are an equal number of each class, I should put their cost at -$11.23 each, and where the second class preponderates, as is usually the -case, the _average_ price is reduced accordingly: - -_First-class Doors_, complete.—Double-faced, 2-8 × 7 ft., full trimmed: - - Door, 4-panelled, at factory. $2.50 - 20 ft. running trim, 8 in., at 21c. 4.20 - Saddle. .15 - Buts and screws. .16 - Locks and knobs. .50 - 22 running ft. base, at 9c. 1.98 - Nails, 6c.; labor, $3. 3.06 - ------ - Total. $12.55 - -_Second-class Doors_, complete.—Single-faced, 2-6 × 6-8, single trim: - - Door, 4-panelled, at factory. $1.90 - 18 ft. running trim, at 15c. 2.70 - Saddle. .15 - Buts and screws. .15 - Locks and knobs. .35 - 22 running ft. base, at 7c. 1.54 - Nails, 5c.; labor, $2. 2.05 - ----- - Total. $8.84 - -It will be noticed that the item for Base is included in above estimate -for doors. The figures (22 feet) are an average per door, deduced from -careful calculations, and are introduced here for the purpose of aiding -any one in readily making up an estimate for a whole building. - -[Illustration: Fig. 81.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 82.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 83.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 84.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXI. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,600. - - -These plans were designed for a convenient and comfortable Farm-house -in the American style, comprehending the most economical and practical -methods of construction. The size and shape of such houses should be made -to conform to the requirements of those who are to occupy them. Unlike -the villager, the farmer has ample road front, and his house should be so -arranged as to secure the most pleasant outlook from the living rooms. -For many important reasons a farmer’s house should be set back from the -highway at least 75 feet, 200 feet is much better. Everyone appreciates a -nice lawn in front of a country home, through which inviting approaches -lead from the road entrances bordered with flowers, and where space is -allowed for shade trees and shrubbery. The width of country roads when -first projected is usually limited to 50 feet. There is no certainty, -however, that an increased width or the straightening of a roadway will -not be demanded at any time and such contingencies should be provided -for. Other considerations require but a moment’s thought to convince -anyone of the desirableness of an ample front lawn.... EXTERIOR, (fig. -85.)—Farm houses usually stand disconnected and apart from other -buildings, and should have outlines that will best adapt them to the -conditions that are otherwise manifest in the location. This plan is -intended for an eastern frontage, where it would face the morning sun, -when the principal and broader portions of the building, at the right, -would be doubly valuable as a shield to ward off the northern winds from -the parts of the house most used by the occupants. (By reversing the plan -it would be equally adapted to the opposite, or easterly side of a road.) -It is intended that the body of the house shall be set at least two feet -above the ground; this gives opportunity for good-sized cellar-windows, -that will admit light, and afford good openings for cellar ventilation, -and also secure the frame-work of the building against moisture from the -ground. Such moisture, if allowed, will cause decay of the sills and -other principal timbers, and is sure to percolate upward into the house, -filling it with unwholesome vapors. The variety of the general outlines -as shown in the elevation are calculated to impart a cheerful and lively -appearance always desirable in a country home, and very pleasant to -the passer-by. The ridged roofs, with their spreading gables and ample -projections, are features of frankness in which there is no attempt at -concealment or imitation. The bay-windows, wide entrance, and spacious -piazza, are each expressive of liberality and refinement. The extreme -simplicity of the details, and methods of construction, devoid of all -ostentatious display, clearly express the purpose of the building, and -commend it to the consideration of all who are interested in rural house -building.... FOUNDATION, (fig. 86.)—In most locations stone are abundant; -our estimate comprehends the building of the foundation-walls of rough, -broken stone, laid in coarse mortar, and neatly pointed where exposed to -sight. Any man who is at all familiar with the most ordinary stone-work, -such as building “wall” fences, could build these foundations acceptably; -they should be laid up 18 inches thick, and flush with the outside of the -frame-work of the building. Our plan shows a cellar under the central -part of the building only, which should be 7 feet deep; this cellar will -be found sufficiently spacious for the uses of most families, but may -be enlarged if desirable. One of the “wise sayings” we heard in youth -was, “always build your cellar under the whole house.” Unless there are -ample cellars under the barns, the house-cellar is never too large. In -this case, it will be but little extra cost and labor to take out the -earth, and carry the foundations down. The walls provided would do most -of this, and then we have ample cellars for all wants, and have room to -partition off fruit and vegetable rooms, the former of which need to be -much cooler than the latter, if one would keep fruit well. The side-walls -of the area are built of the same materials as the cellar-walls, with -the stone steps inserted while building. The foundations shown on the -plan where no cellar is required, are built of the same materials, laid -in trenches, which have been excavated 18 inches wide, and 2 feet deep. -The chimney foundations should be started and laid up with the other -walls. A very effectual ventilation may be provided from the cellar by -arranging an opening that shall lead to the left-hand flue of the kitchen -chimney; this flue will be warmed by contact with the range when in -use, and a strong draft will be made, which will exhaust the damp, foul -odors so common in deep cellars. It will be observed that the cellar is -protected from the extreme changes of outward temperature by the walls -and spaces at each side, and by the partial coverings in front and -rear.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 87.)—This story is divided into three large -and three small rooms, and hall. By this plan, the kitchen is intended -as the living-room of the family, and is so arranged as to be the most -_convenient and pleasant room in the house_; has large windows front -and rear, which will admit an abundance of light, and afford an outlook -each way. A large range is placed in the fire-place, with a water-back -connecting with the boiler in the laundry. The clock and lamp-shelf is -placed on the opposite side of the room from the fire-place: _should -never be over it_. Adjoining the kitchen, and connected with it, is a -pantry, containing shelving, drawers, and a wash-tray, with cold and hot -water. The Laundry, or _work-room_, is arranged to connect directly with -the kitchen and pantry, and leads to the rear outside door. This room -is fitted up so that the principal kitchen-work may be done in it, with -great facility, and with few steps, and contains a closet, sink, pump, -wash-tubs, tank, and boiler. The hight of the ceiling in this room is -10 feet in the clear. The Tank (not shown in the drawings), is situated -close up to the ceiling, above the pantry door, is 8 feet long, 3 feet -wide, and 2 feet deep. The boiler is of copper, 40-gallon capacity, -and is placed directly in the rear of the kitchen chimney. The sink and -wash-tubs are shown on the plan, and are to be provided with cold and -hot water. The force-pump is placed next to the sink, under the tank—by -this method but little plumbing is required, and a very perfect and -satisfactory arrangement is secured. The boiler keeps the temperature of -this room sufficiently warm to prevent damage to the pipes from frost. -The Bedroom also adjoins the kitchen, and has a closet for clothing, and -two windows. The principal Hall, included in the central building, is -entered through large double doors from the front piazza, and connects -through doors with the parlor, kitchen, and back passage, and contains -the principal stairs, which are of easy “platform” construction. The -Parlor has a large bay-window, marble mantle, and adjoins the library -through large sliding-doors. The Library has a marble mantle, and closet, -and connects with the back passage at the rear of the principal stairs. -The Front Piazza has its ends sheltered by the projections at each -side, and is arranged to require but two columns. If desirable at any -time, a part of this piazza can be enclosed with sash at very little -expense, which would provide a very convenient conservatory for plants -and flowers. The rear “shed” is provided with a roof and columns, but has -no wooden floor. It is intended that the grounds around the rear of the -central building shall be graded well up, say within a foot of the rear -door-sills, so as to require but a single step, or large flat stone, to -each door. The outside cellar doors would be made to lay even with the -final grade, and hung to the coping-stones of the area-walls, and the -remaining space paved or flagged with stone. When once properly done, -the finish of this character will last a lifetime without trouble, while -wood-work could never be satisfactory, and would often require renewal. -Whenever the cellar doors are opened, they are hooked up against the -columns, where they form a railing, or guard, to prevent the usual -danger of an open hatchway.... The SECOND STORY (fig. 88), has a hall, -four large and three small chambers, with four closets, and stairway -leading to the attic. Each of the large Chambers has two windows, and -a ventilating register in the flue of the chimney adjoining. All these -rooms have full hight ceilings, and are not so close to the roof as to -be affected by their absorbed heat of summer, but have complete square -ceilings, with large air-spaces between them and the roofs. The Attic of -the principal building is completely floored, and has windows in each -gable or pediment, and may be used for storage, drying clothes in stormy -weather, and for many other purposes.... CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate -appended indicates the kind and quantity of materials used, which will -be found to be such as are now most generally adopted for buildings of -this character. The work is very simple, and may be executed by the -simplest methods. Information concerning the application and uses of the -“felting” may be found in Design XI. We have before suggested that “there -are circumstances that would justify the building of one part of a house -first.” Should it be desirable, the central portion of this house could -be built first, and would be found quite sufficient as the dwelling house -of a small family, and the remainder added afterwards as required.... -ESTIMATE.—The following estimate has been carefully compiled, and may be -relied on for quantities, etc. Prices vary in different localities, but -the figures here given form a good basis of calculation: - - 65 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $13.00 - 882 ft. foundation, at 15c. per ft. 132.30 - 725 ft. foundation, at 10c. per ft. 72.50 - 6,000 bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 40 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 12.00 - 900 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 252.00 - 4,799 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 72.00 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 218 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 45 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 7 in. 9 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - Ties and plates, 4 × 6 in. 384 ft. long. - 500 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 55.00 - 340 novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 95.20 - 150 lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb. 7.50 - 300 matched flooring boards, 9½ in. wide, at 28c. each. 84.00 - 20 rough spruce plank, at 25c. each. 5.00 - 270 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 16.20 - 48 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 72.00 - 75 hemlock boards, 10-inch, at 18c. each. 13.50 - 7 squares of tin roofing, at $9 per square. 63.00 - Materials in cornices and outside casings. 60.00 - 33 narrow pine flooring for front piazza, at 25c. each. 8.25 - 67 narrow pine ceiling, at 25c. each. 16.75 - 1 bay-window, complete. 75.00 - 26 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 312.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 24.00 - 30 doors, complete, at $10 each. 300.00 - Stairs, complete, $70; 8 closets, fitted complete, $40. 111.00 - 2 marble and 2 pine mantles. 50.00 - Nails, $20; range, with elevated oven, $80. 100.00 - Plumbing, $84; cartage, average 1 mile, $27.08. 111.08 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Painting. 120.00 - Incidentals. 25.72 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,600.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 85.—FRONT ELEVATION OF FARM HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 86.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 87.—PLAN OF FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 88.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - - - - -DESIGN XXII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,800. - - -This plan of a suburban, or a country house, has all the advantages of -the square form—providing convenient, commodious interior apartments, -and has a simple, expressive outside dress, that compares favorably -with more pretentious, expensive dwellings.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 89.)—The -outlines of the main building are rounded and compact, indicating -completeness and solidity. The front tower-like projection is a central -and distinctive feature, around which the other parts are symmetrically -balanced. The Porch and roofed balconies are simple and neat. The main -roof, a new modification of the “Mansard roof,” is a conspicuous part, -giving an expression of strength and unity to the design. The main -cornice has full projections, with neat solid trusses, and is separated -into sections by the chamber windows, giving relief from the monotony -and depressing effects usual in all continuous horizontal lines. All -the second story windows of the main building have projecting hoods -appropriately interlaced with the principal roof work, securing pleasant -shadows to those parts, and imparting a marked finish and variety. The -dormer windows are triangular, and are placed immediately above those -of the lower stories, prolonging the vertical lines of openings, to -which they form a fitting termination.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 90.)—Hight -of ceiling, 10 feet. The usual front hall is dispensed with, and the -stairway is placed where it is more convenient and accessible, and is not -a conductor of cold drafts through the house. Many think it necessary to -have stairways share with the parlors the most valuable and conspicuous -position; they should more frequently be placed in some subordinate -relation, without seeming to control the general arrangement. The -entrance from the front porch is through double doors to the vestibule, -and thence to either the parlor or family-room. Side doors lead to the -pleasant and shady front balconies. The Parlor and Family-room are of -equal size, and may be used as one spacious apartment by opening the -sliding doors. The Dining-room is pleasantly situated, and opens into the -family-room, rear entrance, and hallway. It has one large bay-window, -and two plain ones, an open fire-place, and a dish or china closet, _c_. -The Kitchen is isolated, relieving other rooms of its noise and odors, -is convenient to the dining-room, cellar-stairway, and rear entrance, -through the rear lobby, and has an open fire-place, closet, and large -pantry, range, boiler, sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for -water. The hall is central, accessible from the parlor, dining-room, and -rear entrance, and is thoroughly lighted and ventilated by the window at -the head of the stairs.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 91.)—Hight of ceiling, -8 feet. This story contains a hall, four good-sized chambers, with -closets, and two windows to each. The Bath-room has bath-tub and seat. A -Conservatory connects through sash doors with the two front chambers.... -ATTIC, (fig. 92.)—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. The stairs to this are placed -immediately above those to the second story, are ceiled in, with a door -at the bottom. The rear portion is finished on a line with the two -chimneys, into two bedrooms and a hall. The front portion is floored, -but otherwise left unfinished as an open garret, valuable as a play-room -for the children, a clothes drying-room, and many other purposes.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation, of hard brick and good mortar, is shown -by the _Cellar plan_, (fig. 93.)—It shows four feet above the grade -in front, and, if desirable, may show one-half that hight in the rear. -There is usually sufficient earth taken from the cellar excavations to -give such desirable grade as shall turn off all water from the immediate -grounds and walks. The chimneys are also of hard brick, are independent -of the foundations, and are carried up perfectly plumb to the roof, -where they are finished with neat bases and caps. The central position -of these chimneys is proof against cold-air openings at their sides, and -insures saving the heat radiated from them. It is impossible to prevent -cracks from appearing along the sides of chimneys in frame buildings, -and when these cracks communicate directly with the outside covering, -they often admit much cold air.—The principal frame is 20 ft. high, -substantially constructed, as indicated by the upright section (fig. -94). The main plates are in line with the beams of the attic story, and -the roof-purlins are 8 feet above them. The side-rafters are 12 feet -long, fitted and spiked to the purlins and plates, with their lower -ends extending 2½ feet down from the latter in a continuous line. Rough -brackets connecting the rafters with the upright frame-work, forming -the foundations or frame of the principal cornice. By this method of -extending the rafters downward instead of upward, the desirable hight and -proportion of roof are obtained. The exposed surfaces that require siding -are reduced from the usual hight of 22½ feet to 16 feet, and the cornices -are more substantial and less complex. The siding, roof-boarding, -slating, and trimming are done in the usual manner. The gutters are laid -in with the slate, as described in Design V. The hoods and dormer windows -have slate coverings, interlaced with the principal roof, with joinings -and flashings of sheet-lead. The following estimate provides for the -thorough completion of the building in an appropriate and substantial -manner.—ESTIMATE: - - 82 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $16.40 - 16,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 192.00 - 44 ft. stone steps, coping, etc., at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 750 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 210.00 - 3,497 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 52.45 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 116 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 11 posts, 4 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 146 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 138 ft. long. - 1 perline, 3 × 7 in. 96 ft. long. - 48 beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 24 beams, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 27 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 stoop, 3 × 7 in. 70 ft. long. - 30 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 16c. each. 4.80 - 380 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 41.80 - 200 siding, 10-inch, at 26c. each. 52.00 - Materials in cornices and corner-boards. 50.00 - 261 hemlock roof-boards, at 16c. each. 41.76 - 19 squares of slating, at $9 per square. 171.00 - 8 squares of tinning (IC. charcoal) at $7 per square. 56.00 - 250 ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 20.00 - 300 flooring, 9 × 1¼ in., at 26c. each. 78.00 - 200 lbs. felting, at 3c. per lb. 6.00 - 3 stairs, complete. 75.00 - Porch, balconies, and stoops, complete. 160.00 - 6 cellar windows, $36; 1 bay window, complete, $60. 96.00 - 12 plain windows, $144; 9 hooded windows, complete, $135. 279.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - 32 doors, at $9.50 each, $304; 7 closets, complete, $14. 318.00 - 3 marble mantles, $60; 3 marble shelves, complete, $18. 78.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 188.09 - Well, from bath-room to roof, complete. 15.00 - Gas-pipes for 18 lights, complete. 40.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes, complete. 20.00 - Finish of part of attic, complete. 60.00 - Nails, $24; cartage, average 1 mile, $25. 49.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - Painting, 2 coats, complete. 150.00 - Incidentals. 52.50 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 89.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 90.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 91.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 92.—ATTIC.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 93.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 94.—SECTION.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIII. - -A COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.—FOR PHYSICIANS, LAWYERS, -CLERGYMEN, JUSTICES, NOTARIES, EDITORS, ETC. - - -This plan is designed to meet the wants of a large class residing in the -country, or smaller villages, who are not only directly interested in -agricultural pursuits, but who have also some professional or official -vocation, such as: Physicians, Lawyers, Justices, Notaries, Clergymen, -etc. They require in connection with their residences an apartment -adapted to their special callings, that shall in no way interfere with -their domestic arrangements, where all persons making business calls -may enter without feeling that they are intruding on the privacy of the -household.... ELEVATION, (fig. 95.)—The exterior outlines and dress of -this plan are a fair representation of the prevailing styles of American -rural house architecture, in its most genteel and practical forms. -There is a manifest propriety in the strong and decided features of the -exterior finish of this example, wherein each part has its distinctive -characteristics of utility, harmony, and truthfulness—a combination -that never fails to please even the most tasteful, and it may therefore -be regarded as the real basis of beauty. We frequently meet with -oddly-proportioned country houses, evidently constructed with a sole -regard to utility, that present a stunted and cadaverous appearance, -having been shorn of their beauty through a mistaken idea that _economy_ -precludes the least indulgence in taste. Good taste only demands that -every separate part of any building shall be in harmony with the whole, -and this feature of harmony is not so much a subject of expense as -of expression, being a result of _mode_ rather than the _matter_ of -construction. The materials necessarily required for any building assume -shape and expression according to the methods of their application, and -they may be applied in disproportion, so as to be of permanent disgrace; -whereas the same materials properly and intelligently used, with a like -expense of handling, develop into proportionate and expressive forms of -elegance and grace. A building constructed as indicated by these plans -presents a pleasing appearance from any direction, each face being broken -by wings or other projections, which give relief from the formalities -of a large, flat surface. From the front there is an expression of -completeness indicating full provision for comfort, and an air of -contentment. From the sides are presented to the best advantage the more -extended surfaces, including the large corniced gables of the principal -building, the rear wing, and other projections. The rear has an equally -finished and satisfactory appearance.... THE CELLAR (fig. 96), is the -full size of the ground-plans, with a clear hight of 7 feet. The five -cellar windows are placed where they will admit light to every part. An -outside entrance is under the rear lobby, and a stairway leads directly -to the kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 97.)—The arrangement is very simple -and convenient, comprising good-sized hall, parlor, living-room, kitchen, -office, study, five closets, and two stairways, with ceilings 10 feet -high. The Parlor is pleasantly situated, has two front windows opening -directly to the piazza, from which they derive shade and protection. -The Dining or living-room opens into the hall, parlor, and kitchen, -and has two closets. One end of this room is octagonal, and extends 6 -feet beyond the face of the principal, with three windows, affording a -pleasant outlook. The Kitchen adjoins the dining-room, has two closets, -is fitted up with a range, sink, and wash-tubs, and is conveniently -connected with the cellar and with second story by private stairways. The -Office is entered from the front porch, and is in direct communication -with the principal hall, has a good-sized closet from the space under the -principal stairs, and has a private room or Study.... SECOND STORY, (fig. -98.)—This is divided into four commodious apartments, beside a hall, -bath-room, and the necessary closets, and has ceilings 8 feet high in the -main building, and 7 feet in the rear wing. The Bath-room is provided -with a seat-closet and bath-tub. An inclosed stairway leads to the Attic, -where two or more bedrooms may be finished, besides leaving space for -garret purposes. The tank placed over the ceiling of the bath-room is -arranged to receive water from the principal roof, and is provided with -an overflow pipe leading to the cistern.... GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.—Full -brick foundations are estimated for. Where coarse stone can be had, they -answer as well, and at less cost, for the portions below ground; they -should be laid even with the brick-work on the inside when finished. -The wood-work is to be substantially constructed of good and sufficient -materials throughout. The roofs of the piazza, stoop, bay, lobby, and -window caps, are covered with charcoal tin, and in each case an allowance -is made for a “flashing” of 6 inches in width to turn up behind the -siding, to prevent leakage. The principal and the two wing roofs are each -covered with dark slate with ridge plates of zinc. The gutters are to -be those described for Design V. The joinings of the wing-roofs against -the main building are made perfectly tight by laying in, against the -building, right angle strips of zinc or tin “flashing,” with each course -of slate before the siding is put on. Slate is unquestionably the best -material for such roofing when the form of roof will admit of its use; -its cost is the same as for good tinning, and about 2 cents per square -foot in excess of pine shingles; when once properly done, will last for -centuries; it is fire-proof, and the water from it is much purer, an -important consideration when rain and cistern water is used for cooking -or drinking. Its color and appearance are agreeable—in fact roofs of -other materials are often painted in imitation of slate from choice.... -The most expressive portions of any buildings are their projecting -cornices. As a rule, for houses of this style, such projections should -be _one inch for every foot of their hight from the foundation_. And the -same rule will apply to every detail of the exterior finish; for example, -as in this case, the principal building being 22 feet high at the plate, -the principal cornices should project 22 inches; the piazza being 11 feet -high, its cornice projects 11 inches; the windows, 6 feet high, have caps -projecting 6 inches, etc. By this simple rule, all such projections may -be readily determined, and thus secure perfect proportion and harmony -of parts.... The inside plastering is “three-coat work.” All side-walls -should be continued down _close_ to the floor, to prevent the passage of -air or sound. Care should be taken to make the walls straight and true, -with the second coat of “browning,” for the last or white coat, though -applied in the best manner, can never overcome malformations in the body -of the plastering; on the contrary, the finer the finish of last coat, -the more visibly will such defects appear. In the concluding estimate, 28 -cents per yard is allowed for the cost of plastering, which is ample, as -shown by these calculations _for 100 yards_, viz.: - - 2,000 lath, at $2 per M. $4.00 - 10 lbs. lath-nails, at 6c. per lb. 60 - 4 barrels lime, at $1 per barrel. 4.00 - 5 loads sand, at 30c. per load. 1.50 - 1 barrel finishing lime, at $1.40 per barrel. 1.40 - 1½ bushel plaster, 37c.; 1 bushel hair, 50c. 87 - Cartage. 3.00 - Labor putting on lath, at 10c. per bunch. 2.00 - ½ day laborer (mixing mortar), at $1.50 per day. 75 - 1½ days mason (work), at $2.50 per day. 3.75 - 1½ days laborer (“tending” mason), at $1.50 per day. 2.25 - Use of screen, water barrel, and scaffolding. 1.00 - ------ - Total cost for 100 square yards, complete. $25.12 - Incidentals. 2.88 - ------ - Estimated at 28c. per yard. $28.00 - -In some localities, a practice prevails among masons of including in -their measurements of plastering one-half of the openings of doors and -windows, which is obviously unjust, and a frequent cause of dispute. -Such openings will average at least 2 yards each—in this house would -aggregate 50 yards—and in every case should be deducted, unless otherwise -agreed previously.—ESTIMATE: - - 113 yards, excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.60 - 12,000 brick, laid complete, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 47 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 14.10 - 841 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 235.48 - 5,135 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 77.02 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 200 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 8 in. 82 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 40 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 100 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 330 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 3 × 7 in. 26 ft. long. - 20 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 35 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 21 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 4 locust posts in cellar, at 30c. each. 1.20 - 375 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. at 11c. each. 41.25 - 170 lbs. tarred paper or felting, at 3c. per lb. 5.10 - 330 siding, 10-inch, at 28c. each. 92.40 - Materials in cornices, water-table, etc. 50.00 - 213 hemlock boards (for roofing), at 20c. each. 42.60 - 18½ squares slate roofing, at $9 per square. 166.50 - 3 squares tin, at $8 per square. 24.00 - 300 flooring, 9 in., at 28c. each. 84.00 - Stairs, complete. 100.00 - 5 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 30.00 - 18 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 216.00 - 35 doors, complete, at $10 each. 350.00 - Piazza, porch, and lobby, complete. 150.00 - 4 mantles, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - Closet finish, complete. 25.00 - Range and elevated oven, etc., complete. 80.00 - Plumbing, complete. 175.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes, complete. 15.00 - Nails, $25; painting, $200; carting, $35. 260.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 223.83 - Incidentals. 94.92 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 95.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE, WITH OFFICE ATTACHED.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 96.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 97.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 98.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIV. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,800. - - -This plan will be recognized as comprehending the general characteristics -of those given in Designs XXI. and XXVI. It is designed to be constructed -of similar materials, with a like variety of pleasing and decided -outlines, and to give an equal amount of accommodation and convenience. -The division and arrangement of the several parts, however, are -entirely changed, being especially intended to meet the requirements -of a location having a _western_ frontage. Location is an important -consideration, involving many questions of adaptation, that should always -guide to the selection of such a plan as will express a natural fitness -for the situation, and truthfully indicate its purpose.... EXTERIOR, -(fig. 99.)—Only two feet of the foundation-walls are exposed to sight, -which brings the frame-work of the building quite near enough to the -ground. The surface of the earth surrounding such buildings should have -a grade of _at least_ one-half inch to the foot, for the distance of -50 feet in every direction, to insure the turning away of all surface -water from the walks and grounds. Another good result derived from such -grade is the additional altitude given to the building, imparting a -much better appearance. The general outlines of the elevation are very -simple, devoid of all pretentious ornamentation. The wide frontage, -the large and numerous openings, and ample roofs, are each expressive -of frankness and hospitality, eminently befitting the home of the -farmer. The front Porch is unusually wide, and arranged to have large -columns, and stationary seats at either side. The Bay-window has square -projections, instead of octagonal, which are equally appropriate in this -case, and less costly. The cornices of the principal building project -20 inches, and those of the wing 16 inches, and both are provided with -scroll-sawed trusses. The chimney-tops are large, and heavily capped. The -same general finish, as is shown on the front, is put on the sides and -rear, so that the building presents an equally complete and satisfactory -appearance from every direction. Buildings of this character should be -set back from the street line at least 50 feet—150 feet would be much -better—to give room for trees, shrubbery, and walks.... CELLAR, (fig. -100.)—The plans provide for a cellar under the principal building only, -which gives a clear space of 22 × 25 feet. If desired, the space beneath -the wing may be included at an additional cost of $65. The excavations -for the cellar in the earth is 3 feet 8 inches deep; this allows the -foundation-walls to be 7 feet high. The earth thrown out is to be graded -around the building to the hight of 1½ foot, thus leaving two feet of -the foundation exposed on the outside. Country houses are frequently -set so low down as to be a matter of regret ever afterwards. There are -constant accumulations of dust, and other matter, caught and held by the -shrubbery and grasses, so that there is soon discovered a seeming growth -of the earth upward around the house and immediate grounds, making it -impossible to adapt the grades that are desirable. It is far better that -foundations are a little too high than too low, for when too high, the -approaches can easily be raised at any time with a few loads of earth; -but when too low, there seems to be no cure, except to raise the entire -building. The foundation-walls are designed to be constructed of broken -stone, laid in coarse mortar, as more particularly described for Design -XXI.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 101.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 ft. Entire floor -measurement, 1,206 square feet, affording ample space for good-sized -apartments. The several divisions have especial regard to comfort and -convenience. The front hall, or reception room, is nearly square, of -good dimensions, is entered from the front porch through double or -folding doors, and adjoins the parlor and living-room, and contains the -principal stairs. The Parlor is unusually large, is provided with windows -in its sides, and has stucco cornices and centers in its ceilings, with -an arched finish in the bay-window. The Living, or Dining-room, is -commodious, pleasantly situated, with outlooks front and rear, and is -easily accessible all around. The Family-room is large, connects with -the dining-room and parlor, and is intended as a sitting or sewing-room. -If occasion require, this room might be used as the bed-room of an -invalid. The Work-room, or Kitchen, is conveniently arranged to have a -range, boiler, pump, sink, wash-tubs, and pipes for cold and hot water, -and adjoins the dining-room, a large pantry, and a rear entrance door, -and has a private stairway leading to the second story, with a closet -underneath. The Pantry is of ample dimensions, is conveniently arranged -with shelving, and has a zinc wash-tray, with cold and hot water-pipes, -and adjoins the kitchen, dining-room, and a china closet. The latter is -useful for storing wares not required daily. The rear shed is paved, and -the cellar doors are constructed as described for Design XXI.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 102.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet in main building, and 8 -feet in wing. Floor measurement, 1,276 feet, divided into 8 good-sized -rooms, besides halls, closets, and stairways. The principal hall connects -with each chamber in main building, and one room and passage in wing. -The door between the principal hall and wing-passage may be closed at -any time, cutting off communication at pleasure. The side, or “breast” -walls, in the wing, are vertical 3 feet, and are continued upward at an -angle of 45° to the ceiling, thus securing sufficient head-room. The -bath-room is exactly above the kitchen, and contains a tank, bath-tub, -and seat-closet, with pipes for cold and hot water.... ATTIC.—The stairs -to this are over the first flight, and are designed to be neatly ceiled -in with 4½-inch beaded ceiling-boards, with a door at the foot. Double -windows in each gable admit sufficient light, and afford ventilation.... -REMARKS ON CONSTRUCTION.—An insight into the character of this plan, is -best had by carefully considering the materials and cost in the estimate -added. We would urge the importance of good methods and workmanship in -construction, without which all materials, however good or sufficient, -can never produce good results. The old maxim, “whatever is worth doing -at all, is worth doing well,” especially applies to building a home in -which one is to spend a lifetime. This does not imply extravagance in -any sense, only demanding such _careful and intelligent application of -the ordinary rules of construction_, as shall insure substantial work, -that will not be a continuous source of anxiety and expense. Any one -of ordinary intelligence should be able to generally superintend the -operations of the mechanics employed in constructing a farm-house. The -following _points_ are of the greatest importance. Carefully watch that -the foundation-walls are substantially laid, and accurately leveled -on their upper surfaces, so that the doors shall not strike the floor -or carpets in opening, nor the tables, chairs, or other furniture be -obliged to stand on three legs. The frame-work, when raised, should -be plumb, so that all work on or in the building can be cut square, -and applied without tedious fitting. The siding should be thoroughly -“seasoned” in the open air before using, and carefully applied with close -joints, and well nailed. The edges of all water-tables, corner-boards, -and window-frames should be painted _before_ setting. The shingles -should be carefully laid, breaking their joints at one-third of their -width, and double nailed. The flooring should be dry, close laid, and -nailed with two nails to each beam. The partitions should be set with -studding of selected widths; and their angles or corners should be -anchored firmly together, to prevent the walls from cracking in those -parts when finished. The chimneys should be carefully constructed; all -joints between the brick-work should be surely filled with mortar, to -prevent sparks from passing through to the frame-work. All mortar for -plastering should be properly mixed, and allowed sufficient time (at -least one week), for the thorough slaking of the lime, and a complete -permeation of its caustic properties. Thin coats of plastering are better -than heavy ones. A mortar that does not crack in setting or drying is -sure to be good. The interior wood finish should not be commenced until -the plastering is completely dried out, and all loose mortar is removed -from the building. All wood-work usually painted should be primed as -soon as in position. For more explicit remarks and sundry suggestions on -painting, see Design XIII. - -ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS AND COST: - - 110 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.00 - 1,371 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 205.65 - 3,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 36.00 - 46 ft. stone steps, sills, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 13.80 - 1,030 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 288.40 - 5,713 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 85.69 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 186 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 3 posts, 4 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 256 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 186 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 57 beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 36 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 24 beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 3 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 24 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 16 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each. 33.00 - Materials in water-table and cornices. 50.00 - 300 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 84.00 - 400 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 24.00 - 69 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 103.50 - 84 ft. gutters, 132 ft. leaders, and 134 ft. porch roofs, - 10c. per ft. 35.00 - 355 flooring, 9½ × 13, at 28c. each. 99.40 - Porch and hood, complete. 75.00 - Stairs, complete. 90.00 - Bay-window, complete. 60.00 - 20 windows, complete, at $10 each. 200.00 - 6 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 36.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 32 doors, complete, at $10 each. 320.00 - 1 cellar door and hatchway doors. 20.00 - Shelving and hooks in closets. 20.00 - 2 marble mantles and 4 shelves with trusses. 75.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 215.00 - Nails. 25.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes. 20.00 - Painting. 150.00 - Cartage, 1 mile. 35.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Incidentals. 32.56 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 99.—ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 100.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 101.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 102.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXV. - -A “HALF STONE” HOUSE FOR $2,800. - - -This plan is designed for a substantial, convenient, and inexpensive -country house. It has two full finished stories, with well-lighted -apartments of good size, and a large cellar and attic. It has also the -merit of architectural beauty, well adapted to a commanding location.... -EXTERIOR, (fig. 103.)—The “half-stone” composition of the side walls, and -the strong outlines and slating of the main roof, give to this structure -a rustic, yet substantial appearance, affording both diversity and -picturesqueness, as shown in the variety of the openings and irregularity -of the several parts. The front and rear elevations are similar; by -changing the entrance doors and stairs, either side may front the road. -The details of exterior finish are so simple, and easy of execution, -that any “modification for the rear” is undesirable. Inharmonious and -unsightly curtailments in the rear finish have a depressing influence -on those obliged to face them daily, which can never be overcome by -knowing there is a good front.... CELLAR, (fig. 104.)—Hight, 6½ feet, -of which 4½ feet is below the ground surface, and therefore (with -its thick walls), frost proof. It is always important to provide for -carrying off the poisonous vapors apt to be generated in cellars. For -this purpose side openings are made near the ceiling into one of the -flues of each chimney. These flues, extending to the top, and warmed by -contact with the fires of the upper stories, have sufficient draft to -constantly change the cellar air, and prevent its ascent through the -living-rooms.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 105.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 feet. -Here are conveniently placed three large rooms, a hall, china closet, -and large pantry. Each large room has commodious windows with views in -two directions. The pleasant piazzas at both the front and rear of the -parlor, extend over and protect the entrance doors.... SECOND STORY, -(fig. 106.)—Hight of ceilings, 8 feet. The divisions are very simple, -a hall, four chambers, four closets, and a bath-room. Light railings -may be put on the roofs of the wings and piazzas to form pleasant -balconies to the windows of this story. One such balcony is shown over -the wing-roof (fig. 103); the others may be similar. The small cost of -these devices is fully repaid in their usefulness for airing purposes, -besides imparting a cheerful appearance.... GARRET OR ATTIC.—This story -is thoroughly floored, but otherwise unfinished. Should additional -chambers be required, partitions may be set over those or the second -story, duplicating that plan, with rooms having the same hight of -ceilings. The stairs are placed immediately above those of the lower -stories, are ceiled in, and have a door at the foot.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -durability, general abundance, and substantial appearance of stone, make -it the most desirable and appropriate material known for the exterior -walls of any building. The cost of cutting and dressing such material -ready for use is the principle barrier to its general adoption. By using -bricks for corners and for the finish around the openings, the most -expensive item of stone-work is saved. They need only to be “random -dressed,” and laid nearly in the shape in which they are quarried, as -more particularly described for Design XXVII. When such walls are carried -beyond the hight that is convenient for the handling of the materials, -the expense of their construction is largely increased. It is for this -reason that the “half-stone” method is particularly valuable. In this -plan, the stone-work extends only to the hight of the ceiling of the -first story; to this hight the materials may be readily wheeled on -trestled scaffolding, while to double this hight would require the use of -the tedious derrick, and additional help. The upper stories are framed of -the usual sized timber, and raised on the stone walls, which in this case -become their foundation. The main roof is constructed as shown in Design -XXII. The hight requiring siding is 4½ feet, or including water-table and -cornice, 6½ feet from the stone-work of the first story to the slating of -the roof. The main roof covering is of dark slate laid on tarred felt. -At or near the floor-line dividing the upper stories, it is appropriate -to indicate the division by the use of tinted slate, which may be laid -in close courses or in simple figures, as shown on the elevation. The -roofs of the hooded and dormer windows are also slated. The deck of the -main roof, and the roofs of the piazza, are covered with IC. charcoal -tin. The wood-finish is made of simple design, devoid of all efforts at -pretentious display, each part being chosen with especial regard for its -utility and appropriateness. The trusses, piazza-columns, and soffits are -worked of timber neatly stop-chamfered, imparting a rustic appearance to -them, in keeping with the stone-work. The water-tank is placed in the -attic, directly above and in line with the bath-tub and kitchen-range, -favoring the most practical plumbing. The soil-pipe leading from the -bath-room floor passes down through the closet adjoining the kitchen -chimney to the sewer-pipe, which is laid below the cellar bottom. The bad -smells and gases arising from confined sewage may be easily disposed of -by the insertion of a 2-inch pipe into the closet-trap (at its highest -point), and connecting it with a flue of the adjoining chimney. All -inside plastering is of three-coat work. The casing of the bath-room -and around all plumbing is in hard-wood; all other trimming of clear -pine. The Newel rail and baluster on the first-story flight of stairs -are of black-walnut. All work usually painted has two coats of best -lead and linseed-oil, with stainers to give the body (outside), a light -gray, and trimmings in imitation of “Nova Scotia stone.” Inside, parlor -and hall, in grays, dining-room in grays and drabs, kitchen in drabs, -chambers white.... COST.—Prices of building materials are quite as low -as they were before the war; many kinds are really selling for the cost -of their production or manufacture. Labor is also very cheap, nearly at -old figures. Those contemplating building, and having the means at hand -to do so, need not wait for a more favorable time. As soon as general -business improves, there must be a “rise” in materials, especially such -as require to be manufactured. The estimate appended includes the cost of -all materials and labor for good work at the prices now ruling near New -York city.—ESTIMATE OF THE COST: - - 126 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $25.20 - 158 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 434.50 - 91 ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft. 27.90 - 7,000 bricks in angles and chimneys, at $12 per M, laid. 84.00 - 750 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 210.00 - 4,262 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 63.93 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 3 girders, 4 × 8 in. 10 ft. long. - 16 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 32 beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 12 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 sill, 3 × 8 in. 175 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 175 ft. long. - 1 deck, 3 × 7 in. 150 ft. long. - 5 beams, 3 × 8 in. 9 ft. long. - 4 beams, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 16 beams, 3 × 8 in. 24 ft. long. - 340 wall strips, at 11c. each. 37.40 - 100 furring strips, at 6c. each. 6.00 - Cornice materials. 40.00 - 75 siding-boards, at 26c. each. 19.50 - 357 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 57.12 - 18 squares of slate, complete, at $9 per square. 162.00 - 14½ squares of tin, complete, at $7 per square. 101.50 - 350 flooring plank, 8 inch, at 25c. each. 87.50 - 2 piazzas, complete, at $70 each. 140.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 35.00 - 14 plain windows, complete, at $8 each. 112.00 - 11 hooded windows, complete, at $15 each. 165.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - Stairs, complete. 80.00 - 23 doors, complete, at $9 each. 207.00 - 3 mantles, complete, at $25 each. 75.00 - Closet finish, complete. 20.00 - Range and plumbing. 175.00 - Nails, $25; painting, $70; cartage, $20. 115.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - Incidentals, attic and elsewhere. 106.05 - -------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 103.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 104.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 105.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 106.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVI. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,900. - - -This plan of a farm-house embraces a commodious and convenient interior, -with such external features as to clearly express its purpose. It will -be recognized as at once adapted to rural situations and domestic life, -providing much valuable space, and affording a variety of pleasing and -symmetrical outlines, with due economy in expense of construction. -Perhaps the most striking feature is the _breadth_ of the front, which is -51 feet. (The average depth is 22 feet 7 inches.) As far as practicable, -all prolonged vertical lines are avoided, leaving horizontal ones to -prevail, as of more practical utility and value. Where opportunities -abound for “spreading out,” as in the country, it would be obviously -incompatible to build tall, or stilted houses, that would not comport -with their surroundings, nor provide the conveniences desirable in all -rural habitations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 107.)—The general details of the -elevation are made up of simple parts so appropriated and balanced, -that they harmonize with each other, and secure a graceful outline. -The principal, or main portions of this building will be observed to -be the central one, while the wings at either side are collaterals, -that give equipoise and rest to the whole structure. The steep roofs, -with their subdued pediments, and spreading cornices and dormers, the -bay and other windows, the wide entrance, and open piazza, are all -arranged so as to correspond with each other, producing an effective and -picturesque appearance. There are no efforts at scientific or elaborate -display of outside ornamentation, but has sufficient architectural -completeness to denote social cultivation and refinement. The farm-house -in XXI. was designed more especially for an _eastern_ frontage. These -plans are particularly adapted for a _southern_ frontage.... The -CELLAR, (fig. 108), extends under the whole house, and is 6½ feet deep. -An outside entrance and area are to be built and inclosed under the -stoop at the rear. Eleven small windows are provided for both light -and ventilation.... The FIRST STORY, (fig. 109), has ample apartments -adapted to the uses of a large family, embracing a good-sized hall, -parlor, living-room, kitchen, pantries, closets, and corridor. The -principal entrance is from the piazza, through large double doors to -the hall. Similar double doors on each side of the hall lead to the -parlor and dining-room. These inside double doors enable one to throw -the whole together for large family and other gatherings, and are -manifestly appropriate in dwellings of this character. The principal -stairs are semi-circular, so arranged as to occupy but little room in -the principal hall. The Parlor is situated by itself, remote from the -machinery of daily housework. The Living-room is the most central, and -most convenient and comfortable room in the house. It is so surrounded -by other apartments that summer’s heat, nor winter’s cold, can have -direct access to its sides. The large Bay-window affords an ample supply -of light, and adds to the area of the room. It adjoins and opens into -the principal hall, corridor, kitchen, and large pantry. The Kitchen -is conveniently situated, and adjoins the dining-room, corridor, -pantry, store-room, cellar, and private stairway. It is provided with -a range, sink, wash-tubs, and pipes for cold and hot water. By this -arrangement, the principal work of the family can be done with such -thoroughness and facility as to make such employment interesting and -pleasant, devoid of any sense of drudgery. The corridor is adapted to -all the uses of a rear hall, and communicates with each of the other -principal rooms of the first story. It is also an auxiliary apartment, -and may be used in connection with either of the other apartments, -and affords valuable room for many in-door occupations for both old -and young.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 110.)—The engraving is sufficiently -plain to require but little explanation. It will be seen that there are -seven rooms, besides halls and closets. The Bath-room is situated in -this story over the kitchen, and contains the bath-tub, seat-closet, -and water-tank, and is accessible from the principal building through -the passage leading from the principal hall. An opening through the -ceiling of the kitchen, with a register, would probably let warm air -enough up into the bath-room to keep frost out in winter, especially -if some fire remained in the range or stove most of the night. In all -arrangements of water-tanks and pipes, care must be taken to keep them -from being frozen in the coldest nights.... The ATTIC is completely -floored over, but is otherwise unfinished. Several bed-rooms might be -finished in this story if desirable. An open attic is always valuable for -storage, drying clothes in stormy weather, etc., and as a play-room for -children in rainy weather.... CONSTRUCTION.—Any one at all familiar with -building would see at a glance that the form and arrangements of this -plan admit of its execution in section. There are conditions that would -justify the building of the central part of this house, to be used as -the residence of a small family, and add the wings at any future time, -as circumstances might indicate.... The excavations for the cellar are -made 3½ feet deep. The foundations are 18 inches thick, and 6½ feet high, -of broken stone, laid in mortar, with the joints neatly pointed on all -surfaces exposed to sight. The earth thrown out of the cellar should -be left on the ground, and graded around the foundation, leaving but -two feet to show above the final grade. The chimneys should be started -with the principal foundation, and the materials interlaced to insure -solidity. Three fire-places are constructed in the first story; those in -the kitchen and dining-room are in one stack built “square up” to the -ceiling of the first story. Two separate flues are then continued through -the second story, on either side of the passage-way, and are afterwards -joined over an arch, and pass through the roof in one solid shaft. The -estimate indicates the general character of the work. In these rural -dwellings, the siding may be worked without the central groove shown in -Design XI. This, though less pleasing to many, would give an expression -of less artifice, and more strength.... ESTIMATE.—The following estimate -will be found correct as to quantity, and ample as to cost. Most farmers -have materials and facilities that would enable them to greatly reduce -the cost of building by this plan. The items of excavation, foundation, -carting, and painting, amount to nearly $500. Some, or each of these -parts, might be satisfactorily done by those engaged on the place: - - 210 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $42.00 - 1,750 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 262.50 - 4,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 48.00 - 50 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 15.00 - 850 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 238.00 - 4,722 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 70.83 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 sills, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 5 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 5 ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 10 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 42 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 36 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 22.00 - 320 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 35.20 - 150 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 7.50 - 325 novelty siding-boards, at 28c. each. 91.00 - Materials in cornices and outside casings. 50.00 - 375 spruce shingling lath, at 6c. each. 22.50 - 65 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 97.50 - 200 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 20.00 - Piazza and stoops, complete. 120.00 - 324 mill-worked flooring boards, at 35c. each. 113.40 - 4 flights of stairs, complete. 90.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 50.00 - 22 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 264.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 11 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 66.00 - 35 doors, complete, at $10 each. 350.00 - 2 mantles, complete, at $20 each. 40.00 - Closets, shelving, etc., complete. 20.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 248.50 - Painting, $150; nails, $20; cartage, $30. 200.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 218.00 - Incidentals. 18.07 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,900.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 107.—ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 108.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 109.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 110.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVII. - -A STONE-HOUSE COSTING $2,900. - - -These plans were designed for the substantial dwelling of a farmer -in easy circumstances. The outside appearance truthfully expresses -its rural and its domestic purpose. The interior accommodations are -carefully arranged for comfort and convenience. The materials and -method of construction insure permanency; with little care, this -building would last for many generations.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 111.)—The -elevation shows that this house was intended for the country—it looks -like a farm-house—in fact it would be out of place anywhere else. Its -peculiar solid, independent, and home-like character is due to the -massive stone walls, large door and window openings, broad and steep -slated roof, truncated gables, substantial chimneys, and heavy sheltering -eaves, all arranged in simple, expressive, and harmonious combination. -All superfluous ornamentation is avoided, as inconsistent with rural -simplicity and truthfulness. Vines and creepers will be suggested by the -rough stone walls and piazza posts; and to their delicate tracery may -be left the work of “filling in” their more appropriate and agreeable -decorations.... The CELLAR (fig. 112), is 6½ feet high, extending under -the whole building, giving ample space for the storing of articles -requiring a cool, moist air for their preservation. Seven windows are -arranged to provide light and ventilation to every part. The outside -entrance is from the rear under the back stoop; stairs lead directly -up to the kitchen. The “safe” is a “locker,” or private cellar for -keeping choicer stores.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 113.)—Hight of ceilings, -10 feet. The arrangements are somewhat peculiar, and are very convenient -and pleasant. Each of the four principal rooms have windows giving -views in two different directions. The two halls (front and rear) have -stairs in each, and are otherwise arranged for easy communication with -all parts of the house. The Parlor is pleasantly situated, adjoins the -front hall and dining-room, has a large open fire-place, and is shaded -on the front by the piazza. The Dining or living-room is the largest -apartment, and communicates directly with every other room and hall on -this floor, bringing this entire story under the immediate supervision -of the mistress of the household. It has an open fire-place and two -closets. The Bedroom is placed in a quiet corner, where the little ones -may take their “day naps” without being run over or disturbed by sudden -callers, or those engaged in housework. The Kitchen is a good-sized -apartment, adjoins the dining-room, rear hall, milk-room, large pantry, -two closets, and cellar stairway, and is provided with a large range, -sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for supplies of cold and hot -water.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 114.)—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. This -contains five good-sized chambers, a large hall, and nine closets. The -three larger chambers have full-sized side-walls and ceilings; the space -beyond the side-walls or partitions are devoted to closets, of which -there cannot be too many in any house.... CONSTRUCTION.—Unless situated -on very high ground, having a thorough natural drainage, the earth taken -from the cellar excavations should be left on the grounds and graded -around the foundation, to insure the turning away of all surface water. -In such cases, care must be taken to allow in the depth of the excavation -for the hight it is intended to raise the earth grades. The appended -estimate of cost is for excavating 3 feet deep. This will furnish 202 -cubic yards of earth to raise the grades 1½ foot immediately around the -house (leaving 2 feet of the foundation exposed to sight), and give a -gentle slope outwards in every direction to the distance of 40 feet. All -the outside walls are solid masonry. The foundations are of the roughest -stone, laid in good mortar, 2 feet thick. A “top floating” of hydraulic -cement mortar is used in levelling the upper surfaces, to prevent the -ground moisture from rising above that line to be absorbed by the main -walls. The main walls are of rough stone and hard burned bricks laid -in strong mortar, 16 inches thick. The outside corners, and the jambs -and heads of the doors and windows, are of brick, as shown in fig. 115. -Their use greatly facilitates the work of construction, and obviates the -necessity of stone-dressing. The intervening walls are of broken stone -“random dressed,” laid in courses to conform to the quoin lines of the -brick-work, and may be done by common masons. The window and door sills -are of ordinary hammered blue-stone. All outside interstices and joints -are filled and pointed with cement mortar. Thin strips of wood (mason’s -lath will do) are laid in between the courses on the inside, to which -the inside furring is fastened. The chimneys are built of hard brick, -and are finished above the roof with large tops, having cross openings -at the sides for each flue, and close covers.—The Frame-work is very -simple; the central girders are supported by large posts on solid stone -footing. The beams are notched over the girders, with their ends resting -and anchored in the walls, and are thoroughly bridged. The plates are -anchored by bolts that are inlaid while building the walls. The rafters -are notched over the plates with their lower ends extending 2½ feet -beyond the walls; their centers are supported by purlins and collars. The -roof is covered with dark slate. The flooring is of mill-worked 1½-inch -plank. The interior of the stone walls is furred off, with unobstructed -spaces between the furring to the roof, for the passing off of all -dampness. The interior finish is complete throughout. The principal -rooms have neatly-moulded architraves, other rooms plain. The kitchen -and rear hall are wainscoted. All doors are panelled and moulded, and -all windows have inside blinds.—The plastering is three-coat work, with -the principal rooms hard-finished, balance white-slipped. The painting, -outside, is two coats with the best materials; inside is oil-stained and -flat-varnished.—ESTIMATE: - - 202 yards excavation, 3 ft. deep, at 20c. per yard. $40.40 - 224 perches stone-work, complete, at $2.75 per perch. 616.00 - 150 running ft. blue-stone sills at 30c. per ft. 45.00 - 6,500 bricks in quoins and chimneys, complete, at $12 per M. 78.00 - 1,000 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 5,208 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 78.12 - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 62 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 38 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 45 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 21 ft. long. - 8 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 17 ft. long. - 38 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 35 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 12 beams, 3 × 8 in. 10 ft. long. - 40 collars, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 valley, 3 × 8 in. 80 ft. long. - 1 plate, 3 × 8 in. 200 ft. long. - 250 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 27.50 - 300 furring strips, at 4c. each. 12.00 - Anchors to beams and plates. 5.00 - Cornice materials. 30.00 - 420 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 25.20 - 26½ squares of slating, complete, at $9 per square. 238.50 - 25 hemlock boards, piazza roof, at 16c. each. 4.00 - 2½ squares tin, roofing and leaders, at $8 per square. 20.00 - 296 flooring, 8 in., at 25c. each. 74.00 - Stairs, complete, $90; piazza and stoop, $80. 170.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $5. 35.00 - 22 plain windows, complete, at $10 each. 220.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $18 each. 72.00 - 34 doors, complete, at $9 each. 306.00 - 2 mantles, 3 shelves, complete. 68.00 - Closet finish, complete. 39.28 - Range and plumbing, complete. 175.00 - Nails, $16; painting, $60: cartage, $15. 91.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,900.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 111.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 112.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 113.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 114.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 115.—MANNER OF BUILDING CORNERS.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVIII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,000. - - -These plans were designed for a suburban cottage, having a cheerful -outside appearance, and containing ample interior apartments conveniently -arranged, with such modern improvements as are desirable for the use of -an ordinary sized family.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 116.)—The general outlines -are made up of simple parts, embracing features of pleasing variety and -elegance. The foundation walls, showing four feet above ground, insure -against moisture from the earth, and add to the superficial dimensions -of the structure. Such high foundations for houses of this character -afford a proper background for the grasses and shrubbery usually -surrounding them. The irregularities of the principal building, the -steep, dark-slated roofs, with their heavy projecting cornices, truncated -or hooded gables, and enriched barge-boards, together with the stoops and -bay-windows, are proportioned and arranged to assimilate with each other, -and contribute to gracefulness and harmony.... CELLAR, (fig. 117.)—Hight, -7 feet. Seven good-sized windows admit an abundance of light, and afford -thorough ventilation.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 118.)—Hight of ceiling, -10½ feet. The rooms are unusually large, and arranged to be pleasant, -comfortable, and convenient. The front entrance has large double doors. -This hall contains the principal stairs, which are of “platform” -construction. We prefer this form whenever the general plan allows it, -as such stairs are much easier, less dangerous, and appear better than -the usual long, straight flights. The hall connects with each principal -room, obviating the too frequent necessity of passing through one room -to reach another. The Parlor has a fire-place, adapted to either a grate -or fire-place heater (we should prefer the latter in this case, supplied -with heating-pipes for warming the chamber above,) and is provided with a -marble mantle. A large bay-window admits sufficient light, and affords a -pleasant outlook. The remaining sides of this room are unbroken, leaving -ample space for furniture, pictures, etc. The Dining, or living-room, -is intended as the most agreeable and pleasant room in the house; it -has a fire-place with hearth openings, adapted to a “low-down” grate, -which is a good substitute for the old home-like fire-place, and affords -an opportunity for a generous and cheerful fire, and insures the most -perfect ventilation. The ashes from these hearth fires fall into the -ash-pit below them, thus obviating the necessity and dust of their daily -removal. A marble mantle with a large hearth, one bay and three plain -windows, and a closet, are provided for this room. The windows afford -plentiful light, and views from front, side, and rear, thus assuring a -home-like, cheerful apartment. The Kitchen is pleasantly situated, has -four windows for light and ventilation, and is planned with especial -regard for convenience. It is in proximity with the principal hall, rear -entry, and cellar stairway, has a large pantry, and two closets, and -contains a large fire-place, with a range, boiler, sink, and wash-tubs -having pipe attachments for hot and cold water. The dimensions of the -fire-place are 2 feet 10 inches wide, 5 feet 6½ inches high, and 1 foot 9 -inches deep, with a hearth-stone 2 feet wide, and 4 feet long. The range -is fitted into the fire-place, and has a water-back, elevated oven, and -warm-closet, and is connected by pipes with the boiler. The dumb-waiter, -shown on the plan at the right of the fire-place, is intended as a -“coal-lift,” which will save many steps and much hard labor running for -coal. This is simply a box, holding three bushels (twelve scuttles), -constructed of 1¼-inch floor planks, with wood runners 3 feet long, on -two opposite sides, conforming to grooves made in stationary planking in -the cellar, and is suspended by weights, with strong ropes, passing over -pulleys fastened to the underside of the floor-beams. The upper portions -of this closet may be fitted with shelving and hooks, as desired. The -large Kitchen Pantry, thoroughly shelved, is in the “addition” that -adjoins the kitchen, and is built in combination with the rear stoop. -The entry, conveniently situated, communicates between the kitchen and -dining-room, and with the back stoop through the rear door.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 119.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. This story is divided in -the simplest manner, has a hall, three large chambers, with closets -for each, and a bath-room, all with sufficient windows for light and -ventilation. Each principal chamber has an open fire-place, adapted to -grates. Chimneys, centrally situated, radiate most of their heat into -the rooms, thus saving fuel. The Bath-room has a French bath-tub, with -cold and hot water, and a seat-closet. The stairway to the attic story -is ceiled in over the principal stairs, with a door at the foot. The -Attic has three apartments, two intended to be plastered and finished as -chambers; the third, or larger one, is unfinished for an open garret.... -GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.—The excavations are 2½ feet deep, and the loose -earth is graded around the building at completion, leaving 4 feet of the -foundation exposed to sight. The foundation-walls are built as described -for Design XXXII. The sub-sills of the windows, and the steps and coping -of the area, are of blue-stone. The chimneys being near the center, are -not connected with the foundation walls. The rear one is constructed in -box form, below the first floor, as a receptacle for ashes, and has a -small iron door near the bottom for removing the ashes. The principal -frame-work is of sound pine or spruce timber, of the sizes mentioned in -the estimate below. When practicable, we would use pine timber for all -sills and posts, as the least liable to decay, and spruce for the girts -and beams, on account of its quality for stiffness. The siding is of two -thicknesses of boarding, as described for Design XXXII. The principal -roof is constructed at the angles of 45°, securing valuable space for -attic rooms, and is covered with dark slate laid on hemlock, with tarred -paper between. The roofs of the stoops and bay-windows, and all gutters -and valleys, are of IC. charcoal tin, laid on hemlock boards. The method -of constructing the cornice, gutters, and barge boards of the principal -roof, is shown in detail in fig. 120. _A_, rafter of 3 × 4; _B_, plate of -4 × 6, placed 14 inches above the attic floor; _C_, post of 4 × 7 timber; -_D_, gutter, having no abrupt angles to bother the tinsmith, or impair -his work, but is of circular form, and stayed with 2-inch furring lath, -on which the tin is smoothly and easily laid. _E_, bracket constructed of -2 × 4, with simple scroll, sawed from 4 × 6 timber. _F_, crown moulding -of 1¼ × 3¼, worked solid; _G_, barge-board with the crown-moulding -attached; this closes the ends of the gutters to the hight of the dotted -line at _D_. The stairs, interior trimmings, and the general painting, -are intended to be similar to those described for Design XVII. In the -estimate appended will be found a full schedule of the materials required -to construct, and fully develope a house by these plans. The quantities -given may be relied on as correct, and their cost is compiled from the -prices now ruling in this vicinity.—ESTIMATE: - - 69 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $13.80 - 18,500 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 222.00 - 53 ft. stone steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 15.90 - 841 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 235.48 - 250 yards stucco cornices, at 25c. per yard. 62.50 - 4,903 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 73.54 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 3 sills, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 302 ft. long. - Plate, 4 × 6 in. 151 ft. long. - 75 beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 54 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long. - 500 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each. 55.00 - 320 sheathing, 9½ in., at 25c. each. 80.00 - 170 lbs. tarred paper, at 3c. per lb. 5.10 - 320 siding-boards, 9½-inch, at 28c. each. 89.60 - Materials in outside dressing and cornices. 80.00 - 161 hemlock boards, principal roof, 10 in., at 16c. each. 25.76 - 14½ squares of slate, at $9 per square. 130.50 - 306 flooring, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 85.68 - 2 stoops, complete, at $50 each. 100.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete. 120.00 - Stairs, complete. 75.00 - 21 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 252.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 42.00 - 22 doors, with base and trimming, complete, at $10 each. 220.00 - 2 marble mantles and 3 shelves, complete. 68.00 - 1 range, with elevated oven and warm closet, complete. 80.00 - Plumbing and gas pipes, complete. 175.00 - Coal-lift and shelving, complete. 25.00 - 2 rooms in attic, finished, complete. 60.00 - Nails, $20; bells and speaking-tubes, complete, $15. 35.00 - Painting, $240; cartage, $40. 280.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Extra for incidentals. 43.14 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,000.00 - -Should it be desirable to reduce the cost of building by this plan, it -may be done without changing the principal outlines or arrangements, by -the following deductions and omissions, viz.: - - _Saving._ - Foundations reduced in hight from 7 ft. to 6½ ft. $20.00 - 5 cellar windows, instead of 7. 12.00 - Inclosing with single thickness siding. 80.00 - Roof of shingles, instead of slate. 60.00 - 4 plain windows, instead of the 2 bays. 72.00 - Deduct 1 window in each: dining-room, kitchen, bath-room. 36.00 - Reduce the cost of windows and doors, each $1.50. 64.50 - An ordinary range, instead of one with an elevated oven. 40.00 - Omit the finish in attic. 60.00 - Omit plumbing and gas-pipes. 175.00 - Omit coal-lift, bells, and tubes. 30.00 - --------- - Total reductions. 649.50 - Making the cost $2,350.50 - -[Illustration: Fig. 116.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 117.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 118.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 119.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 120.—CORNICE, GUTTER, AND BARGE-BOARDS.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIX. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,100. - - -These plans were designed for a summer residence near Toms River, N. J. -They are especially adapted to situations where the more pleasant views -are to the rear, making it desirable to have the principal rooms on that -side of the house.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 121.)—The Swiss-like style is -due to its bold roofs, wide projections, and rustic details of finish, -there being no attempt at architectural display.... FIRST STORY, (fig. -122.)—The Hall, which is unusually large, is entered from the front porch -through double doors, contains the main stairs, and communicates with -the library, parlor, dining-room, and a passage leading to the kitchen. -A Closet is finished under the stairs opening from the passage. The -Library is nearly square, with openings in the center of each of its -four sides, and is divided from the parlor by large folding-doors. The -Parlor is of good dimensions, has large windows opening to the floor, -and leading to the piazza. The Piazza is 12 feet wide, affording shade -and ample protection from storms, and may be used in pleasant weather -to enlarge the capacity of the parlor. The Dining-room is entered from -the main hall, and communicates through the pantry with the kitchen. The -Kitchen has windows front and rear, giving a good circulation of air, -and is furnished with a range, boiler, sink, and pump, connected with -the necessary piping, with supply from the cistern. Private stairways -lead to the second story, and to the cellar; the necessary pantries are -provided. The one-story Addition is divided into three parts, making -a work-room or shed, inclosing the well, a servant’s bed-room, and a -store-pantry.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 123.)—This story contains a hall, -five good-sized chambers, seven closets, and a bath-room. The hall has -nine doors leading to the several apartments, two stair landings, and a -window, while it occupies but little space. The Bath-room has a bath-tub, -seat-closet, and pipes for cold and hot water.... ATTIC, (fig. 124.)—A -hall and two chambers are finished in this story. The stairs leading to -it are inclosed, and have a door at the foot. The hall is lighted by a -dormer window in one end. At the opposite end a door leads to the space -under the wing-roof, where the tank is placed, immediately above the -bath-room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The hight of the cellar is 6½ feet, of the -first story 10½ feet, of the second story 8 feet, of the attic 7 feet. -The foundations are of brick-work, and show two feet above the final -grades. The chimneys are of brick-work, and have six open fire-places, -with hearths to each, adapted to the use of either wood or coal fuel. -The plastering is “hard-finish” on two coats of brown mortar. Stucco -cornices and centers, of simple design, are put in the first story of -the main house. Marble shelves with stucco truss-supports are put above -each fire-place. A well and cistern are included in the estimate. The -depth of the former is put at 30 feet, as the average. To avoid the -danger of the caving in of the sides while digging, it is best to make -the excavation 4½ ft. _square_ (not circular, as is usually really done.) -Rough planks, 4½ feet long, with their ends notched half way across, -are slid in to lock with each other closely against the banks, as the -excavation proceeds, making this part of the work perfectly safe in any -kind of earth. The depth of the well should be sufficient to secure at -least four feet of spring water. Of course it would be impracticable -to lay the brick-work under water that depth, and therefore a circular -curb 3 feet 3 inches in diameter, and 6 feet long (inside measure) must -be made of ordinary boards, with an interior 4-inch timber rim at the -bottom, and let down into the well as soon as water is reached. The -_rim_ forms the foundation of the brick-work. After laying a few courses -around, say to the hight of one or two feet, their added weight will -force them (curb and all) downwards under the water as fast as the -depth is increased. The clear inside diameter, when finished, is 2 feet -10 inches; the top courses of brick, to the depth of 3 feet, should be -laid in cement mortar; all others laid “dry.” The Cistern is constructed -entirely of brick and cement mortar, in the earth; 7 feet across, and -8 feet deep in the clear. The frame of the house is of spruce timber, -siding of clear pine, beveled clapboards, laid on sheathing-felt. Roofing -of cedar shingles, laid “three thick” on spruce lath. The cornices have -projections of two inches for each foot of their hight from the ground, -which is appropriate for buildings of this character, and is double -that of the usual styles. These projections are ceiled underneath with -tongued and grooved boards, and bracketed with chamfered timber trusses. -Openings are made through the gable cornices to allow for the escape of -heated air from under the roof. The flooring is of 9-inch tongued and -grooved spruce plank. All windows above the cellar have 1½-inch sash, and -outside blinds. Doors are panelled and moulded. The inside trimmings are -quite plain, single moulded, with bold members. The upper frame-work of -the piazza is left exposed on the underside, and is neatly dressed and -chamfered. The first-story stairs are strongly constructed of pine, with -newel, rail, and balusters of black walnut. - -ESTIMATE of materials and labor: - - 93 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $18.60 - 30 ft. digging well, at $1 per ft. 30.00 - 19,000 bricks (cellar foundation, chimneys, cistern, and - well,) furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 228.00 - 4 barrels cement, at $2.50 per barrel. 10.00 - 1,200 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 336.00 - 5,974 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 89.61 - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 45 beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 30 beams, 2 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 35 beams, 2 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 313 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 313 ft. long. - 61 beams, 2 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 20 beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 700 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 77.00 - 500 clapboards, at 14c. each. 70.00 - 350 shingling-lath, at 6c., $21; 9,650 shingles, at 2c., $193. 214.00 - 150 ft. gutters, valleys, and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 15.00 - 1,500 ft. dressed lumber in cornices, at 4c. 60.00 - 513 flooring, at 27c., $138.51; 30 windows, at $12, $360. 498.51 - 250 lbs. felt, at 5c., $12.50; 35 doors, at $10, $350. 362.50 - 5 marble shelves, at $6, $30; stairs, $100. 130.00 - Closet finished, $50; well-curb, $12. 62.00 - Range and plumbing, $280; nails, $20. 300.00 - Carting, average 1 mile, $40; painting, $230. 270.00 - Carpenter’s labor, $250; incidentals, $78.78. 328.78 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 121.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 122.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 123.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 124.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXX. - -A FRAME AND BRICK FARM-HOUSE COSTING $3,300. - - -These designs represent a farm-house having an air of substantial comfort -and refinement, and affording ample space and convenience for a large -family.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 125.)—This style admits of the simplest -and most economical finish, is susceptible of almost any degree of -irregularity, and is therefore suitable for the greater number of rural -buildings. The indestructible covering of the side-walls and roofs has -the merit and appearance of permanency.... CELLAR, (fig. 126.)—The -central division is 7 feet high, has five windows, and outside door, -and a stairway leading up to the kitchen. The girders under the first -floor beams are supported on large posts, standing on firmly-imbedded -flat stones.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 127.)—Hight of the ceilings, 11 feet -in main house, and 9 feet in the one-story wings at the side and rear. -The parlor, sitting-rooms, kitchen, and front hall, are in the main -house. The rear wing contains a summer kitchen, bath-room, and a large -kitchen pantry. The side wing is divided into a bed-room, clothes-press, -and pantry. The Parlor, Sitting-room, and Bed-room face the front. The -Kitchen is the largest apartment, and is arranged to be used as the -Living-room. It has windows in each end, an outside door leading to -a pleasant veranda, is in direct communication with the front hall, -sitting-room, summer kitchen, two pantries, and the cellar stairs. The -Summer Kitchen, intended to relieve the larger room of the heavier work, -is furnished with a range, boiler, sink, pump, and wash-tubs, and has -an outside door. The Bath-room is situated at the side of the summer -kitchen, and contains a bath-tub and a seat-closet. A tank 3 × 3 × 6 -feet, is placed between the ceiling and roof of this wing, and arranged -to receive rain-water from the main roof. A force-pump is set near the -iron sink, and arranged to supply water from the cistern to the tank, -when the rain supply is exhausted. It will be observed that all the -plumbing apparatus is placed in close proximity, thus insuring economy -in the cost of their introduction, and also that their location prevents -any serious injury that might arise from a chance bursting, or through -carelessness. No windows are shown at the rear of the summer kitchen, -or bath-room, this space being reserved for any additions that may be -desired for fuel, etc.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 128.)—Hight of ceilings, -9 feet. There are five chambers, a hall, and two closets in this story. -Each chamber is of good dimensions, well lighted (twelve windows in -this story,) and may be warmed if required, either by stoves placed in -them or through pipes inserted in the flues for the introduction of hot -air from heaters in the first story, as described for Design XXXII.... -ATTIC.—A flight of stairs, located above those of the first story, and -inclosed with narrow ceiling, with a door at the foot, leads to the -garret or attic. This story is thoroughly timbered and floored, but -otherwise unfinished.... CONSTRUCTION.—The foundation walls are of broken -stone, laid in good mortar, 18 inches thick, and show 2 feet above the -final grade of the surrounding earth. The materials of the frame are -indicated in the estimate below, and are framed together, and raised in -the usual manner, except that the sills are placed 4 inches back from -the face of the foundation, to provide a footing for the water-table and -brick inclosing. The _inside_ of the exterior frame is roughly ceiled -around with hemlock boards, which are thoroughly nailed to the studding, -bringing them “into line,” and making them firm. The method of inclosing -the sides of the building is shown in fig. 129. _A_ is the foundation; -_B_ the water-table; _C_ the brick wall; _D_, inside boarding; _E_, _E_, -_E_, timber of the frame. The water-table, of dressed stone, is laid on -the foundation in cement mortar. The brick are laid in “stretchers,” in -good lime and sand-mortar, with close joints. Anchor nails (fig. 130) are -driven in each stud in contact with the upper surfaces of every fifth -course of brick, as shown in the sketch. The window sills are of smoothly -dressed stone, set in the regular manner. The window and door frames -are made as for 8-inch brick-work. The heads are arched over with brick -projecting half an inch beyond the face of the walls, forming a coping -to the windows. The anchor nails are made of ordinary galvanized ⅛-inch -fence-wire; 6 inches long is required for each nail, 1 inch of both ends -being bent at a right angle, and one end is flattened to be easily driven -into the studding, and the opposite end is imbedded in the joints of -the brick-work. These nails are best applied by a carpenter employed to -accompany the masons in their work. This mode of building exterior walls -may be new to many persons, but it has been demonstrated and proved to be -thoroughly practical, and for many reasons preferable to the usual “solid -brick” wall; it is less expensive, does not retain moisture, requires -no “furring off,” or “filling in,” and attachments of cornices, stoops, -or balconies, are easily made to connect with the inside frame work.... -The main and wing roofs are covered with dark 8 × 16-inch slate, laid 7 -inches to the weather. Mason’s lath are put on the inside boarding in -a vertical manner, 16 inches apart, and the interior of the two full -stories is lathed, plastered, and otherwise fully completed. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 157 yards excavation, 4 feet deep, at 20c. per yard. $31.40 - 60 perches stone foundation, at $2.75 per yard. 165.00 - 44 ft. stone steps and cellar window-sills, at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 278 feet dressed stone-sills and water-table, at 75c. per ft. 208.50 - 31,000 brick furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 372.00 - 925 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 259.00 - Stucco cornices. 30.00 - 6,707 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 100.60 - Sills 4 × 8 in. 252 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 252 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 324 ft. long. - Girders, 4 × 8 in. 46 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 70 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 21 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 8 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 7 in. 122 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 5 in. 70 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 400 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 600 hemlock boards, for sheathing and roofing, at 16c. each. 96.00 - Cornice materials, $70; 21 squares slate, at $9, $189. 259.00 - 436 ft. tinning, gutters, and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 34.88 - 500 flooring, 9-inch spruce, at 26c. each. 130.00 - Stairs, complete, $90; piazzas, $130. 220.00 - 5 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 30.00 - 33 windows, above cellar, complete, at $10. 330.00 - 25 doors, at $10, $250; range and plumbing, $250. 500.00 - 3 mantles, $75; closet finish, $25. 100.00 - Painting, $113.66; cartage, $30. 143.66 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 200.00 - Incidentals. 16.76 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,300.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 125.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 126.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 127.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 128.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 129.—MANNER OF BUILDING.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 130.—ANCHOR NAIL.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,700. - - -The plans here given are somewhat peculiar in arrangement, intended for -a compact and economical residence or parsonage, containing thirteen -rooms, ample halls, eleven closets, large cellar, heater, range, cold -and hot water, and, in fact, all the necessary modern improvements -suitable for the uses of a good-sized family.... EXTERIOR.—The general -outline is nearly square, 26 × 30 feet, affording the most simple and -economical form of construction, and embraces a much better opportunity -for the most desirable distribution of rooms. The porch, bay-window, -and lobby, provide projections that serve to break up and relieve the -monotony usually observed in square buildings. Three elevations (figs. -131, 132, 133,) are given, from which choice can be made, according to -the situation of the building.... INTERIOR.—It will be observed that -the arrangements of the interior partake very much of the character -of a “double house,” particularly in the upper stories.... CELLAR, -(fig. 134.)—The Cellar extends under the whole house, and contains the -heater and bins for coal, etc. The Heater (“portable”) is arranged to -provide warm air to each room in the two principal stories, except the -kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 135.)—The Entrance, or Reception Hall, is -large, and contains the principal stairway of the house, so arranged -that the quarter-circle is about midway of their hight, placing the niche -down, where it adds greatly to the good appearance of the hall. The -principal rooms, Parlor and Dining-room, where it is usual for the family -to congregate, are large and accessible. Each has a large bay-window, -adding to its area, and supplying a pleasant outlook. The Kitchen -adjoins the dining-room and the rear entrance, or lobby, and has direct -communication with the cellar-stairway through a door. It is provided -with a range, boiler, sink, pump, and wash-tubs, complete. The Lobby, -or rear entrance, is arranged to connect by doors with the dining-room, -kitchen, and private stairway leading to the second floor.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 136.)—The method of erecting the stairs make them “land” -nearly in the center of the second story. Very little space is required -for the second-story hall, leaving almost this entire floor to be “laid -off” in rooms. These rooms may all be used as chambers, or either of -them may be used as a study. Doubtless the room directly above the front -entrance would be best adapted for that purpose. The door leading to this -room should have ground-glass upper panels to supply light to the hall -of this story.... ATTIC, (fig. 137.)—The Attic story is reached by the -stairway shown at the front end of the second-story hall, which has a -door at the foot of them to shut off all communication at pleasure. This -story is divided into four rooms, four closets, and hall. The Hall is -lighted through an opening, or skylight, in the roof, which also serves -as a ventilator. The School, or Play-room, is put in this part of the -house, where noise is less likely to disturb the older members of the -household. A Work-shop, having ample space for a work-bench, wood-lathe, -and other tools, is provided for in our plan on the third floor.... -The estimate appended indicates the general character of the work to -be good and substantial. Provision is made for brick foundations, a -regular timber frame, double siding, slate and tin roofs, outside blinds, -panelled doors, simple and appropriate trimmings throughout, with marble -mantles and stucco cornices in the principal rooms of the first story. -The figures set down for the cost of windows, bays, porch, lobby, and -doors, include materials and labor. The figures for carpenters’ labor are -for the balance of such work. - -ESTIMATE for house with Mansard roof: - - 75 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $15.00 - 13,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 48 ft. stone sills, steps, and coping, at 40c. per ft. 19.20 - 1,000 yards three-coat plastering, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 250 ft. stucco cornices, with centers. 75.00 - 4,181 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 62.71 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 8 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 66 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 66 beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 100 joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 22c. each. 22.00 - 500 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each. 55.00 - 483 sheathing for sides and roofs, at 25c. each. 120.75 - 300 lbs. tarred felt, at 5c. per lb. 15.00 - 381 novelty siding, 6-inch, at 30c. each. 114.30 - 112 ft. main cornice, at 60c. per ft. 67.20 - 10 squares of slate, at 10c. per ft. 100.00 - 12½ squares of tin, at 10c. per ft. 125.00 - 8 cellar windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - 12 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 144.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 160.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete, at $60 each. 120.00 - 1 porch, complete. 75.00 - 1 lobby, complete. 50.00 - 390 tongued and grooved flooring, complete, at 28c. each. 109.20 - 46 doors, complete, at $10 each. 460.00 - 11 closets, complete, at $6 each. 66.00 - 2 marble mantles, complete, at $25 each. 50.00 - 1 heater, complete. 200.00 - Gas-pipes. 35.71 - Plumbing, including range, etc. 300.00 - Painting. 188.93 - Carting. 75.00 - Extras for hardware, etc. 75.00 - Carpenters’ labor. 300.00 - --------- - Total amount. $3,700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 131.—MANSARD ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 132.—POINTED ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 133.—COTTAGE ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 134.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 135.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 136.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 137.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -This plan of a large house provides ample and conveniently-arranged -apartments, containing the most requisite of modern improvements, -suitable to the requirements of a good-sized family. The general outline -of the ground plan is nearly square—30 × 36 feet—securing the greatest -economy in expense of construction, and embracing a liberal provision -for comfort, and a suitable regard for appearances, without sacrificing -one for the other. There is always a certain boldness in the exterior, -or _elevation_, of a square double front, which no other style affords, -expressive of substantial dignity. The two Bay-windows and Porch are -united in construction, the porch having its ends partly sheltered by the -projecting bay-windows, is a pleasant feature. The second story, attic, -and cupola windows, have circular heads, with heavy dressing. The main -Cornice is heavily trussed; the Cupola is large and roomy, and all are -proportioned to make this house worthy of almost any situation.... The -CELLAR extends under the whole house, with walls of hard brick and mortar -8 inches thick, and 7 feet high, and should extend 1½ inches outside of -the frame-work of the house, so as to be “flush” with the sheathing. The -cross-walls, as shown on the plan, are of the same materials; all such -walls should have “heading-courses” every 20 inches, and if in sandy -bottom, a suitable bedding should be provided, as described for Design -XII., which will insure a perfectly safe and satisfactory foundation. The -AREA walls should be made of hard brick, with stone coping and steps, -laid in cement mortar. All chimneys should be started and laid up with -the foundation, and the materials interlaced to bind them together; -this will insure additional strength to both foundation and chimney. We -recommend plastering, or “laying off” the ceiling of the cellar, with -one coat of brown mortar, at a cost of $25, which would be a permanent -benefit to the whole house, in preventing the damp cellar air from rising -up through the floors and frame-work of the house. Such air is almost -sure to be vitiated by decaying vegetable matter, and is the undoubted -source of much disease. Another advantage derived from such plastering -is the shutting out of rats and mice from the frame-work of the house, -and lastly, it affords an opportunity of purifying and sweetening the -cellar easily by (the simplest of all means) a coat of white-wash.... -The materials used in the Frame are indicated in the estimate appended -below. Sills should be framed for each cross and outside wall, so as to -secure equal bearings, and allow for even shrinkages; and when put in -position, they should be bedded in mortar, to prevent any inequalities in -the bearings of the frame-work, to strengthen the foundation, and also -to effectually shut out cold air from getting between the cellar ceiling -and the first floor. All beams and studding are placed 16 inches from -centers. The first tier of beams should be framed into the sills, and -their tenons wedged from the outside, to “draw them home.” They should -also bear upon the wall equally with the sill. All beams having a span -of 12 feet and over, should have at least one row of cross-bridging of -1¼ × 3-inch “fencing.” The second and third story beams are notched over -the ties, and spiked fast. The cupola posts rest directly on the center -girts, and the principal roof-timbers are framed and secured to these -posts. In this frame there need be no tendency to self-destruction, -so common in large buildings, such as oblique or outward thrusts, or -irregularity of bearings, but a perfect “repose” is secured to every -piece of timber in the house.... The BAY-WINDOW frame-work (see fig. 140) -is 1 inch less in depth than the principal sills of the house, to allow -for the thickness of the boarding beneath them, so that the water-table, -when put around the house may be in line. The distances given on the -diagram of the bay frame may be relied upon as correct. “Bay-windows are -apt to be cold,” is often said, but a sure preventive of such “cold” -is easily secured by filling in between the beams and panels with dry -sand, which will make them as tight as any other part of a house.—The -_character_ and _quality_ of a house depends greatly upon the material -and manner of SIDING. In our estimate we have provided for mill-worked -sheathing, which should be put on diagonally, and thoroughly nailed to -the frame, which will serve the double purpose of securing more warmth -and strength than any “filling in” of brick, and is less expensive. A -strip of the same thickness as the sheathing, and 2 inches wide, should -be first nailed to the sill, close down to the masonry, to prevent the -air from entering the joints of the sheathing, and following them upwards -into the house. Tarred paper is next stretched over the sheathing, -when the window-frames, water-table, and corner-boards should be set, -and lastly, the novelty-siding put on, and double-nailed to each stud. -The Windows are arranged for each sash to be hung, and all to have -blinds. All windows above the first story have “circular heads,” with -caps turned of 4-inch timber. The Keys shown on the elevation are sawed -out at the back, so as to fit over the caps (not cut through them). -This is much simpler, more ornamental, and does not impair or affect -the solid head.—The roof projects 27 inches beyond the frame of the -building, and is covered with IC. charcoal tin, laid and soldered in -the best manner, on sound hemlock boards. The gutters of the main house -are made as described for Design V.... The FIRST STORY plan (fig. 141) -shows the general division of four rooms and three halls. The Entrance -Hall, or Reception Room, is 7 × 12 feet. The Stairway Hall is also 7 -× 12 feet. The Rear Hall is 7 × 7 feet. These halls are divided from -each other by sash doors. The entrance hall is divided from the parlor -and dining-room by large _double_ doors. The advantages of dividing the -halls in the manner shown will be obvious to any one when they consider -how cold, windy, and cheerless most halls are. By this arrangement all -drafts are prevented, either when opening the entrance door, or when -passing from one room to another. The inside double doors may be swung -open altogether, throwing the principal rooms of the lower floor into -one spacious apartment, if occasion should require, for a large company, -without altering to any material degree the temperature of these rooms. -The stairway hall contains the principal stairs, which are of the easiest -“platform” construction, so arranged that a more private stairway is -entirely unnecessary. The rear hall is the common hall of the house, and -is easily reached from every part. The Parlor is the largest room, has a -bay-window, marble mantle, and fire-place heater, and is separated from -the library by sliding doors. The Dining-room has also a bay-window, -marble mantle, and fire-place heater, and is intended as the Living-room. -It is conveniently connected with the kitchen, stairway hall, entrance -hall, and has a good pantry (_c_). The Kitchen is separated from the -dining-room by a single door, and in close proximity to the rear -entrance and cellar stairway doors. It contains one large closet, range -with elevated oven, warm-closet, and water-back, boiler, sink, and -wash-tubs. The Kitchen should be wainscoted 3 feet high, with ⅝ × 3-inch -ceiling-boards. The clock and lamp-shelf should be put between the -closet and hall doors, and not over the range. The advantage of having -the kitchen on the same floor with the dining-room must be apparent to -every one.... The SECOND STORY plan (fig. 142) is divided into four large -chambers, a child’s bedroom, a bath-room, five closets, with a good-sized -hall. The two Front Chambers are heated by hot air from the “fire-place” -heaters of the first story, so that they are always comfortable in the -coldest weather. For many reasons we prefer the fire-place heaters over -any other. They take little room, are cheerful in appearance, easy of -management, and economical, requiring attention but twice in twenty-four -hours, if hard coal is used. Each heater will keep two ordinary sized -rooms comfortable in winter, and are not unsightly in summer. Like any -other device for heating, the perfect and satisfactory results depend -altogether on the manner of setting them. In no case should a heater be -expected to develop its full power when placed in a fire-place in so -close proximity with the brick as to allow the hot air to strike against -and be absorbed by them. The heater should be enclosed in a jacket of -sheet-iron, having an 8-inch opening, and a collar at the top. Attached -to the collar, and “built in” the chimney, should be an 8-inch tin pipe, -connecting with the register-box in the second story. Above this box -this flue should be entirely closed. The smoke-pipe should be 4-inch, -and pass up through the 8-inch tin pipe to the register-box, where an -elbow should be put on, turning the smoke into the side flue adjoining. -The side flue should have no other side openings. The Bath-room has -bath-tub, seat-closet, wash-basin, with cold and hot water faucets. Each -chamber to the right of the hall to have wash-basins. These Chambers have -marble mantle shelves, resting on plaster trusses, at an expense of $6 -each, which answer the purpose that a $20 mantle would, and are really -more cheerful and appropriate for such rooms.... The Attic is reached -by the enclosed stairway, and is arranged so that two or four bedrooms -may be “finished off” as required. The Tank is placed on the floor over -the bath-rooms, and is supplied partly from the roof, and partly by the -force-pump in the kitchen. All the remaining space in the attic may be -used for storage, etc.... The Cupola-room is 7 × 7 feet, reached by -a light stairway. The head-room is made to subserve the purpose of a -stand or table, so that really very little room is taken away by the -stairs.... Very few people have any definite idea of the expense of the -separate items that are comprehended under the head of Plumbers’ Work. -The following estimate in detail of plumbing, required in this house, -gives facts and figures enough to enable any one to decide just how much -plumbing can be done for any given sum, viz.: - - Sheet-lead, 3½ lbs. to square ft., for tank, 2 × 4 × 6 ft., - with stop-cock. $21.00 - Bath-tub, 10 oz., $15; plated flange and thimble-cock, $6; - plated plug and chain. 22.50 - Pan-closet, $12.25; plated cup and pull, $1.50; French bowl, - $2.20; trap, 4 in., $3.75. 19.70 - 3 wash-basins, $1.70 each; marble slabs, $5 each; plug, stud, - and chain, $1.50 each; 2 cocks, trap, screw, plug, $3 each. 36.60 - 1 iron sink, 18 × 24 inches, $2; 2 cocks, $3.50; trap and - screw, $1. 6.50 - 35-gallon copper boiler, $27; with stand, $2. 29.00 - Force-pump, with brass cylinder. 17.00 - 20 ft. 4-in. iron soil-pipe, at 50c. per ft. 10.00 - 372 lbs. supply and circulation pipe, at 8½c. per lb. 31.62 - 125 lbs. waste-pipe, at 8½c. per lb. 10.63 - Solder, tacks, and charcoal for this job. 3.00 - 5 days’ time, plumber and helper, $6 per day. 30.00 - ------- - Total amount of cost. $237.55 - 10 per cent added by plumbers in estimating. 23.75 - ------- - Total Plumber’s charges for the job. $261.30 - -To the bill for plumbing we add the cost of: - - _Range_, with elevated oven, warm-closet, water-back, - set complete. $80.00 - _Heaters_, 2 “fire-place,” with registers and heating - pipes, $45 each. 90.00 - -COST.—Estimate of cost of building by this plan. It will be noticed that -the prices given for bay-windows, porch, lobby, stairs, windows, cupola, -and doors, include materials and labor complete, and that the amount of -carpenters’ work is for the balance of such labor required on the job: - - 100 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $20.00 - 24,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 288.00 - 950 yards plastering, 3-coat, at 28c. per yard. 266.00 - 6,578 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 98.67 - 4 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 390 ft. long. - 4 cupola posts, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 132 ft. long. - 70 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 60 beams, 2 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 14 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 17 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 22.00 - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each. 44.00 - 320 sheathing, ⅞ × 10 in. 13 ft. long, at 25c. 80.00 - 200 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 10.00 - 320 novelty siding-boards, 9½ inch, at 38c. each. 121.60 - 195 hemlock roof boards, at 22c. each. 42.90 - 240 tongued and grooved flooring, at 35c. each. 84.00 - 168 ft. cornice, at 70c. per ft. 117.60 - 17½ squares of tin roofing, at $10 per square. 175.00 - 190 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per foot. 19.00 - Cupola, complete, except tin (included above). 100.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete, at $75 each. 150.00 - 1 porch, complete, $75; lobby, complete, $50. 125.00 - 4 stairs, complete, $100; 17 windows, complete, $15. 355.00 - 5 cellar windows, at $6 each. 30.00 - 34 doors, at $12 each. 408.00 - 2 marble mantles, at $30 each. 60.00 - 4 marble shelves, at $6 each. 24.00 - 5 kegs nails, at $5 each. 25.00 - Painting. 250.00 - Cartage, average 1 mile. 56.40 - Shelving, base, bell-hanging, etc. 73.70 - Carpenter’s labor. 360.00 - Plumbing, as detailed above. 261.80 - Range, $80; Incidentals, $162.83; 2 heaters, at $45, $90. 296.33 - --------- - Total cost of house. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 138.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 139.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 140.—FRAMING OF BAY-WINDOW.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 141.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 142.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIII. - -A BRICK HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -This plan was designed for the residence of Dr. Samuel McClure, of -Olney, Ill. The style and general characteristics are significant of -elegance and comfort, and suggest its adaptation to suburban, rather -than the more rural situations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 143.)—There is a -peculiar compactness in the outlines of the principal building, while -the piazza and tower contribute largely to the symmetry and gracefulness -of the entire structure. The general details of the exterior are quite -simple in themselves, and are so proportioned and arranged as to -adapt them to each other with artistic effect, and to produce marked -features of unity and completeness.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 144.)—Hight -of ceiling, 11 feet. The general divisions and arrangements are simple -and practical. The principal entrance from the piazza is through outside -and vestibule doors. The outside doors are made in pairs, with solid -panels heavily moulded on the face. The vestibule doors are of similar -construction, except that their upper panels are of glass. There is a -seeming extravagance in such “vestibules,” or duplication of doors, -at the entrance of any dwelling, and they may be regarded as a luxury -rather than a necessity, and would be superfluous and inappropriate in -the ordinary cottage or farm-house; but in residences of this character, -where there is abundant space, such vestibules are manifestly proper, -adding a feature of elaborateness, and providing for many contingencies -of times and seasons. The outside, or storm-doors, afford protection -against extreme cold and severe storms, and furnish additional security. -The vestibule, or “glass” doors, admit an abundance of cheerful light -to the hall. The Main Hall is roomy, and contains the principal stairs, -which are of platform construction, are wide, and have hard-wood rail, -balusters, and newel. The Parlor and Dining-room adjoin the hall -through large double doors. The parlor and bed-room are separated by -sliding doors. The Bed-room has doors leading to the principal hall -and to the bath-room, which has a wash-basin and water-closet. The -Kitchen is supplied with a range, with elevated oven and a water-back; -a 30-gallon copper boiler, a sink with closet underneath, a pump, and -stationary wash-tubs in three divisions, and it connects through doors -with the dining-room, rear lobby, cellar-stairway, a large pantry, and -a dish-closet. The Rear Lobby is arranged to connect with the rear -entrance, kitchen, bath-room, and principal hall. The Bath-room contains -a tank, with a capacity for four hogsheads of water (placed near the -ceiling), bath-tub, washstand, and seat-closet. Lead pipes necessary for -the supply and distribution of cold and hot water, are provided in the -kitchen and bath-room. Marble mantles are provided for the principal -rooms of this story, at an average cost of $25 each. Double architraves -are intended for the trimmings of the windows and doors in the principal -apartments, and neat chair-backs are provided for the dining-room -and kitchen.... SECOND STORY (fig. 145.)—By the peculiar method of -constructing the roof and frame-work, it will be found that the inside -walls of this story are vertical or plumb, instead of angling as in the -usual Mansard roof. The ceiling is 9 feet high. This story has a hall, -four large and one small rooms, five closets, and a stairway to the -tower. Each of the four large chambers have marble shelves resting on -plaster trusses, as described in Design XXXII. Single architraves are -intended for the trimming of this story.... CONSTRUCTION of the Walls -and Roof.—The excavations are made 1½ foot deep, and the earth thrown -out is used in grading around the house at completion, raising the -surrounding surface 1 foot. The foundation and cross-walls (fig. 146) -are 6½ feet high. The principal walls resting on the foundation are 14 -feet 3 inches high, and the walls of the tower extend 11 feet 6 inches -above the principal walls. The walls inclosing the wing in the rear are -10 feet high; all of hard burned brick and good mortar. The exterior -walls of the foundation are 12 inches thick, and all other walls are 8 -inches thick, and have heading courses every 2 feet. The bottom courses -of the exterior foundation, to the hight of 2½ feet, are laid in mortar -composed of hydraulic cement and sharp sand, to prevent the absorption -of dampness from the earth; all other mortar is composed of lime and -sand. All exterior surfaces of brick-work that are exposed to view have -“flush-joints,” and those intended for painting should be rubbed smooth. -All windows for the cellar and first story have sills of dressed stone, -and have heads neatly arched of brick-work. The window-caps for the first -story windows are laid of brick, as shown in sketch, (fig. 147). These -caps are easily executed while constructing the walls, and are quite -ornamental; the figures on the sketch denote the distances or projections -of the several parts beyond the face of the wall.... Plates of 3 × 8 -timber are laid flatwise on top of the brick walls, and the upper or roof -framework is added as shown in section, (fig. 148): _A_, foundation, 12 -inches thick; _B_, principal wall, 8 inches thick; _C_, _C_, tower walls; -_D_, _D_, tower posts, 4 × 6 inches, adjoining the upper portion of tower -walls, and forming a part of the tower; _E_, _E_, principal plates, 3 × -8 laid on brick work; _F_, tie, 3 × 8, resting on 2 × 4 studding, placed -inside the wall, and nailed to the principal plates; _G_, _G_, rafters -sawed to pattern, the lower end projects one inch beyond the face of the -wall. _H_, ceiling timbers resting on the ties. The remaining framework -will be readily understood. The roofs are inclosed with rough hemlock -boards of even thickness, and thoroughly nailed to the rafters—and lastly -covered with IC. charcoal tin. The method of laying the tin on the -upright or Mansard part of the roof, is known in the trade as the “raised -groove” plan, in which all the vertical joints of the tin are raised and -folded, leaving an elevated seam or ridge, which stiffens the general -surface, and adds to the picturesqueness of this form of roof, without -increasing its cost. The balance of the tinning is laid with the ordinary -lock-joint and soldered. _Gas pipes_ are inserted in the framework so as -to be concealed, except where they appear for attachments for 4 ceiling -lights, and 4 side lights in the first story; for 8 side lights in the -second story; for 1 ceiling light in the tower, and for 1 side light in -the cellar. Ample opportunities for a thorough _Ventilation_ are provided -for in this plan. It will be seen that the four large rooms have windows -in two of their sides, affording the most certain and satisfactory means -of ventilation known.—Flues are also provided adjoining each room in -which registers are put, for use in the more severe weather. Provision -is made for the escape of the air from between the ceiling of the second -story and the roof.—Five strong tin 4-inch tubes, with funnel covers, -are inserted in the deck of the principal roof; four of them are placed -3 feet behind the chimneys, and one near the rear, connecting with a -flattened tube leading directly from the bath-room.... The following -ESTIMATE of the quantities of materials and labor, of their several -kinds, and their cost, embraces everything necessary to the completion -of the house, excepting the appliances for heating, which may consist of -a furnace, fire-place heaters, or open grates, as shall be best adapted -to the location. In this vicinity, where hard coal is the chief fuel, we -would suggest a furnace, placed in the cellar, with large pipes arranged -to convey warm air to the different parts of the house. In localities -where bituminous coal is used, the open grate gives good results, and -is exceedingly cheerful in appearance. There are ranges and parlor -stoves constructed to burn soft coal successfully, and it is undoubtedly -possible that heating furnaces may be adapted to the use of the same fuel. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 80 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $16.00 - 60,000 brick, complete, at $10 per M. 600.00 - 120 ft. stone sills and coping, at 30c. per ft. 36.00 - 1,000 yards plastering principal, complete, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 120 yards plastering ceiling of cellar, complete, at 15c. 18.00 - 4,763 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 71.44 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long. - 68 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 34 beams, 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 4 beams, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 4 girts, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 1 brace, 3 × 5 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 6 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 deck tie, 3 × 8 in. 138 ft. long. - 1 deck plate, 3 × 6 in. 188 ft. long. - 1 main plate, 3 × 8 in. 139 ft. long. - 1 tower plate, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long. - 4 tower posts, 4 × 6 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 7 in. 220 ft. long. - 100 rough plank rafters, at 25c. each. 25.00 - 360 wall strips, 2 × 4 in., 12 ft., at 11c. each. 39.60 - 308 hemlock boards, 10 in. × 13 ft., at 18c. each. 55.44 - 250 mill-worked flooring boards, 9-in., at 30c. each. 75.00 - 130 furring strips, 1 × 2 in., 13 ft., at 5c. each. 6.50 - 31 squares of tin, at $8.50 per square. 263.50 - 16 windows, 1st story and tower, complete, at $16 each. 256.00 - 12 cellar windows, complete, at $8 each. 96.00 - 13 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 260.00 - Cornices, principal and deck. 130.00 - Piazza stoop and wing finish (except tin), complete. 300.00 - Finial on tower. 8.00 - Stairs, complete, $100.00; 38 doors, at $10 each, - complete, $380. 480.00 - Finish in closets. 25.00 - Mantels and shelves (of marble). 100.00 - Range (with elevated oven and water back). 80.00 - Plumbing and gas-pipes. 220.00 - Nails and anchors. 27.10 - Painting, $200; Cartage, $30. 230.00 - Carpenter’s labor not included in the completed works. 250.00 - Incidentals. 51.42 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 143.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 144.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 145.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 146.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 147.—WINDOW-CAPS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 148.—SECTION OF FRAME.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 149.—ELEVATION OF COUNTRY RESIDENCE.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIV. - -COUNTRY RESIDENCE COSTING $4,750. - - -On the next page is a perspective view of a residence built for Dr. B. -Clark, of Washington, Pa., from special designs made by me in 1876. The -style and general arrangements are similar to the one built for Dr. -McClure, last described, with the addition of a side extension or office, -and the completion of rooms in the basement for laundry purposes, and a -laboratory. This Building is substantially constructed, and tastefully -finished throughout. The hight of the ceilings in the first story are -12 feet, in the second 10 feet, and for the basement 8 feet. It has two -heaters, four open grates, a range, complete apparatus in bath rooms, -and distributing pipes for cold and hot water. The principal rooms are -frescoed, all others are kalsomined. A Reservoir constructed in the rear -part of the cellar, and provided with running spring water, is arranged -as a receptacle for milk cans, and supplies the Fountain shown in the -front lawn (this fountain, owing to the sloping surface of the grounds, -is several feet below the foundations of the house).... Dr. Clark moved -into his new house during the first week in February last, and writes -with reference to it, that “all in all it is the most tasteful in outside -appearance, convenient, and economically constructed building in this -section, and attracts a great deal of attention.” - -The cost of this building, everything complete, was $4,750. - - - - -DESIGN XXXV. - -A HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -These plans were designed for a suburban residence, to take the -place of one recently destroyed by fire. The original structure was -cubiform in outline, resembling a huge box; with unbroken facades, -and flat roof, destitute of beauty, and in strange contrast with the -tasteful surroundings. The owner desired to use the old foundations, -still in fair condition, without disturbing the grounds, underlying -pipes, etc., and thus retain the nearly square ground plan, but a -building with an exterior agreeing with the surroundings. While the -main object in presenting this design is to show that the ground -plans do not necessarily determine the style of exterior dress, its -general arrangement and character will be found to deserve favorable -consideration.... ELEVATION, (fig. 150.)—There is a constant demand for -“Mansard Roofs,” arising from an aspiration for structures signifying -originality and progressiveness. The animated features of this style -accord with activity, rather than of retirement, and adapt it to -prominent situations, skirting the more public thoroughfares. The -objections to such roofs result from their frequent misapplication. -They are manifestly inappropriate for retired or secluded situations, -or for persons of purely domestic tastes. They also lose their identity -and expressiveness when duplicated in close and continuous proximity, -as is often done in towns. But this is true of any other style. Variety -is the spice of architecture.... CELLAR, (fig. 151.)—Hight of 8 feet in -clear. It has an outside rear entrance, is well lighted, and contains -ample space for the furnace, and divisions for coal, vegetables, etc.... -FIRST STORY, (fig. 152.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 feet. The accommodations -are conveniently arranged, and sufficient for a large family. The main -entrance from the piazza is through large double doors and a vestibule. -The Hall is central and spacious, communicating with the principal -rooms, and rear entry, and contains the main stairs, which are unusually -wide and easy. The Parlor and Library, divided by large sliding doors, -can be used separately, or together as one spacious room when desired. -The Dining-room and Kitchen adjoin, and have the necessary pantries, -range, pump, sink, and stationary wash-tubs, with cold and hot water. A -Conservatory is entered from the dining-room through double sash doors, -adding a cheerful feature to this apartment, where the family spend much -of their time. The rear may be reached from the dining-room in three -ways—by the main hall and rear entry, or through the kitchen, or most -pleasantly through the conservatory.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 153.)—Hight -of ceilings 9 feet. The divisions include a hall, four large chambers -with closets to each, a front hall bed-room, and a bath-room. Each of -the chambers has windows in two sides, giving opportunity for plentiful -light and fresh air. The clear width of the room sections, (5 yards -each), favors the economical cutting of carpets. The main stairs are -made continuous to the attic story. The Bath-room is furnished with a -bath-tub, wash-bowl, and seat-closet, and with cold and hot water.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The foundations, stone-sills, area stoops, framing, -inclosing, flooring, plastering, and painting, are similar to those -described for Design XIII. Care should be taken in covering the roofs, -as the materials used (wood, tin, and slate), are entirely foreign to -each other, and can only be placed in _contact_, and indirectly united. -The wood should be thoroughly seasoned, to prevent a future disturbance -of the exterior covering. All flashings along the sides of the dormers -and other uprights should be 10 inches wide, and double painted before -being used. The conservatory is not floored, but is filled in with earth -level with the foundation walls. A walk is laid through the center, of 1⅛ -× 4-inch slats, and the remaining space is devoted to plants. A furnace -is placed in the cellar, with pipes to convey warm air to the principal -rooms and halls of both stories, and to the conservatory. The pipes and -register boxes for conveying warm air to the second story, are placed -in the chimneys while building them. There are open fire-places in the -principal rooms, with marble mantles in the first story, and marble -shelves in the chambers. Stucco cornices and centers, of appropriate -patterns, are put in the principal rooms and hall of the first story. A -hall and stairway leading to the tower, is completed in the ATTIC, the -other portions of the third story are unfinished, but may be converted -into pleasant rooms for school purposes, or chambers, as desired. - -ESTIMATE, Cost of materials and labor: - - 114 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.80 - 84 perches stone-foundation, at $2.75 per perch. 231.00 - 60 ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 28c. per ft. 16.80 - 8,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 96.00 - 1,000 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 230 feet stucco cornices and centers, at 25c. per ft. 57.50 - 8,305 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 124.57 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 40 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 9 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 32 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 11 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 350 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - Perlines, 3 × 8 in. 215 ft. long. - 51 beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 50 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 7 in. 176 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 86 ft. long. - 6 locust posts at 30c, $1.80; 150 joists, at 16c., $24. 25.80 - 150 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 16.50 - 220 sheathing, at 18c., $39.60; 500 lbs. tarred felting, $20. 59.60 - 400 clapboards, at 12c. each. 48.00 - 870 hemlock boards for roof, at 16c. each. 59.20 - 14 squares slate, at $8½ per square. 119.00 - 20 squares tin, at $7½ per square. 150.00 - Cornice materials. 89.62 - 335 pieces flooring (9-inch), at 18c. each. 60.30 - Piazzas and porches, complete. 160.00 - 9 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 45.00 - 24 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 288.00 - 18 dormer windows, complete, at $16 each. 288.00 - Stairs, complete, $100; 45 doors, complete, at $10, $450. 550.00 - Closets, $30; nails, $20. 50.00 - 3 marble mantles, $75; 4 marble shelves, $25. 100.00 - Range and plumbing. 260.00 - Sky-light in conservatory. 12.00 - Furnace and pipes. 150.00 - Carting, average 1 mile. 40.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 300.00 - Painting, $220; incidentals, $80.31. 300.31 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 150.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 151.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 152.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 153.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVI. - -A FARM HOUSE COSTING $5,000. - - -The plans here given were originally designed for the residence of Mr. F. -H. Johnston, Easton, Md. They will interest those desiring a good-sized, -comfortable farm-house.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 154).—The site in this case -being midway between the highway and a water front, (facing a tributary -of the Chesapeake,) made it desirable to have two main entrances, adapted -to either approach, and indicated the position of the kitchen wing -at the _side_. The Conservatory is in an angle facing the southeast. -The Piazza and Roof Projections are of ample breadth to give abundant -shade, and proper effect. As a whole, the outlines are rounded and -compact, indicating completeness and strength—always desirable features -in buildings of this class.... CELLAR, (fig. 155).—Hight of ceiling 8 -feet. It has 13 windows, and outside and hatchway doors. Openings in the -chimneys provide ventilation. The ceilings are plastered, to prevent -the ascent of damp and unwholesome vapors through the frame-work of -the house.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 156).—Hight of the ceilings in the -main house, 11 ft. 4 in., and in the wing 9 ft. The main entrances lead -from the piazzas, through large double doors, to the principal Hall, -which is wide, and extends, unobstructed, through the house. The main -stairs occupy the space at the right, which is separated by an arch that -preserves the continuity of the hall ceiling. The ordinary or family -entrance is by way of the passage, and is convenient to all the parts -of the house in daily use. A private stairway leads from the passage to -the second story. The Parlor and Library are separated by sliding doors, -and each has a bay and other windows. The Dining-room at the right is -pleasantly arranged; it may be entered from the main hall, or through the -conservatory, or by the passage, or through the butler’s pantry. Wide -double sash-doors lead to the conservatory, and single sash-doors open -to the piazza through the passage. The Kitchen has doors leading to the -passage, butler’s pantry, cellar, and yard, and has three windows. It is -provided with a range, pump, boiler, wash-tubs, and sink. The Butler’s -Pantry is spacious; one end is dresser finished, with counter-shelf and -doors above and below. A counter-shelf is also placed at the opposite -end, with wash-tray and closet. The sides are shelved around, and have -cleats and hooks.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 157).—Hight of ceilings in -the main house 10 feet; in the wing 9 feet. The divisions embrace six -rooms, six closets, and the required halls. The platform of the main -stairs is level with the second floor of the wing, and from it a door -leads to the wing passage. The Bath-room has a bath-tub, wash-stand, and -seat-closet, and a good-sized closet for towelling, etc. All closets -have the usual shelving and hooks. Each chamber has marble shelves and -stucco trusses.... ATTIC.—The stairs leading to this story are above -the main flight, inclosed with narrow ceiling, and have a door at the -foot. There are two circular windows in each end gable, and one in -each front. The whole is floored, but otherwise unfinished, to be used -as an open garret.... CONSTRUCTION.—The excavations are 4 feet deep, -and the loose earth thrown out is neatly graded around, leaving three -feet of the foundations exposed to sight. The foundations are of hard -burned brick, 12 inches thick for the main house, and 8 inches for the -wing and conservatory. Brick piers, 12 inches square, are built for the -piazza supports. The first story frame-work is beam-filled with bricks, -where they rest on the foundation. This prevents draughts of air from -entering the house between the foundation and the frame, and also keeps -mice out of the frame at this point—_the latter is especially necessary -along the lines of the main partitions_. The chimneys are of hard brick, -arranged with continuous flues from each fire-place to the top. Tin -8-inch pipes, with the necessary elbows and register boxes, are inserted -while building, to convey warm air from the cellar to the large chambers -in the second story. The frame-work is constructed in the most thorough -manner, of sound pine or spruce timber. The siding is of clear pine -clapboard, laid on sheathing felt. Cornices of dressed pine. Principal -roofing of cedar shingles. Piazza and bay window roofs of tin. Flooring -of narrow yellow pine. The first and second stories are completed in -every respect, ready for occupation. Each of the principal rooms and the -main hall have stucco cornices and centers. Arches with neat ornamental -corbels are built across each bay window, over the =L= adjoining the main -hall, and at the entrance of the passage leading to the bed-room in the -second story. All sashes are 1½-inch thick, and glazed with four lights -in each pair. Blinds (outside) are properly hung and fastened to each -window above the cellar. The conservatory is substantially constructed -of light frame-work, with no superfluous dressing to obstruct the light, -and glazed with plain, single-thick glass at the sides, and ribbed glass -for the roof, has a narrow walk of slat-work leading from the dining-room -door, and is arranged to be heated in winter from a furnace in the -cellar. All parts usually painted, have two coats of best paint, of color -and materials selected by the owner. - -ESTIMATE, cost of materials and labor: - - 268 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $53.60 - 50,000 bricks, (furnished and laid,) at $12 per M. 600.00 - 88 ft. blue-stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 26.40 - 1,300 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 364.00 - 175 ” ” cellar ceiling, at 16c. per yard. 28.00 - 330 ft. cornices, complete, at 20c. per foot. 66.00 - 4 centers, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 14,300 ft. of timber, at $14 per M. 200.20 - Sills, 4 × 10 in. 276 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 490 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 8 in. 138 ft. long. - Perlines, 4 × 9 in. 214 ft. long. - Ridges, 3 × 9 in. 67 ft. long. - Ridges, 3 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - Gables, 4 × 6 in. 200 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 13½ ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 50 beams, 3 × 10 in. 19 ft. long. - 8 beams, 4 × 10 in. 19 ft. long. - 10 beams, 3 × 10 in. 18 ft. long. - 1 beam, 4 × 10 in. 18 ft. long. - 11 beams, 3 × 9 in. 18 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 9 in. 19 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 10 in. 10 ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 9 in. 10 ft. long. - 78 rafters, 3 × 6 in. 25 ft. long. - 34 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 15 ft. long. - Braces, 3 × 5 in. 240 ft. long. - 175 joists, at 13c., $22.75; 400 wall strips, at 10c., $40. 62.75 - 800 lbs. felt, at 4c., $32; 800 siding, clapboards, 10c., $80. 112.00 - Cornice materials. 120.00 - 500 rough roofing, at 14c. each. 70.00 - 12,000 singles, at $10 per M. 120.00 - 11 squares tin, at $9 per square. 99.00 - 450 ft. valleys, gutters, and leaders, at 10c. 45.00 - 5,366 ft. flooring, at 3c. per foot. 160.98 - 13 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 78.00 - 30 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 360.00 - 2 bay windows, complete, at $60 each. 120.00 - 2 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 40.00 - 4 stairs, complete. 150.00 - 38 doors, complete, at $12. 456.00 - Piazza and stoops, exclusive of floors and roofing. 250.00 - Conservatory, complete. 150.00 - Mantles, complete. 102.00 - Pantry and closets, complete. 75.00 - Nails, $24; Carting, average 1 mile, $50. 74.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 250.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 450.00 - Painting. 272.00 - Incidentals. 29.07 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $5,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 154.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 155.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 156.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 157.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $7,000. - - -The accompanying plans were designed for a suburban residence erected -during the past year by Mr. Bernhard Greeff, at College Point, Long -Island, N. Y. The general outlines were determined with especial -reference to the location—which is elevated, overlooking the East River -to the north and west, Flushing bay, and the village to the south, and -with an eastward frontage to the street, giving pleasant views in all -directions. With these points fixed, it is easy to see the propriety of -placing a broad side to the bleak or northern exposure, and putting such -breaks or angles as are required in the more sheltered directions.... -EXTERIOR, (fig. 158.)—The style of this example is homelike, and shows to -the best advantage when placed in comparison with those of more fanciful -design. Sufficient irregularities are made in angles and projections -to give variety. The details shown in the front finish are continued -around the sides and rear. The hight of the rear wing is one story less -than the main house. While the appearance of this house is agreeable -on every side, the most pleasing is from the southerly direction.... -CELLAR, (fig. 159.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet, of which 4 feet are above -ground. All parts are well lighted with windows, except the hall, which -has a sash-door with iron guard. The Laundry has an open stairway to -the kitchen, and is provided with wash-tubs. A water-closet is placed -under the stair. A furnace is placed in the northern division of the -cellar, with pipes for conducting warm air to each room and hall in the -two stories of the main house, and to the bath-room.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 160.)—Hight of ceilings in main house 11 feet; in rear wing 8 -feet 5 inches. The Front Entrance is through a vestibule leading to -the main hall. The Hall is large, contains the principal stairs, with -a closet under them, and communicates with the parlor, sitting-room, -and rear entry. The Sitting or Family-room is arranged to be the -pleasantest apartment, has double windows front and rear, (the rear -ones opening to the floor), and a large bay-window giving an outlook -in three directions. Each of the principal rooms has grates for open -fires, side registers leading from the furnace, and marble mantles. -The Rear Entry communicates with the several apartments, and the rear -piazza. The Kitchen has an elevated range, boiler, sink, drain-board, -two closets, and enclosed stairways leading down to the laundry, and up -to the second story; it communicates with the dining-room through the -butler’s pantry, the latter is “dresser-finished” with sash-doors, copper -wash-trays, etc.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 161.)—Hight of ceiling in main -house 10 feet, in wing 9 feet, with side breasts 5 feet. The floor of -the wing is level with the platform of the main stairs. The full ceiling -above this platform is arched over, and conceals the roof angle of the -wing. An inside and smaller arch leads to the passage beyond. Both of -these arches may be seen from the lower hall, and are pleasing features. -An arch between the closets at the opposite end of the hall makes an -alcove to the hall window. The room divisions are similar to those of -the first story. Closets are provided for each chamber. The Bath-room -is conveniently arranged and furnished.... ATTIC.—Hight of ceiling 9 -feet, with breast-walls 3 feet. There are 3 good-sized chambers, a hall, -and 7 closets in this story. Four dormer and three gable windows are -provided.... CONSTRUCTION.—The _time_ allowed for the erection of most -buildings is too limited. Although this house was built by contract, -no haste was enjoined, six months being allowed for its completion, -giving the builder an opportunity of selecting the materials and workmen, -and of applying the parts in their proper time and order. The exterior -foundation walls, to the level of the ground, are of broken stone, 18 -inches thick; the balance of hard brick, 12 inches thick. The frame is -of full-sized timber; all beams and studding are placed 16 inches from -centers. The siding-boards are 6 inches wide, rabbeted, and laid 5 inches -to the weather, on stiff tarred “sheathing-board,” weighing 1½ pound -to the square yard. The exterior frame is “filled in” with pale brick. -The main and wing roofs are covered with Keystone slate on tarred felt -over hemlock boards. The main gutters are of double cross tin, laid -in with the slate as shown in Design V. The roofs of the piazzas, and -bay-window, are of single cross tin. The cellar bottom is concreted with -hydraulic cement and gravel, 3 in. thick. The laundry and cellar hall -have the usual wide flooring, and are thoroughly plastered and finished. -The partitions in the cellar, and the coal-bins are of dressed plank. -All the floors in the two principal stories are double, the first being -of ordinary dressed flooring—the second is “_parquet_” flooring laid of -¾ × 2½-inch yellow pine, and black walnut. The black walnut is used -only in the borders and centers. These borders are made by laying from -five to eight courses of alternate woods all around the rooms, ending -at the hearths. The widths and arrangements are changed slightly in the -different apartments, to give variety. These floors are intended to -dispense with the use of carpets; rugs, covering the central portions of -the floor, being adopted in their place. Unlike the stationary carpet, -these may be easily removed for airing, and the floors cleaned daily -if desirable. The three upper stories are hard-finished, on two coats -of brown mortar. Each room and hall in the first and second stories of -the main house have suitable stucco cornices and centers. The interior -wood-finish is complete, all of clear and seasoned materials. Bronzed -hardware is used in the first story, and porcelain in the balance of the -building. Gas-pipes are inserted for thirty lights, properly distributed -through the house. Five bells are included in the fittings. All wood, -tin, and exterior brick work has two coats of best paint. The outside -doors, and the halls, are grained in imitation of hard woods. The stair -rails, door saddles, and the hard-wood flooring, are rubbed with linseed -oil. The following are the estimates of the _cost_, as per contracts: - - Mason work, completed. $1,650.00 - Roofer’s work, ” 337.00 - Carpenter’s work, ” 3,573.00 - Plumber’s work, ” 590.00 - Furnaces, ” 200.00 - Mantles, ” 300.00 - Painter’s work, ” 350.00 - --------- - Total. $7,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 158.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 159.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 160.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 161.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVIII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $8,000. - - -These plans were designed for a large and convenient house, arranged -to embrace nearly all of the modern improvements. Figure 162 is the -perspective view of a house recently built from these plans, for Mr. J. -M. Peck, at Flushing, L. I. The general characteristics of the exterior -are expressive of refinement and cheerfulness. There is considerable -novelty in some of the outlines and details of construction. It will be -seen that the Tower is five stories high, or two stories above the attic -of the main house, affording a lofty outlook. All the long horizontal -lines of cornice are broken up by truss-heads, which are ornamental in -themselves, and give relief from the depressing appearance of such long -lines. The Dormer Windows of the main house have projecting pediments, -with turned columns resting on the outer edge of the main cornice. The -Inclosing of this house is the same as that described for Design XXXII. -The Mansard part of the main roof and tower is covered with dark slate, -laid on sound boards, covered with felt. All other roofs are tinned in -the best manner.... The CELLAR extends under the whole house, and has -outside and cross-walls of hard brick, which, with the chimneys and -area, are built as described in XXXII. A _Furnace_ is put in at _F_, -and enclosed with brick, and 10-inch tin pipes are provided to convey -hot air to the parlors, library, dining-room, and hall of the first -story, to five rooms in the second story, and to the tank-room in the -attic story.... The FIRST STORY contains a large Hall, Parlor, Library, -Dining-room to be used as a Living-room, Kitchen, Butler’s and other -Pantries, Wash-room, two flights of Stairs, the principal one in the main -hall, and a private one adjoining the wash-room. The Main Hall is 7 feet -wide, and is entered from the piazza through heavy front and vestibule -double doors. The front doors are full hight, and have quarter-circle -plate glass “skylights” in them. The vestibule doors have plate glass -upper panels, with transom, and half-circle head-light. Double doors open -from the hall to the parlor and to the dining-room, and large sliding -doors separate the parlor from the library. The _Dining-room_ has a -large bay-window, marble mantel, china closet, and adjoins the butler’s -pantry. The _Kitchen_ is arranged with such conveniences as would delight -the most enthusiastic housekeeper; has large closets, range, sink, cold -and hot water, adjoins the wash-room, cellar stairway, and private -passage, and communicates with the dining-room through the butler’s -pantry. The Range has an elevated oven, warm closet, and water-back. To -secure a perfect ventilation, a large register is placed in the flue of -the chimney, which creates so strong a draft that the air in this room -can all be changed in a few minutes. The left-hand flue of the kitchen -chimney contains the pipes that convey warm air from the furnace to -the bath and tank rooms. The wash-room contains the copper boiler and -wash-tubs, and has a closet under the private stairs. The sink is large, -and is provided with large drain-boards at each side, and a row of -closets underneath. The Butler’s Pantry has complete fittings of drawers, -shelving, oval copper wash-tray, and washstand with marble top, and is -provided with cold and hot water. A Passage or private hall is arranged -to connect with the principal hall, kitchen, private stairway, and rear -entrance; by this plan the principal housework can be done without -intruding in any way on the main hall or principal rooms of the house.... -SECOND STORY. This story contains a good-sized hall, 4 large chambers, -a private study, bath-room, store-room, six large closets, and private -stairway. The principal flight of stairs is made continuous from the -first floor to the attic; an arch is placed across the narrow part of the -hall in this story, near the first landing of the principal stairs, and -is in full sight from the hall below, imparting a cheerful and finished -appearance.... ATTIC, _or Third Story_—This story is finished throughout, -and is divided into a hall, two large chambers, with closets to each, -tank-room, and large attic. The stairs to the tower are closed in, and -have a door at the foot. The hall is lighted through a sash-door from -the tank-room. The large attic-room at the right has two doors opening -from the hall, and may be divided into two rooms if required. A large -upper room, where noise will not disturb the occupants of the lower parts -of the house, will always be found valuable for school and play-room -purposes, especially in cold or stormy weather, and when supplied -with a table, benches, maps, books, and apparatus for instruction and -entertainment, will afford the younger members of the family opportunity -for development and exercise.... GENERAL REMARKS.—Many people, who would -adopt this general plan, might conclude that the style of the exterior -is too elaborate and costly. It must be obvious to any one that the -internal arrangements, and ground plan of houses, should be made to -conform to the necessities and requirements of those who are to occupy -them; and these parts being of the first importance, should receive the -first consideration. Such _ground plans_, however, do not decide, or -even indicate, the style, character, or expense, of the outside _dress_ -that may be put upon them. Different people have entirely different -characters, tastes, and resources, and the external appearance of their -homes should signify those general qualities and characteristics, and -also accord with, and conform to, all the circumstances of location, and -relation.... The ESTIMATE in detail provides for all work to be done in -a substantial manner, of the usual materials. The exterior and interior -wood finish is of clear pine lumber. The _Plastering_ is hard-finished, -on two coats of brown mortar. Appropriate _Cornices_, _Centers_, and -_Panels_, in stucco, are intended for the hall, parlor, library, -dining-room, and the two front chambers in the second story. _Gas_-pipes -are inserted in the frame-work of the house, with connections arranged -for 37 attachments. These are easily put in during construction, and even -when the house is located far from any city or village having gas, there -is strong probability that ere long we shall have convenient apparatus -for making and supplying gas to isolated dwellings.... PLUMBING is -provided as described in Design XXXII., except that the plumbing required -for the butler’s pantry, is here added. _Bells_ are put in, with their -wires running through zinc tubes concealed in the walls. The front-door -pull leads to a gong in the kitchen. The dining-room has a bell leading -to the school-room in the attic. Each chamber in the second story, -and the bath-room, has a bell leading to the kitchen, and the largest -chamber has a bell leading to the attic. _Speaking_-tubes are provided -for communication between the second story, hall, and bath-room, with -the kitchen.... PAINTING.—The body of the outside is in warm-gray; the -principal outside trimming in pure white, with thin separating lines in -light drab, and blinds in dark-bronze color. All wood, tin, and brick -work, usually painted, both inside and outside, has two coats of the -best lead and oil. All doors are grained—and all hard-wood, such as -stair-rail, balusters, and door-saddles, are rubbed in oil. - -ESTIMATE: - - 216 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $43.20 - 32,000 hard brick, at $9 per 1000. 288.00 - 6,000 pale brick, at $5½ per 1,000. 33.00 - Materials for plastering, and lath. 300.00 - 70 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. 21.00 - Labor for all the mason work. 600.00 - 13,258 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 198.87 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 242 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 484 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 8 in. 42 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 1 deck plate, 3 × 8 in. 156 ft. long. - 6 hips, 3 × 10 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 sill (piazza) 4 × 7 in. 114 ft. long. - 1 plate ” 3 × 8 in. 90 ft. long. - 1 beam ” 3 × 6 in. 60 ft. long. - 12 posts, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 360 ft. long. - 112 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 56 ” 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 32 ” 3 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 28 ” 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 8 ” 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 52 ” 2 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 ” 2 × 7 in. 28 ft. long. - 300 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 66.00 - 350 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 38.50 - 928 tongued and grooved sheathing boards for sides and roofs, - at 25c. each. 232.00 - 300 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 15.00 - 663 novelty clear siding-boards, at 30c. each. 198.90 - 416 ft. main cornices, water table, corner boards. 416.00 - 29½ squares of tin roofing, at $8 per square. 236.00 - 17 squares of slate, (no openings allowed) at $10 per square. 170.00 - 13 cellar windows, complete, at $12 each. 156.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 100.00 - 30 windows, first and second story, and tower, complete, - at $17 each. 510.00 - 13 dormer windows, complete, at $23 each. 299.00 - 3 piazzas, (except tinning), complete. 400.00 - 1 balcony, (except tinning), complete. 35.00 - 1 hood, (except tinning), complete. 50.00 - 480 flooring-boards, 6-inch, at 25c. each. 120.00 - 160 flooring boards, 9-inch. 46.00 - Stairs, complete. 200.00 - 14 closets and pantries, complete. 130.00 - 50 doors, complete, at $15.20 each. 760.00 - 4 marble mantles, complete. 125.00 - Furnace and range, (set and piped), complete. 400.00 - Plumbing, complete. 300.00 - Painting. 400.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 800.00 - Cartage, average 1 mile. 115.00 - Incidentals. 197.53 - --------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $8,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 162.—PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 163.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 164.—PLAN OF MAIN FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 165.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 166.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIX. - -CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $1,000 EACH. - - -These plans were originally prepared for six connected cottages, just -completed, for Mr. Fred. Storms, (manufacturer), at Bayside, L. I. They -were designed to give the largest amount of accommodation, convenience, -and finish, possible, for one thousand dollars each, and are especially -adapted to rapidly filling localities, or manufacturing districts. -By this system of building in blocks, a very large saving is made in -materials and labor, at first, and little expense is required to keep -them in order afterwards. Where desired, the introduction of gas, or -water-pipes, may be made, from one to the other direct, at small cost. -Such connected houses are really more comfortable than separate ones, -as they protect each other at their sides from the extreme changes -of the outward temperature; and are therefore warmer in winter, and -cooler in summer. The site chosen in this case is elevated, and has a -westward frontage, securing the important advantages of good drainage, -and the admission of direct sunlight to every room.... EXTERIOR, (fig. -167).—Building in blocks is a favorite mode with many large owners of -village property. The chief objection to a majority of such erections is -their formal and stiff appearance, arising from a monotonous uniformity, -a repetition of parts, and the overpowering predominance of horizontal -lines—partaking too much of the city-street style. To overcome such -objections in this design, simple but effective irregularities were -introduced, so that really no two dwellings are alike. The sky-lines -are broken and varied; the main roofs have pedimented projections—with -Mansard sections intervening; all horizontal lines are either shortened -or omitted, leaving vertical ones to prevail, and the window openings are -varied in their form and distribution. While these several features are -essential to the good appearance of such buildings, giving them the -pleasing elements of variety and picturesqueness, they do not add very -materially to the cost. Cottages designed for simple dwellings, whether -built apart or connected, should, as far as possible, preserve their -identity as cottages, and if destined for undulating and picturesque -situations, should be outlined to accord with their surroundings.... -INTERIOR.—The following description of rooms has reference to the -house at the extreme left; its relation with the adjoining one is shown -by the dotted sketch at the side. All have equal accommodations; this -and two others are similarly arranged, the remaining three have their -sides reversed.... CELLAR, (fig. 168.)—Hight of ceilings 6½ feet. It is -thoroughly floored, has outside entrances front and rear, and being well -out of ground, is light and airy, and is adapted to general use for the -coarser work. Bins for coal are placed where they may be readily filled -from the front window. One corner is partitioned off for a bath-room -and water-closet. The window to the latter is shielded by a latticed -inclosure beneath the rear lobby, adding to its privacy. The rear area -not being protected by the rear stoop, has hatchway doors to be used in -stormy weather. The Stairs lead from near the front door, to the main -hall of the first story.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 169.)—Hight of ceilings 10 -feet. A hall, parlor, and living-room are embraced in the divisions. The -Hall is entered from a neat porch, contains the main stairs, and leads to -the parlor, living-room, and the cellar stairs. The Parlor is pleasantly -arranged, with double windows in front, has neat stucco cornices and -centers, and a marble mantle. The chimney-breast is placed to allow -sufficient space between it and the central partition, for a piano, or -other large piece of furniture. The Living-room is of good dimensions -and shape, has two windows, a closet, a large fire-place, and a sink. -The door leading to the rear lobby has glass upper panels, admitting -additional light in the room in pleasant weather, when the lobby door -will be likely to stand open, and through it the lobby will be lighted -at night from within. The Main Stairs, leading to the second story, are -of the “quarter-circle” pattern, and are neatly finished with hard-wood -railing, with a niche above.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 170.)—Hight of -ceiling 9 feet. This story is divided into a small hall, two chambers, -two bed-rooms, and three closets. Each of the rooms is well lighted, and -chimney-breasts, with marble shelves, and stucco trusses are finished -in each chamber.... CONSTRUCTION.—The average depth of the excavations -below the surface is three feet. The Foundation walls are of brick work, -8 inches thick, those for the exterior are 7 ft. 4 in. high, showing an -average of 4 ft. above the final grades. (In this particular case, the -site being elevated, only 4 inches of additional filling was required -in the grades, the balance of the loose earth being used to fill more -depressed grounds). All interior cross-walls of brick are omitted, their -places being supplied with brick “footings” and frame-work. These brick -footings are laid in trenches 4 inches below the cellar bottom, and are -8 inches high and wide. Sills of 4 × 6 timber are laid on the center of -these footings (edgewise), leaving a margin of 2 inches on each side for -the support of the ends of the cellar-floor beams. Girts are put above -the sills (also of 4 × 6 timber), anchored to, and level with the outer -foundation walls, and are supported by studding and braces, thus forming -an inexpensive and substantial division and bearing between the cellars. -The principal frame is of regular-sized sawed timber, thoroughly framed -and braced. The sidings are of clear pine clapboards, laid on hard-rolled -sheathing-felt. The upper roofs are covered with IC. charcoal tin, -“tern-plate,” and the Mansard sections are slated on hemlock boards. The -interior flooring is of 7-inch milled spruce; outside flooring of 4½-inch -milled pine. To prevent the transmission of sound, all the main divisions -of frame-work between the houses are deafened by a filling of pale brick -and mortar. The cellar ceilings and side walls are white-finished on one -coat of brown mortar. All other plastering is hard-finished on two coats -of brown mortar. Circular ventilators are placed in each gable, and two -ventilators made to resemble the chimney tops are placed on the higher -or central ridge of the roof, to allow for the escape of heated air -from beneath the roofing. All windows have 1½-inch sash, of four lights -each; those in the cellar are hung with butts; all above are balanced -with iron weights, and have outside blinds. The doors are first quality, -four-panelled. The interior casings are of clear pine, and are neatly -moulded, and the parlor windows have panelled backs. The Painting is done -as described in Design XIII., except that the blinds are of a chocolate -color. - -ESTIMATED cost of materials and labor: - - Mason’s materials and labor. $1,350.00 - Lumber of all kinds. 1,150.00 - Tinning and slating, (complete). 300.00 - Rolled lining, $30; porches and lobbies, $275. 305.00 - Cornice materials, (prepared at mill). 120.00 - Sash, doors, and blinds. 400.00 - Stairs, with outside steps, with railings. 500.00 - Shelving and sundries. 325.00 - Nails, $65; hardware, $300. 365.00 - Painting, $300; cartage, $85. 385.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 800.00 - --------- - Total cost of six Dwellings. $6,000.00 - -Mr. Storms added about $1,000 to the total cost of six buildings in -plumbing, sewers, gas-pipes, and in fencing separate front and rear -yards, to each house. As these improvements are not generally required, -they are omitted in the estimate. - -[Illustration: Fig. 167.—FRONT ELEVATION OF ROW OF SIX HOUSES.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 168.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 169.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 170.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XL. - -CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $2,000 EACH. - - -These designs were prepared for a block of five houses erected last year -for Mr. Geo. Storms, facing one of the principal avenues at Bayside, L. -I. The entire structure is 90 feet long, running north and south, and -occupies half the avenue end of a village ground plot. One end section -being a “corner,” has a portion devoted to business purposes, the -balance of the building is used exclusively as residences. They are -thoroughly furnished with ranges, heaters, pipes for cold and hot water, -and gas, and complete sewerage. The desirability of these buildings is -proved by the fact that all of them were engaged, and several occupied, -before they were fully completed.... CELLARS, (fig. 172.)—Hight of -ceilings, 7 feet. Each is well lighted, and has outside entrances from -the street and from rear yards. A hall, laundry, and water-closet are -floored and otherwise finished off; the balance is unfinished, to be -used as a cellar for fuel and vegetables. The Laundry has a set of -stationary wash-tubs, with cold and hot water. The Water-closet has an -outside door leading from the rear yard, (this is designed to obviate -the necessity and unsightliness of the usual out-buildings). The -Fire-places shown are left open, and have continuous flues the whole -hight of the chimneys. These flues being heated through contact with the -upper fires, insures a thorough ventilation of this story.... ELEVATION -(fig. 171.)—This building appears well from all directions, is imposing -in outline, animated in details, and nicely proportioned—the hight -agreeing with its breadth; the openings and dressings are changed in -each story, to give diversity, the whole being well suited to its very -public and prominent situation. The “corner” building has an observatory -extending above the main roofs, indicating its terminal position, and -adding an agreeable feature of irregularity in the sky-lines. The street -end at the rear of the tower has a Mansard roof with two dormers; the -opposite end shows a full pediment.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 173.)—Hight of -ceilings in four houses, 10 feet. The floor in the corner building is -lowered 2½ feet, making that part 12½ feet in the clear. A hall, parlor, -dining-room, and kitchen, are finished in each of the four houses, -and a store, kitchen, and entry, in the corner building. Each of the -parlors has a large bay-window, and is divided from the dining-room -by sliding-doors. The Dining-rooms have two closets each. The Kitchens -are conveniently arranged with closets, ranges, boilers, and sinks. The -Store is fair-sized, has a double door entrance from the avenue, and has -a wide stairway leading directly from it to the cellar. The Kitchen at -the rear is for the use of the parties doing business in the store. The -Family Entrance to the corner building is from the street at the side.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 174.)—Hight of ceilings, 9 feet. The divisions in -this story are similar in each of the five buildings, and consist of a -hall, two large and two small rooms, and the necessary closets. The room -over the store is used as a parlor. One of the small rooms in each house -is fitted as a bath-room. The Stairs leading to the attics are placed -above the main flights, with a door at the foot of each.... ATTIC, (fig. -175.)—The Attic of the corner building is partitioned off, and finished -as shown, with ceilings 9 feet high, and has an inclosed stairway leading -to the observatory. The latter is 7 feet square in the clear, and is -also finished. Each of the four adjoining attics are plastered on their -sides, but have no partitions.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Excavations are -made in the earth for the corner building, to the depth of 5½ feet—and -for the others, 3 feet. The foundations are of 8-inch brick work. The -frame is of sawed, seasoned timber. The main division walls between the -houses are deafened, by filling with pale brick and mortar, “laid flat.” -The sidings are of clear pine clap-boards, laid on rolled sheathing. -The Mansard Roofs for front, one end, rear, and the tower, are slated; -all other roofs are tinned. The interior walls and ceilings of the two -full stories are hard-finished on two coats of brown mortar; the balance -is white-finished on one coat of “laid off” brown mortar. The halls, -parlors, dining-rooms, and store, have stucco cornices and centers in -each, and the openings to the bay windows are arched and moulded. Marble -mantles are put in the principal rooms, and marble shelves and stucco -trusses are put in the large bed-rooms. Fire-place heaters are put in the -parlors, with pipes connecting them with registers in the second story. -The bath-tubs and water-closets are cased with black walnut.... To give -an exact idea of the plumber’s work, the specification used as a guide in -its introduction is herewith given.—PLUMBING: - -There must be a hopper water-closet and a wash-tub with three apartments -put in each basement. A No. 2 range, with elevated oven, and water-back; -a 30-gallon oval-topped copper boiler of Croton pressure strength, -resting on an iron Lockwood Stand, and an 18 × 30-inch iron sink in -each kitchen; a bath-tub, 5 feet long, lined with planished copper; -a wash-stand, with 14-inch bowl, marble-top and wall plates; a pan -water-closet, with bowl, pull, and crank attachments; and a tank, 1½ × -1½ × 3 feet, lined with sheet lead, in each bath-room. All supply pipes -to be of galvanized iron, of the following sizes: The main of 1½-inch, -93 feet long, laid in the cellar bottom below the foundation walls, near -the rear chimneys, one end to extend outside the building for street -connections. Branches of ¾-inch leading from the main supply to the -tank, with secondary branches leading to the hopper-closet, wash-tubs, -and sink. All other water-pipes to be of lead, as follows: For cold -water leading from the tank, to the bath-tub, water-closet, and boiler; -and for hot water leading from the boiler, to the sink, wash-tubs, and -bath-tubs, of A ⅝-inch; for connections between the water-back and -boiler of AA ¾-inch; and for wash-stands of A ½-inch. The water and -hopper closets are to have traps of 4-inch, lead, connecting them with -the soil pipe. Ventilating pipes of 2-inch tin, to lead from the 4-inch -traps to above the roof, and have cone-shaped covers set 2 inches above -their openings. The soil pipes to be of 4-inch iron, and lead from the -second floor to the tile drains at the rear and below the cellar bottom. -Waste pipes to be of 1½-inch, with traps, all of lead, leading from the -bath-tub, wash-bowl, sink, and wash-tubs, to the soil pipe. Brass lever -“stop and waste” cocks must be put in the branch supply pipes near the -basement floors, and in the pipes leading from the tank to the boiler. A -“Fuller’s” Tank Regulator to be connected with the supply pipe leading -to the tank. A “Sediment” cock must be attached to empty the boilers, -with pipes leading to the waste pipes of the sinks. Finished brass ⅝ -“compression” cocks, with flanges, and thimbles, must be provided for the -sinks and wash-tubs, and similar cocks, silver-plated, for the bath-tubs; -plated swing cocks for the wash-stands. Self-acting compression cocks -must be put in the connections with the hopper closets. Plugs, with -chains, must be put in each wash-tub and bowl, and trap-screws put in -all traps. Finally, all to be properly connected, in a substantial and -workman-like manner, and warranted one year, with ordinary use. - -ESTIMATE for cost of materials and labor: - - Mason’s materials. $2,200.00 - Lumber of all kinds. 1,950.00 - Slate and tin. 450.00 - Rolled sheathing. 50.00 - Cornices, etc., from mill. 250.00 - Porches and stairs, with railings. 800.00 - Hardware and nails. 400.00 - Mantles. 360.00 - Plumbing, gas-pipes, and sewers. 940.00 - Doors, sash, and blinds. 725.00 - Cartage. 100.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 1,300.00 - Painting. 475.00 - ---------- - Total cost, of FIVE Houses. $10,000.00 - Average cost, $2,000 each. - -[Illustration: Fig. 171.—ELEVATION OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES AT BAYSIDE, L. I.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 172.—PLAN OF CELLARS OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 173.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOORS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 174.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOORS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 175.—PLAN OF ATTICS.] - - - - -INDEX. - - - A. - - Accommodations for Beginners in Housekeeping, 9 - - Air-chambers in Outer Walls, 67 - - Alcove to Window, 89 - - Arch at Head of Stairs, Good Effect, 224 - - Arched Ceilings, 217 - - Arches with Corbels, 213 - - Architect Fulfilling His Mission, 104 - - Area-walls, 189 - - A Regular _versus_ Balloon-frame, 73 - - Ash-pit, 166 - - - B. - - Balconies with Roofs, 130 - - Balcony-railing on Roofs, 149 - - Balloon-frames and Makeshifts, 74 - - Bay-window, Adding Room, 78 - - Bay-window, Cold Prevented, 191 - - Bay-window Frame, 194 - - Bay-window, Square Form, 142 - - Bells, 225 - - Better Half Consulted, the, 67 - - Blank Side of House in Villages, 58 - - Blinds Recommended, 29 - - Boldness in Exterior, 188 - - Brick, Beam-filling, 212 - - Brick Caps, 201 - - Brick-heading Courses, 189 - - Brick-inclosing, for Frame Buildings, 178 - - Brick Walls for Painting, 200 - - Bridging Beams, 102 - - Bronzed Hardware, 219 - - Building a Part First, 10 - - Building in Blocks, Advantages, 227 - - Building on a Declivity, 82 - - Building Upwards, 76 - - Butler’s Pantry, Dresser-finished, 217 - - - C. - - Carpenter’s Labor in Estimating, 185 - - Cellars Never too Large, 124 - - Chimneys, Separate, Joined at Top, 157 - - Circular Heads for Windows, 48 - - Closets, 113 - - Coal-lift, 166 - - Common Fault, too Near the Street, 50 - - Communication Cut Off, 144 - - Compact Outlines, 197 - - Concrete for Cellar Bottom, 218 - - Construction of Rear Lobby, 71 - - Contents, 4 - - Contiguous Houses, 233 - - Conventional Requirements in Dwellings, 63 - - Corner Store, 233 - - Corridor for General Use, 156 - - Cost in Detail of Windows and Doors, 119 - - Cupola, 194 - - - D. - - Deafening Division Walls, 231 - - Decay Caused by Moisture, 122 - - Depressing Effect of Horizontal Lines, 128 - - Designing, Difficulties in, 63 - - Developed Homestead, 40 - - Disconnected Verandas, 105 - - Dispensing with Carpets, 219 - - Distance from Street to Build, 142 - - Dormer-windows, Hooded, 129 - - Dormer-windows, Triangular, 129 - - Dormer-windows with Pediments and Columns, 221 - - Double Doors, 222 - - Double Front House, 115 - - Drudgery of Housework, 113 - - Durable Wash for Rough Work, 21 - - Dwelling may express Progressive Character, 10 - - - E. - - Earth-finish Against Foundations, 92 - - Economical Form of House, 98 - - Effect of Angles in Exterior, 17 - - Entire Story Under Supervision of Mistress, 160 - - Errors in Bracing, Reliable Angles, 79 - - Exterior Plastering, 25 - - - F. - - Facing Two Approaches, 209 - - Family Entrance with Private Stairs, 210 - - Fancied Necessity for Cornice Supports, 77 - - Farmers May Reduce Cost of Building, 158 - - Faults of Wood and Paper Linings, 16 - - Finishing the Rear, 148 - - Fireplace-heaters, 27 - - Five Houses on Four Lots, 64 - - Formula for Making Stearate of Lime, 42 - - Foundations in Sandy Ground, 69 - - Fountain, 204 - - Frame and Brick Sections, 201 - - Frame Cross-walls and Foundation, 231 - - Framing-in of Braces, 79 - - French-roof Style, 83 - - Frontage Eastward, 122 - - Frontage Southward, 154 - - Frontage Westward, 141 - - Front and Vestibule Doors, 222 - - Front Hall Dispensed with, 129 - - Furnace, 221 - - Furring-off Walls for Plastering, 114 - - - G. - - Gas in Isolated Dwellings, 225 - - Gas-pipes, 202 - - Good Taste in Building, 135 - - Grading, 132 - - Graining, 226 - - Grates and Registers, 216 - - Ground-plans Affecting Outside Dress, 225 - - Gutters, Old and New Methods, 31 - - - H. - - Half Stone Walls, 147 - - Hall, Contents not Exposed to St., 84 - - Halls, Windy and Cheerless, 192 - - Hard-wood Oiled, 219 - - Head-room Over Stairs Utilized, 66 - - Heater, Portable, 185 - - Heaters, Fireplace, How to Set, 194 - - High Foundations, 99 - - Hooded Compared with Mansard Style, 50 - - Houses Cheap as Lumber and Nails Can Make Them, 12 - - House for Dwelling, with Office, 134 - - Houses Set too Low, No Cure, 142 - - House-work Without Intrusion, 223 - - - I. - - Imitations, Objections to, 74 - - Importance of Good Roof, 13 - - Imposing Outlines, 233 - - Indestructible Covering, 175 - - - J. - - Jarring Prevented, 42 - - Job, Who Gets, 104 - - Joined, Separate Chimneys Over Arch, 157 - - Justice, in Painting, Last Opportunity, 74 - - - K. - - Keys to Circular Heads, 192 - - Kitchen, Isolated, 130 - - Kitchen, Pleasant, 94 - - Knot, Shellacked, 67 - - - L. - - Lamp-shelf, and Location of, 125 - - Lighting Lobby, 230 - - Lining-off Exterior Plastering, 25 - - Little Required to Build, 26 - - Location, Questions Involved, 141 - - Locker or Private Cellar, 160 - - Looking Like a Farm-house, 159 - - Low-down Grates, 165 - - Low-priced Plans, 22 - - - M. - - Mansard Roof, Significance, 206 - - Marble Mantels, 180 - - Marble Shelves, 194 - - Modern Buildings on Old Foundations, 205 - - Mortar for Plastering, 145 - - Mortar for Stone-work, 114 - - - N. - - New Modification of Mansard Roof, 128 - - Nine Doors in Small Hall, 172 - - Novelty Siding, 30 - - - O. - - Observatory, 233 - - Omissions, Reducing Cost, 170 - - One’s Dwelling an Indication of His Character, 10 - - Outside Plastering, 42 - - Overloaded Cornices, 77 - - - P. - - Painting; Object, When and How, 74 - - Parquet-flooring, 218 - - Parsonage, 180 - - Partitions in Cellar, 218 - - Paving Shed-floors, 126 - - Piazza, Change to Conservatory, 126 - - Piece-lumber Used Without Waste, 59 - - Plan Resembling a Double House, 101 - - Plant-windows, 112 - - Plastering, a Non-conductor of Sound, 16 - - Plastering Cellar Ceilings, 189 - - Plastering, Different Modes, 53 - - Plastering, Estimate in Detail, 139 - - Plumbing, Economical, 177 - - Plumbing, Estimate in Detail, 195 - - Plumbing, Specifications for, 237 - - Pointed Style for Rural Surroundings, 92 - - Porch Instead of Lobby, 18 - - Preface, 3 - - Providing Against Changing Vicissitudes, 10 - - Providing for Future Enlargements, 34 - - - Q. - - Qualified to Estimate, Who Should Be, 104 - - Quarried Stone, Used as Found, 149 - - Quarter-circle Stairs, 48 - - Quiet Corner, 160 - - - R. - - Radiator Utilizing Heat from Kitchen Fire, 19 - - Rafters Extending Downward, 133 - - Rake of Roof, 60 - - Rats and Mice Shut Out, 190 - - Reversing Plans, 23 - - Ribbed Glass, 213 - - Rolled Sheathing, 237 - - Roofing Materials foreign from Each Other, 207 - - Roof Ventilation, 85 - - Room for an Invalid Mother, 143 - - Rough Boards for Siding, 20 - - Rule for Projections, 139 - - - S. - - Satisfaction of Hanging Sash, and Cost, 28 - - Saving in Foundation, New Method, 35 - - Saving Time and Trouble, 27 - - School and Play-room, 224 - - Seeming Growth of the Earth, 143 - - Semi-dressed Stone, 78 - - Setting a Girder, 41 - - Shaky and Doubtful Foundations, 37 - - Sheathing and Felting, 192 - - Shingling, How Done, 30 - - Side Alley-way, 54 - - Side Openings in Chimney-tops, Solid Caps, 53 - - Siding on Sheathing-Boards, 218 - - Siding Upright with Battens, 96 - - Siding with Bevelled Clap-boards, 85 - - Sills Bedded in Mortar, 190 - - Simplicity of Cottage Life, 23 - - Size and Shape of Houses, 120 - - Sky-light, Scuttle, and Ventilator, combined, 60 - - Slate, best material for Roofing, 138 - - Slate, clipping corners of, 114 - - Sliding Doors, 198 - - Small Beginnings, 10 - - Southern House Requirements, 88 - - Space for Furniture and Wall Ornaments, 51 - - Space for Piano, 230 - - Speaking-tubes Saving Steps, 68 - - Spreading, in place of Stilted, Houses, 152 - - Squeaky Stairs, Effect, 103 - - Stairs Continuous to Attic, 224 - - Stair-Landing, near Center of House, 183 - - Stairs, Platform, 165 - - Stairs, Quarter Circle at Top, 48 - - Stairs, Quarter Circle, Midway their Hight, 182 - - Stairs to Tower, 224 - - Stearate of Lime, 25 - - Stone, Convenient Hight to Build, 150 - - Stone for Building, Random Dressed, 149 - - Stone Walls with Brick Angles, 162 - - Storm Doors, 41 - - Stucco Cornices and Centers, 219 - - Style determined by Roof, 49 - - Suggestions as to Balloon Framing, 73 - - Superintend’g Construction, Points, 145 - - Sweetening Cellars, 190 - - - T. - - Tanks secured from Frost, 95 - - Taste in Painting, 81 - - Temporary Cellar, 11 - - Tendency to Self-Destruction in Buildings, 191 - - Time allowed for Building, 217 - - Tinning, Raised Groove and Lock-Joint, 201 - - Tin, Single and Double Cross, 218 - - Tower and Attic, 108 - - Tower, Five Stories High, 221 - - Truss Heads for Cornices, 221 - - - U. - - Underpinning, 108 - - Unity in Design, 128 - - Unobstructed Hall, Stair Space, 210 - - Unsightly Out-buildings Obviated, 233 - - Unwholesome Vapors, 122 - - - V. - - Valleys and Gutters, 169 - - Ventilating Cellars, 125 - - Ventilation, 109 - - Ventilation Sewage, 151 - - Vertical Side Walls in Mansard Roof, 200 - - Vestibules, 198 - - Views and Principal Rooms—Rear, 171 - - Vines and Creepers for Decoration, 159 - - - W. - - Walks in Conservatories, 208 - - Walls and Chimneys interlaced, 139 - - Weight of Slate and Tin, 83 - - Well, How Constructed, 173 - - What Color to Paint, 75 - - Why Contractors Differ in Estimating, 104 - - - Y. - - Yards, Front and Rear, Fenced, 232 - - Yards of Carpet, 207 - - Year, Plumbing Warranted for a, 239 - - - Z. - - Zinc Ridge Plates, and Flashings, 138 - - - * * * * * - -=Commended by the Greatest Educators of Germany, England and the United -States. Endorsed by Officials, and adopted in many Schools= - -=New Methods in Education= - -=Art, Real Manual Training, Nature Study. Explaining: Processes whereby -Hand, Eye and Mind are Educated by Means that Conserve Vitality and -Develop a Union of Thought and Action= - -=By J. Liberty Tadd= - -_Director of the Public School of Industrial Art, of Manual Training and -Art in the R. C. High School, and in several Night Schools, Member of -the Art Club, Sketch Club, and Educational Club, and of the Academy of -Natural Sciences, Philadelphia_ - -Based on twenty-two years’ experience with thousands of children and -hundreds of teachers. “A method reasonable, feasible and without great -cost, adapted to all grades, from child to adult; a plan that can be -applied without friction to every kind of educational institution or to -the family, and limited only by the capacity of the individual; a method -covered by natural law, working with the absolute precision of nature -itself; a process that unfolds the capacities of children as unfold the -leaves and flowers; a system that teaches the pupils that they are in the -plan and part of life, and enables them to work out their own salvation -on the true lines of design and work as illustrated in every natural -thing.” - -=A Wealth of Illustration—478 Pictures and 44 Full-Page Plates= - -showing children and teachers practicing these new methods or their work. -A revelation to all interested in developing the wonderful capabilities -of young or old. 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It -discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seed or roots, -soil, climate and location, preparation, planting and maintenance of -the beds, artificial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for -market and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the profits that -may be expected. This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely -illustrated, and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow this -drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable industry -to their farms and gardens, without interfering with the regular work. -12mo. - - $ .35 - -Land Draining. - -A handbook for farmers on the principles and practice of draining, by -Manly Miles, giving the results of his extended experience in laying -tile drains. The directions for the laying out and the construction of -tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect -construction, and the disappointment that must necessarily follow. 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A practical handbook on the most approved methods in -growing, harvesting, curing, packing, and selling tobacco, with an -account of the operations in every department of tobacco manufacture. -The contents of this book are based on actual experiments in field, -curing barn, packing house, factory and laboratory. It is the only work -of the kind in existence, and is destined to be the standard practical -and scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco for many years. -Upwards of 500 pages and 150 original engravings. - - $2.00 - -Play and Profit in My Garden. - -By E. P. Roe. The author takes us to his garden on the rocky hillsides -in the vicinity of West Point, and shows us how out of it, after four -years’ experience, he evoked a profit of $1,000, and this while carrying -on pastoral and literary labor. It is very rarely that so much literary -taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural experience and good -sense. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Forest Planting. - -By H. Nicholas Jarchow, LL. D. A treatise on the care of woodlands and -the restoration of the denuded timber-lands on plains and mountains. -The author has fully described those European methods which have proved -to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the old world. -This experience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of -America, full instructions being given for forest planting of our various -kinds of soil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley. Illustrated, -12mo. - - $1.50 - -Soils and Crops of the Farm. - -By George E. Morrow, M. A., and Thomas F. Hunt. The methods of making -available the plant food in the soil are described in popular language. A -short history of each of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion of -its culture. The useful discoveries of science are explained as applied -in the most approved methods of culture. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -American Fruit Culturist. - -By John J. Thomas. Containing practical directions for the propagation -and culture of all the fruits adapted to the United States. Twentieth -thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged edition by Wm. H. S. Wood. This -new edition makes the work practically almost a new book, containing -everything pertaining to large and small fruits as well as sub-tropical -and tropical fruits. Richly Illustrated by nearly 800 engravings. 758 -pp., 12mo. - - $2.50 - -Fertilizers. - -By Edward B. Voorhees, director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment -Station. It has been the aim of the author to point out the underlying -principles and to discuss the important subjects connected with the use -of fertilizer materials. The natural fertility of the soil, the functions -of manures and fertilizers, and the need of artificial fertilizers are -exhaustively discussed. Separate chapters are devoted to the various -fertilizing elements, to the purchase, chemical analyses, methods -of using fertilizers, and the best fertilizers for each of the most -important field, garden and orchard crops. 335 pp. - - $1.00 - -Gardening for Profit. - -By Peter Henderson. The standard work on market and family gardening. The -successful experience of the author for more than thirty years, and his -willingness to tell, as he does in this work, the secret of his success -for the benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable information. -The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Herbert’s Hints to Horse Keepers. - -By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Forester). This is one of the -best and most popular works on the horse prepared in this country. A -complete manual for horsemen, embracing: How to breed a horse; how to buy -a horse; how to break a horse; how to use a horse; how to feed a horse; -how to physic a horse (allopathy or homoeopathy); how to groom a horse; -how to drive a horse; how to ride a horse, etc. Beautifully illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Barn Plans and Outbuildings. - -Two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most valuable work, full of -ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc., for the construction of barns and -outbuildings, by practical writers. Chapters are devoted to the economic -erection and use of barns, grain barns, house barns, cattle barns, sheep -barns, corn houses, smoke houses, ice houses, pig pens, granaries, etc. -There are likewise chapters on bird houses, dog houses, tool sheds, -ventilators, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, poultry -houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Cranberry Culture. - -By Joseph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history of cultivation, -choice of location, preparing the ground, planting the vines, management -of meadows, flooding, enemies and difficulties overcome, picking, -keeping, profit and loss. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Ornamental Gardening for Americans. - -By Elias A. Long, landscape architect. A treatise on beautifying homes, -rural districts and cemeteries. A plain and practical work with numerous -illustrations and instructions so plain that they may be readily -followed. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Grape Culturist. - -By A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of works on the culture -of the hardy grapes, with full directions for all departments of -propagation, culture, etc., with 150 excellent engravings, illustrating -planting, training, grafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Turkeys and How to Grow Them. - -Edited by Herbert Myrick. A treatise on the natural history and origin -of the name of turkeys; the various breeds, the best methods to insure -success in the business of turkey growing. With essays from practical -turkey growers in different parts of the United States and Canada. -Copiously illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Profits in Poultry. - -Useful and ornamental breeds and their profitable management. This -excellent work contains the combined experience of a number of practical -men in all departments of poultry raising. It is profusely illustrated -and forms a unique and important addition to our poultry literature. -Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -How Crops Grow. - -By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson of Yale College. New and revised edition. A -treatise on the chemical composition, structure and life of the plant. -This book is a guide to the knowledge of agricultural plants, their -composition, their structure and modes of development and growth; of the -complex organization of plants, and the use of the parts; the germination -of seeds, and the food of plants obtained both from the air and the soil. -The book is indispensable to all real students of agriculture. With -numerous illustrations and tables of analysis. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Coburn’s Swine Husbandry. - -By F. D. Coburn. New, revised and enlarged edition. The breeding, -rearing, and management of swine, and the prevention and treatment of -their diseases. It is the fullest and freshest compendium relating to -swine breeding yet offered. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Stewart’s Shepherd’s Manual. - -By Henry Stewart. A valuable practical treatise on the sheep for American -farmers and sheep growers. It is so plain that a farmer or a farmer’s -son who has never kept a sheep, may learn from its pages how to manage -a flock successfully, and yet so complete that even the experienced -shepherd may gather many suggestions from it. The results of personal -experience of some years with the characters of the various modern -breeds of sheep, and the sheep raising capabilities of many portions of -our extensive territory and that of Canada—and the careful study of the -diseases to which our sheep are chiefly subject, with those by which they -may eventually be afflicted through unforeseen accidents—as well as the -methods of management called for under our circumstances, are carefully -described. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Feeds and Feeding. - -By W. A. Henry. This handbook for students and stock men constitutes a -compendium of practical and useful knowledge on plant growth and animal -nutrition, feeding stuffs, feeding animals and every detail pertaining to -this important subject. It is thorough, accurate and reliable, and is the -most valuable contribution to live stock literature in many years. All -the latest and best information is clearly and systematically presented, -making the work indispensable to every owner of live stock. 658 pages, -8vo. Cloth. - - $2.00 - -Hunter and Trapper. - -By Halsey Thrasher, an old and experienced sportsman. The best modes of -hunting and trapping are fully explained, and foxes, deer, bears, etc., -fall into his traps readily by following his directions. Cloth, 12mo. - - $ .50 - -The Ice Crop. - -By Theron L. Hiles. How to harvest, ship and use ice. A complete, -practical treatise for farmers, dairymen, ice dealers, produce shippers, -meat packers, cold storers, and all interested in ice houses, cold -storage, and the handling or use of ice in any way. Including many -recipes for iced dishes and beverages. The book is illustrated by cuts -of the tools and machinery used in cutting and storing ice, and the -different forms of ice houses and cold storage buildings. 122 pp., ill., -16mo. Cloth. - - $1.00 - -Practical Forestry. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, planting and -cultivation, with descriptions and the botanical and popular names of all -the indigenous trees of the United States, and notes on a large number of -the most valuable exotic species. - - $1.50 - -Irrigation for the Farm, Garden and Orchard. - -By Henry Stewart. This work is offered to those American farmers and -other cultivators of the soil who, from painful experience, can readily -appreciate the losses which result from the scarcity of water at critical -periods. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Market Gardening and Farm Notes. - -By Burnett Landreth. Experiences and observation for both North and -South, of interest to the amateur gardener, trucker and farmer. A novel -feature of the book is the calendar of farm and garden operations for -each month of the year; the chapters on fertilizers, transplanting, -succession and rotation of crops, the packing, shipping and marketing of -vegetables will be especially useful to market gardeners. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Fruit Garden. - -By P. Barry. A standard work on fruit and fruit trees, the author having -had over thirty years’ practical experience at the head of one of the -largest nurseries in this country. Invaluable to all fruit growers. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Nut Culturist. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, planting and -cultivation of nut-bearing trees and shrubs adapted to the climate of -the United States, with the scientific and common names of the fruits -known in commerce as edible or otherwise useful nuts. Intended to aid the -farmer to increase his income without adding to his expenses or labor. -12mo. Cloth. - - $1.50 - -American Grape Growing and Wine Making. - -By George Husmann of California. New and enlarged edition. With -contributions from well-known grape growers, giving wide range of -experience. The author of this book is a recognized authority on the -subject. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Treat’s Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. - -By Mrs. Mary Treat. An original investigator who has added much to -our knowledge of both plants and insects, and those who are familiar -with Darwin’s works are aware that he gives her credit for important -observation and discoveries. New and enlarged edition. With an -illustrated chapter on beneficial insects. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Dogs of Great Britain, America and Other Countries. - -New, enlarged and revised edition. Their breeding, training and -management, in health and disease; comprising all the essential parts of -the two standard works on dogs by “Stonehenge.” It describes the best -game and hunting grounds in America. Contains over one hundred beautiful -engravings, embracing most noted dogs in both continents, making, -together with chapters by American writers, the most complete dog book -ever published. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Harris on the Pig. - -By Joseph Harris. New edition. Revised and enlarged by the author. -The points of the various English and American breeds are thoroughly -discussed, and the great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly -shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer who keeps but few pigs, -and to the breeder on an extensive scale. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Pear Culture for Profit. - -By P. T. Quinn, practical horticulturist. Teaching how to raise pears -intelligently, and with the best results, how to find out the character -of the soil, the best methods of preparing it, the best varieties to -select under existing conditions, the best modes of planting, pruning, -fertilizing, grafting, and utilizing the ground before the trees come -into bearing, and, finally, of gathering and packing for market. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Secrets of Health, or How Not to Be Sick, and How to Get Well from -Sickness. - -By S. H. Platt, A. M., M. D., late member of the Connecticut Eclectic -Medical Society, the National Eclectic Medical Association, and honorary -member of the National Bacteriological Society of America; our medical -editor and author of “Talks With Our Doctor” and “Our Health Adviser.” -Nearly 600 pages. Profusely illustrated. An index of 20 pages, so -that any topic may be instantly consulted. A new departure in medical -knowledge for the people—the latest progress, secrets and practices -of all schools of healing made available for the common people—health -without medicine, nature without humbug, common sense without folly, -science without fraud. 12mo. 576 pp., 81 illustrations. Cloth. - - $1.50 - -Gardening for Young and Old. - -By Joseph Harris. A work intended to interest farmers’ boys in farm -gardening, which means a better and more profitable form of agriculture. -The teachings are given in the familiar manner so well known in the -author’s “Walks and Talks on the Farm.” Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Money in the Garden. - -By P. T. Quinn. The author gives in a plain, practical style, -instructions on three distinct although closely connected branches of -gardening—the kitchen garden, market garden and field culture, from -successful practical experience for a term of years. Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Pruning Book. - -By L. H. Bailey. This is the first American work exclusively devoted to -pruning. It differs from most other treatises on this subject in that the -author takes particular pains to explain the principles of each operation -in every detail. Specific advice is given on the pruning of the various -kinds of fruits and ornamental trees, shrubs and hedges. Considerable -space is devoted to the pruning and training of grapevines, both American -and foreign. Every part of the subject is made so clear and plain that it -can be readily understood by even the merest beginner. Cloth, 8vo, 530 -pages. Illustrated. - - $1.50 - -The Dairyman’s Manual. - -By Henry Stewart, author of “The Shepherd’s Manual,” “Irrigation,” etc. -A useful and practical work, by a writer who is well known as thoroughly -familiar with the subject of which he writes. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Truck Farming at the South. - -By A. Oemler. A work giving the experience of a successful grower -of vegetables or “garden truck” for northern markets. Essential to -anyone who contemplates entering this profitable field of agriculture. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Propagation of Plants. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. Illustrated with numerous engravings. An eminently -practical and useful work. Describing the process of hybridizing and -crossing species and varieties, and also the many different modes by -which cultivated plants may be propagated and multiplied. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Gardening for Pleasure. - -By Peter Henderson. A guide to the amateur in the fruit, vegetable and -flower garden, with full descriptions for the greenhouse, conservatory -and window garden. It meets the wants of all classes in country, city and -village, who keep a garden for their own enjoyment rather than for the -sale of products. Finely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Window Flower Garden. - -By Julius J. Heinrich. The author is a practical florist, and this -enterprising volume embodies his personal experience in window gardening -during a long period. New and enlarged edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $ .50 - -Diseases of Horses and Cattle. - -By Dr. D. McIntosh, V. S., professor of veterinary science in the -university of Illinois. Written expressly for the farmer, stockman and -veterinary student. A new work on the treatment of animal diseases, -according to the modern status of veterinary science, has become a -necessity. Such an one is this volume of nearly 400 pages, written by one -of the most eminent veterinarians of our country. Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo. - - $1.75 - -Batty’s Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration. - -By Joseph H. Batty, taxidermist for the government surveys and many -colleges and museums in the United States. 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