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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77915c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68706 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68706) diff --git a/old/68706-0.txt b/old/68706-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23d6cf9..0000000 --- a/old/68706-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7976 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern house-plans for everybody, by -S. B. Reed - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Modern house-plans for everybody - For village and country residences costing from two hundred and - fifty dollars to eight thousand dollars - -Author: S. B. Reed - -Release Date: August 7, 2022 [eBook #68706] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN HOUSE-PLANS FOR -EVERYBODY *** - -=Transcriber’s Note:= Illustrations have been moved to the end of each -chapter. - - - - - - Modern - HOUSE-PLANS - For - Everybody - - _FOR VILLAGE AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES - COSTING FROM TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY - DOLLARS TO EIGHT THOUSAND DOLLARS_ - - Including - Full Descriptions and Estimates in Detail - of Materials, Labor, - Cost and Many Practical Suggestions - - By - _S. B. REED_ - Architect - - ILLUSTRATED - - New York - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - 1900 - - Copyright, - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, - 1900. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -In the modernized and revised edition of “House-Plans for Everybody,” -but little attempt has been made to change the text or floor plans, as -these are standard features requiring no revision. In the matter of -outward dress, however, nearly all the elevations have been redrawn, with -special regard to modern ideas and tastes, and in this respect it is -specially new and commendable. The author has been guided in this work -by many years’ experience, in planning and superintending the erection -of country buildings, and has selected, from an extensive aggregation -of original designs in his possession, such examples as seemed best to -serve for purposes of simplicity, comfort, and economy. All the matters -here presented are purely practical—well calculated to assist such as -are contemplating the erection of either a village or country house. -The plans embrace almost every variety of arrangement and style—each -one is accompanied with a detailed description of its conveniences -and construction—and its cost is shown by careful estimates, made to -correspond with a uniform standard of prices, at present rates. To -builders, this work will be valuable as a handbook of reference, to aid -them when applied to for suggestions, either in the projection of new -dwellings, or in the alteration of old ones, saving much time, study and -calculations. The estimates of cost have been found correct as to totals, -in the neighborhood of New York, and in many other localities builders -have offered to duplicate the structures for the figures given. - - S. B. REED. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - _Page._ - - DESIGN NO. I. - - A COTTAGE, COSTING $250. - - Accommodations for Beginners in House-Keeping, with Limited - Means.—Arranged as the Wing of a future Main House.—First Steps. 9 - - DESIGN NO. II. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450. - - Approximating the Cheapest Construction.—Roofs must not be - slighted.—Their Relative Cost.—Suggestions as to Inside Linings. 12 - - DESIGN NO. III. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - Effect of Angles and Vertical Lines.—New form of Radiator, with - Designs and Description.—A Durable Wash for rough work. 17 - - DESIGN NO. IV. - - COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - Adapted to an Eastern Frontage.—Good accommodations for a small - family.—May have a Vestibule in Piazza.—Exterior Plastering. 22 - - DESIGN NO. V. - - CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650. - - Little required to build a comfortable home.—Saving - by use of regular sizes of Sash, Doors, etc.—Novelty - Siding.—Gutters.—Desirability, and Cost of Hanging Sash. 26 - - DESIGN NO. VI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $700. - - Providing for future Enlargement.—Framework below the First - Floor.—Section of Frame, with Description.—Cornice. 33 - - DESIGN NO. VII. - - COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750. - - Fair Expression of Purpose.—Best Results from Location.—Outside - Plastering.—Stearate of Lime.—Formula for Making. 39 - - DESIGN NO. VIII. - - A COTTAGE, COSTING $800. - - Enlargement of Design No. 1.—Best use of the Space.—Short - Spans, and Bridging of Beams.—Suggestions as to Location. 44 - - DESIGN NO. IX. - - COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000. - - Cosy and Homelike.—Style Determined by the Form of Roof.—Modes - of Plastering.—Advantages of the One-coat work. 49 - - DESIGN NO. X. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,100. - - Adapted to a Twenty-five Foot Lot.—Trim Outline.—No Waste in - Materials.—Pitch of Roofs.—Ventilator and Scuttle combined. 54 - - DESIGN NO. XI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,600. - - Practical Experience Valuable in Planning.—Conventional - Requirements.—A Fifth House.—Section of Outside Wall, and - Description. 62 - - DESIGN NO. XII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $1,700. - - Important Features in Exterior.—Care in Foundations.—Regular - _versus_ Balloon Framing.—Painting. 69 - - DESIGN NO. XIII. - - FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - For thickly settled localities.—Enlivened Dressing.—Purpose of - Ornament.—Bracing of Frame.—Taste in Painting. 76 - - DESIGN NO. XIV. - - FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - Conforming to a Declivity.—Outlines of Grounds.—Tower-like - Corner, Supported by a Column.—Weight of Slate, and Tin. 82 - - DESIGN NO. XV. - - SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,000. - - Extended Area of Ground Floor.—Requirements for - Shade.—Preparations for Severe Weather.—Food Department. 86 - - DESIGN NO. XVI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,100. - - Pointed Style—in harmony with rural surroundings.—Earth Finish - around Foundation.—Exhausting poisonous vapors from cellars. 92 - - DESIGN NO. XVII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,200. - - The most Economical Form.—High Foundations.—Surrounding - Grades.—Bridging Beams.—Stairs.—Why Contractors differ.—Who - qualified to estimate. 98 - - DESIGN NO. XVIII. - - SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,200. - - Style adapted to Middle and Southern - States.—Tower.—Verandas.—Windows extending to the - Floor.—Ventilation. 105 - - DESIGN NO. XIX. - - STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500. - - Balance in Outlines.—Site.—Cellar, how sweetened.—Plant Window, - with Contents Reflected.—Drudgery of Housework. 111 - - DESIGN NO. XX. - - COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - Suited to a Southern Climate.—Double Front.—May face any point - of Compass.—Detailed Estimate of Windows and Doors. 115 - - DESIGN NO. XXI. - - FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - Economical and Practical.—Size and Shape.—Direction to - Face.—Hight above Ground.—Cause of Decay in Principal - Timbers.—Paving instead of flooring Shed. 120 - - DESIGN NO. XXII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Advantages of Square Form.—Rounded Roof Outlines.—New - Modification of Mansard Roof.—Front Hall Dispensed - with.—Chimneys to Save Heat. 128 - - DESIGN NO. XXIII. - - COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Suited to the Wants of Professional Men.—Outlines and - Dress.—Good Taste.—Rule for Projections.—Slate.—Estimate in - Detail for Plastering. 134 - - DESIGN NO. XXIV. - - FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Questions Involved in Locations.—Distance from the Street - to Build.—Seeming Growth of the Earth.—Superintending - Construction.—Points. 140 - - DESIGN NO. XXV. - - A HALF-STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800. - - Rustic and Substantial.—Front and Rear - Finish.—Construction.—Confined Sewage.—Prices of Building - Materials. 147 - - DESIGN NO. XXVI. - - A FRAME HOUSE, COSTING $2,900. - - External Features.—Spreading out.—Direction to Face.—An - Auxiliary Apartment.—Building a Section at a Time.—Reducing the - Cost. 152 - - DESIGN NO. XXVII. - - A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,900. - - Solid, Independent, and Homelike.—Vines and Creepers for - Decoration.—Manner of Building Corners, with Designs and - Description. 158 - - DESIGN NO. XXVIII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,000. - - Suburban Cottage, with Modern Improvements.—High - Foundations.—Large Rooms.—Platform Stairs.—Low-down - Grates.—Coal-lift. 164 - - DESIGN NO. XXIX. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,100. - - Summer Residence, with Principal Rooms in the Rear.—Parlor and - Piazza for Use together.—Well, How Constructed. 171 - - DESIGN NO. XXX. - - FRAME AND BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $3,300. - - Indestructible Covering.—Design Showing Method of Construction, - with Description.—Economical Plumbing. 175 - - DESIGN NO. XXXI. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $3,700. - - Residence or Parsonage.—Three Elevations.—Nearly Square - Ground-Plan.—Arranged Similar to Double House. 180 - - DESIGN NO. XXXII. - - A HOUSE, COSTING $4,000. - - Double Front.—Bay Windows.—Circular Window Heads.—Preventing - drafts.—Fire-place Heaters.—Plumber’s Work in Detail. 187 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIII. - - A BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $4,000. - - Compact Outline.—Vestibule Doors.—Vertical Side Walls in - Mansard Roof.—Design of Frame, with Description. 196 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIV. - - COUNTRY RESIDENCE, COSTING $4,750. - - Perspective View.—Physicians’ Office.—Laboratory.—Water - Reservoir.—Fountain.—Heaters and Grates. 203 - - DESIGN NO. XXXV. - - SUBURBAN RESIDENCES, COSTING $4,000. - - Mansard Roofs.—Variety.—Conservatory.—Roofing Materials foreign - to each other.—Furnace. 205 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVI. - - A FARM HOUSE, COSTING $5,000. - - Hooded Style.—Main Entrance from two directions.—Position of - Kitchen Wing.—Conservatory.—Beam Filling. 209 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVII. - - A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $7,000. - - Outlines determined by location.—Irregularities.—Pleasantest - Apartments.—Arches.—Concrete Floors.—Parquet Floors. 214 - - DESIGN NO. XXXVIII. - - A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $8,000. - - Perspective View.—Modern Improvements.—Five Story Tower.—Dormer - Windows.—School Room.—Remarks on Style. 220 - - DESIGN NO. XXXIX. - - SIX CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $6,000. - - Building in Blocks.—What is Saved.—Overcoming many - objections.—Preserving their identity as Cottages.—Deafening - Partitions. 227 - - DESIGN NO. XL. - - FIVE CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $10,000. - - Residence.—Corner-Stone.—Observatory.—Desirability.—Imposing - and animated.—Full Specifications of Plumber’s Work. 232 - - - - - -DESIGN I. - -A COTTAGE, COSTING $250. - - -This plan was designed for a simple cottage, with sufficient -accommodations for beginners in housekeeping with limited means. It is -arranged as the _Wing_ of a larger house to be erected in the future, as -indicated in the dotted sketch adjoining the ground-plan. (The building, -with the proposed enlargements complete, are given in Design VIII.) -To a certain extent, one’s dwelling is an index of his character. Any -effort at building expresses the owner’s ability, taste, and purpose. -Every industrious man, starting in life, has a right, and should be -encouraged, to anticipate prosperity, as the sure reward of honest -worth; and he may, with propriety, give emphasis to such anticipations -in every step, and with every blow struck. His dwelling may well express -the progressive character, rather than a conclusive result. Beginning a -home by starting with a room or two, as present means will allow, and -increasing its dimensions as can be afforded, without the precarious aid -of the money-lender, is honest, independent, and best provides against -the ever-changing vicissitudes of life. The first step towards building -is the preparation of plans. These should be sufficiently comprehensive -to embrace all probable requirements. If only a small beginning is -intended, it should be made to exhibit some degree of completeness, and -be arranged to conform with the proposed future enlargements without -serious alterations.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 1).—In view of the relation -this structure is to bear to a proposed main house, and to allow for -the grading likely to be required in the ultimate completion of the -whole, the foundation is made to show four feet above the ground. Such -elevation adds to the prominence and good appearance of the building, and -relieves the interior from the dampness likely to result from a closer -contact with the soil. The style is simple, neat, and favorable for the -using of ordinary materials and methods of construction.... INTERIOR, -(fig. 2).—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. The entire floor space is utilized -in the three convenient divisions—a Living-room, Bedroom, and a Large -Pantry—with no chimney-breast, or stairway to interfere. Each room is -pleasantly lighted, and the larger one has outside entrances front and -rear. With a favorable location, the living-room may be made a very -cheerful apartment.... CONSTRUCTION.—For economy, and in prospect of a -future enlargement, that shall include ample cellars, such excavations -are omitted for this building. The Foundations are brick piers, -extending in the earth below the reach of frost, and 4 feet above, and -the intermediate spaces are close-boarded, making an inclosure useful -for many purposes. If desired, a sort of temporary cellar may be made, -by deepening the central portion of this inclosure a foot or two, and -banking the loose earth against the inside of the boarding. The Framework -and other parts are substantially constructed, of materials as indicated -in the appended estimate. The Chimney rests on the central partition -(which is strengthened by the central pier of the foundation), and has -two flues, with metal thimbles in the bottom of each—one to receive the -stove-pipe from the living-room, and the other to serve as a ventilator -for the bedroom. All of the materials are intended to be of merchantable -quality. The siding, flooring, and casings are mill-dressed. The sizes of -the sash are 2 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. 2 in., and of the doors, 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 -ft. 8 in., all 1¼ in. thick, and may be found ready-made, and seasoned, -in the stock of any regular dealer.... In the following _estimate_, the -item of $20, for carpenter’s labor, may seem very little. This amount -is allowed for preparing the building ready for the plasterer, and is -entered in this manner for convenience in making the calculations. Adding -to the above amount the cost of such labor in the “completed” parts, will -make a total of $50. - -ESTIMATE, cost of materials and labor: - - 1,000 bricks, laid, at $12 per M. $12.00 - 124 yards plastering, at 20c. per yard. 24.80 - 636 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 9.54 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 14 ceiling boards, 2 × 4 in. 16 ft. long. - 75 wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each. 8.25 - 98 siding, 9½ inches, at 25c, each. 24.50 - Cornice materials. 6.00 - 50 shingling lath, at 5c. each. 2.50 - 6 shingling planks, at 20c. each. 1.20 - 12 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 15.00 - 36 flooring, 9½ in., at 25c. 9.00 - 7 windows, complete, at $6. 42.00 - 4 doors, complete, at $5. 20.00 - 2 stoops and closets, complete. 20.00 - Nails, $4; painting, $14; carting, $5. 23.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 20.00 - Incidentals. 12.21 - ------- - Total cost. $250.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—EXTERIOR OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—INTERIOR OF COTTAGE.] - - - - -DESIGN II. - -COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450 TO $550. - - -This plan of an inexpensive country dwelling is adapted to the wants -of many people whose circumstances will not admit of a larger outlay. -It was originally prepared and published in response to many calls for -very low-priced country houses, “some as cheap as lumber and nails can -make them.” The present one approximates that point, and will aid in -devising others.... TWO ELEVATIONS are given for the same ground-plan; -the first (fig. 3) is for a one-story house of the simplest design, -with an entrance door, a neat porch, and two windows in front. The rear -is arranged similarly. The roof is conspicuous, in keeping with its -importance. No matter how cheaply one proposes to build a house, it is -essential not to slight the roof. A roof fit for a one-story cottage -would answer equally well on a three-story house, so that relatively the -cost of this part becomes greater, as the other parts become reduced -and cheapened.... GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 4).—The accommodations are quite -sufficient for a small family, consisting of three rooms, two lobbies, -a kitchen-pantry, and a clothes-press. The Lobbies protect the rooms -from direct contact with the outside doors. The Living-room is large, -and accessible alike from each entrance; it has windows front and rear, -and is convenient to the pantry; one entire side is unbroken, giving -additional space for furniture, etc. The Pantry is shelved on two sides, -and has a sash opening from the rear lobby, receiving light through the -head-light over the rear entrance door. The front Bedroom is of good -size—large enough to be used as a sitting-room; it adjoins the rear -bedroom, and a clothes-press, and has a window facing the road. The -rear Bedroom is the most retired, and has a window looking to the rear. -The Press or closet is shelved and hooked in the usual manner. The door -between the bedrooms might be dispensed with, but its convenience more -than repays its cost.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundations are of common -stone and mortar, laid in trenches, so as not to be affected by frost, -and show 1½ feet above ground. The supports for the central partitions -are stone piers, 4 feet apart. The Chimneys are of hard brick and mortar, -passing through the first story in two flues, but joined together beneath -the roof, and finished above as a single chimney. All the timber of the -exterior frame is of 4 × 6-inch spruce. The sills are laid flatways on -the foundation, and the upright frame-work stands upon them. The beams -are of 1¼ × 8-inch spruce planks; they are notched 4 inches, to fit on -the sill, and bear on the foundation, and are nailed to the studding and -sills, binding the whole together. The ceiling-strips are of 1¼ × 5-inch -spruce, resting on the ties, and nailed to the studding. The rafters are -2 × 4-inch wall-strips. All beams, studding, and rafters, are placed -16 inches apart from centers. The siding is of 10-inch dressed pine. -The roof is covered with 18-inch pine shingles, laid on 1¼ × 2-inch -shingling-lath. The porch-frame is of dressed and cornered timber, and -is roofed with shingles on flooring laid face down. The flooring is 1⅛ -× 9-inch spruce “milled.” The interior is plainly cased: for doors and -windows, 3¼ inches wide; base, 6 inches; chair-back in the living-room, 3 -inches; all beveled. All sashes and doors are 1¼ inch thick. The interior -side-walls and ceilings are white-sand finished, on brown mortar and -seasoned lath. Many efforts have been made to devise something cheaper -than plastering for the inside lining of walls, but no substitute has -yet been found to equal it in cheapness or durability. Plastering, as -usually prepared and applied, conduces to the healthfulness of any -apartment, emits no odor of mouldiness, has no attraction or harbor for -vermin, is impervious to air, and a non-conductor of sound. Where linings -of thin wood or paper are used, it is necessary to deafen the partitions -and ceilings, otherwise they will be noisy. Sound made in any one part -will reverberate through the house with drum-like suggestiveness. Most of -such materials absorb moisture rapidly from the atmosphere, and when at -any distance from the house-fires, so as not to be warmed and dried, the -moisture is retained in them. This is especially the case in chambers and -closets. Rather than seek a substitute for plastering, it is better to -extend its use, and, where practicable, apply it as an outside covering, -as well as for inside linings, as described for Design VI. The SECOND -ELEVATION, (fig. 5,) shows an enlargement of the first, by increasing the -outlines of the roof, giving space for a SECOND FLOOR, (fig. 6). Such -space, though not immediately required for bedrooms, would be valuable -for many purposes. The appearance of the building is improved by the -enlargement, and the extra cost will not exceed one hundred dollars. - -Cost of Cottage—No. 1: - - 468 ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per foot. $23.40 - 1,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 12.00 - 270 yards plastering, at 25c. per yard. 67.50 - 576 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 8.64 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 80 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 2 plates 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 160 wall-strips, at 13c. each. 20.80 - 56 rough plank, at 16c. each. 8.96 - 70 flooring, at 20c. each, $14; 115 siding, at 25c., $28.75. 42.75 - 156 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.36 - 27 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 40.50 - Cornice and porch materials. 21.00 - 4 windows, at $5 each, $20; 9 doors, at $3 each, $27. 47.00 - Closet finish and nails, $26.09; cartage, $12. 38.09 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 60.00 - Painting. 50.00 - ------- - Total. $450.00 - -Extra cost of cottage—No. 2: - - 3 windows, at $5 each, $15; 70 flooring, at 20c, $14. $29.00 - 25 siding, $6.25; 19 rough plank, $3.04. 9.29 - 23 shingling-lath, $1.38; 4 bunches shingles, $6. 7.38 - 25 wall-strips, $3.25; 400 brick, $4.80. 8.05 - Timber, $5; stairs, $20; porch, $5. 30.00 - Carpenter’s labor. 16.28 - ------- - Total. $100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—ELEVATION OF ONE-STORY HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.—GROUND-PLAN OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.—ELEVATION OF STORY-AND-A-HALF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.—SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN III. - -A COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550. - - -These plans are for a low-priced house, similar in character to those -in Design II., but differing entirely in outlines and arrangement, -and embracing a much larger area of floor space, with increased -accommodations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 7.)—The Front is broken with angles, -furnishing a greater number of vertical lines, thus giving relief from -the depressing appearance that would otherwise be manifest. The roof -projections are proportionate, with simple finish. The cornices of the -central or main part are the most prominent, and have plain trusses. The -gable openings supplying ventilation between the ceilings and roof.... -GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 8).—The interior contains five quite ample rooms, -conveniently arranged, besides a lobby, pantry, and two closets. Hight -of ceilings in two principal rooms, 9½ feet, in the side extensions, 6 -feet at the plate, following the rafters to the center of the rooms, -and from thence are leveled across at the hight of 9 feet. The front -entrance is through a lobby. (If desired to economize further, the -front stoop and one door may be saved, by putting an arch in place -of the front door, making a recessed porch of the lobby.) The Parlor -has two front windows, and a closet, and adjoins the kitchen and two -bedrooms. The Kitchen is large, has two windows, an open fire-place, -and adjoins a commodious pantry, and a bedroom. The Pantry has a large -window, and is shelved on one side and end. A convenient Clothes-press -opens from the right-hand bedroom. The Chimney is near the center of -the house, insuring much saving of heat. The interior of this house may -be comfortably warmed from a single fire, by placing a Radiator in the -parlor, and leading the fire-draught from the kitchen stove through it. -As the peculiar form and construction of this radiator is comparatively -new, having originated with me, a description is here given, which will -enable any skillful sheet-iron worker to make one (see figs. 9 and 10): -_A_, is the parlor side of the chimney-breast; _B_, the kitchen side; -_C_, chimney-flue; _D_, kitchen fire-place, containing kitchen-stove; -_E_, smoke-pipe leading from the stove through the throat-piece, into -the chimney-flue; _F_, _F_, stove-pipe branches passing through the -back of the fire-place, and connecting the smoke-pipe, _E_, with the -radiator; _G_, interior section of radiator; _H_, face of radiator; _I_, -partition within radiator. The draught is regulated by a damper, _J_, -in the smoke-pipe _E_, between the branches, _F_, _F_, and is forced -through the radiator as required. The radiator may be made of any size -desired to fit the mantle-opening, and if neatly constructed of Russian -iron, will be quite ornamental. The partition, _I_, is 5 inches wide, -and extends to within 6 inches of the bottom at either side, has turned -edges, and is riveted to the front and back. In use, to start the fire, a -direct draught is made by opening the damper, _J_, after which it may be -closed to turn the draught through the lower branch-pipe into the central -part of the radiator, where it descends, passing the lower ends of the -partition, _I_, into the side passages, where it ascends and enters the -upper branch-pipe, leading to the smoke-pipe, _E_. The bottom should -have a collar to slide within the upright part, to facilitate cleaning -when necessary. If there is no hearth-stone to set the radiator upon, -the bottom may be filled with an inch deep of coarse plaster, which -will make it safe even on a carpet. In setting the radiator, an inch or -two of open space should be left between it and the chimney-back (just -the thickness of the interior wall-plates of the mantle, against which -the radiator should join.) Into the bottom of this space, air may be -introduced from the outside of the house, through a two-inch pipe. The -air thus let in becomes heated, and escapes around the margin, furnishing -a pure healthful supply to the room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate -annexed, includes materials, and methods of construction similar to those -described for Design II. The form and arrangement of this building admits -of its being erected in sections; the central or main part may be first -put up, and the side extensions added as means or necessity requires or -allow. In localities where it is difficult to get dressed lumber, rough -boards may be used for the siding, put on vertically, and battened, but -in this case it would be practical to paint the cornices and other -dressings only with lead and oil—using a lime-wash for the rough work. -A durable wash may be made by slaking freshly-burned lump-lime in hot -brine. This can be colored by adding dry-stainers as desired, and may be -applied with an ordinary whitewash brush. Such work would greatly reduce -the cost, and, if properly done, add a feature of rustic beauty, quite -becoming in this class of building. - -ESTIMATE cost of materials and labor: - - 340 ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per ft. $17.00 - 1,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 12.00 - 290 yards plastering, at 25c. per yard. 72.50 - 800 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 12.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 4 sills, 4 × 6 in. 9 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 300 wall strips, at 13c. each. 39.00 - 70 plank rough spruce, 1¼ × 10, at 16c. each. 11.20 - 130 siding, dressed pine, ⅛ × 10, at 25c. each. 32.50 - 176 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 10.56 - 30 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 45.00 - 82 flooring, dressed spruce, at 20c. each. 16.40 - 8 windows, at $5 each, $40; 10 doors, at $3 each, $30. 70.00 - Closet and base finish, $16; cornice materials, $15. 31.00 - Nails, $10; painting, $60; cartage, $14. 84.00 - Carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $21.84. 96.84 - ------- - Total cost, complete. $550.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.—GROUND-PLAN.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.—RADIATOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.-RADIATOR.] - - - - -DESIGN IV. - -A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $550 TO $700. - - -This plan of a low-priced dwelling is adapted to the wants of many -living in the country. It will accommodate a small family well, and -has a pleasing appearance.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 11.)—The Front has a -sufficient variety of parts to insure a fair degree of picturesqueness. -An allowable amount of neat tracery is admitted in the composition of -the gables, and between the piazza columns, to give an expression of -taste and cheerfulness. More than this would not accord with the utility -and economy especially aimed at in these low-priced plans. If intended -for a Summer Cottage, or Gate-lodge, for persons of larger means, the -matter of exterior dress would assume quite a different aspect, and admit -of more liberal treatment.... GROUND-PLAN, (fig. 12.)—The arrangement -shown is adapted to an _eastward_ frontage, placing the Entrances and -the Living-room on the pleasant side, where least exposed to northerly -winds and cold. Should an opposite frontage be selected, the plan may -be suited to it by reversing the sides, as this would be reflected if -held before a mirror. The hight of the ceilings are 10 feet. The front -entrances open directly from the piazza to the parlor and living-room. -These entrances may be protected in winter by a sash inclosure, forming -a pleasant vestibule of a part of the piazza. The principal rooms are -a Parlor, Kitchen, and two Bedrooms. The Parlor is in front of the -main building, and of sufficient size for the ordinary uses of such -an apartment. The Kitchen is intended as the Living-room, where the -family, maintaining the simplicity of cottage life, spend much of their -in-door time, sharing together the domestic cares and comforts. It is -sufficiently spacious to admit of the requisite furniture, and allow of -the ordinary family gathering without crowding. It has three windows; -if desired, the upper part of the front door may have sashes, giving -views in three directions. The pantry and lobby, at the rear, are of -equal size, both opening from the kitchen. The two Bedrooms adjoin each -other (but have no communication between them in the plan. This may be -arranged as desired.) One opens from the parlor, the other from the -kitchen, and each has a closet. The Chimney is placed between the kitchen -and parlor, with an open fire-place on the kitchen side. The method of -heating, described for Design III., would insure the comfortable warming -of both of the principal rooms from one kitchen fire.... CELLAR, (fig. -13.)—Hight, 6½ feet. The dimensions embrace the space below the kitchen -and the bedrooms; it has three windows and an outside entrance. The part -under the parlor is unexcavated.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation-walls -are of broken stone and mortar, and show 2 feet above ground. Those under -the parlor are laid in trenches, extending below the reach of frost. -The chimney is of hard brick and mortar. The frame-work, roofing, and -exterior plastering, are similar to those described for Design VI. The -gables are inclosed with vertical boarding, having their lower ends cut -to pattern, and are battened over the joints. The ornamental verges in -the gable-cornices are of pine boards, and, being of simple design, are -readily made, and put in position while building. A pleasing effect is -produced by “lining off” the surface of the exterior plastering into -courses or squares. This is easily done with a “straight-edge,” and an -=S= shaped iron while finishing. The final “Stearate” covering (see -Design VI.) may be divided and shaded in two parts, and so applied as -to give the alternate squares slight changes of shade. The best results -may be obtained from _exterior plastering_ where properly done. It -is impervious to either air or water, and therefore equals the more -expensive methods of inclosures for houses of this character. It should -not be attempted over _horizontal_ lines of framework, as the shrinking -and consequent contraction will cause a bulging and cracking of the -plaster at those points. Whenever obliged to cross such timbers, the -upright framework must be halved on to them, and continued in whole -lengths, to prevent such contractions. All joinings with the exterior -wood-finish must be carefully made, especially at the top, to prevent -water from entering, and running down behind the walls. Wide projectives -of cornices afford a valuable protection for such walls against driving -storms. Exterior plastering may be done in any season that is free from -frost. An ordinary rain will do no injury to either of the two coats of -plaster after they have become “set.” The “Stearate” should be applied as -soon as the plastering is thoroughly dried. - -ESTIMATE for cost of materials and labor: - - 54 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $10.80 - 1,300 ft. foundation, at 10½c. per ft. 136.50 - 1,250 brick, laid, at $12 per M. 15.00 - 28 ft. stone steps and sills, at 28c. per ft. 7.84 - 120 yards exterior plastering, at 30c. per yard. 36.00 - 224 ” interior ” ” 25c. ” ” 56.00 - 1,700 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 25.50 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 3 plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 7 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 3 sills. 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 10 beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 9 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long. - 7 beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 200 wall-strips, at 10c. each, $20; cornice materials and - gable finish, $18.25. 38.25 - 180 shingling lath, at 5c. each, $9.00; 16 spruce-planks, - at 20c. each, $3.20. 12.20 - 34 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 42.50 - 80 flooring-planks, at 20c., $16; piazza, $40. 56.00 - 3 cellar-windows, $9; 8 plain windows, $56. 65.00 - 11 doors, $44: closet-finish, $12: nails, $10: carting, $12. 78.00 - Painting, $30; carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $15.41. 120.41 - ------- - Total cost. $700.00 - If cellar is omitted, deduct, $167.14. Cost - without cellar. $532.86 - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.—FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - - - - -DESIGN V. - -A CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650. - - -The accompanying plans were designed for a simple, compact, and -economical house, and will be appreciated by any one who may desire -to know just how little is required to build a comfortable home. They -provide ample room for a small family.... The CELLAR extends under the -whole house, the walls are built as shown in the details of foundation -and frame, given in Design VI., with 3 feet of masonry and 3 feet of -frame-work.... The FIRST STORY contains a good-sized Hall, Parlor, and -Kitchen, or Living-room, with two closets, pump, and sink. The stairs -to the cellar lead directly from the kitchen, passing down under the -stairs in the main hall. A “fire-place heater” can be put in the parlor -fire-place, which will also warm the chamber above. This method of -heating is economical, and occupies but little room.... The SECOND -STORY has three good-sized rooms, two closets, and small hall, in the -main house, and an attic over the kitchen. The floor of the attic is -one foot lower than that of the main house; this gives valuable room -for storage, etc.... The hight of the first story of the main house is -8 feet 6 inches; of the second story, 7 feet. The hight of the kitchen -ceiling is 7½ feet. The attic is arranged to have just standing room in -the center.... A great saving of time and trouble is made, when openings -are provided for _regular sizes_ of sash, blinds, and doors, as they -may be obtained of seasoned and well-made stock, at any time, from any -dealer in such materials. These plans are drawn with reference to such -regular sizes, viz.: the first-story windows are 2 ft. 7 in. × 5 ft. 6 -in.; second story, 2 ft. 7 in. × 4 ft. 6 in.; cellar, 2 ft. × 2 ft. 8 -in., all 1¼ inch thick. All principal windows should have their frames -made with pockets and pulleys, and the sash hung with iron weights and -good cord. The cost for the addition of these necessary parts, beyond -what is required for the plain frame, is about as follows, for each -window of ordinary size: 4 pulleys, (at 40c. per doz.) 14c.; 20 lbs. -iron weights, 2½c. per lb., 50c.; ½ lb. sash-cord, 16c. per lb., 8c; -1 doz. screws, ⅞ in., 35c. per gross, 3c.; labor putting in pockets, -pulleys, etc., 20 c.—Total, 95 cents, and when once done, will need no -further attention or expense, while the house lasts. The satisfaction of -having neat-fitting, easy-working sash, where the upper, or lower one, -may be opened at will, is great. The saving of little fingers, and older -nerves, to say nothing of shattered sash and glass, more than repays -the extra cost of hanging sash.... The front, rear, and parlor DOORS -are 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1½ in.; other first-story doors, 2 ft. -6 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1¼ in.; second-story doors, 3 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. -6 in. × 1¼ in.; all 4-paneled, and neatly moulded. The 1½-inch doors -have mortise-locks; other doors rim-locks, all with porcelain knobs and -escutcheons.... BLINDS are included for the first and second stories, -in the estimate appended, at an average cost of $2.40 per pair, and -may be omitted, but are recommended as useful; they protect the sash -from storms, and can be operated to give almost any desired light or -shade in the rooms.... Many people may be in circumstances that would -justify the building of one part of a house first, to be occupied as a -temporary residence until means and opportunity warrant the building of -the whole. A newly-married couple could arrange to have the kitchen part -built as a residence for a season, rather than forego the opportunity -of setting out trees, vines, and shrubbery, planting, and otherwise -developing their grounds. They would then be near the work when building -the main part, to superintend it, and care for materials, saving much -that is often wasted, or lost. The wing, or kitchen part, could be -built at a cost of about $185, so arranged as that the main house could -be joined to it at any time—or, what would be better, the main house -may be built first, at a cost of about $650, and the kitchen added at -convenience.... The exterior dressing of cornice, window-caps, and stoop, -are decided in their character for simplicity and boldness, giving a -generous and finished appearance to the whole.... NOVELTY SIDING, fig. -18, is mentioned in many of the estimates for these houses. This form of -siding I first introduced some sixteen years ago, since which time it -has grown into general favor and use in this neighborhood. It has the -following merits to recommend it: 1st, It is easily put on by ordinary -mechanics. 2d, When properly nailed to the frame, it strengthens it, -so as to make bracing of the frame almost unnecessary. 3d, The spaces -between the studding, when the interior is plastered, are each air-tight -compartments, containing only stationary air, which is a non-conductor of -cold (or heat), thus protecting the inside wall from the extreme changes -of outward temperature. 4th, A cheaper quality of lumber can be used, the -more cross-grained the materials, the less likely they are to check, or -shrink, and any small, sound knots are easily covered with shellac before -painting, which closes them effectually. 5th, The general surface is -even, so that any brackets or other ornamentation can be put on without -the trouble and difficulty of “scribing” them up to the clap-boarding.... -The SHINGLING referred to in the estimate is of 18-inch pine shingles, -and may be laid 5¾ inch to the weather, and secured with large-headed -“shingle-nails.” It is best in laying shingles to lap at one-third the -breadth, never in the center, for should one shingle check in the center, -as they are liable to do, an opening is made through the three courses, -and a leaky roof will be the result. “Shingling-lath” 1¼ × 2 in., with -the lower edge placed just where the buts of the shingles would cover, -will allow air to freely circulate on both sides of the shingles, and -preserve them one-third longer than when laid on close planking, which -holds the moisture, and assists decay of every part of the roof.... -GUTTERS.—The old wooden gutter has nearly gone into disuse, and always -seemed a barrier to any satisfactory finish of cornice. It was difficult -to get timber of sufficient width for projections, and in such cases, the -cornices were proportioned by boxing off, and building up around this -“gutter-stick,” which was bad construction—the outer-edge of the gutter, -being higher than the edge next the house, would cause the water, during -heavy storms, or when the leader was choked up, to flow over against the -frame-work of the building, which was one of the most frequent causes of -decay and settling in the older houses in this country.—The tin-lined -“box” and “trough” gutters are often troublesome; the tin can not be -laid in them except in long lengths, which have been soldered together -while flat and smooth. To lay these long lengths into the ready-formed -gutter, requires much bending and hammering, which breaks the best tin -at the soldered joints, on the under-side, where it is impossible to -repair it, so that, while it may not appear at once to leak, it is sure -to do so soon, to be discovered after the cornice has been swelled out -of shape or destroyed. The gutter that I have adopted in all cases where -practicable (see section, fig. 19), either for shingles or slate, is -made of charcoal-tin, 14 inches wide, in lengths as long as can be well -handled. One edge is turned or rolled up around a ⅝ iron rod, which makes -a strong edge. Then a bend is made at 3½ inches from the turned edge, -forming a right angle the whole length. This is laid on the second course -of shingles, with one end lower than the other, so as to give a good run -for the water. The ends are turned up, where required, to stop the water, -and a tube put through the cornice in the usual manner.... For TIN ROOFS, -having a pitch of at least one inch to the foot, the gutters are formed -in a similar manner, with the flat, or bottom part, about ½ inch wide, -making a flange, which is soldered to the roof near the eaves, to a line -drawn at an angle to make one end lower than the other, as for shingle -roofs. This is the simplest and best kind of gutter, will outlast any -other, and in the event of a possible damage, or leakage, no harm will be -done beyond the loss or waste of the water that runs off over the eaves. -It can be easily repaired, or replaced at any time, without interfering -with the principal roof, and it saves the trouble and expense of building -and boxing for gutters, or of making cornices with special reference to -them, and it is cheaply constructed.—ESTIMATE OF COST of building by this -plan in the vicinity of New York City: - - 38 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $7.60 - 5,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 60.00 - 230 yards lath and plastering, 3 coats, at 28c. per yard. 64.40 - 1,412 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 21.18 - 1 sill, 3 × 8 in. 92 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long. - 18 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 10 beams, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 1 locust-post, 4 inch. 35 - 220 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 10c. 22.00 - 160 novelty siding-boards, 9¾ in., at 28c. 44.80 - 30 rabbeted siding, 9¾ in., at 28c, $8.40; 92 ft. cornice - materials, $15. 23.40 - 100 shingling-lath, at 6c, $6; 16 bunches shingles, at - $1.50, $24. 30.00 - Tin gutters and leaders. 7.00 - 90 tongued and grooved flooring. 9½ in., at 30c. 27.00 - 8 windows with blinds, at $8, $64; 3 cellar windows, - plain, at $3, $9. 78.00 - 2 stoop materials, $20; stairs, 1st story and cellar, $40. 60.00 - 12 doors and materials. 48.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 75.00 - Painting, two coats, $40; cartage, average one mile, $12. 52.00 - Extras, for base, sink, pump, and nails, etc. 34.27 - ------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $650.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 14.—FRONT ELEVATION.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 15.—CELLAR.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 16.—FIRST STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 17.—SECOND STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 18.—“NOVELTY SIDING.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 19.—PORTION OF ROOF AND GUTTER.] - - - - -DESIGN VI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $700. - - -The plans here given are of simple design, intended to meet the large -and increasing demand for low-priced country or village houses, having -at the same time some architectural beauty. Without this latter feature, -a comfortable house of this size can, in many places, be erected for -much less than $700 even.... The house here described provides for as -much room as a small family would require, while at the same time it -admits of future enlargement, as one’s necessity or means may indicate, -by additions, ells, or wings, at either side, or rear. In all cases, when -planning small houses, it is best to provide for such enlargements. The -triplet window in front is so arranged that it can be readily changed -to a bay-window, when that improvement can be afforded, without marring -the rest of the wood-work, or the harmony of the front elevation.... -The Cornice of the main building is bracketed, and projects sufficient -to relieve it of the stunted look so common to country houses. The -brackets are made of 2 × 4-inch timber, in three pieces each, mitred -to the angles required, and nailed together (see fig. 25), making an -effective support and pleasant appearance.... A large saving in expense -of foundations is secured by the following method of construction (see -section of foundation and frame, fig. 24). The excavation is made for the -cellar 2½ feet deep. A foundation of 8-inch brick-work, 3 feet high, or -6 inches above the level of the ground only, is required. A sill of 3 × -8-inch timber is laid on, and “flush” with the inside of the wall, to -provide nailing for the wainscoting of the basement, if it is afterwards -finished off.... The beams or joists for the first floor are supported -by a plank-strip five inches wide, let into the inside of the frame at a -proper hight, and securely fastened with heavy nails. The other parts of -the framing are executed, and the whole raised, in the usual manner.... -The inclosing, or siding, below the first story, is of 10-inch boards -rabbeted and cross-grooved in imitation of large stone-work, and painted -in contrast with the principal body of the house, and the water-table -is put just above them.... Many small houses in the country are built -without any permanent foundation, but are temporarily supported on -posts set in the ground, and “boarded down.” They are always shaky, and -doubtful while they stand, and are frequently blown over altogether. -As will be readily seen, the above method provides for the saving of -one-half of the mason-work in the foundation. In many places stone is -abundant, and will answer the same purpose as brick in this case, except -for the 6 inches above ground. The laying up of a single-face wall, 2½ -feet high, of rough stone and mortar, would cost but a trifle. If the -cellar should be finished at any time for basement purposes, these walls -would be much drier and more healthful than when the walls are entirely -of masonry. In this case it would be preferable to have the foundation -walls 6 inches higher, so as to have the basement rooms 7 feet in the -clear.... Several houses have been built on this plan in villages, and in -most cases it has been decided not to have any rear outside door for the -first story (fig. 22), but to wait until a kitchen could be finished in -the front part of the cellar, when the common entrance would be by the -area to the kitchen. In the plan (fig. 22), we have indicated two rear -windows, but a door may take the place of either of them. We have also -indicated by dotted lines where pantry, sink, etc., may be placed in the -corner, according to the wishes of the proprietor.... There is but one -chimney. The parlor is heated by running a stove-pipe through earthen -thimbles placed in the partitions under the stairs, to the chimney, which -is perfectly safe, and no heat is lost. When desired, a fire-place, or -stove-pipe flue, may be carried up through the parlor, as well as through -the living-room, and the two be brought together above the stairs into -one chimney.... The SECOND STORY, (fig. 23), may be divided into three -rooms, the front one being 12 × 15 feet; or, if preferred, this front -room may be divided into two smaller rooms, as indicated by the dotted -lines. One may be 8 × 12, and the other 6½ × 12. The latter would be -large enough for an ordinary bed (4½ × 6½ feet), with stand or chair by -the window; and in this case a small closet could be cut off from the -corner, opening into the large room, as shown by the dotted lines. - -COST.—The following estimate in detail, at present prices, near this -city, will enable any one to determine the cost of building by this plan. -Allowance can be made for any difference in cost of materials or labor as -required in other localities: - - 43 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $8.60 - 6,000 brick, laid complete, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 1,636 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 24.50 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 3 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 32 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 ft. long, at 20c. 6.40 - 200 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 22.00 - 162 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c. 45.36 - 28 rabbeted siding, 10 in., at 28c. 7.84 - 97 flooring spruce, 9½ in., at 28c. 27.16 - 123 shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 in., at 6c. 7.38 - 22 bunches shingles, 18 in., at $1.25. 27.50 - 14 windows, with blinds, two stories, 9 at $8; 5 at $3. 87.00 - 2 stairs, $25; 11 doors and trimmings, $44; 1 stoop - materials, $10. 79.00 - 14 rough spruce-plank, 1¼ × 10 in., at 30c. 4.20 - 100 feet cornice materials. 20.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 90.00 - 350 yards plastering, three coats, at 25c. 87.50 - Cartage, average one mile. 12.00 - Painting, two coats, $40; extras, for tin, nails, - etc. $31.56. 71.56 - ------- - Total cost in above style. $700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 20.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 21.—CELLAR.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 22.—FIRST STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23.—SECOND STORY.—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 24.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 25.] - - - - -DESIGN VII. - -COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750 TO $1,050. - - -These plans represent a commodious dwelling house, constructed with -especial regard for economy and utility, and they will be appreciated -by those desiring to provide a comfortable, permanent shelter for home -by the use of limited means.... ELEVATION, (fig 26).—In preparing -plans for “low-priced” houses, the simplest outlines are indicated. -Having to combine usefulness and small outlay, there can be no latitude -for architectural display, beyond mere matters of accommodation and -completeness. The exterior of this example fairly expresses its domestic -purpose. The breadth of the front, the preponderance of horizontal lines, -and the hooded roof, are each indicative of strength, and suggest its -adaptation to rural situations. The satisfactory appearance of this -house will greatly depend on its location. The best results would be -obtained by placing it on a slight knoll, giving it additional altitude. -This would prevent its being obscured by shrubbery and trees, which -are indispensable accompaniments of a properly developed homestead.... -CELLAR, (fig. 27).—Hight, 6½ feet. It has three windows, an outside -entrance, and stairway leading to the kitchen above.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 28.)—Hight of ceiling, 10 feet. The accommodations, consisting -of five rooms, a pantry, and two closets, are adapted to a good-sized -family. The Parlor and Kitchen are the principal rooms, and occupy the -middle portion, their sides being protected by other rooms, and, having -the fire-place between them, they are easily warmed. The device for -heating _described_ for Design III. would serve admirably in this house. -Two Bedrooms adjoin the parlor. Many might choose to have _double_ doors -entering these bedrooms, to allow all three rooms to be used together -occasionally. This would not preclude the use of the smaller ones as -bedrooms, or, if preferred, as a sewing-room and a library. The Kitchen -is the largest apartment, and has doors leading to the pantry, bedroom, -parlor, stairway, and the rear entrance. The outside or entrance doors -may be protected in severe seasons by storm-doors hung to open outward, -with loose joint-buts to allow of their ready removal. The rear veranda -is similar to the front one shown on the elevation.... SECOND STORY, -(fig. 29).—The front portion only is finished, with ceilings 8 feet high, -and is divided into two chambers and four closets. The rear portion -is left unfinished, to be used as an open garret. The space above the -ceiling of the finished portion may be floored over with boards, to -serve for storage of quilting-frames, trunks, etc.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -excavations for the cellar are 4 feet deep. The foundation-walls are of -broken stone, laid in mortar, and show 2 feet above the earth-grade. A -strong girder, resting on large posts, or columns of stone or brick, -supports the center of the building. In setting the girder, it should be -elevated from ½ to ¾ of an inch in the center, rising gradually from each -end, to allow for settling, which invariably occurs from shrinkage of the -interior frame-work. The timber for the frame-work is indicated in the -estimates below, and is substantially framed together. All the outside -studding is _halved_ over the principal timbers, to prevent vertical -shrinkage from affecting the exterior covering of the side-walls. The -exterior covering is of lath and plaster, as follows: all cornices -and other dressings, and the roof, should first be completed—and all -window and door frames set and cased. The outside frame should then be -thoroughly lathed outside and inside. _All this is to prevent jarring -or pounding on these parts during the application or setting of the -plaster._ The plaster is made in the usual manner of fresh lime and sharp -sand, with half a bushel of hair to each barrel of lime used, and allowed -to lay two weeks to insure a thorough slaking and permeation of the lime. -It is then applied in two coats—the first a “scratch,” the second a -“browning.” The surface is floated with a darby, (not trowelled). After -having stood a sufficient time to become dry, the whole is covered with -a preparation called “Stearate of Lime,” using an ordinary white-wash -brush. The formula for making this stearate of lime (known only to a -few, who have treated it as a secret,) is here published for the first -time, and it will be understood by those familiar with the nature and -operation of slaking lime. The ingredients are simply fresh-burned -finishing-lime, using the lumps only, unrendered beef-suet, and hot -water. It is necessary that these parts be kept in lively motion while -dissolving, or they will be entirely destroyed by “burning.” The usual -process is to sink a large barrel, having an open end, 2 feet in the -ground, pounding the earth around to make it firm. An upright piece, 4 -inches in diameter, and 6 feet long, is set upright in the center of the -barrel, and held in position by cleats at the bottom and top, leaving -the upright free to turn. Arms are put through the upright within the -barrel, and a cross-bar or lever is attached to the upper end—the whole -making an apparatus similar to a “clay-mill.” One bushel of lime, 20 -lbs. of suet (chopped fine), and a barrel of boiling water are provided; -and while one works the “mill,” another feeds alternately lime, suet, -and hot water. This quantity of material, costing about $2, will make -a full barrel of the preparation. Any desired shade may be afterwards -given by adding stainers. This mixture is applied while hot—two coats -being necessary to insure a thorough covering. This will also be found a -valuable preparation for covering exterior brick or concrete work. It is -impervious to water, and will outlast any of the paints prepared for such -purpose. All other information concerning the finish of this house may be -inferred upon a careful study of the following estimates.—ESTIMATE cost -of materials and labor: - - 95 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $19.00 - 1,062 ft. stone-foundation, at 15c. per ft. 159.30 - 24 ft. stone steps and coping, at 28c. per ft. 6.72 - 2,000 bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 517 yards plastering, inside at 25c. per yard. 129.25 - 130 ” ” outside, at 30c. per yard. 39.00 - 1,850 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 27.75 - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long. - 2 sills, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 3 ties, 3 × 6 in. 34 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 perlines, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 2 perlines, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long. - 100 beams, 1¼ × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 300 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 33.00 - 4 locust-posts, at 30c. each, $1.20; 190 flooring, at 20c. - each, $38. 39.20 - 216 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 12.96 - 39 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 48.75 - 3 cellar windows, at $3, $9; 12 plain windows, at $7, $84. 93.00 - 17 doors, at $4 each, $68; 2 verandas, $50 each, $100. 168.00 - Stairs, $20; cornice materials, $18. 38.00 - Closet finish and base, $15; nails, $12; cartage, $20. 47.00 - Painting, $40; carpenter’s labor, $100; incidentals, $25.07. 165.07 - -------- - Total cost, complete. 1,050.00 - Omitting cellar and verandas would save 300.00 - ------- - Total, after deductions. $750.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 26.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 27.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 28.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 29.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN VIII. - -A COTTAGE, COSTING $800 TO $1,050. - - -This design is an enlargement of the small cottage described in Design -I. The arrangements are very complete in convenience, appearance, and -economy.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 30).—The outlines and style are simple. -The front is enlivened by the Porch, Bay-Window, and other projections. -The details of finish are of neat design, and in harmony, giving an -agreeable expression of taste and refinement—features especially pleasing -in cottage architecture.... CELLAR, (fig. 31).—Hight in clear, 6½ feet. -It is under the main building only; has two windows, and stairs leading -to the first story. It contains 378 feet area, giving abundant room for -all ordinary requirements.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 32).—Hight of ceiling, -9 feet. The best use is made of the space by having but few divisions, -leaving good-sized rooms. The Hall is small, but is conveniently arranged -to answer all necessary purposes. It is entered from the front porch, and -communicates directly with the parlor and dining-room, and by the main -stairs with the second story. There is sufficient room for a hat-rack -at the right of the front door. The Parlor is of fair size, the large -bay-window adding materially to its area and cheerfulness. With very -little expense in furniture, this apartment may be made pleasant and -cosey. The Dining-room extends the whole width of the house, and has a -window at each end. It is conveniently arranged, with doors opening from -the hall, parlor, kitchen, pantry, and to the stairs. The Kitchen is -commodious and pleasant; has three windows, an outside rear entrance, and -adjoins the dining-room, pantry, and bedroom. The Pantry is sufficiently -large and convenient to answer the requirements of both dining-room and -kitchen. It has a small window, and is thoroughly shelved. The Bedroom -opens directly from the kitchen. Its purpose in the partial erection -(as shown in Design I.) may be changed in the completed building here -described by making it an auxiliary of the kitchen for the coarser -work; or, if needed, it may still be used as a bedroom for help.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 33).—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. There is a hall, two -chambers, two bedrooms, and two closets, in this story, and no waste -room. The Hall is just large enough for convenience. The Chambers are -of ample dimensions, with a chimney between them, admitting the use of -stoves when required.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundations for the main -house are of broken stone and mortar, showing three feet above ground, -neatly pointed where exposed to sight. The Wing is supported on piers, -as described in Design I. Girders (shown on the cellar-plan by dotted -lines), supported on strong posts, carry the central portions of the -building. The shortness of the spans between bearings allow very light -floor-beams. It is, however, important that the beams should be _bridged_ -to secure uniformity of strength, and prevent vibrations. The Frame is -constructed in the usual manner—all the ties, girts, and headers being -“framed in.” The inclosing is sufficiently indicated in the estimate. The -front windows have semi-circular heads outside. In their construction -the frames and sash are square, to admit ordinary curtain fixtures on -the inside. The circular head is outside of, and “planted” on the flat -casing, or “blind-strip,” and is made perfectly tight by a flange of -tin. The additional expense of such circular finish is but trifling, -compared with its good appearance. The side and rear windows have square -heads, with rabbeted drips. Blinds are intended for all windows above -the cellar. Ventilators are placed in each gable. The Porch has boxed -pedestals and columns, scroll-sawed balusters, and circular spandrels. -The inside walls and ceilings are “sand-finished” on two coats of -brown mortar. The main stairs are constructed with a quarter circle, -and winders at the top. These winders extend beyond the hall into the -ceilings of the dining-room (as sketched), but do not interfere with its -use, or seriously injure its appearance. The Bay-Window is neatly arched -on the inside. Marble mantels are put in the parlor and dining-room, and -shelves in the chambers. The second story-hall is lighted through the -door (sash) of the front bedroom.... SUGGESTIONS.—This plan was arranged -to suit a village lot 25 feet in width, leaving a passage-way at the -side. This necessitated placing the wing at the rear of the main house. -If there is more ground, the wing may be placed at the right of the main -part, facing the road. The communications between the dining-room and -wing would be still similar to those shown. The window at the right of -the dining-room would be placed in the rear. These changes entail no -extra expense, if determined on before commencing to build.—ESTIMATE -cost of materials and labor for main house: - - 56 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.20 - 875 ft. stone-foundation, at 5c. per ft. 43.75 - 2,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 340 yards plastering, complete, at 25c. per yard. 85.00 - 1,126 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 16.89 - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 9 ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 250 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 27.50 - 162 siding, 9 in., at 20c. each. 32.40 - Cornice materials. 18.00 - 135 shingling-lath, at 5c. each. 6.75 - 8 rough planks, at 20c. each. 1.60 - 24 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 30.00 - 112 flooring, 9 in., at 25c. 28.00 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $4. 8.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 40.00 - 5 plain windows, complete, at $12. 60.00 - Stairs, complete, $40; 12 doors, complete, $96. 136.00 - Mantels, $39.91; porch, $30; closets, $10. 79.91 - Nails, $9; painting, $50; carting, $12. 71.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 80.00 - ------- - Total cost of main house. $800.00 - Add Design I.’s estimate for wing. 250.00 - -------- - Total for whole complete. 1,050.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 30.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 31.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 32.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 33.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN IX. - -COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000. - - -This plan is designed to answer many requests for a “cosey and homelike -Cottage, suited to the wants of Mechanics and Laboring People, costing -from $700 to $1,000.” It is best adapted to a westward frontage—with the -hall, entrances, and porches protected from the north, but may be easily -adapted to an opposite frontage by reversing the plan—placing the hall, -etc., on the opposite side of the main house. The width, 21 feet, adapts -it to a 25-foot village lot, leaving a side passage to the rear.... -EXTERIOR, (figs. 34 and 35.)—The _style_ of any building is determined by -the form of its roof; the steep and hooded style in this design accords -fully with domestic feelings and artistic sentiments, and is growing in -public favor for suburban structures. Compared with the usual _Mansard_ -style is more practical, less expensive, and serves equally well. The -side-angles, porches, bay-window, cornices, and chimneys, each of simple -construction, make up a pleasing variety of parts. All superfluous -ornamentation is avoided. A too common fault prevails in villages, and -even in the country, of building close up to the street lines. A clear -depth of at least 20 feet in front should be devoted to a flower-garden, -shrubbery, and vines, for flowers are proper accessories of cottage -adornment, and architectural ornamentation can never compensate for -their absence.... CELLAR, (fig. 36.)—Hight of ceiling, 6½ feet. It -extends under the front half of the building, giving an average area of -11½ × 15 feet—quite sufficient for ordinary requirements. It has two -small front windows. A good ventilation may be had through the chimney; -openings in the rear foundation allow a circulation of air over the -unexcavated portion.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 37.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet; -is divided into a hall, parlor, living-room, rear entry, and a closet. -The Hall, entered from the front porch, connects through doors with the -parlor, living-room, and rear entry, and contains the main stairs. The -Parlor has a large bay-window in the front, opposite to which is a marble -shelf resting on stucco trusses. It communicates with the living-room -and hall. The remaining wall spaces are unbroken, for furniture and wall -ornaments. The Living-room is a little larger than the parlor, has two -windows, an open fireplace, a closet, and doors leading to the front -hall, parlor, and rear entry. The rear entry is under the platform of the -main stairs; is divided from the front hall, and is to be used as the -common entrance. It has doors leading from the front hall, living-room, -rear porch, and the cellar stairs. The parlor may be warmed by placing -a radiator under the marble shelf, and passing the smoke-pipe from the -living-room through it, as for Design III. The cost of such a radiator -is $6.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 38.)—Hight of center ceilings, seven feet; -hight of side-breast walls, 3½ feet. The stairs leading to this story -are made with a platform, placed three risers below the upper landing, -which allows for the required head-room. The divisions provide for four -rooms, a hall, and two closets; the large chamber has a double window -in front, a marble shelf on the chimney-breast, and a closet; the hall -bedroom is designed to be used in connection with the large chamber as -a child’s room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The excavation for the cellar is made -four feet deep, and for the rear foundation walls one foot. The loose -earth is graded around the foundation at completion, leaving 1½ feet of -the foundation exposed to sight on the outside. The foundation walls -are of broken stone, laid in common mortar, 16 inches thick, and neatly -pointed where exposed to sight, and are generally even with the framework -on the outside. Provision is made for the cellar stairway by extending -the adjoining walls beyond the inside of the frame to the hight of the -ground, and finishing above with brick-work. The chimney is started with -the cellar walls, and arranged with two continuous flues to the top. -Side-openings are made under the cap by inserting 6-inch earthen thimbles -on each side of the flues. The top courses of brick-work are laid across -the entire chimney, making a solid and more lasting cap. Sheet-iron -thimbles are put in the chimneys adjoining the parlor and front chamber. -The framing, inclosing, flooring, etc., are done in a substantial manner, -of materials indicated in the estimate below. Beams placed two feet apart -from centers; rafters and studding 16 inches apart. The cornice-trusses -are made of 2 × 4-inch timber, as shown in Design VI., and the shingling -and gutters in Design V. Sash, 1¼ inch thick, glazed with second quality -of French sheet-glass, counter-checked, and hung to iron balance-weights, -with good cord. Doors 4-paneled each, for the outside and rooms in first -story, and 1½ inches thick; all others 1¼ inches thick, moulded, with -double faces. The main stairs has a 7-inch octagon newel, a 2¼ × 4-inch -moulded rail, and 2-inch turned balusters, all of black walnut. The -side-walls and ceilings of the two full stories are white-sand finished, -on one coat of “laid-off” brown mortar. This is the favorite mode of -plastering through the Eastern States, while in the neighborhood of -New York two coats of brown mortar are usually applied. Where one-coat -work is properly done, more hair is mixed in the mortar, increasing its -strength. The _same quantity_ of mortar is used as for two coats. The -advantages claimed for the “one-coat work” are, a saving of one-third -in labor, and obviating the delay for the additional coat to dry. All -the wood-work usually painted, and the chimney-top, have two coats of -best American lead and _raw_ linseed-oil. For more extended remarks on -painting, see article with Design XII. - -ESTIMATE of materials required, and total cost. - - 58 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.60 - 26 perches stone-work, complete, at $2.50. 65.00 - 2,000 bricks, furnished and laid, complete, at $12 per M. 24.00 - 360 yards plastering, complete, at 25c. 90.00 - 1,694 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 25.41 - 1 sill, 4 × 7 in. 26 ft. long. - 3 sills, 4 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 3 ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 23 ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 13 beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 20 ceiling-strips, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long. - 50 joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 8.00 - 200 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 13c. each. 26.00 - 130 siding-boards, at 23c. each. 29.90 - 160 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.60 - 40 bunches shingles at $1.25. 50.00 - 12 spruce plank, at 20c. 2.40 - Materials in cornices, $14; stoops, complete, $20. 34.00 - 95 flooring, at 18c. each. 17.10 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $3 each. 6.00 - 2 single windows, complete, at $12 each. 24.00 - 3 double windows, complete, at $15 each. 45.00 - 15 doors, complete, at $9 each. 135.00 - Closet, shelving, and nails. 20.00 - Stairs, $50; bay-window, complete, $50. 100.00 - Tin (gutters, valleys, and leaders). 11.00 - 2 marble shelves, $10; painting, $80; carting, $15. 105.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 100.00 - Incidentals, sink, pump, etc. 60.99 - --------- - Total cost. $1,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 34.—FRONT VIEW OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 35.—SIDE VIEW OF COTTAGE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 36.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 37.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 38.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN X. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,100. - - -This economical cottage has ample, convenient apartments for a -medium-sized family, and is adapted to either a village or a more rural -location. A 25 × 100-feet lot will contain such a house, besides the -needed side alleyway to the rear. Those contemplating the erection of -low-priced, tasteful cottages in duplication, either for selling, or -by coöperation as in Building Associations, will find this plan suited -to their wants.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 39).—The front presents a graceful, -trim, outline, with a neat and pleasant arrangement of openings. The -Porch fits in an angle, with its steps projecting beyond the principal -building, providing an appropriate entrance to the house. The large -Bay-window is the most imposing feature of the front, is expressive of -comfort and cheerfulness, and gives a good appearance and character to -the whole building. The principal cornices are neatly trussed, and have -such “spread” as gives a finished and bold appearance to the roofs. -It has such proportions and genteel style, that if near a more formidable -or costly residence, it would not disgrace it.... CELLAR, (fig. -40.)—Hight 7 ft. Its outlines correspond with the ground-plans of the -principal building; it is three feet below the general surface of the -ground, and four feet above, and has an outside entrance door, three -good sized cellar windows, two of which are in the front, and one at -the side, contiguous to the coal-bin. It is accessible from the first -story by a plain stairway. If desirable at any time, a pleasant basement -room may be finished in the front part, at a small cost.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 41).—Hight of ceilings, 9½ feet. It is divided into three rooms -of nearly equal size, with a Hall and two Closets. The Bay-window adds -considerable to its area, making it the largest and pleasantest room. -The Dining-room adjoins the parlor, and may be used with it as occasion -requires by opening the folding doors. Each of these rooms has neat -marble mantles, and opens into the front hall. The Kitchen connects with -the dining-room, and is provided with a pantry, pump, sink, two windows, -and an outside door leading to the rear yard. When houses are built on -single village lots, it is usual to arrange for one “blank” side, as -in this plan, but where more ground is allowed, it is desirable that -openings should be made for at least one window in each story of this -side, as they would add to the cheerfulness of the interior, and give -a better appearance to the outside. Two windows are thus indicated by -dotted lines, one for the dining-room, and one for the interior chamber, -though the latter is lighted from the roof, as noted. It may be advisable -even to put two other windows on this side of the house, for the outside -general good appearance, or blind-windows may be put in at small expense, -for the same purpose.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 42).—Ceilings 8 feet high. -The divisions are very simple, making four rooms, three closets, a -stairway, and passage leading to each room.... CONSTRUCTION.—Reference -is had in this plan to what is known in the trade as “piece-lumber”—the -joists, wall-strips, boards, etc., being generally in lengths of 13 feet -each. There is great economy in being able to use such standard lumber, -without cutting to waste. Figure 43 shows how a neat, cosey cottage-frame -may be cheaply constructed almost wholly of such 13-feet materials. But -there is a decided preference for full chamber ceilings, and as the -difference in cost would not exceed $60, it is best to make the house -_two full stories high_. The principal frame is of 3-inch timber, with -studding of 2 × 3 inch. This thickness of the frame-work secures some -220 feet more interior space to the rooms, than in the use of 4-inch -timber, besides saving one-fourth of its quantity and cost. Ordinary 1¼ -× 10-inch spruce plank are used for the frame-work, for the floors and -ceilings. For the beams they are reduced to the depth of eight inches, -and the 2-inch strips sawed off are used for shingling-lath. For the -ceiling-frame of the second story, they are simply sawed through the -middle, leaving each half five inches deep, and are all placed 16 inches -apart from centers. One row of cross-bridging is put through the center -of each tier of beams, and the center of the ceiling-strips are secured -by hangers from the rafters. The Rafters are 2 × 4 inches, framed to rest -on the principal plates, where they are connected with the ceiling-strips -by spikes, preventing any settling or spreading of the roof. The Roof of -the main wing is constructed with double pitch, corresponding with that -of the main roof. The principal roofs are finished with shingles, and -has improved gutters, described in Design V. The porch and bay-window -roofs are covered with tin laid on smooth boarding.—The _rake_ or _pitch_ -of roofs has much to do in giving character and finish to buildings. -For ordinary roofs, when shingles or slate are used, the rise should be -_one-third_ the width of the building, as in this case, the rise is 4⅓ -feet, for the width of 13 feet. This pitch is very pleasant to the eye, -and easy of construction. In larger buildings, it is often desirable to -secure more space or head-room in the attic, when the rise should be -_one-half_ the width of the building. We would never go _between_ these -two angles in search of a roof-line that would gratify good taste, or -comport with any style, but deviations above one-half or below one-third -may be made, as circumstances indicate.—Circular openings covered with -blinds, in each gable, give free air circulation between the ceilings -and roof. Every dwelling should have some way of readily reaching the -roof from the inside to clean the gutters, repair the roof or chimneys, -and in case of fire in the house or in the neighborhood. An opening is -made in the ceiling of the middle chamber (fig. 42) over and just inside -the door, and thence through the roof. This is neatly boarded around -its sides, forming a “well,” and is covered at the top with a _sash_, -sloping with the roof, hung so as to be easily opened and closed by a -cord from the inside. This provides for light, ventilation, and a scuttle -in combination. A sash, hung on center pins to revolve, over the door of -this room, transmits light from the skylight to the second-story passage -and stairway, and supplies ventilation.... The mason’s work is complete -and substantial in every part. The foundation walls, piers, and chimneys, -are of hard brick and mortar; the plastering is two coats of brown mortar -and a hard finish.... HEATING.—Only two fires are required at any time -to make the principal rooms of this house comfortable. The parlor, and -chamber immediately above it, are warmed through a heater placed in a -parlor fire-place. The dining-room has a radiator fitted in the opening -of the mantel, and connected by 5-inch pipes through the fire-place back -with the kitchen stove. - -ESTIMATE of materials and cost: - - 40 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $ 8.00 - 12,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 32 ft. stone steps and coping, at 20c. per ft. 6.40 - 450 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 135.00 - 1,969 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 29.53 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 39 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 3 × 4 in. 104 ft. long. - 116 studding, 2 × 3 in. 10 ft. long. - 6 posts, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 1 tie, 3 × 6 in 104 ft. long. - 1 sill, 2 × 4 in. 91 ft. long. - 153 studding, 2 × 3 in. 9 ft. long. - 70 planks for beams and ceilings, at 25c. each. 17.50 - 55 rafters, 2 × 4 × 13, at 13c. each. 7.15 - 208 siding, 10 inch, at 26c. each. 54.08 - 100 lbs. tarred felting, at 3c. per lb. 3.00 - Materials in cornices, water-table, and corner-boards. 20.00 - 165 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 9.90 - 28 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 42.00 - 200 ft. gutters, leaders and roofs, at 8c. per ft. 16.00 - 96 flooring, at 26c. each. 24.96 - Stairs, complete, $40; porch and stoops, complete, $40. 80.00 - Bay-window, complete. 60.00 - 8 windows, complete, at $10 each. 80.00 - 3 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 18.00 - 15 doors, complete, at $8 each. 120.00 - Closets and shelving, $8; mantels, $30. 38.00 - Pump and sink, $18; nails, $15. 33.00 - Painting, $60; cartage, $13.48. 73.48 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 80.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $1,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 39.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 40.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 41.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 43.—MANNER OF FRAMING.] - - - - -DESIGN XI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,600. - - -This plan is for a comfortable and genteel dwelling, suited to almost any -location, and for the accommodation of an averaged-sized family. Upwards -of twenty years’ experience in planning and building has taught me that -it is not difficult to design either as to Style, Room, or Cost, when -the owners have means sufficient to gratify their individual tastes, and -no special care is required to save expense. But it is quite another -matter to provide plans for the great mass of people who, through habit -or necessity, put everything to the test of economy, and to whom every -inch of room, or foot of material, is an important consideration. In -designing and projecting such work, theories avail little; practical -experience must then be the chief guide.... Conventional modes of living -have established a system of household arrangement and economy requiring -for every home of even moderate refinement, a house with a front hall, a -parlor, a dining-room, and a kitchen on the first floor, and a liberal -suite of chambers in a second story. Our plan herewith, though only 20 -by 30 feet, provides for all the above. If built on an ordinary 25-feet -village lot, it will allow a needed passage-way on one side. In rapidly -filling up, crowded localities, four persons owning single lots, making -a frontage of 100 feet, can arrange together and build five houses on -this plan for about the cost of erecting four detached houses. The -fifth house may be rented or sold for the benefit of the four owners. -In such cases, a hall should be finished in the basement, with an -entrance in front similar to the one shown in the rear in fig. 45.... -The FRONT ELEVATION is made up of simple parts, in a neat arrangement. -The Bay-window indicates refinement, and adds largely to the area or -room of the parlor.... The CELLAR walls are of hard brick, are 8 inches -thick, 7 feet high, and show at least 3 feet above ground. For health’s -sake alone, as well as for a better appearance, and for convenience, if -the basement should ever be desired finished off in rooms, which can be -done at any time with little expense, it is best to always place the -first floor well up from the ground. In very cold localities, frost -can be kept out of the basement by banking up in winter, or better by -laying the brick walls with an opening up through the center, extending -bricks across the opening at frequent intervals to secure firmness. -This central air-chamber promotes health, warmth, and dryness in the -basement or cellar. One foot of the soil taken from the excavation for -the cellar should be used in grading around the house, to secure the -flow of water _away_ from it, and still leave the walls three feet or -more above the ground.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 46).—Hight of ceiling, 9½ -feet. The divisions embrace three rooms, a hall, and two closets. Double -doors are provided for the front entrance, and between the parlor and -dining-room, and marble mantles and shelves in the principal rooms. -A movable “Dresser” having drawers and shelving with small doors, is -indicated for the dining-room. This room may be heated by leading a -pipe from the kitchen stove to a drum and back into the chimney, or up -through the chamber above to warm that somewhat. A “Fireplace heater” in -the parlor will warm the chamber above.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 47.)—The -hight of the ceilings are 8½ feet. There are four chambers, with closets -to each, and a small hall. The head-room over the main stairs extends -beneath the closet to the inner edge of the shelf shown—the floor in -these parts being angled to suit the pitch of the stairs.... REMARKS -on construction.—An end section of the “Novelty siding” is shown in -fig. 48. This is of 10-inch boards, 1 inch thick, cut as shown in the -engraving. The groove in the center gives it the appearance of narrow -clapboards; the lap of about an inch closes tightly, and the thick boards -not only add to the warmth, but also to the strength. A house covered -with this will vibrate very little in the most windy situations, and be -firmer than one covered with thin siding having much heavier timber. -Where planing mills are accessible, it is little more expensive than the -dressed half-inch boarding, and the appearance is quite as pretty. In -this vicinity it is customary to purchase a lot of pretty good quality -merchantable pine boards, select the best and clearest of knots for -siding, and use the rest for flooring where knots are not objectionable -when to be covered with carpeting. The smaller and firm knots in the -siding used, are readily covered with paint, if first primed with a -little solution of shellac in alcohol. A section of the wall is shown -in fig. 49. The studding, 2 × 4, makes a space of four inches between -the siding and plastering. Tarred paper, or what is termed roofing-felt, -is procured in rolls 32 inches wide. A saw run through the roll cuts it -into 16-inch strips. The studs being set 16 inches apart from center -to center, leaves the clear space of 14 inches. The strips of felt are -turned up an inch on each edge, and these turned edges are held against -the studs by lath firmly up and down, so as to hold the sheets midway -between the plastering and siding. This leaves _two_ air-chambers, both -good non-conductors of heat. Mice or insects will not eat or go through -this material. It is impervious to currents of air, and the whole is as -warm as if filled in with brick. The cost is very small, and, as will be -readily seen, it is much warmer than when the felt is put on directly -under the boards, leaving only one air-chamber, and that a wide one.... -In all house-plans, we advise putting in all the closets possible; they -are always convenient, even a foot square “cubby-hole” in the side -of a chimney is a handy place. In planning a house, after making the -size as large as one’s means will allow, the “better half” should be -consulted as to the advisability of making this or that room a little -smaller by cutting off a few inches here and there to enlarge a pantry -or closet.... We always advise to put in an extra bell or two, and one -or more speaking-tubes, to connect the upper and lower rooms. The cost -is but trifling, if they are put in when building. A hundred feet of -speaking-tube will cost but $2 or $3; the carpenter can insert it behind -the lath, running it from one room to another in a few minutes, and it -will save many steps, and much calling through the halls, especially when -the mother happens to be an invalid, and restrained to a chamber.... In -arranging sink, table, dish-pantry, etc., with reference to dining-room -and kitchen, always plan to save steps. A distance of 10 feet extra, -traveled over each way, say 20 times a day, in handling food and dishes, -amounts to 28 miles extra walking every year, all of which may be saved -by a slight change in arrangement. These are small matters, but these -have much to do in making a “convenient house.” - -COST.—The following ESTIMATES of cost in detail will give an idea of the -general character of the work. The prices given are for materials in -the vicinity of New York. Carpenters wages are reckoned at $2 per day; -mason’s work, $2.50 per day; and painters, $3 per day: - - Excavation, 2½ ft. deep, at 20c. per yard. $11.00 - 12,000 hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 28 ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft. 11.20 - 16 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 4.80 - 488 yards lath and plastering, at 30c. 144.90 - 2,000 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 30.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 stringers, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 32 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 feet long, at 18c. 5.76 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 33.00 - 200 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 30c. 60.00 - 160 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. 8.00 - 100 hemlock boards, 10 in., at 18c. 18.00 - 100 ft. main cornice, at 40c. 40.00 - 1 bay-window, complete, with blinds, labor included. 60.00 - 1½ stoops, complete, labor included. 70.00 - 8 windows, with blinds, at $16. 128.00 - 4 windows, with blinds, at $8. 32.00 - 8½ squares of tin roofing, at $7. 59.50 - 100 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. 10.00 - 150 flooring-plank, tongued and grooved, at 28c. 42.00 - Stairs, main and cellar, $60; base-boards, shelving, - etc. $30. 90.00 - 4 mantels (1 full marble, and 3 marble shelves on - trusses of plaster). 50.00 - 21 doors, complete, labor included, $158; 350 lbs. nails, - at 5c., $17.50. 175.50 - Painting, two coats. 80.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included in windows, doors, - and porches, about $200.00; cartage, average - one mile, $30.00. 230.00 - Allow for extras, cistern, pump, sink, etc., etc. 62.34 - --------- - Total. $1,600.00 - -Prices vary in different localities, somewhat, but when higher in some -particulars, they will generally be lower in others, so that the whole -cost will not be greatly different over a considerable extent of country. -There are many items that can be cut down in the above estimate, where -great economy is needful. For example, substitute wood for stone steps -and sills; omit the blinds and bay-windows, use cheaper doors, pine-stair -railing and newel, instead of walnut, etc. Our estimate is for a pretty, -complete, tasteful house. - -[Illustration: Fig. 44.—FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 45.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 46.—PLAN OF FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 47.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48.—“NOVELTY SIDING.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 49.—SECTION OF OUTSIDE WALL.] - - - - -DESIGN XII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $1,700. - - -The plans here given are similar in many respects to Design XI., and -are somewhat larger, but can be built for very nearly the same cost.... -ELEVATION, (fig. 50).—The front is irregular, having an angle, which -narrows the parts, supplies more vertical lines, and adds to their -length comparatively. These are important features, imparting a graceful -appearance, and influencing the entire character of the house.... The -angle affords ample room for the piazza, which can be built for much -less cost than when its three sides are exposed. The next attractive -features of the front are the bay-windows below, and double windows -above, with the balustrade and hood so proportioned and arranged that -they conform with each other with pleasing effect.... CELLAR, (fig. -51).—The Foundation Walls are of hard brick laid in mortar, 8 inches -thick, and 7 feet high. In localities where the foundation rests on loose -sand, care should be taken to provide a bedding, laid 4 inches below -the cellar bottom, 16 inches wide, of brick, or better, of large flat -stones. Still greater care should be bestowed on the bedding for the -chimneys and girder supports, for they sustain the greatest proportionate -weight, and any settlement of these parts will cause a depression of -the floors, disarranging the whole house, and become an immediate and -continuous source of anxiety and expense. The Area in the rear is built -of hard brick and mortar, with blue-stone steps and coping. Blue-stone -sills are provided for each of the cellar windows.... FIRST STORY, (fig. -52.)—The interior arrangement of the plan will be appreciated as making -the best possible use of the room. The Front Hall is wider than is usual -in houses of this character. The Stairs are arranged with the “quarter -circle” about midway of their hight, which brings the niche down where -it becomes an important feature of the hall. The three principal rooms, -the parlor, dining-room, and kitchen, can be entered from the hall. The -latter two rooms have doors leading to the lobby. The Lobby is built of -4½-inch tongued and grooved ceiling-boards, with sashes made to swing. -A Shelf, 1½ feet high, and another just above the sash, give sufficient -frame-work to fasten the center of the boarding; the ends are nailed -to the sill and plate; these shelves will be found useful for many -purposes. Attached to the lobby, and built with it, is a good-sized -Pantry (_P_), for the dining-room. The Kitchen is provided with a closet -at the side of the chimney, a sink, with small closet underneath, and -a direct communication to the cellar stairs under the hall stairs. The -window in the side of the dining-room may be omitted, if the house is -in a village and joins another, but this is desirable to give abundant -light in this, which is really the living-room of the family.—The method -of heating indicated in Design XI. is applicable to this plan.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 53.)—The peculiar manner of constructing the Stairs brings -their landing nearly in the center, so that hall space sufficient only -for four doors is necessary, leaving almost the entire floor to be laid -off into rooms. The heavy lines show the most simple method of dividing -this story into four rooms. Should another room be desirable, it can be -taken off from two rooms, as shown by the dotted lines. In this case, -another window may be inserted as indicated. Every one’s experience will -suggest that there can not be too many closets, and we have added one to -every room in the house, except the parlor.... CONSTRUCTION.—The bill of -timber appended indicates a “regular” _Frame_. It is a great satisfaction -and saving to have the timber properly “laid out,” and framed by, and -under the immediate direction of a master mechanic, so as to be quickly -and substantially raised. Four good carpenters would easily frame all -the timber in this house in two days, and raise it the next day. At -least one man of well-known ability and experience as a mechanic should -be with and take charge of those employed to build a house. It is not -economical for one about to build a _home_ to trust such work to the -caprice of an inexperienced man, who has “helped” around some job, until -he has learned the name of tools, but who has no positive knowledge of -the trade, and could not for his life “lay out” the corner-post for a -two-story house, yet is shrewd enough to screen his deficiencies by -suggesting “balloon,” or something indefinite, that requires little or no -skill. It sometimes happens, in localities remote from large cities or -large towns, that persons are obliged to do with make-shifts, to get a -home at all. It was such a condition of things that led the well-disposed -pioneer of the West to adopt the method called “Balloon framing,” which -is really no framing at all, and required no skill to get up a kind of -home acceptable under such circumstances. But wherever skilled labor -may be had, it is ridiculous to see a gang of intelligent(?) mechanics -standing up pieces of diverse lengths, and propping them in a vertical -position with rods running every way as braces, not one of which can be -removed until the upper ends are secured by ties of some sort. A good -frame in a house is equivalent to a good constitution in a man, and is -of vital importance; it need not be clumsy or overloaded, but should -at least have the merit of being able to stand alone.... PAINTING.—The -principal object in Painting should be to protect and preserve the -materials used in construction, as also to give a good appearance. -All exterior wood-work, though executed with the greatest care and in -the most substantial manner, if left exposed to climatic influences, -is very soon destroyed. It is economy to use only the _best lead_ and -_linseed-oil_ in painting exterior wood-work. They will outlast all other -compounds, present a better appearance, and in the end furnish a much -better foundation for future painting. The difference in cost between the -best materials and the imitations, for painting the exterior of a house -built on these plans, would not exceed $12, and the cost of labor would -be just the same in either case. The first coat or “priming,” should be -put on with the greatest care, so as to thoroughly cover and close all -the pores in the exposed surface. All window and outside door frames, -corner-boards, window-caps, water-table, and stoop-flooring, should be -primed _before_ setting, especially their edges, where joinings require -to be made, as it will be the last opportunity to do justice to these -parts, where moisture is liable to collect and remain. When priming is -well done, it is best to let the building stand until thoroughly dried, -both inside and out, before adding the second coat. It must be evident -to any one that much of the water used in the plastering must percolate -through, and thoroughly saturate every part of a house. Sufficient time -should be allowed for this moisture to pass off, and the whole house to -become dried out.... The nails should then be “set,” which will tighten -up permanently all the laps in the siding, after which the work should -be properly puttied, and the second coat applied. Autumn is the best -season to paint, after the extreme heat has passed, and insects have -disappeared; the process of drying will be slower and more perfect, with -less waste by evaporation, leaving a smooth, solid surface. I am often -asked “_what color to paint?_” Notwithstanding much has been said against -white for outside painting, and realizing that there are many cases -where white would not be suitable, or thought of, yet I believe that for -suitability and good taste, in nine cases out of ten, very light colors, -or pure white, are indicated. I have known instances where much time has -been spent to discover a suitable color for a house, where nearly all the -different pigments were drawn from, and after much mixing and testing, -the result has generally been an unknown and unnamed shade, as if -everything depended on some sentimental “blending with the background,” -or in other words, painting the house out of sight. As a rule, paint so -as to best reveal the true character of the building, and this is best -done when the colors afford the foundation for the natural shadows that -result from the true and actual projections. For the body and trimmings -are suggested a light “Dorchester” gray; roofs, graphite-black; sash, -coach-black; blinds, “chocolate.” - -COST.—The following items, prepared with care, embrace the full bill of -materials and labor required in the construction of this house, together -with their present cost in the vicinity of New York: - - 57 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $11.40 - 13,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 500 yards lath and plastering, at 30c. per yard. 150.00 - 28 ft. stone steps and coping, at 40c. per ft. 11.20 - 16 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 4.80 - 2,370 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 35.55 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 26 beams, 3 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 6 beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 8 pieces, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 400 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 200 novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 30c. each. 60.00 - 160 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 8.00 - 128 tongued and grooved flooring, 9½ in., at 35c. each. 44.80 - 110 hemlock boards, at 18c. each. 19.80 - 9½ squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square. 66.50 - 120 ft. cornice, at 30c. per ft. 36.00 - 111 ft. gutter and leader, at 10c. per ft. 11.10 - 1 bay-window, with blinds, complete. 60.00 - Materials in stoop, lobby, balcony, hood, and - corner-boards. 78.00 - 8 windows, with blinds, complete, at $16 each. 128.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 24 doors, complete, at $8 each. 192.00 - 2 stairs, complete. 60.00 - 2 marble mantels and 4 pine mantels. 75.00 - Base-boards and shelving. 25.00 - Nails, sink, and pump. 34.00 - Cartage, average one mile. 30.00 - Carpenter’s labor (not included above). 200.00 - Painting, two coats. 80.00 - Extra for girder supports, grading, etc. 62.85 - --------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $1,700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 50.—ELEVATION OF FRONT.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 51.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 52.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 53.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIII. - -FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans were designed for a genteel cottage adapted to -thickly-settled localities, where the increased value of lands make -it necessary to reduce the area, and build upwards. Several houses -constructed from these plans in this vicinity are admired for their -convenient accommodation and cheerfulness.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 54.)—The -Foundation extends four feet above ground, giving a desirable altitude -to the whole building. The front is enlivened by the numerous window -and door openings, the several projections of piazza, dormers, and -cornices, and the variety of the materials used. The dressing of the -several parts are of simple designs. The projections of cornices, etc., -should always be self-sustaining, yet while this is true, there is sure -to be a fancied necessity for some apparent support obvious from the -outside. Such supports require special treatment, with a view to their -proper form and proportion, and should be sparingly applied, giving to -each one its distinct place and purpose. Brackets of neat pattern are -often crowded so closely together as to cheapen and destroy their beauty, -and overload the cornice, thus reversing their legitimate purpose as -supports.... CELLAR, (fig. 55.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet; it extends under -the main house only. Its hight above the ground gives an opportunity for -good-sized window openings. If desired at any time, an airy and light -work-room or laundry can be made by dividing and flooring a part of this -story at little cost.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 56).—Hight of ceiling 10 -feet. It has a hall running through the whole length of the main house, -with entrances from both front and rear. The parlor, dining-room, and -kitchen, are all good-sized apartments, and pleasantly arranged. Double -folding doors are provided for the front entrances and from the hall -to the parlor, and sliding doors between the parlor and dining-room. A -bay-window adds materially to the size and pleasantness of the dining or -living-room. Each room has an open fire-place; the kitchen has a pump and -sink, with the usual supply and waste pipe connections. The rear stoop -is roofed, and has a portable enclosure of light ceiling boards, to be -used in severe weather.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 57.)—Hight of ceiling 8½ -feet. The divisions of this story are simple—giving a hall, two large -chambers, with passage between, two hall rooms, and two closets.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate given provides for foundation of broken stone, -laid and neatly pointed with good mortar; the stone exposed to sight on -the outside to be “semi-dressed.” Blue-stone, or other suitable stone -obtained most readily, are used for the sills of cellar windows, for the -steps, and wall coping of the cellar entrance. The principal timber is -of seasoned spruce or pine, thoroughly framed, raised, and secured. The -“framing-in” of braces is too frequently omitted—cutting them “barefoot,” -and spiking, being substituted. The latter does very well where the frame -is strongly sheathed over, and the outer siding applied afterwards. The -sheathing aids largely in stiffening the frame, but should not be relied -on to the exclusion of the necessary braces to square up the frame, and -prevent the swaying which often happens unobserved, to be discovered -when too late to remedy it. Laxity in the matter of bracing has led to -frequent errors as to their proper place in the frame. When framed in -they are invariably placed in the _upper angles_ under the ties and -plates, adjoining the posts, and when barefoot they should be put in -the same angles; never, as is frequently done for convenience, in the -lower angles, nor on the sills. A moment’s reflection will convince any -one that _if the right angles along the principal frame are rigidly -maintained, displacements will never occur_, except, as rarely happens, -the whole is bodily raised from the foundation by a hurricane. The most -_reliable_ angles are those formed by the tie and post connections, -because at these points the posts are tenoned and mortised together, -and secured with hard wood pins. Those least reliable are at the foot -of the posts, adjoining the sills, where their connections are secured -only by the weight of the upper frame. Braces placed in the latter angles -serve only as fulcrums to endanger the frames when tested by ordinary -winds; but if the former or _upper_ angles are made positive, by having -substantial braces in them, the severest gales may be defied. The siding -is of narrow, clear pine clapboards, laid on “thicknessed” sheathing. -The Mansard part of the main roof is covered by 8 × 16-inch slate—the -piazza, bay-window, kitchen, stoop, cornices, window, and deck roof with -IC. charcoal tin—all laid on hemlock boards. Tarred felting is spread -under all siding and slate. The first and second stories are fully -completed inside; the attic is floored, but otherwise unfinished, but may -be divided at any time into rooms as shown for the second story (fig. -57). The interior plastering is three-coat work, on seasoned lath. All -sash are four lights, and hung to balance-weights. Blinds are properly -hung (outside) to each window. All wood, tin, and brick-work, usually -painted, has two coats of best lead and oil-paint, with stainers to suit -the owner’s taste. The choice of colors for the exterior is frequently -canvassed during the construction of these buildings; often some person -of _taste_ (?) decides by “warming”—adding red and yellow, until, by the -preponderance of these stainers, the most sombre and dismal colors are -produced. The most appropriate and pleasing shade for the body of this -class of house is a _light gray_; for the trimmings, _dark gray_; for -the sash, _burnt sienna_; for the blinds, _chocolate_. The tin roofing -should match the _slate_ in color. Red colors should be sparingly used, -or omitted altogether. - -ESTIMATE of materials required, and total cost: - - 50 yards excavation, at 25c. per yard. $12.50 - 975 ft. of stone foundation, at 8c. per ft. 78.00 - 45 ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 13.50 - 4,000 bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 48.00 - 480 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 144.00 - Cornices and centers, stucco. 30.00 - 4,000 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 60.00 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 6 ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 6 ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 7 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 decks, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 decks, 3 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 1 cross-tie, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - 2 piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 2 piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 325 wall-strips, at 12c. each, $39; 75 joists, at 16c. each, - $12. 51.00 - 210 hemlock boards, at 12c. each, $25.20; cornice materials, - $60. 85.20 - 215 sheathing, at 16c. each, $34.40; 560 pine siding, at 12c. - each, $67.20. 101.60 - 8 squares slate, at $8.50 per square. 68.00 - 13 squares tin, at $7.50 per square. 97.50 - 65 ft. leaders, at 10c. per ft., $6.50; 260 flooring, at - 18c. each, $46.80. 53.30 - Piazza and stoop, complete, $80 and $28. 108.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 5 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 60.00 - 6 plain windows, complete, at $10 each, $60; 1 bay - window, $60. 120.00 - 5 dormer windows, complete, at $16 each. 80.00 - 13 doors, complete, at $10 each. 130.00 - 1 area door, $5; stairs, $90; closets, pump, and sink, $50. 145.00 - Mantle, $52; tarred felting, $10. 62.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 135.00 - Carting, average 1 mile, $30; painting, $130; - incidentals, $141.40. 301.40 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 54.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 55.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 56.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 57.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIV. - -A FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans were designed for a cottage recently built by Mr. W. W. -Billings, in New London, Conn. These sketches embrace also the outlines -of the grounds immediately surrounding. The site faces a street having -steep grades, conforming to the general declivity upon which a large -part of the city is built. The grounds are raised above the sidewalk, -and leveled in front, and are faced with stone-work from 2½ feet high -at left, to 6 feet high at the right. The rear grounds are 6 feet -higher than those in front. The step _A_, at the entrance (see fig. -59), is 8 inches above the sidewalk. _B_ is the bottom of the cellar, -2 feet 2 inches higher than _A_, and is solid rock. The walk leading -from _A_ to the rear ascends 1¼ inch to the foot; the banks at either -side are terraced, and have stone steps inserted in them leading to -the flagging at the foot of the porch steps, and also to the area, or -cellar entrance.... ELEVATION, (fig. 58.)—The French roof style is well -adapted to this situation on account of its rounded and solid appearance. -The irregularities of outline secure agreeable features of variety and -picturesqueness. The Foundation shows 4 feet above ground in front, -and 1 foot in the rear. The Porch is in an angle, and the second story -extending over it is carried up vertically past the slated part of the -main roof, forming a tower-like corner. This corner is largely supported -by a single column, and to make it as light as possible, slating of this -portion is omitted.—(_As usually laid, slate weighs 500 lbs.; tin, 50 -lbs. per square._).... CELLAR, (fig. 59.)—Hight is 6½ feet. Four windows -are placed where they give light to every part. An outside door opens -to the area, the latter being covered by the front porch. The front -portion of this cellar can easily be finished off for a work-room or -summer kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 60.)—Hight of ceiling 10 feet. The -arrangements are convenient, comprising a hall, parlor, dining-room, -and kitchen. The main entrance leads from the right of the porch, and -the hall runs parallel with the front. Many persons prefer the entrance -arranged in this way, as the contents of the hall are not exposed to -the street whenever the doors are opened or left ajar. A partition -crosses the hall under the platform, adjoining the cylinder, forming -a rear passage leading from the kitchen to the cellar stairs. The -Parlor has a large bay-window in front, with a marble mantle directly -opposite. The Dining-Room and Kitchen each have windows giving views -in three directions. The small wing at the rear contains a good-sized -pantry, closet, and the rear entrance or lobby.... SECOND STORY, (fig. -61.)—Hight of ceiling 9 feet. The divisions include a hall, three large -chambers, a bedroom, and three closets. All parts are well lighted. -Ventilating Registers are placed in the center of each chamber ceiling. -The space above this ceiling under the tin roof is ventilated through -8-inch pipes inserted in opposite sides of the roof. These pipes have -funnel-shaped covers, elevated two inches above the upper end of the -pipes.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation Walls are of semi-dressed stone. -The Chimneys are of hard brick, the cellar portions are constructed with -a hollow space or ash-pit, arranged to receive the ashes from the fires -of the first story. The siding is beveled clap-boards, laid on sheathing -felt. The mansard parts of the main roof are covered with 8 × 16-inch -Keystone slate laid on felt. All other roofs are of IC. charcoal tin, all -laid on seasoned boards. The two full stories are hard finished upon two -coats of brown mortar. All parts usually painted have two coats of paint, -of material and shades to suit the owner. For suggestions on selecting -colors or shades see Design XIII.—ESTIMATE cost of materials and labor: - - 46 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $9.20 - 1,300 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 195.00 - 40 ft. blue-stone, at 25c. per ft. 10.00 - 5,000 bricks in chimney, at $12 per M. 60.00 - 700 yards plastering, at 30c. per yard. 210.00 - 3,650 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 54.75 - 100 joists, at 14c., $14; 400 wall-strips, at 11c., $44. 58.00 - 1,660 ft. siding, at 2¾c. per ft. 45.65 - Cornice materials, $70; felt, $10. 80.00 - 220 rough boards, at 15c. each. 33.00 - 9 squares slate, at $9 per square. 81.00 - 13 squares tin, at $7.50. 97.50 - 194 spruce flooring, at 20c. each. 38.80 - 14 pine flooring, at 25c. each. 3.50 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $3 each. 12.00 - 8 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 96.00 - 1 bay window, complete. 50.00 - 7 dormer windows, at $14. 98.00 - Porch, finished, $22; mantles, $50. 72.00 - Stairs, $65; nails, sink, and ventilator, $32. 97.00 - Closet, finished, $13; painting, $150. 163.00 - 18 doors, complete, at $9 each. 162.00 - Carting, $25; labor, not included above, $225. 250.00 - Incidentals. 23.60 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 58.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 59.—PLAN OF CELLAR AND GROUNDS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 60.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 61.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XV. - -A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,000. - - -These plans, designed for a Georgia residence, will be adapted to the -requirements of others desiring to build an inexpensive rural home in -any of the Southern States.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 62.)—The plan indicates -that the proprietor is not circumscribed by want of land, and prefers to -extend the area of the ground floor, rather than to build upward. The -breadth of the front (48 feet), the large entrance and window openings, -the spacious verandas, and broad steps, are each prominent and desirable -features, indicative of comforts and hospitality. The elevated, or -second story part of the Main House, forms a substantial and fitting -center, around which the roofs of the wings and verandas incline, and -adds largely in giving poise and character to the whole building. The -hight from the earth grades to the frame-work of the building is 2 feet. -Its location should have a good surface drainage assured during rainy -seasons, and afford pleasant outlooks from the verandas.... INTERIOR.—In -most parts of the South, very much of the year could be a latitude -comfortably spent out of doors altogether, but for the requirements of -shade and retirement. There are times, however, when severe weather makes -it necessary that one’s family should be well housed, and when a good -fire is both a luxury and necessity. A house for such should have large -rooms, with high ceilings, an abundance of door and window openings, and -a plentiful spread of shady verandas. Where practicable, the windows -should have folding sashes opening to the floor, if protected by outside -coverings. There should be at least one chimney in the main or highest -part of the house, having a large open fire-place adapted to the use -of wood for fuel, and having openings near the room ceilings into the -flues, for ventilation. The Dining-room, Kitchen, and the more domestic -offices, require a separate and distinct building, situated a short -distance in the rear of the house, and connected with it by a covered -passage-way.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 63.)—Hight of ceiling 10 feet. The -simple arrangement shown provides for each of the above requirements. The -front Entrance is through large double doors. The Hall extends through -the house. The Living-room, a large apartment adapted to a good-sized -family, is centrally situated, and protected on every side from the -direct rays of the sun; it adjoins the pleasant and shady verandas front -and rear, both being accessible through the folding windows, that open -like doors down to the floor. It communicates with the hall through -wide double doors, has a large closet and an open fire. The Bedroom is -of good dimensions, has three windows opening to the verandas, and one -side window. The two closets are so arranged as to form an alcove to -the rear window. The ceiling of this alcove is arched over, producing a -very pleasant effect. An opening is made near the ceiling into one of -the flues of the adjoining chimney for ceiling ventilation. The Parlor -(or Library) is situated in the most quiet part of the building, where -company may be entertained, or persons may engage in reading or study, -without disturbance from those engaged in housework. Large windows open -to the front veranda, and other windows are provided at the side and -rear. A covered Passage-way leads from the rear hall door to the food -departments. These consist of a Dining-room, Kitchen, Store-room, and -two Closets, and to the rear of these is added a servant’s Bedroom. The -dining-room and kitchen are each of ample size, with windows arranged -on opposite sides to admit a plentiful supply of fresh air. A pump, -sink, and two wash-tubs are provided in the kitchen. The store-room and -closets are thoroughly shelved. If desirable, a china closet may be -easily constructed at one side of the fire-place, into which one of the -doors already provided would open.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 64.)—Hight of -ceiling 9 feet. This may be divided into two or more rooms, as required, -for bedrooms. The cross-partitions may be 8 feet high, admitting a free -passage of air above them.... CONSTRUCTION.—Brick piers, placed 6 feet -apart under all sills, are intended for the foundation. The remaining -space is left unobstructed for the circulation of air. A cellar may be -excavated, and walled up under the main house, with stairs leading to it -from the rear veranda, under the main flight. In the estimate, provision -is made for a regular frame of sawed timber, which should be framed and -raised in a substantial manner. The siding for the main house and wings -is of 6-inch pine clap-boards, laid 5 inches to the weather. The roofs of -the main house and wings are laid with hemlock boards; all other roofs -and cornice projections are laid with inverted 1 × 4½-inch tongued and -grooved pine flooring, and lastly covered with IC. charcoal tin, locked -and soldered in the best manner. The cornices are constructed with wide -projections, and have neat truss supports. The verandas are made with -simple parts. The columns for the front are 7-inch boxed, with bases, and -scrolled spandrels; for the rear of 3 × 4 joist with bases, and plain -spandrels. The veranda plates and rafters are dressed for painting, and -are left exposed to sight. The pediments shown on the front are of open -work, to allow the warmed air from near the roofs to escape. The upper -frame-work (plates and rafters) of the rear building are also planed, -and left exposed to sight from the inside. The inclosing and partitions -for this part are of 1 × 4½-inch pine tongued and grooved flooring, -dressed on both sides, put on in a vertical manner, and nailed to the -sills and plates; 1¼-inch pine battens are put around the inside of the -rooms at the proper hight for a chair-rail (2¾ feet to the upper edge), -and joined to the casings of the doors and windows of like materials, -and all thoroughly nailed with “clinch” nails to the upright boarding. -The roof is built as described for the verandas, is double pitch, and -has sufficient spread to include the shed, making it a part of the same -building. The kitchen chimney is built nearly in the center of this -building, has a large open fire-place, and has a good hight above the -roof. All floors are of 1 × 4½-inch tongued and grooved pine flooring, -close laid and blind nailed. All rooms in the main building and wings are -hard-finished upon two coats of brown mortar. All work usually painted -has two coats of good paint. The roof-gutters are made as shown in Design -V.... ESTIMATE: - - 8,000 bricks in piers and chimneys, furnished and laid, at - $12 per M. $96.00 - 550 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 154.00 - 5,054 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 75.81 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 261 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 261 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 92 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 56 beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 32 beams, 2 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 piazza sill, 3 × 8 in. 230 ft. long. - 1 piazza plate, 3 × 8 in. 206 ft. long. - Piazza beams, 2 × 6 in. 384 ft. long. - 50 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13ft. long, at 16c. each. 8.00 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. 33.00 - 370 siding (6-inch clap-boards), at 18c. each. 66.60 - 170 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 27.20 - 240 ft. cornice, bracketed, at 20c. per ft. 48.00 - 208 ft. simple rear cornice, at 8c. per ft. 16.64 - 38 squares of tin, at $7 per square. 266.00 - 6,000 ft. of 1 × 4½ tongued and grooved flooring pine, at - 3c. per ft. 180.00 - 24 piazza columns, complete, average at $1 each. 24.00 - 1 stairs, complete, $50; 31 windows, at $10, $310. 360.00 - 20 doors, at $8, $160; 1 mantle, $50. 210.00 - Sinks, pumps, and wash-tubs. 22.00 - Closet finish, $12; nails, $25. 37.00 - Painting, $100; carting, $20. 120.00 - Boards for outside casings and incidentals. 105.75 - Carpenter’s labor. 150.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 62.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 63.—FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 64.—SECOND STORY OF MAIN BUILDING.] - - - - -DESIGN XVI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,100. - - -This plan, embodying the principal characteristics of a design I made -several years ago, for the residence of Mr. Arthur Waller, Newtown, L. -I., has a homelike, tasteful, and picturesque appearance—particularly -now, with its neatly laid-out grounds and grown up shrubbery, which -especially befit its _pointed style_, and demonstrate the harmony that -exists between these simple _cottage_ outlines, and rural surroundings. -It is thus adapted to either a suburban or more retired country -situation.... ELEVATION, (fig. 65.)—A noticeable peculiarity is the earth -finish around the foundation, which is simply utilizing the earth from -the cellar. This is banked against the foundation, up to within six -inches of the wood, evenly graded at 45 degrees angle, and neatly covered -with closely laid turf. This conceals a roughly constructed foundation; -it insures more dryness of the cellar, and consequently of the whole -house; it guards the cellar against extreme heat in summer, and frost in -winter; and it gives such a visible breadth of bottom as to add to its -apparent strength. This earth finish around the foundation is especially -adapted to wet or clayey soils, where it is desirable to have the cellar -mostly above ground; at the same time it secures greater elevation to -the whole building.... There are marked features of dissimilarity in the -several openings, and in the details of the exterior dressing, each part -being adapted to its special purpose, and so arranged as to be in keeping -with the general design; it therefore unites harmony and beauty.... -CELLAR, (fig. 66.)—The Cellar extends under the whole house; clear hight -6½ feet. The outside entrance to the cellar is by an area-way, having -stone steps and walls, with hatchway and inside doors; the hatchway -doors, when closed, being even with the sloping earth finish.... FIRST -STORY, (fig. 67.)—Hight of ceiling 9½ feet. The irregular outlines of -this plan contribute to the cheerfulness of the different apartments, -by giving opportunity for the insertion of windows where they will -command the most pleasing prospects. The principal entrance is from -the porch through double doors to the spacious hall, which adjoins the -parlor and dining-room. The Parlor has one bay and two plain windows, -with large wall space for furniture and wall decoration. The Dining-room -is conveniently arranged to connect with the principal hall, parlor, -rear lobby, large pantry, or closet, and the cellar stairway, and has a -large bay and one plain window. The Kitchen is planned to have a range, -sink, pump, wash-tubs, and the usual pipes for cold and hot water, and -is provided with two windows, situated in opposite sides of the room to -give abundant light, and afford thorough ventilation; a closet adjoins -the chimney-breast, and a cupboard is put beneath the sink. The Pantry -is of good dimensions, contiguous to both dining-room and kitchen, has -a suitable window, and is furnished with shelving. The rear entrance is -from the covered stoop to the rear lobby, and from thence to either -dining-room or kitchen.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 68.)—This story is -reached by a winding stairway from the principal hall, and contains four -good-sized chambers, a bath-room, five large closets, and the needed -passage-ways. The breast-walls are vertical to the hight of 3½ feet, and -are continued upward along the underside of the steep roof frame-work -to the ceiling, which is 8 feet high. The Bath-room is provided with a -bath-tub and seat-closet. The Tank is 1 foot 8 in. wide, 2 feet long, and -3 feet deep, and is placed in the closet adjoining the bath-room, at a -hight of 2 feet above the floor, and provided with a neat-fitting lid. -The spaces above and below the tank may be used as a closet for toweling, -etc. The _interior location_ of this tank should insure it against frost, -so long as the house is occupied by the family.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -excavations for the cellar are 2 feet deep, and the earth is used as -above described. The materials for the principal foundations may be of -the roughest stone, such as are commonly used in farm-fencing, and coarse -mortar. Very little skill is required in the construction of these walls, -as only the last, or top course, is seen from the outside, which should -be laid to a line, and levelled to receive the frame-work. The exposed -portions of the bay-window foundations are constructed of brick laid in -mortar, resting on stone-work, and leaving an interior recess or shelf, -as shown on the cellar plan. The cellar windows are of good dimensions, -and situated where they will insure sufficient light, and provide for -the complete airing of the cellar. An opening should be left in one, or -both of the chimneys, near the cellar ceiling, having a continuous flue -to the top, which will be heated by contact with the fire-places above -when in use, and produce a draft that will exhaust the poisonous vapors -always generated in cellars, and prevent them from rising through the -house to contaminate the air of the living-rooms. This cellar may be -easily and cheaply divided into separate apartments by rough planking or -otherwise, if ever desirable. The rear portion might be readily converted -into a laundry, where the wash-tubs, with their accompanying pipes, might -be placed, leaving more kitchen room, and relieving it of the steam and -general disturbance of the ever-recurring washing days. Large durable -posts are placed in the cellar, resting on large flat stones that have -been embedded in the cellar bottom, as supports for the 4 × 8-inch -girders, shown on the cellar plan by the dotted lines. By the estimate, -it will be seen that very little timber is used in the frame-work, of -which the sills and beams comprise the heavier parts. I would enforce -the importance of having the frame fitted and secured together in -a substantial manner. The beams should be bridged as described for -Design XVII.... The exterior sides of the frame-work are designed to be -inclosed with double boarding, with an intermediate lining of tarred -felting. The first covering should be milled to even thicknesses, and -put on horizontally and double nailed to each stud. The felting is next -applied in whole width strips, running from the sill to the plate. The -water-table and window-frames are next put in their places, after which -the final covering of tongued and grooved sheathing is put on vertically, -with the lower ends neatly fitted to the water-table, and the upper ends -covered with a 10-inch board forming a frieze to the cornice. The siding -should then be painted one coat in a thorough manner, when battens of 1½ -inch “half round” (previously painted both sides) are firmly nailed over -the joints of the sheathing. The windows are all arranged for 1½-inch -sash, hung to iron weights with good cord, and neatly cased and moulded -on the inside; outside blinds are intended for each window above the -cellar. The cornices are constructed in the simplest manner, and the -perforated barges and finials are made as indicated by the elevation, and -placed near the extremity of the gable cornices, from which ever-varying -shadows are made against the building, producing the most delicate -and pleasing effects. It is purposely intended that the roofs of the -principal building, porch, stoop, bay, and dormer windows, shall have -sufficient pitch for shingling.... The character of the balance of the -work may be inferred from the estimate which is given in detail.—ESTIMATE: - - 61 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.20 - 1,278 ft. stone foundation, complete, at 12c. per ft. 153.36 - 5,000 brick for bays and chimneys, furnished and laid, at - $12 per M. 60.00 - 30 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 9.00 - 660 yards 3-coat plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 184.80 - 3,526 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 52.89 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 151 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 136 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 17 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 13 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 19 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 beam, 3 × 7 in. 80 ft. long. - 50 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long. - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each. 33.00 - 200 sheathing, 9 in., at 18c. each. 36.00 - 100 lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb. 5.00 - 200 tongued and grooved sheathing, at 28c. each. 56.00 - 200 battens, at 6c. each. 12.00 - Materials in cornices and water-table. 38.00 - 325 shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 × 13, at 6c. each. 19.50 - 60 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 90.00 - 177 flooring, 1¼ × 9½ in., at 25c. each. 44.25 - 2 stoops (front and rear), complete. 80.00 - 2 bay-windows (with blinds), complete. 100.00 - 10 plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $12 each. 120.00 - 4 dormer windows (with blinds), complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 3 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 18.00 - Stairs, complete, $75; 24 doors, complete, at $8 each, - $192. 267.00 - 3 mantles, complete, $20, $10, and $6. 36.00 - Shelving, etc., $12; nails, $18; painting, $110. 140.00 - Plumbing and range, complete, $222.70; cartage, average - 1 mile, $25. 247.70 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - For contingencies. 55.30 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 65.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 66.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 67.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 68.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XVII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,200. - - -These plans are for a full two-story house, that will embrace the -merits of the most economical form of construction (having a floor -measurement of 24 × 28, nearly square), with symmetry of style, and -containing a very commodious and convenient interior arrangement. The -ELEVATION (fig. 69), has marked features of simplicity and refinement, -with sufficient diversity of parts to give variety and grace, without -pretentious display. We invariably recommend high foundations for -houses of this character; of course a foot in hight at the bottom will -add a foot to the hight of the whole, imparting a better appearance -externally, and on account of the better ventilation thereby afforded -to the cellar, adds greatly to the healthfulness of the interior of -the whole house. Additional steps will be required to the stoops, but -the cost of these are compensated by deductions in the excavation for -the cellar, and stone steps to the area. The large porch and double -doors, the bay and other windows, each distinctive in themselves, and -adapted to their places, similar only in conformity of character, are so -proportioned as to harmonize with each other with pleasing effect. The -pediments of the roof are so arranged that each “face” of the building -will have very nearly the same appearance of outline. The main cornice -projects two feet beyond the frame-work of the house, and is supported -by large trusses; all other cornices and window-caps have proportionate -projections, insuring heavy shadows, giving relief and finish to the -whole.... CELLAR, (fig. 70.)—Excavations for this cellar are made 2 feet -6 inches below the general surface of the ground. The Foundation-walls, -Chimneys, Girder-supports, and rear Area-walls are built as described -for Design XII., after which the earth is graded around, and up against -the foundation, so as to give such slope as will turn the water away -from the house and walks, leaving the foundation 4 feet above the final -grade.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 71.)—This story contains the principal -hall, parlor, dining or living-room, kitchen, rear lobby, three closets, -and private stairs. The principal Hall is entered from the front porch, -through large double doors, is square (10 × 10 feet), and contains the -principal stairs, which are built with a quarter circle and niche nearly -in the center of their hight, as described in Design XII. This hall -connects with the parlor through double doors; this will be found to give -an impression of amplitude that would scarcely be expected in a house of -this size. The Parlor has a large bay-window, finished with elliptical -arch and ornamental corbels, and a marble mantle. The Dining-room is -intended as the living-room of the family, and communicates with each -room and hall of the first story; has a closet under the front stairs, -and has a marble mantle. The Kitchen is provided with a large range, -two closets, sink, with cold and hot water, and closet underneath, and -communicates with the dining-room, lobby, and cellar stairway. The -rear entrance to this story is through the lobby, which has two small -windows. The private stairs are arranged to start from the rear lobby.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 72.)—The manner in which this story is divided into -rooms very much resemble a “double” house, the hall being nearly in -the center of the house, and the rooms at either side: contains hall, -two stairways, six rooms, and five closets. The hall is 5 ft. 6 in. × -10 ft., and has seven doors leading from it to the different rooms and -private stairway. Many persons require a “study”; the room directly -above the principal hall is best adapted for such purpose, has a large -closet, and is most convenient to the stairs. The door to this room -should have ground glass upper panels, to admit light to the hall. The -Bath-room is provided with French bath-tub, seat-closet, and wash-basin. -The soil-pipe from this story will be concealed by passing down inside -one of the kitchen closets. Marble shelves, resting on stucco trusses, -are intended for each of the four principal rooms of this story.... -GENERAL DETAILS.—It is intended that all the work should be done in a -workmanlike and substantial manner, of good materials, as indicated in -the estimate. All the principal timber is framed together, and raised in -the usual manner, and secured with hard-wood pins. The enclosing should -be dressed, of thoroughly seasoned materials, and nailed with 10_d._ -nails. The cornices are ornamented with bold panelled brackets and dentil -courses. Each gable is provided with a circular ventilator. All roofs -are covered with charcoal tin, laid on rough boards, and have gutters -as described for Design V., at a cost of 10 cts. per running foot. The -columns of the front porch are turned, and have ornamental caps and -square pedestals. The stoop-rail is 5 inches wide, and the balusters are -scroll-sawed, of 1½-inch pine plank. The trusses under the bay-window are -large, scroll-sawed, and ornamental. The flooring should be thoroughly -dried, close-laid, and double-nailed to each beam with 10_d._ nails. -While laying the floor (having reached the center of the span of the -beams), a row of cross-bridging should be put in, in a strong manner. -In this way, the _inequalities_ of the upper surfaces of the beams, -which are always more or less sprung, will be brought _into line_ by the -flooring, and each piece of bridging will receive its relative proportion -of the weight. The tarred paper is next inserted between the outside -studding, in the manner described for Design XI., which is much cheaper -than “brick-filling,” and for many reasons more desirable. The central -partitions, that carry the principal weight, should be studded strongly -of 4-inch materials, or wall-strips set edgeways. All closet, stair, -and cross partitions may be set of 2-inch materials, or wall-strips set -flatways. This latter method saves nearly one-half of the space taken -by the partitions, which may be added to the size of the rooms, where -it frequently happens that a few inches becomes a matter of importance. -The second-story ceiling timbers are of wall-strips, put 12 inches from -centers, and a flooring of rough boards is laid over a part, to make room -for storage, etc. All sash are 1½ inches thick, and have second quality -French glass in them, and are hung with iron weights. We think there is -a good opportunity for improvement in the manufacture of window sashes, -making them air-tight, and suggest inserting the necessary rubber strips -near their edges, and especially in the lips of the check-rail—this -would effectually shut out all drafts of air, and make the unsightly -and impracticable “weather-strip” unnecessary. All stairs should have -1¼ strings and treads, and ⅞ risers, and should be so housed, glued, -and keyed, as to make them solid; squeaky stairs are abominable, and -even when assured of their safety, one feels an instinctive suspicion of -danger, and will look for treachery in every part of the house. Black -walnut panelled newel, moulded rail, and fluted balusters, are intended -for the principal flight of stairs. Setting the niche is a part of the -stair-builder’s work, and should always be included in his estimate -for stairs of this character. The trimming of the hall, dining-room, -and parlor, are of clear pine, the architraves are 8 inches wide, and -“double-moulded,” with panelled back to each window. Base 7-inch and -moulded. All other rooms have 5-inch “single trim,” with back moulding, -and base to match. All doors panelled and moulded; all room-doors have -mortise locks, and closet-doors have rim-locks, all with brass bolts -and keys; knobs and escutcheons of porcelain, and all saddles are of -hard-wood. All parts of this house that are usually painted should have -two coats of paint of the best materials, and of such colors as shall -suit the owner. All hard-wood, such as the stair-rail, bath-room finish, -and saddles, should have two coats of linseed-oil.... COST.—Contractors -everywhere differ in their estimates for work of any kind. These -differences are sometimes the result of some peculiar circumstance, but -most generally they arise through some misapprehension of fact; either -the plans are incomprehensible, or the description of them ambiguous, -leading to a variety of interpretations, and consequently a variety of -prices, some of which are too low, and some too high. The low man who -usually _proposes_ to do the best work, and the most of it, gets the -job, and executes the work in accordance with his preconceived ideas, -gets his money, and leaves the owner in possession of something he did -not expect. No one can know the extent and character of the work better -than the projector of them, who should be equally qualified to give exact -estimates of quantities and cost of everything connected with their -thorough development and execution, and thus truly fulfill his mission as -the architect of the works. Cost is one of the most interesting features -in any project, and no plan is hardly worth considering that does not -comprehend in some way the expense of its execution. Builders and others -interested in such plans, will appreciate the detailed estimates, as -furnishing the key to the whole plan, supplying the needed information as -to the real quality and character of the work.—ESTIMATE: - - 62 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.40 - 13,000 hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 700 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 196.00 - 32 ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft. 12.80 - 24 ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 7.20 - 2,300 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 34.50 - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 7 in. 28 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long. - 30 beams, 3 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 230 novelty clear siding-boards, at 28c. each. 64.40 - 175 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 8.75 - 150 tongued and grooved flooring, at 28c. each. 42.00 - 130 hemlock roof-boards, 16c. each. 20.80 - 12 squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square. 84.00 - 156 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 15.60 - 104 ft. cornice, at 40c. per ft. 41.60 - 1 bay-window (with blinds), complete. 75.00 - 12 plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $16 each. 192.00 - 8 cellar windows, complete, at $4 each. 32.00 - 1 stoop (except tin as above), complete. 70.00 - 27 doors, complete, at $9 each, $243; 3 stairs, complete, - $70. 313.00 - 2 marble mantles, and 4 shelves on trusses. 50.00 - Range, plumbing, sink, bath, water-closet, and pump. 314.55 - Corner-boards, base, and shelving, $32.50; nails, $20. 52.50 - Cartage, average one mile. 20.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above, $200; painting, - $100. 300.00 - Incidentals. 40.90 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,200.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 69.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 70.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 71.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 72.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XVIII. - -A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,200. - - -This plan of a simple, yet genteel Southern house, embraces ample -interior accommodation for the wants of a good-sized family. It has -an abundance of outside verandas and artificial shade, and may be -constructed at a very moderate cost.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 73.)—The style is -adapted to the Middle and Southern States, because of its elevation and -airiness, the overhanging projections of its roof, and the facility with -which wings or verandas may be added. The Tower is a conspicuous feature, -and though without any special ornamentation, it gives an expression of -unity and completeness to the whole structure. The Verandas on every -side afford protection from the sun. Many persons prefer disconnected -verandas (as shown in figs. 73 and 75), with open ends to the roofs for -the escape of the heated air that would otherwise be retained in them. -Moreover, disconnected verandas prevent the annoyance arising from the -noise made by children who are fond of running and playing upon them.... -CELLAR, (fig. 74.)—This is under the kitchen wing only; is 6½ feet -deep, has two windows, an outside entrance with stone steps, and a -stairway leading to the rear entry of the first floor.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 75.)—Hight of ceiling in the main house, 11 feet, and in the wing -9 feet. The entrance Hall, nearly square, and entered from the front -piazza through double doors, contains the main stairs, and communicates -with the parlor and dining-room. Each of these apartments communicates -with the library through large sliding-doors. The windows to these rooms -open to the floor, and are protected on the outside by the verandas. -The front parlor window is 6½ feet wide, with the sashes arranged to -slide in pockets at either side, by which means the parlor is apparently -prolonged to, and may be used with the veranda. Each of the large rooms -has fire-places and marble mantles. The closet for the dining-room is -under the main stairs. The Kitchen is in the rear wing, and separated -from the main house by the rear lobby and the pantry; it has a good-sized -double window at each side, a large pantry, and a fire-place. In the rear -entry are stairways leading to the second story and to the cellar.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 76.)—Hight of ceilings in main house, 9 feet, and -in the wing 7 feet. It is divided into six chambers, besides halls and -closets. The three larger Chambers have fire-places with marble shelves, -and two windows in each. The window in the small chamber is placed near -the ceiling, above the kitchen roof. The two Chambers in the wing are -intended as servants’ rooms, and have no communication with the main -house.... TOWER AND ATTIC.—The Tower has an inclosed stairway, with -a door at the foot. The main roof finish at the rear of the tower is -leveled even with the main ridge, inclosing the intervening space; this -affords room for a door leading from the tower to the attic. This story -is thoroughly floored, and has small windows in each gable, and is useful -as a place for storage. In cases of necessity, a portion of this attic -may be used for bedrooms.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Cellar excavations are -made in the ground 4½ feet deep, and for the underpinning of the main -house one foot. The loose earth is used in grading, raising the surface -immediately surrounding the foundation 8 inches. The foundation walls -are 8 inches thick, of hard brick and good mortar. The cellar walls -are 6½ feet high, and the underpinning 3 feet 2 inches high, leaving -an exposed surface 18 inches high at completion. Only the portions of -the foundation plan, shown darker in the plan, fig. 74, are walled, the -intervening spaces being left open for the free circulation of air. -The general character of the materials to be used in the construction -of this house (a large portion of which is milled, and manufactured -ready for use,) may be inferred from the appended estimate. The manner -of putting these materials together is of great importance, and should -be entrusted only to skillful and thorough workmen. The details of -the exterior finish are so plain, that the work of “getting out” the -several parts may be done by the mechanics employed in building, without -recourse to the scroll-saw or carver. The truss-work of the cornices, -and the open frame-work, and columns of the verandas, are of dressed -timber, and stop-chamfered. All the roofs have sufficient pitch to allow -the use of shingles, which are much lighter and cooler than slate or -metal. Veranda roofs so constructed do not reflect so much heat into -the chamber windows as others, which is important in a warm climate.... -VENTILATION.—Large window openings, with easy working sashes, are -provided, and afford the best means of changing the air of any apartment. -The chimneys are large, and have open fire-places, and ventilating -side-flues with registers near the ceilings. These openings, which should -never be closed, will be found to afford satisfactory ventilation. During -seasons of extreme heat, the tower may be made to serve as a general -ventilator, by lowering the upper sashes, and opening all the doors -leading to it. The following estimate includes everything necessary to -complete this building in a thorough manner, at prices now ruling in the -vicinity of New York.—ESTIMATE: - - 61 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $12.20 - 15,000 bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 180.00 - 26 ft. stone steps and sills, at 30c. per ft. 7.80 - 700 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 196.00 - 6,112 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 91.68 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 247 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 34 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 7 in. 40 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 7 in. 30 ft. long. - 78 beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 34 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 39 beams, 2 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 15 beams, 2 × 7 in. 11 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 2 × 7 in. 375 ft. long. - 2 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 420 siding, 6½ in. wide 13 ft. long, at 26c. each. 109.20 - Materials in cornices and verandas. 40.00 - 120 hemlock boards (for main house), at 15c. each. 18.00 - 236 pine boards for roofing, 4½ × 13, at 18c. each. 42.48 - 67 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 100.50 - Finial on tower. 8.00 - 168 Flooring for verandas, 4½ in. wide, at 20c. each. 33.60 - 360 flooring for inside, 9½ in. wide, at 26c. each. 93.60 - Stairs, $70; closet finish, $20. 90.00 - 2 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 12.00 - 28 windows, at $10, $280; 32 doors, at $9, $288. 568.00 - 3 mantles, $25 each, $75; 3 shelves, $6 each, $18. 93.00 - 224 ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 17.92 - Nails, $22; painting, $125; carting, $25. 172.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 200.00 - Incidentals. 54.02 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,200.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 73.—VIEW OF EXTERIOR OF A SOUTHERN HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 74.—CELLAR AND GROUND PLAN.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 75.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 76.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XIX. - -A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500. - - -This plan has many features to commend it as an economical country -house. It is similar in many respects to Design XXVII., having an equal -breadth of front, and is constructed of like substantial materials. -The arrangement of the several parts, however, are more regular and -compact, and embrace accommodations for a good-sized family.... EXTERIOR, -(fig. 77.)—At first sight, the reader will perceive the perfect balance -apparent in the outlines and details of the front. Variety is also an -especial feature, resulting from the pleasing diversity and systematic -distribution of the prominent parts. The site has much effect upon the -appearance of any building. This house should have a commanding position -to afford such views as would seem to be expected from its broad and -generous windows. Health and happiness being largely dependent on -the situation, it is important to select a position having a natural -drainage, and therefore more likely to be surrounded with pure wholesome -air.... CELLAR, (fig. 78.)—Hight 6½ feet. The plain engraving saves the -need of further explanation. The ceiling is smoothly “laid off” with -one coat of plaster, and the walls are flush-pointed, so that the whole -interior may be whitewashed whenever it shall be desirable to lighten -or sweeten the cellar.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 79.)—As is suggested by -the exterior, system and order are prominent features in the interior -arrangement. The main entrance is through double doors. The principal -hall is central and roomy, and contains the open and balustered stairway -to the second story. The two principal rooms are of equal size, with -outlooks front and rear. The Parlor has a pleasant bay or plant window, -arranged to be shut off, when desirable, by large sash doors. This window -has no floor, but is cemented around its sides below the floor-line, to -secure dryness to the walls, and is filled with earth wherein plants -may be grown. The thick masonry surrounding this plant-bed will secure -it from frost. The temperature required to make the parlor comfortable -will be sufficient for the plants, while the strong sunlight will -insure their vigorous growth. A mirror may be placed on the mantle -opposite this window, arranged to reflect its contents, and make a most -cheerful picture.—The Living-room is a convenient apartment, in easy -communication with the front and rear entrances, the wood-house, and -cellar-stairs, passing down under the front hall stairs. It has a large -pantry, and is provided with a range, sink, stationary wash-tubs, water, -and waste-pipes. The importance of having cold and hot water always -ready should not be overlooked. Very much of the drudgery of housework -in the country consists in drawing and carrying water, and besides, it -generally happens that when water is most wanted, the vessels are empty, -necessitating great inconvenience and frequent distress.—The Bedroom is -situated between the parlor and living-room, and communicates with both, -and has a good-sized closet. This apartment may be used as a sewing-room, -where such work need not be put away every time it is laid down for a -moment. The Wood-house at the rear is constructed of light materials, -and serves as a fuel and utensil room.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 80.)—This -story is divided into five chambers, a hall, and seven closets. Each room -is entered directly from the hall, obviating the too frequent necessity -of passing through one room to reach another. Closets are a necessity -to any well ordered household; their uses are so numerous that it is -hardly possible to provide too many.... REMARKS ON CONSTRUCTION.—The -element of durability is an important quality of this structure, avoiding -the necessity and expense of frequent repairs. The exterior walls are -constructed of stone and brick, as described in Design XXVII. Care should -be taken to make these walls perfectly solid and thorough. The mortar -used should be of the best lime, and coarse, sharp sand. Such mortar -improves with age, always increasing in hardness and strength. The brick -corner-work may be laid in dark or blue mortar with good effect in -subduing the strong contrasts in color. Interior plastering should never -be applied directly to the stone-work. Such walls do not readily conform -to the sudden changes of the surrounding temperature, and are rendered -damp and unwholesome from the moisture of the air being condensed upon -them. They should be furred off, leaving an air-space between the -stone-work and plastering, through the whole hight of the wall, and -opening into the spaces between the rafters of the roof. Side-walls -constructed in this manner afford a most comfortable interior, having a -more equal temperature than is possible in the usual frame building, and -neither the severe cold of winter, nor the extreme heat of summer, is -immediately felt within. The chimneys are of hard brick; their interior -location insures a great saving of fuel, as the heat that is radiated -from them greatly assists in warming the house. The principal roofs are -covered with dark slate. “Keystone” and “Chapman” are good qualities, -and are mostly used in this vicinity; they have good color, and do not -fade. A good effect is produced by clipping the exposed corners of about -one-third of the slate, in a uniform manner, and laying them in belts of -five or six courses each across the roof. - -ESTIMATE OF THE COST: - - 111 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.20 - 171 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 470.25 - 103 ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft. 30.90 - 2,000 bricks in angles, etc., at $12 per M., laid. 24.00 - 4,000 bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M., laid. 48.00 - 660 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 184.80 - 80 yards plastering in ceiling of cellar, at 20c. per yard. 16.00 - 3,367 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 50.50 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 4 plates, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 6 in. 29 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 2 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 44 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 40 rafters, 2 × 5 in. 19 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 18 collars, ¼ × 5 in. 14 ft. long. - 230 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 25.30 - 130 furring strips, at 6c. each. 7.80 - Anchors, of tire iron, $3; cornice materials, $30. 33.00 - 300 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 18.00 - Rear wing, exclusive of tin, complete. 100.00 - 20 squares of slate, at $9 per square. 180.00 - 32 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 5.12 - 3½ squares of tin, at $7 per square. 24.50 - 60 ft. of leaders and gutters, at 10c. per ft. 6.00 - 213 flooring, 8 inch, at 25c. each. 53.25 - Stairs, complete. 70.00 - Piazza and stoop, exclusive of tin, complete. 80.00 - 6 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 30.00 - 17 plain windows, complete, at $10 each. 170.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $18 each. 72.00 - 27 doors, complete, at $9 each. 243.00 - 4 mantles, 2 marble and 2 wooden, complete. 62.00 - Closet finish, complete. 18.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 150.00 - Nails, $14; painting, $60; cartage, $15. 89.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 125.00 - Incidentals. 91.38 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,500.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 77.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 78.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 79.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 80.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XX. - -A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600. - - -This plan is somewhat similar in style and materials to Design XXIV. -The changes here indicated adapt it to a more southern climate, such as -larger window openings, more piazzas, and placing the domestic rooms at -the _rear_ of the main building.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 81.)—“Double front” -houses (as those having their front entrance in the center are usually -called), may face any point of compass, and are adapted to almost any -situation. They appear best when located at sufficient distance from -the road to allow extended, neatly laid-out approaches, and thus give -an air of retirement.... CELLAR, (fig. 82.)—Hight, 7 feet. Full size -of the main building, with window openings on every side.... FIRST -STORY, (fig. 83.)—Hight of ceilings in main house, 11 feet; in the -wing, 9 feet. The apartments embraced in the main house are unusually -large, airy, and pleasant. All the windows open down to the floor, and -are protected from sun and rain by the piazza. The Hall has a wide -entrance leading from the piazza, and contains the principal flight of -stairs. The Parlor and Living-room are of equal size (14 × 24 feet), -have windows looking in three directions, and have open fire-places -in each. The rear entry occupies part of the main house and wing, its -hight of ceiling is determined by the platform of the main stairs. It -communicates conveniently with the rear piazza, main hall, living-room, -kitchen, cellar-stairs, and a closet. In the Wing are a kitchen, -work-room or summer-kitchen, butler’s pantry, and two closets. The -Kitchen communicates with the living-room through the butler’s pantry, -which is “dresser-finished” with drawers and shelving. The work-room is -furnished with a pump, sink, and two stationary wash-tubs. If desired, a -bath-room may be placed in this wing, and fitted up with the necessary -plumbing, as shown in Design XXXIII.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 84.)—Hight of -ceiling, 9 feet. A hall, three chambers, a bedroom, and four closets are -the divisions of this story. The stairs leading to the attic are placed -above those of the first story, with a door at the foot.... ATTIC.—The -estimate provides for a floor in this, and for casing the four pair of -windows, but it is otherwise left unfinished. Four or more bedrooms may -be made in this story if desired.... CONSTRUCTION.—The materials are -indicated in the estimate. The foundation-walls show 2 feet above the -ground. The timber is framed and raised in the most thorough manner. -The beams are placed 2 feet apart from centers, and bridged with one -row of “cross-bridging” in each span. Observe that the main posts are -25 feet long; this includes the whole hight from bottom of sills to top -plates, and allows for four feet of inside breastwork from the attic -floor to foot of main rafters. The main roof is set at an angle of 45°. -The “open-worked” barges in the pediment (fig. 81), are of 1¼-inch-plank, -16 inches wide, pierced in simple figure, and require only one set of -patterns for the four gables. The piazza-rafters show in their ceilings. -Perforated pediments in each side allow the escape of heated air from -under the roofs. The columns are “boxed” 7 inches square, and chamfered. -The spandrels are scroll-sawed from 3-inch timber. The two full stories -are hard finished on two coats of brown mortar and seasoned lath. All -doors are panelled, and all architraves in the main house are double -moulded; in the wing single moulded. All sashes are 1½ inch thick, and -glazed with second quality French glass. The parlor and living-room -have marble mantles; the chambers have marble shelves resting on stucco -trusses. The main stairs have an 8-inch octagon newel, a 2¼ × 4¼ moulded -hand-rail, and 2-inch fluted balusters, all of black walnut, as also -are the saddles to each room. All knobs, roses, and escutcheons are of -white porcelain. All wood usually painted has two coats of best paint, in -shades to suit the owner’s taste. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 137 yards excavation, complete, at 20c. per yard. $27.40 - 52 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 143.00 - 6,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 44 ft. blue-stone, at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 623 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 174.44 - 7,126 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 106.89 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 205 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 124 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 205 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 5 in. 332 ft. long. - 90 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 40 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 8 in. 370 ft. long. - 500 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 55.00 - 360 siding, at 28c. each. 100.80 - Materials in cornices, corner-boards, etc. 40.00 - 360 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 21.60 - 65 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 97.50 - 134 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 21.44 - 15 squares tin roofing, gutters, and leaders, at 7c. per ft. 105.00 - 360 flooring, at 28c. each, $100.80; stairs, complete, $90. 190.80 - Piazzas, except roofing, complete. 150.00 - 8 cellar windows, $48; 30 windows, $300. 348.00 - 28 doors, complete, at $10, $280; closet finish, $20. 300.00 - Mantles and shelves, $75; nails, $20. 95.00 - Painting, complete, $150; cartage, $35. 185.00 - Pump, sink, and range, $60; incidentals, $42.93. 102.93 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,600.00 - -The following detailed estimate of the cost of windows and doors, -“complete,” are given in explanation as to what is included in the -foregoing and other lists, viz.: - -_First-class Windows_, complete.—For a 2-7 × 6-2 window, with panelled -back, and full double trim, viz.: - - 22 ft. running lumber in frame, at 4c. $0.88 - 4 pulleys. .14 - 28 lbs. iron weights, at 2½c. .70 - Sash cord, 8c.; screws, 3c. .11 - 22 ft. of 8-inch trim, at 8c. 1.76 - Panelled back materials. .48 - Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung. 2.80 - Blinds, with fastenings. 1.80 - Materials in outside cap. .64 - Nails, 8c.; labor, $4. 4.08 - ------ - Total. $13.39 - -_Second-class Windows_, complete.—For a 2-7 × 5-2 window, with plain -single moulded trim, viz.: - - 20 running ft. of lumber in frame, at 4c. $0.80 - 4 pulleys, at 40c. per dozen. .14 - 26 lbs. sash-weights, at 2½c. .65 - Sash-cord. .08 - Screws. .03 - 16 ft. of 5-inch trim, at 5c. .80 - Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung. 2.16 - Blinds, with fastenings. 1.56 - Nosing, apron, and drip. .30 - Nails, 6c.; labor, $2.50. 2.56 - ----- - Total. $9.08 - -Where there are an equal number of each class, I should put their cost at -$11.23 each, and where the second class preponderates, as is usually the -case, the _average_ price is reduced accordingly: - -_First-class Doors_, complete.—Double-faced, 2-8 × 7 ft., full trimmed: - - Door, 4-panelled, at factory. $2.50 - 20 ft. running trim, 8 in., at 21c. 4.20 - Saddle. .15 - Buts and screws. .16 - Locks and knobs. .50 - 22 running ft. base, at 9c. 1.98 - Nails, 6c.; labor, $3. 3.06 - ------ - Total. $12.55 - -_Second-class Doors_, complete.—Single-faced, 2-6 × 6-8, single trim: - - Door, 4-panelled, at factory. $1.90 - 18 ft. running trim, at 15c. 2.70 - Saddle. .15 - Buts and screws. .15 - Locks and knobs. .35 - 22 running ft. base, at 7c. 1.54 - Nails, 5c.; labor, $2. 2.05 - ----- - Total. $8.84 - -It will be noticed that the item for Base is included in above estimate -for doors. The figures (22 feet) are an average per door, deduced from -careful calculations, and are introduced here for the purpose of aiding -any one in readily making up an estimate for a whole building. - -[Illustration: Fig. 81.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 82.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 83.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 84.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXI. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,600. - - -These plans were designed for a convenient and comfortable Farm-house -in the American style, comprehending the most economical and practical -methods of construction. The size and shape of such houses should be made -to conform to the requirements of those who are to occupy them. Unlike -the villager, the farmer has ample road front, and his house should be so -arranged as to secure the most pleasant outlook from the living rooms. -For many important reasons a farmer’s house should be set back from the -highway at least 75 feet, 200 feet is much better. Everyone appreciates a -nice lawn in front of a country home, through which inviting approaches -lead from the road entrances bordered with flowers, and where space is -allowed for shade trees and shrubbery. The width of country roads when -first projected is usually limited to 50 feet. There is no certainty, -however, that an increased width or the straightening of a roadway will -not be demanded at any time and such contingencies should be provided -for. Other considerations require but a moment’s thought to convince -anyone of the desirableness of an ample front lawn.... EXTERIOR, (fig. -85.)—Farm houses usually stand disconnected and apart from other -buildings, and should have outlines that will best adapt them to the -conditions that are otherwise manifest in the location. This plan is -intended for an eastern frontage, where it would face the morning sun, -when the principal and broader portions of the building, at the right, -would be doubly valuable as a shield to ward off the northern winds from -the parts of the house most used by the occupants. (By reversing the plan -it would be equally adapted to the opposite, or easterly side of a road.) -It is intended that the body of the house shall be set at least two feet -above the ground; this gives opportunity for good-sized cellar-windows, -that will admit light, and afford good openings for cellar ventilation, -and also secure the frame-work of the building against moisture from the -ground. Such moisture, if allowed, will cause decay of the sills and -other principal timbers, and is sure to percolate upward into the house, -filling it with unwholesome vapors. The variety of the general outlines -as shown in the elevation are calculated to impart a cheerful and lively -appearance always desirable in a country home, and very pleasant to -the passer-by. The ridged roofs, with their spreading gables and ample -projections, are features of frankness in which there is no attempt at -concealment or imitation. The bay-windows, wide entrance, and spacious -piazza, are each expressive of liberality and refinement. The extreme -simplicity of the details, and methods of construction, devoid of all -ostentatious display, clearly express the purpose of the building, and -commend it to the consideration of all who are interested in rural house -building.... FOUNDATION, (fig. 86.)—In most locations stone are abundant; -our estimate comprehends the building of the foundation-walls of rough, -broken stone, laid in coarse mortar, and neatly pointed where exposed to -sight. Any man who is at all familiar with the most ordinary stone-work, -such as building “wall” fences, could build these foundations acceptably; -they should be laid up 18 inches thick, and flush with the outside of the -frame-work of the building. Our plan shows a cellar under the central -part of the building only, which should be 7 feet deep; this cellar will -be found sufficiently spacious for the uses of most families, but may -be enlarged if desirable. One of the “wise sayings” we heard in youth -was, “always build your cellar under the whole house.” Unless there are -ample cellars under the barns, the house-cellar is never too large. In -this case, it will be but little extra cost and labor to take out the -earth, and carry the foundations down. The walls provided would do most -of this, and then we have ample cellars for all wants, and have room to -partition off fruit and vegetable rooms, the former of which need to be -much cooler than the latter, if one would keep fruit well. The side-walls -of the area are built of the same materials as the cellar-walls, with -the stone steps inserted while building. The foundations shown on the -plan where no cellar is required, are built of the same materials, laid -in trenches, which have been excavated 18 inches wide, and 2 feet deep. -The chimney foundations should be started and laid up with the other -walls. A very effectual ventilation may be provided from the cellar by -arranging an opening that shall lead to the left-hand flue of the kitchen -chimney; this flue will be warmed by contact with the range when in -use, and a strong draft will be made, which will exhaust the damp, foul -odors so common in deep cellars. It will be observed that the cellar is -protected from the extreme changes of outward temperature by the walls -and spaces at each side, and by the partial coverings in front and -rear.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 87.)—This story is divided into three large -and three small rooms, and hall. By this plan, the kitchen is intended -as the living-room of the family, and is so arranged as to be the most -_convenient and pleasant room in the house_; has large windows front -and rear, which will admit an abundance of light, and afford an outlook -each way. A large range is placed in the fire-place, with a water-back -connecting with the boiler in the laundry. The clock and lamp-shelf is -placed on the opposite side of the room from the fire-place: _should -never be over it_. Adjoining the kitchen, and connected with it, is a -pantry, containing shelving, drawers, and a wash-tray, with cold and hot -water. The Laundry, or _work-room_, is arranged to connect directly with -the kitchen and pantry, and leads to the rear outside door. This room -is fitted up so that the principal kitchen-work may be done in it, with -great facility, and with few steps, and contains a closet, sink, pump, -wash-tubs, tank, and boiler. The hight of the ceiling in this room is -10 feet in the clear. The Tank (not shown in the drawings), is situated -close up to the ceiling, above the pantry door, is 8 feet long, 3 feet -wide, and 2 feet deep. The boiler is of copper, 40-gallon capacity, -and is placed directly in the rear of the kitchen chimney. The sink and -wash-tubs are shown on the plan, and are to be provided with cold and -hot water. The force-pump is placed next to the sink, under the tank—by -this method but little plumbing is required, and a very perfect and -satisfactory arrangement is secured. The boiler keeps the temperature of -this room sufficiently warm to prevent damage to the pipes from frost. -The Bedroom also adjoins the kitchen, and has a closet for clothing, and -two windows. The principal Hall, included in the central building, is -entered through large double doors from the front piazza, and connects -through doors with the parlor, kitchen, and back passage, and contains -the principal stairs, which are of easy “platform” construction. The -Parlor has a large bay-window, marble mantle, and adjoins the library -through large sliding-doors. The Library has a marble mantle, and closet, -and connects with the back passage at the rear of the principal stairs. -The Front Piazza has its ends sheltered by the projections at each -side, and is arranged to require but two columns. If desirable at any -time, a part of this piazza can be enclosed with sash at very little -expense, which would provide a very convenient conservatory for plants -and flowers. The rear “shed” is provided with a roof and columns, but has -no wooden floor. It is intended that the grounds around the rear of the -central building shall be graded well up, say within a foot of the rear -door-sills, so as to require but a single step, or large flat stone, to -each door. The outside cellar doors would be made to lay even with the -final grade, and hung to the coping-stones of the area-walls, and the -remaining space paved or flagged with stone. When once properly done, -the finish of this character will last a lifetime without trouble, while -wood-work could never be satisfactory, and would often require renewal. -Whenever the cellar doors are opened, they are hooked up against the -columns, where they form a railing, or guard, to prevent the usual -danger of an open hatchway.... The SECOND STORY (fig. 88), has a hall, -four large and three small chambers, with four closets, and stairway -leading to the attic. Each of the large Chambers has two windows, and -a ventilating register in the flue of the chimney adjoining. All these -rooms have full hight ceilings, and are not so close to the roof as to -be affected by their absorbed heat of summer, but have complete square -ceilings, with large air-spaces between them and the roofs. The Attic of -the principal building is completely floored, and has windows in each -gable or pediment, and may be used for storage, drying clothes in stormy -weather, and for many other purposes.... CONSTRUCTION.—The estimate -appended indicates the kind and quantity of materials used, which will -be found to be such as are now most generally adopted for buildings of -this character. The work is very simple, and may be executed by the -simplest methods. Information concerning the application and uses of the -“felting” may be found in Design XI. We have before suggested that “there -are circumstances that would justify the building of one part of a house -first.” Should it be desirable, the central portion of this house could -be built first, and would be found quite sufficient as the dwelling house -of a small family, and the remainder added afterwards as required.... -ESTIMATE.—The following estimate has been carefully compiled, and may be -relied on for quantities, etc. Prices vary in different localities, but -the figures here given form a good basis of calculation: - - 65 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $13.00 - 882 ft. foundation, at 15c. per ft. 132.30 - 725 ft. foundation, at 10c. per ft. 72.50 - 6,000 bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M. 72.00 - 40 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 12.00 - 900 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 252.00 - 4,799 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 72.00 - Sills, 4 × 8 in. 218 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 45 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 22 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 7 in. 9 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - Ties and plates, 4 × 6 in. 384 ft. long. - 500 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 55.00 - 340 novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 95.20 - 150 lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb. 7.50 - 300 matched flooring boards, 9½ in. wide, at 28c. each. 84.00 - 20 rough spruce plank, at 25c. each. 5.00 - 270 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 16.20 - 48 bunches shingles, at $1.50 each. 72.00 - 75 hemlock boards, 10-inch, at 18c. each. 13.50 - 7 squares of tin roofing, at $9 per square. 63.00 - Materials in cornices and outside casings. 60.00 - 33 narrow pine flooring for front piazza, at 25c. each. 8.25 - 67 narrow pine ceiling, at 25c. each. 16.75 - 1 bay-window, complete. 75.00 - 26 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 312.00 - 4 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 24.00 - 30 doors, complete, at $10 each. 300.00 - Stairs, complete, $70; 8 closets, fitted complete, $40. 111.00 - 2 marble and 2 pine mantles. 50.00 - Nails, $20; range, with elevated oven, $80. 100.00 - Plumbing, $84; cartage, average 1 mile, $27.08. 111.08 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Painting. 120.00 - Incidentals. 25.72 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,600.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 85.—FRONT ELEVATION OF FARM HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 86.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 87.—PLAN OF FIRST STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 88.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - - - - -DESIGN XXII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $2,800. - - -This plan of a suburban, or a country house, has all the advantages of -the square form—providing convenient, commodious interior apartments, -and has a simple, expressive outside dress, that compares favorably -with more pretentious, expensive dwellings.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 89.)—The -outlines of the main building are rounded and compact, indicating -completeness and solidity. The front tower-like projection is a central -and distinctive feature, around which the other parts are symmetrically -balanced. The Porch and roofed balconies are simple and neat. The main -roof, a new modification of the “Mansard roof,” is a conspicuous part, -giving an expression of strength and unity to the design. The main -cornice has full projections, with neat solid trusses, and is separated -into sections by the chamber windows, giving relief from the monotony -and depressing effects usual in all continuous horizontal lines. All -the second story windows of the main building have projecting hoods -appropriately interlaced with the principal roof work, securing pleasant -shadows to those parts, and imparting a marked finish and variety. The -dormer windows are triangular, and are placed immediately above those -of the lower stories, prolonging the vertical lines of openings, to -which they form a fitting termination.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 90.)—Hight -of ceiling, 10 feet. The usual front hall is dispensed with, and the -stairway is placed where it is more convenient and accessible, and is not -a conductor of cold drafts through the house. Many think it necessary to -have stairways share with the parlors the most valuable and conspicuous -position; they should more frequently be placed in some subordinate -relation, without seeming to control the general arrangement. The -entrance from the front porch is through double doors to the vestibule, -and thence to either the parlor or family-room. Side doors lead to the -pleasant and shady front balconies. The Parlor and Family-room are of -equal size, and may be used as one spacious apartment by opening the -sliding doors. The Dining-room is pleasantly situated, and opens into the -family-room, rear entrance, and hallway. It has one large bay-window, -and two plain ones, an open fire-place, and a dish or china closet, _c_. -The Kitchen is isolated, relieving other rooms of its noise and odors, -is convenient to the dining-room, cellar-stairway, and rear entrance, -through the rear lobby, and has an open fire-place, closet, and large -pantry, range, boiler, sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for -water. The hall is central, accessible from the parlor, dining-room, and -rear entrance, and is thoroughly lighted and ventilated by the window at -the head of the stairs.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 91.)—Hight of ceiling, -8 feet. This story contains a hall, four good-sized chambers, with -closets, and two windows to each. The Bath-room has bath-tub and seat. A -Conservatory connects through sash doors with the two front chambers.... -ATTIC, (fig. 92.)—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. The stairs to this are placed -immediately above those to the second story, are ceiled in, with a door -at the bottom. The rear portion is finished on a line with the two -chimneys, into two bedrooms and a hall. The front portion is floored, -but otherwise left unfinished as an open garret, valuable as a play-room -for the children, a clothes drying-room, and many other purposes.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The Foundation, of hard brick and good mortar, is shown -by the _Cellar plan_, (fig. 93.)—It shows four feet above the grade -in front, and, if desirable, may show one-half that hight in the rear. -There is usually sufficient earth taken from the cellar excavations to -give such desirable grade as shall turn off all water from the immediate -grounds and walks. The chimneys are also of hard brick, are independent -of the foundations, and are carried up perfectly plumb to the roof, -where they are finished with neat bases and caps. The central position -of these chimneys is proof against cold-air openings at their sides, and -insures saving the heat radiated from them. It is impossible to prevent -cracks from appearing along the sides of chimneys in frame buildings, -and when these cracks communicate directly with the outside covering, -they often admit much cold air.—The principal frame is 20 ft. high, -substantially constructed, as indicated by the upright section (fig. -94). The main plates are in line with the beams of the attic story, and -the roof-purlins are 8 feet above them. The side-rafters are 12 feet -long, fitted and spiked to the purlins and plates, with their lower -ends extending 2½ feet down from the latter in a continuous line. Rough -brackets connecting the rafters with the upright frame-work, forming -the foundations or frame of the principal cornice. By this method of -extending the rafters downward instead of upward, the desirable hight and -proportion of roof are obtained. The exposed surfaces that require siding -are reduced from the usual hight of 22½ feet to 16 feet, and the cornices -are more substantial and less complex. The siding, roof-boarding, -slating, and trimming are done in the usual manner. The gutters are laid -in with the slate, as described in Design V. The hoods and dormer windows -have slate coverings, interlaced with the principal roof, with joinings -and flashings of sheet-lead. The following estimate provides for the -thorough completion of the building in an appropriate and substantial -manner.—ESTIMATE: - - 82 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $16.40 - 16,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 192.00 - 44 ft. stone steps, coping, etc., at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 750 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 210.00 - 3,497 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 52.45 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 116 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 11 posts, 4 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 146 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 138 ft. long. - 1 perline, 3 × 7 in. 96 ft. long. - 48 beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 24 beams, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 27 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 stoop, 3 × 7 in. 70 ft. long. - 30 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 16c. each. 4.80 - 380 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 41.80 - 200 siding, 10-inch, at 26c. each. 52.00 - Materials in cornices and corner-boards. 50.00 - 261 hemlock roof-boards, at 16c. each. 41.76 - 19 squares of slating, at $9 per square. 171.00 - 8 squares of tinning (IC. charcoal) at $7 per square. 56.00 - 250 ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 20.00 - 300 flooring, 9 × 1¼ in., at 26c. each. 78.00 - 200 lbs. felting, at 3c. per lb. 6.00 - 3 stairs, complete. 75.00 - Porch, balconies, and stoops, complete. 160.00 - 6 cellar windows, $36; 1 bay window, complete, $60. 96.00 - 12 plain windows, $144; 9 hooded windows, complete, $135. 279.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - 32 doors, at $9.50 each, $304; 7 closets, complete, $14. 318.00 - 3 marble mantles, $60; 3 marble shelves, complete, $18. 78.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 188.09 - Well, from bath-room to roof, complete. 15.00 - Gas-pipes for 18 lights, complete. 40.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes, complete. 20.00 - Finish of part of attic, complete. 60.00 - Nails, $24; cartage, average 1 mile, $25. 49.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - Painting, 2 coats, complete. 150.00 - Incidentals. 52.50 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 89.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 90.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 91.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 92.—ATTIC.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 93.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 94.—SECTION.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIII. - -A COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.—FOR PHYSICIANS, LAWYERS, -CLERGYMEN, JUSTICES, NOTARIES, EDITORS, ETC. - - -This plan is designed to meet the wants of a large class residing in the -country, or smaller villages, who are not only directly interested in -agricultural pursuits, but who have also some professional or official -vocation, such as: Physicians, Lawyers, Justices, Notaries, Clergymen, -etc. They require in connection with their residences an apartment -adapted to their special callings, that shall in no way interfere with -their domestic arrangements, where all persons making business calls -may enter without feeling that they are intruding on the privacy of the -household.... ELEVATION, (fig. 95.)—The exterior outlines and dress of -this plan are a fair representation of the prevailing styles of American -rural house architecture, in its most genteel and practical forms. -There is a manifest propriety in the strong and decided features of the -exterior finish of this example, wherein each part has its distinctive -characteristics of utility, harmony, and truthfulness—a combination -that never fails to please even the most tasteful, and it may therefore -be regarded as the real basis of beauty. We frequently meet with -oddly-proportioned country houses, evidently constructed with a sole -regard to utility, that present a stunted and cadaverous appearance, -having been shorn of their beauty through a mistaken idea that _economy_ -precludes the least indulgence in taste. Good taste only demands that -every separate part of any building shall be in harmony with the whole, -and this feature of harmony is not so much a subject of expense as -of expression, being a result of _mode_ rather than the _matter_ of -construction. The materials necessarily required for any building assume -shape and expression according to the methods of their application, and -they may be applied in disproportion, so as to be of permanent disgrace; -whereas the same materials properly and intelligently used, with a like -expense of handling, develop into proportionate and expressive forms of -elegance and grace. A building constructed as indicated by these plans -presents a pleasing appearance from any direction, each face being broken -by wings or other projections, which give relief from the formalities -of a large, flat surface. From the front there is an expression of -completeness indicating full provision for comfort, and an air of -contentment. From the sides are presented to the best advantage the more -extended surfaces, including the large corniced gables of the principal -building, the rear wing, and other projections. The rear has an equally -finished and satisfactory appearance.... THE CELLAR (fig. 96), is the -full size of the ground-plans, with a clear hight of 7 feet. The five -cellar windows are placed where they will admit light to every part. An -outside entrance is under the rear lobby, and a stairway leads directly -to the kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 97.)—The arrangement is very simple -and convenient, comprising good-sized hall, parlor, living-room, kitchen, -office, study, five closets, and two stairways, with ceilings 10 feet -high. The Parlor is pleasantly situated, has two front windows opening -directly to the piazza, from which they derive shade and protection. -The Dining or living-room opens into the hall, parlor, and kitchen, -and has two closets. One end of this room is octagonal, and extends 6 -feet beyond the face of the principal, with three windows, affording a -pleasant outlook. The Kitchen adjoins the dining-room, has two closets, -is fitted up with a range, sink, and wash-tubs, and is conveniently -connected with the cellar and with second story by private stairways. The -Office is entered from the front porch, and is in direct communication -with the principal hall, has a good-sized closet from the space under the -principal stairs, and has a private room or Study.... SECOND STORY, (fig. -98.)—This is divided into four commodious apartments, beside a hall, -bath-room, and the necessary closets, and has ceilings 8 feet high in the -main building, and 7 feet in the rear wing. The Bath-room is provided -with a seat-closet and bath-tub. An inclosed stairway leads to the Attic, -where two or more bedrooms may be finished, besides leaving space for -garret purposes. The tank placed over the ceiling of the bath-room is -arranged to receive water from the principal roof, and is provided with -an overflow pipe leading to the cistern.... GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.—Full -brick foundations are estimated for. Where coarse stone can be had, they -answer as well, and at less cost, for the portions below ground; they -should be laid even with the brick-work on the inside when finished. -The wood-work is to be substantially constructed of good and sufficient -materials throughout. The roofs of the piazza, stoop, bay, lobby, and -window caps, are covered with charcoal tin, and in each case an allowance -is made for a “flashing” of 6 inches in width to turn up behind the -siding, to prevent leakage. The principal and the two wing roofs are each -covered with dark slate with ridge plates of zinc. The gutters are to -be those described for Design V. The joinings of the wing-roofs against -the main building are made perfectly tight by laying in, against the -building, right angle strips of zinc or tin “flashing,” with each course -of slate before the siding is put on. Slate is unquestionably the best -material for such roofing when the form of roof will admit of its use; -its cost is the same as for good tinning, and about 2 cents per square -foot in excess of pine shingles; when once properly done, will last for -centuries; it is fire-proof, and the water from it is much purer, an -important consideration when rain and cistern water is used for cooking -or drinking. Its color and appearance are agreeable—in fact roofs of -other materials are often painted in imitation of slate from choice.... -The most expressive portions of any buildings are their projecting -cornices. As a rule, for houses of this style, such projections should -be _one inch for every foot of their hight from the foundation_. And the -same rule will apply to every detail of the exterior finish; for example, -as in this case, the principal building being 22 feet high at the plate, -the principal cornices should project 22 inches; the piazza being 11 feet -high, its cornice projects 11 inches; the windows, 6 feet high, have caps -projecting 6 inches, etc. By this simple rule, all such projections may -be readily determined, and thus secure perfect proportion and harmony -of parts.... The inside plastering is “three-coat work.” All side-walls -should be continued down _close_ to the floor, to prevent the passage of -air or sound. Care should be taken to make the walls straight and true, -with the second coat of “browning,” for the last or white coat, though -applied in the best manner, can never overcome malformations in the body -of the plastering; on the contrary, the finer the finish of last coat, -the more visibly will such defects appear. In the concluding estimate, 28 -cents per yard is allowed for the cost of plastering, which is ample, as -shown by these calculations _for 100 yards_, viz.: - - 2,000 lath, at $2 per M. $4.00 - 10 lbs. lath-nails, at 6c. per lb. 60 - 4 barrels lime, at $1 per barrel. 4.00 - 5 loads sand, at 30c. per load. 1.50 - 1 barrel finishing lime, at $1.40 per barrel. 1.40 - 1½ bushel plaster, 37c.; 1 bushel hair, 50c. 87 - Cartage. 3.00 - Labor putting on lath, at 10c. per bunch. 2.00 - ½ day laborer (mixing mortar), at $1.50 per day. 75 - 1½ days mason (work), at $2.50 per day. 3.75 - 1½ days laborer (“tending” mason), at $1.50 per day. 2.25 - Use of screen, water barrel, and scaffolding. 1.00 - ------ - Total cost for 100 square yards, complete. $25.12 - Incidentals. 2.88 - ------ - Estimated at 28c. per yard. $28.00 - -In some localities, a practice prevails among masons of including in -their measurements of plastering one-half of the openings of doors and -windows, which is obviously unjust, and a frequent cause of dispute. -Such openings will average at least 2 yards each—in this house would -aggregate 50 yards—and in every case should be deducted, unless otherwise -agreed previously.—ESTIMATE: - - 113 yards, excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.60 - 12,000 brick, laid complete, at $12 per M. 144.00 - 47 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 14.10 - 841 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 235.48 - 5,135 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 77.02 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 200 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 7 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 8 in. 82 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 40 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 100 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 330 ft. long. - 1 ridge, 3 × 7 in. 26 ft. long. - 20 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 35 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 21 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 4 locust posts in cellar, at 30c. each. 1.20 - 375 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. at 11c. each. 41.25 - 170 lbs. tarred paper or felting, at 3c. per lb. 5.10 - 330 siding, 10-inch, at 28c. each. 92.40 - Materials in cornices, water-table, etc. 50.00 - 213 hemlock boards (for roofing), at 20c. each. 42.60 - 18½ squares slate roofing, at $9 per square. 166.50 - 3 squares tin, at $8 per square. 24.00 - 300 flooring, 9 in., at 28c. each. 84.00 - Stairs, complete. 100.00 - 5 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 30.00 - 18 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 216.00 - 35 doors, complete, at $10 each. 350.00 - Piazza, porch, and lobby, complete. 150.00 - 4 mantles, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - Closet finish, complete. 25.00 - Range and elevated oven, etc., complete. 80.00 - Plumbing, complete. 175.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes, complete. 15.00 - Nails, $25; painting, $200; carting, $35. 260.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 223.83 - Incidentals. 94.92 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 95.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE, WITH OFFICE ATTACHED.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 96.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 97.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 98.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIV. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,800. - - -This plan will be recognized as comprehending the general characteristics -of those given in Designs XXI. and XXVI. It is designed to be constructed -of similar materials, with a like variety of pleasing and decided -outlines, and to give an equal amount of accommodation and convenience. -The division and arrangement of the several parts, however, are -entirely changed, being especially intended to meet the requirements -of a location having a _western_ frontage. Location is an important -consideration, involving many questions of adaptation, that should always -guide to the selection of such a plan as will express a natural fitness -for the situation, and truthfully indicate its purpose.... EXTERIOR, -(fig. 99.)—Only two feet of the foundation-walls are exposed to sight, -which brings the frame-work of the building quite near enough to the -ground. The surface of the earth surrounding such buildings should have -a grade of _at least_ one-half inch to the foot, for the distance of -50 feet in every direction, to insure the turning away of all surface -water from the walks and grounds. Another good result derived from such -grade is the additional altitude given to the building, imparting a -much better appearance. The general outlines of the elevation are very -simple, devoid of all pretentious ornamentation. The wide frontage, -the large and numerous openings, and ample roofs, are each expressive -of frankness and hospitality, eminently befitting the home of the -farmer. The front Porch is unusually wide, and arranged to have large -columns, and stationary seats at either side. The Bay-window has square -projections, instead of octagonal, which are equally appropriate in this -case, and less costly. The cornices of the principal building project -20 inches, and those of the wing 16 inches, and both are provided with -scroll-sawed trusses. The chimney-tops are large, and heavily capped. The -same general finish, as is shown on the front, is put on the sides and -rear, so that the building presents an equally complete and satisfactory -appearance from every direction. Buildings of this character should be -set back from the street line at least 50 feet—150 feet would be much -better—to give room for trees, shrubbery, and walks.... CELLAR, (fig. -100.)—The plans provide for a cellar under the principal building only, -which gives a clear space of 22 × 25 feet. If desired, the space beneath -the wing may be included at an additional cost of $65. The excavations -for the cellar in the earth is 3 feet 8 inches deep; this allows the -foundation-walls to be 7 feet high. The earth thrown out is to be graded -around the building to the hight of 1½ foot, thus leaving two feet of -the foundation exposed on the outside. Country houses are frequently -set so low down as to be a matter of regret ever afterwards. There are -constant accumulations of dust, and other matter, caught and held by the -shrubbery and grasses, so that there is soon discovered a seeming growth -of the earth upward around the house and immediate grounds, making it -impossible to adapt the grades that are desirable. It is far better that -foundations are a little too high than too low, for when too high, the -approaches can easily be raised at any time with a few loads of earth; -but when too low, there seems to be no cure, except to raise the entire -building. The foundation-walls are designed to be constructed of broken -stone, laid in coarse mortar, as more particularly described for Design -XXI.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 101.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 ft. Entire floor -measurement, 1,206 square feet, affording ample space for good-sized -apartments. The several divisions have especial regard to comfort and -convenience. The front hall, or reception room, is nearly square, of -good dimensions, is entered from the front porch through double or -folding doors, and adjoins the parlor and living-room, and contains the -principal stairs. The Parlor is unusually large, is provided with windows -in its sides, and has stucco cornices and centers in its ceilings, with -an arched finish in the bay-window. The Living, or Dining-room, is -commodious, pleasantly situated, with outlooks front and rear, and is -easily accessible all around. The Family-room is large, connects with -the dining-room and parlor, and is intended as a sitting or sewing-room. -If occasion require, this room might be used as the bed-room of an -invalid. The Work-room, or Kitchen, is conveniently arranged to have a -range, boiler, pump, sink, wash-tubs, and pipes for cold and hot water, -and adjoins the dining-room, a large pantry, and a rear entrance door, -and has a private stairway leading to the second story, with a closet -underneath. The Pantry is of ample dimensions, is conveniently arranged -with shelving, and has a zinc wash-tray, with cold and hot water-pipes, -and adjoins the kitchen, dining-room, and a china closet. The latter is -useful for storing wares not required daily. The rear shed is paved, and -the cellar doors are constructed as described for Design XXI.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 102.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet in main building, and 8 -feet in wing. Floor measurement, 1,276 feet, divided into 8 good-sized -rooms, besides halls, closets, and stairways. The principal hall connects -with each chamber in main building, and one room and passage in wing. -The door between the principal hall and wing-passage may be closed at -any time, cutting off communication at pleasure. The side, or “breast” -walls, in the wing, are vertical 3 feet, and are continued upward at an -angle of 45° to the ceiling, thus securing sufficient head-room. The -bath-room is exactly above the kitchen, and contains a tank, bath-tub, -and seat-closet, with pipes for cold and hot water.... ATTIC.—The stairs -to this are over the first flight, and are designed to be neatly ceiled -in with 4½-inch beaded ceiling-boards, with a door at the foot. Double -windows in each gable admit sufficient light, and afford ventilation.... -REMARKS ON CONSTRUCTION.—An insight into the character of this plan, is -best had by carefully considering the materials and cost in the estimate -added. We would urge the importance of good methods and workmanship in -construction, without which all materials, however good or sufficient, -can never produce good results. The old maxim, “whatever is worth doing -at all, is worth doing well,” especially applies to building a home in -which one is to spend a lifetime. This does not imply extravagance in -any sense, only demanding such _careful and intelligent application of -the ordinary rules of construction_, as shall insure substantial work, -that will not be a continuous source of anxiety and expense. Any one -of ordinary intelligence should be able to generally superintend the -operations of the mechanics employed in constructing a farm-house. The -following _points_ are of the greatest importance. Carefully watch that -the foundation-walls are substantially laid, and accurately leveled -on their upper surfaces, so that the doors shall not strike the floor -or carpets in opening, nor the tables, chairs, or other furniture be -obliged to stand on three legs. The frame-work, when raised, should -be plumb, so that all work on or in the building can be cut square, -and applied without tedious fitting. The siding should be thoroughly -“seasoned” in the open air before using, and carefully applied with close -joints, and well nailed. The edges of all water-tables, corner-boards, -and window-frames should be painted _before_ setting. The shingles -should be carefully laid, breaking their joints at one-third of their -width, and double nailed. The flooring should be dry, close laid, and -nailed with two nails to each beam. The partitions should be set with -studding of selected widths; and their angles or corners should be -anchored firmly together, to prevent the walls from cracking in those -parts when finished. The chimneys should be carefully constructed; all -joints between the brick-work should be surely filled with mortar, to -prevent sparks from passing through to the frame-work. All mortar for -plastering should be properly mixed, and allowed sufficient time (at -least one week), for the thorough slaking of the lime, and a complete -permeation of its caustic properties. Thin coats of plastering are better -than heavy ones. A mortar that does not crack in setting or drying is -sure to be good. The interior wood finish should not be commenced until -the plastering is completely dried out, and all loose mortar is removed -from the building. All wood-work usually painted should be primed as -soon as in position. For more explicit remarks and sundry suggestions on -painting, see Design XIII. - -ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS AND COST: - - 110 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.00 - 1,371 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 205.65 - 3,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 36.00 - 46 ft. stone steps, sills, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 13.80 - 1,030 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 288.40 - 5,713 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 85.69 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 186 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long. - 3 posts, 4 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 256 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 186 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 57 beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 36 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 24 beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 3 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 24 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 16 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 300 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each. 33.00 - Materials in water-table and cornices. 50.00 - 300 novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 84.00 - 400 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 24.00 - 69 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 103.50 - 84 ft. gutters, 132 ft. leaders, and 134 ft. porch roofs, - 10c. per ft. 35.00 - 355 flooring, 9½ × 13, at 28c. each. 99.40 - Porch and hood, complete. 75.00 - Stairs, complete. 90.00 - Bay-window, complete. 60.00 - 20 windows, complete, at $10 each. 200.00 - 6 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 36.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 32 doors, complete, at $10 each. 320.00 - 1 cellar door and hatchway doors. 20.00 - Shelving and hooks in closets. 20.00 - 2 marble mantles and 4 shelves with trusses. 75.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 215.00 - Nails. 25.00 - Bells and speaking-tubes. 20.00 - Painting. 150.00 - Cartage, 1 mile. 35.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Incidentals. 32.56 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 99.—ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 100.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 101.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 102.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXV. - -A “HALF STONE” HOUSE FOR $2,800. - - -This plan is designed for a substantial, convenient, and inexpensive -country house. It has two full finished stories, with well-lighted -apartments of good size, and a large cellar and attic. It has also the -merit of architectural beauty, well adapted to a commanding location.... -EXTERIOR, (fig. 103.)—The “half-stone” composition of the side walls, and -the strong outlines and slating of the main roof, give to this structure -a rustic, yet substantial appearance, affording both diversity and -picturesqueness, as shown in the variety of the openings and irregularity -of the several parts. The front and rear elevations are similar; by -changing the entrance doors and stairs, either side may front the road. -The details of exterior finish are so simple, and easy of execution, -that any “modification for the rear” is undesirable. Inharmonious and -unsightly curtailments in the rear finish have a depressing influence -on those obliged to face them daily, which can never be overcome by -knowing there is a good front.... CELLAR, (fig. 104.)—Hight, 6½ feet, -of which 4½ feet is below the ground surface, and therefore (with -its thick walls), frost proof. It is always important to provide for -carrying off the poisonous vapors apt to be generated in cellars. For -this purpose side openings are made near the ceiling into one of the -flues of each chimney. These flues, extending to the top, and warmed by -contact with the fires of the upper stories, have sufficient draft to -constantly change the cellar air, and prevent its ascent through the -living-rooms.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 105.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 feet. -Here are conveniently placed three large rooms, a hall, china closet, -and large pantry. Each large room has commodious windows with views in -two directions. The pleasant piazzas at both the front and rear of the -parlor, extend over and protect the entrance doors.... SECOND STORY, -(fig. 106.)—Hight of ceilings, 8 feet. The divisions are very simple, -a hall, four chambers, four closets, and a bath-room. Light railings -may be put on the roofs of the wings and piazzas to form pleasant -balconies to the windows of this story. One such balcony is shown over -the wing-roof (fig. 103); the others may be similar. The small cost of -these devices is fully repaid in their usefulness for airing purposes, -besides imparting a cheerful appearance.... GARRET OR ATTIC.—This story -is thoroughly floored, but otherwise unfinished. Should additional -chambers be required, partitions may be set over those or the second -story, duplicating that plan, with rooms having the same hight of -ceilings. The stairs are placed immediately above those of the lower -stories, are ceiled in, and have a door at the foot.... CONSTRUCTION.—The -durability, general abundance, and substantial appearance of stone, make -it the most desirable and appropriate material known for the exterior -walls of any building. The cost of cutting and dressing such material -ready for use is the principle barrier to its general adoption. By using -bricks for corners and for the finish around the openings, the most -expensive item of stone-work is saved. They need only to be “random -dressed,” and laid nearly in the shape in which they are quarried, as -more particularly described for Design XXVII. When such walls are carried -beyond the hight that is convenient for the handling of the materials, -the expense of their construction is largely increased. It is for this -reason that the “half-stone” method is particularly valuable. In this -plan, the stone-work extends only to the hight of the ceiling of the -first story; to this hight the materials may be readily wheeled on -trestled scaffolding, while to double this hight would require the use of -the tedious derrick, and additional help. The upper stories are framed of -the usual sized timber, and raised on the stone walls, which in this case -become their foundation. The main roof is constructed as shown in Design -XXII. The hight requiring siding is 4½ feet, or including water-table and -cornice, 6½ feet from the stone-work of the first story to the slating of -the roof. The main roof covering is of dark slate laid on tarred felt. -At or near the floor-line dividing the upper stories, it is appropriate -to indicate the division by the use of tinted slate, which may be laid -in close courses or in simple figures, as shown on the elevation. The -roofs of the hooded and dormer windows are also slated. The deck of the -main roof, and the roofs of the piazza, are covered with IC. charcoal -tin. The wood-finish is made of simple design, devoid of all efforts at -pretentious display, each part being chosen with especial regard for its -utility and appropriateness. The trusses, piazza-columns, and soffits are -worked of timber neatly stop-chamfered, imparting a rustic appearance to -them, in keeping with the stone-work. The water-tank is placed in the -attic, directly above and in line with the bath-tub and kitchen-range, -favoring the most practical plumbing. The soil-pipe leading from the -bath-room floor passes down through the closet adjoining the kitchen -chimney to the sewer-pipe, which is laid below the cellar bottom. The bad -smells and gases arising from confined sewage may be easily disposed of -by the insertion of a 2-inch pipe into the closet-trap (at its highest -point), and connecting it with a flue of the adjoining chimney. All -inside plastering is of three-coat work. The casing of the bath-room -and around all plumbing is in hard-wood; all other trimming of clear -pine. The Newel rail and baluster on the first-story flight of stairs -are of black-walnut. All work usually painted has two coats of best -lead and linseed-oil, with stainers to give the body (outside), a light -gray, and trimmings in imitation of “Nova Scotia stone.” Inside, parlor -and hall, in grays, dining-room in grays and drabs, kitchen in drabs, -chambers white.... COST.—Prices of building materials are quite as low -as they were before the war; many kinds are really selling for the cost -of their production or manufacture. Labor is also very cheap, nearly at -old figures. Those contemplating building, and having the means at hand -to do so, need not wait for a more favorable time. As soon as general -business improves, there must be a “rise” in materials, especially such -as require to be manufactured. The estimate appended includes the cost of -all materials and labor for good work at the prices now ruling near New -York city.—ESTIMATE OF THE COST: - - 126 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $25.20 - 158 perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch. 434.50 - 91 ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft. 27.90 - 7,000 bricks in angles and chimneys, at $12 per M, laid. 84.00 - 750 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 210.00 - 4,262 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 63.93 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 3 girders, 4 × 8 in. 10 ft. long. - 16 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 32 beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 12 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 sill, 3 × 8 in. 175 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 175 ft. long. - 1 deck, 3 × 7 in. 150 ft. long. - 5 beams, 3 × 8 in. 9 ft. long. - 4 beams, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long. - 16 beams, 3 × 8 in. 24 ft. long. - 340 wall strips, at 11c. each. 37.40 - 100 furring strips, at 6c. each. 6.00 - Cornice materials. 40.00 - 75 siding-boards, at 26c. each. 19.50 - 357 hemlock boards, at 16c. each. 57.12 - 18 squares of slate, complete, at $9 per square. 162.00 - 14½ squares of tin, complete, at $7 per square. 101.50 - 350 flooring plank, 8 inch, at 25c. each. 87.50 - 2 piazzas, complete, at $70 each. 140.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 35.00 - 14 plain windows, complete, at $8 each. 112.00 - 11 hooded windows, complete, at $15 each. 165.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - Stairs, complete. 80.00 - 23 doors, complete, at $9 each. 207.00 - 3 mantles, complete, at $25 each. 75.00 - Closet finish, complete. 20.00 - Range and plumbing. 175.00 - Nails, $25; painting, $70; cartage, $20. 115.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - Incidentals, attic and elsewhere. 106.05 - -------- - Total cost, complete. $2,800.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 103.—FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 104.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 105.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 106.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVI. - -A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,900. - - -This plan of a farm-house embraces a commodious and convenient interior, -with such external features as to clearly express its purpose. It will -be recognized as at once adapted to rural situations and domestic life, -providing much valuable space, and affording a variety of pleasing and -symmetrical outlines, with due economy in expense of construction. -Perhaps the most striking feature is the _breadth_ of the front, which is -51 feet. (The average depth is 22 feet 7 inches.) As far as practicable, -all prolonged vertical lines are avoided, leaving horizontal ones to -prevail, as of more practical utility and value. Where opportunities -abound for “spreading out,” as in the country, it would be obviously -incompatible to build tall, or stilted houses, that would not comport -with their surroundings, nor provide the conveniences desirable in all -rural habitations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 107.)—The general details of the -elevation are made up of simple parts so appropriated and balanced, -that they harmonize with each other, and secure a graceful outline. -The principal, or main portions of this building will be observed to -be the central one, while the wings at either side are collaterals, -that give equipoise and rest to the whole structure. The steep roofs, -with their subdued pediments, and spreading cornices and dormers, the -bay and other windows, the wide entrance, and open piazza, are all -arranged so as to correspond with each other, producing an effective and -picturesque appearance. There are no efforts at scientific or elaborate -display of outside ornamentation, but has sufficient architectural -completeness to denote social cultivation and refinement. The farm-house -in XXI. was designed more especially for an _eastern_ frontage. These -plans are particularly adapted for a _southern_ frontage.... The -CELLAR, (fig. 108), extends under the whole house, and is 6½ feet deep. -An outside entrance and area are to be built and inclosed under the -stoop at the rear. Eleven small windows are provided for both light -and ventilation.... The FIRST STORY, (fig. 109), has ample apartments -adapted to the uses of a large family, embracing a good-sized hall, -parlor, living-room, kitchen, pantries, closets, and corridor. The -principal entrance is from the piazza, through large double doors to -the hall. Similar double doors on each side of the hall lead to the -parlor and dining-room. These inside double doors enable one to throw -the whole together for large family and other gatherings, and are -manifestly appropriate in dwellings of this character. The principal -stairs are semi-circular, so arranged as to occupy but little room in -the principal hall. The Parlor is situated by itself, remote from the -machinery of daily housework. The Living-room is the most central, and -most convenient and comfortable room in the house. It is so surrounded -by other apartments that summer’s heat, nor winter’s cold, can have -direct access to its sides. The large Bay-window affords an ample supply -of light, and adds to the area of the room. It adjoins and opens into -the principal hall, corridor, kitchen, and large pantry. The Kitchen -is conveniently situated, and adjoins the dining-room, corridor, -pantry, store-room, cellar, and private stairway. It is provided with -a range, sink, wash-tubs, and pipes for cold and hot water. By this -arrangement, the principal work of the family can be done with such -thoroughness and facility as to make such employment interesting and -pleasant, devoid of any sense of drudgery. The corridor is adapted to -all the uses of a rear hall, and communicates with each of the other -principal rooms of the first story. It is also an auxiliary apartment, -and may be used in connection with either of the other apartments, -and affords valuable room for many in-door occupations for both old -and young.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 110.)—The engraving is sufficiently -plain to require but little explanation. It will be seen that there are -seven rooms, besides halls and closets. The Bath-room is situated in -this story over the kitchen, and contains the bath-tub, seat-closet, -and water-tank, and is accessible from the principal building through -the passage leading from the principal hall. An opening through the -ceiling of the kitchen, with a register, would probably let warm air -enough up into the bath-room to keep frost out in winter, especially -if some fire remained in the range or stove most of the night. In all -arrangements of water-tanks and pipes, care must be taken to keep them -from being frozen in the coldest nights.... The ATTIC is completely -floored over, but is otherwise unfinished. Several bed-rooms might be -finished in this story if desirable. An open attic is always valuable for -storage, drying clothes in stormy weather, etc., and as a play-room for -children in rainy weather.... CONSTRUCTION.—Any one at all familiar with -building would see at a glance that the form and arrangements of this -plan admit of its execution in section. There are conditions that would -justify the building of the central part of this house, to be used as -the residence of a small family, and add the wings at any future time, -as circumstances might indicate.... The excavations for the cellar are -made 3½ feet deep. The foundations are 18 inches thick, and 6½ feet high, -of broken stone, laid in mortar, with the joints neatly pointed on all -surfaces exposed to sight. The earth thrown out of the cellar should -be left on the ground, and graded around the foundation, leaving but -two feet to show above the final grade. The chimneys should be started -with the principal foundation, and the materials interlaced to insure -solidity. Three fire-places are constructed in the first story; those in -the kitchen and dining-room are in one stack built “square up” to the -ceiling of the first story. Two separate flues are then continued through -the second story, on either side of the passage-way, and are afterwards -joined over an arch, and pass through the roof in one solid shaft. The -estimate indicates the general character of the work. In these rural -dwellings, the siding may be worked without the central groove shown in -Design XI. This, though less pleasing to many, would give an expression -of less artifice, and more strength.... ESTIMATE.—The following estimate -will be found correct as to quantity, and ample as to cost. Most farmers -have materials and facilities that would enable them to greatly reduce -the cost of building by this plan. The items of excavation, foundation, -carting, and painting, amount to nearly $500. Some, or each of these -parts, might be satisfactorily done by those engaged on the place: - - 210 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $42.00 - 1,750 ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft. 262.50 - 4,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 48.00 - 50 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft. 15.00 - 850 yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard. 238.00 - 4,722 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 70.83 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 sills, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 5 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 5 ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 2 ties, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 10 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 14 ft. long. - 42 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 36 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 22.00 - 320 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 35.20 - 150 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 7.50 - 325 novelty siding-boards, at 28c. each. 91.00 - Materials in cornices and outside casings. 50.00 - 375 spruce shingling lath, at 6c. each. 22.50 - 65 bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch. 97.50 - 200 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 20.00 - Piazza and stoops, complete. 120.00 - 324 mill-worked flooring boards, at 35c. each. 113.40 - 4 flights of stairs, complete. 90.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 50.00 - 22 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 264.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 80.00 - 11 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 66.00 - 35 doors, complete, at $10 each. 350.00 - 2 mantles, complete, at $20 each. 40.00 - Closets, shelving, etc., complete. 20.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 248.50 - Painting, $150; nails, $20; cartage, $30. 200.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 218.00 - Incidentals. 18.07 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,900.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 107.—ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 108.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 109.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 110.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVII. - -A STONE-HOUSE COSTING $2,900. - - -These plans were designed for the substantial dwelling of a farmer -in easy circumstances. The outside appearance truthfully expresses -its rural and its domestic purpose. The interior accommodations are -carefully arranged for comfort and convenience. The materials and -method of construction insure permanency; with little care, this -building would last for many generations.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 111.)—The -elevation shows that this house was intended for the country—it looks -like a farm-house—in fact it would be out of place anywhere else. Its -peculiar solid, independent, and home-like character is due to the -massive stone walls, large door and window openings, broad and steep -slated roof, truncated gables, substantial chimneys, and heavy sheltering -eaves, all arranged in simple, expressive, and harmonious combination. -All superfluous ornamentation is avoided, as inconsistent with rural -simplicity and truthfulness. Vines and creepers will be suggested by the -rough stone walls and piazza posts; and to their delicate tracery may -be left the work of “filling in” their more appropriate and agreeable -decorations.... The CELLAR (fig. 112), is 6½ feet high, extending under -the whole building, giving ample space for the storing of articles -requiring a cool, moist air for their preservation. Seven windows are -arranged to provide light and ventilation to every part. The outside -entrance is from the rear under the back stoop; stairs lead directly -up to the kitchen. The “safe” is a “locker,” or private cellar for -keeping choicer stores.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 113.)—Hight of ceilings, -10 feet. The arrangements are somewhat peculiar, and are very convenient -and pleasant. Each of the four principal rooms have windows giving -views in two different directions. The two halls (front and rear) have -stairs in each, and are otherwise arranged for easy communication with -all parts of the house. The Parlor is pleasantly situated, adjoins the -front hall and dining-room, has a large open fire-place, and is shaded -on the front by the piazza. The Dining or living-room is the largest -apartment, and communicates directly with every other room and hall on -this floor, bringing this entire story under the immediate supervision -of the mistress of the household. It has an open fire-place and two -closets. The Bedroom is placed in a quiet corner, where the little ones -may take their “day naps” without being run over or disturbed by sudden -callers, or those engaged in housework. The Kitchen is a good-sized -apartment, adjoins the dining-room, rear hall, milk-room, large pantry, -two closets, and cellar stairway, and is provided with a large range, -sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for supplies of cold and hot -water.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 114.)—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. This -contains five good-sized chambers, a large hall, and nine closets. The -three larger chambers have full-sized side-walls and ceilings; the space -beyond the side-walls or partitions are devoted to closets, of which -there cannot be too many in any house.... CONSTRUCTION.—Unless situated -on very high ground, having a thorough natural drainage, the earth taken -from the cellar excavations should be left on the grounds and graded -around the foundation, to insure the turning away of all surface water. -In such cases, care must be taken to allow in the depth of the excavation -for the hight it is intended to raise the earth grades. The appended -estimate of cost is for excavating 3 feet deep. This will furnish 202 -cubic yards of earth to raise the grades 1½ foot immediately around the -house (leaving 2 feet of the foundation exposed to sight), and give a -gentle slope outwards in every direction to the distance of 40 feet. All -the outside walls are solid masonry. The foundations are of the roughest -stone, laid in good mortar, 2 feet thick. A “top floating” of hydraulic -cement mortar is used in levelling the upper surfaces, to prevent the -ground moisture from rising above that line to be absorbed by the main -walls. The main walls are of rough stone and hard burned bricks laid -in strong mortar, 16 inches thick. The outside corners, and the jambs -and heads of the doors and windows, are of brick, as shown in fig. 115. -Their use greatly facilitates the work of construction, and obviates the -necessity of stone-dressing. The intervening walls are of broken stone -“random dressed,” laid in courses to conform to the quoin lines of the -brick-work, and may be done by common masons. The window and door sills -are of ordinary hammered blue-stone. All outside interstices and joints -are filled and pointed with cement mortar. Thin strips of wood (mason’s -lath will do) are laid in between the courses on the inside, to which -the inside furring is fastened. The chimneys are built of hard brick, -and are finished above the roof with large tops, having cross openings -at the sides for each flue, and close covers.—The Frame-work is very -simple; the central girders are supported by large posts on solid stone -footing. The beams are notched over the girders, with their ends resting -and anchored in the walls, and are thoroughly bridged. The plates are -anchored by bolts that are inlaid while building the walls. The rafters -are notched over the plates with their lower ends extending 2½ feet -beyond the walls; their centers are supported by purlins and collars. The -roof is covered with dark slate. The flooring is of mill-worked 1½-inch -plank. The interior of the stone walls is furred off, with unobstructed -spaces between the furring to the roof, for the passing off of all -dampness. The interior finish is complete throughout. The principal -rooms have neatly-moulded architraves, other rooms plain. The kitchen -and rear hall are wainscoted. All doors are panelled and moulded, and -all windows have inside blinds.—The plastering is three-coat work, with -the principal rooms hard-finished, balance white-slipped. The painting, -outside, is two coats with the best materials; inside is oil-stained and -flat-varnished.—ESTIMATE: - - 202 yards excavation, 3 ft. deep, at 20c. per yard. $40.40 - 224 perches stone-work, complete, at $2.75 per perch. 616.00 - 150 running ft. blue-stone sills at 30c. per ft. 45.00 - 6,500 bricks in quoins and chimneys, complete, at $12 per M. 78.00 - 1,000 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 5,208 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 78.12 - 1 girder, 4 × 8 in. 62 ft. long. - 1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 38 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 2 purlins, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 45 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 21 ft. long. - 8 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 17 ft. long. - 38 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 35 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 12 beams, 3 × 8 in. 10 ft. long. - 40 collars, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 valley, 3 × 8 in. 80 ft. long. - 1 plate, 3 × 8 in. 200 ft. long. - 250 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 27.50 - 300 furring strips, at 4c. each. 12.00 - Anchors to beams and plates. 5.00 - Cornice materials. 30.00 - 420 shingling-lath, at 6c. each. 25.20 - 26½ squares of slating, complete, at $9 per square. 238.50 - 25 hemlock boards, piazza roof, at 16c. each. 4.00 - 2½ squares tin, roofing and leaders, at $8 per square. 20.00 - 296 flooring, 8 in., at 25c. each. 74.00 - Stairs, complete, $90; piazza and stoop, $80. 170.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $5. 35.00 - 22 plain windows, complete, at $10 each. 220.00 - 4 dormer windows, complete, at $18 each. 72.00 - 34 doors, complete, at $9 each. 306.00 - 2 mantles, 3 shelves, complete. 68.00 - Closet finish, complete. 39.28 - Range and plumbing, complete. 175.00 - Nails, $16; painting, $60: cartage, $15. 91.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 150.00 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $2,900.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 111.—FRONT ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 112.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 113.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 114.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 115.—MANNER OF BUILDING CORNERS.] - - - - -DESIGN XXVIII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,000. - - -These plans were designed for a suburban cottage, having a cheerful -outside appearance, and containing ample interior apartments conveniently -arranged, with such modern improvements as are desirable for the use of -an ordinary sized family.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 116.)—The general outlines -are made up of simple parts, embracing features of pleasing variety and -elegance. The foundation walls, showing four feet above ground, insure -against moisture from the earth, and add to the superficial dimensions -of the structure. Such high foundations for houses of this character -afford a proper background for the grasses and shrubbery usually -surrounding them. The irregularities of the principal building, the -steep, dark-slated roofs, with their heavy projecting cornices, truncated -or hooded gables, and enriched barge-boards, together with the stoops and -bay-windows, are proportioned and arranged to assimilate with each other, -and contribute to gracefulness and harmony.... CELLAR, (fig. 117.)—Hight, -7 feet. Seven good-sized windows admit an abundance of light, and afford -thorough ventilation.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 118.)—Hight of ceiling, -10½ feet. The rooms are unusually large, and arranged to be pleasant, -comfortable, and convenient. The front entrance has large double doors. -This hall contains the principal stairs, which are of “platform” -construction. We prefer this form whenever the general plan allows it, -as such stairs are much easier, less dangerous, and appear better than -the usual long, straight flights. The hall connects with each principal -room, obviating the too frequent necessity of passing through one room -to reach another. The Parlor has a fire-place, adapted to either a grate -or fire-place heater (we should prefer the latter in this case, supplied -with heating-pipes for warming the chamber above,) and is provided with a -marble mantle. A large bay-window admits sufficient light, and affords a -pleasant outlook. The remaining sides of this room are unbroken, leaving -ample space for furniture, pictures, etc. The Dining, or living-room, -is intended as the most agreeable and pleasant room in the house; it -has a fire-place with hearth openings, adapted to a “low-down” grate, -which is a good substitute for the old home-like fire-place, and affords -an opportunity for a generous and cheerful fire, and insures the most -perfect ventilation. The ashes from these hearth fires fall into the -ash-pit below them, thus obviating the necessity and dust of their daily -removal. A marble mantle with a large hearth, one bay and three plain -windows, and a closet, are provided for this room. The windows afford -plentiful light, and views from front, side, and rear, thus assuring a -home-like, cheerful apartment. The Kitchen is pleasantly situated, has -four windows for light and ventilation, and is planned with especial -regard for convenience. It is in proximity with the principal hall, rear -entry, and cellar stairway, has a large pantry, and two closets, and -contains a large fire-place, with a range, boiler, sink, and wash-tubs -having pipe attachments for hot and cold water. The dimensions of the -fire-place are 2 feet 10 inches wide, 5 feet 6½ inches high, and 1 foot 9 -inches deep, with a hearth-stone 2 feet wide, and 4 feet long. The range -is fitted into the fire-place, and has a water-back, elevated oven, and -warm-closet, and is connected by pipes with the boiler. The dumb-waiter, -shown on the plan at the right of the fire-place, is intended as a -“coal-lift,” which will save many steps and much hard labor running for -coal. This is simply a box, holding three bushels (twelve scuttles), -constructed of 1¼-inch floor planks, with wood runners 3 feet long, on -two opposite sides, conforming to grooves made in stationary planking in -the cellar, and is suspended by weights, with strong ropes, passing over -pulleys fastened to the underside of the floor-beams. The upper portions -of this closet may be fitted with shelving and hooks, as desired. The -large Kitchen Pantry, thoroughly shelved, is in the “addition” that -adjoins the kitchen, and is built in combination with the rear stoop. -The entry, conveniently situated, communicates between the kitchen and -dining-room, and with the back stoop through the rear door.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 119.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. This story is divided in -the simplest manner, has a hall, three large chambers, with closets -for each, and a bath-room, all with sufficient windows for light and -ventilation. Each principal chamber has an open fire-place, adapted to -grates. Chimneys, centrally situated, radiate most of their heat into -the rooms, thus saving fuel. The Bath-room has a French bath-tub, with -cold and hot water, and a seat-closet. The stairway to the attic story -is ceiled in over the principal stairs, with a door at the foot. The -Attic has three apartments, two intended to be plastered and finished as -chambers; the third, or larger one, is unfinished for an open garret.... -GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.—The excavations are 2½ feet deep, and the loose -earth is graded around the building at completion, leaving 4 feet of the -foundation exposed to sight. The foundation-walls are built as described -for Design XXXII. The sub-sills of the windows, and the steps and coping -of the area, are of blue-stone. The chimneys being near the center, are -not connected with the foundation walls. The rear one is constructed in -box form, below the first floor, as a receptacle for ashes, and has a -small iron door near the bottom for removing the ashes. The principal -frame-work is of sound pine or spruce timber, of the sizes mentioned in -the estimate below. When practicable, we would use pine timber for all -sills and posts, as the least liable to decay, and spruce for the girts -and beams, on account of its quality for stiffness. The siding is of two -thicknesses of boarding, as described for Design XXXII. The principal -roof is constructed at the angles of 45°, securing valuable space for -attic rooms, and is covered with dark slate laid on hemlock, with tarred -paper between. The roofs of the stoops and bay-windows, and all gutters -and valleys, are of IC. charcoal tin, laid on hemlock boards. The method -of constructing the cornice, gutters, and barge boards of the principal -roof, is shown in detail in fig. 120. _A_, rafter of 3 × 4; _B_, plate of -4 × 6, placed 14 inches above the attic floor; _C_, post of 4 × 7 timber; -_D_, gutter, having no abrupt angles to bother the tinsmith, or impair -his work, but is of circular form, and stayed with 2-inch furring lath, -on which the tin is smoothly and easily laid. _E_, bracket constructed of -2 × 4, with simple scroll, sawed from 4 × 6 timber. _F_, crown moulding -of 1¼ × 3¼, worked solid; _G_, barge-board with the crown-moulding -attached; this closes the ends of the gutters to the hight of the dotted -line at _D_. The stairs, interior trimmings, and the general painting, -are intended to be similar to those described for Design XVII. In the -estimate appended will be found a full schedule of the materials required -to construct, and fully develope a house by these plans. The quantities -given may be relied on as correct, and their cost is compiled from the -prices now ruling in this vicinity.—ESTIMATE: - - 69 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $13.80 - 18,500 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 222.00 - 53 ft. stone steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft. 15.90 - 841 yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard. 235.48 - 250 yards stucco cornices, at 25c. per yard. 62.50 - 4,903 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 73.54 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 3 sills, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 302 ft. long. - Plate, 4 × 6 in. 151 ft. long. - 75 beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 54 rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long. - 500 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each. 55.00 - 320 sheathing, 9½ in., at 25c. each. 80.00 - 170 lbs. tarred paper, at 3c. per lb. 5.10 - 320 siding-boards, 9½-inch, at 28c. each. 89.60 - Materials in outside dressing and cornices. 80.00 - 161 hemlock boards, principal roof, 10 in., at 16c. each. 25.76 - 14½ squares of slate, at $9 per square. 130.50 - 306 flooring, 9½ in., at 28c. each. 85.68 - 2 stoops, complete, at $50 each. 100.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete. 120.00 - Stairs, complete. 75.00 - 21 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 252.00 - 7 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 42.00 - 22 doors, with base and trimming, complete, at $10 each. 220.00 - 2 marble mantles and 3 shelves, complete. 68.00 - 1 range, with elevated oven and warm closet, complete. 80.00 - Plumbing and gas pipes, complete. 175.00 - Coal-lift and shelving, complete. 25.00 - 2 rooms in attic, finished, complete. 60.00 - Nails, $20; bells and speaking-tubes, complete, $15. 35.00 - Painting, $240; cartage, $40. 280.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 250.00 - Extra for incidentals. 43.14 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,000.00 - -Should it be desirable to reduce the cost of building by this plan, it -may be done without changing the principal outlines or arrangements, by -the following deductions and omissions, viz.: - - _Saving._ - Foundations reduced in hight from 7 ft. to 6½ ft. $20.00 - 5 cellar windows, instead of 7. 12.00 - Inclosing with single thickness siding. 80.00 - Roof of shingles, instead of slate. 60.00 - 4 plain windows, instead of the 2 bays. 72.00 - Deduct 1 window in each: dining-room, kitchen, bath-room. 36.00 - Reduce the cost of windows and doors, each $1.50. 64.50 - An ordinary range, instead of one with an elevated oven. 40.00 - Omit the finish in attic. 60.00 - Omit plumbing and gas-pipes. 175.00 - Omit coal-lift, bells, and tubes. 30.00 - --------- - Total reductions. 649.50 - Making the cost $2,350.50 - -[Illustration: Fig. 116.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 117.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 118.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 119.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 120.—CORNICE, GUTTER, AND BARGE-BOARDS.] - - - - -DESIGN XXIX. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,100. - - -These plans were designed for a summer residence near Toms River, N. J. -They are especially adapted to situations where the more pleasant views -are to the rear, making it desirable to have the principal rooms on that -side of the house.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 121.)—The Swiss-like style is -due to its bold roofs, wide projections, and rustic details of finish, -there being no attempt at architectural display.... FIRST STORY, (fig. -122.)—The Hall, which is unusually large, is entered from the front porch -through double doors, contains the main stairs, and communicates with -the library, parlor, dining-room, and a passage leading to the kitchen. -A Closet is finished under the stairs opening from the passage. The -Library is nearly square, with openings in the center of each of its -four sides, and is divided from the parlor by large folding-doors. The -Parlor is of good dimensions, has large windows opening to the floor, -and leading to the piazza. The Piazza is 12 feet wide, affording shade -and ample protection from storms, and may be used in pleasant weather -to enlarge the capacity of the parlor. The Dining-room is entered from -the main hall, and communicates through the pantry with the kitchen. The -Kitchen has windows front and rear, giving a good circulation of air, -and is furnished with a range, boiler, sink, and pump, connected with -the necessary piping, with supply from the cistern. Private stairways -lead to the second story, and to the cellar; the necessary pantries are -provided. The one-story Addition is divided into three parts, making -a work-room or shed, inclosing the well, a servant’s bed-room, and a -store-pantry.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 123.)—This story contains a hall, -five good-sized chambers, seven closets, and a bath-room. The hall has -nine doors leading to the several apartments, two stair landings, and a -window, while it occupies but little space. The Bath-room has a bath-tub, -seat-closet, and pipes for cold and hot water.... ATTIC, (fig. 124.)—A -hall and two chambers are finished in this story. The stairs leading to -it are inclosed, and have a door at the foot. The hall is lighted by a -dormer window in one end. At the opposite end a door leads to the space -under the wing-roof, where the tank is placed, immediately above the -bath-room.... CONSTRUCTION.—The hight of the cellar is 6½ feet, of the -first story 10½ feet, of the second story 8 feet, of the attic 7 feet. -The foundations are of brick-work, and show two feet above the final -grades. The chimneys are of brick-work, and have six open fire-places, -with hearths to each, adapted to the use of either wood or coal fuel. -The plastering is “hard-finish” on two coats of brown mortar. Stucco -cornices and centers, of simple design, are put in the first story of -the main house. Marble shelves with stucco truss-supports are put above -each fire-place. A well and cistern are included in the estimate. The -depth of the former is put at 30 feet, as the average. To avoid the -danger of the caving in of the sides while digging, it is best to make -the excavation 4½ ft. _square_ (not circular, as is usually really done.) -Rough planks, 4½ feet long, with their ends notched half way across, -are slid in to lock with each other closely against the banks, as the -excavation proceeds, making this part of the work perfectly safe in any -kind of earth. The depth of the well should be sufficient to secure at -least four feet of spring water. Of course it would be impracticable -to lay the brick-work under water that depth, and therefore a circular -curb 3 feet 3 inches in diameter, and 6 feet long (inside measure) must -be made of ordinary boards, with an interior 4-inch timber rim at the -bottom, and let down into the well as soon as water is reached. The -_rim_ forms the foundation of the brick-work. After laying a few courses -around, say to the hight of one or two feet, their added weight will -force them (curb and all) downwards under the water as fast as the -depth is increased. The clear inside diameter, when finished, is 2 feet -10 inches; the top courses of brick, to the depth of 3 feet, should be -laid in cement mortar; all others laid “dry.” The Cistern is constructed -entirely of brick and cement mortar, in the earth; 7 feet across, and -8 feet deep in the clear. The frame of the house is of spruce timber, -siding of clear pine, beveled clapboards, laid on sheathing-felt. Roofing -of cedar shingles, laid “three thick” on spruce lath. The cornices have -projections of two inches for each foot of their hight from the ground, -which is appropriate for buildings of this character, and is double -that of the usual styles. These projections are ceiled underneath with -tongued and grooved boards, and bracketed with chamfered timber trusses. -Openings are made through the gable cornices to allow for the escape of -heated air from under the roof. The flooring is of 9-inch tongued and -grooved spruce plank. All windows above the cellar have 1½-inch sash, and -outside blinds. Doors are panelled and moulded. The inside trimmings are -quite plain, single moulded, with bold members. The upper frame-work of -the piazza is left exposed on the underside, and is neatly dressed and -chamfered. The first-story stairs are strongly constructed of pine, with -newel, rail, and balusters of black walnut. - -ESTIMATE of materials and labor: - - 93 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $18.60 - 30 ft. digging well, at $1 per ft. 30.00 - 19,000 bricks (cellar foundation, chimneys, cistern, and - well,) furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 228.00 - 4 barrels cement, at $2.50 per barrel. 10.00 - 1,200 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 336.00 - 5,974 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 89.61 - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - 45 beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 30 beams, 2 × 8 in. 17 ft. long. - 35 beams, 2 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 313 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 313 ft. long. - 61 beams, 2 × 8 in. 20 ft. long. - 20 beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 2 girts, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 700 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 77.00 - 500 clapboards, at 14c. each. 70.00 - 350 shingling-lath, at 6c., $21; 9,650 shingles, at 2c., $193. 214.00 - 150 ft. gutters, valleys, and leaders, at 10c. per ft. 15.00 - 1,500 ft. dressed lumber in cornices, at 4c. 60.00 - 513 flooring, at 27c., $138.51; 30 windows, at $12, $360. 498.51 - 250 lbs. felt, at 5c., $12.50; 35 doors, at $10, $350. 362.50 - 5 marble shelves, at $6, $30; stairs, $100. 130.00 - Closet finished, $50; well-curb, $12. 62.00 - Range and plumbing, $280; nails, $20. 300.00 - Carting, average 1 mile, $40; painting, $230. 270.00 - Carpenter’s labor, $250; incidentals, $78.78. 328.78 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,100.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 121.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 122.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 123.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 124.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXX. - -A FRAME AND BRICK FARM-HOUSE COSTING $3,300. - - -These designs represent a farm-house having an air of substantial comfort -and refinement, and affording ample space and convenience for a large -family.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 125.)—This style admits of the simplest -and most economical finish, is susceptible of almost any degree of -irregularity, and is therefore suitable for the greater number of rural -buildings. The indestructible covering of the side-walls and roofs has -the merit and appearance of permanency.... CELLAR, (fig. 126.)—The -central division is 7 feet high, has five windows, and outside door, -and a stairway leading up to the kitchen. The girders under the first -floor beams are supported on large posts, standing on firmly-imbedded -flat stones.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 127.)—Hight of the ceilings, 11 feet -in main house, and 9 feet in the one-story wings at the side and rear. -The parlor, sitting-rooms, kitchen, and front hall, are in the main -house. The rear wing contains a summer kitchen, bath-room, and a large -kitchen pantry. The side wing is divided into a bed-room, clothes-press, -and pantry. The Parlor, Sitting-room, and Bed-room face the front. The -Kitchen is the largest apartment, and is arranged to be used as the -Living-room. It has windows in each end, an outside door leading to -a pleasant veranda, is in direct communication with the front hall, -sitting-room, summer kitchen, two pantries, and the cellar stairs. The -Summer Kitchen, intended to relieve the larger room of the heavier work, -is furnished with a range, boiler, sink, pump, and wash-tubs, and has -an outside door. The Bath-room is situated at the side of the summer -kitchen, and contains a bath-tub and a seat-closet. A tank 3 × 3 × 6 -feet, is placed between the ceiling and roof of this wing, and arranged -to receive rain-water from the main roof. A force-pump is set near the -iron sink, and arranged to supply water from the cistern to the tank, -when the rain supply is exhausted. It will be observed that all the -plumbing apparatus is placed in close proximity, thus insuring economy -in the cost of their introduction, and also that their location prevents -any serious injury that might arise from a chance bursting, or through -carelessness. No windows are shown at the rear of the summer kitchen, -or bath-room, this space being reserved for any additions that may be -desired for fuel, etc.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 128.)—Hight of ceilings, -9 feet. There are five chambers, a hall, and two closets in this story. -Each chamber is of good dimensions, well lighted (twelve windows in -this story,) and may be warmed if required, either by stoves placed in -them or through pipes inserted in the flues for the introduction of hot -air from heaters in the first story, as described for Design XXXII.... -ATTIC.—A flight of stairs, located above those of the first story, and -inclosed with narrow ceiling, with a door at the foot, leads to the -garret or attic. This story is thoroughly timbered and floored, but -otherwise unfinished.... CONSTRUCTION.—The foundation walls are of broken -stone, laid in good mortar, 18 inches thick, and show 2 feet above the -final grade of the surrounding earth. The materials of the frame are -indicated in the estimate below, and are framed together, and raised in -the usual manner, except that the sills are placed 4 inches back from -the face of the foundation, to provide a footing for the water-table and -brick inclosing. The _inside_ of the exterior frame is roughly ceiled -around with hemlock boards, which are thoroughly nailed to the studding, -bringing them “into line,” and making them firm. The method of inclosing -the sides of the building is shown in fig. 129. _A_ is the foundation; -_B_ the water-table; _C_ the brick wall; _D_, inside boarding; _E_, _E_, -_E_, timber of the frame. The water-table, of dressed stone, is laid on -the foundation in cement mortar. The brick are laid in “stretchers,” in -good lime and sand-mortar, with close joints. Anchor nails (fig. 130) are -driven in each stud in contact with the upper surfaces of every fifth -course of brick, as shown in the sketch. The window sills are of smoothly -dressed stone, set in the regular manner. The window and door frames -are made as for 8-inch brick-work. The heads are arched over with brick -projecting half an inch beyond the face of the walls, forming a coping -to the windows. The anchor nails are made of ordinary galvanized ⅛-inch -fence-wire; 6 inches long is required for each nail, 1 inch of both ends -being bent at a right angle, and one end is flattened to be easily driven -into the studding, and the opposite end is imbedded in the joints of -the brick-work. These nails are best applied by a carpenter employed to -accompany the masons in their work. This mode of building exterior walls -may be new to many persons, but it has been demonstrated and proved to be -thoroughly practical, and for many reasons preferable to the usual “solid -brick” wall; it is less expensive, does not retain moisture, requires -no “furring off,” or “filling in,” and attachments of cornices, stoops, -or balconies, are easily made to connect with the inside frame work.... -The main and wing roofs are covered with dark 8 × 16-inch slate, laid 7 -inches to the weather. Mason’s lath are put on the inside boarding in -a vertical manner, 16 inches apart, and the interior of the two full -stories is lathed, plastered, and otherwise fully completed. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 157 yards excavation, 4 feet deep, at 20c. per yard. $31.40 - 60 perches stone foundation, at $2.75 per yard. 165.00 - 44 ft. stone steps and cellar window-sills, at 30c. per ft. 13.20 - 278 feet dressed stone-sills and water-table, at 75c. per ft. 208.50 - 31,000 brick furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 372.00 - 925 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 259.00 - Stucco cornices. 30.00 - 6,707 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 100.60 - Sills 4 × 8 in. 252 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 252 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 324 ft. long. - Girders, 4 × 8 in. 46 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 70 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 21 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 8 beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 7 in. 122 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 5 in. 70 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each. 16.00 - 400 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 44.00 - 600 hemlock boards, for sheathing and roofing, at 16c. each. 96.00 - Cornice materials, $70; 21 squares slate, at $9, $189. 259.00 - 436 ft. tinning, gutters, and leaders, at 8c. per ft. 34.88 - 500 flooring, 9-inch spruce, at 26c. each. 130.00 - Stairs, complete, $90; piazzas, $130. 220.00 - 5 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 30.00 - 33 windows, above cellar, complete, at $10. 330.00 - 25 doors, at $10, $250; range and plumbing, $250. 500.00 - 3 mantles, $75; closet finish, $25. 100.00 - Painting, $113.66; cartage, $30. 143.66 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 200.00 - Incidentals. 16.76 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $3,300.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 125.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 126.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 127.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 128.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 129.—MANNER OF BUILDING.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 130.—ANCHOR NAIL.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXI. - -A HOUSE COSTING $3,700. - - -The plans here given are somewhat peculiar in arrangement, intended for -a compact and economical residence or parsonage, containing thirteen -rooms, ample halls, eleven closets, large cellar, heater, range, cold -and hot water, and, in fact, all the necessary modern improvements -suitable for the uses of a good-sized family.... EXTERIOR.—The general -outline is nearly square, 26 × 30 feet, affording the most simple and -economical form of construction, and embraces a much better opportunity -for the most desirable distribution of rooms. The porch, bay-window, -and lobby, provide projections that serve to break up and relieve the -monotony usually observed in square buildings. Three elevations (figs. -131, 132, 133,) are given, from which choice can be made, according to -the situation of the building.... INTERIOR.—It will be observed that -the arrangements of the interior partake very much of the character -of a “double house,” particularly in the upper stories.... CELLAR, -(fig. 134.)—The Cellar extends under the whole house, and contains the -heater and bins for coal, etc. The Heater (“portable”) is arranged to -provide warm air to each room in the two principal stories, except the -kitchen.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 135.)—The Entrance, or Reception Hall, is -large, and contains the principal stairway of the house, so arranged -that the quarter-circle is about midway of their hight, placing the niche -down, where it adds greatly to the good appearance of the hall. The -principal rooms, Parlor and Dining-room, where it is usual for the family -to congregate, are large and accessible. Each has a large bay-window, -adding to its area, and supplying a pleasant outlook. The Kitchen -adjoins the dining-room and the rear entrance, or lobby, and has direct -communication with the cellar-stairway through a door. It is provided -with a range, boiler, sink, pump, and wash-tubs, complete. The Lobby, -or rear entrance, is arranged to connect by doors with the dining-room, -kitchen, and private stairway leading to the second floor.... SECOND -STORY, (fig. 136.)—The method of erecting the stairs make them “land” -nearly in the center of the second story. Very little space is required -for the second-story hall, leaving almost this entire floor to be “laid -off” in rooms. These rooms may all be used as chambers, or either of -them may be used as a study. Doubtless the room directly above the front -entrance would be best adapted for that purpose. The door leading to this -room should have ground-glass upper panels to supply light to the hall -of this story.... ATTIC, (fig. 137.)—The Attic story is reached by the -stairway shown at the front end of the second-story hall, which has a -door at the foot of them to shut off all communication at pleasure. This -story is divided into four rooms, four closets, and hall. The Hall is -lighted through an opening, or skylight, in the roof, which also serves -as a ventilator. The School, or Play-room, is put in this part of the -house, where noise is less likely to disturb the older members of the -household. A Work-shop, having ample space for a work-bench, wood-lathe, -and other tools, is provided for in our plan on the third floor.... -The estimate appended indicates the general character of the work to -be good and substantial. Provision is made for brick foundations, a -regular timber frame, double siding, slate and tin roofs, outside blinds, -panelled doors, simple and appropriate trimmings throughout, with marble -mantles and stucco cornices in the principal rooms of the first story. -The figures set down for the cost of windows, bays, porch, lobby, and -doors, include materials and labor. The figures for carpenters’ labor are -for the balance of such work. - -ESTIMATE for house with Mansard roof: - - 75 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $15.00 - 13,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 156.00 - 48 ft. stone sills, steps, and coping, at 40c. per ft. 19.20 - 1,000 yards three-coat plastering, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 250 ft. stucco cornices, with centers. 75.00 - 4,181 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 62.71 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 6 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 1 girt, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 4 ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long. - 2 plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 2 deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 8 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 66 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 66 beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 100 joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 22c. each. 22.00 - 500 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each. 55.00 - 483 sheathing for sides and roofs, at 25c. each. 120.75 - 300 lbs. tarred felt, at 5c. per lb. 15.00 - 381 novelty siding, 6-inch, at 30c. each. 114.30 - 112 ft. main cornice, at 60c. per ft. 67.20 - 10 squares of slate, at 10c. per ft. 100.00 - 12½ squares of tin, at 10c. per ft. 125.00 - 8 cellar windows, complete, at $8 each. 64.00 - 12 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 144.00 - 8 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 160.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete, at $60 each. 120.00 - 1 porch, complete. 75.00 - 1 lobby, complete. 50.00 - 390 tongued and grooved flooring, complete, at 28c. each. 109.20 - 46 doors, complete, at $10 each. 460.00 - 11 closets, complete, at $6 each. 66.00 - 2 marble mantles, complete, at $25 each. 50.00 - 1 heater, complete. 200.00 - Gas-pipes. 35.71 - Plumbing, including range, etc. 300.00 - Painting. 188.93 - Carting. 75.00 - Extras for hardware, etc. 75.00 - Carpenters’ labor. 300.00 - --------- - Total amount. $3,700.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 131.—MANSARD ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 132.—POINTED ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 133.—COTTAGE ROOF.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 134.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 135.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 136.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 137.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -This plan of a large house provides ample and conveniently-arranged -apartments, containing the most requisite of modern improvements, -suitable to the requirements of a good-sized family. The general outline -of the ground plan is nearly square—30 × 36 feet—securing the greatest -economy in expense of construction, and embracing a liberal provision -for comfort, and a suitable regard for appearances, without sacrificing -one for the other. There is always a certain boldness in the exterior, -or _elevation_, of a square double front, which no other style affords, -expressive of substantial dignity. The two Bay-windows and Porch are -united in construction, the porch having its ends partly sheltered by the -projecting bay-windows, is a pleasant feature. The second story, attic, -and cupola windows, have circular heads, with heavy dressing. The main -Cornice is heavily trussed; the Cupola is large and roomy, and all are -proportioned to make this house worthy of almost any situation.... The -CELLAR extends under the whole house, with walls of hard brick and mortar -8 inches thick, and 7 feet high, and should extend 1½ inches outside of -the frame-work of the house, so as to be “flush” with the sheathing. The -cross-walls, as shown on the plan, are of the same materials; all such -walls should have “heading-courses” every 20 inches, and if in sandy -bottom, a suitable bedding should be provided, as described for Design -XII., which will insure a perfectly safe and satisfactory foundation. The -AREA walls should be made of hard brick, with stone coping and steps, -laid in cement mortar. All chimneys should be started and laid up with -the foundation, and the materials interlaced to bind them together; -this will insure additional strength to both foundation and chimney. We -recommend plastering, or “laying off” the ceiling of the cellar, with -one coat of brown mortar, at a cost of $25, which would be a permanent -benefit to the whole house, in preventing the damp cellar air from rising -up through the floors and frame-work of the house. Such air is almost -sure to be vitiated by decaying vegetable matter, and is the undoubted -source of much disease. Another advantage derived from such plastering -is the shutting out of rats and mice from the frame-work of the house, -and lastly, it affords an opportunity of purifying and sweetening the -cellar easily by (the simplest of all means) a coat of white-wash.... -The materials used in the Frame are indicated in the estimate appended -below. Sills should be framed for each cross and outside wall, so as to -secure equal bearings, and allow for even shrinkages; and when put in -position, they should be bedded in mortar, to prevent any inequalities in -the bearings of the frame-work, to strengthen the foundation, and also -to effectually shut out cold air from getting between the cellar ceiling -and the first floor. All beams and studding are placed 16 inches from -centers. The first tier of beams should be framed into the sills, and -their tenons wedged from the outside, to “draw them home.” They should -also bear upon the wall equally with the sill. All beams having a span -of 12 feet and over, should have at least one row of cross-bridging of -1¼ × 3-inch “fencing.” The second and third story beams are notched over -the ties, and spiked fast. The cupola posts rest directly on the center -girts, and the principal roof-timbers are framed and secured to these -posts. In this frame there need be no tendency to self-destruction, -so common in large buildings, such as oblique or outward thrusts, or -irregularity of bearings, but a perfect “repose” is secured to every -piece of timber in the house.... The BAY-WINDOW frame-work (see fig. 140) -is 1 inch less in depth than the principal sills of the house, to allow -for the thickness of the boarding beneath them, so that the water-table, -when put around the house may be in line. The distances given on the -diagram of the bay frame may be relied upon as correct. “Bay-windows are -apt to be cold,” is often said, but a sure preventive of such “cold” -is easily secured by filling in between the beams and panels with dry -sand, which will make them as tight as any other part of a house.—The -_character_ and _quality_ of a house depends greatly upon the material -and manner of SIDING. In our estimate we have provided for mill-worked -sheathing, which should be put on diagonally, and thoroughly nailed to -the frame, which will serve the double purpose of securing more warmth -and strength than any “filling in” of brick, and is less expensive. A -strip of the same thickness as the sheathing, and 2 inches wide, should -be first nailed to the sill, close down to the masonry, to prevent the -air from entering the joints of the sheathing, and following them upwards -into the house. Tarred paper is next stretched over the sheathing, -when the window-frames, water-table, and corner-boards should be set, -and lastly, the novelty-siding put on, and double-nailed to each stud. -The Windows are arranged for each sash to be hung, and all to have -blinds. All windows above the first story have “circular heads,” with -caps turned of 4-inch timber. The Keys shown on the elevation are sawed -out at the back, so as to fit over the caps (not cut through them). -This is much simpler, more ornamental, and does not impair or affect -the solid head.—The roof projects 27 inches beyond the frame of the -building, and is covered with IC. charcoal tin, laid and soldered in -the best manner, on sound hemlock boards. The gutters of the main house -are made as described for Design V.... The FIRST STORY plan (fig. 141) -shows the general division of four rooms and three halls. The Entrance -Hall, or Reception Room, is 7 × 12 feet. The Stairway Hall is also 7 -× 12 feet. The Rear Hall is 7 × 7 feet. These halls are divided from -each other by sash doors. The entrance hall is divided from the parlor -and dining-room by large _double_ doors. The advantages of dividing the -halls in the manner shown will be obvious to any one when they consider -how cold, windy, and cheerless most halls are. By this arrangement all -drafts are prevented, either when opening the entrance door, or when -passing from one room to another. The inside double doors may be swung -open altogether, throwing the principal rooms of the lower floor into -one spacious apartment, if occasion should require, for a large company, -without altering to any material degree the temperature of these rooms. -The stairway hall contains the principal stairs, which are of the easiest -“platform” construction, so arranged that a more private stairway is -entirely unnecessary. The rear hall is the common hall of the house, and -is easily reached from every part. The Parlor is the largest room, has a -bay-window, marble mantle, and fire-place heater, and is separated from -the library by sliding doors. The Dining-room has also a bay-window, -marble mantle, and fire-place heater, and is intended as the Living-room. -It is conveniently connected with the kitchen, stairway hall, entrance -hall, and has a good pantry (_c_). The Kitchen is separated from the -dining-room by a single door, and in close proximity to the rear -entrance and cellar stairway doors. It contains one large closet, range -with elevated oven, warm-closet, and water-back, boiler, sink, and -wash-tubs. The Kitchen should be wainscoted 3 feet high, with ⅝ × 3-inch -ceiling-boards. The clock and lamp-shelf should be put between the -closet and hall doors, and not over the range. The advantage of having -the kitchen on the same floor with the dining-room must be apparent to -every one.... The SECOND STORY plan (fig. 142) is divided into four large -chambers, a child’s bedroom, a bath-room, five closets, with a good-sized -hall. The two Front Chambers are heated by hot air from the “fire-place” -heaters of the first story, so that they are always comfortable in the -coldest weather. For many reasons we prefer the fire-place heaters over -any other. They take little room, are cheerful in appearance, easy of -management, and economical, requiring attention but twice in twenty-four -hours, if hard coal is used. Each heater will keep two ordinary sized -rooms comfortable in winter, and are not unsightly in summer. Like any -other device for heating, the perfect and satisfactory results depend -altogether on the manner of setting them. In no case should a heater be -expected to develop its full power when placed in a fire-place in so -close proximity with the brick as to allow the hot air to strike against -and be absorbed by them. The heater should be enclosed in a jacket of -sheet-iron, having an 8-inch opening, and a collar at the top. Attached -to the collar, and “built in” the chimney, should be an 8-inch tin pipe, -connecting with the register-box in the second story. Above this box -this flue should be entirely closed. The smoke-pipe should be 4-inch, -and pass up through the 8-inch tin pipe to the register-box, where an -elbow should be put on, turning the smoke into the side flue adjoining. -The side flue should have no other side openings. The Bath-room has -bath-tub, seat-closet, wash-basin, with cold and hot water faucets. Each -chamber to the right of the hall to have wash-basins. These Chambers have -marble mantle shelves, resting on plaster trusses, at an expense of $6 -each, which answer the purpose that a $20 mantle would, and are really -more cheerful and appropriate for such rooms.... The Attic is reached -by the enclosed stairway, and is arranged so that two or four bedrooms -may be “finished off” as required. The Tank is placed on the floor over -the bath-rooms, and is supplied partly from the roof, and partly by the -force-pump in the kitchen. All the remaining space in the attic may be -used for storage, etc.... The Cupola-room is 7 × 7 feet, reached by -a light stairway. The head-room is made to subserve the purpose of a -stand or table, so that really very little room is taken away by the -stairs.... Very few people have any definite idea of the expense of the -separate items that are comprehended under the head of Plumbers’ Work. -The following estimate in detail of plumbing, required in this house, -gives facts and figures enough to enable any one to decide just how much -plumbing can be done for any given sum, viz.: - - Sheet-lead, 3½ lbs. to square ft., for tank, 2 × 4 × 6 ft., - with stop-cock. $21.00 - Bath-tub, 10 oz., $15; plated flange and thimble-cock, $6; - plated plug and chain. 22.50 - Pan-closet, $12.25; plated cup and pull, $1.50; French bowl, - $2.20; trap, 4 in., $3.75. 19.70 - 3 wash-basins, $1.70 each; marble slabs, $5 each; plug, stud, - and chain, $1.50 each; 2 cocks, trap, screw, plug, $3 each. 36.60 - 1 iron sink, 18 × 24 inches, $2; 2 cocks, $3.50; trap and - screw, $1. 6.50 - 35-gallon copper boiler, $27; with stand, $2. 29.00 - Force-pump, with brass cylinder. 17.00 - 20 ft. 4-in. iron soil-pipe, at 50c. per ft. 10.00 - 372 lbs. supply and circulation pipe, at 8½c. per lb. 31.62 - 125 lbs. waste-pipe, at 8½c. per lb. 10.63 - Solder, tacks, and charcoal for this job. 3.00 - 5 days’ time, plumber and helper, $6 per day. 30.00 - ------- - Total amount of cost. $237.55 - 10 per cent added by plumbers in estimating. 23.75 - ------- - Total Plumber’s charges for the job. $261.30 - -To the bill for plumbing we add the cost of: - - _Range_, with elevated oven, warm-closet, water-back, - set complete. $80.00 - _Heaters_, 2 “fire-place,” with registers and heating - pipes, $45 each. 90.00 - -COST.—Estimate of cost of building by this plan. It will be noticed that -the prices given for bay-windows, porch, lobby, stairs, windows, cupola, -and doors, include materials and labor complete, and that the amount of -carpenters’ work is for the balance of such labor required on the job: - - 100 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $20.00 - 24,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 288.00 - 950 yards plastering, 3-coat, at 28c. per yard. 266.00 - 6,578 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 98.67 - 4 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long. - 10 posts, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 390 ft. long. - 4 cupola posts, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 132 ft. long. - 70 beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 60 beams, 2 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 4 valleys, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 14 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 17 ft. long. - 100 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 22.00 - 400 wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each. 44.00 - 320 sheathing, ⅞ × 10 in. 13 ft. long, at 25c. 80.00 - 200 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 10.00 - 320 novelty siding-boards, 9½ inch, at 38c. each. 121.60 - 195 hemlock roof boards, at 22c. each. 42.90 - 240 tongued and grooved flooring, at 35c. each. 84.00 - 168 ft. cornice, at 70c. per ft. 117.60 - 17½ squares of tin roofing, at $10 per square. 175.00 - 190 ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per foot. 19.00 - Cupola, complete, except tin (included above). 100.00 - 2 bay-windows, complete, at $75 each. 150.00 - 1 porch, complete, $75; lobby, complete, $50. 125.00 - 4 stairs, complete, $100; 17 windows, complete, $15. 355.00 - 5 cellar windows, at $6 each. 30.00 - 34 doors, at $12 each. 408.00 - 2 marble mantles, at $30 each. 60.00 - 4 marble shelves, at $6 each. 24.00 - 5 kegs nails, at $5 each. 25.00 - Painting. 250.00 - Cartage, average 1 mile. 56.40 - Shelving, base, bell-hanging, etc. 73.70 - Carpenter’s labor. 360.00 - Plumbing, as detailed above. 261.80 - Range, $80; Incidentals, $162.83; 2 heaters, at $45, $90. 296.33 - --------- - Total cost of house. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 138.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 139.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 140.—FRAMING OF BAY-WINDOW.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 141.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 142.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIII. - -A BRICK HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -This plan was designed for the residence of Dr. Samuel McClure, of -Olney, Ill. The style and general characteristics are significant of -elegance and comfort, and suggest its adaptation to suburban, rather -than the more rural situations.... ELEVATION, (fig. 143.)—There is a -peculiar compactness in the outlines of the principal building, while -the piazza and tower contribute largely to the symmetry and gracefulness -of the entire structure. The general details of the exterior are quite -simple in themselves, and are so proportioned and arranged as to -adapt them to each other with artistic effect, and to produce marked -features of unity and completeness.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 144.)—Hight -of ceiling, 11 feet. The general divisions and arrangements are simple -and practical. The principal entrance from the piazza is through outside -and vestibule doors. The outside doors are made in pairs, with solid -panels heavily moulded on the face. The vestibule doors are of similar -construction, except that their upper panels are of glass. There is a -seeming extravagance in such “vestibules,” or duplication of doors, -at the entrance of any dwelling, and they may be regarded as a luxury -rather than a necessity, and would be superfluous and inappropriate in -the ordinary cottage or farm-house; but in residences of this character, -where there is abundant space, such vestibules are manifestly proper, -adding a feature of elaborateness, and providing for many contingencies -of times and seasons. The outside, or storm-doors, afford protection -against extreme cold and severe storms, and furnish additional security. -The vestibule, or “glass” doors, admit an abundance of cheerful light -to the hall. The Main Hall is roomy, and contains the principal stairs, -which are of platform construction, are wide, and have hard-wood rail, -balusters, and newel. The Parlor and Dining-room adjoin the hall -through large double doors. The parlor and bed-room are separated by -sliding doors. The Bed-room has doors leading to the principal hall -and to the bath-room, which has a wash-basin and water-closet. The -Kitchen is supplied with a range, with elevated oven and a water-back; -a 30-gallon copper boiler, a sink with closet underneath, a pump, and -stationary wash-tubs in three divisions, and it connects through doors -with the dining-room, rear lobby, cellar-stairway, a large pantry, and -a dish-closet. The Rear Lobby is arranged to connect with the rear -entrance, kitchen, bath-room, and principal hall. The Bath-room contains -a tank, with a capacity for four hogsheads of water (placed near the -ceiling), bath-tub, washstand, and seat-closet. Lead pipes necessary for -the supply and distribution of cold and hot water, are provided in the -kitchen and bath-room. Marble mantles are provided for the principal -rooms of this story, at an average cost of $25 each. Double architraves -are intended for the trimmings of the windows and doors in the principal -apartments, and neat chair-backs are provided for the dining-room -and kitchen.... SECOND STORY (fig. 145.)—By the peculiar method of -constructing the roof and frame-work, it will be found that the inside -walls of this story are vertical or plumb, instead of angling as in the -usual Mansard roof. The ceiling is 9 feet high. This story has a hall, -four large and one small rooms, five closets, and a stairway to the -tower. Each of the four large chambers have marble shelves resting on -plaster trusses, as described in Design XXXII. Single architraves are -intended for the trimming of this story.... CONSTRUCTION of the Walls -and Roof.—The excavations are made 1½ foot deep, and the earth thrown -out is used in grading around the house at completion, raising the -surrounding surface 1 foot. The foundation and cross-walls (fig. 146) -are 6½ feet high. The principal walls resting on the foundation are 14 -feet 3 inches high, and the walls of the tower extend 11 feet 6 inches -above the principal walls. The walls inclosing the wing in the rear are -10 feet high; all of hard burned brick and good mortar. The exterior -walls of the foundation are 12 inches thick, and all other walls are 8 -inches thick, and have heading courses every 2 feet. The bottom courses -of the exterior foundation, to the hight of 2½ feet, are laid in mortar -composed of hydraulic cement and sharp sand, to prevent the absorption -of dampness from the earth; all other mortar is composed of lime and -sand. All exterior surfaces of brick-work that are exposed to view have -“flush-joints,” and those intended for painting should be rubbed smooth. -All windows for the cellar and first story have sills of dressed stone, -and have heads neatly arched of brick-work. The window-caps for the first -story windows are laid of brick, as shown in sketch, (fig. 147). These -caps are easily executed while constructing the walls, and are quite -ornamental; the figures on the sketch denote the distances or projections -of the several parts beyond the face of the wall.... Plates of 3 × 8 -timber are laid flatwise on top of the brick walls, and the upper or roof -framework is added as shown in section, (fig. 148): _A_, foundation, 12 -inches thick; _B_, principal wall, 8 inches thick; _C_, _C_, tower walls; -_D_, _D_, tower posts, 4 × 6 inches, adjoining the upper portion of tower -walls, and forming a part of the tower; _E_, _E_, principal plates, 3 × -8 laid on brick work; _F_, tie, 3 × 8, resting on 2 × 4 studding, placed -inside the wall, and nailed to the principal plates; _G_, _G_, rafters -sawed to pattern, the lower end projects one inch beyond the face of the -wall. _H_, ceiling timbers resting on the ties. The remaining framework -will be readily understood. The roofs are inclosed with rough hemlock -boards of even thickness, and thoroughly nailed to the rafters—and lastly -covered with IC. charcoal tin. The method of laying the tin on the -upright or Mansard part of the roof, is known in the trade as the “raised -groove” plan, in which all the vertical joints of the tin are raised and -folded, leaving an elevated seam or ridge, which stiffens the general -surface, and adds to the picturesqueness of this form of roof, without -increasing its cost. The balance of the tinning is laid with the ordinary -lock-joint and soldered. _Gas pipes_ are inserted in the framework so as -to be concealed, except where they appear for attachments for 4 ceiling -lights, and 4 side lights in the first story; for 8 side lights in the -second story; for 1 ceiling light in the tower, and for 1 side light in -the cellar. Ample opportunities for a thorough _Ventilation_ are provided -for in this plan. It will be seen that the four large rooms have windows -in two of their sides, affording the most certain and satisfactory means -of ventilation known.—Flues are also provided adjoining each room in -which registers are put, for use in the more severe weather. Provision -is made for the escape of the air from between the ceiling of the second -story and the roof.—Five strong tin 4-inch tubes, with funnel covers, -are inserted in the deck of the principal roof; four of them are placed -3 feet behind the chimneys, and one near the rear, connecting with a -flattened tube leading directly from the bath-room.... The following -ESTIMATE of the quantities of materials and labor, of their several -kinds, and their cost, embraces everything necessary to the completion -of the house, excepting the appliances for heating, which may consist of -a furnace, fire-place heaters, or open grates, as shall be best adapted -to the location. In this vicinity, where hard coal is the chief fuel, we -would suggest a furnace, placed in the cellar, with large pipes arranged -to convey warm air to the different parts of the house. In localities -where bituminous coal is used, the open grate gives good results, and -is exceedingly cheerful in appearance. There are ranges and parlor -stoves constructed to burn soft coal successfully, and it is undoubtedly -possible that heating furnaces may be adapted to the use of the same fuel. - -ESTIMATE OF COST: - - 80 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $16.00 - 60,000 brick, complete, at $10 per M. 600.00 - 120 ft. stone sills and coping, at 30c. per ft. 36.00 - 1,000 yards plastering principal, complete, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 120 yards plastering ceiling of cellar, complete, at 15c. 18.00 - 4,763 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 71.44 - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long. - 68 beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long. - 34 beams, 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 4 beams, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long. - 9 beams, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long. - 4 girts, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long. - 1 brace, 3 × 5 in. 30 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 6 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 deck tie, 3 × 8 in. 138 ft. long. - 1 deck plate, 3 × 6 in. 188 ft. long. - 1 main plate, 3 × 8 in. 139 ft. long. - 1 tower plate, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long. - 4 tower posts, 4 × 6 in. 14 ft. long. - 1 piazza, 3 × 7 in. 220 ft. long. - 100 rough plank rafters, at 25c. each. 25.00 - 360 wall strips, 2 × 4 in., 12 ft., at 11c. each. 39.60 - 308 hemlock boards, 10 in. × 13 ft., at 18c. each. 55.44 - 250 mill-worked flooring boards, 9-in., at 30c. each. 75.00 - 130 furring strips, 1 × 2 in., 13 ft., at 5c. each. 6.50 - 31 squares of tin, at $8.50 per square. 263.50 - 16 windows, 1st story and tower, complete, at $16 each. 256.00 - 12 cellar windows, complete, at $8 each. 96.00 - 13 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 260.00 - Cornices, principal and deck. 130.00 - Piazza stoop and wing finish (except tin), complete. 300.00 - Finial on tower. 8.00 - Stairs, complete, $100.00; 38 doors, at $10 each, - complete, $380. 480.00 - Finish in closets. 25.00 - Mantels and shelves (of marble). 100.00 - Range (with elevated oven and water back). 80.00 - Plumbing and gas-pipes. 220.00 - Nails and anchors. 27.10 - Painting, $200; Cartage, $30. 230.00 - Carpenter’s labor not included in the completed works. 250.00 - Incidentals. 51.42 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 143.—ELEVATION OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 144.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 145.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 146.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 147.—WINDOW-CAPS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 148.—SECTION OF FRAME.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 149.—ELEVATION OF COUNTRY RESIDENCE.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIV. - -COUNTRY RESIDENCE COSTING $4,750. - - -On the next page is a perspective view of a residence built for Dr. B. -Clark, of Washington, Pa., from special designs made by me in 1876. The -style and general arrangements are similar to the one built for Dr. -McClure, last described, with the addition of a side extension or office, -and the completion of rooms in the basement for laundry purposes, and a -laboratory. This Building is substantially constructed, and tastefully -finished throughout. The hight of the ceilings in the first story are -12 feet, in the second 10 feet, and for the basement 8 feet. It has two -heaters, four open grates, a range, complete apparatus in bath rooms, -and distributing pipes for cold and hot water. The principal rooms are -frescoed, all others are kalsomined. A Reservoir constructed in the rear -part of the cellar, and provided with running spring water, is arranged -as a receptacle for milk cans, and supplies the Fountain shown in the -front lawn (this fountain, owing to the sloping surface of the grounds, -is several feet below the foundations of the house).... Dr. Clark moved -into his new house during the first week in February last, and writes -with reference to it, that “all in all it is the most tasteful in outside -appearance, convenient, and economically constructed building in this -section, and attracts a great deal of attention.” - -The cost of this building, everything complete, was $4,750. - - - - -DESIGN XXXV. - -A HOUSE COSTING $4,000. - - -These plans were designed for a suburban residence, to take the -place of one recently destroyed by fire. The original structure was -cubiform in outline, resembling a huge box; with unbroken facades, -and flat roof, destitute of beauty, and in strange contrast with the -tasteful surroundings. The owner desired to use the old foundations, -still in fair condition, without disturbing the grounds, underlying -pipes, etc., and thus retain the nearly square ground plan, but a -building with an exterior agreeing with the surroundings. While the -main object in presenting this design is to show that the ground -plans do not necessarily determine the style of exterior dress, its -general arrangement and character will be found to deserve favorable -consideration.... ELEVATION, (fig. 150.)—There is a constant demand for -“Mansard Roofs,” arising from an aspiration for structures signifying -originality and progressiveness. The animated features of this style -accord with activity, rather than of retirement, and adapt it to -prominent situations, skirting the more public thoroughfares. The -objections to such roofs result from their frequent misapplication. -They are manifestly inappropriate for retired or secluded situations, -or for persons of purely domestic tastes. They also lose their identity -and expressiveness when duplicated in close and continuous proximity, -as is often done in towns. But this is true of any other style. Variety -is the spice of architecture.... CELLAR, (fig. 151.)—Hight of 8 feet in -clear. It has an outside rear entrance, is well lighted, and contains -ample space for the furnace, and divisions for coal, vegetables, etc.... -FIRST STORY, (fig. 152.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 feet. The accommodations -are conveniently arranged, and sufficient for a large family. The main -entrance from the piazza is through large double doors and a vestibule. -The Hall is central and spacious, communicating with the principal -rooms, and rear entry, and contains the main stairs, which are unusually -wide and easy. The Parlor and Library, divided by large sliding doors, -can be used separately, or together as one spacious room when desired. -The Dining-room and Kitchen adjoin, and have the necessary pantries, -range, pump, sink, and stationary wash-tubs, with cold and hot water. A -Conservatory is entered from the dining-room through double sash doors, -adding a cheerful feature to this apartment, where the family spend much -of their time. The rear may be reached from the dining-room in three -ways—by the main hall and rear entry, or through the kitchen, or most -pleasantly through the conservatory.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 153.)—Hight -of ceilings 9 feet. The divisions include a hall, four large chambers -with closets to each, a front hall bed-room, and a bath-room. Each of -the chambers has windows in two sides, giving opportunity for plentiful -light and fresh air. The clear width of the room sections, (5 yards -each), favors the economical cutting of carpets. The main stairs are -made continuous to the attic story. The Bath-room is furnished with a -bath-tub, wash-bowl, and seat-closet, and with cold and hot water.... -CONSTRUCTION.—The foundations, stone-sills, area stoops, framing, -inclosing, flooring, plastering, and painting, are similar to those -described for Design XIII. Care should be taken in covering the roofs, -as the materials used (wood, tin, and slate), are entirely foreign to -each other, and can only be placed in _contact_, and indirectly united. -The wood should be thoroughly seasoned, to prevent a future disturbance -of the exterior covering. All flashings along the sides of the dormers -and other uprights should be 10 inches wide, and double painted before -being used. The conservatory is not floored, but is filled in with earth -level with the foundation walls. A walk is laid through the center, of 1⅛ -× 4-inch slats, and the remaining space is devoted to plants. A furnace -is placed in the cellar, with pipes to convey warm air to the principal -rooms and halls of both stories, and to the conservatory. The pipes and -register boxes for conveying warm air to the second story, are placed -in the chimneys while building them. There are open fire-places in the -principal rooms, with marble mantles in the first story, and marble -shelves in the chambers. Stucco cornices and centers, of appropriate -patterns, are put in the principal rooms and hall of the first story. A -hall and stairway leading to the tower, is completed in the ATTIC, the -other portions of the third story are unfinished, but may be converted -into pleasant rooms for school purposes, or chambers, as desired. - -ESTIMATE, Cost of materials and labor: - - 114 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $22.80 - 84 perches stone-foundation, at $2.75 per perch. 231.00 - 60 ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 28c. per ft. 16.80 - 8,000 brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M. 96.00 - 1,000 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 280.00 - 230 feet stucco cornices and centers, at 25c. per ft. 57.50 - 8,305 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 124.57 - 2 girders, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 40 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 2 sills, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long. - 9 posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 32 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 6 in. 11 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 350 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long. - Perlines, 3 × 8 in. 215 ft. long. - 51 beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long. - 15 beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long. - 50 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 4 hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 7 in. 176 ft. long. - Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 86 ft. long. - 6 locust posts at 30c, $1.80; 150 joists, at 16c., $24. 25.80 - 150 wall-strips, at 11c. each. 16.50 - 220 sheathing, at 18c., $39.60; 500 lbs. tarred felting, $20. 59.60 - 400 clapboards, at 12c. each. 48.00 - 870 hemlock boards for roof, at 16c. each. 59.20 - 14 squares slate, at $8½ per square. 119.00 - 20 squares tin, at $7½ per square. 150.00 - Cornice materials. 89.62 - 335 pieces flooring (9-inch), at 18c. each. 60.30 - Piazzas and porches, complete. 160.00 - 9 cellar windows, complete, at $5 each. 45.00 - 24 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 288.00 - 18 dormer windows, complete, at $16 each. 288.00 - Stairs, complete, $100; 45 doors, complete, at $10, $450. 550.00 - Closets, $30; nails, $20. 50.00 - 3 marble mantles, $75; 4 marble shelves, $25. 100.00 - Range and plumbing. 260.00 - Sky-light in conservatory. 12.00 - Furnace and pipes. 150.00 - Carting, average 1 mile. 40.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 300.00 - Painting, $220; incidentals, $80.31. 300.31 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $4,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 150.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 151.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 152.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 153.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVI. - -A FARM HOUSE COSTING $5,000. - - -The plans here given were originally designed for the residence of Mr. F. -H. Johnston, Easton, Md. They will interest those desiring a good-sized, -comfortable farm-house.... EXTERIOR, (fig. 154).—The site in this case -being midway between the highway and a water front, (facing a tributary -of the Chesapeake,) made it desirable to have two main entrances, adapted -to either approach, and indicated the position of the kitchen wing -at the _side_. The Conservatory is in an angle facing the southeast. -The Piazza and Roof Projections are of ample breadth to give abundant -shade, and proper effect. As a whole, the outlines are rounded and -compact, indicating completeness and strength—always desirable features -in buildings of this class.... CELLAR, (fig. 155).—Hight of ceiling 8 -feet. It has 13 windows, and outside and hatchway doors. Openings in the -chimneys provide ventilation. The ceilings are plastered, to prevent -the ascent of damp and unwholesome vapors through the frame-work of -the house.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 156).—Hight of the ceilings in the -main house, 11 ft. 4 in., and in the wing 9 ft. The main entrances lead -from the piazzas, through large double doors, to the principal Hall, -which is wide, and extends, unobstructed, through the house. The main -stairs occupy the space at the right, which is separated by an arch that -preserves the continuity of the hall ceiling. The ordinary or family -entrance is by way of the passage, and is convenient to all the parts -of the house in daily use. A private stairway leads from the passage to -the second story. The Parlor and Library are separated by sliding doors, -and each has a bay and other windows. The Dining-room at the right is -pleasantly arranged; it may be entered from the main hall, or through the -conservatory, or by the passage, or through the butler’s pantry. Wide -double sash-doors lead to the conservatory, and single sash-doors open -to the piazza through the passage. The Kitchen has doors leading to the -passage, butler’s pantry, cellar, and yard, and has three windows. It is -provided with a range, pump, boiler, wash-tubs, and sink. The Butler’s -Pantry is spacious; one end is dresser finished, with counter-shelf and -doors above and below. A counter-shelf is also placed at the opposite -end, with wash-tray and closet. The sides are shelved around, and have -cleats and hooks.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 157).—Hight of ceilings in -the main house 10 feet; in the wing 9 feet. The divisions embrace six -rooms, six closets, and the required halls. The platform of the main -stairs is level with the second floor of the wing, and from it a door -leads to the wing passage. The Bath-room has a bath-tub, wash-stand, and -seat-closet, and a good-sized closet for towelling, etc. All closets -have the usual shelving and hooks. Each chamber has marble shelves and -stucco trusses.... ATTIC.—The stairs leading to this story are above -the main flight, inclosed with narrow ceiling, and have a door at the -foot. There are two circular windows in each end gable, and one in -each front. The whole is floored, but otherwise unfinished, to be used -as an open garret.... CONSTRUCTION.—The excavations are 4 feet deep, -and the loose earth thrown out is neatly graded around, leaving three -feet of the foundations exposed to sight. The foundations are of hard -burned brick, 12 inches thick for the main house, and 8 inches for the -wing and conservatory. Brick piers, 12 inches square, are built for the -piazza supports. The first story frame-work is beam-filled with bricks, -where they rest on the foundation. This prevents draughts of air from -entering the house between the foundation and the frame, and also keeps -mice out of the frame at this point—_the latter is especially necessary -along the lines of the main partitions_. The chimneys are of hard brick, -arranged with continuous flues from each fire-place to the top. Tin -8-inch pipes, with the necessary elbows and register boxes, are inserted -while building, to convey warm air from the cellar to the large chambers -in the second story. The frame-work is constructed in the most thorough -manner, of sound pine or spruce timber. The siding is of clear pine -clapboard, laid on sheathing felt. Cornices of dressed pine. Principal -roofing of cedar shingles. Piazza and bay window roofs of tin. Flooring -of narrow yellow pine. The first and second stories are completed in -every respect, ready for occupation. Each of the principal rooms and the -main hall have stucco cornices and centers. Arches with neat ornamental -corbels are built across each bay window, over the =L= adjoining the main -hall, and at the entrance of the passage leading to the bed-room in the -second story. All sashes are 1½-inch thick, and glazed with four lights -in each pair. Blinds (outside) are properly hung and fastened to each -window above the cellar. The conservatory is substantially constructed -of light frame-work, with no superfluous dressing to obstruct the light, -and glazed with plain, single-thick glass at the sides, and ribbed glass -for the roof, has a narrow walk of slat-work leading from the dining-room -door, and is arranged to be heated in winter from a furnace in the -cellar. All parts usually painted, have two coats of best paint, of color -and materials selected by the owner. - -ESTIMATE, cost of materials and labor: - - 268 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $53.60 - 50,000 bricks, (furnished and laid,) at $12 per M. 600.00 - 88 ft. blue-stone sills, at 30c. per ft. 26.40 - 1,300 yards plastering, at 28c. per yard. 364.00 - 175 ” ” cellar ceiling, at 16c. per yard. 28.00 - 330 ft. cornices, complete, at 20c. per foot. 66.00 - 4 centers, complete, at $4 each. 16.00 - 14,300 ft. of timber, at $14 per M. 200.20 - Sills, 4 × 10 in. 276 ft. long. - Ties, 4 × 6 in. 490 ft. long. - Plates, 4 × 8 in. 138 ft. long. - Perlines, 4 × 9 in. 214 ft. long. - Ridges, 3 × 9 in. 67 ft. long. - Ridges, 3 × 7 in. 20 ft. long. - Gables, 4 × 6 in. 200 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long. - 8 posts, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long. - 4 posts, 4 × 7 in. 13½ ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long. - 50 beams, 3 × 10 in. 19 ft. long. - 8 beams, 4 × 10 in. 19 ft. long. - 10 beams, 3 × 10 in. 18 ft. long. - 1 beam, 4 × 10 in. 18 ft. long. - 11 beams, 3 × 9 in. 18 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 9 in. 19 ft. long. - 28 beams, 3 × 10 in. 10 ft. long. - 14 beams, 3 × 9 in. 10 ft. long. - 78 rafters, 3 × 6 in. 25 ft. long. - 34 rafters, 3 × 5 in. 15 ft. long. - Braces, 3 × 5 in. 240 ft. long. - 175 joists, at 13c., $22.75; 400 wall strips, at 10c., $40. 62.75 - 800 lbs. felt, at 4c., $32; 800 siding, clapboards, 10c., $80. 112.00 - Cornice materials. 120.00 - 500 rough roofing, at 14c. each. 70.00 - 12,000 singles, at $10 per M. 120.00 - 11 squares tin, at $9 per square. 99.00 - 450 ft. valleys, gutters, and leaders, at 10c. 45.00 - 5,366 ft. flooring, at 3c. per foot. 160.98 - 13 cellar windows, complete, at $6 each. 78.00 - 30 plain windows, complete, at $12 each. 360.00 - 2 bay windows, complete, at $60 each. 120.00 - 2 dormer windows, complete, at $20 each. 40.00 - 4 stairs, complete. 150.00 - 38 doors, complete, at $12. 456.00 - Piazza and stoops, exclusive of floors and roofing. 250.00 - Conservatory, complete. 150.00 - Mantles, complete. 102.00 - Pantry and closets, complete. 75.00 - Nails, $24; Carting, average 1 mile, $50. 74.00 - Range and plumbing, complete. 250.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 450.00 - Painting. 272.00 - Incidentals. 29.07 - --------- - Total cost, complete. $5,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 154.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 155.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 156.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 157.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $7,000. - - -The accompanying plans were designed for a suburban residence erected -during the past year by Mr. Bernhard Greeff, at College Point, Long -Island, N. Y. The general outlines were determined with especial -reference to the location—which is elevated, overlooking the East River -to the north and west, Flushing bay, and the village to the south, and -with an eastward frontage to the street, giving pleasant views in all -directions. With these points fixed, it is easy to see the propriety of -placing a broad side to the bleak or northern exposure, and putting such -breaks or angles as are required in the more sheltered directions.... -EXTERIOR, (fig. 158.)—The style of this example is homelike, and shows to -the best advantage when placed in comparison with those of more fanciful -design. Sufficient irregularities are made in angles and projections -to give variety. The details shown in the front finish are continued -around the sides and rear. The hight of the rear wing is one story less -than the main house. While the appearance of this house is agreeable -on every side, the most pleasing is from the southerly direction.... -CELLAR, (fig. 159.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet, of which 4 feet are above -ground. All parts are well lighted with windows, except the hall, which -has a sash-door with iron guard. The Laundry has an open stairway to -the kitchen, and is provided with wash-tubs. A water-closet is placed -under the stair. A furnace is placed in the northern division of the -cellar, with pipes for conducting warm air to each room and hall in the -two stories of the main house, and to the bath-room.... FIRST STORY, -(fig. 160.)—Hight of ceilings in main house 11 feet; in rear wing 8 -feet 5 inches. The Front Entrance is through a vestibule leading to -the main hall. The Hall is large, contains the principal stairs, with -a closet under them, and communicates with the parlor, sitting-room, -and rear entry. The Sitting or Family-room is arranged to be the -pleasantest apartment, has double windows front and rear, (the rear -ones opening to the floor), and a large bay-window giving an outlook -in three directions. Each of the principal rooms has grates for open -fires, side registers leading from the furnace, and marble mantles. -The Rear Entry communicates with the several apartments, and the rear -piazza. The Kitchen has an elevated range, boiler, sink, drain-board, -two closets, and enclosed stairways leading down to the laundry, and up -to the second story; it communicates with the dining-room through the -butler’s pantry, the latter is “dresser-finished” with sash-doors, copper -wash-trays, etc.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 161.)—Hight of ceiling in main -house 10 feet, in wing 9 feet, with side breasts 5 feet. The floor of -the wing is level with the platform of the main stairs. The full ceiling -above this platform is arched over, and conceals the roof angle of the -wing. An inside and smaller arch leads to the passage beyond. Both of -these arches may be seen from the lower hall, and are pleasing features. -An arch between the closets at the opposite end of the hall makes an -alcove to the hall window. The room divisions are similar to those of -the first story. Closets are provided for each chamber. The Bath-room -is conveniently arranged and furnished.... ATTIC.—Hight of ceiling 9 -feet, with breast-walls 3 feet. There are 3 good-sized chambers, a hall, -and 7 closets in this story. Four dormer and three gable windows are -provided.... CONSTRUCTION.—The _time_ allowed for the erection of most -buildings is too limited. Although this house was built by contract, -no haste was enjoined, six months being allowed for its completion, -giving the builder an opportunity of selecting the materials and workmen, -and of applying the parts in their proper time and order. The exterior -foundation walls, to the level of the ground, are of broken stone, 18 -inches thick; the balance of hard brick, 12 inches thick. The frame is -of full-sized timber; all beams and studding are placed 16 inches from -centers. The siding-boards are 6 inches wide, rabbeted, and laid 5 inches -to the weather, on stiff tarred “sheathing-board,” weighing 1½ pound -to the square yard. The exterior frame is “filled in” with pale brick. -The main and wing roofs are covered with Keystone slate on tarred felt -over hemlock boards. The main gutters are of double cross tin, laid -in with the slate as shown in Design V. The roofs of the piazzas, and -bay-window, are of single cross tin. The cellar bottom is concreted with -hydraulic cement and gravel, 3 in. thick. The laundry and cellar hall -have the usual wide flooring, and are thoroughly plastered and finished. -The partitions in the cellar, and the coal-bins are of dressed plank. -All the floors in the two principal stories are double, the first being -of ordinary dressed flooring—the second is “_parquet_” flooring laid of -¾ × 2½-inch yellow pine, and black walnut. The black walnut is used -only in the borders and centers. These borders are made by laying from -five to eight courses of alternate woods all around the rooms, ending -at the hearths. The widths and arrangements are changed slightly in the -different apartments, to give variety. These floors are intended to -dispense with the use of carpets; rugs, covering the central portions of -the floor, being adopted in their place. Unlike the stationary carpet, -these may be easily removed for airing, and the floors cleaned daily -if desirable. The three upper stories are hard-finished, on two coats -of brown mortar. Each room and hall in the first and second stories of -the main house have suitable stucco cornices and centers. The interior -wood-finish is complete, all of clear and seasoned materials. Bronzed -hardware is used in the first story, and porcelain in the balance of the -building. Gas-pipes are inserted for thirty lights, properly distributed -through the house. Five bells are included in the fittings. All wood, -tin, and exterior brick work has two coats of best paint. The outside -doors, and the halls, are grained in imitation of hard woods. The stair -rails, door saddles, and the hard-wood flooring, are rubbed with linseed -oil. The following are the estimates of the _cost_, as per contracts: - - Mason work, completed. $1,650.00 - Roofer’s work, ” 337.00 - Carpenter’s work, ” 3,573.00 - Plumber’s work, ” 590.00 - Furnaces, ” 200.00 - Mantles, ” 300.00 - Painter’s work, ” 350.00 - --------- - Total. $7,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 158.—ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 159.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 160.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 161.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXVIII. - -A HOUSE COSTING $8,000. - - -These plans were designed for a large and convenient house, arranged -to embrace nearly all of the modern improvements. Figure 162 is the -perspective view of a house recently built from these plans, for Mr. J. -M. Peck, at Flushing, L. I. The general characteristics of the exterior -are expressive of refinement and cheerfulness. There is considerable -novelty in some of the outlines and details of construction. It will be -seen that the Tower is five stories high, or two stories above the attic -of the main house, affording a lofty outlook. All the long horizontal -lines of cornice are broken up by truss-heads, which are ornamental in -themselves, and give relief from the depressing appearance of such long -lines. The Dormer Windows of the main house have projecting pediments, -with turned columns resting on the outer edge of the main cornice. The -Inclosing of this house is the same as that described for Design XXXII. -The Mansard part of the main roof and tower is covered with dark slate, -laid on sound boards, covered with felt. All other roofs are tinned in -the best manner.... The CELLAR extends under the whole house, and has -outside and cross-walls of hard brick, which, with the chimneys and -area, are built as described in XXXII. A _Furnace_ is put in at _F_, -and enclosed with brick, and 10-inch tin pipes are provided to convey -hot air to the parlors, library, dining-room, and hall of the first -story, to five rooms in the second story, and to the tank-room in the -attic story.... The FIRST STORY contains a large Hall, Parlor, Library, -Dining-room to be used as a Living-room, Kitchen, Butler’s and other -Pantries, Wash-room, two flights of Stairs, the principal one in the main -hall, and a private one adjoining the wash-room. The Main Hall is 7 feet -wide, and is entered from the piazza through heavy front and vestibule -double doors. The front doors are full hight, and have quarter-circle -plate glass “skylights” in them. The vestibule doors have plate glass -upper panels, with transom, and half-circle head-light. Double doors open -from the hall to the parlor and to the dining-room, and large sliding -doors separate the parlor from the library. The _Dining-room_ has a -large bay-window, marble mantel, china closet, and adjoins the butler’s -pantry. The _Kitchen_ is arranged with such conveniences as would delight -the most enthusiastic housekeeper; has large closets, range, sink, cold -and hot water, adjoins the wash-room, cellar stairway, and private -passage, and communicates with the dining-room through the butler’s -pantry. The Range has an elevated oven, warm closet, and water-back. To -secure a perfect ventilation, a large register is placed in the flue of -the chimney, which creates so strong a draft that the air in this room -can all be changed in a few minutes. The left-hand flue of the kitchen -chimney contains the pipes that convey warm air from the furnace to -the bath and tank rooms. The wash-room contains the copper boiler and -wash-tubs, and has a closet under the private stairs. The sink is large, -and is provided with large drain-boards at each side, and a row of -closets underneath. The Butler’s Pantry has complete fittings of drawers, -shelving, oval copper wash-tray, and washstand with marble top, and is -provided with cold and hot water. A Passage or private hall is arranged -to connect with the principal hall, kitchen, private stairway, and rear -entrance; by this plan the principal housework can be done without -intruding in any way on the main hall or principal rooms of the house.... -SECOND STORY. This story contains a good-sized hall, 4 large chambers, -a private study, bath-room, store-room, six large closets, and private -stairway. The principal flight of stairs is made continuous from the -first floor to the attic; an arch is placed across the narrow part of the -hall in this story, near the first landing of the principal stairs, and -is in full sight from the hall below, imparting a cheerful and finished -appearance.... ATTIC, _or Third Story_—This story is finished throughout, -and is divided into a hall, two large chambers, with closets to each, -tank-room, and large attic. The stairs to the tower are closed in, and -have a door at the foot. The hall is lighted through a sash-door from -the tank-room. The large attic-room at the right has two doors opening -from the hall, and may be divided into two rooms if required. A large -upper room, where noise will not disturb the occupants of the lower parts -of the house, will always be found valuable for school and play-room -purposes, especially in cold or stormy weather, and when supplied -with a table, benches, maps, books, and apparatus for instruction and -entertainment, will afford the younger members of the family opportunity -for development and exercise.... GENERAL REMARKS.—Many people, who would -adopt this general plan, might conclude that the style of the exterior -is too elaborate and costly. It must be obvious to any one that the -internal arrangements, and ground plan of houses, should be made to -conform to the necessities and requirements of those who are to occupy -them; and these parts being of the first importance, should receive the -first consideration. Such _ground plans_, however, do not decide, or -even indicate, the style, character, or expense, of the outside _dress_ -that may be put upon them. Different people have entirely different -characters, tastes, and resources, and the external appearance of their -homes should signify those general qualities and characteristics, and -also accord with, and conform to, all the circumstances of location, and -relation.... The ESTIMATE in detail provides for all work to be done in -a substantial manner, of the usual materials. The exterior and interior -wood finish is of clear pine lumber. The _Plastering_ is hard-finished, -on two coats of brown mortar. Appropriate _Cornices_, _Centers_, and -_Panels_, in stucco, are intended for the hall, parlor, library, -dining-room, and the two front chambers in the second story. _Gas_-pipes -are inserted in the frame-work of the house, with connections arranged -for 37 attachments. These are easily put in during construction, and even -when the house is located far from any city or village having gas, there -is strong probability that ere long we shall have convenient apparatus -for making and supplying gas to isolated dwellings.... PLUMBING is -provided as described in Design XXXII., except that the plumbing required -for the butler’s pantry, is here added. _Bells_ are put in, with their -wires running through zinc tubes concealed in the walls. The front-door -pull leads to a gong in the kitchen. The dining-room has a bell leading -to the school-room in the attic. Each chamber in the second story, -and the bath-room, has a bell leading to the kitchen, and the largest -chamber has a bell leading to the attic. _Speaking_-tubes are provided -for communication between the second story, hall, and bath-room, with -the kitchen.... PAINTING.—The body of the outside is in warm-gray; the -principal outside trimming in pure white, with thin separating lines in -light drab, and blinds in dark-bronze color. All wood, tin, and brick -work, usually painted, both inside and outside, has two coats of the -best lead and oil. All doors are grained—and all hard-wood, such as -stair-rail, balusters, and door-saddles, are rubbed in oil. - -ESTIMATE: - - 216 yards excavation, at 20c. per yard. $43.20 - 32,000 hard brick, at $9 per 1000. 288.00 - 6,000 pale brick, at $5½ per 1,000. 33.00 - Materials for plastering, and lath. 300.00 - 70 ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. 21.00 - Labor for all the mason work. 600.00 - 13,258 ft. timber, at $15 per M. 198.87 - 1 sill, 4 × 8 in. 242 ft. long. - 1 tie, 4 × 6 in. 484 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 8 in. 42 ft. long. - 2 posts, 4 × 8 in. 19 ft. long. - 1 deck plate, 3 × 8 in. 156 ft. long. - 6 hips, 3 × 10 in. 22 ft. long. - 1 sill (piazza) 4 × 7 in. 114 ft. long. - 1 plate ” 3 × 8 in. 90 ft. long. - 1 beam ” 3 × 6 in. 60 ft. long. - 12 posts, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long. - 1 plate, 4 × 6 in. 360 ft. long. - 112 beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long. - 56 ” 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long. - 32 ” 3 × 8 in. 12 ft. long. - 28 ” 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long. - 8 ” 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long. - 52 ” 2 × 6 in. 13 ft. long. - 1 ” 2 × 7 in. 28 ft. long. - 300 joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each. 66.00 - 350 wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each. 38.50 - 928 tongued and grooved sheathing boards for sides and roofs, - at 25c. each. 232.00 - 300 lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb. 15.00 - 663 novelty clear siding-boards, at 30c. each. 198.90 - 416 ft. main cornices, water table, corner boards. 416.00 - 29½ squares of tin roofing, at $8 per square. 236.00 - 17 squares of slate, (no openings allowed) at $10 per square. 170.00 - 13 cellar windows, complete, at $12 each. 156.00 - 1 bay-window, complete. 100.00 - 30 windows, first and second story, and tower, complete, - at $17 each. 510.00 - 13 dormer windows, complete, at $23 each. 299.00 - 3 piazzas, (except tinning), complete. 400.00 - 1 balcony, (except tinning), complete. 35.00 - 1 hood, (except tinning), complete. 50.00 - 480 flooring-boards, 6-inch, at 25c. each. 120.00 - 160 flooring boards, 9-inch. 46.00 - Stairs, complete. 200.00 - 14 closets and pantries, complete. 130.00 - 50 doors, complete, at $15.20 each. 760.00 - 4 marble mantles, complete. 125.00 - Furnace and range, (set and piped), complete. 400.00 - Plumbing, complete. 300.00 - Painting. 400.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 800.00 - Cartage, average 1 mile. 115.00 - Incidentals. 197.53 - --------- - Total cost of materials and construction. $8,000.00 - -[Illustration: Fig. 162.—PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF HOUSE.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 163.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 164.—PLAN OF MAIN FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 165.—PLAN OF SECOND STORY.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 166.—PLAN OF ATTIC.] - - - - -DESIGN XXXIX. - -CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $1,000 EACH. - - -These plans were originally prepared for six connected cottages, just -completed, for Mr. Fred. Storms, (manufacturer), at Bayside, L. I. They -were designed to give the largest amount of accommodation, convenience, -and finish, possible, for one thousand dollars each, and are especially -adapted to rapidly filling localities, or manufacturing districts. -By this system of building in blocks, a very large saving is made in -materials and labor, at first, and little expense is required to keep -them in order afterwards. Where desired, the introduction of gas, or -water-pipes, may be made, from one to the other direct, at small cost. -Such connected houses are really more comfortable than separate ones, -as they protect each other at their sides from the extreme changes -of the outward temperature; and are therefore warmer in winter, and -cooler in summer. The site chosen in this case is elevated, and has a -westward frontage, securing the important advantages of good drainage, -and the admission of direct sunlight to every room.... EXTERIOR, (fig. -167).—Building in blocks is a favorite mode with many large owners of -village property. The chief objection to a majority of such erections is -their formal and stiff appearance, arising from a monotonous uniformity, -a repetition of parts, and the overpowering predominance of horizontal -lines—partaking too much of the city-street style. To overcome such -objections in this design, simple but effective irregularities were -introduced, so that really no two dwellings are alike. The sky-lines -are broken and varied; the main roofs have pedimented projections—with -Mansard sections intervening; all horizontal lines are either shortened -or omitted, leaving vertical ones to prevail, and the window openings are -varied in their form and distribution. While these several features are -essential to the good appearance of such buildings, giving them the -pleasing elements of variety and picturesqueness, they do not add very -materially to the cost. Cottages designed for simple dwellings, whether -built apart or connected, should, as far as possible, preserve their -identity as cottages, and if destined for undulating and picturesque -situations, should be outlined to accord with their surroundings.... -INTERIOR.—The following description of rooms has reference to the -house at the extreme left; its relation with the adjoining one is shown -by the dotted sketch at the side. All have equal accommodations; this -and two others are similarly arranged, the remaining three have their -sides reversed.... CELLAR, (fig. 168.)—Hight of ceilings 6½ feet. It is -thoroughly floored, has outside entrances front and rear, and being well -out of ground, is light and airy, and is adapted to general use for the -coarser work. Bins for coal are placed where they may be readily filled -from the front window. One corner is partitioned off for a bath-room -and water-closet. The window to the latter is shielded by a latticed -inclosure beneath the rear lobby, adding to its privacy. The rear area -not being protected by the rear stoop, has hatchway doors to be used in -stormy weather. The Stairs lead from near the front door, to the main -hall of the first story.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 169.)—Hight of ceilings 10 -feet. A hall, parlor, and living-room are embraced in the divisions. The -Hall is entered from a neat porch, contains the main stairs, and leads to -the parlor, living-room, and the cellar stairs. The Parlor is pleasantly -arranged, with double windows in front, has neat stucco cornices and -centers, and a marble mantle. The chimney-breast is placed to allow -sufficient space between it and the central partition, for a piano, or -other large piece of furniture. The Living-room is of good dimensions -and shape, has two windows, a closet, a large fire-place, and a sink. -The door leading to the rear lobby has glass upper panels, admitting -additional light in the room in pleasant weather, when the lobby door -will be likely to stand open, and through it the lobby will be lighted -at night from within. The Main Stairs, leading to the second story, are -of the “quarter-circle” pattern, and are neatly finished with hard-wood -railing, with a niche above.... SECOND STORY, (fig. 170.)—Hight of -ceiling 9 feet. This story is divided into a small hall, two chambers, -two bed-rooms, and three closets. Each of the rooms is well lighted, and -chimney-breasts, with marble shelves, and stucco trusses are finished -in each chamber.... CONSTRUCTION.—The average depth of the excavations -below the surface is three feet. The Foundation walls are of brick work, -8 inches thick, those for the exterior are 7 ft. 4 in. high, showing an -average of 4 ft. above the final grades. (In this particular case, the -site being elevated, only 4 inches of additional filling was required -in the grades, the balance of the loose earth being used to fill more -depressed grounds). All interior cross-walls of brick are omitted, their -places being supplied with brick “footings” and frame-work. These brick -footings are laid in trenches 4 inches below the cellar bottom, and are -8 inches high and wide. Sills of 4 × 6 timber are laid on the center of -these footings (edgewise), leaving a margin of 2 inches on each side for -the support of the ends of the cellar-floor beams. Girts are put above -the sills (also of 4 × 6 timber), anchored to, and level with the outer -foundation walls, and are supported by studding and braces, thus forming -an inexpensive and substantial division and bearing between the cellars. -The principal frame is of regular-sized sawed timber, thoroughly framed -and braced. The sidings are of clear pine clapboards, laid on hard-rolled -sheathing-felt. The upper roofs are covered with IC. charcoal tin, -“tern-plate,” and the Mansard sections are slated on hemlock boards. The -interior flooring is of 7-inch milled spruce; outside flooring of 4½-inch -milled pine. To prevent the transmission of sound, all the main divisions -of frame-work between the houses are deafened by a filling of pale brick -and mortar. The cellar ceilings and side walls are white-finished on one -coat of brown mortar. All other plastering is hard-finished on two coats -of brown mortar. Circular ventilators are placed in each gable, and two -ventilators made to resemble the chimney tops are placed on the higher -or central ridge of the roof, to allow for the escape of heated air -from beneath the roofing. All windows have 1½-inch sash, of four lights -each; those in the cellar are hung with butts; all above are balanced -with iron weights, and have outside blinds. The doors are first quality, -four-panelled. The interior casings are of clear pine, and are neatly -moulded, and the parlor windows have panelled backs. The Painting is done -as described in Design XIII., except that the blinds are of a chocolate -color. - -ESTIMATED cost of materials and labor: - - Mason’s materials and labor. $1,350.00 - Lumber of all kinds. 1,150.00 - Tinning and slating, (complete). 300.00 - Rolled lining, $30; porches and lobbies, $275. 305.00 - Cornice materials, (prepared at mill). 120.00 - Sash, doors, and blinds. 400.00 - Stairs, with outside steps, with railings. 500.00 - Shelving and sundries. 325.00 - Nails, $65; hardware, $300. 365.00 - Painting, $300; cartage, $85. 385.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 800.00 - --------- - Total cost of six Dwellings. $6,000.00 - -Mr. Storms added about $1,000 to the total cost of six buildings in -plumbing, sewers, gas-pipes, and in fencing separate front and rear -yards, to each house. As these improvements are not generally required, -they are omitted in the estimate. - -[Illustration: Fig. 167.—FRONT ELEVATION OF ROW OF SIX HOUSES.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 168.—PLAN OF CELLAR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 169.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 170.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.] - - - - -DESIGN XL. - -CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $2,000 EACH. - - -These designs were prepared for a block of five houses erected last year -for Mr. Geo. Storms, facing one of the principal avenues at Bayside, L. -I. The entire structure is 90 feet long, running north and south, and -occupies half the avenue end of a village ground plot. One end section -being a “corner,” has a portion devoted to business purposes, the -balance of the building is used exclusively as residences. They are -thoroughly furnished with ranges, heaters, pipes for cold and hot water, -and gas, and complete sewerage. The desirability of these buildings is -proved by the fact that all of them were engaged, and several occupied, -before they were fully completed.... CELLARS, (fig. 172.)—Hight of -ceilings, 7 feet. Each is well lighted, and has outside entrances from -the street and from rear yards. A hall, laundry, and water-closet are -floored and otherwise finished off; the balance is unfinished, to be -used as a cellar for fuel and vegetables. The Laundry has a set of -stationary wash-tubs, with cold and hot water. The Water-closet has an -outside door leading from the rear yard, (this is designed to obviate -the necessity and unsightliness of the usual out-buildings). The -Fire-places shown are left open, and have continuous flues the whole -hight of the chimneys. These flues being heated through contact with the -upper fires, insures a thorough ventilation of this story.... ELEVATION -(fig. 171.)—This building appears well from all directions, is imposing -in outline, animated in details, and nicely proportioned—the hight -agreeing with its breadth; the openings and dressings are changed in -each story, to give diversity, the whole being well suited to its very -public and prominent situation. The “corner” building has an observatory -extending above the main roofs, indicating its terminal position, and -adding an agreeable feature of irregularity in the sky-lines. The street -end at the rear of the tower has a Mansard roof with two dormers; the -opposite end shows a full pediment.... FIRST STORY, (fig. 173.)—Hight of -ceilings in four houses, 10 feet. The floor in the corner building is -lowered 2½ feet, making that part 12½ feet in the clear. A hall, parlor, -dining-room, and kitchen, are finished in each of the four houses, -and a store, kitchen, and entry, in the corner building. Each of the -parlors has a large bay-window, and is divided from the dining-room -by sliding-doors. The Dining-rooms have two closets each. The Kitchens -are conveniently arranged with closets, ranges, boilers, and sinks. The -Store is fair-sized, has a double door entrance from the avenue, and has -a wide stairway leading directly from it to the cellar. The Kitchen at -the rear is for the use of the parties doing business in the store. The -Family Entrance to the corner building is from the street at the side.... -SECOND STORY, (fig. 174.)—Hight of ceilings, 9 feet. The divisions in -this story are similar in each of the five buildings, and consist of a -hall, two large and two small rooms, and the necessary closets. The room -over the store is used as a parlor. One of the small rooms in each house -is fitted as a bath-room. The Stairs leading to the attics are placed -above the main flights, with a door at the foot of each.... ATTIC, (fig. -175.)—The Attic of the corner building is partitioned off, and finished -as shown, with ceilings 9 feet high, and has an inclosed stairway leading -to the observatory. The latter is 7 feet square in the clear, and is -also finished. Each of the four adjoining attics are plastered on their -sides, but have no partitions.... CONSTRUCTION.—The Excavations are -made in the earth for the corner building, to the depth of 5½ feet—and -for the others, 3 feet. The foundations are of 8-inch brick work. The -frame is of sawed, seasoned timber. The main division walls between the -houses are deafened, by filling with pale brick and mortar, “laid flat.” -The sidings are of clear pine clap-boards, laid on rolled sheathing. -The Mansard Roofs for front, one end, rear, and the tower, are slated; -all other roofs are tinned. The interior walls and ceilings of the two -full stories are hard-finished on two coats of brown mortar; the balance -is white-finished on one coat of “laid off” brown mortar. The halls, -parlors, dining-rooms, and store, have stucco cornices and centers in -each, and the openings to the bay windows are arched and moulded. Marble -mantles are put in the principal rooms, and marble shelves and stucco -trusses are put in the large bed-rooms. Fire-place heaters are put in the -parlors, with pipes connecting them with registers in the second story. -The bath-tubs and water-closets are cased with black walnut.... To give -an exact idea of the plumber’s work, the specification used as a guide in -its introduction is herewith given.—PLUMBING: - -There must be a hopper water-closet and a wash-tub with three apartments -put in each basement. A No. 2 range, with elevated oven, and water-back; -a 30-gallon oval-topped copper boiler of Croton pressure strength, -resting on an iron Lockwood Stand, and an 18 × 30-inch iron sink in -each kitchen; a bath-tub, 5 feet long, lined with planished copper; -a wash-stand, with 14-inch bowl, marble-top and wall plates; a pan -water-closet, with bowl, pull, and crank attachments; and a tank, 1½ × -1½ × 3 feet, lined with sheet lead, in each bath-room. All supply pipes -to be of galvanized iron, of the following sizes: The main of 1½-inch, -93 feet long, laid in the cellar bottom below the foundation walls, near -the rear chimneys, one end to extend outside the building for street -connections. Branches of ¾-inch leading from the main supply to the -tank, with secondary branches leading to the hopper-closet, wash-tubs, -and sink. All other water-pipes to be of lead, as follows: For cold -water leading from the tank, to the bath-tub, water-closet, and boiler; -and for hot water leading from the boiler, to the sink, wash-tubs, and -bath-tubs, of A ⅝-inch; for connections between the water-back and -boiler of AA ¾-inch; and for wash-stands of A ½-inch. The water and -hopper closets are to have traps of 4-inch, lead, connecting them with -the soil pipe. Ventilating pipes of 2-inch tin, to lead from the 4-inch -traps to above the roof, and have cone-shaped covers set 2 inches above -their openings. The soil pipes to be of 4-inch iron, and lead from the -second floor to the tile drains at the rear and below the cellar bottom. -Waste pipes to be of 1½-inch, with traps, all of lead, leading from the -bath-tub, wash-bowl, sink, and wash-tubs, to the soil pipe. Brass lever -“stop and waste” cocks must be put in the branch supply pipes near the -basement floors, and in the pipes leading from the tank to the boiler. A -“Fuller’s” Tank Regulator to be connected with the supply pipe leading -to the tank. A “Sediment” cock must be attached to empty the boilers, -with pipes leading to the waste pipes of the sinks. Finished brass ⅝ -“compression” cocks, with flanges, and thimbles, must be provided for the -sinks and wash-tubs, and similar cocks, silver-plated, for the bath-tubs; -plated swing cocks for the wash-stands. Self-acting compression cocks -must be put in the connections with the hopper closets. Plugs, with -chains, must be put in each wash-tub and bowl, and trap-screws put in -all traps. Finally, all to be properly connected, in a substantial and -workman-like manner, and warranted one year, with ordinary use. - -ESTIMATE for cost of materials and labor: - - Mason’s materials. $2,200.00 - Lumber of all kinds. 1,950.00 - Slate and tin. 450.00 - Rolled sheathing. 50.00 - Cornices, etc., from mill. 250.00 - Porches and stairs, with railings. 800.00 - Hardware and nails. 400.00 - Mantles. 360.00 - Plumbing, gas-pipes, and sewers. 940.00 - Doors, sash, and blinds. 725.00 - Cartage. 100.00 - Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 1,300.00 - Painting. 475.00 - ---------- - Total cost, of FIVE Houses. $10,000.00 - Average cost, $2,000 each. - -[Illustration: Fig. 171.—ELEVATION OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES AT BAYSIDE, L. I.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 172.—PLAN OF CELLARS OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 173.—PLAN OF FIRST FLOORS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 174.—PLAN OF SECOND FLOORS.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 175.—PLAN OF ATTICS.] - - - - -INDEX. - - - A. - - Accommodations for Beginners in Housekeeping, 9 - - Air-chambers in Outer Walls, 67 - - Alcove to Window, 89 - - Arch at Head of Stairs, Good Effect, 224 - - Arched Ceilings, 217 - - Arches with Corbels, 213 - - Architect Fulfilling His Mission, 104 - - Area-walls, 189 - - A Regular _versus_ Balloon-frame, 73 - - Ash-pit, 166 - - - B. - - Balconies with Roofs, 130 - - Balcony-railing on Roofs, 149 - - Balloon-frames and Makeshifts, 74 - - Bay-window, Adding Room, 78 - - Bay-window, Cold Prevented, 191 - - Bay-window Frame, 194 - - Bay-window, Square Form, 142 - - Bells, 225 - - Better Half Consulted, the, 67 - - Blank Side of House in Villages, 58 - - Blinds Recommended, 29 - - Boldness in Exterior, 188 - - Brick, Beam-filling, 212 - - Brick Caps, 201 - - Brick-heading Courses, 189 - - Brick-inclosing, for Frame Buildings, 178 - - Brick Walls for Painting, 200 - - Bridging Beams, 102 - - Bronzed Hardware, 219 - - Building a Part First, 10 - - Building in Blocks, Advantages, 227 - - Building on a Declivity, 82 - - Building Upwards, 76 - - Butler’s Pantry, Dresser-finished, 217 - - - C. - - Carpenter’s Labor in Estimating, 185 - - Cellars Never too Large, 124 - - Chimneys, Separate, Joined at Top, 157 - - Circular Heads for Windows, 48 - - Closets, 113 - - Coal-lift, 166 - - Common Fault, too Near the Street, 50 - - Communication Cut Off, 144 - - Compact Outlines, 197 - - Concrete for Cellar Bottom, 218 - - Construction of Rear Lobby, 71 - - Contents, 4 - - Contiguous Houses, 233 - - Conventional Requirements in Dwellings, 63 - - Corner Store, 233 - - Corridor for General Use, 156 - - Cost in Detail of Windows and Doors, 119 - - Cupola, 194 - - - D. - - Deafening Division Walls, 231 - - Decay Caused by Moisture, 122 - - Depressing Effect of Horizontal Lines, 128 - - Designing, Difficulties in, 63 - - Developed Homestead, 40 - - Disconnected Verandas, 105 - - Dispensing with Carpets, 219 - - Distance from Street to Build, 142 - - Dormer-windows, Hooded, 129 - - Dormer-windows, Triangular, 129 - - Dormer-windows with Pediments and Columns, 221 - - Double Doors, 222 - - Double Front House, 115 - - Drudgery of Housework, 113 - - Durable Wash for Rough Work, 21 - - Dwelling may express Progressive Character, 10 - - - E. - - Earth-finish Against Foundations, 92 - - Economical Form of House, 98 - - Effect of Angles in Exterior, 17 - - Entire Story Under Supervision of Mistress, 160 - - Errors in Bracing, Reliable Angles, 79 - - Exterior Plastering, 25 - - - F. - - Facing Two Approaches, 209 - - Family Entrance with Private Stairs, 210 - - Fancied Necessity for Cornice Supports, 77 - - Farmers May Reduce Cost of Building, 158 - - Faults of Wood and Paper Linings, 16 - - Finishing the Rear, 148 - - Fireplace-heaters, 27 - - Five Houses on Four Lots, 64 - - Formula for Making Stearate of Lime, 42 - - Foundations in Sandy Ground, 69 - - Fountain, 204 - - Frame and Brick Sections, 201 - - Frame Cross-walls and Foundation, 231 - - Framing-in of Braces, 79 - - French-roof Style, 83 - - Frontage Eastward, 122 - - Frontage Southward, 154 - - Frontage Westward, 141 - - Front and Vestibule Doors, 222 - - Front Hall Dispensed with, 129 - - Furnace, 221 - - Furring-off Walls for Plastering, 114 - - - G. - - Gas in Isolated Dwellings, 225 - - Gas-pipes, 202 - - Good Taste in Building, 135 - - Grading, 132 - - Graining, 226 - - Grates and Registers, 216 - - Ground-plans Affecting Outside Dress, 225 - - Gutters, Old and New Methods, 31 - - - H. - - Half Stone Walls, 147 - - Hall, Contents not Exposed to St., 84 - - Halls, Windy and Cheerless, 192 - - Hard-wood Oiled, 219 - - Head-room Over Stairs Utilized, 66 - - Heater, Portable, 185 - - Heaters, Fireplace, How to Set, 194 - - High Foundations, 99 - - Hooded Compared with Mansard Style, 50 - - Houses Cheap as Lumber and Nails Can Make Them, 12 - - House for Dwelling, with Office, 134 - - Houses Set too Low, No Cure, 142 - - House-work Without Intrusion, 223 - - - I. - - Imitations, Objections to, 74 - - Importance of Good Roof, 13 - - Imposing Outlines, 233 - - Indestructible Covering, 175 - - - J. - - Jarring Prevented, 42 - - Job, Who Gets, 104 - - Joined, Separate Chimneys Over Arch, 157 - - Justice, in Painting, Last Opportunity, 74 - - - K. - - Keys to Circular Heads, 192 - - Kitchen, Isolated, 130 - - Kitchen, Pleasant, 94 - - Knot, Shellacked, 67 - - - L. - - Lamp-shelf, and Location of, 125 - - Lighting Lobby, 230 - - Lining-off Exterior Plastering, 25 - - Little Required to Build, 26 - - Location, Questions Involved, 141 - - Locker or Private Cellar, 160 - - Looking Like a Farm-house, 159 - - Low-down Grates, 165 - - Low-priced Plans, 22 - - - M. - - Mansard Roof, Significance, 206 - - Marble Mantels, 180 - - Marble Shelves, 194 - - Modern Buildings on Old Foundations, 205 - - Mortar for Plastering, 145 - - Mortar for Stone-work, 114 - - - N. - - New Modification of Mansard Roof, 128 - - Nine Doors in Small Hall, 172 - - Novelty Siding, 30 - - - O. - - Observatory, 233 - - Omissions, Reducing Cost, 170 - - One’s Dwelling an Indication of His Character, 10 - - Outside Plastering, 42 - - Overloaded Cornices, 77 - - - P. - - Painting; Object, When and How, 74 - - Parquet-flooring, 218 - - Parsonage, 180 - - Partitions in Cellar, 218 - - Paving Shed-floors, 126 - - Piazza, Change to Conservatory, 126 - - Piece-lumber Used Without Waste, 59 - - Plan Resembling a Double House, 101 - - Plant-windows, 112 - - Plastering, a Non-conductor of Sound, 16 - - Plastering Cellar Ceilings, 189 - - Plastering, Different Modes, 53 - - Plastering, Estimate in Detail, 139 - - Plumbing, Economical, 177 - - Plumbing, Estimate in Detail, 195 - - Plumbing, Specifications for, 237 - - Pointed Style for Rural Surroundings, 92 - - Porch Instead of Lobby, 18 - - Preface, 3 - - Providing Against Changing Vicissitudes, 10 - - Providing for Future Enlargements, 34 - - - Q. - - Qualified to Estimate, Who Should Be, 104 - - Quarried Stone, Used as Found, 149 - - Quarter-circle Stairs, 48 - - Quiet Corner, 160 - - - R. - - Radiator Utilizing Heat from Kitchen Fire, 19 - - Rafters Extending Downward, 133 - - Rake of Roof, 60 - - Rats and Mice Shut Out, 190 - - Reversing Plans, 23 - - Ribbed Glass, 213 - - Rolled Sheathing, 237 - - Roofing Materials foreign from Each Other, 207 - - Roof Ventilation, 85 - - Room for an Invalid Mother, 143 - - Rough Boards for Siding, 20 - - Rule for Projections, 139 - - - S. - - Satisfaction of Hanging Sash, and Cost, 28 - - Saving in Foundation, New Method, 35 - - Saving Time and Trouble, 27 - - School and Play-room, 224 - - Seeming Growth of the Earth, 143 - - Semi-dressed Stone, 78 - - Setting a Girder, 41 - - Shaky and Doubtful Foundations, 37 - - Sheathing and Felting, 192 - - Shingling, How Done, 30 - - Side Alley-way, 54 - - Side Openings in Chimney-tops, Solid Caps, 53 - - Siding on Sheathing-Boards, 218 - - Siding Upright with Battens, 96 - - Siding with Bevelled Clap-boards, 85 - - Sills Bedded in Mortar, 190 - - Simplicity of Cottage Life, 23 - - Size and Shape of Houses, 120 - - Sky-light, Scuttle, and Ventilator, combined, 60 - - Slate, best material for Roofing, 138 - - Slate, clipping corners of, 114 - - Sliding Doors, 198 - - Small Beginnings, 10 - - Southern House Requirements, 88 - - Space for Furniture and Wall Ornaments, 51 - - Space for Piano, 230 - - Speaking-tubes Saving Steps, 68 - - Spreading, in place of Stilted, Houses, 152 - - Squeaky Stairs, Effect, 103 - - Stairs Continuous to Attic, 224 - - Stair-Landing, near Center of House, 183 - - Stairs, Platform, 165 - - Stairs, Quarter Circle at Top, 48 - - Stairs, Quarter Circle, Midway their Hight, 182 - - Stairs to Tower, 224 - - Stearate of Lime, 25 - - Stone, Convenient Hight to Build, 150 - - Stone for Building, Random Dressed, 149 - - Stone Walls with Brick Angles, 162 - - Storm Doors, 41 - - Stucco Cornices and Centers, 219 - - Style determined by Roof, 49 - - Suggestions as to Balloon Framing, 73 - - Superintend’g Construction, Points, 145 - - Sweetening Cellars, 190 - - - T. - - Tanks secured from Frost, 95 - - Taste in Painting, 81 - - Temporary Cellar, 11 - - Tendency to Self-Destruction in Buildings, 191 - - Time allowed for Building, 217 - - Tinning, Raised Groove and Lock-Joint, 201 - - Tin, Single and Double Cross, 218 - - Tower and Attic, 108 - - Tower, Five Stories High, 221 - - Truss Heads for Cornices, 221 - - - U. - - Underpinning, 108 - - Unity in Design, 128 - - Unobstructed Hall, Stair Space, 210 - - Unsightly Out-buildings Obviated, 233 - - Unwholesome Vapors, 122 - - - V. - - Valleys and Gutters, 169 - - Ventilating Cellars, 125 - - Ventilation, 109 - - Ventilation Sewage, 151 - - Vertical Side Walls in Mansard Roof, 200 - - Vestibules, 198 - - Views and Principal Rooms—Rear, 171 - - Vines and Creepers for Decoration, 159 - - - W. - - Walks in Conservatories, 208 - - Walls and Chimneys interlaced, 139 - - Weight of Slate and Tin, 83 - - Well, How Constructed, 173 - - What Color to Paint, 75 - - Why Contractors Differ in Estimating, 104 - - - Y. - - Yards, Front and Rear, Fenced, 232 - - Yards of Carpet, 207 - - Year, Plumbing Warranted for a, 239 - - - Z. - - Zinc Ridge Plates, and Flashings, 138 - - - * * * * * - -=Commended by the Greatest Educators of Germany, England and the United -States. Endorsed by Officials, and adopted in many Schools= - -=New Methods in Education= - -=Art, Real Manual Training, Nature Study. Explaining: Processes whereby -Hand, Eye and Mind are Educated by Means that Conserve Vitality and -Develop a Union of Thought and Action= - -=By J. Liberty Tadd= - -_Director of the Public School of Industrial Art, of Manual Training and -Art in the R. C. High School, and in several Night Schools, Member of -the Art Club, Sketch Club, and Educational Club, and of the Academy of -Natural Sciences, Philadelphia_ - -Based on twenty-two years’ experience with thousands of children and -hundreds of teachers. “A method reasonable, feasible and without great -cost, adapted to all grades, from child to adult; a plan that can be -applied without friction to every kind of educational institution or to -the family, and limited only by the capacity of the individual; a method -covered by natural law, working with the absolute precision of nature -itself; a process that unfolds the capacities of children as unfold the -leaves and flowers; a system that teaches the pupils that they are in the -plan and part of life, and enables them to work out their own salvation -on the true lines of design and work as illustrated in every natural -thing.” - -=A Wealth of Illustration—478 Pictures and 44 Full-Page Plates= - -showing children and teachers practicing these new methods or their work. -A revelation to all interested in developing the wonderful capabilities -of young or old. 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It -discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seed or roots, -soil, climate and location, preparation, planting and maintenance of -the beds, artificial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for -market and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the profits that -may be expected. This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely -illustrated, and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow this -drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable industry -to their farms and gardens, without interfering with the regular work. -12mo. - - $ .35 - -Land Draining. - -A handbook for farmers on the principles and practice of draining, by -Manly Miles, giving the results of his extended experience in laying -tile drains. The directions for the laying out and the construction of -tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect -construction, and the disappointment that must necessarily follow. 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A practical handbook on the most approved methods in -growing, harvesting, curing, packing, and selling tobacco, with an -account of the operations in every department of tobacco manufacture. -The contents of this book are based on actual experiments in field, -curing barn, packing house, factory and laboratory. It is the only work -of the kind in existence, and is destined to be the standard practical -and scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco for many years. -Upwards of 500 pages and 150 original engravings. - - $2.00 - -Play and Profit in My Garden. - -By E. P. Roe. The author takes us to his garden on the rocky hillsides -in the vicinity of West Point, and shows us how out of it, after four -years’ experience, he evoked a profit of $1,000, and this while carrying -on pastoral and literary labor. It is very rarely that so much literary -taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural experience and good -sense. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Forest Planting. - -By H. Nicholas Jarchow, LL. D. A treatise on the care of woodlands and -the restoration of the denuded timber-lands on plains and mountains. -The author has fully described those European methods which have proved -to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the old world. -This experience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of -America, full instructions being given for forest planting of our various -kinds of soil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley. Illustrated, -12mo. - - $1.50 - -Soils and Crops of the Farm. - -By George E. Morrow, M. A., and Thomas F. Hunt. The methods of making -available the plant food in the soil are described in popular language. A -short history of each of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion of -its culture. The useful discoveries of science are explained as applied -in the most approved methods of culture. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -American Fruit Culturist. - -By John J. Thomas. Containing practical directions for the propagation -and culture of all the fruits adapted to the United States. Twentieth -thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged edition by Wm. H. S. Wood. This -new edition makes the work practically almost a new book, containing -everything pertaining to large and small fruits as well as sub-tropical -and tropical fruits. Richly Illustrated by nearly 800 engravings. 758 -pp., 12mo. - - $2.50 - -Fertilizers. - -By Edward B. Voorhees, director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment -Station. It has been the aim of the author to point out the underlying -principles and to discuss the important subjects connected with the use -of fertilizer materials. The natural fertility of the soil, the functions -of manures and fertilizers, and the need of artificial fertilizers are -exhaustively discussed. Separate chapters are devoted to the various -fertilizing elements, to the purchase, chemical analyses, methods -of using fertilizers, and the best fertilizers for each of the most -important field, garden and orchard crops. 335 pp. - - $1.00 - -Gardening for Profit. - -By Peter Henderson. The standard work on market and family gardening. The -successful experience of the author for more than thirty years, and his -willingness to tell, as he does in this work, the secret of his success -for the benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable information. -The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Herbert’s Hints to Horse Keepers. - -By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Forester). This is one of the -best and most popular works on the horse prepared in this country. A -complete manual for horsemen, embracing: How to breed a horse; how to buy -a horse; how to break a horse; how to use a horse; how to feed a horse; -how to physic a horse (allopathy or homoeopathy); how to groom a horse; -how to drive a horse; how to ride a horse, etc. Beautifully illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Barn Plans and Outbuildings. - -Two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most valuable work, full of -ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc., for the construction of barns and -outbuildings, by practical writers. Chapters are devoted to the economic -erection and use of barns, grain barns, house barns, cattle barns, sheep -barns, corn houses, smoke houses, ice houses, pig pens, granaries, etc. -There are likewise chapters on bird houses, dog houses, tool sheds, -ventilators, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, poultry -houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Cranberry Culture. - -By Joseph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history of cultivation, -choice of location, preparing the ground, planting the vines, management -of meadows, flooding, enemies and difficulties overcome, picking, -keeping, profit and loss. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Ornamental Gardening for Americans. - -By Elias A. Long, landscape architect. A treatise on beautifying homes, -rural districts and cemeteries. A plain and practical work with numerous -illustrations and instructions so plain that they may be readily -followed. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Grape Culturist. - -By A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of works on the culture -of the hardy grapes, with full directions for all departments of -propagation, culture, etc., with 150 excellent engravings, illustrating -planting, training, grafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Turkeys and How to Grow Them. - -Edited by Herbert Myrick. A treatise on the natural history and origin -of the name of turkeys; the various breeds, the best methods to insure -success in the business of turkey growing. With essays from practical -turkey growers in different parts of the United States and Canada. -Copiously illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Profits in Poultry. - -Useful and ornamental breeds and their profitable management. This -excellent work contains the combined experience of a number of practical -men in all departments of poultry raising. It is profusely illustrated -and forms a unique and important addition to our poultry literature. -Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -How Crops Grow. - -By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson of Yale College. New and revised edition. A -treatise on the chemical composition, structure and life of the plant. -This book is a guide to the knowledge of agricultural plants, their -composition, their structure and modes of development and growth; of the -complex organization of plants, and the use of the parts; the germination -of seeds, and the food of plants obtained both from the air and the soil. -The book is indispensable to all real students of agriculture. With -numerous illustrations and tables of analysis. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Coburn’s Swine Husbandry. - -By F. D. Coburn. New, revised and enlarged edition. The breeding, -rearing, and management of swine, and the prevention and treatment of -their diseases. It is the fullest and freshest compendium relating to -swine breeding yet offered. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Stewart’s Shepherd’s Manual. - -By Henry Stewart. A valuable practical treatise on the sheep for American -farmers and sheep growers. It is so plain that a farmer or a farmer’s -son who has never kept a sheep, may learn from its pages how to manage -a flock successfully, and yet so complete that even the experienced -shepherd may gather many suggestions from it. The results of personal -experience of some years with the characters of the various modern -breeds of sheep, and the sheep raising capabilities of many portions of -our extensive territory and that of Canada—and the careful study of the -diseases to which our sheep are chiefly subject, with those by which they -may eventually be afflicted through unforeseen accidents—as well as the -methods of management called for under our circumstances, are carefully -described. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Feeds and Feeding. - -By W. A. Henry. This handbook for students and stock men constitutes a -compendium of practical and useful knowledge on plant growth and animal -nutrition, feeding stuffs, feeding animals and every detail pertaining to -this important subject. It is thorough, accurate and reliable, and is the -most valuable contribution to live stock literature in many years. All -the latest and best information is clearly and systematically presented, -making the work indispensable to every owner of live stock. 658 pages, -8vo. Cloth. - - $2.00 - -Hunter and Trapper. - -By Halsey Thrasher, an old and experienced sportsman. The best modes of -hunting and trapping are fully explained, and foxes, deer, bears, etc., -fall into his traps readily by following his directions. Cloth, 12mo. - - $ .50 - -The Ice Crop. - -By Theron L. Hiles. How to harvest, ship and use ice. A complete, -practical treatise for farmers, dairymen, ice dealers, produce shippers, -meat packers, cold storers, and all interested in ice houses, cold -storage, and the handling or use of ice in any way. Including many -recipes for iced dishes and beverages. The book is illustrated by cuts -of the tools and machinery used in cutting and storing ice, and the -different forms of ice houses and cold storage buildings. 122 pp., ill., -16mo. Cloth. - - $1.00 - -Practical Forestry. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, planting and -cultivation, with descriptions and the botanical and popular names of all -the indigenous trees of the United States, and notes on a large number of -the most valuable exotic species. - - $1.50 - -Irrigation for the Farm, Garden and Orchard. - -By Henry Stewart. This work is offered to those American farmers and -other cultivators of the soil who, from painful experience, can readily -appreciate the losses which result from the scarcity of water at critical -periods. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Market Gardening and Farm Notes. - -By Burnett Landreth. Experiences and observation for both North and -South, of interest to the amateur gardener, trucker and farmer. A novel -feature of the book is the calendar of farm and garden operations for -each month of the year; the chapters on fertilizers, transplanting, -succession and rotation of crops, the packing, shipping and marketing of -vegetables will be especially useful to market gardeners. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Fruit Garden. - -By P. Barry. A standard work on fruit and fruit trees, the author having -had over thirty years’ practical experience at the head of one of the -largest nurseries in this country. Invaluable to all fruit growers. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Nut Culturist. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, planting and -cultivation of nut-bearing trees and shrubs adapted to the climate of -the United States, with the scientific and common names of the fruits -known in commerce as edible or otherwise useful nuts. Intended to aid the -farmer to increase his income without adding to his expenses or labor. -12mo. Cloth. - - $1.50 - -American Grape Growing and Wine Making. - -By George Husmann of California. New and enlarged edition. With -contributions from well-known grape growers, giving wide range of -experience. The author of this book is a recognized authority on the -subject. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Treat’s Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. - -By Mrs. Mary Treat. An original investigator who has added much to -our knowledge of both plants and insects, and those who are familiar -with Darwin’s works are aware that he gives her credit for important -observation and discoveries. New and enlarged edition. With an -illustrated chapter on beneficial insects. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Dogs of Great Britain, America and Other Countries. - -New, enlarged and revised edition. Their breeding, training and -management, in health and disease; comprising all the essential parts of -the two standard works on dogs by “Stonehenge.” It describes the best -game and hunting grounds in America. Contains over one hundred beautiful -engravings, embracing most noted dogs in both continents, making, -together with chapters by American writers, the most complete dog book -ever published. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Harris on the Pig. - -By Joseph Harris. New edition. Revised and enlarged by the author. -The points of the various English and American breeds are thoroughly -discussed, and the great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly -shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer who keeps but few pigs, -and to the breeder on an extensive scale. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Pear Culture for Profit. - -By P. T. Quinn, practical horticulturist. Teaching how to raise pears -intelligently, and with the best results, how to find out the character -of the soil, the best methods of preparing it, the best varieties to -select under existing conditions, the best modes of planting, pruning, -fertilizing, grafting, and utilizing the ground before the trees come -into bearing, and, finally, of gathering and packing for market. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Secrets of Health, or How Not to Be Sick, and How to Get Well from -Sickness. - -By S. H. Platt, A. M., M. D., late member of the Connecticut Eclectic -Medical Society, the National Eclectic Medical Association, and honorary -member of the National Bacteriological Society of America; our medical -editor and author of “Talks With Our Doctor” and “Our Health Adviser.” -Nearly 600 pages. Profusely illustrated. An index of 20 pages, so -that any topic may be instantly consulted. A new departure in medical -knowledge for the people—the latest progress, secrets and practices -of all schools of healing made available for the common people—health -without medicine, nature without humbug, common sense without folly, -science without fraud. 12mo. 576 pp., 81 illustrations. Cloth. - - $1.50 - -Gardening for Young and Old. - -By Joseph Harris. A work intended to interest farmers’ boys in farm -gardening, which means a better and more profitable form of agriculture. -The teachings are given in the familiar manner so well known in the -author’s “Walks and Talks on the Farm.” Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -Money in the Garden. - -By P. T. Quinn. The author gives in a plain, practical style, -instructions on three distinct although closely connected branches of -gardening—the kitchen garden, market garden and field culture, from -successful practical experience for a term of years. Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Pruning Book. - -By L. H. Bailey. This is the first American work exclusively devoted to -pruning. It differs from most other treatises on this subject in that the -author takes particular pains to explain the principles of each operation -in every detail. Specific advice is given on the pruning of the various -kinds of fruits and ornamental trees, shrubs and hedges. Considerable -space is devoted to the pruning and training of grapevines, both American -and foreign. Every part of the subject is made so clear and plain that it -can be readily understood by even the merest beginner. Cloth, 8vo, 530 -pages. Illustrated. - - $1.50 - -The Dairyman’s Manual. - -By Henry Stewart, author of “The Shepherd’s Manual,” “Irrigation,” etc. -A useful and practical work, by a writer who is well known as thoroughly -familiar with the subject of which he writes. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Truck Farming at the South. - -By A. Oemler. A work giving the experience of a successful grower -of vegetables or “garden truck” for northern markets. Essential to -anyone who contemplates entering this profitable field of agriculture. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.00 - -The Propagation of Plants. - -By Andrew S. Fuller. Illustrated with numerous engravings. An eminently -practical and useful work. Describing the process of hybridizing and -crossing species and varieties, and also the many different modes by -which cultivated plants may be propagated and multiplied. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -Gardening for Pleasure. - -By Peter Henderson. A guide to the amateur in the fruit, vegetable and -flower garden, with full descriptions for the greenhouse, conservatory -and window garden. It meets the wants of all classes in country, city and -village, who keep a garden for their own enjoyment rather than for the -sale of products. Finely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $1.50 - -The Window Flower Garden. - -By Julius J. Heinrich. The author is a practical florist, and this -enterprising volume embodies his personal experience in window gardening -during a long period. New and enlarged edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. - - $ .50 - -Diseases of Horses and Cattle. - -By Dr. D. McIntosh, V. S., professor of veterinary science in the -university of Illinois. Written expressly for the farmer, stockman and -veterinary student. A new work on the treatment of animal diseases, -according to the modern status of veterinary science, has become a -necessity. Such an one is this volume of nearly 400 pages, written by one -of the most eminent veterinarians of our country. Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo. - - $1.75 - -Batty’s Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration. - -By Joseph H. Batty, taxidermist for the government surveys and many -colleges and museums in the United States. 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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern house-plans for everybody, by S. B. Reed</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Modern house-plans for everybody</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>For village and country residences costing from two hundred and fifty dollars to eight thousand dollars</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: S. B. Reed</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 7, 2022 [eBook #68706]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN HOUSE-PLANS FOR EVERYBODY ***</div> - -<div class="transnote"> -<b>Transcriber’s Note:</b> Illustrations have been moved to the end of each -chapter. -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<h1><span class="smaller">Modern</span><br /> -HOUSE-PLANS<br /> -<span class="smaller"><span class="smaller">For</span><br /> -Everybody</span></h1> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>FOR VILLAGE AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES<br /> -COSTING FROM TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY<br /> -DOLLARS TO EIGHT THOUSAND DOLLARS</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">Including<br /> -Full Descriptions and Estimates in Detail<br /> -of Materials, Labor,<br /> -Cost and Many Practical Suggestions</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">By</span><br /> -<i>S. B. REED</i><br /> -<span class="smaller">Architect</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">New York</span><br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY<br /> -<span class="smaller">1900</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyright,<br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY,<br /> -1900.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>In the modernized and revised edition of “House-Plans -for Everybody,” but little attempt has been made to -change the text or floor plans, as these are standard features -requiring no revision. In the matter of outward -dress, however, nearly all the elevations have been redrawn, -with special regard to modern ideas and tastes, -and in this respect it is specially new and commendable. -The author has been guided in this work by many years’ -experience, in planning and superintending the erection -of country buildings, and has selected, from an extensive -aggregation of original designs in his possession, such -examples as seemed best to serve for purposes of simplicity, -comfort, and economy. All the matters here -presented are purely practical—well calculated to assist -such as are contemplating the erection of either a village -or country house. The plans embrace almost every -variety of arrangement and style—each one is accompanied -with a detailed description of its conveniences and -construction—and its cost is shown by careful estimates, -made to correspond with a uniform standard of prices, -at present rates. To builders, this work will be valuable -as a handbook of reference, to aid them when applied to -for suggestions, either in the projection of new dwellings, -or in the alteration of old ones, saving much time, -study and calculations. The estimates of cost have been -found correct as to totals, in the neighborhood of New -York, and in many other localities builders have offered -to duplicate the structures for the figures given.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">S. B. Reed.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS.</h2> - -</div> - -<table class="contents"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller"><i>Page.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. I.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A COTTAGE, COSTING $250.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Accommodations for Beginners in House-Keeping, with Limited - Means.—Arranged as the Wing of a future Main House.—First - Steps.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_I">9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. II.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Approximating the Cheapest Construction.—Roofs must not be - slighted.—Their Relative Cost.—Suggestions as to Inside Linings.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_II">12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. III.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Effect of Angles and Vertical Lines.—New form of Radiator, with - Designs and Description.—A Durable Wash for rough work.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_III">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. IV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Adapted to an Eastern Frontage.—Good accommodations for a - small family.—May have a Vestibule in Piazza.—Exterior Plastering.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_IV">22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. V.<br /><span class="allsmcap">CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Little required to build a comfortable home.—Saving by use of - regular sizes of Sash, Doors, etc.—Novelty Siding.—Gutters.—Desirability, - and Cost of Hanging Sash.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_V">26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. VI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $700.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Providing for future Enlargement.—Framework below the First - Floor.—Section of Frame, with Description.—Cornice.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_VI">33</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. VII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Fair Expression of Purpose.—Best Results from Location.—Outside - Plastering.—Stearate of Lime.—Formula for Making.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_VII">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. VIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A COTTAGE, COSTING $800.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Enlargement of Design No. 1.—Best use of the Space.—Short - Spans, and Bridging of Beams.—Suggestions as to Location.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_VIII">44</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. IX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Cosy and Homelike.—Style Determined by the Form of Roof.—Modes - of Plastering.—Advantages of the One-coat work.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_IX">49</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. X.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $1,100.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Adapted to a Twenty-five Foot Lot.—Trim Outline.—No Waste - in Materials.—Pitch of Roofs.—Ventilator and Scuttle combined.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_X">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $1,600.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Practical Experience Valuable in Planning.—Conventional Requirements.—A - Fifth House.—Section of Outside Wall, and - Description.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XI">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $1,700.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Important Features in Exterior.—Care in Foundations.—Regular - <i>versus</i> Balloon Framing.—Painting.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XII">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">For thickly settled localities.—Enlivened Dressing.—Purpose of - Ornament.—Bracing of Frame.—Taste in Painting.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XIII">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XIV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FRENCH ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Conforming to a Declivity.—Outlines of Grounds.—Tower-like - Corner, Supported by a Column.—Weight of Slate, and Tin.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XIV">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Extended Area of Ground Floor.—Requirements for Shade.—Preparations - for Severe Weather.—Food Department.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XV">86</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XVI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $2,100.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Pointed Style—in harmony with rural surroundings.—Earth - Finish around Foundation.—Exhausting poisonous vapors - from cellars.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XVI">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XVII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $2,200.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">The most Economical Form.—High Foundations.—Surrounding - Grades.—Bridging Beams.—Stairs.—Why Contractors differ.—Who - qualified to estimate.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XVII">98</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XVIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">SOUTHERN HOUSE, COSTING $2,200.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Style adapted to Middle and Southern States.—Tower.—Verandas.—Windows - extending to the Floor.—Ventilation.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XVIII">105</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XIX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Balance in Outlines.—Site.—Cellar, how sweetened.—Plant Window, - with Contents Reflected.—Drudgery of Housework.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XIX">111</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Suited to a Southern Climate.—Double Front.—May face any - point of Compass.—Detailed Estimate of Windows and Doors.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XX">115</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,600.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Economical and Practical.—Size and Shape.—Direction to Face.—Hight - above Ground.—Cause of Decay in Principal Timbers.—Paving - instead of flooring Shed.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXI">120</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Advantages of Square Form.—Rounded Roof Outlines.—New - Modification of Mansard Roof.—Front Hall Dispensed with.—Chimneys - to Save Heat.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXII">128</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Suited to the Wants of Professional Men.—Outlines and Dress.—Good - Taste.—Rule for Projections.—Slate.—Estimate in Detail - for Plastering.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXIII">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXIV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FARM HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Questions Involved in Locations.—Distance from the Street to - Build.—Seeming Growth of the Earth.—Superintending Construction.—Points.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXIV">140</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HALF-STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Rustic and Substantial.—Front and Rear Finish.—Construction.—Confined - Sewage.—Prices of Building Materials.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXV">147</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXVI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A FRAME HOUSE, COSTING $2,900.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">External Features.—Spreading out.—Direction to Face.—An - Auxiliary Apartment.—Building a Section at a Time.—Reducing - the Cost.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXVI">152</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>[vii]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXVII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,900.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Solid, Independent, and Homelike.—Vines and Creepers for - Decoration.—Manner of Building Corners, with Designs and - Description.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXVII">158</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXVIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $3,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Suburban Cottage, with Modern Improvements.—High Foundations.—Large - Rooms.—Platform Stairs.—Low-down Grates.—Coal-lift.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXVIII">164</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXIX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $3,100.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Summer Residence, with Principal Rooms in the Rear.—Parlor - and Piazza for Use together.—Well, How Constructed.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXIX">171</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FRAME AND BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $3,300.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Indestructible Covering.—Design Showing Method of Construction, - with Description.—Economical Plumbing.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXX">175</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $3,700.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Residence or Parsonage.—Three Elevations.—Nearly Square - Ground-Plan.—Arranged Similar to Double House.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXI">180</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A HOUSE, COSTING $4,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Double Front.—Bay Windows.—Circular Window Heads.—Preventing - drafts.—Fire-place Heaters.—Plumber’s Work in Detail.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">187</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A BRICK HOUSE, COSTING $4,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Compact Outline.—Vestibule Doors.—Vertical Side Walls in Mansard - Roof.—Design of Frame, with Description.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXIII">196</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXIV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">COUNTRY RESIDENCE, COSTING $4,750.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Perspective View.—Physicians’ Office.—Laboratory.—Water - Reservoir.—Fountain.—Heaters and Grates.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXIV">203</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXV.<br /><span class="allsmcap">SUBURBAN RESIDENCES, COSTING $4,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Mansard Roofs.—Variety.—Conservatory.—Roofing Materials - foreign to each other.—Furnace.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXV">205</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii"></a>[viii]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXVI.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A FARM HOUSE, COSTING $5,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Hooded Style.—Main Entrance from two directions.—Position of - Kitchen Wing.—Conservatory.—Beam Filling.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXVI">209</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXVII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $7,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Outlines determined by location.—Irregularities.—Pleasantest - Apartments.—Arches.—Concrete Floors.—Parquet Floors.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXVII">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXVIII.<br /><span class="allsmcap">A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE, COSTING $8,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Perspective View.—Modern Improvements.—Five Story Tower.—Dormer - Windows.—School Room.—Remarks on Style.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXVIII">220</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XXXIX.<br /><span class="allsmcap">SIX CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $6,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Building in Blocks.—What is Saved.—Overcoming many objections.—Preserving - their identity as Cottages.—Deafening Partitions.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XXXIX">227</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DESIGN NO. XL.<br /><span class="allsmcap">FIVE CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $10,000.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdsub">Residence.—Corner-Stone.—Observatory.—Desirability.—Imposing - and animated.—Full Specifications of Plumber’s Work.</td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#DESIGN_XL">232</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_I">DESIGN I.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COTTAGE, COSTING $250.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan was designed for a simple cottage, with sufficient -accommodations for beginners in housekeeping -with limited means. It is arranged as the <i>Wing</i> of a -larger house to be erected in the future, as indicated in -the dotted sketch adjoining the ground-plan. (The building, -with the proposed enlargements complete, are given<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -in <a href="#DESIGN_VIII">Design VIII.</a>) To a certain extent, one’s dwelling is -an index of his character. Any effort at building expresses -the owner’s ability, taste, and purpose. Every -industrious man, starting in life, has a right, and should -be encouraged, to anticipate prosperity, as the sure reward -of honest worth; and he may, with propriety, give -emphasis to such anticipations in every step, and with -every blow struck. His dwelling may well express the -progressive character, rather than a conclusive result. -Beginning a home by starting with a room or two, as -present means will allow, and increasing its dimensions -as can be afforded, without the precarious aid of the -money-lender, is honest, independent, and best provides -against the ever-changing vicissitudes of life. The first -step towards building is the preparation of plans. These -should be sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all -probable requirements. If only a small beginning is -intended, it should be made to exhibit some degree of -completeness, and be arranged to conform with the proposed -future enlargements without serious alterations.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure1">fig. 1</a>).—In view of the relation this structure -is to bear to a proposed main house, and to allow -for the grading likely to be required in the ultimate -completion of the whole, the foundation is made to show -four feet above the ground. Such elevation adds to the -prominence and good appearance of the building, and -relieves the interior from the dampness likely to result -from a closer contact with the soil. The style is simple, -neat, and favorable for the using of ordinary materials -and methods of construction.... <span class="smcap">Interior</span>, (<a href="#figure2">fig. 2</a>).—Hight -of ceiling, 9 feet. The entire floor space is utilized -in the three convenient divisions—a Living-room, -Bedroom, and a Large Pantry—with no chimney-breast, -or stairway to interfere. Each room is pleasantly lighted, -and the larger one has outside entrances front and rear. -With a favorable location, the living-room may be made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -a very cheerful apartment.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—For -economy, and in prospect of a future enlargement, that -shall include ample cellars, such excavations are omitted -for this building. The Foundations are brick piers, -extending in the earth below the reach of frost, and 4 -feet above, and the intermediate spaces are close-boarded, -making an inclosure useful for many purposes. If desired, -a sort of temporary cellar -may be made, by deepening -the central portion of -this inclosure a foot or -two, and banking the loose -earth against the inside of -the boarding. The Framework -and other parts are -substantially constructed, -of materials as indicated -in the appended estimate. -The Chimney rests on the -central partition (which is -strengthened by the central -pier of the foundation), -and has two flues, -with metal thimbles in the -bottom of each—one to -receive the stove-pipe from -the living-room, and the -other to serve as a ventilator -for the bedroom. All -of the materials are intended to be of merchantable quality. -The siding, flooring, and casings are mill-dressed. -The sizes of the sash are 2 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. 2 in., and of -the doors, 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8 in., all 1¼ in. thick, and -may be found ready-made, and seasoned, in the stock of -any regular dealer.... In the following <i>estimate</i>, the item -of $20, for carpenter’s labor, may seem very little. This<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -amount is allowed for preparing the building ready for -the plasterer, and is entered in this manner for convenience -in making the calculations. Adding to the above -amount the cost of such labor in the “completed” parts, -will make a total of $50.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span>, cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks, laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">124</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">636</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>ceiling boards, 2 × 4 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">75</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">98</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 9½ inches, at 25c, each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling lath, at 5c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling planks, at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">36</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9½ in., at 25c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, complete, at $6.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $5.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stoops and closets, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $4; painting, $14; carting, $5.</td> - <td class="tdr2">23.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$250.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure1" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure001.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 1.—<span class="allsmcap">EXTERIOR OF COTTAGE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp41" id="figure2" style="max-width: 17.1875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure002.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 2.—<span class="allsmcap">INTERIOR OF COTTAGE.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_II">DESIGN II.<br /> -<span class="smaller">COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450 TO $550.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of an inexpensive country dwelling is adapted -to the wants of many people whose circumstances will -not admit of a larger outlay. It was originally prepared -and published in response to many calls for very low-priced -country houses, “some as cheap as lumber and -nails can make them.” The present one approximates -that point, and will aid in devising others.... <span class="smcap">Two Elevations</span> -are given for the same ground-plan; the first -(<a href="#figure3">fig. 3</a>) is for a one-story house of the simplest design, -with an entrance door, a neat porch, and two windows -in front. The rear is arranged similarly. The roof is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -conspicuous, in keeping with its importance. No matter -how cheaply one proposes to build a house, it is essential -not to slight the roof. A roof fit for a one-story cottage -would answer equally well on a three-story house, -so that relatively the cost of this part becomes greater, -as the other parts become reduced and cheapened.... -<span class="smcap">Ground-Plan</span>, (<a href="#figure4">fig. 4</a>).—The accommodations are quite -sufficient for a small family, consisting of three rooms, -two lobbies, a kitchen-pantry, and a clothes-press. The -Lobbies protect the rooms from direct contact with the -outside doors. The Living-room is large, and accessible -alike from each entrance; it has windows front and rear, -and is convenient to the pantry; one entire side is unbroken, -giving additional space for furniture, etc. The -Pantry is shelved on two sides, and has a sash opening -from the rear lobby, receiving light through the head-light<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -over the rear entrance door. The front Bedroom -is of good size—large enough to be used as a sitting-room; -it adjoins the rear bedroom, and a clothes-press, -and has a window facing the road. The rear Bedroom is -the most retired, and has a window looking to the rear. -The Press or closet is shelved and hooked in the usual -manner. The door between the bedrooms might be dispensed -with, but its convenience more than repays its -cost.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The Foundations are of common -stone and -mortar, laid in -trenches, so as -not to be affected -by frost, and -show 1½ feet -above ground. -The supports for -the central partitions -are stone -piers, 4 feet apart. -The Chimneys -are of hard brick -and mortar, passing -through the -first story in two -flues, but joined together beneath the roof, and finished -above as a single chimney. All the timber of the exterior -frame is of 4 × 6-inch spruce. The sills are laid flatways -on the foundation, and the upright frame-work -stands upon them. The beams are of 1¼ × 8-inch spruce -planks; they are notched 4 inches, to fit on the sill, and -bear on the foundation, and are nailed to the studding -and sills, binding the whole together. The ceiling-strips -are of 1¼ × 5-inch spruce, resting on the ties, and nailed -to the studding. The rafters are 2 × 4-inch wall-strips. -All beams, studding, and rafters, are placed 16 inches<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -apart from centers. The siding is of 10-inch dressed -pine. The roof is covered with 18-inch pine shingles, -laid on 1¼ × 2-inch shingling-lath. The porch-frame is -of dressed and cornered timber, and is roofed with shingles -on flooring laid face down. The flooring is 1⅛ × 9-inch -spruce “milled.” The interior is plainly cased: for -doors and windows, 3¼ inches wide; base, 6 inches; -chair-back in the living-room, 3 inches; all beveled. All -sashes and doors are 1¼ inch thick. The interior side-walls -and ceilings are white-sand finished, on brown mortar -and seasoned lath. Many efforts have been made to -devise something cheaper than plastering for the inside -lining of walls, but no substitute has yet been found -to equal it in cheapness or durability. Plastering, as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -usually prepared and applied, conduces to the healthfulness -of any apartment, emits no odor of mouldiness, has -no attraction or harbor for vermin, is impervious to air, -and a non-conductor of sound. Where linings of thin -wood or paper are used, it is necessary to deafen the partitions -and ceilings, otherwise they will be noisy. Sound -made in any one part will reverberate through the -house with drum-like suggestiveness. Most of such materials -absorb moisture rapidly from the atmosphere, and -when at any distance from the house-fires, so as not -to be warmed and dried, the moisture is retained in -them. This is especially the case in chambers and closets. -Rather than seek a substitute for plastering, it is better -to extend its use, and, where practicable, apply it as -an outside covering, as well as for inside linings, as described -for <a href="#DESIGN_VI">Design VI.</a> The <span class="smcap">Second Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure5">fig. -5</a>,) shows an enlargement of the first, by increasing the -outlines of the roof, giving space for a <span class="smcap">Second Floor</span>, -(<a href="#figure6">fig. 6</a>). Such space, though not immediately required -for bedrooms, would be valuable for many purposes. -The appearance of the building is improved by the enlargement, -and the extra cost will not exceed one hundred -dollars.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p>Cost of Cottage—No. 1:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">468</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per foot.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$23.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">270</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">67.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">576</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 80 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girts, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 13c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">56</td> - <td colspan="2">rough plank, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, at 20c. each, $14; 115 siding, at 25c., $28.75.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">156</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">27</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice and porch materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">21.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, at $5 each, $20; 9 doors, at $3 each, $27.</td> - <td class="tdr2">47.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish and nails, $26.09; cartage, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$450.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Extra cost of cottage—No. 2:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>windows, at $5 each, $15; 70 flooring, at 20c, $14.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$29.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">25</td> - <td>siding, $6.25; 19 rough plank, $3.04.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">23</td> - <td>shingling-lath, $1.38; 4 bunches shingles, $6.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">25</td> - <td>wall-strips, $3.25; 400 brick, $4.80.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Timber, $5; stairs, $20; porch, $5.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Carpenter’s labor.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$100.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp88" id="figure3" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure003.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 3.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF ONE-STORY HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure4" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure004.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 4.—<span class="allsmcap">GROUND-PLAN OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp78" id="figure5" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure005.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 5.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF STORY-AND-A-HALF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure6" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure006.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 6.—<span class="allsmcap">SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_III">DESIGN III.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $550.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans are for a low-priced house, similar in character -to those in <a href="#DESIGN_II">Design II.</a>, but differing entirely in outlines -and arrangement, and embracing a much larger -area of floor space, with increased accommodations.... -<span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure7">fig. 7</a>.)—The Front is broken with angles, -furnishing a greater number of vertical lines, thus giving -relief from the depressing appearance that would otherwise -be manifest. The roof projections are proportionate, -with simple finish. The cornices of the central or -main part are the most prominent, and have plain trusses. -The gable openings supplying ventilation between the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -ceilings and roof.... <span class="smcap">Ground-Plan</span>, (<a href="#figure8">fig. 8</a>).—The interior -contains five quite ample rooms, conveniently arranged, -besides a lobby, pantry, and two closets. Hight -of ceilings in two principal rooms, 9½ feet, in the side -extensions, 6 feet at the plate, following the rafters to -the center of the rooms, and from thence are leveled -across at the hight of 9 feet. The front entrance is -through a lobby. (If desired to economize further, the -front stoop and one door may be saved, by putting an -arch in place of the front door, making a recessed porch -of the lobby.) The Parlor has two front windows, and a -closet, and adjoins the kitchen and two bedrooms. The -Kitchen is large, has two windows, an open fire-place, -and adjoins a commodious pantry, and a bedroom. The -Pantry has a large window, and is shelved on one side<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -and end. A convenient Clothes-press opens from the -right-hand bedroom. The Chimney is near the center of -the house, insuring much saving of heat. The interior -of this house may be comfortably warmed from a single -fire, by placing a Radiator in the parlor, and leading the -fire-draught from the kitchen stove through it. As the -peculiar form and construction of this radiator is comparatively -new, having originated with me, a description -is here given, which will enable any skillful sheet-iron -worker to make -one (see <a href="#figure9">figs. 9 -and 10</a>): <i>A</i>, is -the parlor side -of the chimney-breast; -<i>B</i>, the -kitchen side; -<i>C</i>, chimney-flue; -<i>D</i>, kitchen -fire-place, -containing -kitchen-stove; -<i>E</i>, smoke-pipe -leading from -the stove -through the -throat-piece, -into the chimney-flue; -<i>F</i>, <i>F</i>, stove-pipe branches passing through the -back of the fire-place, and connecting the smoke-pipe, <i>E</i>, -with the radiator; <i>G</i>, interior section of radiator; <i>H</i>, -face of radiator; <i>I</i>, partition within radiator. The -draught is regulated by a damper, <i>J</i>, in the smoke-pipe -<i>E</i>, between the branches, <i>F</i>, <i>F</i>, and is forced through -the radiator as required. The radiator may be made of -any size desired to fit the mantle-opening, and if neatly -constructed of Russian iron, will be quite ornamental.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -The partition, <i>I</i>, is 5 inches wide, and extends to within -6 inches of the bottom at either side, has turned edges, -and is riveted to the front and back. In use, to start the -fire, a direct draught is made by opening the damper, <i>J</i>, -after which it may be closed to turn the draught through -the lower branch-pipe into the central part of the radiator, -where it descends, passing the lower ends of the -partition, <i>I</i>, into the side passages, where it ascends and -enters the upper branch-pipe, leading to the smoke-pipe, -<i>E</i>. The bottom should have a collar to slide within the -upright part, to facilitate cleaning when necessary. If -there is no hearth-stone to set the -radiator upon, the bottom may be -filled with an inch deep of coarse -plaster, which will make it safe -even on a carpet. In setting the -radiator, an inch or two of open -space should be left between it and -the chimney-back (just the thickness -of the interior wall-plates of -the mantle, against which the radiator -should join.) Into the bottom -of this space, air may be introduced -from the outside of the house, -through a two-inch pipe. The air -thus let in becomes heated, and escapes -around the margin, furnishing a pure healthful -supply to the room.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The estimate -annexed, includes materials, and methods of construction -similar to those described for <a href="#DESIGN_II">Design II.</a> The form and -arrangement of this building admits of its being erected -in sections; the central or main part may be first put -up, and the side extensions added as means or necessity -requires or allow. In localities where it is difficult to get -dressed lumber, rough boards may be used for the siding, -put on vertically, and battened, but in this case it would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -be practical to paint the cornices and other dressings -only with lead and oil—using a lime-wash for the -rough work. A -durable wash -may be made by -slaking freshly-burned -lump-lime -in hot brine. -This can be colored -by adding -dry-stainers as -desired, and may -be applied with -an ordinary -whitewash -brush. Such -work would -greatly reduce -the cost, and, if -properly done, -add a feature of -rustic beauty, -quite becoming in this class of building.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">340</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone foundation, at 5c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$17.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">290</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">800</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 9 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, at 13c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">39.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td colspan="2">plank rough spruce, 1¼ × 10, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">11.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, dressed pine, ⅛ × 10, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">32.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">176</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">82</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, dressed spruce, at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, at $5 each, $40; 10 doors, at $3 each, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet and base finish, $16; cornice materials, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">31.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $10; painting, $60; cartage, $14.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $21.84.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$550.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure7" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure007.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 7.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure8" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure008.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 8.—<span class="allsmcap">GROUND-PLAN.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp46" id="figure9" style="max-width: 15.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure009.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 9.—<span class="allsmcap">RADIATOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure10" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure010.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 10.-<span class="allsmcap">RADIATOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_IV">DESIGN IV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $550 TO $700.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of a low-priced dwelling is adapted to the -wants of many living in the country. It will accommodate -a small family well, and has a pleasing appearance.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure11">fig. 11</a>.)—The Front has a sufficient variety -of parts to insure a fair degree of picturesqueness. -An allowable amount of neat tracery is admitted in the -composition of the gables, and between the piazza columns, -to give an expression of taste and cheerfulness. -More than this would not accord with the utility -and economy especially aimed at in these low-priced -plans. If intended for a Summer Cottage, or Gate-lodge, -for persons of larger means, the matter of exterior -dress would assume quite a different aspect, and admit of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -more liberal treatment.... <span class="smcap">Ground-Plan</span>, (<a href="#figure12">fig. 12</a>.)—The -arrangement shown is adapted to an <i>eastward</i> frontage, -placing the Entrances and the Living-room on the pleasant -side, where least exposed to northerly winds and cold. -Should an opposite frontage be selected, the plan may be -suited to it by reversing the sides, as this would be reflected -if held -before a mirror. -The hight of -the ceilings are -10 feet. The -front entrances -open directly -from the piazza -to the parlor -and living-room. -These -entrances may -be protected -in winter by a -sash inclosure, -forming a pleasant -vestibule of -a part of the -piazza. The principal rooms are a Parlor, Kitchen, and -two Bedrooms. The Parlor is in front of the main building, -and of sufficient size for the ordinary uses of such an -apartment. The Kitchen is intended as the Living-room, -where the family, maintaining the simplicity of -cottage life, spend much of their in-door time, sharing -together the domestic cares and comforts. It is sufficiently -spacious to admit of the requisite furniture, and -allow of the ordinary family gathering without crowding. -It has three windows; if desired, the upper part of the -front door may have sashes, giving views in three directions. -The pantry and lobby, at the rear, are of equal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -size, both opening from the kitchen. The two Bedrooms -adjoin each other (but have no communication between -them in the plan. This may be arranged as desired.) -One opens from the parlor, the other from the kitchen, -and each has a closet. The Chimney is placed between -the kitchen and parlor, with an open fire-place on the -kitchen side. The method of heating, described for <a href="#DESIGN_III">Design -III.</a>, would insure the comfortable warming of both -of the principal -rooms from one -kitchen fire.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure13">fig. -13</a>.)—Hight, -6½ feet. The -dimensions embrace -the space -below the -kitchen and the -bedrooms; it -has three windows -and an -outside entrance. -The -part under the -parlor is unexcavated.... -<span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The Foundation-walls are -of broken stone and mortar, and show 2 feet above ground. -Those under the parlor are laid in trenches, extending below -the reach of frost. The chimney is of hard brick and -mortar. The frame-work, roofing, and exterior plastering, -are similar to those described for <a href="#DESIGN_VI">Design VI.</a> The -gables are inclosed with vertical boarding, having their -lower ends cut to pattern, and are battened over the -joints. The ornamental verges in the gable-cornices are -of pine boards, and, being of simple design, are readily -made, and put in position while building. A pleasing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -effect is produced by “lining off” the surface of the -exterior plastering into courses or squares. This is easily -done with a “straight-edge,” and an <b>S</b> shaped iron while -finishing. The final “Stearate” covering (see <a href="#DESIGN_VI">Design -VI.</a>) may be divided and shaded in two parts, and so applied -as to give the alternate squares slight changes of -shade. The best results may be obtained from <i>exterior -plastering</i> where properly done. It is impervious to either -air or water, and therefore equals the more expensive -methods of inclosures for houses of this character. It -should not be attempted over <i>horizontal</i> lines of framework, -as the shrinking and consequent contraction will -cause a bulging and cracking of the plaster at those points. -Whenever obliged to cross such timbers, the upright -framework must be halved on to them, and continued in -whole lengths, to prevent such contractions. All joinings -with the exterior wood-finish must be carefully made, -especially at the top, to prevent water from entering, and -running down behind the walls. Wide projectives of -cornices afford a valuable protection for such walls against -driving storms. Exterior plastering may be done in any -season that is free from frost. An ordinary rain will do -no injury to either of the two coats of plaster after they -have become “set.” The “Stearate” should be applied -as soon as the plastering is thoroughly dried.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> for cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">54</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$10.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,300</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. foundation, at 10½c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">136.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,250</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and sills, at 28c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">120</td> - <td colspan="2">yards exterior plastering, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">224</td> - <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> interior <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> 25c. <span class="ditto1">”</span> ”</td> - <td class="tdr2">56.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,700</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>sills. 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 30ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 10c. each, $20; cornice materials and gable finish, $18.25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">180</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling lath, at 5c. each, $9.00; 16 spruce-planks, at 20c. each, $3.20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">80</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring-planks, at 20c., $16; piazza, $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">56.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar-windows, $9; 8 plain windows, $56.</td> - <td class="tdr2">65.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, $44: closet-finish, $12: nails, $10: carting, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $30; carpenter’s labor, $75; incidentals, $15.41.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$700.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">If cellar is omitted, deduct, $167.14. Cost without cellar.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$532.86</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure11" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure011.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 11.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure12" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure012.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 12.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure13" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure013.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 13.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_V">DESIGN V.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A CONVENIENT HOUSE, COSTING $650.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The accompanying plans were designed for a simple, -compact, and economical house, and will be appreciated -by any one who may desire to know just how little is required -to build a comfortable home. They provide ample -room for a small family.... The <span class="smcap">Cellar</span> extends under -the whole house, the walls are built as shown in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -details of foundation and frame, given in <a href="#DESIGN_VI">Design VI.</a>, -with 3 feet of masonry and 3 feet of frame-work.... The -<span class="smcap">First Story</span> contains a good-sized Hall, Parlor, and -Kitchen, or Living-room, with two closets, pump, and -sink. The stairs to the cellar lead directly from the -kitchen, passing down under -the stairs in the main hall. -A “fire-place heater” can be -put in the parlor fire-place, -which will also warm the -chamber above. -This method of -heating is economical, -and occupies -but little -room.... The -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span> -has three good-sized -rooms, two -closets, and -small hall, in the -main house, and -an attic over the -kitchen. The -floor of the attic -is one foot lower -than that of the -main house; this -gives valuable room for storage, etc.... The hight of -the first story of the main house is 8 feet 6 inches; of -the second story, 7 feet. The hight of the kitchen ceiling -is 7½ feet. The attic is arranged to have just standing -room in the center.... A great saving of time and -trouble is made, when openings are provided for <i>regular -sizes</i> of sash, blinds, and doors, as they may be obtained -of seasoned and well-made stock, at any time, from any<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -dealer in such materials. These plans are drawn with -reference to such regular sizes, viz.: the first-story windows -are 2 ft. 7 in. × 5 ft. 6 in.; second story, 2 ft. 7 -in. × 4 ft. 6 in.; cellar, 2 ft. × 2 ft. 8 in., all 1¼ inch -thick. All principal windows -should have their frames made -with pockets and pulleys, and -the sash hung with iron -weights and good cord. The -cost for the addition of these -necessary parts, -beyond what is -required for the -plain frame, is -about as follows, -for each window -of ordinary size: -4 pulleys, (at -40c. per doz.) -14c.; 20 lbs. iron -weights, 2½c. -per lb., 50c.; -½ lb. sash-cord, -16c. per lb., 8c; -1 doz. screws, -⅞ in., 35c. per -gross, 3c.; labor -putting in -pockets, pulleys, -etc., 20 c.—Total, 95 cents, and when -once done, will need no further attention -or expense, while the house lasts. The -satisfaction of having neat-fitting, easy-working sash, -where the upper, or lower one, may be opened at will, is -great. The saving of little fingers, and older nerves, to -say nothing of shattered sash and glass, more than repays<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -the extra cost of hanging sash.... The front, rear, and -parlor <span class="smcap">Doors</span> are 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1½ in.; -other first-story doors, 2 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. × 1¼ -in.; second-story doors, 3 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 6 in. × 1¼ -in.; all 4-paneled, and neatly moulded. The 1½-inch -doors have mortise-locks; other doors rim-locks, all with -porcelain knobs and escutcheons.... <span class="smcap">Blinds</span> are included -for the first and second stories, -in the estimate appended, -at an average cost of $2.40 per -pair, and may be omitted, but -are recommended as useful; -they protect the sash from -storms, and can be operated -to give almost any desired -light or shade in -the rooms.... -Many people may -be in circumstances -that -would justify the -building of one -part of a house -first, to be occupied -as a temporary -residence -until means and -opportunity warrant -the building -of the whole. A -newly-married couple could arrange to have the kitchen -part built as a residence for a season, rather than forego -the opportunity of setting out trees, vines, and shrubbery, -planting, and otherwise developing their grounds. -They would then be near the work when building the -main part, to superintend it, and care for materials, saving<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -much that is often wasted, or lost. The wing, or -kitchen part, could be built at a cost of about $185, so -arranged as that the main house could be joined to it at -any time—or, what would be better, the main house -may be built first, at a cost of about $650, and the kitchen -added at convenience.... The exterior dressing of cornice, -window-caps, and stoop, are decided in their character -for simplicity and boldness, giving a generous and -finished appearance to the whole.... <span class="smcap">Novelty Siding</span>, -<a href="#figure18">fig. 18</a>, is mentioned in many of the estimates for -these houses. This form of siding I first introduced -some sixteen years ago, since which time -it has grown into general favor and use in this -neighborhood. It has the following merits to -recommend it: 1st, It is easily put on by ordinary -mechanics. 2d, When properly nailed to the -frame, it strengthens it, so as to make bracing of -the frame almost unnecessary. 3d, The spaces -between the studding, when the interior is plastered, -are each air-tight compartments, containing only -stationary air, which is a non-conductor of cold (or heat), -thus protecting the inside wall from the extreme changes -of outward temperature. 4th, A cheaper quality of lumber -can be used, the more cross-grained the materials, the -less likely they are to check, or shrink, and any small, -sound knots are easily covered with shellac before painting, -which closes them effectually. 5th, The general -surface is even, so that any brackets or other ornamentation -can be put on without the trouble and difficulty of -“scribing” them up to the clap-boarding.... The -<span class="smcap">Shingling</span> referred to in the estimate is of 18-inch pine -shingles, and may be laid 5¾ inch to the weather, and -secured with large-headed “shingle-nails.” It is best in -laying shingles to lap at one-third the breadth, never in -the center, for should one shingle check in the center, as -they are liable to do, an opening is made through the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -three courses, and a leaky roof will be the result. -“Shingling-lath” 1¼ × 2 in., with the lower edge -placed just where the buts of the shingles would cover, -will allow air to freely circulate on both sides of the shingles, -and preserve them one-third longer than when laid -on close planking, which holds the moisture, and assists -decay of every part of the roof.... <span class="smcap">Gutters.</span>—The old -wooden gutter has nearly gone into disuse, and always -seemed a barrier to any satisfactory finish of cornice. It -was difficult to get timber of sufficient width for projections, -and in such cases, the cornices were proportioned -by boxing off, and building up around this “gutter-stick,” -which was bad construction—the outer-edge of -the gutter, being higher than the edge next the house, -would cause the water, during heavy storms, or when -the leader was -choked up, to -flow over against -the frame-work -of the building, -which was one of -the most frequent -causes of -decay and settling in the older houses in this country.—The -tin-lined “box” and “trough” gutters are often -troublesome; the tin can not be laid in them except in -long lengths, which have been soldered together while -flat and smooth. To lay these long lengths into the -ready-formed gutter, requires much bending and hammering, -which breaks the best tin at the soldered joints, -on the under-side, where it is impossible to repair it, so -that, while it may not appear at once to leak, it is sure -to do so soon, to be discovered after the cornice has been -swelled out of shape or destroyed. The gutter that I -have adopted in all cases where practicable (see section, -<a href="#figure19">fig. 19</a>), either for shingles or slate, is made of charcoal-tin,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -14 inches wide, in lengths as long as can be well handled. -One edge is turned or rolled up around a ⅝ iron -rod, which makes a strong edge. Then a bend is made -at 3½ inches from the turned edge, forming a right angle -the whole length. This is laid on the second course -of shingles, with one end lower than the other, so as to -give a good run for the water. The ends are turned up, -where required, to stop the water, and a tube put through -the cornice in the usual manner.... For <span class="smcap">Tin Roofs</span>, having -a pitch of at least one inch to the foot, the gutters are -formed in a similar manner, with the flat, or bottom -part, about ½ inch wide, making a flange, which is soldered -to the roof near the eaves, to a line drawn at an -angle to make one end lower than the other, as for shingle -roofs. This is the simplest and best kind of gutter, -will outlast any other, and in the event of a possible -damage, or leakage, no harm will be done beyond the -loss or waste of the water that runs off over the eaves. -It can be easily repaired, or replaced at any time, without -interfering with the principal roof, and it saves the -trouble and expense of building and boxing for gutters, -or of making cornices with special reference to them, and -it is cheaply constructed.—<span class="smcap">Estimate of Cost</span> of building -by this plan in the vicinity of New York City:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">38</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$7.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">230</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, 3 coats, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,412</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">21.18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 3 × 8 in. 92 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">locust-post, 4 inch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">220</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 10c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, 9¾ in., at 28c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">rabbeted siding, 9¾ in., at 28c, $8.40; 92 ft. cornice materials, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">23.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c, $6; 16 bunches shingles, at $1.50, $24.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Tin gutters and leaders.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">90</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved flooring. 9½ in., at 30c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">windows with blinds, at $8, $64; 3 cellar windows, plain, at $3, $9.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stoop materials, $20; stairs, 1st story and cellar, $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">doors and materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor (not included above).</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, two coats, $40; cartage, average one mile, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Extras, for base, sink, pump, and nails, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">34.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost of materials and construction.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$650.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure14" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure014.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 14.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp52" id="figure15" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure015.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 15.—<span class="allsmcap">CELLAR.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp43" id="figure16" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure016.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 16.—<span class="allsmcap">FIRST STORY.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp54" id="figure17" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure017.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 17.—<span class="allsmcap">SECOND STORY.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp15" id="figure18" style="max-width: 3.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure018.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 18.—<span class="allsmcap">“NOVELTY SIDING.”</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure19" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure019.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 19.—<span class="allsmcap">PORTION OF ROOF AND GUTTER.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_VI">DESIGN VI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $700.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The plans here given are of simple design, intended to -meet the large and increasing demand for low-priced -country or village houses, having at the same time some -architectural beauty. Without this latter feature, a comfortable -house of this size can, in many places, be erected<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -for much less than $700 even.... The house here described -provides for as much room as a small family -would require, while at the same time it admits of future -enlargement, as one’s necessity or means may indicate, by -additions, ells, or wings, at either side, or rear. In all -cases, when planning small houses, it is best to provide -for such enlargements. The triplet window in front is -so arranged that it can be readily changed to a bay-window, -when that improvement can be afforded, without -marring the rest of the wood-work, or the harmony of -the front elevation.... The Cornice of the main building<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -is bracketed, and projects sufficient to relieve it of the -stunted look so common to country houses. The brackets -are made of 2 × 4-inch timber, in three pieces each, -mitred to the angles required, and nailed together (see -<a href="#figure25">fig. 25</a>), making an effective support and pleasant appearance.... -A large saving in expense of foundations is -secured by the following method of construction (see -section of foundation and frame, <a href="#figure24">fig. 24</a>). The excavation -is made for the cellar 2½ feet deep. A foundation -of 8-inch brick-work, 3 feet high, or 6 inches above the -level of the ground only, is required. A sill of 3 × 8-inch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> -timber is laid on, and “flush” with the inside of the -wall, to provide nailing for the wainscoting of the basement, -if it is afterwards finished off.... The beams or -joists for the first floor are supported by a plank-strip five -inches wide, let into the inside of the frame at a proper -hight, and securely fastened with heavy nails. The other -parts of the framing are executed, and the whole raised, -in the usual manner.... The inclosing, or siding, below -the first story, is of 10-inch boards rabbeted and cross-grooved -in imitation of large stone-work, and painted in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -contrast with the principal body of the house, and the -water-table is put just above them.... Many small houses -in the country are built without any permanent foundation, -but are temporarily supported on posts set in the -ground, and “boarded down.” They are always shaky, -and doubtful while they stand, and are -frequently blown over altogether. As -will be readily seen, the above method -provides for the saving of one-half of the -mason-work in the foundation. In many -places stone is abundant, and will answer -the same purpose as brick in this -case, except for the 6 inches above ground. -The laying up of a single-face wall, 2½ -feet high, of rough stone and mortar, -would cost but a trifle. If the cellar -should be finished at any time for basement -purposes, these walls would be -much drier and more healthful than when -the walls are entirely of masonry. In -this case it would be preferable to have -the foundation walls 6 inches higher, so -as to have the basement rooms 7 feet in -the clear.... Several houses have been -built on this plan in villages, and in most -cases it has been decided not to have any -rear outside door for the first story (<a href="#figure22">fig. -22</a>), but to wait until a kitchen could be -finished in the front part of the cellar, -when the common entrance would be by the area to the -kitchen. In the plan (<a href="#figure22">fig. 22</a>), we have indicated two -rear windows, but a door may take the place of either of -them. We have also indicated by dotted lines where -pantry, sink, etc., may be placed in the corner, according -to the wishes of the proprietor.... There is but one chimney. -The parlor is heated by running a stove-pipe<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -through earthen thimbles placed in the partitions under -the stairs, to the chimney, which is perfectly safe, and -no heat is lost. When desired, a fire-place, or stove-pipe -flue, may be carried up through the parlor, as well as -through the living-room, and the two be brought together -above the stairs into one chimney.... -The <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure23">fig. 23</a>), may -be divided into three rooms, the -front one being 12 × 15 feet; or, if preferred, -this front room may be divided -into two smaller rooms, as indicated by -the dotted lines. One may be 8 × 12, -and the other 6½ × 12. The latter -would be large enough for an ordinary -bed (4½ × 6½ feet), with stand or chair -by the window; and in this case a small -closet could be cut off from the corner, opening into the -large room, as shown by the dotted lines.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—The following estimate in detail, at present -prices, near this city, will enable any one to determine -the cost of building by this plan. Allowance can be -made for any difference in cost of materials or labor as -required in other localities:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">43</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$8.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, laid complete, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,636</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 8 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 3 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 ft. long, at 20c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">162</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">rabbeted siding, 10 in., at 28c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">97</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring spruce, 9½ in., at 28c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">123</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 in., at 6c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, 18 in., at $1.25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, with blinds, two stories, 9 at $8; 5 at $3.</td> - <td class="tdr2">87.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, $25; 11 doors and trimmings, $44; 1 stoop materials, $10.</td> - <td class="tdr2">79.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td colspan="2">rough spruce-plank, 1¼ × 10 in., at 30c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">feet cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor (not included above).</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">350</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, three coats, at 25c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">87.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, average one mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, two coats, $40; extras, for tin, nails, etc. $31.56.</td> - <td class="tdr2">71.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost in above style.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$700.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp62" id="figure20" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure020.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 20.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure21" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure021.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 21.—<span class="allsmcap">CELLAR.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure22" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure022.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 22.—<span class="allsmcap">FIRST STORY.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure23" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure023.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 23.—<span class="allsmcap">SECOND STORY.</span>—Scale, 8 feet to 1 inch.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp18" id="figure24" style="max-width: 7.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure024.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 24.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp43" id="figure25" style="max-width: 10.9375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure025.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 25.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_VII">DESIGN VII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $750 TO $1,050.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans represent a commodious dwelling house, -constructed with especial regard for economy and utility, -and they will be appreciated by those desiring to provide -a comfortable, permanent shelter for home by the use of -limited means.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (fig 26).—In preparing -plans for “low-priced” houses, the simplest outlines are -indicated. Having to combine usefulness and small outlay, -there can be no latitude for architectural display, -beyond mere matters of accommodation and completeness.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -The exterior of this example fairly expresses its -domestic purpose. The breadth of the front, the preponderance -of horizontal lines, and the hooded roof, are each -indicative of strength, and suggest its adaptation to rural -situations. The satisfactory appearance of this house -will greatly depend on its location. The best results -would be obtained by placing it on a slight knoll, giving -it additional altitude. This would prevent its being obscured -by shrubbery -and trees, -which are indispensable -accompaniments -of a -properly developed -homestead.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, -(<a href="#figure27">fig. 27</a>).—Hight, -6½ feet. -It has three windows, -an outside -entrance, and -stairway leading -to the kitchen -above.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure28">fig. 28</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 10 -feet. The accommodations, consisting of five rooms, a -pantry, and two closets, are adapted to a good-sized family. -The Parlor and Kitchen are the principal rooms, -and occupy the middle portion, their sides being protected -by other rooms, and, having the fire-place between -them, they are easily warmed. The device for heating -<i>described</i> for <a href="#DESIGN_III">Design III.</a> would serve admirably in this -house. Two Bedrooms adjoin the parlor. Many might -choose to have <i>double</i> doors entering these bedrooms, to -allow all three rooms to be used together occasionally. -This would not preclude the use of the smaller ones as -bedrooms, or, if preferred, as a sewing-room and a library.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -The Kitchen is the largest apartment, and has doors -leading to the pantry, bedroom, parlor, stairway, and the -rear entrance. The outside or entrance doors may be -protected in severe seasons by storm-doors hung to open -outward, with loose joint-buts to allow of their ready -removal. The rear veranda is similar to the front one -shown on the elevation.... -<span class="smcap">Second -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure29">fig. -29</a>).—The front -portion only is -finished, with -ceilings 8 feet -high, and is divided -into two -chambers and -four closets. The -rear portion is -left unfinished, to -be used as an -open garret. The -space above the -ceiling of the finished -portion -may be floored -over with boards, to serve for storage of quilting-frames, -trunks, etc.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The excavations for -the cellar are 4 feet deep. The foundation-walls are of -broken stone, laid in mortar, and show 2 feet above the -earth-grade. A strong girder, resting on large posts, or -columns of stone or brick, supports the center of the -building. In setting the girder, it should be elevated -from ½ to ¾ of an inch in the center, rising gradually -from each end, to allow for settling, which invariably -occurs from shrinkage of the interior frame-work. The -timber for the frame-work is indicated in the estimates<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -below, and is substantially framed together. All the outside -studding is <i>halved</i> over the principal timbers, to prevent -vertical shrinkage from affecting the exterior covering -of the side-walls. The exterior covering is of lath -and plaster, as follows: all cornices and other dressings, -and the roof, should first be completed—and all window -and door frames set and cased. The outside frame -should then be thoroughly lathed outside and inside. -<i>All this is to prevent jarring or pounding on these parts -during the application -or setting -of the plaster.</i> -The plaster is -made in the usual -manner of fresh -lime and sharp -sand, with half a -bushel of hair to -each barrel of -lime used, and allowed -to lay two -weeks to insure -a thorough slaking and permeation of the lime. It is -then applied in two coats—the first a “scratch,” the -second a “browning.” The surface is floated with a -darby, (not trowelled). After having stood a sufficient -time to become dry, the whole is covered with a preparation -called “Stearate of Lime,” using an ordinary white-wash -brush. The formula for making this stearate of -lime (known only to a few, who have treated it as a secret,) -is here published for the first time, and it will be understood -by those familiar with the nature and operation of -slaking lime. The ingredients are simply fresh-burned -finishing-lime, using the lumps only, unrendered beef-suet, -and hot water. It is necessary that these parts be -kept in lively motion while dissolving, or they will be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -entirely destroyed by “burning.” The usual process is -to sink a large barrel, having an open end, 2 feet in the -ground, pounding the earth around to make it firm. An -upright piece, 4 inches in diameter, and 6 feet long, is -set upright in the center of the barrel, and held in position -by cleats at the bottom and top, leaving the upright -free to turn. Arms are put through the upright within -the barrel, and a cross-bar or lever is attached to the upper -end—the whole making an apparatus similar to a -“clay-mill.” One bushel of lime, 20 lbs. of suet (chopped -fine), and a barrel of boiling water are provided; and -while one works the “mill,” another feeds alternately -lime, suet, and hot water. This quantity of material, -costing about $2, will make a full barrel of the preparation. -Any desired shade may be afterwards given by adding -stainers. This mixture is applied while hot—two -coats being necessary to insure a thorough covering. This -will also be found a valuable preparation for covering exterior -brick or concrete work. It is impervious to water, -and will outlast any of the paints prepared for such purpose. -All other information concerning the finish of this -house may be inferred upon a careful study of the following -estimates.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span> cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">95</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$19.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,062</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone-foundation, at 15c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">159.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 28c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in chimneys, laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">517</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, inside at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">129.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> outside, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">39.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,850</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>ties, 3 × 6 in. 34 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>perlines, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>perlines, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td>beams, 1¼ × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">locust-posts, at 30c. each, $1.20; 190 flooring, at 20c. each, $38.</td> - <td class="tdr2">39.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">216</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">39</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, at $3, $9; 12 plain windows, at $7, $84.</td> - <td class="tdr2">93.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">17</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, at $4 each, $68; 2 verandas, $50 each, $100.</td> - <td class="tdr2">168.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, $20; cornice materials, $18.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish and base, $15; nails, $12; cartage, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">47.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $40; carpenter’s labor, $100; incidentals, $25.07.</td> - <td class="tdr2">165.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1,050.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Omitting cellar and verandas would save</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total, after deductions.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$750.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure26" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure026.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 26.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure27" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure027.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 27.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure28" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure028.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 28.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure29" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure029.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 29.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_VIII">DESIGN VIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COTTAGE, COSTING $800 TO $1,050.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This design is an enlargement of the small cottage described -in <a href="#DESIGN_I">Design I.</a> The arrangements are very complete -in convenience, appearance, and economy.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -(<a href="#figure30">fig. 30</a>).—The outlines and style are simple. -The front is enlivened by the Porch, Bay-Window, and -other projections. The details of finish are of neat design, -and in harmony, -giving an -agreeable expression -of taste and -refinement—features -especially -pleasing in cottage -architecture.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure31">fig. -31</a>).—Hight in -clear, 6½ feet. It -is under the main -building only; has -two windows, and -stairs leading to -the first story. It -contains 378 feet -area, giving -abundant room for -all ordinary requirements.... -<span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure32">fig. -32</a>).—Hight of -ceiling, 9 feet. The -best use is made -of the space by -having but few divisions, -leaving -good-sized rooms. The Hall is small, but is conveniently -arranged to answer all necessary purposes. It is entered -from the front porch, and communicates directly with -the parlor and dining-room, and by the main stairs with -the second story. There is sufficient room for a hat-rack<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -at the right of -the front door. -The Parlor is -of fair size, the -large bay-window -adding -materially to -its area and -cheerfulness. -With very little -expense in -furniture, this -apartment may -be made pleasant -and cosey. -The Dining-room -extends -the whole -width of the -house, and has -a window at -each end. It -is conveniently -arranged, with -doors opening -from the hall, -parlor, kitchen, -pantry, -and to the -stairs. The -Kitchen is -commodious -and pleasant; -has three windows, -an outside -rear entrance, -and adjoins -the dining-room,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -pantry, and bedroom. The Pantry is sufficiently -large and convenient to answer the requirements -of both dining-room and kitchen. It has a small window, -and is thoroughly shelved. The Bedroom opens -directly from the kitchen. Its purpose in the partial -erection (as shown in <a href="#DESIGN_I">Design I.</a>) may be changed in the -completed building here described by making it an -auxiliary of the -kitchen for the -coarser work; -or, if needed, -it may still be -used as a -bedroom for -help.... -<span class="smcap">Second -Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure33">fig. 33</a>).—Hight -of ceiling, -8 feet. -There is a hall, -two chambers, -two bedrooms, -and two closets, -in this story, -and no waste -room. The -Hall is just -large enough for convenience. The Chambers are of -ample dimensions, with a chimney between them, admitting -the use of stoves when required.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -Foundations for the main house are of broken -stone and mortar, showing three feet above ground, -neatly pointed where exposed to sight. The Wing is -supported on piers, as described in <a href="#DESIGN_I">Design I.</a> Girders -(shown on the cellar-plan by dotted lines), supported on -strong posts, carry the central portions of the building.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -The shortness of the spans between bearings allow very -light floor-beams. It is, however, important that the -beams should be <i>bridged</i> to secure uniformity of strength, -and prevent vibrations. The Frame is constructed in -the usual manner—all the ties, girts, and headers being -“framed in.” The inclosing is sufficiently indicated in -the estimate. The front windows have semi-circular -heads outside. In their construction the frames and sash -are square, to admit ordinary curtain fixtures on the inside. -The circular head is outside of, and “planted” on -the flat casing, or “blind-strip,” and is made perfectly -tight by a flange of tin. The additional expense of such -circular finish is but trifling, compared with its good appearance. -The side and rear windows have square heads, -with rabbeted drips. Blinds are intended for all windows -above the cellar. Ventilators are placed in each gable. -The Porch has boxed pedestals and columns, scroll-sawed -balusters, and circular spandrels. The inside walls and -ceilings are “sand-finished” on two coats of brown mortar. -The main stairs are constructed with a quarter circle, -and winders at the top. These winders extend -beyond the hall into the ceilings of the dining-room (as -sketched), but do not interfere with its use, or seriously -injure its appearance. The Bay-Window is neatly arched -on the inside. Marble mantels are put in the parlor and -dining-room, and shelves in the chambers. The second -story-hall is lighted through the door (sash) of the front -bedroom.... <span class="smcap">Suggestions.</span>—This plan was arranged to -suit a village lot 25 feet in width, leaving a passage-way -at the side. This necessitated placing the wing at the -rear of the main house. If there is more ground, the -wing may be placed at the right of the main part, facing -the road. The communications between the dining-room -and wing would be still similar to those shown. The -window at the right of the dining-room would be placed -in the rear. These changes entail no extra expense, if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -determined on before commencing to build.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span> -cost of materials and labor for main house:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">56</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$11.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">875</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone-foundation, at 5c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">43.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">340</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">85.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,126</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">162</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 9 in., at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">32.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">135</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 5c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">rough planks, at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">112</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9 in., at 25c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">28.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $4.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $40; 12 doors, complete, $96.</td> - <td class="tdr2">136.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Mantels, $39.91; porch, $30; closets, $10.</td> - <td class="tdr2">79.91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $9; painting, $50; carting, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">71.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor (not included above).</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost of main house.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$800.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Add Design I.’s estimate for wing.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total for whole complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">1,050.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp55" id="figure30" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure030.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 30.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp41" id="figure31" style="max-width: 17.1875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure031.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 31.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp32" id="figure32" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure032.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 32.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure33" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure033.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 33.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_IX">DESIGN IX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">COUNTRY OR VILLAGE COTTAGE, COSTING $1,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan is designed to answer many requests for a -“cosey and homelike Cottage, suited to the wants of -Mechanics and Laboring People, costing from $700 to -$1,000.” It is best adapted to a westward frontage—with -the hall, entrances, and porches protected from the -north, but may be easily adapted to an opposite frontage -by reversing the plan—placing the hall, etc., on the opposite -side of the main house. The width, 21 feet, -adapts it to a 25-foot village lot, leaving a side passage to -the rear.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure34">figs. 34 and 35</a>.)—The <i>style</i> of -any building is determined by the form of its roof; the -steep and hooded style in this design accords fully with -domestic feelings and artistic sentiments, and is growing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -in public favor -for suburban -structures. Compared -with the -usual <i>Mansard</i> -style is more practical, -less expensive, -and serves -equally well. -The side-angles, -porches, bay-window, -cornices, -and chimneys, -each of simple -construction, -make up a pleasing -variety of -parts. All superfluous -ornamentation -is avoided. A too common fault prevails in villages, -and even in the country, of building close up to -the street lines. -A clear depth of -at least 20 feet in -front should be -devoted to a flower-garden, -shrubbery, -and vines, -for flowers are -proper accessories -of cottage -adornment, and -architectural -ornamentation -can never compensate -for their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> -absence.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure36">fig. 36</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 6½ feet. -It extends under the front half of the building, giving an -average area of 11½ × 15 feet—quite sufficient for ordinary -requirements. It has two small front windows. A -good ventilation may be had through the chimney; openings -in the rear foundation allow a circulation of air over -the unexcavated portion.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure37">fig. 37</a>.)—Hight -of ceiling, 9 -feet; is divided into -a hall, parlor, -living-room, rear -entry, and a closet. -The Hall, entered -from the front -porch, connects -through doors with -the parlor, living-room, -and rear entry, -and contains -the main stairs. -The Parlor has a -large bay-window -in the front, opposite -to which is a -marble shelf resting -on stucco trusses. -It communicates with the living-room and hall. The -remaining wall spaces are unbroken, for furniture and -wall ornaments. The Living-room is a little larger than -the parlor, has two windows, an open fireplace, a closet, -and doors leading to the front hall, parlor, and rear entry. -The rear entry is under the platform of the main -stairs; is divided from the front hall, and is to be used -as the common entrance. It has doors leading from the -front hall, living-room, rear porch, and the cellar stairs. -The parlor may be warmed by placing a radiator under<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> -the marble shelf, and passing the smoke-pipe from the -living-room through it, as for <a href="#DESIGN_III">Design III.</a> The cost of -such a radiator is $6.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure38">fig. 38</a>.)—Hight -of center ceilings, seven feet; hight of side-breast walls, -3½ feet. The stairs leading to this story are made with -a platform, placed three risers below the upper landing, -which allows for the required head-room. The divisions -provide for four rooms, a hall, and two closets; the large -chamber has a double -window in front, a -marble shelf on the -chimney-breast, and -a closet; the hall -bedroom is designed -to be used in connection -with the large -chamber as a child’s -room.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -excavation -for the cellar is -made four feet deep, -and for the rear foundation -walls one foot. -The loose earth is -graded around the -foundation at completion, -leaving 1½ -feet of the foundation exposed to sight on the outside. -The foundation walls are of broken stone, laid in common -mortar, 16 inches thick, and neatly pointed where exposed -to sight, and are generally even with the framework -on the outside. Provision is made for the cellar -stairway by extending the adjoining walls beyond the inside -of the frame to the hight of the ground, and finishing -above with brick-work. The chimney is started with -the cellar walls, and arranged with two continuous flues<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -to the top. Side-openings are made under the cap by -inserting 6-inch earthen thimbles on each side of the -flues. The top courses of brick-work are laid across the -entire chimney, making a solid and more lasting cap. -Sheet-iron thimbles are put in the chimneys adjoining -the parlor and front chamber. The framing, inclosing, -flooring, etc., are done in a substantial manner, of materials -indicated in the -estimate below. -Beams placed two -feet apart from centers; -rafters and -studding 16 inches -apart. The cornice-trusses -are made of -2 × 4-inch timber, as -shown in <a href="#DESIGN_VI">Design VI.</a>, -and the shingling -and gutters in <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design -V.</a> Sash, 1¼ -inch thick, glazed -with second quality -of French sheet-glass, -counter-checked, -and hung -to iron balance-weights, with good cord. Doors 4-paneled -each, for the outside and rooms in first story, and -1½ inches thick; all others 1¼ inches thick, moulded, -with double faces. The main stairs has a 7-inch octagon -newel, a 2¼ × 4-inch moulded rail, and 2-inch turned -balusters, all of black walnut. The side-walls and ceilings -of the two full stories are white-sand finished, on -one coat of “laid-off” brown mortar. This is the -favorite mode of plastering through the Eastern States, -while in the neighborhood of New York two coats of -brown mortar are usually applied. Where one-coat work<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -is properly done, more hair is mixed in the mortar, increasing -its strength. The <i>same quantity</i> of mortar is -used as for two coats. The advantages claimed for the -“one-coat work” are, a saving of one-third in labor, and -obviating the delay for the additional coat to dry. All -the wood-work usually painted, and the chimney-top, -have two coats of best American lead and <i>raw</i> linseed-oil. -For more extended remarks on painting, see article -with <a href="#DESIGN_XII">Design XII.</a></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> of materials required, and total cost.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">58</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$11.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">26</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-work, complete, at $2.50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">65.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks, furnished and laid, complete, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 25c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,694</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 7 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td>ceiling-strips, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 13c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">26.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2">siding-boards, at 23c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">29.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles at $1.25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">spruce plank, at 20c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices, $14; stoops, complete, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">34.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">95</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">17.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $3 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">single windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">double windows, complete, at $15 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $9 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">135.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet, shelving, and nails.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, $50; bay-window, complete, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Tin (gutters, valleys, and leaders).</td> - <td class="tdr2">11.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble shelves, $10; painting, $80; carting, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">105.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals, sink, pump, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$1,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure34" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure034.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 34.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT VIEW OF COTTAGE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure35" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure035.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 35.—<span class="allsmcap">SIDE VIEW OF COTTAGE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure36" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure036.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 36.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure37" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure037.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 37.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure38" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure038.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 38.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_X">DESIGN X.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $1,100.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This economical cottage has ample, convenient apartments -for a medium-sized family, and is adapted to either -a village or a more rural location. A 25 × 100-feet lot -will contain such a house, besides the needed side alleyway<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -to the rear. Those contemplating the erection of -low-priced, tasteful cottages in duplication, either for -selling, or by coöperation as in Building Associations, -will find this plan suited to their wants.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, -(<a href="#figure39">fig. 39</a>).—The front presents a graceful, trim, outline, -with a neat and pleasant arrangement of openings. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -Porch fits in an angle, with its steps projecting beyond -the principal building, providing an appropriate entrance -to the house. The large Bay-window is the most imposing -feature of -the front, is expressive -of -comfort and -cheerfulness, -and gives a -good appearance -and character -to the -whole building. -The principal -cornices -are neatly -trussed, and -have such -“spread” as -gives a finished -and bold appearance -to the -roofs. It has -such proportions -and genteel -style, that -if near a more -formidable or -costly residence, -it would -not disgrace it.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, -(<a href="#figure40">fig. 40.</a>)—Hight -7 ft. Its -outlines correspond with the ground-plans of the principal -building; it is three feet below the general surface of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span> -the ground, and -four feet above, -and has an outside -entrance -door, three good -sized cellar windows, -two of -which are in the -front, and one -at the side, contiguous -to the -coal-bin. It is -accessible from -the first story by -a plain stairway. -If desirable at -any time, a -pleasant basement -room may -be finished in the -front part, at a -small cost.... -<span class="smcap">First Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure41">fig. 41</a>).—Hight -of ceilings, 9½ -feet. It is divided -into three -rooms of nearly -equal size, with -a Hall and two -Closets. The -Bay-window -adds considerable -to its area, -making it the -largest and -pleasantest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -room. The Dining-room adjoins the parlor, and may be -used with it as occasion requires by opening the folding -doors. Each of these rooms has neat marble mantles, -and opens into the front hall. The Kitchen connects -with the dining-room, and is provided with a pantry, -pump, sink, two windows, and an outside door leading -to the rear yard. -When houses are -built on single -village lots, it is -usual to arrange -for one “blank” -side, as in this -plan, but where -more ground is -allowed, it is desirable -that openings -should be -made for at least -one window in -each story of this -side, as they -would add to the -cheerfulness of -the interior, and -give a better appearance -to the -outside. Two -windows are thus indicated by dotted lines, one for the -dining-room, and one for the interior chamber, though -the latter is lighted from the roof, as noted. It may be -advisable even to put two other windows on this side of -the house, for the outside general good appearance, or -blind-windows may be put in at small expense, for the -same purpose.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure42">fig. 42</a>).—Ceilings 8 -feet high. The divisions are very simple, making four<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -rooms, three closets, a stairway, and passage leading to -each room.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—Reference is had in this -plan to what is known in the trade as “piece-lumber”—the -joists, wall-strips, boards, etc., being generally in -lengths of 13 feet each. There is great economy in being -able to use such standard lumber, without cutting to -waste. <a href="#figure43">Figure 43</a> shows how a neat, cosey cottage-frame -may be cheaply constructed almost wholly of such 13-feet -materials. But -there is a decided -preference for -full chamber -ceilings, and as -the difference in -cost would not -exceed $60, it is -best to make the -house <i>two full -stories high</i>. The -principal frame -is of 3-inch timber, -with studding -of 2 × 3 -inch. This -thickness of the -frame-work secures -some 220 feet more interior space to the rooms, -than in the use of 4-inch timber, besides saving one-fourth -of its quantity and cost. Ordinary 1¼ × 10-inch -spruce plank are used for the frame-work, for the floors -and ceilings. For the beams they are reduced to the -depth of eight inches, and the 2-inch strips sawed off are -used for shingling-lath. For the ceiling-frame of the -second story, they are simply sawed through the middle, -leaving each half five inches deep, and are all placed 16 -inches apart from centers. One row of cross-bridging is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span> -put through the center of each tier of beams, and the -center of the ceiling-strips are secured by hangers from -the rafters. The Rafters are 2 × 4 inches, framed to rest -on the principal plates, where they are connected with -the ceiling-strips by spikes, preventing any settling or -spreading of the roof. The Roof of the main wing is -constructed with double pitch, corresponding with that -of the main roof. The principal roofs are finished with -shingles, and has improved gutters, described in <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design -V.</a> The porch and bay-window roofs are covered with -tin laid on smooth boarding.—The <i>rake</i> or <i>pitch</i> of roofs -has much to do in giving character and finish to buildings. -For ordinary roofs, when shingles or slate are used, -the rise should be <i>one-third</i> the width of the building, as -in this case, the rise is 4⅓ feet, for the width of 13 feet. -This pitch is very pleasant to the eye, and easy of construction. -In larger buildings, it is often desirable to -secure more space or head-room in the attic, when the -rise should be <i>one-half</i> the width of the building. We -would never go <i>between</i> these two angles in search of a -roof-line that would gratify good taste, or comport with -any style, but deviations above one-half or below one-third -may be made, as circumstances indicate.—Circular -openings covered with blinds, in each gable, give free air -circulation between the ceilings and roof. Every dwelling -should have some way of readily reaching the roof -from the inside to clean the gutters, repair the roof or -chimneys, and in case of fire in the house or in the -neighborhood. An opening is made in the ceiling of the -middle chamber (<a href="#figure42">fig. 42</a>) over and just inside the door, -and thence through the roof. This is neatly boarded -around its sides, forming a “well,” and is covered -at the top with a <i>sash</i>, sloping with the roof, hung -so as to be easily opened and closed by a cord from the -inside. This provides for light, ventilation, and a scuttle -in combination. A sash, hung on center pins to revolve,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -over the door of this room, transmits light from the skylight -to the second-story passage and stairway, and supplies -ventilation.... The mason’s work is complete and -substantial in every part. The foundation walls, piers, -and chimneys, are of hard brick and mortar; the plastering -is two coats of brown mortar and a hard finish.... -<span class="smcap">Heating.</span>—Only two fires are required at any time to -make the principal rooms of this house comfortable. The -parlor, and chamber immediately above it, are warmed -through a heater placed in a parlor fire-place. The dining-room -has a radiator fitted in the opening of the mantel, -and connected by 5-inch pipes through the fire-place -back with the kitchen stove.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> of materials and cost:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$ 8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 20c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">450</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">135.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,969</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">29.53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 39 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 3 × 4 in. 104 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">116</td> - <td>studding, 2 × 3 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>posts, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 3 × 6 in 104 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 2 × 4 in. 91 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">153</td> - <td>studding, 2 × 3 in. 9 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td colspan="2">planks for beams and ceilings, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">17.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">55</td> - <td colspan="2">rafters, 2 × 4 × 13, at 13c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">208</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 10 inch, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">54.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred felting, at 3c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices, water-table, and corner-boards.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">165</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters, leaders and roofs, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">96</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $40; porch and stoops, complete, $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closets and shelving, $8; mantels, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Pump and sink, $18; nails, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $60; cartage, $13.48.</td> - <td class="tdr2">73.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$1,100.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp57" id="figure39" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure039.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 39.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp40" id="figure40" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure040.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 40.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp32" id="figure41" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure041.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 41.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure42" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure042.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 42.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure43" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure043.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 43.—<span class="allsmcap">MANNER OF FRAMING.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XI">DESIGN XI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $1,600.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan is for a comfortable and genteel dwelling, -suited to almost any location, and for the accommodation -of an averaged-sized family. Upwards of twenty -years’ experience in planning and building has taught me -that it is not difficult to design either as to Style, Room,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span> -or Cost, when the owners have means sufficient to gratify -their individual tastes, and no special care is required -to save expense. But it is quite another matter to -provide plans -for the great -mass of people -who, through -habit or necessity, -put -everything to -the test of -economy, and -to whom every -inch of room, -or foot of material, -is an -important -consideration. -In designing -and projecting -such work, -theories avail -little; practical -experience -must then be -the chief -guide.... Conventional -modes of living -have established -a -system of -household arrangement -and economy requiring for every home of -even moderate refinement, a house with a front hall, a -parlor, a dining-room, and a kitchen on the first floor,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -and a liberal -suite of chambers -in a second -story. -Our plan herewith, -though -only 20 by 30 -feet, provides -for all the -above. If built -on an ordinary -25-feet village -lot, it will allow -a needed -passage-way -on one side. -In rapidly filling -up, crowded -localities, -four persons -owning single -lots, making a -frontage of -100 feet, can -arrange together -and -build five -houses on this -plan for about -the cost of -erecting four -detached -houses. The -fifth house -may be rented -or sold for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -benefit of the four owners. In such cases, a hall should -be finished in the basement, with an entrance in front -similar to the one shown in the rear in <a href="#figure45">fig. 45</a>.... The -<span class="smcap">Front Elevation</span> is made up of simple parts, in a neat -arrangement. -The Bay-window -indicates -refinement, -and adds -largely to the -area or room -of the parlor.... -The <span class="smcap">Cellar</span> -walls are -of hard brick, -are 8 inches -thick, 7 feet -high, and -show at least -3 feet above -ground. For -health’s sake -alone, as well -as for a better -appearance, -and for convenience, -if -the basement -should ever be -desired finished -off in rooms, which can be done at any time with -little expense, it is best to always place the first floor well -up from the ground. In very cold localities, frost can be -kept out of the basement by banking up in winter, or -better by laying the brick walls with an opening up -through the center, extending bricks across the opening<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span> -at frequent intervals to secure firmness. This central -air-chamber promotes health, warmth, and dryness in -the basement or cellar. One foot of the soil taken from -the excavation for the cellar should be used in grading -around the house, to secure the flow of water <i>away</i> from -it, and still leave the walls three feet or more above the -ground.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure46">fig. 46</a>).—Hight of ceiling, -9½ feet. The divisions embrace three rooms, a hall, -and two closets. Double doors are provided for the front -entrance, and between the parlor and dining-room, and -marble mantles and shelves in the principal rooms. A -movable “Dresser” having drawers and shelving with -small doors, is indicated for the dining-room. This room -may be heated by leading a pipe from the kitchen stove -to a drum and back into the chimney, or up through the -chamber above to warm that somewhat. A “Fireplace -heater” in the parlor will warm the chamber above.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure47">fig. 47</a>.)—The hight of the ceilings are -8½ feet. There are four chambers, with closets to each, -and a small hall. The head-room over the main stairs -extends beneath the closet to the inner edge of the shelf -shown—the floor in these parts being angled to suit the -pitch of the stairs.... <span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on construction.—An -end section of the “Novelty siding” is shown in -<a href="#figure48">fig. 48</a>. This is of 10-inch boards, 1 inch thick, -cut as shown in the engraving. The groove in -the center gives it the appearance of narrow clapboards; -the lap of about an inch closes tightly, -and the thick boards not only add to the warmth, -but also to the strength. A house covered with -this will vibrate very little in the most windy -situations, and be firmer than one covered with -thin siding having much heavier timber. Where -planing mills are accessible, it is little more expensive -than the dressed half-inch boarding, and the appearance -is quite as pretty. In this vicinity it is customary to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> -purchase a lot of pretty good quality merchantable pine -boards, select the best and clearest of knots for siding, -and use the rest for flooring where knots are not objectionable -when to be covered with carpeting. The smaller -and firm knots in the siding used, are readily covered -with paint, if first primed with a little solution of shellac -in alcohol. A section of the wall is shown in <a href="#figure49">fig. 49</a>. The -studding, 2 × 4, makes a space of four inches between the -siding and plastering. Tarred paper, or what is termed -roofing-felt, is procured in rolls 32 inches wide. A saw run -through the roll cuts it into 16-inch strips. The studs -being set 16 inches apart from center to center, leaves the -clear space of -14 inches. The -strips of felt -are turned up -an inch on each -edge, and these turned edges are held against the studs -by lath firmly up and down, so as to hold the sheets midway -between the plastering and siding. This leaves <i>two</i> -air-chambers, both good non-conductors of heat. Mice -or insects will not eat or go through this material. It is -impervious to currents of air, and the whole is as warm -as if filled in with brick. The cost is very small, and, as -will be readily seen, it is much warmer than when the felt -is put on directly under the boards, leaving only one air-chamber, -and that a wide one.... In all house-plans, we -advise putting in all the closets possible; they are always -convenient, even a foot square “cubby-hole” in the side -of a chimney is a handy place. In planning a house, -after making the size as large as one’s means will allow, -the “better half” should be consulted as to the advisability -of making this or that room a little smaller by -cutting off a few inches here and there to enlarge a pantry -or closet.... We always advise to put in an extra bell or -two, and one or more speaking-tubes, to connect the upper<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -and lower rooms. The cost is but trifling, if they are put -in when building. A hundred feet of speaking-tube will -cost but $2 or $3; the carpenter can insert it behind the -lath, running it from one room to another in a few minutes, -and it will save many steps, and much calling -through the halls, especially when the mother happens to -be an invalid, and restrained to a chamber.... In arranging -sink, table, dish-pantry, etc., with reference to dining-room -and kitchen, always plan to save steps. A distance -of 10 feet extra, traveled over each way, say 20 times a day, -in handling food and dishes, amounts to 28 miles extra -walking every year, all of which may be saved by a slight -change in arrangement. These are small matters, but -these have much to do in making a “convenient house.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—The following <span class="smcap">Estimates</span> of cost in detail will -give an idea of the general character of the work. The -prices given are for materials in the vicinity of New -York. Carpenters wages are reckoned at $2 per day; -mason’s work, $2.50 per day; and painters, $3 per day:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Excavation, 2½ ft. deep, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$11.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12,000</td> - <td colspan="2">hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">11.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">488</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, at 30c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>stringers, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">rafters, 3 × 4 in. 12 feet long, at 18c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 30c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, 10 in., at 18c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. main cornice, at 40c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, complete, with blinds, labor included.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1½</td> - <td colspan="2">stoops, complete, labor included.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, with blinds, at $16.</td> - <td class="tdr2">128.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, with blinds, at $8.</td> - <td class="tdr2">32.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $7.</td> - <td class="tdr2">59.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring-plank, tongued and grooved, at 28c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, main and cellar, $60; base-boards, shelving, etc. $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">mantels (1 full marble, and 3 marble shelves on trusses of plaster).</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">21</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, labor included, $158; 350 lbs. nails, at 5c., $17.50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, two coats.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included in windows, doors, and porches, about $200.00; cartage, average one mile, $30.00.</td> - <td class="tdr2">230.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Allow for extras, cistern, pump, sink, etc., etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.34</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$1,600.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<p>Prices vary in different localities, somewhat, but when -higher in some particulars, they will generally be lower -in others, so that the whole cost will not be greatly different -over a considerable extent of country. There are -many items that can be cut down in the above estimate, -where great economy is needful. For example, substitute -wood for stone steps and sills; omit the blinds and -bay-windows, use cheaper doors, pine-stair railing and -newel, instead of walnut, etc. Our estimate is for a -pretty, complete, tasteful house.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp62" id="figure44" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure044.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 44.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="figure45" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure045.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 45.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp34" id="figure46" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure046.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 46.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure47" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure047.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 47.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp15" id="figure48" style="max-width: 3.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure048.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 48.—<span class="allsmcap">“NOVELTY SIDING.”</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure49" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure049.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 49.—<span class="allsmcap">SECTION OF OUTSIDE WALL.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XII">DESIGN XII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $1,700.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The plans here given are similar in many respects to -<a href="#DESIGN_XI">Design XI.</a>, and are somewhat larger, but can be built -for very nearly the same cost.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure50">fig. 50</a>).—The -front is irregular, having an angle, which narrows -the parts, supplies more vertical lines, and adds to their -length comparatively. These are important features, -imparting a graceful appearance, and influencing the entire -character of the house.... The angle affords ample -room for the piazza, which can be built for much less -cost than when its three sides are exposed. The next -attractive features of the front are the bay-windows below, -and double windows above, with the balustrade and -hood so proportioned and arranged that they conform -with each other with pleasing effect.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure51">fig. -51</a>).—The Foundation Walls are of hard brick laid in -mortar, 8 inches thick, and 7 feet high. In localities -where the foundation rests on loose sand, care should be -taken to provide a bedding, laid 4 inches below the cellar<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span> -bottom, 16 inches wide, of brick, or better, of large -flat stones. Still greater care should be bestowed on the -bedding for the chimneys and girder supports, for they -sustain the greatest proportionate weight, and any settlement -of these parts will cause a depression of the floors,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span> -disarranging the whole house, and become an immediate -and continuous source of anxiety and expense. The Area -in the rear is built of hard brick and mortar, with blue-stone -steps and coping. Blue-stone sills are provided for -each of the cellar windows.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure52">fig. 52</a>.)—The -interior arrangement -of the -plan will be appreciated -as making -the best possible -use of the -room. The Front -Hall is wider -than is usual in -houses of this -character. The -Stairs are arranged -with the -“quarter circle” -about midway of -their hight, -which brings the -niche down -where it becomes -an important feature -of the hall. -The three principal -rooms, the -parlor, dining-room, -and kitchen, can be entered from the hall. The -latter two rooms have doors leading to the lobby. The -Lobby is built of 4½-inch tongued and grooved ceiling-boards, -with sashes made to swing. A Shelf, 1½ feet -high, and another just above the sash, give sufficient -frame-work to fasten the center of the boarding; the -ends are nailed to the sill and plate; these shelves will<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -be found useful for many purposes. Attached to the -lobby, and built with it, is a good-sized Pantry (<i>P</i>), for -the dining-room. The Kitchen is provided with a closet -at the side of the chimney, a sink, with small closet underneath, -and a -direct communication -to the cellar -stairs under -the hall stairs. -The window in -the side of the -dining-room may -be omitted, if -the house is in a -village and joins -another, but this -is desirable to -give abundant -light in this, -which is really -the living-room -of the family.—The -method of -heating indicated -in <a href="#DESIGN_XI">Design XI.</a> -is applicable to -this plan.... <span class="smcap">Second -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure53">fig. -53</a>.)—The peculiar -manner of constructing the Stairs brings their landing -nearly in the center, so that hall space sufficient only -for four doors is necessary, leaving almost the entire floor -to be laid off into rooms. The heavy lines show the most -simple method of dividing this story into four rooms. -Should another room be desirable, it can be taken off -from two rooms, as shown by the dotted lines. In this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span> -case, another window may be inserted as indicated. -Every one’s experience will suggest that there can not be -too many closets, and we have added one to every room -in the house, except the parlor.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -bill of timber appended indicates a “regular” -<i>Frame</i>. It is a great satisfaction and saving to have the -timber properly -“laid out,” and -framed by, and -under the immediate -direction of -a master mechanic, -so as to be -quickly and substantially -raised. -Four good carpenters -would -easily frame all -the timber in this -house in two -days, and raise it -the next day. At -least one man of -well-known ability -and experience -as a mechanic -should be with -and take charge of those employed to build a house. It -is not economical for one about to build a <i>home</i> to trust -such work to the caprice of an inexperienced man, who -has “helped” around some job, until he has learned the -name of tools, but who has no positive knowledge of the -trade, and could not for his life “lay out” the corner-post -for a two-story house, yet is shrewd enough to screen -his deficiencies by suggesting “balloon,” or something -indefinite, that requires little or no skill. It sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -happens, in localities remote from large cities or large -towns, that persons are obliged to do with make-shifts, to -get a home at all. It was such a condition of things that led -the well-disposed pioneer of the West to adopt the method -called “Balloon framing,” which is really no framing at -all, and required no skill to get up a kind of home acceptable -under such circumstances. But wherever skilled -labor may be had, it is ridiculous to see a gang of intelligent(?) -mechanics standing up pieces of diverse lengths, -and propping them in a vertical position with rods running -every way as braces, not one of which can be removed -until the upper ends are secured by ties of some -sort. A good frame in a house is equivalent to a good -constitution in a man, and is of vital importance; it need -not be clumsy or overloaded, but should at least have the -merit of being able to stand alone.... <span class="smcap">Painting.</span>—The -principal object in Painting should be to protect and -preserve the materials used in construction, as also to -give a good appearance. All exterior wood-work, though -executed with the greatest care and in the most substantial -manner, if left exposed to climatic influences, is very -soon destroyed. It is economy to use only the <i>best lead</i> -and <i>linseed-oil</i> in painting exterior wood-work. They -will outlast all other compounds, present a better appearance, -and in the end furnish a much better foundation -for future painting. The difference in cost between the -best materials and the imitations, for painting the exterior -of a house built on these plans, would not exceed -$12, and the cost of labor would be just the same in -either case. The first coat or “priming,” should be put -on with the greatest care, so as to thoroughly cover and -close all the pores in the exposed surface. All window -and outside door frames, corner-boards, window-caps, -water-table, and stoop-flooring, should be primed <i>before</i> -setting, especially their edges, where joinings require to -be made, as it will be the last opportunity to do justice<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span> -to these parts, where moisture is liable to collect and remain. -When priming is well done, it is best to let the -building stand until thoroughly dried, both inside and -out, before adding the second coat. It must be evident -to any one that much of the water used in the plastering -must percolate through, and thoroughly saturate every -part of a house. Sufficient time should be allowed for -this moisture to pass off, and the whole house to become -dried out.... The nails should then be “set,” which will -tighten up permanently all the laps in the siding, after -which the work should be properly puttied, and the second -coat applied. Autumn is the best season to paint, -after the extreme heat has passed, and insects have disappeared; -the process of drying will be slower and more -perfect, with less waste by evaporation, leaving a smooth, -solid surface. I am often asked “<i>what color to paint?</i>” -Notwithstanding much has been said against white for -outside painting, and realizing that there are many cases -where white would not be suitable, or thought of, yet I -believe that for suitability and good taste, in nine cases -out of ten, very light colors, or pure white, are indicated. -I have known instances where much time has been spent -to discover a suitable color for a house, where nearly all -the different pigments were drawn from, and after much -mixing and testing, the result has generally been an unknown -and unnamed shade, as if everything depended on -some sentimental “blending with the background,” or -in other words, painting the house out of sight. As a -rule, paint so as to best reveal the true character of the -building, and this is best done when the colors afford the -foundation for the natural shadows that result from the -true and actual projections. For the body and trimmings -are suggested a light “Dorchester” gray; roofs, graphite-black; -sash, coach-black; blinds, “chocolate.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—The following items, prepared with care, embrace -the full bill of materials and labor required in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span> -construction of this house, together with their present -cost in the vicinity of New York:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">57</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$11.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">156.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 40c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">11.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,370</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 8 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">26</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>pieces, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 30c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">128</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved flooring, 9½ in., at 35c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">110</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">9½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">120</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. cornice, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">111</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutter and leader, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">11.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, with blinds, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in stoop, lobby, balcony, hood, and corner-boards.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, with blinds, complete, at $16 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">128.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $4 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">192.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantels and 4 pine mantels.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Base-boards and shelving.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, sink, and pump.</td> - <td class="tdr2">34.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, average one mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor (not included above).</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, two coats.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Extra for girder supports, grading, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost of materials and construction.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$1,700.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure50" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure050.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 50.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure51" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure051.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 51.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure52" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure052.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 52.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure53" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure053.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 53.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XIII">DESIGN XIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE, COSTING $2,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a genteel cottage adapted -to thickly-settled localities, where the increased value of -lands make it necessary to reduce the area, and build upwards. -Several houses constructed from these plans in -this vicinity are admired for their convenient accommodation -and cheerfulness.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure54">fig. 54</a>.)—The -Foundation extends four feet above ground, giving a desirable -altitude to the whole building. The front is enlivened -by the numerous window and door openings, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span> -several projections of piazza, dormers, and cornices, and -the variety of the materials used. The dressing of the -several parts are of simple designs. The projections of -cornices, etc., should always be self-sustaining, yet while -this is true, there is sure to be a fancied necessity for -some apparent -support obvious -from the outside. -Such supports -require -special treatment, -with a -view to their -proper form and -proportion, and -should be sparingly -applied, -giving to each -one its distinct -place and purpose. -Brackets -of neat pattern -are often crowded -so closely together -as to -cheapen and destroy -their -beauty, and -overload the cornice, -thus reversing -their legitimate purpose as supports.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, -(<a href="#figure55">fig. 55</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet; it extends under the -main house only. Its hight above the ground gives an -opportunity for good-sized window openings. If desired -at any time, an airy and light work-room or laundry can -be made by dividing and flooring a part of this story at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span> -little cost.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure56">fig. 56</a>).—Hight of ceiling -10 feet. It has a hall running through the whole length -of the main house, with entrances from both front and -rear. The parlor, dining-room, -and kitchen, -are all good-sized apartments, -and pleasantly -arranged. Double folding -doors are provided -for the front entrances -and from the hall to -the parlor, and sliding -doors between the parlor -and dining-room. -A bay-window adds materially -to the size and -pleasantness of the dining -or living-room. -Each room has an open -fire-place; the kitchen -has a pump and sink, -with the usual supply -and waste pipe connections. -The rear stoop -is roofed, and has a -portable enclosure of -light ceiling boards, to -be used in severe weather.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure57">fig. 57</a>.)—Hight of -ceiling 8½ feet. The divisions of this story are simple—giving -a hall, two large chambers, with passage between, -two hall rooms, and two closets.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -estimate given provides for foundation of broken stone, -laid and neatly pointed with good mortar; the stone exposed -to sight on the outside to be “semi-dressed.”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span> -Blue-stone, or other suitable stone obtained most readily, -are used for the sills of cellar windows, for the steps, and -wall coping of the -cellar entrance. -The principal timber -is of seasoned -spruce or pine, -thoroughly -framed, raised, -and secured. The -“framing-in” of -braces is too frequently -omitted—cutting -them -“barefoot,” and -spiking, being -substituted. The -latter does very -well where the -frame is strongly -sheathed over, and -the outer siding -applied afterwards. -The -sheathing aids -largely in stiffening -the frame, but -should not be relied -on to the exclusion -of the necessary -braces to -square up the -frame, and prevent -the swaying which often happens unobserved, to be -discovered when too late to remedy it. Laxity in the -matter of bracing has led to frequent errors as to their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> -proper place in the frame. When framed in they are invariably -placed in the <i>upper angles</i> under the ties and -plates, adjoining the posts, and when barefoot they -should be put in the same angles; never, as is frequently -done for convenience, in the lower angles, nor on the -sills. A moment’s reflection will convince any one that -<i>if the right angles along -the principal frame are -rigidly maintained, displacements -will never occur</i>, -except, as rarely -happens, the whole is -bodily raised from the -foundation by a hurricane. -The most <i>reliable</i> -angles are those formed -by the tie and post connections, -because at -these points the posts -are tenoned and mortised -together, and secured -with hard wood pins. -Those least reliable are -at the foot of the posts, -adjoining the sills, where their connections are secured -only by the weight of the upper frame. Braces placed in -the latter angles serve only as fulcrums to endanger the -frames when tested by ordinary winds; but if the former -or <i>upper</i> angles are made positive, by having substantial -braces in them, the severest gales may be defied. The -siding is of narrow, clear pine clapboards, laid on “thicknessed” -sheathing. The Mansard part of the main roof -is covered by 8 × 16-inch slate—the piazza, bay-window, -kitchen, stoop, cornices, window, and deck roof with IC. -charcoal tin—all laid on hemlock boards. Tarred -felting is spread under all siding and slate. The first<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span> -and second stories are fully completed inside; the attic -is floored, but otherwise unfinished, but may be divided -at any time into rooms as shown for the second story (<a href="#figure57">fig. -57</a>). The interior plastering is three-coat work, on seasoned -lath. All sash are four lights, and hung to balance-weights. -Blinds are properly hung (outside) to -each window. All wood, tin, and brick-work, usually -painted, has two coats of best lead and oil-paint, with -stainers to suit the owner’s taste. The choice of colors -for the exterior is frequently canvassed during the construction -of these buildings; often some person of -<i>taste</i> (?) decides by “warming”—adding red and yellow, -until, by the preponderance of these stainers, the most -sombre and dismal colors are produced. The most appropriate -and pleasing shade for the body of this class of -house is a <i>light gray</i>; for the trimmings, <i>dark gray</i>; for -the sash, <i>burnt sienna</i>; for the blinds, <i>chocolate</i>. The -tin roofing should match the <i>slate</i> in color. Red colors -should be sparingly used, or omitted altogether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> of materials required, and total cost:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$12.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">975</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of stone foundation, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">45</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">480</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornices and centers, stucco.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,000</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>decks, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>decks, 3 × 8 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>cross-tie, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>piazzas, 3 × 7 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">325</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 12c. each, $39; 75 joists, at 16c. each, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">51.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">210</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 12c. each, $25.20; cornice materials, $60.</td> - <td class="tdr2">85.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">215</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing, at 16c. each, $34.40; 560 pine siding, at 12c. each, $67.20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">101.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">squares slate, at $8.50 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">68.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin, at $7.50 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">97.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">65</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. leaders, at 10c. per ft., $6.50; 260 flooring, at 18c. each, $46.80.</td> - <td class="tdr2">53.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza and stoop, complete, $80 and $28.</td> - <td class="tdr2">108.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $4 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $10 each, $60; 1 bay window, $60.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $16 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">area door, $5; stairs, $90; closets, pump, and sink, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">145.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Mantle, $52; tarred felting, $10.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">135.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carting, average 1 mile, $30; painting, $130; incidentals, $141.40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">301.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure54" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure054.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 54.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="figure55" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure055.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 55.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="figure56" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure056.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 56.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure57" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure057.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 57.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XIV">DESIGN XIV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FRENCH-ROOFED COTTAGE COSTING $2,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a cottage recently built -by Mr. W. W. Billings, in New London, Conn. These -sketches embrace also the outlines of the grounds immediately -surrounding. The site faces a street having steep -grades, conforming to the general declivity upon which -a large part of the city is built. The grounds are raised -above the sidewalk, and leveled in front, and are faced -with stone-work from 2½ feet high at left, to 6 feet high -at the right. The rear grounds are 6 feet higher than -those in front. The step <i>A</i>, at the entrance (see <a href="#figure59">fig. 59</a>),<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span> -is 8 inches above the sidewalk. <i>B</i> is the bottom of the -cellar, 2 feet 2 inches higher than <i>A</i>, and is solid rock. -The walk leading from <i>A</i> to the rear ascends 1¼ inch to -the foot; the banks at either side are terraced, and have -stone steps inserted in them leading to the flagging at -the foot of the -porch steps, and -also to the area, -or cellar entrance.... -<span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, -(<a href="#figure58">fig. -58</a>.)—The -French roof -style is well -adapted to this -situation on account -of its -rounded and -solid appearance. -The irregularities -of outline -secure -agreeable features -of variety -and picturesqueness. The Foundation shows 4 feet -above ground in front, and 1 foot in the rear. The -Porch is in an angle, and the second story extending over -it is carried up vertically past the slated part of the main -roof, forming a tower-like corner. This corner is largely -supported by a single column, and to make it as light as -possible, slating of this portion is omitted.—(<i>As usually -laid, slate weighs 500 lbs.; tin, 50 lbs. per square.</i>).... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure59">fig. 59</a>.)—Hight is 6½ feet. Four windows -are placed where they give light to every part. An outside -door opens to the area, the latter being covered by -the front porch. The front portion of this cellar can<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span> -easily be finished off for a work-room or summer kitchen.... -<span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure60">fig. 60</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 10 feet. -The arrangements are convenient, comprising a hall, -parlor, dining-room, and kitchen. The main entrance -leads from the right of the porch, and the hall runs -parallel with the -front. Many persons -prefer the -entrance arranged -in this -way, as the contents -of the hall -are not exposed -to the street -whenever the -doors are opened -or left ajar. A -partition crosses -the hall under the -platform, adjoining -the cylinder, -forming a rear -passage leading -from the kitchen -to the cellar -stairs. The Parlor -has a large -bay-window in -front, with a marble mantle directly opposite. The Dining-Room -and Kitchen each have windows giving views -in three directions. The small wing at the rear contains -a good-sized pantry, closet, and the rear entrance or -lobby.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure61">fig. 61</a>.)—Hight of ceiling -9 feet. The divisions include a hall, three large chambers, -a bedroom, and three closets. All parts are well -lighted. Ventilating Registers are placed in the center<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span> -of each chamber ceiling. The space above this ceiling -under the tin roof is ventilated through 8-inch pipes inserted -in opposite sides of the roof. These pipes have -funnel-shaped covers, elevated two inches above the upper -end of the pipes.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The Foundation -Walls are of semi-dressed stone. The Chimneys are of -hard brick, the cellar portions are constructed with a -hollow space or ash-pit, arranged to receive the ashes -from the fires of the first story. The siding is beveled -clap-boards, laid on sheathing felt. The mansard parts -of the main roof are covered with 8 × 16-inch Keystone -slate laid on felt. All other roofs are of IC. charcoal -tin, all laid on seasoned boards. The two full stories are -hard finished upon two coats of brown mortar. All parts -usually painted have two coats of paint, of material and -shades to suit the owner. For suggestions on selecting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span> -colors or shades see <a href="#DESIGN_XIII">Design XIII.</a>—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span> cost of materials -and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">46</td> - <td>yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$9.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,300</td> - <td>ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">195.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td>ft. blue-stone, at 25c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,000</td> - <td>bricks in chimney, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">700</td> - <td>yards plastering, at 30c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">210.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3,650</td> - <td>ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">54.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td>joists, at 14c., $14; 400 wall-strips, at 11c., $44.</td> - <td class="tdr2">58.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,660</td> - <td>ft. siding, at 2¾c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Cornice materials, $70; felt, $10.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">220</td> - <td>rough boards, at 15c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>squares slate, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">81.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td>squares tin, at $7.50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">97.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">194</td> - <td>spruce flooring, at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>pine flooring, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>cellar windows, complete, at $3 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>bay window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>dormer windows, at $14.</td> - <td class="tdr2">98.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Porch, finished, $22; mantles, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Stairs, $65; nails, sink, and ventilator, $32.</td> - <td class="tdr2">97.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Closet, finished, $13; painting, $150.</td> - <td class="tdr2">163.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td>doors, complete, at $9 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">162.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Carting, $25; labor, not included above, $225.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">23.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure58" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure058.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 58.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp67" id="figure59" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure059.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 59.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR AND GROUNDS.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="figure60" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure060.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 60.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure61" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure061.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 61.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XV">DESIGN XV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans, designed for a Georgia residence, will be -adapted to the requirements of others desiring to build -an inexpensive rural home in any of the Southern States.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure62">fig. 62</a>.)—The plan indicates that the -proprietor is not circumscribed by want of land, and prefers -to extend the area of the ground floor, rather than to -build upward. The breadth of the front (48 feet), the -large entrance and window openings, the spacious verandas, -and broad steps, are each prominent and desirable -features, indicative of comforts and hospitality. The -elevated, or second story part of the Main House, forms -a substantial and fitting center, around which the roofs -of the wings and verandas incline, and adds largely in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span> -giving poise and character to the whole building. The -hight from the earth grades to the frame-work of the -building is 2 feet. Its location should have a good -surface drainage assured during rainy seasons, and afford -pleasant outlooks from the verandas.... <span class="smcap">Interior.</span>—In -most parts of the South, very much of the year could be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span> -a latitude -comfortably spent out of doors altogether, but for the requirements -of shade and retirement. There are times, -however, when -severe weather -makes it necessary -that one’s -family should -be well housed, -and when a -good fire is both -a luxury and -necessity. A -house for such -should have -large rooms, -with high ceilings, -an abundance -of door -and window -openings, and a -plentiful -spread of shady -verandas. -Where practicable, -the windows -should -have folding -sashes opening -to the floor, if -protected by -outside coverings. -There -should be at -least one chimney in the main or highest part of the -house, having a large open fire-place adapted to the use<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span> -of wood for fuel, and having openings near the room ceilings -into the flues, for ventilation. The Dining-room, -Kitchen, and the more domestic offices, require a separate -and distinct building, situated a short distance in -the rear of the house, and connected with it by a covered -passage-way.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure63">fig. 63</a>.)—Hight of ceiling -10 feet. The simple arrangement shown provides for -each of the above requirements. The front Entrance is -through large double doors. The Hall extends through -the house. The Living-room, a large apartment adapted -to a good-sized family, is centrally situated, and protected -on every side from the direct rays of the sun; it adjoins -the pleasant and shady verandas front and rear, both -being accessible through the folding windows, that open -like doors down to the floor. It communicates with the -hall through wide double doors, has a large closet and an -open fire. The Bedroom is of good dimensions, has three -windows opening to the verandas, and one side window. -The two closets are so arranged as to form an alcove to -the rear window. The ceiling of this alcove is arched -over, producing a very pleasant effect. An opening is -made near the ceiling into one of the flues of the adjoining -chimney for ceiling ventilation. The Parlor (or Library) -is situated in the most quiet part of the building, -where company may be entertained, or persons may engage -in reading or study, without disturbance from those -engaged in housework. Large windows open to the front -veranda, and other windows are provided at the side and -rear. A covered Passage-way leads from the rear hall -door to the food departments. These consist of a Dining-room, -Kitchen, Store-room, and two Closets, and -to the rear of these is added a servant’s Bedroom. The -dining-room and kitchen are each of ample size, with -windows arranged on opposite sides to admit a plentiful -supply of fresh air. A pump, sink, and two wash-tubs -are provided in the kitchen. The store-room and closets<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span> -are thoroughly shelved. If desirable, a china closet may -be easily constructed at one side of the fire-place, into -which one of the doors already provided would open.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure64">fig. 64</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 9 feet. This -may be divided into two or more rooms, as required, for -bedrooms. The cross-partitions may be 8 feet high, admitting -a free passage of air above them.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—Brick -piers, placed 6 feet apart under all sills, are -intended for the foundation. The remaining space is -left unobstructed for the circulation of air. A cellar may -be excavated, and walled up under the main house, with -stairs leading to it from the rear veranda, under the main -flight. In the estimate, provision is made for a regular -frame of sawed timber, which should be framed and -raised in a substantial manner. The siding for the main -house and wings is of 6-inch pine clap-boards, laid 5 -inches to the weather. The roofs of the main house and -wings are laid with hemlock boards; all other roofs and -cornice projections are laid with inverted 1 × 4½-inch -tongued and grooved pine flooring, and lastly covered with -IC. charcoal tin, locked and soldered in the best manner. -The cornices are constructed with wide projections, -and have neat truss supports. The verandas are made -with simple parts. The columns for the front are 7-inch -boxed, with bases, and scrolled spandrels; for the rear of -3 × 4 joist with bases, and plain spandrels. The veranda -plates and rafters are dressed for painting, and are left -exposed to sight. The pediments shown on the front -are of open work, to allow the warmed air from near the -roofs to escape. The upper frame-work (plates and rafters) -of the rear building are also planed, and left exposed -to sight from the inside. The inclosing and partitions -for this part are of 1 × 4½-inch pine tongued and -grooved flooring, dressed on both sides, put on in a vertical -manner, and nailed to the sills and plates; 1¼-inch -pine battens are put around the inside of the rooms at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -the proper hight for a chair-rail (2¾ feet to the upper -edge), and joined to the casings of the doors and windows -of like materials, and all thoroughly nailed with “clinch” -nails to the upright boarding. The roof is built as described -for the verandas, is double pitch, and has sufficient -spread to include the shed, making it a part of -the same building. The kitchen chimney is built nearly -in the center of this building, has a large open fire-place, -and has a good hight above the roof. All floors are of -1 × 4½-inch tongued and grooved pine flooring, close laid -and blind nailed. All rooms in the main building and -wings are hard-finished upon two coats of brown mortar. -All work usually painted has two coats of good paint. -The roof-gutters are made as shown in <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a>... <span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in piers and chimneys, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">550</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">154.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,054</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Sills, 4 × 8 in. 261 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 261 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 6 in. 92 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">56</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza sill, 3 × 8 in. 230 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza plate, 3 × 8 in. 206 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Piazza beams, 2 × 6 in. 384 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13ft. long, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">370</td> - <td colspan="2">siding (6-inch clap-boards), at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">170</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">240</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. cornice, bracketed, at 20c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">208</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. simple rear cornice, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">38</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin, at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">266.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,000</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of 1 × 4½ tongued and grooved flooring pine, at 3c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">180.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">piazza columns, complete, average at $1 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, complete, $50; 31 windows, at $10, $310.</td> - <td class="tdr2">360.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, at $8, $160; 1 mantle, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">210.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Sinks, pumps, and wash-tubs.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish, $12; nails, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">37.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $100; carting, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Boards for outside casings and incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">105.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="figure62" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure062.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 62.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="figure63" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure063.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 63.—<span class="allsmcap">FIRST STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp66" id="figure64" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure064.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 64.—<span class="allsmcap">SECOND STORY OF MAIN BUILDING.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XVI">DESIGN XVI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $2,100.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan, embodying the principal characteristics of -a design I made several years ago, for the residence of -Mr. Arthur Waller, Newtown, L. I., has a homelike, -tasteful, and picturesque appearance—particularly now, -with its neatly laid-out grounds and grown up shrubbery, -which especially befit its <i>pointed style</i>, and demonstrate -the harmony that exists between these simple <i>cottage</i> -outlines, and rural surroundings. It is thus adapted to -either a suburban or more retired country situation.... -<span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure65">fig. 65</a>.)—A noticeable peculiarity is the -earth finish around the foundation, which is simply utilizing -the earth from the cellar. This is banked against<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span> -the foundation, up to within six inches of the wood, -evenly graded at 45 degrees angle, and neatly covered -with closely laid turf. This conceals a roughly constructed -foundation; it insures more dryness of the cellar, -and consequently of the whole house; it guards the -cellar against extreme heat in summer, and frost in winter; -and it gives such a visible breadth of bottom as to -add to its apparent -strength. -This earth finish -around the foundation -is especially -adapted to wet -or clayey soils, -where it is desirable -to have the -cellar mostly -above ground; at -the same time it -secures greater -elevation to the -whole building.... -There are -marked features -of dissimilarity -in the several -openings, and in the details of the exterior dressing, each -part being adapted to its special purpose, and so arranged -as to be in keeping with the general design; it therefore -unites harmony and beauty.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure66">fig. 66</a>.)—The -Cellar extends under the whole house; clear hight 6½ -feet. The outside entrance to the cellar is by an area-way, -having stone steps and walls, with hatchway and -inside doors; the hatchway doors, when closed, being -even with the sloping earth finish.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure67">fig. -67</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 9½ feet. The irregular outlines<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span> -of this plan contribute to the cheerfulness of the different -apartments, by giving opportunity for the insertion of -windows where they will command the most pleasing -prospects. The principal entrance is from the porch -through double doors to the spacious hall, which adjoins -the parlor and dining-room. The Parlor has one bay and -two plain windows, -with large -wall space for -furniture and -wall decoration. -The Dining-room -is conveniently -arranged -to connect with -the principal -hall, parlor, rear -lobby, large pantry, -or closet, -and the cellar -stairway, and -has a large bay -and one plain -window. The -Kitchen is -planned to have -a range, sink, -pump, wash-tubs, -and the usual pipes for cold and hot water, and is -provided with two windows, situated in opposite sides of -the room to give abundant light, and afford thorough -ventilation; a closet adjoins the chimney-breast, and a -cupboard is put beneath the sink. The Pantry is of good -dimensions, contiguous to both dining-room and kitchen, -has a suitable window, and is furnished with shelving. -The rear entrance is from the covered stoop to the rear<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span> -lobby, and from thence to either dining-room or kitchen.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure68">fig. 68</a>.)—This story is reached by -a winding stairway from the principal hall, and contains -four good-sized chambers, a bath-room, five large closets, -and the needed passage-ways. The breast-walls are vertical -to the hight of 3½ feet, and are continued upward -along the underside of the steep roof frame-work to the -ceiling, which is 8 -feet high. The Bath-room -is provided -with a bath-tub and -seat-closet. The -Tank is 1 foot 8 in. -wide, 2 feet long, -and 3 feet deep, and -is placed in the closet -adjoining the bath-room, -at a hight of -2 feet above the floor, -and provided with a -neat-fitting lid. The -spaces above and below -the tank may be -used as a closet for -toweling, etc. The -<i>interior location</i> of this tank should insure it against -frost, so long as the house is occupied by the family.... -<span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The excavations for the cellar are 2 -feet deep, and the earth is used as above described. The -materials for the principal foundations may be of the -roughest stone, such as are commonly used in farm-fencing, -and coarse mortar. Very little skill is required in -the construction of these walls, as only the last, or top -course, is seen from the outside, which should be laid to -a line, and levelled to receive the frame-work. The -exposed portions of the bay-window foundations are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span> -constructed of brick laid in mortar, resting on stone-work, -and leaving an interior recess or shelf, as shown on -the cellar plan. The cellar windows are of good dimensions, -and situated where they will insure sufficient light, -and provide for the complete airing of the cellar. An -opening should be left in one, or both of the chimneys, -near the cellar ceiling, having a continuous flue to the -top, which will be heated by contact with the fire-places -above when in use, and produce a draft that will exhaust -the poisonous vapors always generated in cellars, and -prevent them from rising through the house to contaminate -the air of the living-rooms. This cellar may be -easily and cheaply divided into separate apartments by -rough planking or otherwise, if ever desirable. The rear -portion might be readily converted into a laundry, where -the wash-tubs, with their accompanying pipes, might be -placed, leaving more kitchen room, and relieving it of -the steam and general disturbance of the ever-recurring -washing days. Large durable posts are placed in the cellar, -resting on large flat stones that have been embedded -in the cellar bottom, as supports for the 4 × 8-inch girders, -shown on the cellar plan by the dotted lines. By -the estimate, it will be seen that very little timber is used -in the frame-work, of which the sills and beams comprise -the heavier parts. I would enforce the importance of -having the frame fitted and secured together in a substantial -manner. The beams should be bridged as described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XVII">Design XVII.</a>... The exterior sides of the -frame-work are designed to be inclosed with double boarding, -with an intermediate lining of tarred felting. The first -covering should be milled to even thicknesses, and put on -horizontally and double nailed to each stud. The felting is -next applied in whole width strips, running from the sill to -the plate. The water-table and window-frames are next put -in their places, after which the final covering of tongued -and grooved sheathing is put on vertically, with the lower<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span> -ends neatly fitted to the water-table, and the upper ends -covered with a 10-inch board forming a frieze to the cornice. -The siding should then be painted one coat in a -thorough manner, when battens of 1½ inch “half round” -(previously painted both sides) are firmly nailed over the -joints of the sheathing. The windows are all arranged for -1½-inch sash, hung to iron weights with good cord, and -neatly cased and moulded on the inside; outside blinds -are intended for each window above the cellar. The -cornices are constructed in the simplest manner, and the -perforated barges and finials are made as indicated by the -elevation, and placed near the extremity of the gable -cornices, from which ever-varying shadows are made -against the building, producing the most delicate and -pleasing effects. It is purposely intended that the roofs -of the principal building, porch, stoop, bay, and dormer -windows, shall have sufficient pitch for shingling.... -The character of the balance of the work may be inferred -from the estimate which is given in detail.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">61</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$12.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,278</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone foundation, complete, at 12c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">153.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick for bays and chimneys, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">9.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">660</td> - <td colspan="2">yards 3-coat plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">184.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3,526</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 151 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 136 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 7 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">19</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>beam, 3 × 7 in. 80 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing, 9 in., at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved sheathing, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">56.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">battens, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices and water-table.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">325</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, 1¼ × 2 × 13, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">60</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">177</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 1¼ × 9½ in., at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stoops (front and rear), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-windows (with blinds), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows (with blinds), complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $75; 24 doors, complete, at $8 each, $192.</td> - <td class="tdr2">267.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, complete, $20, $10, and $6.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Shelving, etc., $12; nails, $18; painting, $110.</td> - <td class="tdr2">140.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing and range, complete, $222.70; cartage, average 1 mile, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">247.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">For contingencies.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,100.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure65" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure065.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 65.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure66" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure066.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 66.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure67" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure067.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 67.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure68" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure068.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 68.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XVII">DESIGN XVII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $2,200.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans are for a full two-story house, that will -embrace the merits of the most economical form of construction -(having a floor measurement of 24 × 28, nearly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span> -square), with symmetry of style, and containing a very commodious -and convenient interior arrangement. The <span class="smcap">Elevation</span> -(<a href="#figure69">fig. 69</a>), has marked features of simplicity and refinement, -with sufficient diversity of parts to give variety -and grace, without pretentious display. We invariably -recommend high foundations for houses of this character; -of course a foot in hight at the bottom will add a -foot to the hight of -the whole, imparting -a better appearance -externally, and on account -of the better -ventilation thereby -afforded to the cellar, -adds greatly to the -healthfulness of the -interior of the whole -house. Additional -steps will be required -to the stoops, but the -cost of these are compensated -by deductions -in the excavation -for the cellar, -and stone steps to the -area. The large porch -and double doors, the bay and other windows, each distinctive -in themselves, and adapted to their places, similar -only in conformity of character, are so proportioned -as to harmonize with each other with pleasing effect. -The pediments of the roof are so arranged that each -“face” of the building will have very nearly the same -appearance of outline. The main cornice projects two -feet beyond the frame-work of the house, and is supported -by large trusses; all other cornices and window-caps have -proportionate projections, insuring heavy shadows, giving<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span> -relief and finish to the whole.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure70">fig. 70</a>.)—Excavations -for this cellar are made 2 feet 6 inches below -the general surface of the ground. The Foundation-walls, -Chimneys, -Girder-supports, -and rear Area-walls -are built as -described for <a href="#DESIGN_XII">Design -XII.</a>, after -which the earth -is graded around, -and up against -the foundation, so -as to give such -slope as will turn -the water away -from the house -and walks, leaving -the foundation 4 -feet above the final -grade.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure71">fig. 71</a>.)—This -story contains -the principal -hall, parlor, dining -or living-room, -kitchen, rear lobby, -three closets, -and private stairs. -The principal -Hall is entered -from the front -porch, through large double doors, is square (10 × 10 -feet), and contains the principal stairs, which are built -with a quarter circle and niche nearly in the center of -their hight, as described in <a href="#DESIGN_XII">Design XII.</a> This hall<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span> -connects with the parlor through double doors; this will -be found to give an impression of amplitude that would -scarcely be expected in a house of this size. The Parlor -has a large bay-window, finished with elliptical arch and -ornamental corbels, and a marble mantle. The Dining-room -is intended as the living-room of the family, and -communicates with each room and hall of the first story; -has a closet under -the front stairs, -and has a marble -mantle. The -Kitchen is provided -with a large -range, two closets, -sink, with -cold and hot -water, and closet -underneath, and -communicates -with the dining-room, -lobby, and -cellar stairway. -The rear entrance -to this -story is through -the lobby, which -has two small windows. The private stairs are arranged -to start from the rear lobby.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure72">fig. -72</a>.)—The manner in which this story is divided into -rooms very much resemble a “double” house, the hall -being nearly in the center of the house, and the rooms at -either side: contains hall, two stairways, six rooms, and -five closets. The hall is 5 ft. 6 in. × 10 ft., and has seven -doors leading from it to the different rooms and private -stairway. Many persons require a “study”; the room -directly above the principal hall is best adapted for such<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span> -purpose, has a large closet, and is most convenient to the -stairs. The door to this room should have ground glass -upper panels, to admit light to the hall. The Bath-room -is provided with French bath-tub, seat-closet, and wash-basin. -The soil-pipe from this story will be concealed by -passing down inside one of the kitchen closets. Marble -shelves, resting on stucco trusses, are intended for each -of the four principal rooms of this story.... <span class="smcap">General -Details.</span>—It is intended that all the work should be -done in a workmanlike and substantial manner, of good -materials, as indicated in the estimate. All the principal -timber is framed together, and raised in the usual manner, -and secured with hard-wood pins. The enclosing -should be dressed, of thoroughly seasoned materials, and -nailed with 10<i>d.</i> nails. The cornices are ornamented -with bold panelled brackets and dentil courses. Each -gable is provided with a circular ventilator. All roofs -are covered with charcoal tin, laid on rough boards, and -have gutters as described for <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a>, at a cost of 10 -cts. per running foot. The columns of the front porch -are turned, and have ornamental caps and square pedestals. -The stoop-rail is 5 inches wide, and the balusters -are scroll-sawed, of 1½-inch pine plank. The trusses -under the bay-window are large, scroll-sawed, and ornamental. -The flooring should be thoroughly dried, close-laid, -and double-nailed to each beam with 10<i>d.</i> nails. -While laying the floor (having reached the center of the -span of the beams), a row of cross-bridging should be put -in, in a strong manner. In this way, the <i>inequalities</i> of -the upper surfaces of the beams, which are always more -or less sprung, will be brought <i>into line</i> by the flooring, -and each piece of bridging will receive its relative proportion -of the weight. The tarred paper is next inserted -between the outside studding, in the manner described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XI">Design XI.</a>, which is much cheaper than “brick-filling,” -and for many reasons more desirable. The central<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span> -partitions, that carry the principal weight, should be -studded strongly of 4-inch materials, or wall-strips set -edgeways. All closet, stair, and cross partitions may be -set of 2-inch materials, or wall-strips set flatways. This -latter method saves nearly one-half of the space taken by -the partitions, which may be added to the size of the -rooms, where it frequently happens that a few inches becomes -a matter of importance. The second-story ceiling -timbers are of wall-strips, put 12 inches from centers, -and a flooring of rough boards is laid over a part, to make -room for storage, etc. All sash are 1½ inches thick, and -have second quality French glass in them, and are hung -with iron weights. We think there is a good opportunity -for improvement in the manufacture of window -sashes, making them air-tight, and suggest inserting the -necessary rubber strips near their edges, and especially in -the lips of the check-rail—this would effectually shut -out all drafts of air, and make the unsightly and impracticable -“weather-strip” unnecessary. All stairs should -have 1¼ strings and treads, and ⅞ risers, and should be -so housed, glued, and keyed, as to make them solid; -squeaky stairs are abominable, and even when assured of -their safety, one feels an instinctive suspicion of danger, -and will look for treachery in every part of the house. -Black walnut panelled newel, moulded rail, and fluted -balusters, are intended for the principal flight of stairs. -Setting the niche is a part of the stair-builder’s work, -and should always be included in his estimate for stairs -of this character. The trimming of the hall, dining-room, -and parlor, are of clear pine, the architraves are 8 -inches wide, and “double-moulded,” with panelled back -to each window. Base 7-inch and moulded. All other -rooms have 5-inch “single trim,” with back moulding, -and base to match. All doors panelled and moulded; all -room-doors have mortise locks, and closet-doors have -rim-locks, all with brass bolts and keys; knobs and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span> -escutcheons of porcelain, and all saddles are of hard-wood. -All parts of this house that are usually painted should -have two coats of paint of the best materials, and of such -colors as shall suit the owner. All hard-wood, such as -the stair-rail, bath-room finish, and saddles, should have -two coats of linseed-oil.... <span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—Contractors everywhere -differ in their estimates for work of any kind. -These differences are sometimes the result of some peculiar -circumstance, but most generally they arise through -some misapprehension of fact; either the plans are incomprehensible, -or the description of them ambiguous, -leading to a variety of interpretations, and consequently -a variety of prices, some of which are too low, and some -too high. The low man who usually <i>proposes</i> to do the -best work, and the most of it, gets the job, and executes -the work in accordance with his preconceived ideas, gets -his money, and leaves the owner in possession of something -he did not expect. No one can know the extent -and character of the work better than the projector of -them, who should be equally qualified to give exact estimates -of quantities and cost of everything connected with -their thorough development and execution, and thus -truly fulfill his mission as the architect of the works. -Cost is one of the most interesting features in any project, -and no plan is hardly worth considering that does not -comprehend in some way the expense of its execution. -Builders and others interested in such plans, will appreciate -the detailed estimates, as furnishing the key to the -whole plan, supplying the needed information as to the -real quality and character of the work.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">62</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$12.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13,000</td> - <td colspan="2">hard brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">156.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">700</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">196.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps, at 40c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,300</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">34.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 7 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 7 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">230</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty clear siding-boards, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">175</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved flooring, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock roof-boards, 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">156</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">104</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. cornice, at 40c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">41.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window (with blinds), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows (with blinds), complete, at $16 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">192.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $4 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">32.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">stoop (except tin as above), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">27</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $9 each, $243; 3 stairs, complete, $70.</td> - <td class="tdr2">313.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, and 4 shelves on trusses.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range, plumbing, sink, bath, water-closet, and pump.</td> - <td class="tdr2">314.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Corner-boards, base, and shelving, $32.50; nails, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, average one mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above, $200; painting, $100.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,200.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="figure69" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure069.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 69.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure70" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure070.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 70.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp40" id="figure71" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure071.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 71.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure72" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure072.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 72.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XVIII">DESIGN XVIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A SOUTHERN HOUSE COSTING $2,200.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of a simple, yet genteel Southern house, embraces -ample interior accommodation for the wants of a -good-sized family. It has an abundance of outside verandas -and artificial shade, and may be constructed at a very -moderate cost.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure73">fig. 73</a>.)—The style is -adapted to the Middle and Southern States, because of -its elevation and airiness, the overhanging projections of -its roof, and the facility with which wings or verandas -may be added. The Tower is a conspicuous feature, -and though without any special ornamentation, it gives -an expression of unity and completeness to the whole -structure. The Verandas on every side afford protection -from the sun. Many persons prefer disconnected verandas -(as shown in <a href="#figure73">figs. 73 and 75</a>), with open ends to the -roofs for the escape of the heated air that would otherwise -be retained in them. Moreover, disconnected verandas -prevent the annoyance arising from the noise made by -children who are fond of running and playing upon them.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure74">fig. 74</a>.)—This is under the kitchen wing -only; is 6½ feet deep, has two windows, an outside entrance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span> -with stone steps, and a stairway leading to the -rear entry of the first floor.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure75">fig. 75</a>.)—Hight -of ceiling in the main house, 11 feet, and in the -wing 9 feet. The entrance Hall, nearly square, and entered -from the front piazza through double doors, contains -the main stairs, and communicates with the parlor -and dining-room. Each of these apartments communicates -with the library through large sliding-doors. The -windows to these rooms open to the floor, and are protected<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span> -on the outside by the verandas. The front parlor -window is 6½ feet wide, with the sashes arranged to slide -in pockets at either side, by which means the parlor is -apparently prolonged -to, and -may be used with -the veranda. -Each of the large -rooms has fire-places -and marble -mantles. The -closet for the dining-room -is under -the main stairs. -The Kitchen is in -the rear wing, and -separated from -the main house -by the rear lobby -and the pantry; -it has a good-sized -double window at -each side, a large -pantry, and a fire-place. -In the rear -entry are stairways -leading to -the second story -and to the cellar.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure76">fig. 76</a>.)—Hight -of ceilings in main house, 9 feet, and in the -wing 7 feet. It is divided into six chambers, besides -halls and closets. The three larger Chambers have fire-places -with marble shelves, and two windows in each. -The window in the small chamber is placed near the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span> -ceiling, above the kitchen roof. The two Chambers in -the wing are intended as servants’ rooms, and have no -communication with the main house.... <span class="smcap">Tower and -Attic.</span>—The Tower has an inclosed stairway, with a -door at the foot. -The main roof -finish at the rear -of the tower is -leveled even with -the main ridge, -inclosing the intervening -space; -this affords room -for a door leading -from the tower to -the attic. This -story is thoroughly -floored, and -has small windows -in each gable, -and is useful -as a place for -storage. In cases -of necessity, a -portion of this -attic may be used -for bedrooms.... -<span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -Cellar excavations are made in the ground 4½ feet -deep, and for the underpinning of the main house one -foot. The loose earth is used in grading, raising the -surface immediately surrounding the foundation 8 inches. -The foundation walls are 8 inches thick, of hard brick -and good mortar. The cellar walls are 6½ feet high, and -the underpinning 3 feet 2 inches high, leaving an exposed -surface 18 inches high at completion. Only the portions of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span> -the foundation plan, shown darker in the plan, <a href="#figure74">fig. 74</a>, are -walled, the intervening spaces being left open for the free -circulation of air. The general character of the materials -to be used in the construction of this house (a large portion -of which is -milled, and manufactured -ready -for use,) may be -inferred from the -appended estimate. -The manner -of putting -these materials -together is of -great importance, -and should -be entrusted only -to skillful and -thorough workmen. -The details -of the exterior -finish are so -plain, that the -work of “getting -out” the several -parts may be done -by the mechanics -employed in -building, without -recourse to -the scroll-saw or -carver. The truss-work of the cornices, and the open -frame-work, and columns of the verandas, are of dressed -timber, and stop-chamfered. All the roofs have sufficient -pitch to allow the use of shingles, which are much -lighter and cooler than slate or metal. Veranda roofs so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span> -constructed do not reflect so much heat into the chamber -windows as others, which is important in a warm climate.... -<span class="smcap">Ventilation.</span>—Large window openings, with -easy working sashes, are provided, and afford the best -means of changing the air of any apartment. The chimneys -are large, and have open fire-places, and ventilating -side-flues with registers near the ceilings. These openings, -which should never be closed, will be found to afford -satisfactory ventilation. During seasons of extreme heat, -the tower may be made to serve as a general ventilator, -by lowering the upper sashes, and opening all the doors -leading to it. The following estimate includes everything -necessary to complete this building in a thorough manner, -at prices now ruling in the vicinity of New York.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">61</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$12.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">15,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">180.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">26</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">700</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">196.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,112</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">91.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Sills, 4 × 8 in. 247 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 34 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>ridge, 2 × 7 in. 40 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>ridge, 2 × 7 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">78</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">39</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 7 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 7 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 2 × 7 in. 375 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">420</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 6½ in. wide 13 ft. long, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">109.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices and verandas.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">120</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards (for main house), at 15c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">236</td> - <td colspan="2">pine boards for roofing, 4½ × 13, at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">67</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Finial on tower.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">168</td> - <td colspan="2">Flooring for verandas, 4½ in. wide, at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring for inside, 9½ in. wide, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">93.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, $70; closet finish, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, at $10, $280; 32 doors, at $9, $288.</td> - <td class="tdr2">568.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, $25 each, $75; 3 shelves, $6 each, $18.</td> - <td class="tdr2">93.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">224</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">17.92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $22; painting, $125; carting, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">172.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">54.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,200.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp71" id="figure73" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure073.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 73.—<span class="allsmcap">VIEW OF EXTERIOR OF A SOUTHERN HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp42" id="figure74" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure074.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 74.—<span class="allsmcap">CELLAR AND GROUND PLAN.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="figure75" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure075.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 75.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp43" id="figure76" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure076.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 76.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XIX">DESIGN XIX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A STONE HOUSE, COSTING $2,500.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan has many features to commend it as an economical -country house. It is similar in many respects to -<a href="#DESIGN_XXVII">Design XXVII.</a>, having an equal breadth of front, and -is constructed of like substantial materials. The arrangement -of the several parts, however, are more regular and -compact, and embrace accommodations for a good-sized -family.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure77">fig. 77</a>.)—At first sight, the -reader will perceive the perfect balance apparent in the -outlines and details of the front. Variety is also an especial -feature, resulting from the pleasing diversity and -systematic distribution of the prominent parts. The site -has much effect upon the appearance of any building. -This house should have a commanding position to afford -such views as would seem to be expected from its broad -and generous windows. Health and happiness being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span> -largely dependent on the situation, it is important to -select a position having a natural drainage, and therefore -more likely to be surrounded with pure wholesome air.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure78">fig. 78</a>.)—Hight 6½ feet. The plain engraving -saves the need of further explanation. The ceiling -is smoothly “laid off” with one coat of plaster, and -the walls are flush-pointed, so that the whole interior -may be whitewashed whenever it shall be desirable to -lighten or sweeten the cellar.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure79">fig. 79</a>.)—As -is suggested -by the exterior, -system and order -are prominent -features in the interior -arrangement. -The main -entrance is -through double -doors. The principal -hall is central -and roomy, -and contains the open and balustered stairway to the -second story. The two principal rooms are of equal -size, with outlooks front and rear. The Parlor has -a pleasant bay or plant window, arranged to be shut -off, when desirable, by large sash doors. This window -has no floor, but is cemented around its sides below the -floor-line, to secure dryness to the walls, and is filled with -earth wherein plants may be grown. The thick masonry -surrounding this plant-bed will secure it from frost. -The temperature required to make the parlor comfortable -will be sufficient for the plants, while the strong sunlight -will insure their vigorous growth. A mirror may be -placed on the mantle opposite this window, arranged to -reflect its contents, and make a most cheerful picture.—The -Living-room is a convenient apartment, in easy communication<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span> -with the front and rear entrances, the wood-house, -and cellar-stairs, passing down under the front -hall stairs. It has a large pantry, and is provided with a -range, sink, stationary wash-tubs, water, and waste-pipes. -The importance of having cold and hot water always -ready should not be overlooked. Very much of the -drudgery of housework in the country consists in drawing -and carrying -water, and besides, -it generally -happens that -when water is -most wanted, -the vessels are -empty, necessitating -great inconvenience -and -frequent distress.—The -Bedroom -is situated -between the parlor -and living-room, -and communicates with both, and has a good-sized -closet. This apartment may be used as a sewing-room, -where such work need not be put away every time it is -laid down for a moment. The Wood-house at the rear -is constructed of light materials, and serves as a fuel and -utensil room.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure80">fig. 80</a>.)—This story is -divided into five chambers, a hall, and seven closets. -Each room is entered directly from the hall, obviating -the too frequent necessity of passing through one room -to reach another. Closets are a necessity to any well -ordered household; their uses are so numerous that it is -hardly possible to provide too many.... <span class="smcap">Remarks on -Construction.</span>—The element of durability is an important -quality of this structure, avoiding the necessity and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span> -expense of frequent repairs. The exterior walls are constructed -of stone and brick, as described in <a href="#DESIGN_XXVII">Design -XXVII.</a> Care should be taken to make these walls perfectly -solid and thorough. The mortar used should be of -the best lime, and coarse, sharp sand. Such mortar improves -with age, always increasing in hardness and -strength. The brick corner-work may be laid in dark or -blue mortar with good effect in subduing the strong contrasts -in color. -Interior plastering -should never -be applied directly -to the stone-work. -Such walls -do not readily -conform to the -sudden changes -of the surrounding -temperature, -and are rendered -damp and unwholesome from the moisture of the air being -condensed upon them. They should be furred off, leaving -an air-space between the stone-work and plastering, -through the whole hight of the wall, and opening into -the spaces between the rafters of the roof. Side-walls -constructed in this manner afford a most comfortable -interior, having a more equal temperature than is possible -in the usual frame building, and neither the severe -cold of winter, nor the extreme heat of summer, is immediately -felt within. The chimneys are of hard brick; -their interior location insures a great saving of fuel, as -the heat that is radiated from them greatly assists in -warming the house. The principal roofs are covered with -dark slate. “Keystone” and “Chapman” are good -qualities, and are mostly used in this vicinity; they have -good color, and do not fade. A good effect is produced<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span> -by clipping the exposed corners of about one-third of the -slate, in a uniform manner, and laying them in belts of -five or six courses each across the roof.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate of the Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">111</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$22.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">171</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">470.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">103</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in angles, etc., at $12 per M., laid.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M., laid.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">660</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">184.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">80</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering in ceiling of cellar, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3,367</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>ridge, 2 × 6 in. 29 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>ridge, 2 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">44</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td>rafters, 2 × 5 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td>collars, ¼ × 5 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">230</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2">furring strips, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Anchors, of tire iron, $3; cornice materials, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Rear wing, exclusive of tin, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slate, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">180.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin, at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">60</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of leaders and gutters, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">213</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 8 inch, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">53.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza and stoop, exclusive of tin, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $5 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">17</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">170.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $18 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">27</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $9 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">243.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, 2 marble and 2 wooden, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $14; painting, $60; cartage, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">89.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">125.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">91.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,500.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure77" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure077.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 77.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure78" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure078.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 78.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure79" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure079.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 79.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure80" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure080.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 80.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XX">DESIGN XX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COUNTRY HOUSE, COSTING $2,600.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan is somewhat similar in style and materials to -<a href="#DESIGN_XXIV">Design XXIV.</a> The changes here indicated adapt it to a -more southern climate, such as larger window openings, -more piazzas, and placing the domestic rooms at the <i>rear</i> -of the main building.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure81">fig. 81</a>.)—“Double -front” houses (as those having their front entrance in the -center are usually called), may face any point of compass,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span> -and are adapted to almost any situation. They appear -best when located at sufficient distance from the road to -allow extended, neatly laid-out approaches, and thus give -an air of retirement.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure82">fig. 82</a>.)—Hight, 7 -feet. Full size of the main building, with window openings -on every side.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure83">fig. 83</a>.)—Hight of -ceilings in main house, 11 feet; in the wing, 9 feet. The -apartments embraced in the main house are unusually -large, airy, and pleasant. All the windows open down -to the floor, and are protected from sun and rain by the -piazza. The Hall has a wide entrance leading from the -piazza, and contains the principal flight of stairs. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span> -Parlor and Living-room are of equal size (14 × 24 feet), -have windows looking in three directions, and have open -fire-places in each. The rear entry occupies part of the -main house and wing, its hight of ceiling is determined -by the platform of the main stairs. It communicates -conveniently with the rear piazza, main hall, living-room, -kitchen, cellar-stairs, and a closet. In the Wing are a -kitchen, work-room or summer-kitchen, butler’s pantry, -and two closets. The Kitchen communicates with the -living-room -through the -butler’s pantry, -which is -“dresser-finished” -with -drawers and -shelving. The -work-room is -furnished -with a pump, -sink, and two -stationary wash-tubs. If desired, a bath-room may be -placed in this wing, and fitted up with the necessary -plumbing, as shown in <a href="#DESIGN_XXXIII">Design XXXIII.</a>... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure84">fig. 84</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. A hall, three chambers, -a bedroom, and four closets are the divisions of this -story. The stairs leading to the attic are placed above -those of the first story, with a door at the foot.... <span class="smcap">Attic.</span>—The -estimate provides for a floor in this, and for -casing the four pair of windows, but it is otherwise left -unfinished. Four or more bedrooms may be made in -this story if desired.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The materials -are indicated in the estimate. The foundation-walls show -2 feet above the ground. The timber is framed and -raised in the most thorough manner. The beams are -placed 2 feet apart from centers, and bridged with one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span> -row of “cross-bridging” -in -each span. -Observe that -the main posts -are 25 feet -long; this includes -the -whole hight -from bottom -of sills to top -plates, and allows -for four -feet of inside -breastwork -from the attic -floor to foot of -main rafters. -The main roof -is set at an angle -of 45°. The -“open-worked” -barges in the -pediment (<a href="#figure81">fig. 81</a>), are of 1¼-inch-plank, 16 inches wide, -pierced in simple -figure, and -require only -one set of patterns -for the -four gables. -The piazza-rafters -show -in their ceilings. -Perforated -pediments -in each<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span> -side allow the escape of heated air from under the roofs. -The columns are “boxed” 7 inches square, and chamfered. -The spandrels are scroll-sawed from 3-inch timber. -The two full stories are hard finished on two coats -of brown mortar and seasoned lath. All doors are panelled, -and all architraves in the main house are double -moulded; in the wing single moulded. All sashes are -1½ inch thick, and glazed with second quality French -glass. The parlor and living-room have marble mantles; -the chambers have marble shelves resting on stucco trusses. -The main stairs have an 8-inch octagon newel, a 2¼ × 4¼ -moulded hand-rail, and 2-inch fluted balusters, all -of black walnut, as also are the saddles to each room. -All knobs, roses, and escutcheons are of white porcelain. -All wood usually painted has two coats of best paint, in -shades to suit the owner’s taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate of Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">137</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, complete, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$27.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">52</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">143.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">44</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. blue-stone, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">623</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">174.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7,126</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">106.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 205 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 4 × 6 in. 124 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 205 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 3 × 5 in. 332 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">90</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 3 × 8 in. 370 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices, corner-boards, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">21.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">65</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">97.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">134</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">21.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin roofing, gutters, and leaders, at 7c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">105.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, at 28c. each, $100.80; stairs, complete, $90.</td> - <td class="tdr2">190.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazzas, except roofing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, $48; 30 windows, $300.</td> - <td class="tdr2">348.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10, $280; closet finish, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Mantles and shelves, $75; nails, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">95.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, complete, $150; cartage, $35.</td> - <td class="tdr2">185.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Pump, sink, and range, $60; incidentals, $42.93.</td> - <td class="tdr2">102.93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,600.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The following detailed estimate of the cost of windows -and doors, “complete,” are given in explanation as to -what is included in the foregoing and other lists, viz.:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><i>First-class Windows</i>, complete.—For a - 2-7 × 6-2 window, with panelled back, and - full double trim, viz.:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>22 ft. running lumber in frame, at 4c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$0.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4 pulleys.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>28 lbs. iron weights, at 2½c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sash cord, 8c.; screws, 3c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>22 ft. of 8-inch trim, at 8c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Panelled back materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Blinds, with fastenings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Materials in outside cap.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nails, 8c.; labor, $4.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$13.39</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><i>Second-class Windows</i>, complete.—For - a 2-7 × 5-2 window, with plain single - moulded trim, viz.:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>20 running ft. of lumber in frame, at 4c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$0.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4 pulleys, at 40c. per dozen.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>26 lbs. sash-weights, at 2½c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sash-cord.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Screws.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>16 ft. of 5-inch trim, at 5c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sash, glazed, counter-checked, and hung.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Blinds, with fastenings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nosing, apron, and drip.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nails, 6c.; labor, $2.50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$9.08</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Where there are an equal number of each class, I -should put their cost at $11.23 each, and where the second -class preponderates, as is usually the case, the <i>average</i> -price is reduced accordingly:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><i>First-class Doors</i>, complete.—Double-faced, - 2-8 × 7 ft., full trimmed:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Door, 4-panelled, at factory.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>20 ft. running trim, 8 in., at 21c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saddle.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Buts and screws.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Locks and knobs.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>22 running ft. base, at 9c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nails, 6c.; labor, $3.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.06</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$12.55</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><i>Second-class Doors</i>, complete.—Single-faced, - 2-6 × 6-8, single trim:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Door, 4-panelled, at factory.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$1.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>18 ft. running trim, at 15c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saddle.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Buts and screws.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Locks and knobs.</td> - <td class="tdr2">.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>22 running ft. base, at 7c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nails, 5c.; labor, $2.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$8.84</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It will be noticed that the item for Base is included -in above estimate for doors. The figures (22 feet) are an -average per door, deduced from careful calculations, and -are introduced here for the purpose of aiding any one in -readily making up an estimate for a whole building.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure81" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure081.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 81.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure82" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure082.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 82.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure83" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure083.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 83.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure84" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure084.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 84.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXI">DESIGN XXI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,600.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a convenient and comfortable -Farm-house in the American style, comprehending -the most economical and practical methods of construction. -The size and shape of such houses should be -made to conform to the requirements of those who are to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span> -occupy them. Unlike the villager, the farmer has ample -road front, and his house should be so arranged as to -secure the most pleasant outlook from the living rooms. -For many important reasons a farmer’s house should be -set back from the highway at least 75 feet, 200 feet -is much better. Everyone appreciates a nice lawn in -front of a country home, through which inviting approaches -lead from the road entrances bordered with -flowers, and where space is allowed for shade trees and -shrubbery. The width of country roads when first -projected is usually limited to 50 feet. There is no certainty, -however, that an increased width or the straightening -of a roadway will not be demanded at any time and -such contingencies should be provided for. Other considerations -require but a moment’s thought to convince -anyone of the desirableness of an ample front lawn.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure85">fig. 85</a>.)—Farm houses usually stand -disconnected and apart from other buildings, and should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span> -have outlines that will best adapt them to the conditions -that are otherwise manifest in the location. This plan -is intended for an eastern frontage, where it would face -the morning sun, when the principal and broader portions -of the building, at the right, would be doubly valuable as -a shield to ward off the northern winds from the parts of -the house most used by the occupants. (By reversing -the plan it would be equally adapted to the opposite, or -easterly side of a road.) It is intended that the body of -the house shall be set at least two feet above the ground; -this gives opportunity for good-sized cellar-windows, that -will admit light, and afford good openings for cellar ventilation, -and also secure the frame-work of the building -against moisture from the ground. Such moisture, if -allowed, will cause decay of the sills and other principal -timbers, and is sure to percolate upward into the house, -filling it with unwholesome vapors. The variety of the -general outlines as shown in the elevation are calculated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span> -to impart a cheerful and lively appearance always desirable -in a country home, and very pleasant to the passer-by. -The ridged roofs, with their spreading gables and -ample projections, are features of frankness in which -there is no attempt at concealment or imitation. The -bay-windows, wide entrance, and spacious piazza, are -each expressive of liberality and refinement. The extreme -simplicity of the details, and methods of construction, -devoid of all ostentatious display, clearly express the purpose -of the building, and commend it to the consideration -of all who are interested in rural house building.... -<span class="smcap">Foundation</span>, (<a href="#figure86">fig. 86</a>.)—In most locations stone are -abundant; our estimate comprehends the building of the -foundation-walls of rough, broken stone, laid in coarse -mortar, and neatly pointed where exposed to sight. Any -man who is at all familiar with the most ordinary stone-work,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span> -such as building “wall” fences, could build these -foundations acceptably; they should be laid up 18 inches -thick, and flush with the outside of the frame-work of -the building. Our plan shows a cellar under the central -part of the building only, which should be 7 feet deep; -this cellar will be found sufficiently spacious for the uses -of most families, but may be enlarged if desirable. One -of the “wise sayings” we heard in youth was, “always -build your cellar under the whole house.” Unless there -are ample cellars under the barns, the house-cellar is -never too large. In this case, it will be but little extra -cost and labor to take out the earth, and carry the foundations -down. The walls provided would do most of this, -and then we have ample cellars for all wants, and have -room to partition off fruit and vegetable rooms, the former -of which need to be much cooler than the latter, if -one would keep fruit well. The side-walls of the area -are built of the same materials as the cellar-walls, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span> -the stone steps inserted while building. The foundations -shown on the plan where no cellar is required, are built -of the same materials, laid in trenches, which have been -excavated 18 inches wide, and 2 feet deep. The chimney -foundations should be started and laid up with the other -walls. A very effectual ventilation may be provided from -the cellar by arranging an opening that shall lead to the -left-hand flue of the kitchen chimney; this flue will be -warmed by contact with the range when in use, and a -strong draft will be made, which will exhaust the damp, -foul odors so common in deep cellars. It will be observed -that the cellar is protected from the extreme changes of -outward temperature by the walls and spaces at each side, -and by the partial coverings in front and rear.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure87">fig. 87</a>.)—This story is divided into three large -and three small rooms, and hall. By this plan, the -kitchen is intended as the living-room of the family, and -is so arranged as to be the most <i>convenient and pleasant -room in the house</i>; has large windows front and rear, -which will admit an abundance of light, and afford an -outlook each way. A large range is placed in the fire-place, -with a water-back connecting with the boiler in -the laundry. The clock and lamp-shelf is placed on the -opposite side of the room from the fire-place: <i>should -never be over it</i>. Adjoining the kitchen, and connected -with it, is a pantry, containing shelving, drawers, and a -wash-tray, with cold and hot water. The Laundry, or <i>work-room</i>, -is arranged to connect directly with the kitchen and -pantry, and leads to the rear outside door. This room -is fitted up so that the principal kitchen-work may be -done in it, with great facility, and with few steps, and -contains a closet, sink, pump, wash-tubs, tank, and -boiler. The hight of the ceiling in this room is 10 feet -in the clear. The Tank (not shown in the drawings), is -situated close up to the ceiling, above the pantry door, is -8 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. The boiler is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span> -of copper, 40-gallon capacity, and is placed directly in -the rear of the kitchen chimney. The sink and wash-tubs -are shown on the plan, and are to be provided with -cold and hot water. The force-pump is placed next to -the sink, under the tank—by this method but little -plumbing is required, and a very perfect and satisfactory -arrangement is secured. The boiler keeps the temperature -of this room sufficiently warm to prevent damage to -the pipes from frost. The Bedroom also adjoins the -kitchen, and has a closet for clothing, and two windows. -The principal Hall, included in the central building, is -entered through large double doors from the front piazza, -and connects through doors with the parlor, kitchen, and -back passage, and contains the principal stairs, which are -of easy “platform” construction. The Parlor has a -large bay-window, marble mantle, and adjoins the library -through large sliding-doors. The Library has a marble -mantle, and closet, and connects with the back passage -at the rear of the principal stairs. The Front Piazza has -its ends sheltered by the projections at each side, and is -arranged to require but two columns. If desirable at any -time, a part of this piazza can be enclosed with sash at -very little expense, which would provide a very convenient -conservatory for plants and flowers. The rear -“shed” is provided with a roof and columns, but has no -wooden floor. It is intended that the grounds around -the rear of the central building shall be graded well up, -say within a foot of the rear door-sills, so as to require -but a single step, or large flat stone, to each door. The -outside cellar doors would be made to lay even with the -final grade, and hung to the coping-stones of the area-walls, -and the remaining space paved or flagged with -stone. When once properly done, the finish of this character -will last a lifetime without trouble, while wood-work -could never be satisfactory, and would often require renewal. -Whenever the cellar doors are opened, they are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span> -hooked up against the columns, where they form a railing, -or guard, to prevent the usual danger of an open -hatchway.... The <span class="smcap">Second Story</span> (<a href="#figure88">fig. 88</a>), has a hall, -four large and three small chambers, with four closets, and -stairway leading to the attic. Each of the large Chambers -has two windows, and a ventilating register in the -flue of the chimney adjoining. All these rooms have full -hight ceilings, and are not so close to the roof as to be -affected by their absorbed heat of summer, but have complete -square ceilings, with large air-spaces between them -and the roofs. The Attic of the principal building is -completely floored, and has windows in each gable or -pediment, and may be used for storage, drying clothes in -stormy weather, and for many other purposes.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -estimate appended indicates the kind -and quantity of materials used, which will be found to be -such as are now most generally adopted for buildings of -this character. The work is very simple, and may be -executed by the simplest methods. Information concerning -the application and uses of the “felting” may be -found in <a href="#DESIGN_XI">Design XI.</a> We have before suggested that -“there are circumstances that would justify the building -of one part of a house first.” Should it be desirable, the -central portion of this house could be built first, and -would be found quite sufficient as the dwelling house of a -small family, and the remainder added afterwards as required.... -<span class="smcap">Estimate.</span>—The following estimate has been -carefully compiled, and may be relied on for quantities, -etc. Prices vary in different localities, but the figures -here given form a good basis of calculation:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">65</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">882</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. foundation, at 15c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">132.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">725</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. foundation, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in chimneys, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">900</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">252.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,799</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Sills, 4 × 8 in. 218 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">45</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 9 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties and plates, 4 × 6 in. 384 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">340</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">95.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred felting, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">matched flooring boards, 9½ in. wide, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td colspan="2">rough spruce plank, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">270</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">48</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">75</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, 10-inch, at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">63.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices and outside casings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">33</td> - <td colspan="2">narrow pine flooring for front piazza, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">67</td> - <td colspan="2">narrow pine ceiling, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">26</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">312.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $70; 8 closets, fitted complete, $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">111.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble and 2 pine mantles.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $20; range, with elevated oven, $80.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing, $84; cartage, average 1 mile, $27.08.</td> - <td class="tdr2">111.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,600.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure85" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure085.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 85.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION OF FARM HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure86" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure086.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 86.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure87" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure087.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 87.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp88" id="figure88" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure088.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 88.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXII">DESIGN XXII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $2,800.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of a suburban, or a country house, has all -the advantages of the square form—providing convenient, -commodious interior apartments, and has a simple, expressive -outside dress, that compares favorably with more -pretentious, expensive dwellings.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure89">fig. 89</a>.)—The -outlines of the main building are rounded and compact, -indicating completeness and solidity. The front -tower-like projection is a central and distinctive feature, -around which the other parts are symmetrically balanced. -The Porch and roofed balconies are simple and neat. The -main roof, a new modification of the “Mansard roof,” is -a conspicuous part, giving an expression of strength and -unity to the design. The main cornice has full projections, -with neat solid trusses, and is separated into sections -by the chamber windows, giving relief from the -monotony and depressing effects usual in all continuous -horizontal lines. All the second story windows of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span> -main building have projecting hoods appropriately interlaced -with the principal roof work, securing pleasant -shadows to those parts, and imparting a marked finish -and variety. The dormer windows are triangular, and -are placed immediately above those of the lower stories, -prolonging the vertical lines of openings, to which they -form a fitting termination.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure90">fig. 90</a>.)—Hight -of ceiling, 10 feet. The usual front hall is dispensed -with, and the stairway is placed where it is more -convenient and accessible, and is not a conductor of cold -drafts through the house. Many think it necessary to -have stairways share with the parlors the most valuable -and conspicuous position; they should more frequently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span> -be placed in some subordinate relation, without seeming -to control the general arrangement. The entrance from -the front porch is through double doors to the vestibule, -and thence to either the parlor or family-room. Side -doors lead to the pleasant and shady front balconies. -The Parlor and Family-room are of equal size, and may -be used as one spacious -apartment by -opening the sliding -doors. The Dining-room -is pleasantly -situated, and -opens into the family-room, -rear entrance, -and hallway. -It has one -large bay-window, -and two plain ones, -an open fire-place, -and a dish or china -closet, <i>c</i>. The -Kitchen is isolated, -relieving other -rooms of its noise -and odors, is convenient -to the dining-room, -cellar-stairway, -and rear entrance, through the rear lobby, and -has an open fire-place, closet, and large pantry, range, -boiler, sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for water. -The hall is central, accessible from the parlor, dining-room, -and rear entrance, and is thoroughly lighted and -ventilated by the window at the head of the stairs.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure91">fig. 91</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 8 feet. This -story contains a hall, four good-sized chambers, with closets, -and two windows to each. The Bath-room has bath-tub<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span> -and seat. A -Conservatory -connects through -sash doors with -the two front -chambers.... -<span class="smcap">Attic</span>, (<a href="#figure92">fig. 92</a>.)—Hight -of ceiling, -8 feet. The -stairs to this are -placed immediately -above those -to the second -story, are ceiled -in, with a door at -the bottom. The -rear portion is -finished on a line with the two chimneys, into two bedrooms -and a hall. The front portion is floored, but otherwise -left unfinished -as an open -garret, valuable -as a play-room -for the children, -a clothes drying-room, -and many -other purposes.... -<span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -Foundation, of -hard brick and -good mortar, is -shown by the -<i>Cellar plan</i>, (<a href="#figure93">fig. -93</a>.)—It shows -four feet above<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span> -the grade in front, and, if desirable, may show one-half -that hight in the rear. There is usually sufficient earth -taken from the cellar excavations to give such desirable -grade as shall turn off all water from the immediate -grounds and walks. The chimneys are also of hard -brick, are independent of the foundations, and are carried -up perfectly plumb to the roof, where they are finished -with neat bases and caps. The central position of these -chimneys is proof against cold-air openings at their sides, -and insures saving the heat radiated from them. It is -impossible to prevent cracks from appearing along the -sides of chimneys in frame buildings, and when these -cracks communicate directly with the outside covering, -they often admit much cold air.—The principal frame is -20 ft. high, substantially constructed, as indicated by the -upright section (<a href="#figure94">fig. 94</a>). The main plates are in line<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span> -with the beams of the attic story, and the roof-purlins -are 8 feet above them. The side-rafters are 12 feet long, -fitted and spiked to the purlins and -plates, with their lower ends extending -2½ feet down from the latter in a -continuous line. Rough brackets connecting -the rafters with the upright -frame-work, forming the foundations -or frame of the principal cornice. By -this method of extending the rafters -downward instead of upward, the desirable -hight and proportion of roof -are obtained. The exposed surfaces -that require siding are reduced from -the usual hight of 22½ feet to 16 feet, -and the cornices are more substantial -and less complex. The siding, roof-boarding, -slating, and trimming are -done in the usual manner. The gutters -are laid in with the slate, as described -in <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a> The hoods and -dormer windows have slate coverings, -interlaced with the principal roof, with joinings and flashings -of sheet-lead. The following estimate provides for -the thorough completion of the building in an appropriate -and substantial manner.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">82</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$16.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">16,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">192.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">44</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps, coping, etc., at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">750</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">210.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3,497</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 116 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 4 × 6 in. 146 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 138 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>perline, 3 × 7 in. 96 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">48</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">27</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>stoop, 3 × 7 in. 70 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">380</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">41.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 10-inch, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices and corner-boards.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">261</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock roof-boards, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">41.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">19</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slating, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">171.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tinning (IC. charcoal) at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">56.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9 × 1¼ in., at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. felting, at 3c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Porch, balconies, and stoops, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">160.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, $36; 1 bay window, complete, $60.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, $144; 9 hooded windows, complete, $135.</td> - <td class="tdr2">279.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, at $9.50 each, $304; 7 closets, complete, $14.</td> - <td class="tdr2">318.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, $60; 3 marble shelves, complete, $18.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">188.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Well, from bath-room to roof, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Gas-pipes for 18 lights, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Bells and speaking-tubes, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Finish of part of attic, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $24; cartage, average 1 mile, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">49.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, 2 coats, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">52.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,800.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure89" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure089.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 89.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure90" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure090.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 90.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure91" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure091.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 91.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure92" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure092.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 92.—<span class="allsmcap">ATTIC.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure93" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure093.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 93.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp30" id="figure94" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure094.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 94.—<span class="allsmcap">SECTION.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXIII">DESIGN XXIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A COUNTRY OR VILLAGE HOUSE, COSTING $2,800.—FOR -PHYSICIANS, LAWYERS, CLERGYMEN, JUSTICES, -NOTARIES, EDITORS, ETC.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan is designed to meet the wants of a large class -residing in the country, or smaller villages, who are not -only directly interested in agricultural pursuits, but who -have also some professional or official vocation, such as: -Physicians, Lawyers, Justices, Notaries, Clergymen, etc. -They require in connection with their residences an apartment -adapted to their special callings, that shall in no -way interfere with their domestic arrangements, where -all persons making business calls may enter without feeling -that they are intruding on the privacy of the household.... -<span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure95">fig. 95</a>.)—The exterior outlines -and dress of this plan are a fair representation of the prevailing -styles of American rural house architecture, in its -most genteel and practical forms. There is a manifest -propriety in the strong and decided features of the exterior -finish of this example, wherein each part has its distinctive -characteristics of utility, harmony, and truthfulness—a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span> -combination that never fails to please even the -most tasteful, and it may therefore be regarded as the -real basis of beauty. We frequently meet with oddly-proportioned -country houses, evidently constructed with -a sole regard to utility, that present a stunted and cadaverous -appearance, having been shorn of their beauty -through a mistaken idea that <i>economy</i> precludes the least -indulgence in taste. Good taste only demands that every -separate part of any building shall be in harmony with -the whole, and this feature of harmony is not so much a -subject of expense as of expression, being a result of <i>mode</i> -rather than the <i>matter</i> of construction. The materials -necessarily required for any building assume shape and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span> -expression according to the methods of their application, -and they may be applied in disproportion, so as to be of -permanent disgrace; whereas the same materials properly -and intelligently used, with a like expense of handling, -develop into proportionate and expressive forms of elegance -and grace. A building constructed as indicated -by these plans presents a pleasing appearance from any -direction, each face being broken by wings or other projections, -which -give relief from -the formalities -of a large, flat -surface. From -the front there -is an expression -of completeness -indicating full -provision for -comfort, and an -air of contentment. -From -the sides are presented -to the -best advantage -the more extended -surfaces, including the large corniced gables of -the principal building, the rear wing, and other projections. -The rear has an equally finished and satisfactory -appearance.... <span class="smcap">The Cellar</span> (<a href="#figure96">fig. 96</a>), is the full size of -the ground-plans, with a clear hight of 7 feet. The five -cellar windows are placed where they will admit light to -every part. An outside entrance is under the rear lobby, -and a stairway leads directly to the kitchen.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure97">fig. 97</a>.)—The arrangement is very simple and -convenient, comprising good-sized hall, parlor, living-room, -kitchen, office, study, five closets, and two stairways,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span> -with ceilings 10 feet high. The Parlor is pleasantly -situated, has two front windows opening directly to -the piazza, from which they derive shade and protection. -The Dining or living-room opens into the hall, parlor, -and kitchen, and has two closets. One end of this room -is octagonal, and extends 6 feet beyond the face of the -principal, with three windows, affording a pleasant outlook. -The Kitchen -adjoins the -dining-room, has -two closets, is fitted -up with a -range, sink, and -wash-tubs, and is -conveniently -connected with -the cellar and -with second story -by private stairways. -The Office -is entered from -the front porch, -and is in direct -communication -with the principal -hall, has a -good-sized closet -from the space -under the principal stairs, and has a private room or -Study.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure98">fig. 98</a>.)—This is divided into -four commodious apartments, beside a hall, bath-room, -and the necessary closets, and has ceilings 8 feet high in -the main building, and 7 feet in the rear wing. The -Bath-room is provided with a seat-closet and bath-tub. -An inclosed stairway leads to the Attic, where two or -more bedrooms may be finished, besides leaving space for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span> -garret purposes. The tank placed over the ceiling of the -bath-room is arranged to receive water from the principal -roof, and is provided with an overflow pipe leading to the -cistern.... <span class="smcap">General Requirements.</span>—Full brick foundations -are estimated for. Where coarse stone can be -had, they answer as well, and at less cost, for the portions -below ground; they should be laid even with the -brick-work on the inside when finished. The wood-work -is to be substantially constructed -of good and sufficient materials -throughout. The roofs of the piazza, -stoop, bay, lobby, and window -caps, are covered with charcoal -tin, and in each case an allowance -is made for a “flashing” of 6 -inches in width to turn up behind -the siding, to prevent leakage. -The principal and the two wing -roofs are each covered with dark -slate with ridge plates of zinc. -The gutters are to be those described -for <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a> The joinings -of the wing-roofs against the -main building are made perfectly -tight by laying in, against the -building, right angle strips of zinc -or tin “flashing,” with each course of slate before the -siding is put on. Slate is unquestionably the best material -for such roofing when the form of roof will admit of -its use; its cost is the same as for good tinning, and -about 2 cents per square foot in excess of pine shingles; -when once properly done, will last for centuries; it is -fire-proof, and the water from it is much purer, an important -consideration when rain and cistern water is used -for cooking or drinking. Its color and appearance are -agreeable—in fact roofs of other materials are often<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span> -painted in imitation of slate from choice.... The most -expressive portions of any buildings are their projecting -cornices. As a rule, for houses of this style, such projections -should be <i>one inch for every foot of their hight -from the foundation</i>. And the same rule will apply to -every detail of the exterior finish; for example, as in this -case, the principal building being 22 feet high at the -plate, the principal cornices should project 22 inches; -the piazza being 11 feet high, its cornice projects 11 -inches; the windows, 6 feet high, have caps projecting -6 inches, etc. By this simple rule, all such projections -may be readily determined, and thus secure perfect proportion -and harmony of parts.... The inside plastering is -“three-coat work.” All side-walls should be continued -down <i>close</i> to the floor, to prevent the passage of air or -sound. Care should be taken to make the walls straight -and true, with the second coat of “browning,” for the -last or white coat, though applied in the best manner, -can never overcome malformations in the body of the -plastering; on the contrary, the finer the finish of last -coat, the more visibly will such defects appear. In the -concluding estimate, 28 cents per yard is allowed for the -cost of plastering, which is ample, as shown by these calculations -<i>for 100 yards</i>, viz.:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2,000</td> - <td>lath, at $2 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>lbs. lath-nails, at 6c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>barrels lime, at $1 per barrel.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td>loads sand, at 30c. per load.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>barrel finishing lime, at $1.40 per barrel.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1½</td> - <td>bushel plaster, 37c.; 1 bushel hair, 50c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Cartage.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Labor putting on lath, at 10c. per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">½</td> - <td>day laborer (mixing mortar), at $1.50 per day.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1½</td> - <td>days mason (work), at $2.50 per day.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1½</td> - <td>days laborer (“tending” mason), at $1.50 per day.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Use of screen, water barrel, and scaffolding.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="in2">Total cost for 100 square yards, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$25.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">2.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Estimated at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$28.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>In some localities, a practice prevails among masons of -including in their measurements of plastering one-half of -the openings of doors and windows, which is obviously<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span> -unjust, and a frequent cause of dispute. Such openings -will average at least 2 yards each—in this house would -aggregate 50 yards—and in every case should be deducted, -unless otherwise agreed previously.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">113</td> - <td colspan="2">yards, excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$22.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, laid complete, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">47</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">14.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">841</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">235.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,135</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">77.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 200 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Piazza, 3 × 8 in. 82 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 40 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 6 in. 100 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 330 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>ridge, 3 × 7 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">35</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">21</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">locust posts in cellar, at 30c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">375</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">41.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">170</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper or felting, at 3c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">330</td> - <td colspan="2">siding, 10-inch, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">92.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices, water-table, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">213</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards (for roofing), at 20c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares slate roofing, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">166.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin, at $8 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9 in., at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">216.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">35</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">350.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza, porch, and lobby, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and elevated oven, etc., complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Bells and speaking-tubes, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $25; painting, $200; carting, $35.</td> - <td class="tdr2">260.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">223.83</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">94.92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,800.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure95" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure095.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 95.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE, WITH OFFICE ATTACHED.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure96" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure096.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 96.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure97" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure097.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 97.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="figure98" style="max-width: 15.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure098.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 98.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXIV">DESIGN XXIV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,800.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan will be recognized as comprehending the -general characteristics of those given in Designs <a href="#DESIGN_XXI">XXI.</a> -and <a href="#DESIGN_XXVI">XXVI.</a> It is designed to be constructed of similar -materials, with a like variety of pleasing and decided outlines, -and to give an equal amount of accommodation and -convenience. The division and arrangement of the several<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span> -parts, however, are entirely changed, being especially -intended to meet the requirements of a location having a -<i>western</i> frontage. Location is an important consideration, -involving many questions of adaptation, that should -always guide to the selection of such a plan as will express -a natural fitness for the situation, and truthfully -indicate its purpose.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure99">fig. 99</a>.)—Only two -feet of the foundation-walls are exposed to sight, which -brings the frame-work of the building quite near enough -to the ground. The surface of the earth surrounding -such buildings should have a grade of <i>at least</i> one-half -inch to the foot, for the distance of 50 feet in every direction, -to insure the turning away of all surface water -from the walks and grounds. Another good result derived -from such grade is the additional altitude given to -the building, imparting a much better appearance. The -general outlines of the elevation are very simple, devoid<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span> -of all pretentious ornamentation. The wide frontage, -the large and numerous openings, and ample roofs, are -each expressive of frankness and hospitality, eminently -befitting the home of the farmer. The front Porch is -unusually wide, and arranged to have large columns, and -stationary seats at either side. The Bay-window has -square projections, instead of octagonal, which are equally -appropriate in this case, and less costly. The cornices of -the principal building project 20 inches, and those of the -wing 16 inches, and both are provided with scroll-sawed -trusses. The chimney-tops are large, and heavily capped. -The same general finish, as is shown on the front, is put -on the sides and -rear, so that the -building presents -an equally -complete and -satisfactory appearance -from -every direction. -Buildings of this -character should -be set back from the street line at least 50 feet—150 feet -would be much better—to give room for trees, shrubbery, -and walks.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure100">fig. 100</a>.)—The plans provide -for a cellar under the principal building only, which gives -a clear space of 22 × 25 feet. If desired, the space beneath -the wing may be included at an additional cost of $65. -The excavations for the cellar in the earth is 3 feet 8 -inches deep; this allows the foundation-walls to be 7 feet -high. The earth thrown out is to be graded around the -building to the hight of 1½ foot, thus leaving two feet -of the foundation exposed on the outside. Country -houses are frequently set so low down as to be a matter of -regret ever afterwards. There are constant accumulations -of dust, and other matter, caught and held by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span> -shrubbery and grasses, so that there is soon discovered a -seeming growth of the earth upward around the house -and immediate grounds, making it impossible to adapt -the grades that are desirable. It is far better that foundations -are a little too high than too low, for when too -high, the approaches can easily be raised at any time with -a few loads of earth; but when too low, there seems to -be no cure, except to raise the entire building. The -foundation-walls are designed to be constructed of broken -stone, laid in coarse mortar, as more particularly described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XXI">Design XXI.</a>... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure101">fig. 101</a>.)—Hight of -ceilings, 10 ft. -Entire floor -measurement, -1,206 square -feet, affording -ample space for -good-sized -apartments. -The several divisions -have especial -regard to -comfort and convenience. The front hall, or reception -room, is nearly square, of good dimensions, is entered -from the front porch through double or folding doors, -and adjoins the parlor and living-room, and contains the -principal stairs. The Parlor is unusually large, is provided -with windows in its sides, and has stucco cornices -and centers in its ceilings, with an arched finish in the -bay-window. The Living, or Dining-room, is commodious, -pleasantly situated, with outlooks front and rear, -and is easily accessible all around. The Family-room is -large, connects with the dining-room and parlor, and is -intended as a sitting or sewing-room. If occasion require, -this room might be used as the bed-room of an -invalid. The Work-room, or Kitchen, is conveniently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span> -arranged to have a range, boiler, pump, sink, wash-tubs, -and pipes for cold and hot water, and adjoins the dining-room, -a large pantry, and a rear entrance door, and has -a private stairway leading to the second story, with a -closet underneath. The Pantry is of ample dimensions, -is conveniently arranged with shelving, and has a zinc -wash-tray, with cold and hot water-pipes, and adjoins -the kitchen, dining-room, and a china closet. The latter -is useful for storing wares not required daily. The rear -shed is paved, and the cellar doors are constructed as described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XXI">Design XXI.</a>... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure102">fig. 102</a>.)—Hight -of ceiling, -9 feet in -main building, -and 8 feet in -wing. Floor -measurement, -1,276 feet, divided -into 8 -good-sized -rooms, besides halls, closets, and stairways. The principal -hall connects with each chamber in main building, -and one room and passage in wing. The door between -the principal hall and wing-passage may be closed at any -time, cutting off communication at pleasure. The side, -or “breast” walls, in the wing, are vertical 3 feet, and -are continued upward at an angle of 45° to the ceiling, -thus securing sufficient head-room. The bath-room is -exactly above the kitchen, and contains a tank, bath-tub, -and seat-closet, with pipes for cold and hot water.... -<span class="smcap">Attic.</span>—The stairs to this are over the first flight, and -are designed to be neatly ceiled in with 4½-inch beaded -ceiling-boards, with a door at the foot. Double windows -in each gable admit sufficient light, and afford ventilation.... -<span class="smcap">Remarks on Construction.</span>—An insight into -the character of this plan, is best had by carefully considering<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span> -the materials and cost in the estimate added. We -would urge the importance of good methods and workmanship -in construction, without which all materials, -however good or sufficient, can never produce good results. -The old maxim, “whatever is worth doing at all, -is worth doing well,” especially applies to building a home -in which one is to spend a lifetime. This does not imply -extravagance in any sense, only demanding such <i>careful -and intelligent application of the ordinary rules of construction</i>, -as shall insure substantial work, that will not -be a continuous source of anxiety and expense. Any one -of ordinary intelligence should be able to generally superintend -the operations of the mechanics employed in constructing -a farm-house. The following <i>points</i> are of the -greatest importance. Carefully watch that the foundation-walls -are substantially laid, and accurately leveled on -their upper surfaces, so that the doors shall not strike the -floor or carpets in opening, nor the tables, chairs, or -other furniture be obliged to stand on three legs. The -frame-work, when raised, should be plumb, so that all -work on or in the building can be cut square, and applied -without tedious fitting. The siding should be thoroughly -“seasoned” in the open air before using, and -carefully applied with close joints, and well nailed. The -edges of all water-tables, corner-boards, and window-frames -should be painted <i>before</i> setting. The shingles -should be carefully laid, breaking their joints at one-third -of their width, and double nailed. The flooring should -be dry, close laid, and nailed with two nails to each beam. -The partitions should be set with studding of selected -widths; and their angles or corners should be anchored -firmly together, to prevent the walls from cracking in -those parts when finished. The chimneys should be carefully -constructed; all joints between the brick-work -should be surely filled with mortar, to prevent sparks -from passing through to the frame-work. All mortar for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span> -plastering should be properly mixed, and allowed sufficient -time (at least one week), for the thorough slaking -of the lime, and a complete permeation of its caustic -properties. Thin coats of plastering are better than -heavy ones. A mortar that does not crack in setting or -drying is sure to be good. The interior wood finish -should not be commenced until the plastering is completely -dried out, and all loose mortar is removed from -the building. All wood-work usually painted should be -primed as soon as in position. For more explicit remarks -and sundry suggestions on painting, see <a href="#DESIGN_XIII">Design XIII.</a></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate of Materials and Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">110</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,371</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">205.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">46</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps, sills, and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,030</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">288.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,713</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">85.69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 186 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 4 × 6 in. 256 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 186 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girts, 4 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">57</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">36</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 5 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in water-table and cornices.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, 9½ in., at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">69</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">103.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">84</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters, 132 ft. leaders, and 134 ft. porch roofs, 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">355</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9½ × 13, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">99.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Porch and hood, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">320.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar door and hatchway doors.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Shelving and hooks in closets.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles and 4 shelves with trusses.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">215.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Bells and speaking-tubes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, 1 mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">32.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,800.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure99" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure099.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 99.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure100" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure100.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 100.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure101" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure101.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 101.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure102" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure102.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 102.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXV">DESIGN XXV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A “HALF STONE” HOUSE FOR $2,800.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan is designed for a substantial, convenient, and -inexpensive country house. It has two full finished stories, -with well-lighted apartments of good size, and a -large cellar and attic. It has also the merit of architectural -beauty, well adapted to a commanding location.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure103">fig. 103</a>.)—The “half-stone” composition of -the side walls, and the strong outlines and slating of the -main roof, give to this structure a rustic, yet substantial -appearance, affording both diversity and picturesqueness, -as shown in the variety of the openings and irregularity -of the several parts. The front and rear elevations are -similar; by changing the entrance doors and stairs, either<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span> -side may front the road. The details of exterior finish -are so simple, and easy of execution, that any “modification -for the rear” is undesirable. Inharmonious and unsightly -curtailments in the rear finish have a depressing -influence on those obliged to face them daily, which can -never be overcome by knowing there is a good front.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure104">fig. 104</a>.)—Hight, 6½ feet, of which 4½ feet -is below the ground surface, and therefore (with its -thick walls), -frost proof. -It is always -important to -provide for -carrying off -the poisonous -vapors apt to -be generated -in cellars. -For this purpose -side -openings are -made near -the ceiling into -one of the flues of each chimney. These flues, extending -to the top, and warmed by contact with the fires of -the upper stories, have sufficient draft to constantly -change the cellar air, and prevent its ascent through the -living-rooms.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure105">fig. 105</a>.)—Hight of ceilings, -10 feet. Here are conveniently placed three large -rooms, a hall, china closet, and large pantry. Each large -room has commodious windows with views in two directions. -The pleasant piazzas at both the front and rear of -the parlor, extend over and protect the entrance doors.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure106">fig. 106</a>.)—Hight of ceilings, 8 feet. -The divisions are very simple, a hall, four chambers, four -closets, and a bath-room. Light railings may be put on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span> -the roofs of the wings and piazzas to form pleasant balconies -to the windows of this story. One such balcony is -shown over the wing-roof (<a href="#figure103">fig. 103</a>); the others may be -similar. The small cost of these devices is fully repaid -in their usefulness for airing purposes, besides imparting -a cheerful appearance.... <span class="smcap">Garret or Attic.</span>—This story -is thoroughly floored, but otherwise unfinished. Should -additional chambers be required, partitions may be set -over those or the second story, duplicating that plan, -with rooms having the same hight of ceilings. The stairs -are placed immediately -above those of -the lower stories, -are ceiled -in, and have a -door at the -foot.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -durability, -general -abundance, -and substantial -appearance of stone, make it the most desirable and -appropriate material known for the exterior walls of any -building. The cost of cutting and dressing such material -ready for use is the principle barrier to its general -adoption. By using bricks for corners and for the finish -around the openings, the most expensive item of stone-work -is saved. They need only to be “random dressed,” -and laid nearly in the shape in which they are quarried, -as more particularly described for <a href="#DESIGN_XXVII">Design XXVII.</a> When -such walls are carried beyond the hight that is convenient -for the handling of the materials, the expense of -their construction is largely increased. It is for this -reason that the “half-stone” method is particularly valuable.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span> -In this plan, the stone-work extends only to the -hight of the ceiling of the first story; to this hight the -materials may be readily wheeled on trestled scaffolding, -while to double this hight would require the use of the -tedious derrick, and additional help. The upper stories -are framed of the usual sized timber, and raised on the -stone walls, which in this case become their foundation. -The main roof is constructed as shown in <a href="#DESIGN_XXII">Design XXII.</a> -The hight requiring siding is 4½ feet, or including water-table -and cornice, 6½ feet from the stone-work of the -first story to the -slating of the -roof. The -main roof covering -is of dark -slate laid on -tarred felt. At -or near the -floor-line dividing -the upper -stories, it is appropriate -to indicate -the division -by the use of tinted slate, which may be laid in -close courses or in simple figures, as shown on the elevation. -The roofs of the hooded and dormer windows -are also slated. The deck of the main roof, and the -roofs of the piazza, are covered with IC. charcoal tin. -The wood-finish is made of simple design, devoid of all -efforts at pretentious display, each part being chosen with -especial regard for its utility and appropriateness. The -trusses, piazza-columns, and soffits are worked of timber -neatly stop-chamfered, imparting a rustic appearance to -them, in keeping with the stone-work. The water-tank -is placed in the attic, directly above and in line with the -bath-tub and kitchen-range, favoring the most practical<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span> -plumbing. The soil-pipe leading from the bath-room -floor passes down through the closet adjoining the kitchen -chimney to the sewer-pipe, which is laid below the cellar -bottom. The bad smells and gases arising from confined -sewage may be easily disposed of by the insertion of a 2-inch -pipe into the closet-trap (at its highest point), and -connecting it with a flue of the adjoining chimney. All -inside plastering is of three-coat work. The casing of -the bath-room and around all plumbing is in hard-wood; -all other trimming of clear pine. The Newel rail and -baluster on the first-story flight of stairs are of black-walnut. -All work usually painted has two coats of best -lead and linseed-oil, with stainers to give the body (outside), -a light gray, and trimmings in imitation of “Nova -Scotia stone.” Inside, parlor and hall, in grays, dining-room -in grays and drabs, kitchen in drabs, chambers -white.... <span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—Prices of building materials are quite -as low as they were before the war; many kinds are really -selling for the cost of their production or manufacture. -Labor is also very cheap, nearly at old figures. Those -contemplating building, and having the means at hand -to do so, need not wait for a more favorable time. As -soon as general business improves, there must be a -“rise” in materials, especially such as require to be -manufactured. The estimate appended includes the cost -of all materials and labor for good work at the prices now -ruling near New York city.—<span class="smcap">Estimate of the Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">126</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$25.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">158</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-work, at $2.75 per perch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">434.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">91</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills and steps, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in angles and chimneys, at $12 per M, laid.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">750</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">210.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,262</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">63.93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 3 × 8 in. 175 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 175 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>deck, 3 × 7 in. 150 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 9 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 5 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">340</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">37.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">furring strips, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">75</td> - <td colspan="2">siding-boards, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">357</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">57.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slate, complete, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">162.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin, complete, at $7 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">101.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">350</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring plank, 8 inch, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">87.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">piazzas, complete, at $70 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">140.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $5 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">112.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td colspan="2">hooded windows, complete, at $15 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">165.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">23</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $9 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">207.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, complete, at $25 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $25; painting, $70; cartage, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">115.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals, attic and elsewhere.</td> - <td class="tdr2">106.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,800.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="figure103" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure103.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 103.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT VIEW OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp92" id="figure104" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure104.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 104.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure105" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure105.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 105.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure106" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure106.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 106.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXVI">DESIGN XXVI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FARM-HOUSE COSTING $2,900.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of a farm-house embraces a commodious and -convenient interior, with such external features as to -clearly express its purpose. It will be recognized as at -once adapted to rural situations and domestic life, providing -much valuable space, and affording a variety of -pleasing and symmetrical outlines, with due economy in -expense of construction. Perhaps the most striking feature -is the <i>breadth</i> of the front, which is 51 feet. (The -average depth is 22 feet 7 inches.) As far as practicable, -all prolonged vertical lines are avoided, leaving horizontal -ones to prevail, as of more practical utility and value. -Where opportunities abound for “spreading out,” as in -the country, it would be obviously incompatible to build -tall, or stilted houses, that would not comport with their -surroundings, nor provide the conveniences desirable in -all rural habitations.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure107">fig. 107</a>.)—The -general details of the elevation are made up of simple -parts so appropriated and balanced, that they harmonize -with each other, and secure a graceful outline. The -principal, or main portions of this building will be observed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span> -to be the central one, while the wings at either -side are collaterals, that give equipoise and rest to the -whole structure. The steep roofs, with their subdued -pediments, and spreading cornices and dormers, the bay -and other windows, the wide entrance, and open piazza,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span> -are all arranged so as to correspond with each other, producing -an effective and picturesque appearance. There -are no efforts at scientific or elaborate display of outside -ornamentation, but has sufficient architectural completeness -to denote social -cultivation and refinement. -The farm-house -in <a href="#DESIGN_XXI">XXI.</a> was -designed more especially -for an <i>eastern</i> -frontage. These -plans are particularly -adapted for a <i>southern</i> -frontage.... The -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure108">fig. 108</a>), -extends under the -whole house, and is -6½ feet deep. An -outside entrance and -area are to be built -and inclosed under -the stoop at the rear. -Eleven small windows -are provided for -both light and ventilation.... -The <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure109">fig. -109</a>), has ample -apartments adapted to the uses of a large family, embracing -a good-sized hall, parlor, living-room, kitchen, pantries, -closets, and corridor. The principal entrance is -from the piazza, through large double doors to the hall. -Similar double doors on each side of the hall lead to the -parlor and dining-room. These inside double doors enable -one to throw the whole together for large family and -other gatherings, and are manifestly appropriate in dwellings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span> -of this character. The principal stairs are semi-circular, -so arranged as to occupy but little room in the -principal hall. The Parlor is situated by itself, remote -from the machinery of daily housework. The Living-room -is the most central, and most convenient and comfortable -room in the house. It is so surrounded by other -apartments that summer’s heat, nor winter’s cold, can have -direct access to its sides. The large Bay-window affords -an ample supply of light, and adds to the area of the -room. It adjoins and opens into the principal hall, corridor, -kitchen, and large pantry. The Kitchen is conveniently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span> -situated, and adjoins the dining-room, corridor, -pantry, store-room, cellar, and private stairway. It is -provided with a range, sink, wash-tubs, and pipes for -cold and hot water. By this arrangement, the principal -work of the family can be done with such thoroughness -and facility as to -make such employment -interesting and -pleasant, devoid of -any sense of drudgery. -The corridor is -adapted to all the -uses of a rear hall, -and communicates -with each of the other -principal rooms of -the first story. It is -also an auxiliary -apartment, and may -be used in connection -with either of the -other apartments, -and affords valuable -room for many in-door -occupations for -both old and young.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure110">fig. 110</a>.)—The engraving -is sufficiently -plain to require but little explanation. It will be seen -that there are seven rooms, besides halls and closets. -The Bath-room is situated in this story over the kitchen, -and contains the bath-tub, seat-closet, and water-tank, -and is accessible from the principal building through the -passage leading from the principal hall. An opening -through the ceiling of the kitchen, with a register, would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span> -probably let warm air enough up into the bath-room to -keep frost out in winter, especially if some fire remained -in the range or stove most of the night. In all arrangements -of water-tanks and pipes, care must be taken to -keep them from being frozen in the coldest nights.... -The <span class="smcap">Attic</span> is completely floored over, but is otherwise -unfinished. Several bed-rooms might be finished in this -story if desirable. An open attic is always valuable for -storage, drying clothes in stormy weather, etc., and as a -play-room for children in rainy weather.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—Any -one at all familiar with building would see -at a glance that the form and arrangements of this plan -admit of its execution in section. There are conditions -that would justify the building of the central part of -this house, to be used as the residence of a small family, -and add the wings at any future time, as circumstances -might indicate.... The excavations for the cellar are -made 3½ feet deep. The foundations are 18 inches -thick, and 6½ feet high, of broken stone, laid in mortar, -with the joints neatly pointed on all surfaces exposed to -sight. The earth thrown out of the cellar should be left -on the ground, and graded around the foundation, leaving -but two feet to show above the final grade. The -chimneys should be started with the principal foundation, -and the materials interlaced to insure solidity. Three -fire-places are constructed in the first story; those in the -kitchen and dining-room are in one stack built “square -up” to the ceiling of the first story. Two separate flues -are then continued through the second story, on either -side of the passage-way, and are afterwards joined over -an arch, and pass through the roof in one solid shaft. -The estimate indicates the general character of the work. -In these rural dwellings, the siding may be worked without -the central groove shown in <a href="#DESIGN_XI">Design XI.</a> This, though -less pleasing to many, would give an expression of less -artifice, and more strength.... <span class="smcap">Estimate.</span>—The following<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span> -estimate will be found correct as to quantity, and -ample as to cost. Most farmers have materials and facilities -that would enable them to greatly reduce the cost of -building by this plan. The items of excavation, foundation, -carting, and painting, amount to nearly $500. -Some, or each of these parts, might be satisfactorily done -by those engaged on the place:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">210</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,750</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone foundation, at 15c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">262.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">850</td> - <td colspan="2">yards lath and plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">238.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,722</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.83</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 10 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">42</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">36</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">320</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">7.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">325</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">91.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in cornices and outside casings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">375</td> - <td colspan="2">spruce shingling lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">65</td> - <td colspan="2">bunches shingles, at $1.50 per bunch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">97.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza and stoops, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">324</td> - <td colspan="2">mill-worked flooring boards, at 35c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">113.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">flights of stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">264.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">35</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">350.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closets, shelving, etc., complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">248.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $150; nails, $20; cartage, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">218.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,900.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure107" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure107.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 107.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FARM-HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure108" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure108.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 108.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure109" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure109.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 109.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure110" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure110.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 110.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXVII">DESIGN XXVII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A STONE-HOUSE COSTING $2,900.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for the substantial dwelling -of a farmer in easy circumstances. The outside appearance -truthfully expresses its rural and its domestic purpose. -The interior accommodations are carefully arranged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span> -for comfort and convenience. The materials and method -of construction insure permanency; with little care, this -building would last for many generations.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, -(<a href="#figure111">fig. 111</a>.)—The elevation shows that this house was intended -for the country—it looks like a farm-house—in -fact it would be out of place anywhere else. Its peculiar -solid, independent, and home-like character is due to the -massive stone walls, large door and window openings, -broad and steep slated roof, truncated gables, substantial -chimneys, and heavy sheltering eaves, all arranged in -simple, expressive, and harmonious combination. All -superfluous ornamentation is avoided, as inconsistent with -rural simplicity and truthfulness. Vines and creepers -will be suggested by the rough stone walls and piazza -posts; and to their delicate tracery may be left the work<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span> -of “filling in” their more appropriate and agreeable decorations.... -The <span class="smcap">Cellar</span> (<a href="#figure112">fig. 112</a>), is 6½ feet high, extending -under the whole building, giving ample space for -the storing of articles requiring a cool, moist air for their -preservation. Seven windows are arranged to provide -light and ventilation to every part. The outside entrance -is from the rear under the back stoop; stairs lead directly -up to the -kitchen. The -“safe” is a -“locker,” or private -cellar for -keeping choicer -stores.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure113">fig. 113</a>.)—Hight -of ceilings, -10 feet. -The arrangements -are somewhat -peculiar, -and are very convenient -and -pleasant. Each -of the four principal rooms have windows giving views in -two different directions. The two halls (front and rear) -have stairs in each, and are otherwise arranged for easy -communication with all parts of the house. The Parlor -is pleasantly situated, adjoins the front hall and dining-room, -has a large open fire-place, and is shaded on the -front by the piazza. The Dining or living-room is the -largest apartment, and communicates directly with every -other room and hall on this floor, bringing this entire -story under the immediate supervision of the mistress of -the household. It has an open fire-place and two closets. -The Bedroom is placed in a quiet corner, where the little -ones may take their “day naps” without being run over<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span> -or disturbed by sudden callers, or those engaged in housework. -The Kitchen is a good-sized apartment, adjoins -the dining-room, rear hall, milk-room, large pantry, two -closets, and cellar stairway, and is provided with a large -range, sink, wash-tubs, and the necessary pipes for supplies -of cold and hot water.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure114">fig. -114</a>.)—Hight of -ceiling, 8 feet. -This contains -five good-sized -chambers, a -large hall, and -nine closets. -The three larger -chambers have -full-sized side-walls -and ceilings; -the space -beyond the side-walls -or partitions -are devoted -to closets, of -which there cannot -be too many -in any house.... -<span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—Unless -situated on very high ground, having a thorough -natural drainage, the earth taken from the cellar -excavations should be left on the grounds and graded -around the foundation, to insure the turning away of -all surface water. In such cases, care must be taken -to allow in the depth of the excavation for the hight -it is intended to raise the earth grades. The appended -estimate of cost is for excavating 3 feet deep. -This will furnish 202 cubic yards of earth to raise the -grades 1½ foot immediately around the house (leaving 2<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span> -feet of the foundation exposed to sight), and give a gentle -slope outwards in every direction to the distance of 40 -feet. All the outside walls are solid masonry. The -foundations are of the roughest stone, laid in good mortar, -2 feet thick. A “top floating” of hydraulic cement -mortar is used in levelling the upper surfaces, to prevent -the ground moisture from rising above that line to be -absorbed by the -main walls. The -main walls are of -rough stone and -hard burned -bricks laid in -strong mortar, 16 -inches thick. -The outside corners, -and the -jambs and heads -of the doors and -windows, are of -brick, as shown -in <a href="#figure115">fig. 115</a>. Their -use greatly facilitates -the work of -construction, and -obviates the necessity of stone-dressing. The intervening -walls are of broken stone “random dressed,” laid in -courses to conform to the quoin lines of the brick-work, -and may be done by common masons. The window and -door sills are of ordinary hammered blue-stone. All outside -interstices and joints are filled and pointed with cement -mortar. Thin strips of wood (mason’s lath will do) -are laid in between the courses on the inside, to which -the inside furring is fastened. The chimneys are built of -hard brick, and are finished above the roof with large -tops, having cross openings at the sides for each flue, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span> -close covers.—The Frame-work is very simple; the central -girders are supported by large posts on solid stone -footing. The beams are notched over the girders, with -their ends resting and anchored in the walls, and are -thoroughly bridged. The plates are anchored by bolts -that are inlaid while building the walls. The rafters are -notched over the plates with their lower ends extending -2½ feet beyond -the walls; their -centers are supported -by purlins -and collars. The -roof is covered -with dark slate. -The flooring is of -mill-worked 1½-inch plank. The interior of the stone -walls is furred off, with unobstructed spaces between the -furring to the roof, for the passing off of all dampness. -The interior finish is complete throughout. The principal -rooms have neatly-moulded architraves, other rooms -plain. The kitchen and rear hall are wainscoted. All -doors are panelled and moulded, and all windows have inside -blinds.—The plastering is three-coat work, with the -principal rooms hard-finished, balance white-slipped. -The painting, outside, is two coats with the best materials; -inside is oil-stained and flat-varnished.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">202</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, 3 ft. deep, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$40.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">224</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-work, complete, at $2.75 per perch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">616.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">running ft. blue-stone sills at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,500</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks in quoins and chimneys, complete, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">280.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,208</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 8 in. 62 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girder, 4 × 6 in. 38 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>purlins, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>purlins, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">45</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 4 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 4 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">38</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">35</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">40</td> - <td>collars, 1¼ × 5 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>valley, 3 × 8 in. 80 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 3 × 8 in. 200 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">furring strips, at 4c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Anchors to beams and plates.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">420</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">26½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slating, complete, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">238.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">25</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, piazza roof, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin, roofing and leaders, at $8 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">296</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 8 in., at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">74.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $90; piazza and stoop, $80.</td> - <td class="tdr2">170.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $5.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">220.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $18 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $9 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">306.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, 3 shelves, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">68.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finish, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">39.28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $16; painting, $60: cartage, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">91.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$2,900.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp88" id="figure111" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure111.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 111.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure112" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure112.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 112.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure113" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure113.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 113.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure114" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure114.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 114.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure115" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure115.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 115.—<span class="allsmcap">MANNER OF BUILDING CORNERS.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXVIII">DESIGN XXVIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $3,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a suburban cottage, having -a cheerful outside appearance, and containing ample -interior apartments conveniently arranged, with such -modern improvements as are desirable for the use of an -ordinary sized family.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure116">fig. 116</a>.)—The -general outlines are made up of simple parts, embracing -features of pleasing variety and elegance. The foundation -walls, showing four feet above ground, insure against -moisture from the earth, and add to the superficial dimensions -of the structure. Such high foundations for -houses of this character afford a proper background for -the grasses and shrubbery usually surrounding them. -The irregularities of the principal building, the steep, -dark-slated roofs, with their heavy projecting cornices, -truncated or hooded gables, and enriched barge-boards, -together with the stoops and bay-windows, are proportioned -and arranged to assimilate with each other, and -contribute to gracefulness and harmony.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, -(<a href="#figure117">fig. 117</a>.)—Hight, 7 feet. Seven good-sized windows -admit an abundance of light, and afford thorough ventilation.... -<span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure118">fig. 118</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, -10½ feet. The rooms are unusually large, and arranged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span> -to be pleasant, comfortable, and convenient. The front -entrance has large double doors. This hall contains the -principal stairs, which are of “platform” construction. -We prefer this form whenever the general plan allows it, -as such stairs are much easier, less dangerous, and appear -better than the usual long, straight flights. The hall -connects with -each principal -room, obviating -the too frequent -necessity -of passing -through one -room to reach -another. The -Parlor has a fire-place, adapted -to either -a grate or fire-place -heater -(we should prefer -the latter in -this case, supplied -with heating-pipes -for -warming the -chamber above,) and is provided with a marble mantle. -A large bay-window admits sufficient light, and affords a -pleasant outlook. The remaining sides of this room are -unbroken, leaving ample space for furniture, pictures, -etc. The Dining, or living-room, is intended as the -most agreeable and pleasant room in the house; it has a -fire-place with hearth openings, adapted to a “low-down” -grate, which is a good substitute for the old -home-like fire-place, and affords an opportunity for a -generous and cheerful fire, and insures the most perfect<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span> -ventilation. The ashes from these hearth fires fall into -the ash-pit below them, thus obviating the necessity and -dust of their daily removal. A marble mantle with a -large hearth, one bay and three plain windows, and a -closet, are provided for this room. The windows afford -plentiful light, and views from front, side, and rear, thus -assuring a home-like, -cheerful -apartment. The -Kitchen is pleasantly -situated, has -four windows for -light and ventilation, -and is planned -with especial -regard for convenience. -It is in -proximity with the -principal hall, rear -entry, and cellar -stairway, has a -large pantry, and -two closets, and -contains a large -fire-place, with a -range, boiler, sink, -and wash-tubs -having pipe attachments for hot and cold water. The -dimensions of the fire-place are 2 feet 10 inches wide, 5 -feet 6½ inches high, and 1 foot 9 inches deep, with a -hearth-stone 2 feet wide, and 4 feet long. The range is -fitted into the fire-place, and has a water-back, elevated -oven, and warm-closet, and is connected by pipes with -the boiler. The dumb-waiter, shown on the plan at the -right of the fire-place, is intended as a “coal-lift,” which -will save many steps and much hard labor running for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span> -coal. This is simply a box, holding three bushels (twelve -scuttles), constructed of 1¼-inch floor planks, with wood -runners 3 feet long, on two opposite sides, conforming to -grooves made in stationary planking in the cellar, and is -suspended by weights, with strong ropes, passing over -pulleys fastened -to the underside -of the floor-beams. -The -upper portions -of this closet -may be fitted -with shelving -and hooks, as -desired. The -large Kitchen -Pantry, thoroughly -shelved, -is in the “addition” -that adjoins -the kitchen, -and is built -in combination -with the rear -stoop. The entry, -conveniently -situated, communicates -between -the kitchen and dining-room, and with the back -stoop through the rear door.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure119">fig. -119</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. This story is divided in -the simplest manner, has a hall, three large chambers, -with closets for each, and a bath-room, all with sufficient -windows for light and ventilation. Each principal chamber -has an open fire-place, adapted to grates. Chimneys, -centrally situated, radiate most of their heat into the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span> -rooms, thus saving fuel. The Bath-room has a French -bath-tub, with cold and hot water, and a seat-closet. -The stairway to the attic story is ceiled in over the principal -stairs, with a door at the foot. The Attic has three -apartments, two intended to be plastered and finished as -chambers; the third, or larger one, is unfinished for an -open garret.... <span class="smcap">General Construction.</span>—The excavations -are 2½ feet -deep, and the loose -earth is graded -around the building -at completion, leaving -4 feet of the -foundation exposed -to sight. The foundation-walls -are -built as described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design XXXII.</a> -The sub-sills of the -windows, and the -steps and coping of -the area, are of blue-stone. -The chimneys -being near the -center, are not connected -with the foundation walls. The rear one is constructed -in box form, below the first floor, as a receptacle -for ashes, and has a small iron door near the bottom for -removing the ashes. The principal frame-work is of sound -pine or spruce timber, of the sizes mentioned in the estimate -below. When practicable, we would use pine timber -for all sills and posts, as the least liable to decay, and -spruce for the girts and beams, on account of its quality -for stiffness. The siding is of two thicknesses of boarding, -as described for <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design XXXII.</a> The principal roof -is constructed at the angles of 45°, securing valuable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span> -space for attic rooms, and is covered with dark slate laid -on hemlock, with tarred paper between. The roofs of -the stoops and bay-windows, and all gutters and valleys, -are of IC. charcoal tin, laid on hemlock boards. The -method of constructing the cornice, gutters, and barge -boards of the principal roof, is shown in detail in <a href="#figure120">fig. -120</a>. <i>A</i>, rafter of 3 × 4; <i>B</i>, plate of 4 × 6, placed 14 -inches above the attic floor; <i>C</i>, post of 4 × 7 timber; <i>D</i>, -gutter, having no abrupt angles to bother the tinsmith, -or impair his work, but is of circular form, and stayed -with 2-inch furring lath, on which the tin is smoothly -and easily laid. <i>E</i>, bracket constructed of 2 × 4, with -simple scroll, sawed from 4 × 6 timber. <i>F</i>, crown moulding -of 1¼ × 3¼, worked solid; <i>G</i>, barge-board with the -crown-moulding attached; this closes the ends of the -gutters to the hight of the dotted line at <i>D</i>. The stairs, -interior trimmings, and the general painting, are intended<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span> -to be similar to those described for <a href="#DESIGN_XVII">Design XVII.</a> In -the estimate appended will be found a full schedule of -the materials required to construct, and fully develope -a house by these plans. The quantities given may be relied -on as correct, and their cost is compiled from the -prices now ruling in this vicinity.—<span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">69</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$13.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18,500</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">222.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">53</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps, and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">841</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">235.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">yards stucco cornices, at 25c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,903</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">73.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 302 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plate, 4 × 6 in. 151 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">75</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">54</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">320</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing, 9½ in., at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">170</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 3c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">5.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">320</td> - <td colspan="2">siding-boards, 9½-inch, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">89.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials in outside dressing and cornices.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">161</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, principal roof, 10 in., at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slate, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">306</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9½ in., at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">85.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">stoops, complete, at $50 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-windows, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">21</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">252.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">7</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">22</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, with base and trimming, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">220.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles and 3 shelves, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">68.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">range, with elevated oven and warm closet, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing and gas pipes, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Coal-lift and shelving, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">rooms in attic, finished, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $20; bells and speaking-tubes, complete, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $240; cartage, $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">280.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Extra for incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">43.14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$3,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Should it be desirable to reduce the cost of building by -this plan, it may be done without changing the principal -outlines or arrangements, by the following deductions -and omissions, viz.:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr2"><i>Saving.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Foundations reduced in hight from 7 ft. to 6½ ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5 cellar windows, instead of 7.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Inclosing with single thickness siding.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Roof of shingles, instead of slate.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4 plain windows, instead of the 2 bays.</td> - <td class="tdr2">72.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Deduct 1 window in each: dining-room, kitchen, bath-room.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Reduce the cost of windows and doors, each $1.50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>An ordinary range, instead of one with an elevated oven.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Omit the finish in attic.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Omit plumbing and gas-pipes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Omit coal-lift, bells, and tubes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total reductions.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">649.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Making the cost</td> - <td class="tdr2">$2,350.50</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure116" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure116.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 116.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure117" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure117.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 117.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp52" id="figure118" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure118.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 118.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure119" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure119.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 119.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="figure120" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure120.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 120.—<span class="allsmcap">CORNICE, GUTTER, AND BARGE-BOARDS.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXIX">DESIGN XXIX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $3,100.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a summer residence near -Toms River, N. J. They are especially adapted to situations -where the more pleasant views are to the rear, -making it desirable to have the principal rooms on that -side of the house.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure121">fig. 121</a>.)—The Swiss-like -style is due to its bold roofs, wide projections, and -rustic details of finish, there being no attempt at architectural -display.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure122">fig. 122</a>.)—The Hall, -which is unusually large, is entered from the front porch -through double doors, contains the main stairs, and communicates -with the library, parlor, dining-room, and a -passage leading to the kitchen. A Closet is finished under -the stairs opening from the passage. The Library is -nearly square, with openings in the center of each of its -four sides, and is divided from the parlor by large folding-doors. -The Parlor is of good dimensions, has large -windows opening to the floor, and leading to the piazza.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span> -The Piazza is 12 feet wide, affording shade and ample -protection from storms, and may be used in pleasant -weather to enlarge the capacity of the parlor. The Dining-room -is entered from the main hall, and communicates -through the pantry with the kitchen. The Kitchen -has windows front and rear, giving a good circulation of -air, and is furnished with a range, boiler, sink, and -pump, connected with the necessary piping, with supply -from the cistern. Private stairways lead to the second -story, and to the -cellar; the necessary -pantries -are provided. -The one-story -Addition is divided -into three -parts, making a -work-room or -shed, inclosing -the well, a servant’s -bed-room, -and a store-pantry.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure123">fig. 123</a>.)—This story contains a -hall, five good-sized chambers, seven closets, and a bath-room. -The hall has nine doors leading to the several -apartments, two stair landings, and a window, while it -occupies but little space. The Bath-room has a bath-tub, -seat-closet, and pipes for cold and hot water.... -<span class="smcap">Attic</span>, (<a href="#figure124">fig. 124</a>.)—A hall and two chambers are finished -in this story. The stairs leading to it are inclosed, and -have a door at the foot. The hall is lighted by a dormer -window in one end. At the opposite end a door leads to -the space under the wing-roof, where the tank is placed, -immediately above the bath-room.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -hight of the cellar is 6½ feet, of the first story 10½ -feet, of the second story 8 feet, of the attic 7 feet. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]</span> -foundations are of brick-work, and show two feet above -the final grades. The chimneys are of brick-work, and -have six open fire-places, with hearths to each, adapted -to the use of either wood or coal fuel. The plastering is -“hard-finish” on two coats of brown mortar. Stucco -cornices and centers, of simple design, are put in the first -story of the main house. Marble shelves with stucco -truss-supports are put above each fire-place. A well and -cistern are included in the estimate. The depth of the -former is put at -30 feet, as the -average. To -avoid the danger -of the caving -in of the -sides while digging, -it is best -to make the excavation -4½ ft. -<i>square</i> (not circular, -as is usually -really done.) Rough planks, 4½ feet long, with their -ends notched half way across, are slid in to lock with -each other closely against the banks, as the excavation -proceeds, making this part of the work perfectly safe in -any kind of earth. The depth of the well should be sufficient -to secure at least four feet of spring water. Of -course it would be impracticable to lay the brick-work -under water that depth, and therefore a circular curb 3 -feet 3 inches in diameter, and 6 feet long (inside measure) -must be made of ordinary boards, with an interior -4-inch timber rim at the bottom, and let down into the -well as soon as water is reached. The <i>rim</i> forms the -foundation of the brick-work. After laying a few courses -around, say to the hight of one or two feet, their added -weight will force them (curb and all) downwards under<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span> -the water as fast as the depth is increased. The clear -inside diameter, when finished, is 2 feet 10 inches; the -top courses of brick, to the depth of 3 feet, should be -laid in cement mortar; all others laid “dry.” The Cistern -is constructed entirely of brick and cement mortar, -in the earth; 7 feet across, and 8 feet deep in the clear. -The frame of the house is of spruce timber, siding of -clear pine, beveled clapboards, laid on sheathing-felt. -Roofing of cedar shingles, laid “three thick” on spruce -lath. The cornices have projections of two inches for -each foot of their -hight from the -ground, which is -appropriate for -buildings of this -character, and is -double that of the -usual styles. -These projections -are ceiled -underneath with -tongued and -grooved boards, and bracketed with chamfered timber -trusses. Openings are made through the gable cornices -to allow for the escape of heated air from under the roof. -The flooring is of 9-inch tongued and grooved spruce -plank. All windows above the cellar have 1½-inch sash, -and outside blinds. Doors are panelled and moulded. -The inside trimmings are quite plain, single moulded, -with bold members. The upper frame-work of the piazza -is left exposed on the underside, and is neatly dressed and -chamfered. The first-story stairs are strongly constructed -of pine, with newel, rail, and balusters of black walnut.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">93</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$18.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. digging well, at $1 per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">19,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks (cellar foundation, chimneys, cistern, and well,) furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">228.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">barrels cement, at $2.50 per barrel.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,200</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">336.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,974</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">89.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">45</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">35</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 313 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 313 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">61</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girts, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">700</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">77.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">clapboards, at 14c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">350</td> - <td colspan="2">shingling-lath, at 6c., $21; 9,650 shingles, at 2c., $193.</td> - <td class="tdr2">214.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters, valleys, and leaders, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,500</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. dressed lumber in cornices, at 4c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">513</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, at 27c., $138.51; 30 windows, at $12, $360.</td> - <td class="tdr2">498.51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. felt, at 5c., $12.50; 35 doors, at $10, $350.</td> - <td class="tdr2">362.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">marble shelves, at $6, $30; stairs, $100.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closet finished, $50; well-curb, $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, $280; nails, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carting, average 1 mile, $40; painting, $230.</td> - <td class="tdr2">270.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, $250; incidentals, $78.78.</td> - <td class="tdr2">328.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$3,100.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure121" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure121.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 121.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure122" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure122.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 122.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure123" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure123.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 123.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure124" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure124.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 124.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF ATTIC.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXX">DESIGN XXX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FRAME AND BRICK FARM-HOUSE COSTING $3,300.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These designs represent a farm-house having an air of -substantial comfort and refinement, and affording ample -space and convenience for a large family.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, -(<a href="#figure125">fig. 125</a>.)—This style admits of the simplest and most -economical finish, is susceptible of almost any degree of -irregularity, and is therefore suitable for the greater -number of rural buildings. The indestructible covering -of the side-walls and roofs has the merit and appearance -of permanency.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure126">fig. 126</a>.)—The central division -is 7 feet high, has five windows, and outside door, -and a stairway leading up to the kitchen. The girders -under the first floor beams are supported on large posts, -standing on firmly-imbedded flat stones.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure127">fig. 127</a>.)—Hight of the ceilings, 11 feet in main house, -and 9 feet in the one-story wings at the side and rear. -The parlor, sitting-rooms, kitchen, and front hall, are in -the main house. The rear wing contains a summer -kitchen, bath-room, and a large kitchen pantry. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span> -side wing is divided into a bed-room, clothes-press, and -pantry. The Parlor, Sitting-room, and Bed-room face -the front. The Kitchen is the largest apartment, and is -arranged to be used as the Living-room. It has windows -in each end, an outside door leading to a pleasant veranda, -is in direct communication with the front hall, sitting-room, -summer kitchen, two pantries, and the cellar -stairs. The Summer Kitchen, intended to relieve the -larger room of the heavier work, is furnished with a -range, boiler, sink, pump, and wash-tubs, and has an -outside door. The Bath-room is situated at the side of -the summer kitchen, and contains a bath-tub and a seat-closet. -A tank 3 × 3 × 6 feet, is placed between the -ceiling and roof of this wing, and arranged to receive -rain-water from the main roof. A force-pump is set near -the iron sink, and arranged to supply water from the cistern -to the tank, when the rain supply is exhausted. It -will be observed that all the plumbing apparatus is placed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span> -in close proximity, thus insuring economy in the cost of -their introduction, and also that their location prevents -any serious injury that might arise from a chance bursting, -or through carelessness. No windows are shown at -the rear of the summer kitchen, or bath-room, this space -being reserved for any additions that may be desired for -fuel, etc.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure128">fig. 128</a>.)—Hight of ceilings, -9 feet. -There are five -chambers, a -hall, and two -closets in this -story. Each -chamber is of -good dimensions, -well -lighted (twelve -windows in -this story,) and -may be warmed -if required, -either by stoves -placed in them -or through -pipes inserted in the flues for the introduction of hot air -from heaters in the first story, as described for <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design -XXXII.</a>... <span class="smcap">Attic.</span>—A flight of stairs, located above -those of the first story, and inclosed with narrow ceiling, -with a door at the foot, leads to the garret or attic. This -story is thoroughly timbered and floored, but otherwise -unfinished.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The foundation walls -are of broken stone, laid in good mortar, 18 inches thick, -and show 2 feet above the final grade of the surrounding -earth. The materials of the frame are indicated in the -estimate below, and are framed together, and raised in -the usual manner, except that the sills are placed 4 inches<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span> -back from the face of the foundation, to provide a footing -for the water-table and brick inclosing. The <i>inside</i> -of the exterior -frame is roughly -ceiled around -with hemlock -boards, which -are thoroughly -nailed to the -studding, bringing -them “into -line,” and making -them firm. -The method of -inclosing the -sides of the -building is -shown in <a href="#figure129">fig. -129</a>. <i>A</i> is the -foundation; <i>B</i> the water-table; <i>C</i> the brick wall; <i>D</i>, -inside boarding; -<i>E</i>, <i>E</i>, <i>E</i>, timber of -the frame. The -water-table, of -dressed stone, is -laid on the foundation -in cement -mortar. The -brick are laid in -“stretchers,” in -good lime and -sand-mortar, -with close joints. -Anchor nails (<a href="#figure130">fig. -130</a>) are driven -in each stud in contact with the upper surfaces of every<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span> -fifth course of brick, as shown in the sketch. The window -sills are of smoothly dressed stone, set in the regular -manner. The window and door frames are made as for -8-inch brick-work. The heads are arched over with -brick projecting half an inch beyond -the face of the walls, forming a coping -to the windows. The anchor -nails are made of ordinary galvanized -⅛-inch fence-wire; 6 inches -long is required for each nail, 1 inch of both ends being -bent at a right angle, and one end is flattened to be easily -driven into the studding, and the opposite end is imbedded -in the joints of the brick-work. These nails are best -applied by a carpenter employed to accompany the masons -in their work. This mode of building exterior walls may -be new to many -persons, but it -has been demonstrated -and -proved to be thoroughly -practical, -and for many -reasons preferable -to the usual -“solid brick” -wall; it is less -expensive, does -not retain moisture, -requires no “furring off,” or “filling in,” and attachments -of cornices, stoops, or balconies, are easily made to -connect with the inside frame work.... The main and -wing roofs are covered with dark 8 × 16-inch slate, laid -7 inches to the weather. Mason’s lath are put on the -inside boarding in a vertical manner, 16 inches apart, -and the interior of the two full stories is lathed, plastered, -and otherwise fully completed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate of Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">157</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, 4 feet deep, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$31.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">60</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone foundation, at $2.75 per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">165.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">44</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and cellar window-sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">13.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">278</td> - <td colspan="2">feet dressed stone-sills and water-table, at 75c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">208.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">31,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">372.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">925</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">259.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stucco cornices.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,707</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Sills 4 × 8 in. 252 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 6 in. 252 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 324 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Girders, 4 × 8 in. 46 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">21</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 3 × 7 in. 122 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 3 × 5 in. 70 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">600</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, for sheathing and roofing, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials, $70; 21 squares slate, at $9, $189.</td> - <td class="tdr2">259.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">436</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. tinning, gutters, and leaders, at 8c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">34.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring, 9-inch spruce, at 26c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $90; piazzas, $130.</td> - <td class="tdr2">220.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">33</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, above cellar, complete, at $10.</td> - <td class="tdr2">330.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">25</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, at $10, $250; range and plumbing, $250.</td> - <td class="tdr2">500.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">mantles, $75; closet finish, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $113.66; cartage, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">143.66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$3,300.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure125" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure125.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 125.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure126" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure126.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 126.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure127" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure127.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 127.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure128" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure128.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 128.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure129" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure129.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 129.—<span class="allsmcap">MANNER OF BUILDING.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure130" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure130.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 130.—<span class="allsmcap">ANCHOR NAIL.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXI">DESIGN XXXI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $3,700.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The plans here given are somewhat peculiar in arrangement, -intended for a compact and economical residence -or parsonage, containing thirteen rooms, ample halls, -eleven closets, large cellar, heater, range, cold and hot -water, and, in fact, all the necessary modern improvements -suitable for the uses of a good-sized family.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior.</span>—The general outline is nearly square, 26 × 30 -feet, affording the most simple and economical form of -construction, and embraces a much better opportunity -for the most desirable distribution of rooms. The porch, -bay-window, and lobby, provide projections that serve to -break up and relieve the monotony usually observed in -square buildings. Three elevations (<a href="#figure131">figs. 131, 132, 133</a>,)<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span> -are given, from which choice can be made, according to -the situation of the building.... <span class="smcap">Interior.</span>—It will be -observed that the arrangements of the interior partake -very much of the character of a “double house,” particularly -in the upper stories.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure134">fig. 134</a>.)—The -Cellar extends under the whole house, and contains the -heater and bins for coal, etc. The Heater (“portable”) -is arranged to provide warm air to each room in -the two principal stories, except the kitchen.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure135">fig. 135</a>.)—The Entrance, or Reception Hall, -is large, and contains the principal stairway of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span> -house, so arranged that the quarter-circle is about midway -of their hight, placing the niche down, where -it adds greatly to the good appearance of the hall. The -principal rooms, Parlor and Dining-room, where it is -usual for the family to congregate, are large and accessible. -Each has a large bay-window, adding to its area,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span> -and supplying a pleasant outlook. The Kitchen adjoins -the dining-room and the rear entrance, or lobby, and has -direct communication with the cellar-stairway through a -door. It is provided with a range, boiler, sink, pump, -and wash-tubs, complete. The Lobby, or rear entrance, -is arranged to connect by doors with the dining-room, -kitchen, and private stairway leading to the second floor.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure136">fig. 136</a>.)—The method of erecting -the stairs make them “land” nearly in the center of the -second story. Very little space is required for the second-story -hall, leaving almost this entire floor to be “laid -off” in rooms. These rooms may all be used as chambers,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span> -or either of them may be used as a study. Doubtless -the room directly above the front entrance would be -best adapted for that purpose. The door leading to this -room should have ground-glass upper panels to supply -light to the hall of this story.... <span class="smcap">Attic</span>, (<a href="#figure137">fig. 137</a>.)—The -Attic story is reached by the stairway shown at the front -end of the second-story hall, which has a door at the foot -of them to shut off all communication at pleasure. This -story is divided into four rooms, four closets, and hall. -The Hall is lighted through an opening, or skylight, in -the roof, which also serves as a ventilator. The School, -or Play-room, is put in this part of the house, where -noise is less likely to disturb the older members of the -household. A Work-shop, having ample space for a -work-bench, wood-lathe, and other tools, is provided for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span> -in our plan on the third floor.... The estimate appended -indicates the general character of the work to be good -and substantial. Provision is made for brick foundations, -a regular timber frame, double siding, slate and -tin roofs, outside blinds, panelled doors, simple and appropriate -trimmings throughout, with marble mantles -and stucco cornices in the principal rooms of the first -story. The figures set down for the cost of windows, -bays, porch, lobby, and doors, include materials and labor. -The figures for carpenters’ labor are for the balance -of such work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> for house with Mansard roof:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">75</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">156.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">48</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills, steps, and coping, at 40c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">yards three-coat plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">280.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stucco cornices, with centers.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,181</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>girt, 4 × 8 in. 38 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>ties, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>plates, 4 × 6 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>deck plates, 3 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">66</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">66</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joists, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 22c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft., at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">483</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing for sides and roofs, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred felt, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">381</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding, 6-inch, at 30c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">114.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">112</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. main cornice, at 60c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">67.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slate, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin, at 10c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">125.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">64.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">144.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">160.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-windows, complete, at $60 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">porch, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">lobby, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">390</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved flooring, complete, at 28c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">109.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">46</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $10 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">460.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td colspan="2">closets, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, complete, at $25 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">heater, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Gas-pipes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing, including range, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">188.93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Extras for hardware, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenters’ labor.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total amount.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$3,700.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure131" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure131.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 131.—<span class="allsmcap">MANSARD ROOF.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp57" id="figure132" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure132.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 132.—<span class="allsmcap">POINTED ROOF.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure133" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure133.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 133.—<span class="allsmcap">COTTAGE ROOF.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure134" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure134.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 134.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp52" id="figure135" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure135.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 135.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="figure136" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure136.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 136.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp67" id="figure137" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure137.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 137.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF ATTIC.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXII">DESIGN XXXII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $4,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan of a large house provides ample and conveniently-arranged -apartments, containing the most requisite -of modern improvements, suitable to the requirements -of a good-sized family. The general outline of the -ground plan is nearly square—30 × 36 feet—securing the -greatest economy in expense of construction, and embracing -a liberal provision for comfort, and a suitable regard<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span> -for appearances, without sacrificing one for the other. -There is always a certain boldness in the exterior, or <i>elevation</i>, -of a square double front, which no other style<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span> -affords, expressive of substantial dignity. The two Bay-windows -and Porch are united in construction, the porch -having its ends partly sheltered by the projecting bay-windows, -is a pleasant feature. The second story, attic, -and cupola windows, have circular heads, with heavy -dressing. The main Cornice is heavily trussed; the Cupola -is large and roomy, and all are proportioned to make -this house worthy of almost any situation.... The <span class="smcap">Cellar</span> -extends under -the whole -house, with walls -of hard brick and -mortar 8 inches -thick, and 7 feet -high, and should -extend 1½ inches -outside of the -frame-work of -the house, so as -to be “flush” -with the sheathing. -The cross-walls, -as shown -on the plan, are -of the same materials; all such walls should have “heading-courses” -every 20 inches, and if in sandy bottom, a -suitable bedding should be provided, as described for -<a href="#DESIGN_XII">Design XII.</a>, which will insure a perfectly safe and satisfactory -foundation. The <span class="smcap">Area</span> walls should be made of -hard brick, with stone coping and steps, laid in cement -mortar. All chimneys should be started and laid up with -the foundation, and the materials interlaced to bind them -together; this will insure additional strength to both -foundation and chimney. We recommend plastering, or -“laying off” the ceiling of the cellar, with one coat of -brown mortar, at a cost of $25, which would be a permanent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span> -benefit to the whole house, in preventing the damp -cellar air from rising up through the floors and frame-work -of the house. Such air is almost sure to be vitiated -by decaying vegetable matter, and is the undoubted -source of much disease. Another advantage derived from -such plastering is the shutting out of rats and mice from -the frame-work of the house, and lastly, it affords an -opportunity of purifying and sweetening the cellar easily -by (the simplest of all means) a coat of white-wash.... -The materials used in the Frame are indicated in the estimate -appended below. Sills should be framed for each -cross and outside -wall, so as -to secure equal -bearings, and -allow for even -shrinkages; -and when put -in position, -they should be -bedded in mortar, -to prevent -any inequalities in the bearings of the frame-work, to -strengthen the foundation, and also to effectually shut -out cold air from getting between the cellar ceiling and -the first floor. All beams and studding are placed 16 -inches from centers. The first tier of beams should be -framed into the sills, and their tenons wedged from the -outside, to “draw them home.” They should also bear -upon the wall equally with the sill. All beams having a -span of 12 feet and over, should have at least one row of -cross-bridging of 1¼ × 3-inch “fencing.” The second and -third story beams are notched over the ties, and spiked -fast. The cupola posts rest directly on the center girts, -and the principal roof-timbers are framed and secured to -these posts. In this frame there need be no tendency to self-destruction,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span> -so common in large buildings, such as oblique -or outward thrusts, or irregularity of bearings, but a perfect -“repose” is secured to every piece of timber in the -house.... The <span class="smcap">Bay-window</span> frame-work (see <a href="#figure140">fig. 140</a>) is -1 inch less in depth than the principal sills of the house, -to allow for the thickness of the boarding beneath them, -so that the water-table, when put around the house may -be in line. The -distances given -on the diagram -of the bay frame -may be relied -upon as correct. -“Bay-windows -are apt to be -cold,” is often -said, but a sure -preventive of -such “cold” is -easily secured by -filling in between -the beams and -panels with dry -sand, which will -make them as -tight as any other -part of a house.—The -<i>character</i> and <i>quality</i> of a house depends greatly -upon the material and manner of <span class="allsmcap">SIDING</span>. In our estimate -we have provided for mill-worked sheathing, which -should be put on diagonally, and thoroughly nailed to -the frame, which will serve the double purpose of securing -more warmth and strength than any “filling in” -of brick, and is less expensive. A strip of the same -thickness as the sheathing, and 2 inches wide, should be -first nailed to the sill, close down to the masonry, to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span> -the air from entering the joints of the sheathing, -and following them upwards into the house. Tarred -paper is next stretched over the sheathing, when the window-frames, -water-table, and corner-boards should be set, -and lastly, the novelty-siding put on, and double-nailed -to each stud. The Windows are arranged for each sash -to be hung, and all to have blinds. All windows above -the first story have “circular heads,” with caps turned of -4-inch timber. The Keys shown on the elevation are -sawed out at the -back, so as to fit -over the caps -(not cut through -them). This is -much simpler, -more ornamental, -and does not -impair or affect -the solid head.—The -roof projects -27 inches beyond -the frame of the -building, and is -covered with IC. charcoal tin, laid and soldered in the -best manner, on sound hemlock boards. The gutters of the -main house are made as described for <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a>... The -<span class="smcap">First Story</span> plan (<a href="#figure141">fig. 141</a>) shows the general division of -four rooms and three halls. The Entrance Hall, or Reception -Room, is 7 × 12 feet. The Stairway Hall is also -7 × 12 feet. The Rear Hall is 7 × 7 feet. These halls are -divided from each other by sash doors. The entrance -hall is divided from the parlor and dining-room by large -<i>double</i> doors. The advantages of dividing the halls in -the manner shown will be obvious to any one when they -consider how cold, windy, and cheerless most halls are. -By this arrangement all drafts are prevented, either when<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span> -opening the entrance door, or when passing from one -room to another. The inside double doors may be swung -open altogether, throwing the principal rooms of the -lower floor into one spacious apartment, if occasion should -require, for a large company, without altering to any -material degree the temperature of these rooms. The -stairway hall contains the principal stairs, which are of -the easiest “platform” construction, so arranged that a -more private stairway is entirely unnecessary. The rear -hall is the common hall of the house, and is easily -reached from every part. The Parlor is the largest room, -has a bay-window, marble mantle, and fire-place heater, -and is separated from the library by sliding doors. The -Dining-room has also a bay-window, marble mantle, and -fire-place heater, and is intended as the Living-room. It -is conveniently connected with the kitchen, stairway hall, -entrance hall, and has a good pantry (<i>c</i>). The Kitchen -is separated from the dining-room by a single door, and -in close proximity to the rear entrance and cellar stairway -doors. It contains one large closet, range with elevated -oven, warm-closet, and water-back, boiler, sink, and -wash-tubs. The Kitchen should be wainscoted 3 feet -high, with ⅝ × 3-inch ceiling-boards. The clock and -lamp-shelf should be put between the closet and hall -doors, and not over the range. The advantage of having -the kitchen on the same floor with the dining-room must -be apparent to every one.... The <span class="smcap">Second Story</span> plan (<a href="#figure142">fig. -142</a>) is divided into four large chambers, a child’s bedroom, -a bath-room, five closets, with a good-sized hall. -The two Front Chambers are heated by hot air from the -“fire-place” heaters of the first story, so that they are always -comfortable in the coldest weather. For many reasons -we prefer the fire-place heaters over any other. They -take little room, are cheerful in appearance, easy of management, -and economical, requiring attention but twice -in twenty-four hours, if hard coal is used. Each heater<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span> -will keep two ordinary sized rooms comfortable in winter, -and are not unsightly in summer. Like any other device -for heating, the perfect and satisfactory results depend -altogether on the manner of setting them. In no case -should a heater be expected to develop its full power -when placed in a fire-place in so close proximity with the -brick as to allow the hot air to strike against and be absorbed -by them. The heater should be enclosed in a -jacket of sheet-iron, having an 8-inch opening, and a -collar at the top. Attached to the collar, and “built -in” the chimney, should be an 8-inch tin pipe, connecting -with the register-box in the second story. Above -this box this flue should be entirely closed. The smoke-pipe -should be 4-inch, and pass up through the 8-inch -tin pipe to the register-box, where an elbow should be -put on, turning the smoke into the side flue adjoining. -The side flue should have no other side openings. The -Bath-room has bath-tub, seat-closet, wash-basin, with -cold and hot water faucets. Each chamber to the right -of the hall to have wash-basins. These Chambers have -marble mantle shelves, resting on plaster trusses, at an -expense of $6 each, which answer the purpose that a $20 -mantle would, and are really more cheerful and appropriate -for such rooms.... The Attic is reached by the enclosed -stairway, and is arranged so that two or four bedrooms -may be “finished off” as required. The Tank is -placed on the floor over the bath-rooms, and is supplied -partly from the roof, and partly by the force-pump in the -kitchen. All the remaining space in the attic may be -used for storage, etc.... The Cupola-room is 7 × 7 feet, -reached by a light stairway. The head-room is made to -subserve the purpose of a stand or table, so that really -very little room is taken away by the stairs.... Very few -people have any definite idea of the expense of the separate -items that are comprehended under the head of -Plumbers’ Work. The following estimate in detail of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span> -plumbing, required in this house, gives facts and figures -enough to enable any one to decide just how much -plumbing can be done for any given sum, viz.:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Sheet-lead, 3½ lbs. to square ft., for tank, 2 × 4 × 6 ft., with stop-cock.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$21.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bath-tub, 10 oz., $15; plated flange and thimble-cock, $6; plated plug and chain.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pan-closet, $12.25; plated cup and pull, $1.50; French bowl, $2.20; trap, 4 in., $3.75.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3 wash-basins, $1.70 each; marble slabs, $5 each; plug, stud, and chain, $1.50 each; 2 cocks, trap, screw, plug, $3 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1 iron sink, 18 × 24 inches, $2; 2 cocks, $3.50; trap and screw, $1.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>35-gallon copper boiler, $27; with stand, $2.</td> - <td class="tdr2">29.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Force-pump, with brass cylinder.</td> - <td class="tdr2">17.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>20 ft. 4-in. iron soil-pipe, at 50c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>372 lbs. supply and circulation pipe, at 8½c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">31.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>125 lbs. waste-pipe, at 8½c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Solder, tacks, and charcoal for this job.</td> - <td class="tdr2">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5 days’ time, plumber and helper, $6 per day.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total amount of cost.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$237.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10 per cent added by plumbers in estimating<!-- Some things never change -->.</td> - <td class="tdr2">23.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total Plumber’s charges for the job.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$261.30</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>To the bill for plumbing we add the cost of:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td><i>Range</i>, with elevated oven, warm-closet, water-back, set complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Heaters</i>, 2 “fire-place,” with registers and heating pipes, $45 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">90.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cost.</span>—Estimate of cost of building by this plan. It -will be noticed that the prices given for bay-windows, -porch, lobby, stairs, windows, cupola, and doors, include -materials and labor complete, and that the amount of -carpenters’ work is for the balance of such labor required -on the job:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">288.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">950</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, 3-coat, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">266.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,578</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">98.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 24 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 390 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>cupola posts, 4 × 6 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 6 in. 132 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">60</td> - <td>beams, 2 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>valleys, 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 5 in. 17 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">22.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">44.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">320</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing, ⅞ × 10 in. 13 ft. long, at 25c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">200</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">320</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty siding-boards, 9½ inch, at 38c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">121.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">195</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock roof boards, at 22c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">42.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">240</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved flooring, at 35c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">84.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">168</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. cornice, at 70c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">117.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">17½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $10 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">175.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">190</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. gutters and leaders, at 10c. per foot.</td> - <td class="tdr2">19.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cupola, complete, except tin (included above).</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-windows, complete, at $75 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">porch, complete, $75; lobby, complete, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">125.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, complete, $100; 17 windows, complete, $15.</td> - <td class="tdr2">355.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">408.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, at $30 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">marble shelves, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">24.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - <td colspan="2">kegs nails, at $5 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, average 1 mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">56.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Shelving, base, bell-hanging, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr2">73.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor.</td> - <td class="tdr2">360.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing, as detailed above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">261.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range, $80; Incidentals, $162.83; 2 heaters, at $45, $90.</td> - <td class="tdr2">296.33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost of house.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$4,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure138" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure138.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 138.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure139" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure139.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 139.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure140" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure140.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 140.—<span class="allsmcap">FRAMING OF BAY-WINDOW.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure141" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure141.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 141.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure142" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure142.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 142.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXIII">DESIGN XXXIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A BRICK HOUSE COSTING $4,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plan was designed for the residence of Dr. Samuel -McClure, of Olney, Ill. The style and general characteristics -are significant of elegance and comfort, and suggest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span> -its adaptation to suburban, rather than the more rural -situations.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure143">fig. 143</a>.)—There is a peculiar -compactness in the outlines of the principal building, -while the piazza and tower contribute largely to the symmetry -and gracefulness of the entire structure. The -general details of the exterior are quite simple in themselves, -and are so proportioned and arranged as to adapt -them to each other with artistic effect, and to produce -marked features of unity and completeness.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure144">fig. 144</a>.)—Hight of ceiling, 11 feet. The general -divisions and arrangements are simple and practical. -The principal entrance from the piazza is through outside -and vestibule doors. The outside doors are made in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span> -pairs, with solid panels heavily moulded on the face. -The vestibule doors are of similar construction, except -that their upper panels are of glass. There is a seeming -extravagance in such “vestibules,” or duplication of -doors, at the entrance of any dwelling, and they may be -regarded as a luxury rather than a necessity, and would -be superfluous and inappropriate in the ordinary cottage -or farm-house; but in residences of this character, where -there is abundant space, such vestibules are manifestly -proper, adding a feature of elaborateness, and providing -for many contingencies of times and seasons. The outside, -or storm-doors, afford protection against extreme -cold and severe storms, and furnish additional security. -The vestibule, or “glass” doors, admit an abundance of -cheerful light to the hall. The Main Hall is roomy, and -contains the principal stairs, which are of platform construction, -are wide, and have hard-wood rail, balusters, -and newel. The Parlor and Dining-room adjoin the hall -through large double doors. The parlor and bed-room -are separated by sliding doors. The Bed-room has doors<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span> -leading to the principal hall and to the bath-room, which -has a wash-basin and water-closet. The Kitchen is supplied -with a range, with elevated oven and a water-back; -a 30-gallon copper boiler, a sink with closet underneath, -a pump, and stationary wash-tubs in three divisions, and -it connects through doors with the dining-room, rear -lobby, cellar-stairway, a large pantry, and a dish-closet. -The Rear Lobby is arranged to connect with the rear -entrance, kitchen, bath-room, and principal hall. The -Bath-room contains a tank, with a capacity for four hogsheads -of water (placed near the ceiling), bath-tub, washstand, -and seat-closet. Lead pipes necessary for the -supply and distribution of cold and hot water, are provided -in the kitchen and bath-room. Marble mantles -are provided for the principal rooms of this story, at an -average cost of $25 each. Double architraves are intended -for the trimmings of the windows and doors in the -principal apartments, and neat chair-backs are provided<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span> -for the dining-room and kitchen.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span> -(<a href="#figure145">fig. 145</a>.)—By the peculiar method of constructing the -roof and frame-work, it will be found that the inside -walls of this story are vertical or plumb, instead of angling -as in the usual Mansard roof. The ceiling is 9 feet -high. This story has a hall, four large and one small -rooms, five closets, and a stairway to the tower. Each of -the four large chambers have marble shelves resting on -plaster trusses, as described in <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design XXXII.</a> Single -architraves are intended for the trimming of this story.... -<span class="smcap">Construction</span> of the Walls and Roof.—The excavations -are made 1½ foot deep, and the earth thrown -out is used in grading -around the -house at completion, -raising the -surrounding surface -1 foot. The -foundation and -cross-walls -(<a href="#figure146">fig. 146</a>) are 6½ -feet high. The principal walls resting on the foundation -are 14 feet 3 inches high, and the walls of the tower extend -11 feet 6 inches above the principal walls. The -walls inclosing the wing in the rear are 10 feet high; all -of hard burned brick and good mortar. The exterior -walls of the foundation are 12 inches thick, and all -other walls are 8 inches thick, and have heading courses -every 2 feet. The bottom courses of the exterior -foundation, to the hight of 2½ feet, are laid in mortar -composed of hydraulic cement and sharp sand, to prevent -the absorption of dampness from the earth; all other -mortar is composed of lime and sand. All exterior surfaces -of brick-work that are exposed to view have “flush-joints,” -and those intended for painting should be -rubbed smooth. All windows for the cellar and first<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span> -story have sills of dressed stone, and have heads neatly -arched of brick-work. The window-caps for the first -story windows are laid of brick, as shown in sketch, -(<a href="#figure147">fig. 147</a>). These caps are easily executed while constructing -the walls, and are quite ornamental; the figures on -the sketch denote the distances or projections of the several -parts beyond the face of the wall.... Plates of 3 × 8 -timber are laid flatwise on top of the brick walls, and the -upper or roof framework is added -as shown in section, (<a href="#figure148">fig. 148</a>): <i>A</i>, -foundation, 12 inches thick; <i>B</i>, -principal wall, 8 inches thick; <i>C</i>, <i>C</i>, -tower walls; <i>D</i>, <i>D</i>, tower posts, 4 × 6 -inches, adjoining the upper portion -of tower walls, and forming a part -of the tower; <i>E</i>, <i>E</i>, principal plates, -3 × 8 laid on brick work; <i>F</i>, tie, 3 × 8, -resting on 2 × 4 studding, placed -inside the wall, and nailed to the -principal plates; <i>G</i>, <i>G</i>, rafters sawed -to pattern, the lower end projects -one inch beyond the face of the -wall. <i>H</i>, ceiling timbers resting on -the ties. The remaining framework -will be readily understood. The -roofs are inclosed with rough hemlock -boards of even thickness, and -thoroughly nailed to the rafters—and -lastly covered with IC. charcoal tin. The method -of laying the tin on the upright or Mansard part of the -roof, is known in the trade as the “raised groove” plan, -in which all the vertical joints of the tin are raised and -folded, leaving an elevated seam or ridge, which stiffens -the general surface, and adds to the picturesqueness of -this form of roof, without increasing its cost. The balance -of the tinning is laid with the ordinary lock-joint<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span> -and soldered. <i>Gas pipes</i> are inserted in the framework -so as to be concealed, except where they appear for attachments -for 4 ceiling lights, and 4 side lights in the first -story; for 8 side lights in the second story; for 1 ceiling -light in the tower, and for 1 side light in the cellar. -Ample opportunities for a thorough <i>Ventilation</i> are provided -for in this plan. It will be seen that the four large -rooms have windows in two of their sides, affording the -most certain and satisfactory means of ventilation known.—Flues -are also provided adjoining each room in which -registers are put, for use in the more severe weather. -Provision is made for the escape of the air from between -the ceiling of the second story and the roof.—Five strong -tin 4-inch tubes, with funnel covers, are inserted in the -deck of the principal roof; four of them are placed 3 feet -behind the chimneys, and one near the rear, connecting -with a flattened tube leading directly from the bath-room.... -The following <span class="allsmcap">ESTIMATE</span> of the quantities of materials -and labor, of their several kinds, and their cost, embraces -everything necessary to the completion of the house, excepting -the appliances for heating, which may consist of -a furnace, fire-place heaters, or open grates, as shall be -best adapted to the location. In this vicinity, where -hard coal is the chief fuel, we would suggest a furnace, -placed in the cellar, with large pipes arranged to convey -warm air to the different parts of the house. In localities -where bituminous coal is used, the open grate gives good -results, and is exceedingly cheerful in appearance. There -are ranges and parlor stoves constructed to burn soft coal -successfully, and it is undoubtedly possible that heating -furnaces may be adapted to the use of the same fuel.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate of Cost</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">80</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">60,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, complete, at $10 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">600.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">120</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone sills and coping, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">36.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering principal, complete, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">280.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">120</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering ceiling of cellar, complete, at 15c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">18.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4,763</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">71.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">68</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 7 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>girts, 4 × 6 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>brace, 3 × 5 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 6 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>deck tie, 3 × 8 in. 138 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>deck plate, 3 × 6 in. 188 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>main plate, 3 × 8 in. 139 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tower plate, 3 × 8 in. 34 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>tower posts, 4 × 6 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>piazza, 3 × 7 in. 220 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">100</td> - <td colspan="2">rough plank rafters, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">360</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, 2 × 4 in., 12 ft., at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">39.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">308</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards, 10 in. × 13 ft., at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">55.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">250</td> - <td colspan="2">mill-worked flooring boards, 9-in., at 30c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">130</td> - <td colspan="2">furring strips, 1 × 2 in., 13 ft., at 5c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">6.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">31</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin, at $8.50 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">263.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, 1st story and tower, complete, at $16 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">256.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $8 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">260.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornices, principal and deck.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza stoop and wing finish (except tin), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Finial on tower.</td> - <td class="tdr2">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $100.00; 38 doors, at $10 each, complete, $380.</td> - <td class="tdr2">480.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Finish in closets.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Mantels and shelves (of marble).</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range (with elevated oven and water back).</td> - <td class="tdr2">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing and gas-pipes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">220.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails and anchors.</td> - <td class="tdr2">27.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $200; Cartage, $30.</td> - <td class="tdr2">230.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor not included in the completed works.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">51.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$4,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure143" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure143.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 143.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure144" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure144.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 144.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure145" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure145.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 145.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure146" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure146.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 146.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure147" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure147.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 147.—<span class="allsmcap">WINDOW-CAPS.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp33" id="figure148" style="max-width: 14.0625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure148.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 148.—<span class="allsmcap">SECTION OF FRAME.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="figure149" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure149.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 149.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF COUNTRY RESIDENCE.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXIV">DESIGN XXXIV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">COUNTRY RESIDENCE COSTING $4,750.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>On the next page is a perspective view of a residence -built for Dr. B. Clark, of Washington, Pa., from special -designs made by me in 1876. The style and general arrangements -are similar to the one built for Dr. McClure, -last described, with the addition of a side extension or -office, and the completion of rooms in the basement for -laundry purposes, and a laboratory. This Building is -substantially constructed, and tastefully finished throughout. -The hight of the ceilings in the first story are -12 feet, in the second 10 feet, and for the basement 8 -feet. It has two heaters, four open grates, a range, -complete apparatus in bath rooms, and distributing pipes -for cold and hot water. The principal rooms are frescoed, -all others are kalsomined. A Reservoir constructed in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span> -the rear part of the cellar, and provided with running -spring water, is arranged as a receptacle for milk cans, -and supplies the Fountain shown in the front lawn (this -fountain, owing to the sloping surface of the grounds, is -several feet below the foundations of the house).... Dr. -Clark moved into his new house during the first week in -February last, and writes with reference to it, that “all -in all it is the most tasteful in outside appearance, convenient, -and economically constructed building in this -section, and attracts a great deal of attention.”</p> - -<p>The cost of this building, everything complete, was -$4,750.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXV">DESIGN XXXV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $4,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were designed for a suburban residence, to -take the place of one recently destroyed by fire. The -original structure was cubiform in outline, resembling a -huge box; with unbroken facades, and flat roof, destitute -of beauty, and in strange contrast with the tasteful surroundings. -The owner desired to use the old foundations, -still in fair condition, without disturbing the grounds, -underlying pipes, etc., and thus retain the nearly square -ground plan, but a building with an exterior agreeing -with the surroundings. While the main object in presenting -this design is to show that the ground plans do -not necessarily determine the style of exterior dress, its -general arrangement and character will be found to deserve -favorable consideration.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span>, (<a href="#figure150">fig. 150</a>.)—There<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span> -is a constant demand for “Mansard Roofs,” arising -from an aspiration for structures signifying originality -and progressiveness. The animated features of this -style accord with activity, rather than of retirement, and -adapt it to prominent situations, skirting the more public -thoroughfares. The objections to such roofs result from -their frequent misapplication. They are manifestly inappropriate -for retired or secluded situations, or for persons -of purely domestic tastes. They also lose their identity -and expressiveness when duplicated in close and continuous -proximity, -as is often done -in towns. But -this is true of -any other style. -Variety is the -spice of architecture.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, -(<a href="#figure151">fig. 151</a>.)—Hight -of 8 -feet in clear. It -has an outside -rear entrance, is -well lighted, and contains ample space for the furnace, -and divisions for coal, vegetables, etc.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure152">fig. 152</a>.)—Hight of ceilings, 10 feet. The accommodations -are conveniently arranged, and sufficient for a -large family. The main entrance from the piazza is -through large double doors and a vestibule. The Hall is -central and spacious, communicating with the principal -rooms, and rear entry, and contains the main stairs, which -are unusually wide and easy. The Parlor and Library, -divided by large sliding doors, can be used separately, or -together as one spacious room when desired. The Dining-room -and Kitchen adjoin, and have the necessary -pantries, range, pump, sink, and stationary wash-tubs,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span> -with cold and hot water. A Conservatory is entered from -the dining-room through double sash doors, adding a -cheerful feature to this apartment, where the family spend -much of their time. The rear may be reached from the -dining-room in three ways—by the main hall and rear -entry, or through the kitchen, or most pleasantly through -the conservatory.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure153">fig. 153</a>.)—Hight -of ceilings 9 feet. The divisions include a hall, four large -chambers with closets to each, a front hall bed-room, and -a bath-room. Each of the chambers has windows in two -sides, giving opportunity for plentiful light and fresh air. -The clear width -of the room sections, -(5 yards -each), favors the -economical cutting -of carpets. -The main stairs -are made continuous -to the -attic story. The -Bath-room is -furnished with a -bath-tub, wash-bowl, -and seat-closet, -and with -cold and hot water.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The foundations, -stone-sills, area stoops, framing, inclosing, flooring, -plastering, and painting, are similar to those described -for <a href="#DESIGN_XIII">Design XIII.</a> Care should be taken in covering the -roofs, as the materials used (wood, tin, and slate), are -entirely foreign to each other, and can only be placed in -<i>contact</i>, and indirectly united. The wood should be thoroughly -seasoned, to prevent a future disturbance of the -exterior covering. All flashings along the sides of the -dormers and other uprights should be 10 inches wide, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span> -double painted before being used. The conservatory is -not floored, but is filled in with earth level with the foundation -walls. A walk is laid through the center, of 1⅛ × 4-inch -slats, and the remaining space is devoted to plants. -A furnace is placed in the cellar, with pipes to convey -warm air to the principal rooms and halls of both stories, -and to the conservatory. The pipes and register boxes -for conveying warm air to the second story, are placed in -the chimneys -while building -them. There are -open fire-places -in the principal -rooms, with marble -mantles in -the first story, -and marble -shelves in the -chambers. Stucco -cornices and -centers, of appropriate -patterns, -are put in the principal rooms and hall of the first -story. A hall and stairway leading to the tower, is completed -in the <span class="smcap">Attic</span>, the other portions of the third story -are unfinished, but may be converted into pleasant rooms -for school purposes, or chambers, as desired.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span>, Cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">114</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$22.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">84</td> - <td colspan="2">perches stone-foundation, at $2.75 per perch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">231.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">60</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. blue-stone sills, steps, and coping, at 28c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8,000</td> - <td colspan="2">brick, furnished and laid, at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">96.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,000</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">280.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">230</td> - <td colspan="2">feet stucco cornices and centers, at 25c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">57.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">8,305</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">124.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>girders, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 30 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 40 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>sills, 4 × 8 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 32 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 6 in. 11 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 350 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 6 in. 247 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Perlines, 3 × 8 in. 215 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">51</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">15</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 21 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 7 in. 14 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Piazza, 3 × 7 in. 176 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Piazza, 3 × 5 in. 86 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td colspan="2">locust posts at 30c, $1.80; 150 joists, at 16c., $24.</td> - <td class="tdr2">25.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">150</td> - <td colspan="2">wall-strips, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">220</td> - <td colspan="2">sheathing, at 18c., $39.60; 500 lbs. tarred felting, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">59.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">400</td> - <td colspan="2">clapboards, at 12c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">48.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">870</td> - <td colspan="2">hemlock boards for roof, at 16c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">59.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td colspan="2">squares slate, at $8½ per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">119.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">20</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin, at $7½ per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">89.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">335</td> - <td colspan="2">pieces flooring (9-inch), at 18c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">60.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazzas and porches, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">160.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $5 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">288.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $16 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">288.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete, $100; 45 doors, complete, at $10, $450.</td> - <td class="tdr2">550.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Closets, $30; nails, $20.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, $75; 4 marble shelves, $25.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing.</td> - <td class="tdr2">260.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Sky-light in conservatory.</td> - <td class="tdr2">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Furnace and pipes.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carting, average 1 mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting, $220; incidentals, $80.31.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$4,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure150" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure150.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 150.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure151" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure151.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 151.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure152" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure152.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 152.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="figure153" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure153.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 153.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXVI">DESIGN XXXVI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FARM HOUSE COSTING $5,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The plans here given were originally designed for the -residence of Mr. F. H. Johnston, Easton, Md. They will -interest those desiring a good-sized, comfortable farm-house.... -<span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure154">fig. 154</a>).—The site in this case -being midway between the highway and a water front, -(facing a tributary of the Chesapeake,) made it desirable -to have two main entrances, adapted to either approach, -and indicated the position of the kitchen wing at the <i>side</i>. -The Conservatory is in an angle facing the southeast. -The Piazza and Roof Projections are of ample breadth to -give abundant shade, and proper effect. As a whole, the -outlines are rounded and compact, indicating completeness -and strength—always desirable features in buildings -of this class.... <span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure155">fig. 155</a>).—Hight of ceiling 8 -feet. It has 13 windows, and outside and hatchway doors. -Openings in the chimneys provide ventilation. The ceilings -are plastered, to prevent the ascent of damp and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span> -unwholesome vapors through the frame-work of the house.... -<span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure156">fig. 156</a>).—Hight of the ceilings in the -main house, 11 ft. 4 in., and in the wing 9 ft. The -main entrances lead from the piazzas, through large -double doors, to the principal Hall, which is wide, and -extends, unobstructed, through the house. The main -stairs occupy the space at the right, which is separated -by an arch that preserves the continuity of the hall ceiling. -The ordinary or family entrance is by way of the -passage, and is convenient to all the parts of the house in -daily use. A private stairway leads from the passage to -the second story. The Parlor and Library are separated -by sliding doors, and each has a bay and other windows. -The Dining-room at the right is pleasantly arranged; it -may be entered from the main hall, or through the conservatory, -or by the passage, or through the butler’s pantry. -Wide double sash-doors lead to the conservatory,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span> -and single sash-doors open to the piazza through the passage. -The Kitchen has doors leading to the passage, butler’s -pantry, cellar, and yard, and has three windows. It -is provided with a range, pump, boiler, wash-tubs, and -sink. The Butler’s Pantry is spacious; one end is dresser -finished, with counter-shelf and doors above and below. -A counter-shelf is also placed at the opposite end, with -wash-tray and closet. The sides are shelved around, and -have cleats and hooks.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure157">fig. 157</a>).—Hight -of ceilings in the main house 10 feet; in the wing -9 feet. The divisions embrace six rooms, six closets, and -the required halls. The platform of the main stairs is -level with the second floor of the wing, and from it a -door leads to the wing passage. The Bath-room has a -bath-tub, wash-stand, and seat-closet, and a good-sized -closet for towelling, etc. All closets have the usual shelving -and hooks. Each chamber has marble shelves and -stucco trusses.... <span class="smcap">Attic.</span>—The stairs leading to this story -are above the main flight, inclosed with narrow ceiling, -and have a door at the foot. There are two circular windows -in each end gable, and one in each front. The -whole is floored, but otherwise unfinished, to be used as -an open garret.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The excavations are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span> -4 feet deep, and the loose earth thrown out is neatly graded -around, leaving three feet of the foundations exposed to -sight. The foundations are of hard burned brick, 12 -inches thick for the main house, and 8 inches for the -wing and conservatory. Brick piers, 12 inches square, -are built for the piazza supports. The first story frame-work -is beam-filled with bricks, where they rest on the -foundation. This prevents draughts of air from entering -the house between the foundation and the frame, and -also keeps mice out of the frame at this point—<i>the latter -is especially necessary along the lines of the main partitions</i>. -The chimneys are of hard brick, arranged with -continuous flues from each fire-place to the top. Tin -8-inch pipes, with the necessary elbows and register boxes, -are inserted while building, to convey warm air from the -cellar to the large chambers in the second story. The -frame-work is constructed in the most thorough manner, -of sound pine or spruce timber. The siding is of clear -pine clapboard, laid on sheathing felt. Cornices of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span> -dressed pine. Principal roofing of cedar shingles. Piazza -and bay window roofs of tin. Flooring of narrow yellow -pine. The first and second stories are completed in every -respect, ready for occupation. Each of the principal -rooms and the main hall have stucco cornices and centers. -Arches with neat ornamental corbels are built across each -bay window, over the <b>L</b> adjoining the main hall, and at -the entrance of the passage leading to the bed-room in -the second story. All sashes are 1½-inch thick, and -glazed with four lights in each pair. Blinds (outside) -are properly hung and fastened to each window above the -cellar. The conservatory is substantially constructed of -light frame-work, with no superfluous dressing to obstruct -the light, and glazed with plain, single-thick glass at the -sides, and ribbed glass for the roof, has a narrow walk of -slat-work leading from the dining-room door, and is arranged -to be heated in winter from a furnace in the cellar. -All parts usually painted, have two coats of best -paint, of color and materials selected by the owner.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span>, cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">268</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$53.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50,000</td> - <td colspan="2">bricks, (furnished and laid,) at $12 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">600.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">88</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. blue-stone sills, at 30c. per ft.</td> - <td class="tdr2">26.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1,300</td> - <td colspan="2">yards plastering, at 28c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">364.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">175</td> - <td colspan="2"> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> cellar ceiling, at 16c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">28.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">330</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. cornices, complete, at 20c. per foot.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">centers, complete, at $4 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">16.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14,300</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. of timber, at $14 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.20<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Sills, 4 × 10 in. 276 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ties, 4 × 6 in. 490 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Plates, 4 × 8 in. 138 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Perlines, 4 × 9 in. 214 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ridges, 3 × 9 in. 67 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Ridges, 3 × 7 in. 20 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Gables, 4 × 6 in. 200 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 26 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 23 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 13½ ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 7 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 10 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td>beams, 4 × 10 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">10</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 10 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>beam, 4 × 10 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 9 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 9 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 10 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 9 in. 10 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">78</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 6 in. 25 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">34</td> - <td>rafters, 3 × 5 in. 15 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td>Braces, 3 × 5 in. 240 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">175</td> - <td colspan="2">joists, at 13c., $22.75; 400 wall strips, at 10c., $40.</td> - <td class="tdr2">62.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">800</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. felt, at 4c., $32; 800 siding, clapboards, 10c., $80.</td> - <td class="tdr2">112.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cornice materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">500</td> - <td colspan="2">rough roofing, at 14c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">70.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">12,000</td> - <td colspan="2">singles, at $10 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - <td colspan="2">squares tin, at $9 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">99.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">450</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. valleys, gutters, and leaders, at 10c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">5,366</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. flooring, at 3c. per foot.</td> - <td class="tdr2">160.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $6 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">78.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">plain windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">360.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">bay windows, complete, at $60 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">38</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $12.</td> - <td class="tdr2">456.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Piazza and stoops, exclusive of floors and roofing.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Conservatory, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Mantles, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">102.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Pantry and closets, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Nails, $24; Carting, average 1 mile, $50.</td> - <td class="tdr2">74.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Range and plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">450.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">272.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">29.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$5,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp93" id="figure154" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure154.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 154.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure155" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure155.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 155.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure156" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure156.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 156.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure157" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure157.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 157.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXVII">DESIGN XXXVII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $7,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The accompanying plans were designed for a suburban -residence erected during the past year by Mr. Bernhard -Greeff, at College Point, Long Island, N. Y. The general -outlines were determined with especial reference to the -location—which is elevated, overlooking the East River -to the north and west, Flushing bay, and the village to -the south, and with an eastward frontage to the street, -giving pleasant views in all directions. With these points -fixed, it is easy to see the propriety of placing a broad -side to the bleak or northern exposure, and putting such -breaks or angles as are required in the more sheltered<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span> -directions.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure158">fig. 158</a>.)—The style of this -example is homelike, and shows to the best advantage -when placed in comparison with those of more fanciful -design. Sufficient irregularities are made in angles and -projections to give variety. The details shown in the -front finish are continued around the sides and rear. The -hight of the rear wing is one story less than the main -house. While the appearance of this house is agreeable -on every side, the most pleasing is from the southerly direction.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure159">fig. 159</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 7 feet, -of which 4 feet are above ground. All parts are well -lighted with windows, except the hall, which has a sash-door<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span> -with iron guard. The Laundry has an open stairway -to the kitchen, and is provided with wash-tubs. A -water-closet is placed under the stair. A furnace is -placed in the northern division of the cellar, with pipes -for conducting warm air to each room and hall in the two -stories of the main house, and to the bath-room.... <span class="smcap">First -Story</span>, (<a href="#figure160">fig. 160</a>.)—Hight of ceilings in main house 11 -feet; in rear -wing 8 feet 5 -inches. The -Front Entrance -is through a vestibule -leading to -the main hall. -The Hall is -large, contains -the principal -stairs, with a -closet under -them, and communicates -with -the parlor, sitting-room, -and -rear entry. The -Sitting or Family-room -is arranged -to be the -pleasantest apartment, has double windows front and -rear, (the rear ones opening to the floor), and a large bay-window -giving an outlook in three directions. Each of -the principal rooms has grates for open fires, side registers -leading from the furnace, and marble mantles. The Rear -Entry communicates with the several apartments, and the -rear piazza. The Kitchen has an elevated range, boiler, -sink, drain-board, two closets, and enclosed stairways -leading down to the laundry, and up to the second story;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span> -it communicates with the dining-room through the butler’s -pantry, the latter is “dresser-finished” with sash-doors, -copper wash-trays, etc.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, (<a href="#figure161">fig. -161</a>.)—Hight of ceiling in main house 10 feet, in wing 9 -feet, with side breasts 5 feet. The floor of the wing is -level with the platform of the main stairs. The full ceiling -above this platform is arched over, and conceals the -roof angle of the -wing. An inside -and smaller arch -leads to the passage -beyond. -Both of these -arches may be -seen from the -lower hall, and -are pleasing features. -An arch -between the closets -at the opposite -end of the -hall makes an -alcove to the hall -window. The -room divisions -are similar to -those of the first -story. Closets -are provided for each chamber. The Bath-room is conveniently -arranged and furnished.... <span class="smcap">Attic.</span>—Hight of -ceiling 9 feet, with breast-walls 3 feet. There are 3 good-sized -chambers, a hall, and 7 closets in this story. Four -dormer and three gable windows are provided.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -<i>time</i> allowed for the erection of most -buildings is too limited. Although this house was built -by contract, no haste was enjoined, six months being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span> -allowed for its completion, giving the builder an opportunity -of selecting the materials and workmen, and of applying -the parts in their proper time and order. The -exterior foundation walls, to the level of the ground, are -of broken stone, 18 inches thick; the balance of hard -brick, 12 inches thick. The frame is of full-sized timber; -all beams and studding are placed 16 inches from -centers. The siding-boards are 6 inches wide, rabbeted, -and laid 5 inches -to the weather, -on stiff tarred -“sheathing-board,” -weighing -1½ pound to the -square yard. The -exterior frame -is “filled in” -with pale brick. -The main and -wing roofs are -covered with -Keystone slate -on tarred felt -over hemlock -boards. The -main gutters are -of double cross -tin, laid in with the slate as shown in <a href="#DESIGN_V">Design V.</a> The -roofs of the piazzas, and bay-window, are of single cross -tin. The cellar bottom is concreted with hydraulic cement -and gravel, 3 in. thick. The laundry and cellar hall have -the usual wide flooring, and are thoroughly plastered and -finished. The partitions in the cellar, and the coal-bins -are of dressed plank. All the floors in the two principal -stories are double, the first being of ordinary dressed flooring—the -second is “<i>parquet</i>” flooring laid of ¾ × 2½-inch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span> -yellow pine, and black walnut. The black walnut -is used only in the borders and centers. These borders -are made by laying from five to eight courses of alternate -woods all around the rooms, ending at the hearths. The -widths and arrangements are changed slightly in the different -apartments, to give variety. These floors are intended -to dispense with the use of carpets; rugs, covering -the central portions of the floor, being adopted in their -place. Unlike the stationary carpet, these may be easily -removed for airing, and the floors cleaned daily if desirable. -The three upper stories are hard-finished, on two -coats of brown mortar. Each room and hall in the first -and second stories of the main house have suitable stucco -cornices and centers. The interior wood-finish is complete, -all of clear and seasoned materials. Bronzed hardware -is used in the first story, and porcelain in the balance -of the building. Gas-pipes are inserted for thirty lights, -properly distributed through the house. Five bells are -included in the fittings. All wood, tin, and exterior brick -work has two coats of best paint. The outside doors, and -the halls, are grained in imitation of hard woods. The -stair rails, door saddles, and the hard-wood flooring, are -rubbed with linseed oil. The following are the estimates -of the <i>cost</i>, as per contracts:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Mason work,</td> - <td>completed.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$1,650.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Roofer’s work,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">337.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carpenter’s work,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">3,573.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Plumber’s work,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">590.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Furnaces,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mantles,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Painter’s work,</td> - <td class="center">”</td> - <td class="tdr2">350.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2" colspan="2">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$7,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="figure158" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure158.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 158.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF FRONT OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure159" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure159.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 159.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure160" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure160.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 160.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure161" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure161.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 161.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXVIII">DESIGN XXXVIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">A HOUSE COSTING $8,000.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span></p> - -<p>These plans were designed for a large and convenient -house, arranged to embrace nearly all of the modern improvements. -Figure 162 is the perspective view of a house -recently built from these plans, for Mr. J. M. Peck, at -Flushing, L. I. The general characteristics of the exterior -are expressive of refinement and cheerfulness. There -is considerable novelty in some of the outlines and details -of construction. It will be seen that the Tower is five -stories high, or two stories above the attic of the main -house, affording a -lofty outlook. All -the long horizontal -lines of cornice are -broken up by truss-heads, -which are -ornamental in -themselves, and -give relief from the -depressing appearance -of such long -lines. The Dormer -Windows of the -main house have -projecting pediments, -with turned -columns resting on -the outer edge of -the main cornice. The Inclosing of this house is the -same as that described for <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design XXXII.</a> The Mansard -part of the main roof and tower is covered with dark -slate, laid on sound boards, covered with felt. All other -roofs are tinned in the best manner.... The <span class="smcap">Cellar</span> extends -under the whole house, and has outside and cross-walls -of hard brick, which, with the chimneys and area, -are built as described in <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">XXXII.</a> A <i>Furnace</i> is put in -at <i>F</i>, and enclosed with brick, and 10-inch tin pipes are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span> -provided to convey hot air to the parlors, library, dining-room, -and hall of the first story, to five rooms in the second -story, and to the tank-room in the attic story.... -The <span class="smcap">First Story</span> contains a large Hall, Parlor, Library, -Dining-room to be used as a Living-room, Kitchen, Butler’s -and other Pantries, Wash-room, two flights of Stairs, -the principal one in the main hall, and a private one adjoining -the wash-room. -The Main -Hall is 7 feet -wide, and is entered -from the -piazza through -heavy front and -vestibule double -doors. The front -doors are full -hight, and have -quarter-circle -plate glass “skylights” -in them. -The vestibule -doors have plate -glass upper panels, -with transom, -and half-circle -head-light. -Double doors -open from the hall to the parlor and to the dining-room, -and large sliding doors separate the parlor from the library. -The <i>Dining-room</i> has a large bay-window, marble -mantel, china closet, and adjoins the butler’s pantry. -The <i>Kitchen</i> is arranged with such conveniences as would -delight the most enthusiastic housekeeper; has large -closets, range, sink, cold and hot water, adjoins the -wash-room, cellar stairway, and private passage, and communicates<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223"></a>[223]</span> -with the dining-room through the butler’s -pantry. The Range has an elevated oven, warm closet, -and water-back. To secure a perfect ventilation, a large -register is placed in the flue of the chimney, which creates -so strong a draft that the air in this room can all be -changed in a few minutes. The left-hand flue of the -kitchen chimney contains the pipes that convey warm air -from the furnace to the bath and tank rooms. The wash-room -contains -the copper boiler -and wash-tubs, -and has a closet -under the private -stairs. The sink -is large, and is -provided with -large drain-boards -at each -side, and a row -of closets underneath. -The Butler’s -Pantry has -complete fittings -of drawers, shelving, -oval copper -wash-tray, and -washstand with -marble top, and -is provided with cold and hot water. A Passage or private -hall is arranged to connect with the principal hall, -kitchen, private stairway, and rear entrance; by this plan -the principal housework can be done without intruding -in any way on the main hall or principal rooms of the -house.... <span class="smcap">Second Story.</span> This story contains a good-sized -hall, 4 large chambers, a private study, bath-room, -store-room, six large closets, and private stairway. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224"></a>[224]</span> -principal flight of stairs is made continuous from the first -floor to the attic; an arch is placed across the narrow -part of the hall in this story, near the first landing of the -principal stairs, and is in full sight from the hall below, -imparting a cheerful and finished appearance.... <span class="smcap">Attic</span>, -<i>or Third Story</i>—This story is finished throughout, and -is divided into a hall, two large chambers, with closets -to each, tank-room, and large attic. The stairs to the -tower are closed in, and have a door at the foot. The hall -is lighted through -a sash-door from the -tank-room. The -large attic-room at -the right has two -doors opening from -the hall, and may be -divided into two -rooms if required. -A large upper room, -where noise will not -disturb the occupants -of the lower -parts of the house, -will always be found -valuable for school -and play-room purposes, -especially in cold or stormy weather, and when supplied -with a table, benches, maps, books, and apparatus -for instruction and entertainment, will afford the younger -members of the family opportunity for development and -exercise.... <span class="smcap">General Remarks.</span>—Many people, who -would adopt this general plan, might conclude that the -style of the exterior is too elaborate and costly. It must -be obvious to any one that the internal arrangements, -and ground plan of houses, should be made to conform to -the necessities and requirements of those who are to occupy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225"></a>[225]</span> -them; and these parts being of the first importance, -should receive the first consideration. Such <i>ground plans</i>, -however, do not decide, or even indicate, the style, character, -or expense, of the outside <i>dress</i> that may be put -upon them. Different people have entirely different characters, -tastes, and resources, and the external appearance -of their homes should signify those general qualities and -characteristics, and also accord with, and conform to, all -the circumstances of location, and relation.... The <span class="smcap">Estimate</span> -in detail provides for all work to be done in a substantial -manner, of the usual materials. The exterior -and interior wood finish is of clear pine lumber. The -<i>Plastering</i> is hard-finished, on two coats of brown mortar. -Appropriate <i>Cornices</i>, <i>Centers</i>, and <i>Panels</i>, in stucco, are -intended for the hall, parlor, library, dining-room, and -the two front chambers in the second story. <i>Gas</i>-pipes -are inserted in the frame-work of the house, with connections -arranged for 37 attachments. These are easily put -in during construction, and even when the house is located -far from any city or village having gas, there is -strong probability that ere long we shall have convenient -apparatus for making and supplying gas to isolated dwellings.... -<span class="smcap">Plumbing</span> is provided as described in <a href="#DESIGN_XXXII">Design -XXXII.</a>, except that the plumbing required for the butler’s -pantry, is here added. <i>Bells</i> are put in, with their wires -running through zinc tubes concealed in the walls. The -front-door pull leads to a gong in the kitchen. The dining-room -has a bell leading to the school-room in the -attic. Each chamber in the second story, and the bath-room, -has a bell leading to the kitchen, and the largest -chamber has a bell leading to the attic. <i>Speaking</i>-tubes -are provided for communication between the second story, -hall, and bath-room, with the kitchen.... <span class="smcap">Painting.</span>—The -body of the outside is in warm-gray; the principal -outside trimming in pure white, with thin separating lines -in light drab, and blinds in dark-bronze color. All wood,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226"></a>[226]</span> -tin, and brick work, usually painted, both inside and -outside, has two coats of the best lead and oil. All doors -are grained—and all hard-wood, such as stair-rail, balusters, -and door-saddles, are rubbed in oil.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span>:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">216</td> - <td colspan="2">yards excavation, at 20c. per yard.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$43.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">32,000</td> - <td colspan="2">hard brick, at $9 per 1000.</td> - <td class="tdr2">288.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">6,000</td> - <td colspan="2">pale brick, at $5½ per 1,000.</td> - <td class="tdr2">33.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Materials for plastering, and lath.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">70</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. stone steps and coping, at 30c.</td> - <td class="tdr2">21.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Labor for all the mason work.</td> - <td class="tdr2">600.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13,258</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. timber, at $15 per M.</td> - <td class="tdr2">198.87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill, 4 × 8 in. 242 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>tie, 4 × 6 in. 484 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 42 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 19 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>deck plate, 3 × 8 in. 156 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - <td>hips, 3 × 10 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>sill (piazza) 4 × 7 in. 114 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate <span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 8 in. 90 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>beam <span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 6 in. 60 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - <td>posts, 4 × 8 in. 36 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td>plate, 4 × 6 in. 360 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">112</td> - <td>beams, 3 × 8 in. 16 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">56</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 8 in. 22 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">32</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 8 in. 12 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">28</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 8 in. 8 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 3 × 8 in. 18 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">52</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 2 × 6 in. 13 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 2 × 7 in. 28 ft. long.</td> - <td class="tdr2"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">joist, 3 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 22c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">66.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">350</td> - <td colspan="2">wall strips, 2 × 4 in. 13 ft. long, at 11c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">38.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">928</td> - <td colspan="2">tongued and grooved sheathing boards for sides and roofs, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">232.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">300</td> - <td colspan="2">lbs. tarred paper, at 5c. per lb.</td> - <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">663</td> - <td colspan="2">novelty clear siding-boards, at 30c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">198.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">416</td> - <td colspan="2">ft. main cornices, water table, corner boards.</td> - <td class="tdr2">416.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">29½</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of tin roofing, at $8 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">236.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">17</td> - <td colspan="2">squares of slate, (no openings allowed) at $10 per square.</td> - <td class="tdr2">170.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">cellar windows, complete, at $12 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">156.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">bay-window, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">30</td> - <td colspan="2">windows, first and second story, and tower, complete, at $17 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">510.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td colspan="2">dormer windows, complete, at $23 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">299.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - <td colspan="2">piazzas, (except tinning), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">balcony, (except tinning), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">35.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - <td colspan="2">hood, (except tinning), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">480</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring-boards, 6-inch, at 25c. each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">160</td> - <td colspan="2">flooring boards, 9-inch.</td> - <td class="tdr2">46.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Stairs, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - <td colspan="2">closets and pantries, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">130.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">50</td> - <td colspan="2">doors, complete, at $15.20 each.</td> - <td class="tdr2">760.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - <td colspan="2">marble mantles, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">125.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Furnace and range, (set and piped), complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Plumbing, complete.</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">800.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Cartage, average 1 mile.</td> - <td class="tdr2">115.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2">Incidentals.</td> - <td class="tdr2">197.53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="in2">Total cost of materials and construction.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$8,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp57" id="figure162" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure162.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 162.—<span class="allsmcap">PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF HOUSE.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure163" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure163.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 163.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="figure164" style="max-width: 23.4375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure164.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 164.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF MAIN FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure165" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure165.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 165.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND STORY.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure166" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure166.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 166.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF ATTIC.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227"></a>[227]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XXXIX">DESIGN XXXIX.<br /> -<span class="smaller">CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $1,000 EACH.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These plans were originally prepared for six connected -cottages, just completed, for Mr. Fred. Storms, (manufacturer), -at Bayside, L. I. They were designed to give -the largest amount of accommodation, convenience, and -finish, possible, for one thousand dollars each, and are -especially adapted to rapidly filling localities, or manufacturing -districts. By this system of building in blocks, -a very large saving is made in materials and labor, at first, -and little expense is required to keep them in order afterwards. -Where desired, the introduction of gas, or water-pipes, -may be made, from one to the other direct, at -small cost. Such connected houses are really more comfortable -than separate ones, as they protect each other at -their sides from the extreme changes of the outward temperature; -and are therefore warmer in winter, and cooler -in summer. The site chosen in this case is elevated, and -has a westward frontage, securing the important advantages -of good drainage, and the admission of direct sunlight -to every room.... <span class="smcap">Exterior</span>, (<a href="#figure167">fig. 167</a>).—Building -in blocks is a favorite mode with many large owners of village -property. The chief objection to a majority of such -erections is their formal and stiff appearance, arising from -a monotonous uniformity, a repetition of parts, and the -overpowering predominance of horizontal lines—partaking -too much of the city-street style. To overcome such -objections in this design, simple but effective irregularities -were introduced, so that really no two dwellings are -alike. The sky-lines are broken and varied; the main -roofs have pedimented projections—with Mansard sections -intervening; all horizontal lines are either shortened -or omitted, leaving vertical ones to prevail, and the window -openings are varied in their form and distribution. -While these several features are essential to the good appearance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228"></a>[228]<br /><a id="Page_229"></a>[229]</span> -of such buildings, -giving -them the -pleasing elements -of variety -and picturesqueness, -they do -not add very -materially to -the cost. -Cottages designed -for -simple dwellings, -whether -built apart -or connected, -should, -as far as possible, -preserve -their -identity as -cottages, -and if destined -for undulating -and -picturesque -situations, -should be -outlined to -accord with -their surroundings.... -<span class="smcap">Interior.</span>—The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230"></a>[230]</span> -following description of rooms has reference to the house -at the extreme left; its relation with the adjoining one -is shown by the dotted sketch at the side. All have -equal accommodations; this and two others are similarly -arranged, the remaining three have their sides reversed.... -<span class="smcap">Cellar</span>, (<a href="#figure168">fig. 168</a>.)—Hight of ceilings 6½ feet. It -is thoroughly floored, has outside entrances front and -rear, and being well out of ground, is light and airy, and -is adapted to general use for the coarser work. Bins for -coal are placed where they may be readily filled from the -front window. One corner is partitioned off for a bath-room -and water-closet. The window to the latter is -shielded by a latticed inclosure beneath the rear lobby, -adding to its privacy. The rear area not being protected -by the rear stoop, has hatchway doors to be used in stormy -weather. The Stairs lead from near the front door, to -the main hall of the first story.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, (<a href="#figure169">fig. -169</a>.)—Hight of ceilings 10 feet. A hall, parlor, and -living-room are embraced in the divisions. The Hall is -entered from a neat porch, contains the main stairs, and -leads to the parlor, living-room, and the cellar stairs. -The Parlor is pleasantly arranged, with double windows -in front, has neat stucco cornices and centers, and a marble -mantle. The chimney-breast is placed to allow sufficient -space between it and the central partition, for a -piano, or other large piece of furniture. The Living-room -is of good dimensions and shape, has two windows, a -closet, a large fire-place, and a sink. The door leading -to the rear lobby has glass upper panels, admitting additional -light in the room in pleasant weather, when the -lobby door will be likely to stand open, and through it -the lobby will be lighted at night from within. The -Main Stairs, leading to the second story, are of the “quarter-circle” -pattern, and are neatly finished with hard-wood -railing, with a niche above.... <span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure170">fig. 170</a>.)—Hight of ceiling 9 feet. This story is divided<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231"></a>[231]</span> -into a small hall, two chambers, two bed-rooms, and -three closets. Each of the rooms is well lighted, and -chimney-breasts, with marble shelves, and stucco trusses -are finished in each chamber.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The -average depth of the excavations below the surface is three -feet. The Foundation walls are of brick work, 8 inches -thick, those for the exterior are 7 ft. 4 in. high, showing -an average of 4 ft. above the final grades. (In this particular -case, the site being elevated, only 4 inches of additional -filling was required in the grades, the balance of -the loose earth being used to fill more depressed grounds). -All interior cross-walls of brick are omitted, their places -being supplied with brick “footings” and frame-work. -These brick footings are laid in trenches 4 inches below -the cellar bottom, and are 8 inches high and wide. Sills -of 4 × 6 timber are laid on the center of these footings -(edgewise), leaving a margin of 2 inches on each side for -the support of the ends of the cellar-floor beams. Girts -are put above the sills (also of 4 × 6 timber), anchored to, -and level with the outer foundation walls, and are supported -by studding and braces, thus forming an inexpensive -and substantial division and bearing between the cellars. -The principal frame is of regular-sized sawed timber, -thoroughly framed and braced. The sidings are of -clear pine clapboards, laid on hard-rolled sheathing-felt. -The upper roofs are covered with IC. charcoal tin, “tern-plate,” -and the Mansard sections are slated on hemlock -boards. The interior flooring is of 7-inch milled spruce; -outside flooring of 4½-inch milled pine. To prevent the -transmission of sound, all the main divisions of frame-work -between the houses are deafened by a filling of pale -brick and mortar. The cellar ceilings and side walls are -white-finished on one coat of brown mortar. All other -plastering is hard-finished on two coats of brown mortar. -Circular ventilators are placed in each gable, and two -ventilators made to resemble the chimney tops are placed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232"></a>[232]</span> -on the higher or central ridge of the roof, to allow for the -escape of heated air from beneath the roofing. All windows -have 1½-inch sash, of four lights each; those in -the cellar are hung with butts; all above are balanced -with iron weights, and have outside blinds. The doors -are first quality, four-panelled. The interior casings are -of clear pine, and are neatly moulded, and the parlor -windows have panelled backs. The Painting is done as -described in <a href="#DESIGN_XIII">Design XIII.</a>, except that the blinds are -of a chocolate color.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimated</span> cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Mason’s materials and labor.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$1,350.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lumber of all kinds.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1,150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tinning and slating, (complete).</td> - <td class="tdr2">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rolled lining, $30; porches and lobbies, $275.</td> - <td class="tdr2">305.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cornice materials, (prepared at mill).</td> - <td class="tdr2">120.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sash, doors, and blinds.</td> - <td class="tdr2">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stairs, with outside steps, with railings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">500.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shelving and sundries.</td> - <td class="tdr2">325.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nails, $65; hardware, $300.</td> - <td class="tdr2">365.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Painting, $300; cartage, $85.</td> - <td class="tdr2">385.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">800.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total cost of six Dwellings.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$6,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Mr. Storms added about $1,000 to the total cost of six -buildings in plumbing, sewers, gas-pipes, and in fencing -separate front and rear yards, to each house. As these -improvements are not generally required, they are omitted -in the estimate.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure167" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure167.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 167.—<span class="allsmcap">FRONT ELEVATION OF ROW OF SIX HOUSES.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" id="figure168" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure168.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 168.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLAR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp51" id="figure169" style="max-width: 17.1875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure169.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 169.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure170" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure170.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 170.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESIGN_XL">DESIGN XL.<br /> -<span class="smaller">CONTIGUOUS HOUSES, COSTING $2,000 EACH.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>These designs were prepared for a block of five houses -erected last year for Mr. Geo. Storms, facing one of the -principal avenues at Bayside, L. I. The entire structure -is 90 feet long, running north and south, and occupies -half the avenue end of a village ground plot. One end -section being a “corner,” has a portion devoted to business<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233"></a>[233]<br /><a id="Page_234"></a>[234]</span> -purposes, the balance of the building is used exclusively -as residences. They are thoroughly furnished with -ranges, heaters, pipes for cold and hot water, and gas, -and complete sewerage. The desirability of these buildings -is proved by the fact that all of them were engaged, -and several occupied, before they were fully completed.... -<span class="smcap">Cellars</span>, (<a href="#figure172">fig. 172</a>.)—Hight of ceilings, 7 feet. Each is well -lighted, and has outside entrances from the street and -from rear yards. A hall, laundry, and water-closet are -floored and otherwise finished off; the balance is unfinished, -to be used as a cellar for fuel and vegetables. The -Laundry has a set of stationary wash-tubs, with cold and -hot water. The Water-closet has an outside door leading -from the rear yard, (this is designed to obviate the necessity -and unsightliness of the usual out-buildings). The -Fire-places shown are left open, and have continuous flues -the whole hight of the chimneys. These flues being -heated through contact with the upper fires, insures a -thorough ventilation of this story.... <span class="smcap">Elevation</span> (<a href="#figure171">fig. -171</a>.)—This building appears well from all directions, is -imposing in outline, animated in details, and nicely proportioned—the -hight agreeing with its breadth; the openings -and dressings are changed in each story, to give diversity, -the whole being well suited to its very public and -prominent situation. The “corner” building has an observatory -extending above the main roofs, indicating its -terminal position, and adding an agreeable feature of -irregularity in the sky-lines. The street end at the rear -of the tower has a Mansard roof with two dormers; the -opposite end shows a full pediment.... <span class="smcap">First Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure173">fig. 173</a>.)—Hight of ceilings in four houses, 10 feet. -The floor in the corner building is lowered 2½ feet, making -that part 12½ feet in the clear. A hall, parlor, dining-room, -and kitchen, are finished in each of the four -houses, and a store, kitchen, and entry, in the corner -building. Each of the parlors has a large bay-window,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235"></a>[235]<br /><a id="Page_236"></a>[236]</span> -and is divided from the dining-room by sliding-doors. -The Dining-rooms have two closets each. The Kitchens -are conveniently arranged with closets, ranges, boilers, -and sinks. The Store is fair-sized, has a double door -entrance from the avenue, and has a wide stairway leading -directly from it to the cellar. The Kitchen at the -rear is for the use of the parties doing business in the -store. The Family Entrance to the corner building is -from the street -at the side.... -<span class="smcap">Second Story</span>, -(<a href="#figure174">fig. 174</a>.)—Hight -of ceilings, -9 feet. The -divisions in this -story are similar -in each of the -five buildings, -and consist of a -hall, two large -and two small -rooms, and the -necessary closets. -The room -over the store is -used as a parlor. -One of the small -rooms in each house is fitted as a bath-room. The Stairs -leading to the attics are placed above the main flights, -with a door at the foot of each.... <span class="smcap">Attic</span>, (<a href="#figure175">fig. 175</a>.)—The -Attic of the corner building is partitioned off, and -finished as shown, with ceilings 9 feet high, and has an -inclosed stairway leading to the observatory. The latter -is 7 feet square in the clear, and is also finished. Each -of the four adjoining attics are plastered on their sides, -but have no partitions.... <span class="smcap">Construction.</span>—The Excavations<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237"></a>[237]</span> -are made in the earth for the corner building, to -the depth of 5½ feet—and for the others, 3 feet. The -foundations are of 8-inch brick work. The frame is of -sawed, seasoned timber. The main division walls between -the houses are deafened, by filling with pale brick -and mortar, “laid flat.” The sidings are of clear pine -clap-boards, laid on rolled sheathing. The Mansard Roofs -for front, one end, rear, and the tower, are slated; all -other roofs are tinned. The interior walls and ceilings -of the two full stories are hard-finished on two coats of -brown mortar; -the balance is -white-finished on -one coat of “laid -off” brown mortar. -The halls, -parlors, dining-rooms, -and store, -have stucco cornices -and centers -in each, and the -openings to the -bay windows are -arched and -moulded. Marble -mantles are put in the principal rooms, and marble -shelves and stucco trusses are put in the large bed-rooms. -Fire-place heaters are put in the parlors, with pipes connecting -them with registers in the second story. The -bath-tubs and water-closets are cased with black walnut.... -To give an exact idea of the plumber’s work, the -specification used as a guide in its introduction is herewith -given.—<span class="smcap">Plumbing</span>:</p> - -<p>There must be a hopper water-closet and a wash-tub -with three apartments put in each basement. A No. 2 -range, with elevated oven, and water-back; a 30-gallon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238"></a>[238]</span> -oval-topped copper boiler of Croton pressure strength, -resting on an iron Lockwood Stand, and an 18 × 30-inch -iron sink in each kitchen; a bath-tub, 5 feet long, lined -with planished copper; a wash-stand, with 14-inch bowl, -marble-top and wall plates; a pan water-closet, with -bowl, pull, and crank attachments; and a tank, 1½ × 1½ × 3 -feet, lined with sheet lead, in each bath-room. -All supply pipes to be of galvanized iron, of the following -sizes: The main of 1½-inch, 93 feet long, laid in the cellar -bottom below the foundation walls, near the rear -chimneys, one -end to extend -outside the building -for street -connections. -Branches of ¾-inch -leading -from the main -supply to the -tank, with secondary -branches -leading to the -hopper-closet, -wash-tubs, and -sink. All other -water-pipes to be of lead, as follows: For cold water leading -from the tank, to the bath-tub, water-closet, and -boiler; and for hot water leading from the boiler, to the -sink, wash-tubs, and bath-tubs, of A ⅝-inch; for connections -between the water-back and boiler of AA ¾-inch; -and for wash-stands of A ½-inch. The water and hopper -closets are to have traps of 4-inch, lead, connecting -them with the soil pipe. Ventilating pipes of 2-inch tin, -to lead from the 4-inch traps to above the roof, and have -cone-shaped covers set 2 inches above their openings. -The soil pipes to be of 4-inch iron, and lead from the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239"></a>[239]</span> -second floor to the tile drains at the rear and below the -cellar bottom. Waste pipes to be of 1½-inch, with traps, -all of lead, leading from the bath-tub, wash-bowl, sink, -and wash-tubs, to the soil pipe. Brass lever “stop and -waste” cocks must be put in the branch supply pipes near -the basement floors, and in the pipes leading from the -tank to the boiler. A “Fuller’s” Tank Regulator to be -connected with the supply pipe leading to the tank. A -“Sediment” cock must be attached to empty the boilers, -with pipes leading to the waste pipes of the sinks. Finished -brass ⅝ “compression” cocks, with flanges, and -thimbles, must be provided for the sinks and wash-tubs, -and similar cocks, silver-plated, for the bath-tubs; plated -swing cocks for the wash-stands. Self-acting compression -cocks must be put in the connections with the hopper -closets. Plugs, with chains, must be put in each -wash-tub and bowl, and trap-screws put in all traps. -Finally, all to be properly connected, in a substantial -and workman-like manner, and warranted one year, with -ordinary use.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Estimate</span> for cost of materials and labor:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Mason’s materials.</td> - <td class="tdr2">$2,200.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lumber of all kinds.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1,950.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Slate and tin.</td> - <td class="tdr2">450.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rolled sheathing.</td> - <td class="tdr2">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cornices, etc., from mill.</td> - <td class="tdr2">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Porches and stairs, with railings.</td> - <td class="tdr2">800.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hardware and nails.</td> - <td class="tdr2">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mantles.</td> - <td class="tdr2">360.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Plumbing, gas-pipes, and sewers.</td> - <td class="tdr2">940.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Doors, sash, and blinds.</td> - <td class="tdr2">725.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cartage.</td> - <td class="tdr2">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carpenter’s labor, not included above.</td> - <td class="tdr2">1,300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Painting.</td> - <td class="tdr2">475.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total cost, of <span class="smcap">five</span> Houses.</td> - <td class="tdr2 total">$10,000.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2" colspan="2">Average cost, $2,000 each.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure171" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure171.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 171.—<span class="allsmcap">ELEVATION OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES AT BAYSIDE, L. I.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="figure172" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure172.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 172.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF CELLARS OF CONTIGUOUS HOUSES.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp65" id="figure173" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure173.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 173.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF FIRST FLOORS.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure174" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure174.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 174.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF SECOND FLOORS.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="figure175" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/figure175.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">Fig. 175.—<span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF ATTICS.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240"></a>[240]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2> - -</div> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">A.</li> - -<li class="indx">Accommodations for Beginners in Housekeeping, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Air-chambers in Outer Walls, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alcove to Window, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arch at Head of Stairs, Good Effect, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arched Ceilings, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arches with Corbels, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Architect Fulfilling His Mission, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Area-walls, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">A Regular <i>versus</i> Balloon-frame, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ash-pit, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">B.</li> - -<li class="indx">Balconies with Roofs, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balcony-railing on Roofs, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balloon-frames and Makeshifts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay-window, Adding Room, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay-window, Cold Prevented, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay-window Frame, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay-window, Square Form, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bells, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Better Half Consulted, the, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blank Side of House in Villages, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blinds Recommended, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boldness in Exterior, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brick, Beam-filling, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brick Caps, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brick-heading Courses, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brick-inclosing, for Frame Buildings, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brick Walls for Painting, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridging Beams, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bronzed Hardware, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Building a Part First, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Building in Blocks, Advantages, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Building on a Declivity, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Building Upwards, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Butler’s Pantry, Dresser-finished, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">C.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carpenter’s Labor in Estimating, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cellars Never too Large, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chimneys, Separate, Joined at Top, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Circular Heads for Windows, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Closets, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coal-lift, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Common Fault, too Near the Street, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Communication Cut Off, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Compact Outlines, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Concrete for Cellar Bottom, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Construction of Rear Lobby, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Contents, <a href="#Page_iv">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Contiguous Houses, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conventional Requirements in Dwellings, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corner Store, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corridor for General Use, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cost in Detail of Windows and Doors, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cupola, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">D.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deafening Division Walls, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Decay Caused by Moisture, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Depressing Effect of Horizontal Lines, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Designing, Difficulties in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Developed Homestead, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Disconnected Verandas, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dispensing with Carpets, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Distance from Street to Build, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dormer-windows, Hooded, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dormer-windows, Triangular, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dormer-windows with Pediments and Columns, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Double Doors, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Double Front House, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Drudgery of Housework, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Durable Wash for Rough Work, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dwelling may express Progressive Character, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">E.</li> - -<li class="indx">Earth-finish Against Foundations, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Economical Form of House, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Effect of Angles in Exterior, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241"></a>[241]</span>Entire Story Under Supervision of Mistress, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Errors in Bracing, Reliable Angles, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exterior Plastering, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">F.</li> - -<li class="indx">Facing Two Approaches, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Family Entrance with Private Stairs, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fancied Necessity for Cornice Supports, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farmers May Reduce Cost of Building, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Faults of Wood and Paper Linings, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finishing the Rear, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fireplace-heaters, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Five Houses on Four Lots, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Formula for Making Stearate of Lime, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foundations in Sandy Ground, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fountain, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frame and Brick Sections, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frame Cross-walls and Foundation, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Framing-in of Braces, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">French-roof Style, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frontage Eastward, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frontage Southward, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frontage Westward, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Front and Vestibule Doors, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Front Hall Dispensed with, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furnace, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furring-off Walls for Plastering, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">G.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gas in Isolated Dwellings, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gas-pipes, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Taste in Building, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grading, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Graining, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grates and Registers, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ground-plans Affecting Outside Dress, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gutters, Old and New Methods, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">H.</li> - -<li class="indx">Half Stone Walls, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hall, Contents not Exposed to St., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Halls, Windy and Cheerless, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hard-wood Oiled, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Head-room Over Stairs Utilized, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heater, Portable, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heaters, Fireplace, How to Set, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">High Foundations, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hooded Compared with Mansard Style, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Houses Cheap as Lumber and Nails Can Make Them, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">House for Dwelling, with Office, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Houses Set too Low, No Cure, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">House-work Without Intrusion, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">I.</li> - -<li class="indx">Imitations, Objections to, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Importance of Good Roof, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Imposing Outlines, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indestructible Covering, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">J.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jarring Prevented, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Job, Who Gets, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Joined, Separate Chimneys Over Arch, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Justice, in Painting, Last Opportunity, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">K.</li> - -<li class="indx">Keys to Circular Heads, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kitchen, Isolated, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kitchen, Pleasant, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knot, Shellacked, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">L.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lamp-shelf, and Location of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lighting Lobby, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lining-off Exterior Plastering, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Required to Build, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Location, Questions Involved, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locker or Private Cellar, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Looking Like a Farm-house, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low-down Grates, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low-priced Plans, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">M.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mansard Roof, Significance, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marble Mantels, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marble Shelves, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Modern Buildings on Old Foundations, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mortar for Plastering, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mortar for Stone-work, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">N.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Modification of Mansard Roof, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nine Doors in Small Hall, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Novelty Siding, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">O.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242"></a>[242]</span>Observatory, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Omissions, Reducing Cost, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">One’s Dwelling an Indication of His Character, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Outside Plastering, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Overloaded Cornices, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">P.</li> - -<li class="indx">Painting; Object, When and How, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parquet-flooring, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parsonage, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Partitions in Cellar, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paving Shed-floors, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piazza, Change to Conservatory, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piece-lumber Used Without Waste, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plan Resembling a Double House, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plant-windows, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plastering, a Non-conductor of Sound, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plastering Cellar Ceilings, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plastering, Different Modes, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plastering, Estimate in Detail, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plumbing, Economical, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plumbing, Estimate in Detail, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plumbing, Specifications for, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pointed Style for Rural Surroundings, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porch Instead of Lobby, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Preface, <a href="#Page_iii">3</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Providing Against Changing Vicissitudes, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Providing for Future Enlargements, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Q.</li> - -<li class="indx">Qualified to Estimate, Who Should Be, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quarried Stone, Used as Found, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quarter-circle Stairs, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quiet Corner, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">R.</li> - -<li class="indx">Radiator Utilizing Heat from Kitchen Fire, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rafters Extending Downward, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rake of Roof, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rats and Mice Shut Out, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reversing Plans, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ribbed Glass, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rolled Sheathing, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roofing Materials foreign from Each Other, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roof Ventilation, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Room for an Invalid Mother, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rough Boards for Siding, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rule for Projections, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">S.</li> - -<li class="indx">Satisfaction of Hanging Sash, and Cost, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saving in Foundation, New Method, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saving Time and Trouble, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - -<li class="indx">School and Play-room, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seeming Growth of the Earth, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Semi-dressed Stone, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Setting a Girder, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shaky and Doubtful Foundations, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sheathing and Felting, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shingling, How Done, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Side Alley-way, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Side Openings in Chimney-tops, Solid Caps, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siding on Sheathing-Boards, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siding Upright with Battens, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siding with Bevelled Clap-boards, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sills Bedded in Mortar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Simplicity of Cottage Life, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Size and Shape of Houses, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sky-light, Scuttle, and Ventilator, combined, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Slate, best material for Roofing, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Slate, clipping corners of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sliding Doors, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Small Beginnings, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southern House Requirements, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Space for Furniture and Wall Ornaments, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Space for Piano, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Speaking-tubes Saving Steps, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spreading, in place of Stilted, Houses, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Squeaky Stairs, Effect, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs Continuous to Attic, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stair-Landing, near Center of House, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs, Platform, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs, Quarter Circle at Top, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs, Quarter Circle, Midway their Hight, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stairs to Tower, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stearate of Lime, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stone, Convenient Hight to Build, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stone for Building, Random Dressed, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stone Walls with Brick Angles, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Storm Doors, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243"></a>[243]</span>Stucco Cornices and Centers, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Style determined by Roof, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suggestions as to Balloon Framing, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Superintend’g Construction, Points, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweetening Cellars, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">T.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tanks secured from Frost, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taste in Painting, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temporary Cellar, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tendency to Self-Destruction in Buildings, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Time allowed for Building, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tinning, Raised Groove and Lock-Joint, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tin, Single and Double Cross, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tower and Attic, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tower, Five Stories High, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Truss Heads for Cornices, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">U.</li> - -<li class="indx">Underpinning, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unity in Design, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unobstructed Hall, Stair Space, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unsightly Out-buildings Obviated, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unwholesome Vapors, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">V.</li> - -<li class="indx">Valleys and Gutters, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ventilating Cellars, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ventilation, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ventilation Sewage, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vertical Side Walls in Mansard Roof, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vestibules, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Views and Principal Rooms—Rear, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vines and Creepers for Decoration, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">W.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walks in Conservatories, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walls and Chimneys interlaced, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weight of Slate and Tin, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Well, How Constructed, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">What Color to Paint, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Why Contractors Differ in Estimating, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Y.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yards, Front and Rear, Fenced, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yards of Carpet, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Year, Plumbing Warranted for a, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Z.</li> - -<li class="indx">Zinc Ridge Plates, and Flashings, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="center"><b>Commended by the Greatest Educators of Germany, England and the United -States. Endorsed by Officials, and adopted in many Schools</b></p> - -<p class="center larger"><b>New Methods in Education</b></p> - -<p class="center"><b>Art, Real Manual Training, Nature Study. Explaining: Processes -whereby Hand, Eye and Mind are Educated by Means that Conserve Vitality -and Develop a Union of Thought and Action</b></p> - -<p class="center"><b>By J. Liberty Tadd</b></p> - -<p class="hanging smaller"><i>Director of the Public School of Industrial Art, of Manual Training and Art in the -R. C. 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How to Grow Them.</p> - -<p>By Wm. Falconer. This is the most practical work on -the subject ever written, and the only book on growing -mushrooms published in America. The author describes -how he grows mushrooms, and how they are grown for -profit by the leading market gardeners, and for home -use by the most successful private growers. Engravings -drawn from nature expressly for this work. Cloth.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Handbook of Plants and General Horticulture.</p> - -<p>By Peter Henderson. This new edition comprises about -50 per cent. more genera than the former one, and embraces -the botanical name, derivation, natural order, -etc., together with a short history of the different genera, -concise instructions for their propagation and culture, -and all the leading local or common English names, -together with a comprehensive glossary of botanical and -technical terms. Plain instructions are also given for -the cultivation of the principal vegetables, fruits and -flowers. Cloth, large 8vo.</p> - -<p class="right">$3.00</p> - -<p class="book">Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing and -Market Value.</p> - -<p>By Maurice G. Kains, with a short account of its history -and botany. It discusses in a practical way how to -begin with either seed or roots, soil, climate and location, -preparation, planting and maintenance of the beds, artificial -propagation, manures, enemies, selection for market -and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the -profits that may be expected. This booklet is concisely -written, well and profusely illustrated, and should be -in the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to -supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable -industry to their farms and gardens, without interfering -with the regular work. 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$ .35</p> - -<p class="book">Land Draining.</p> - -<p>A handbook for farmers on the principles and practice -of draining, by Manly Miles, giving the results of his -extended experience in laying tile drains. The directions -for the laying out and the construction of tile drains -will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect -construction, and the disappointment that must necessarily -follow. This manual for practical farmers will -also be found convenient for references in regard to many -questions that may arise in crop growing, aside from -the special subjects of drainage of which it treats. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.</p> - -<p>By Peter Henderson. A guide to the successful propagation -and cultivation of florists’ plants. The work is not -one for florists and gardeners only, but the amateur’s -wants are constantly kept in mind, and we have a very -complete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under -glass, or in the open air, suited to those who grow flowers -for pleasure as well as those who make them a matter -of trade. Beautifully illustrated. New and enlarged -edition. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Tobacco Leaf.</p> - -<p>By J. B. Killebrew and Herbert Myrick. Its Culture -and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. A practical -handbook on the most approved methods in growing, -harvesting, curing, packing, and selling tobacco, with an -account of the operations in every department of tobacco -manufacture. The contents of this book are based on -actual experiments in field, curing barn, packing house, -factory and laboratory. It is the only work of the kind -in existence, and is destined to be the standard practical -and scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco -for many years. Upwards of 500 pages and 150 original -engravings.</p> - -<p class="right">$2.00</p> - -<p class="book">Play and Profit in My Garden.</p> - -<p>By E. P. Roe. The author takes us to his garden on -the rocky hillsides in the vicinity of West Point, and -shows us how out of it, after four years’ experience, he -evoked a profit of $1,000, and this while carrying on pastoral -and literary labor. It is very rarely that so much -literary taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural -experience and good sense. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Forest Planting.</p> - -<p>By H. Nicholas Jarchow, LL. D. A treatise on the care -of woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timber-lands -on plains and mountains. The author has fully -described those European methods which have proved -to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the -old world. This experience has been adapted to the different -climates and trees of America, full instructions -being given for forest planting of our various kinds of -soil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley. -Illustrated, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Soils and Crops of the Farm.</p> - -<p>By George E. Morrow, M. A., and Thomas F. Hunt. The -methods of making available the plant food in the soil -are described in popular language. A short history of -each of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion -of its culture. The useful discoveries of science are -explained as applied in the most approved methods of -culture. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">American Fruit Culturist.</p> - -<p>By John J. Thomas. Containing practical directions for -the propagation and culture of all the fruits adapted to -the United States. Twentieth thoroughly revised and -greatly enlarged edition by Wm. H. S. Wood. This new -edition makes the work practically almost a new book, -containing everything pertaining to large and small -fruits as well as sub-tropical and tropical fruits. Richly -Illustrated by nearly 800 engravings. 758 pp., 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$2.50</p> - -<p class="book">Fertilizers.</p> - -<p>By Edward B. Voorhees, director of the New Jersey Agricultural -Experiment Station. It has been the aim of -the author to point out the underlying principles and to -discuss the important subjects connected with the use -of fertilizer materials. The natural fertility of the soil, -the functions of manures and fertilizers, and the need -of artificial fertilizers are exhaustively discussed. Separate -chapters are devoted to the various fertilizing elements, -to the purchase, chemical analyses, methods of -using fertilizers, and the best fertilizers for each of the -most important field, garden and orchard crops. -335 pp.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Gardening for Profit.</p> - -<p>By Peter Henderson. The standard work on market and -family gardening. The successful experience of the author -for more than thirty years, and his willingness to tell, -as he does in this work, the secret of his success for -the benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable -information. The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Herbert’s Hints to Horse Keepers.</p> - -<p>By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Forester). -This is one of the best and most popular works on the -horse prepared in this country. A complete manual for -horsemen, embracing: How to breed a horse; how to buy -a horse; how to break a horse; how to use a horse; how -to feed a horse; how to physic a horse (allopathy or homoeopathy); -how to groom a horse; how to drive a horse; -how to ride a horse, etc. Beautifully illustrated. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Barn Plans and Outbuildings.</p> - -<p>Two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most valuable -work, full of ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc., -for the construction of barns and outbuildings, by practical -writers. Chapters are devoted to the economic -erection and use of barns, grain barns, house barns, -cattle barns, sheep barns, corn houses, smoke houses, -ice houses, pig pens, granaries, etc. There are likewise -chapters on bird houses, dog houses, tool sheds, ventilators, -roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, -poultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Cranberry Culture.</p> - -<p>By Joseph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history -of cultivation, choice of location, preparing the ground, -planting the vines, management of meadows, flooding, -enemies and difficulties overcome, picking, keeping, profit -and loss. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Ornamental Gardening for Americans.</p> - -<p>By Elias A. Long, landscape architect. A treatise on -beautifying homes, rural districts and cemeteries. A -plain and practical work with numerous illustrations and -instructions so plain that they may be readily followed. -Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Grape Culturist.</p> - -<p>By A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of works -on the culture of the hardy grapes, with full directions -for all departments of propagation, culture, etc., with -150 excellent engravings, illustrating planting, training, -grafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Turkeys and How to Grow Them.</p> - -<p>Edited by Herbert Myrick. A treatise on the natural history -and origin of the name of turkeys; the various -breeds, the best methods to insure success in the business -of turkey growing. With essays from practical turkey -growers in different parts of the United States and Canada. -Copiously illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Profits in Poultry.</p> - -<p>Useful and ornamental breeds and their profitable management. -This excellent work contains the combined -experience of a number of practical men in all departments -of poultry raising. It is profusely illustrated and -forms a unique and important addition to our poultry -literature. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">How Crops Grow.</p> - -<p>By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson of Yale College. New and -revised edition. A treatise on the chemical composition, -structure and life of the plant. This book is a guide to -the knowledge of agricultural plants, their composition, -their structure and modes of development and growth; -of the complex organization of plants, and the use of -the parts; the germination of seeds, and the food of -plants obtained both from the air and the soil. The -book is indispensable to all real students of agriculture. -With numerous illustrations and tables of analysis. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Coburn’s Swine Husbandry.</p> - -<p>By F. D. Coburn. New, revised and enlarged edition. The -breeding, rearing, and management of swine, and the -prevention and treatment of their diseases. It is the fullest -and freshest compendium relating to swine breeding -yet offered. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Stewart’s Shepherd’s Manual.</p> - -<p>By Henry Stewart. A valuable practical treatise on the -sheep for American farmers and sheep growers. It is -so plain that a farmer or a farmer’s son who has never -kept a sheep, may learn from its pages how to manage -a flock successfully, and yet so complete that even the -experienced shepherd may gather many suggestions from -it. The results of personal experience of some years -with the characters of the various modern breeds of -sheep, and the sheep raising capabilities of many portions -of our extensive territory and that of Canada—and -the careful study of the diseases to which our sheep -are chiefly subject, with those by which they may eventually -be afflicted through unforeseen accidents—as well -as the methods of management called for under our -circumstances, are carefully described. Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Feeds and Feeding.</p> - -<p>By W. A. Henry. This handbook for students and stock -men constitutes a compendium of practical and useful -knowledge on plant growth and animal nutrition, feeding -stuffs, feeding animals and every detail pertaining -to this important subject. It is thorough, accurate and -reliable, and is the most valuable contribution to live -stock literature in many years. All the latest and best -information is clearly and systematically presented, making -the work indispensable to every owner of live stock. -658 pages, 8vo. Cloth.</p> - -<p class="right">$2.00</p> - -<p class="book">Hunter and Trapper.</p> - -<p>By Halsey Thrasher, an old and experienced sportsman. -The best modes of hunting and trapping are fully explained, -and foxes, deer, bears, etc., fall into his traps -readily by following his directions. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$ .50</p> - -<p class="book">The Ice Crop.</p> - -<p>By Theron L. Hiles. How to harvest, ship and use ice. -A complete, practical treatise for farmers, dairymen, ice -dealers, produce shippers, meat packers, cold storers, -and all interested in ice houses, cold storage, and the -handling or use of ice in any way. Including many -recipes for iced dishes and beverages. The book is -illustrated by cuts of the tools and machinery used in -cutting and storing ice, and the different forms of ice -houses and cold storage buildings. 122 pp., ill., 16mo. -Cloth.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Practical Forestry.</p> - -<p>By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, -planting and cultivation, with descriptions and the botanical -and popular names of all the indigenous trees of the -United States, and notes on a large number of the most -valuable exotic species.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Irrigation for the Farm, Garden and Orchard.</p> - -<p>By Henry Stewart. This work is offered to those American -farmers and other cultivators of the soil who, from -painful experience, can readily appreciate the losses which -result from the scarcity of water at critical periods. -Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Market Gardening and Farm Notes.</p> - -<p>By Burnett Landreth. Experiences and observation for -both North and South, of interest to the amateur gardener, -trucker and farmer. A novel feature of the book -is the calendar of farm and garden operations for each -month of the year; the chapters on fertilizers, transplanting, -succession and rotation of crops, the packing, -shipping and marketing of vegetables will be especially -useful to market gardeners. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">The Fruit Garden.</p> - -<p>By P. Barry. A standard work on fruit and fruit trees, -the author having had over thirty years’ practical experience -at the head of one of the largest nurseries in -this country. Invaluable to all fruit growers. Illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">The Nut Culturist.</p> - -<p>By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise on the propagation, -planting and cultivation of nut-bearing trees and shrubs -adapted to the climate of the United States, with the -scientific and common names of the fruits known in -commerce as edible or otherwise useful nuts. Intended -to aid the farmer to increase his income without adding -to his expenses or labor. 12mo. Cloth.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">American Grape Growing and Wine Making.</p> - -<p>By George Husmann of California. New and enlarged -edition. With contributions from well-known grape growers, -giving wide range of experience. The author of this -book is a recognized authority on the subject. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Treat’s Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden.</p> - -<p>By Mrs. Mary Treat. An original investigator who has -added much to our knowledge of both plants and insects, -and those who are familiar with Darwin’s works are -aware that he gives her credit for important observation -and discoveries. New and enlarged edition. With -an illustrated chapter on beneficial insects. Fully illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">The Dogs of Great Britain, America and Other Countries.</p> - -<p>New, enlarged and revised edition. Their breeding, training -and management, in health and disease; comprising -all the essential parts of the two standard works on -dogs by “Stonehenge.” It describes the best game and -hunting grounds in America. Contains over one hundred -beautiful engravings, embracing most noted dogs in both -continents, making, together with chapters by American -writers, the most complete dog book ever published. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Harris on the Pig.</p> - -<p>By Joseph Harris. New edition. Revised and enlarged -by the author. The points of the various English and -American breeds are thoroughly discussed, and the -great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly -shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer -who keeps but few pigs, and to the breeder on an extensive -scale. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Pear Culture for Profit.</p> - -<p>By P. T. Quinn, practical horticulturist. Teaching how -to raise pears intelligently, and with the best results, -how to find out the character of the soil, the best methods -of preparing it, the best varieties to select under -existing conditions, the best modes of planting, pruning, -fertilizing, grafting, and utilizing the ground before the -trees come into bearing, and, finally, of gathering and -packing for market. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">The Secrets of Health, or How Not to Be Sick, and -How to Get Well from Sickness.</p> - -<p>By S. H. Platt, A. M., M. D., late member of the Connecticut -Eclectic Medical Society, the National Eclectic -Medical Association, and honorary member of the National -Bacteriological Society of America; our medical editor -and author of “Talks With Our Doctor” and “Our Health -Adviser.” Nearly 600 pages. Profusely illustrated. An -index of 20 pages, so that any topic may be instantly -consulted. A new departure in medical knowledge for -the people—the latest progress, secrets and practices of -all schools of healing made available for the common -people—health without medicine, nature without humbug, -common sense without folly, science without fraud. 12mo. -576 pp., 81 illustrations. Cloth.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Gardening for Young and Old.</p> - -<p>By Joseph Harris. A work intended to interest farmers’ -boys in farm gardening, which means a better and more -profitable form of agriculture. The teachings are given -in the familiar manner so well known in the author’s -“Walks and Talks on the Farm.” Illustrated. Cloth, -12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">Money in the Garden.</p> - -<p>By P. T. Quinn. The author gives in a plain, practical -style, instructions on three distinct although closely connected -branches of gardening—the kitchen garden, market -garden and field culture, from successful practical -experience for a term of years. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">The Pruning Book.</p> - -<p>By L. H. Bailey. This is the first American work exclusively -devoted to pruning. It differs from most other -treatises on this subject in that the author takes particular -pains to explain the principles of each operation in -every detail. Specific advice is given on the pruning of -the various kinds of fruits and ornamental trees, shrubs -and hedges. Considerable space is devoted to the pruning -and training of grapevines, both American and foreign. -Every part of the subject is made so clear and plain that -it can be readily understood by even the merest beginner. -Cloth, 8vo, 530 pages. Illustrated.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">The Dairyman’s Manual.</p> - -<p>By Henry Stewart, author of “The Shepherd’s Manual,” -“Irrigation,” etc. A useful and practical work, by a -writer who is well known as thoroughly familiar with -the subject of which he writes. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Truck Farming at the South.</p> - -<p>By A. Oemler. A work giving the experience of a successful -grower of vegetables or “garden truck” for northern -markets. Essential to anyone who contemplates -entering this profitable field of agriculture. Illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<p class="book">The Propagation of Plants.</p> - -<p>By Andrew S. Fuller. Illustrated with numerous engravings. -An eminently practical and useful work. Describing -the process of hybridizing and crossing species and -varieties, and also the many different modes by which -cultivated plants may be propagated and multiplied. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">Gardening for Pleasure.</p> - -<p>By Peter Henderson. A guide to the amateur in the -fruit, vegetable and flower garden, with full descriptions -for the greenhouse, conservatory and window garden. -It meets the wants of all classes in country, city and -village, who keep a garden for their own enjoyment -rather than for the sale of products. Finely illustrated. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.50</p> - -<p class="book">The Window Flower Garden.</p> - -<p>By Julius J. Heinrich. The author is a practical florist, -and this enterprising volume embodies his personal experience -in window gardening during a long period. New -and enlarged edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$ .50</p> - -<p class="book">Diseases of Horses and Cattle.</p> - -<p>By Dr. D. McIntosh, V. S., professor of veterinary science -in the university of Illinois. Written expressly for the -farmer, stockman and veterinary student. A new work -on the treatment of animal diseases, according to the -modern status of veterinary science, has become a necessity. -Such an one is this volume of nearly 400 pages, -written by one of the most eminent veterinarians of our -country. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.75</p> - -<p class="book">Batty’s Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration.</p> - -<p>By Joseph H. Batty, taxidermist for the government -surveys and many colleges and museums in the United -States. An entirely new and complete as well as authentic -work on taxidermy—giving in detail full directions -for collecting and mounting animals, birds, reptiles, fish, -insects, and general objects of natural history. 125 illustrations. -Cloth, 12mo.</p> - -<p class="right">$1.00</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN HOUSE-PLANS FOR EVERYBODY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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