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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Vailan or annular theory</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>A synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail's argument in support of the claim that this Earth once possessed a Saturn-like system of rings</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Stephen Bowers</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 5, 2022 [eBook #68690]</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive).</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - - - - -<h1 class="mb1_5">THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY.</h1> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5 p2" id="image_1"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center p105 p2"><span class="italic">A Synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail’s Argument in Support of the Claim that -this Earth once Possessed a Saturn-like System of Rings.</span></p> - -<p class="center p4 p90">PREPARED BY</p> - -<p class="center p150 p2">STEPHEN BOWERS, A. M., Ph. D.</p> - -<p class="center">Editor of the Ventura Observer.</p> - -<p class="center p2 mb3">FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF -THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY -OF SCIENCES, ETC., ETC., ETC.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5 p4" id="image_1_2"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center p3">VENTURA, CALIFORNIA:<br /> -<b>THE OBSERVER PRESS PRINT.</b><br /> -<span class="p110">1892.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="full x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The theory advanced by Prof. I. N. Vail accounts for the formation of -the earth’s crust, with its associated minerals, in the fact that it was once -surrounded by rings of aqueous vapor, containing much of its present -solid matter, which fell as mighty deluges. The last of these rings descended -at the time of the Noachian deluge and caused that catastrophe, -which is so graphically described by Moses, and which tradition has sung -in the ears of every tribe of Adam’s race. The formation of these rings -was caused by the intense heat, which drove to an immense distance every -substance which could be reduced to vapor, and where they formed as -annular bands or rings similar to those surrounding the planet Saturn at -the present time. After long ages the portion nearest the earth slowly -overcanopied the heavens, and owing to the lack of centrifugal force -began its descent at the poles.</p> - -<p>This theory explains certain phenomena better than any other yet advanced -by scientists. It accounts for the uplift of mountains; the deposit -of coal and other minerals; the glacial age; the retardation of the moon, -and it alone explains much contained in the first eight chapters of Genesis.</p> - -<p>Prof. Vail has published a volume of about 400 pages on this subject, -which for clearness of statement and logical conclusions has seldom been -equaled by previous writers on scientific subjects. He deals in convincing -facts which are destined to overturn many pre-conceived theories in the -science of geology.</p> - -<p>My object in sending forth this pamphlet is to call the attention of intelligent -readers to a theory which must engage the attention of scientists -in the future, and which will enable the geologist to make clear many -things which are now obscure. I respectfully ask for the following pages -a candid reading, and for further information on the subject refer the -reader to Prof. Vail’s “Story of the Rocks”, and to other works of the -gifted author, which are now passing through the press.</p> - -<p class="fright">S. B.</p> -<p class="ml5 mb0"><span class="smcap">Ventura, California</span>,</p> -<p class="p0 ml10">September 1, 1892.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_VAILAN_OR_ANNULAR_SYSTEM">THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR SYSTEM.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowe7" id="image_2"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_2.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="IMPORTANCE_OF_THE_QUESTION">IMPORTANCE OF THE QUESTION.</h3> - - -<p>Jupiter’s belts are doubtless aqueous -vapor driven from that planet -by heat; similar in every respect, -probably, to the primitive condition -of our globe. This vapor would -not all fall at once on the cooling of -the earth, but the upper portion -would continue to revolve for a long -period.</p> - -<p>All geologists agree that the earth -was once in an igneous fluid state, -and during that condition all of its -waters and whatever else could be -vaporized and sublimed by heat, as -the less refractory metals and minerals, -were driven away from its surface. -The foundation of the Annular -System was the molten or igneous -world. The vaporized water, -mineral and metallic elements repelled -from it existed as a great vaporized -atmosphere that rotated with -the earth.</p> - -<p>If the earth then rotated once in -twenty-four hours, so did the atmosphere. -Proctor and some others -claim that the earth then rotated in -three hours; if so, the atmosphere -did the same. No matter how long -or how short the period of the -earth’s rotation, the upper vapors rotated -with it. Then, when and how -did these vapors and other materials -composing the atmosphere return to -the earth? Geologists generally -have claimed that they fell at the -close of the igneous period; but the -Annular Theory claims that they did -not, and it undertakes to explain the -phenomena of the geologic ages and -epochs upon this claim.</p> - -<p>The most eminent scientists agree -that the vapors were driven off at -least 200,000 miles from the earth, -and many claim a distance of 240,000 -miles. All of the carbon in the -grand casement of aqueous rocks, -the vast oceans of oxygen now contained -in the silicates, sulphates, carbonates -and oxides of the crust, as -well as the nitrogen and hydrogen -in numerous compounds enormously -swelled its volume. But the Annular -Theory will claim but 100,000 -miles as the atmosphere and that the -earth rotated as now, once in twenty-four -hours. At the equator it -revolves at the rate of 1,000 miles -an hour, at which rate the periphery<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -of the earth’s primitive atmosphere -would revolve more than 25,000 -miles an hour.</p> - -<p>Now it is mathematically certain -that a body in our atmosphere revolving -at the rate of 17,500 miles -an hour could not fall to the earth’s -surface. By Kepler’s “Third Law” -we can readily demonstrate not only -that these vapors were thrown out -into a ring system, but how far beyond -the earth they reached, namely: -“The squares of the periodic -times of revolving satellites are proportioned -to the cubes of their -mean distances from the primary -around which they move.”</p> - -<p>The vapors nearest the earth did -not possess the energy of satellites, -consequently they fell to the earth, -as the latter’s surface cooled, leaving -the more distant matter moving independently -above it.</p> - - -<h3>EVIDENCES OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.</h3> - -<p>When the earth was in a state of -fiery fluidity, all of the water it -now contains was suspended at a -great distance above it. Beside the -oceans which now cover three-fourths -of the surface of the globe, -rocks and coals contain from ten -per cent to one half water, all of -which was primarily held in suspension. -The bosom of the earth is -continually absorbing water as is -demonstrated by deep mines and -other excavations. Dana estimates -that even if the crust of the earth -is but five miles thick that the -oceans would be 400 feet deeper if -all of the earth’s imbibed waters -could be returned to them. But -the earth’s crust is more likely to be -100 miles thick, and it has been imbibing -these waters for millions of -years if not millions of ages. This -would increase the oceans to about -8000 feet deeper than now. Yet -oceans are much deeper today than -they were in geologic times.</p> - -<p>This great mass of vapor would -rotate by centrifugal force at the -equator, but there being no such -force at the poles it was there kept -from falling by heat alone. If -the earth had not rotated the -vapors would have occupied great -heights; but centrifugal force being -aided by actual rotation they -were driven much farther. These -forces necessarily drove the vapors -over the equator. If, however, any -vapors were left at the poles they -must have fallen when the earth -cooled down.</p> - -<p>At that age rolled the first born -ocean around the globe. Clouds -formed, rain descended, and winds -swept the earth. There was summer -and winter, and day and night.</p> - -<p>The centripetal force of the -rings was gradually retarded by the -influence of the moon, and the gravital -force was increased until the -rings spread over the earth or approached -it. When the innermost -ring gradually descended toward -the earth and came in contact with -the air it was checked, and necessarily -spread out toward the poles. -Gravital force is strongest in the -polar regions. If the rings of Saturn -and Jupiter could increase -their motion they would rise to -greater heights. If they could become -slower they would sink toward -the poles.</p> - - -<h3>EVIDENCE FROM OTHER PLANETS.</h3> - -<p>We have never seen the actual -face of Saturn, and the sun is never -visible to its inhabitants. It is a -planet upon which there is probably -perpetual day. The belts are composed -of the same kind of material<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -as the super-crust of the earth—silicious, -calcareous and carbonaceous -matter. They will in time -become a part of the planet’s sedimentary -formation.</p> - -<p>When the inveterate fires of the -sun shall have died out, forms of -carbon and associated forms of -aqueous and mineral matter will -form an annular system around it.</p> - -<p>A burning world must be a smoking -world, and from its furnaces -must arise vast volumes of unconsumed -carbon to mingle with suspended -vapors.</p> - -<p>When Saturn’s rings fall to the -body of the planet its moons will -necessarily retire a little farther -from it. Astronomers say that our -moon is gradually retiring from the -earth. Then it must have had an -annular system which fell and -caused the moon to recede.</p> - - -<h3>FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD.</h3> - -<p>The vapors contained silex, quartz -and whatever else was vaporized -and suspended therein. After the -atmosphere had cooled it deposited -on the earth what it contained when -heated. Much of the sedimentary -beds built upon the Laurentian and -older rocks were simply precipitated -from the annular system.</p> - -<p>Iron and sulphur existed in the -upper ocean as metallic and mineral -salts. In the cooling process the -heavier minerals and metals would -necessarily locate nearest the earth -and be the first to fall. True they -were disseminated to a certain extent -throughout the system.</p> - -<p>Iron and other heavy metals -formed beds in the sea bottom. -Iron from Iron Mountain, Mo., -and Pilot Knob, also lead and copper -ores are in the Laurentian rocks. -These rocks are aqueous or sedimentary. -The annular matter fell but -in small part in equatorial regions, -but largely in temperate and frigid -zones.</p> - -<p>It is folly to suppose that all the -matter of aqueous beds were deposited -from previous aqueous beds by -denudation. How were subsequent -lime deposits made from silicious -Archaean beds? Denudation has -taken place in all ages, and a fall -and precipitation of exotic matter—tellurio-cosmic -matter—aided in -the work.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS REACHED.</h3> - -<p>1. All terrestial waters were -held in suspension.</p> - -<p>2. This rotated as a part and -parcel of the earth—a primeval -atmosphere of great complexity of -material.</p> - -<p>3. This suspended matter gathered -in the earth’s equatorial heavens, -and on condensing contracted -and segregated into rings which -revolved independently.</p> - -<p>4. The waters on high fell in a -succession of stupendous cataclysms.</p> - -<p>5. The first ocean was impregnated -with mineral and metallic -salts.</p> - -<p>6. It required a vast lapse of -time for rings to fall. Each ring -continued to revolve as a belt about -the earth with a decreasing velocity -as it spread toward the poles and -overcanopied the earth.</p> - -<p>7. The smoke or unconsumed -carbon that arose from the earth, -darkened the upper vapors and -formed bands or belts.</p> - -<p>8. The moon retarded the rings, -causing them to fall upon the earth, -and it then receded from our planet.</p> - -<p>9. The Archaean metalliferous -deposits are so located as to be inexplicable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -by the old theory of -aqueous denudation.</p> - -<p>10. The Silurian beds, and particularly -the order of their occurrence -utterly refutes the idea that -they were derived from pre-existing -beds.</p> - - -<h3>DEMONSTRATED BY HISTORIC TESTIMONY.</h3> - -<p>In Gen. 1:7 God made the firmament -and divided the waters -which were under the firmament -from the waters which were above -the firmament. According to the -Hebrew the atmosphere became an -expanse between two bodies of -waters, and of course the upper -stratum had to move round the -earth. In Gen. 1:3,4 light came in -and garnished the heavens before -the sun was seen.</p> - -<p>In the 10th. verse the waters on -the earth were called seas, the water -above the earth was called the deep, -and the Spirit of God moved upon -them. “And God said, Let there be -light,” and light came upon the -deep.</p> - -<p>In Gen 1:14-19 the sun which -existed for ages did not appear in -the heavens until after the sun -brought forth grass, etc. Then it is -plain that some intercepting canopy -cut off the direct rays of the sun.</p> - -<p>The writer of Genesis did not say -the sun and moon shone upon the -earth, but he does say the stars did -this. According to the Vailan -theory this is true, but they shone -in from polar regions.</p> - -<p>The earth’s surface was not heated -by the sun’s direct rays, but under -the overcanopying vapors it must -have been warmed, and its temperature -equalized by transmitted and -diffused solar heat.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS.</h3> - -<p>There was a green-house temperature -all over the earth at this time. -Storms and tempests were unknown, -as such phenomena are caused by -sun-power, sun-heat falling directly -upon the earth. Rains were infrequent, -if at all.</p> - -<p>Man, in the day when solar actinism -was shorn of its strength, -must have experienced remarkable -longevity, for upon solar energy -depends every form and phaze of -life on earth.</p> - -<p>The day of rest referred to in -Gen. 2:3 in which God ceased from -his labors was a windless, stormless, -rainless, winterless age; for immediately -we are told that “God had -not caused it to rain upon the -earth.” The climate was warm for -man dwelt naked upon the earth. -He was nurtured in a green-house -world.</p> - -<p>The rainbow comes into view -after the deluge for the first time. -There could have been neither rain -nor sunshine previously, just what -the Vailan theory claims. The -wind came upon the earth after the -waters of the deluge had fallen, and -not before.</p> - -<p>It was after the deluge that God -said, “While the earth remaineth -seed-time and harvest, and cold and -heat, and summer and winter, and -day and night shall not cease.” The -period before the flood was nightless, -and evening and morning were -day; that is, they coalesced into one -period called day.</p> - -<p>After the deluge the bow is given; -man’s longevity declines; the winds -come, and alternating seasons take -place—all pointing to the fact that -the antedeluvian world was overcanopied -by annular waters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>Every leaf of the geologic record -declares that the world has been -deluged time and again, which this -theory also claims to be true, and to -have taken place at the declension -of each ring or stratum.</p> - - -<h3>THE NOACHIAN DELUGE.</h3> - -<p>There is enough water now on -the earth and in its rocky frame to -make an hundred terrific deluges, -every one of which could drown the -world of living beings.</p> - -<p>In early days man believed there -was a great deep on high. The -sources of the deluge were “broken -up,” and never again can the world -be destroyed from that source. If -the fountains of the deep were on -the earth or in the seas then they -are not “broken up.” If they were -in the clouds, they were not, for that -source still exists. Then we must -believe that they came from beyond -the clouds.</p> - -<p>With the fountain of the great -deep placed on high—the veritable -waters above the firmament—we can -readily understand why the “windows -of heaven were opened,” and -why “all the fountains of the great -deep were broken up.” The rainbow -proclaims these facts around -the circuit of the earth.</p> - -<p>How does it happen that the -author of Genesis relates these facts -with such harmonious accord, with -all the conditions which an Annular -arrangement of water necessitated, -if the idea was not familiar to his -mind?</p> - -<p>The presence of upper vapors entering -the atmosphere on their way -to the earth by the way of the polar -regions necessitated an atmosphere -of greater buoyancy and power, and -this necessitated greater bodily -frame. Hence it is said: “There -were giants in those days.” There -were giants among animals as well -as men.</p> - - -<h3>LEGENDS OF THE DELUGE.</h3> - -<p>Such wide-spread desolation as is -accredited to the deluge of Noah -must have made an indelible impression -upon the human mind. -We would naturally look for references -to it in Aryan, Phoenecian, -Greek and Hebrew history. They -were the guardians of civilization. -It is not difficult to co-link even the -rudest form of the flood traditions -with the terrible visitation so graphically -related by Moses. Its shadow -will never pass from the historic -page.</p> - -<p>Men may criticise and ridicule -the narrative given by Moses, yet -the fact remains that a self-sustaining -history is there; and the combined -sophistry of all time cannot -shake it.</p> - -<p>An account of that great catastrophe -is found in the mythological -narratives and traditional history of -nearly or quite every people and -tribe of Adam’s race.</p> - -<p>It is found among the Egyptians, -Chaldeans, Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes. It has been discovered -among the Peruvians and Mexicans; -the aborigines of Cuba, of -North America and the South Sea -Islands. Even the inhabitants of -Alaska preserve a tradition of the -deluge; and all point unmistakably -to the deluge of Noah.</p> - -<p>Recent investigations in the ruins -of Nineveh, Babylon and in ancient -cities of Egypt confirm it by tablets -preserved as veritable books.</p> - -<p>Tradition as she sits amidst the -crumbling ages of the past sings it -in our ears, while the sound of a universal -deluge has gone out through<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -all the earth. It would require volumes -to present these traditions -alone.</p> - - -<h3>AUGMENTATION OF OCEANIC WATERS.</h3> - -<p>Some portions of the earth are -sinking while others are rising. The -millions of cubic feet of matter deposited -daily in the oceans by rivers -would be sufficient to accomplish -this. Every pound of matter thus -transferred, <em>is an energy transferred</em>. -In the course of 1,000 years, 1,000 -square miles of oceanic bottom -would be covered to the depth of -240 feet.</p> - -<p>This enormous pressure on the -underlying rocks is so much transferred -energy converted into -mechanical heat. This must expand -the rocks thus under increased -pressure. If this sediment -were not borne into the ocean -along the Atlantic coast and spread -out over vast areas it would be -lined with mountains and volcanoes, -as that of the Mediterranean sea; -but being spread out over an extensive -floor it prevents their formation -by lateral pressure.</p> - -<p>Volcanoes are located where sediments -can accumulate, and are -doubtless the result of this accumulation. -Sixty-five thousand feet of -steel blocks piled one upon another -would cause sufficient heat to melt -the lower ones or reduce them to a -plastic state. The lava that issues -from a volcano is the deep bed-rock -fused by pressure produced by -lateral expansion. Accumulating -sediments cause rock expansion in -some regions, and being removed -from others, causes contraction. -Expansion elevates the earth’s crust; -contraction lowers it.</p> - -<p>A downfall of water that would -raise the ocean fifty feet above its -present level would cause an expansion -that no rocks could resist, -and its lateral pressure must result -in mountain making. The New -England coast has been elevated in -comparatively recent times. The -St. Lawrence is so new that it has -not yet swept its channel clean.</p> - -<p>From Nova Scotia to Florida and -around the whole boundary of the -Gulf of Mexico are the submerged -shore-lines of a former continent. -Many miles out the lead-line suddenly -plunges from about 100 fathoms -to from 200 to 1,500 fathoms. -So around the British Isles, the -coast of Norway, and that of Northern -Europe and Asia. South America, -Africa and the Pacific present -the same characteristics. The -course of a submerged continent has -been traced in mid-ocean.</p> - - -<h3>SUMMARY.</h3> - -<p>The Vailan Theory is proved,</p> - -<p>1. By mathematical reasoning -and philosophic necessity.</p> - -<p>2. By the mineral character and -philosophical deposition of strata.</p> - -<p>3. By analagous facts relating to -other worlds, belted and ringed -under the reign of law.</p> - -<p>4. By the action of the moon.</p> - -<p>5. By the records of man whose -ancient writings declare, and re-declare, -again and again, the truth -of this claim. The first eight chapters -of Genesis alone afford proof -sufficient if all else failed.</p> - -<p>6. The waters on the earth themselves -declare the fact.</p> - - -<h3>GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.</h3> - -<p>The first and most important element -of the earth’s crust is carbon. -Of the more than 60,000 feet of -aqueous beds there are probably -none that it does not enter into as -an important factor. It was first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -driven from the earth by intense -heat. The burning world was a -smoking world. The unconsumed -carbon commingled with the Annular -vapors in the form of black, -sooty, pitchy matter. This was deposited -at the time of the deluge, -and the waters that stood in seas, -lakes and ponds deposited it as a -layer of black, carbonaceous mud -upon their bottoms. It may be -found in ten thousand lakes planted -in the Drift deposits in North America -and Northern Europe.</p> - -<p>A black carbonaceous soil covers -many Western States which were -once covered by a vast inland sea. -This sea was bounded on the west -by the Rocky Mountains; south by -the Ozark Mountains and the mountains -of Tennessee and Kentucky, -and emptied its waters into Lake -Michigan.</p> - -<p>This great inland sea finally became -a fresh-water body. The remains -of the mastodon, mammoth -and other pachyderms of interdiluvian -times, as well as fresh-water shells are found. It made -for itself two great outlets, the -Mississippi and the St. Lawrence -rivers. This inland sea must have -been elevated 700 or 800 feet above -the ocean, and was surrounded on -all sides by walls, and covered an -area of at least 500,000 square -miles. We must conclude that -some great down-rush of waters -caused it to break its bounds in two -directions at the same time.</p> - -<p>The fall of waters supplied the -black, sooty carbon that settled to -the bottom of the sea, remaining -but a few inches thick on the hills, -perhaps, but several feet in the -valleys, and is the source of the -peat bogs.</p> - - -<h3>GLACIAL EPOCHS.</h3> - -<p>Previous to the glacial record -there had closed a long period of -perpetual spring. The primitive -elephant, and many of his congeners -and contemporaries, fed in luxurious -forests and grassy plains toward -the north pole, which are now covered -with glaciers grinding their -bones to dust. Northern regions -which for untold ages had been covered -with tropical vegetation, and -animals of innumerable forms, began -to be invaded by glaciers which -slowly made their way toward the -equator.</p> - -<p>The only way glaciers are now -formed is by vapors wafted over -them from adjacent lands warmed -by solar heat; but they were not -formed that way during the glacial -epochs, but by the declension of annular -vapors. Glacial ice cannot -accumulate extensively now. <em>It -flows</em>, and cannot be heaped up -largely, its rate of motion being proportionate -to the slope of its bed. -The source of those snows which -built a great continental ice cap -over the northern hemisphere must -be attributed to the Annular System. -They accumulated in the St. Lawrence -valley several thousand feet -thick and towered over the New -England mountains.</p> - -<p>Snow seldom falls in arctic regions -now. Dr. Kane saw sledge -tracks that were made several years -previously. How then did those -boundless reaches of snow and ice -accumulate but by the descent of -Annular vapors?</p> - -<p>Animals are found entombed in -the frozen soil and snows under the -arctic circle. For many years a -large trade has been carried on in -ivory, by Siberian traders, dug from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -the frozen soil. Many of the animals, -as the mammoth, rhinoceros, -etc., remain undecayed, and in their -stomachs and between their teeth -are found the vegetation upon -which they fed. And even the capillary -blood vessels still retaining -their contents, showing that there -was not the slightest decomposition, -but that the catastrophe which overwhelmed -them was sudden. The -climate was changed as by a stroke, -which congealed and sealed the land -in ice, locking the mammoth and -other animals therein.</p> - -<p>Had those animals not been frozen -soon as killed, putrification and decomposition -must have taken place. -Nothing but the down-rush of snows -from the earth’s Annular System -could have done this. These remains -are dredged from the northern -oceans, and they are also found -fossilized over large portions of Siberia; -in both cases being doubtless -dropped from icebergs. The mammoth -is found frozen in a glacier; -the glacier was originally snow; the -destruction must necessarily have -been sudden.</p> - -<p>If not more than one tenth of the -waters now upon the earth had fallen -in the form of snow it would -have covered the entire land surface -of the globe more than 30,000 feet -deep; and as one tenth must have -fallen in polar regions it brings out -the Annular Theory as a competent -source. The sudden fall of snow -sufficient to overwhelm a semi-tropical -world could not accumulate in -the atmosphere as it now does, and -fall therefrom. It must have come -from a source beyond the atmosphere.</p> - -<p>The overcanopying fund of vapors -acted as a mighty robe to the earth, -keeping out the cold of space, and -equally distributing solar heat over -the globe and causing terrestial -warmth. The animals were much -larger than their representatives are -now, showing that the atmosphere -was heavier and possessed more -buoyant power by the pressure of a -vast ocean of vapors in the higher -regions.</p> - -<p>The downfall of water caused continual -upheavals, and mountain -making, which is proved by finding -marine fossils along the seashore, -and elsewhere far above the ocean. -Terraces of the Champlain epoch in -New England that must have been -formed in the sea, are now found -elevated hundreds of feet.</p> - -<p>All geologists agree that there -have been many floods upon the -earth. The great telluric glaciers of -recent geologic times were melted -under the tropic influence of the Annular -vapors resulting in deluges.</p> - -<p>Under the vast pressure of the -accumulated waters the plastic -ocean bed goes down and forces its -foundation under the continent by -lateral pressure, and causes upturned -and crumpled strata in many places, -and also volcanic phenomena.</p> - - -<h3>REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.</h3> - -<p>The geologist has never yet found -the base of the aqueous rocks, nor -can he know how deep their foundations -extend. When the Laurentian -stratified beds were formed -there was an ocean on the earth. A -portion of the tellurio-cosmic waters -had fallen.</p> - -<p>In the boulder and conglomerate -rocks found in every age of geology -there is proof that glaciers invaded -the earth after the declension of -each Annular stratum. The Annular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -matter extended in comparatively -narrow belts over the equator. As -the lower stratum was attracted toward -the earth it gradually spread -out toward the polar regions, causing -a warm climate all over the -earth, and melting the snows and -glaciers at the poles. This -lasted untold ages until a tropic -and semi-tropical vegetation spread -over the earth. After its fall arctic -cold invaded the north and south -poles, pushing a vast ice cap toward -the equator, which remained until -another stratum of annular vapors -spread over the globe. These ages -of warmth and ages of cold continued -to alternate until the fall of the -last ring of vapors, which took place -at the time of the Noachian deluge, -causing that catastrophe.</p> - -<p>The sudden destruction of life, at -the end of each age in geology, -must have been caused by sudden -cold. The waters reaching the -earth at the poles must cause refrigeration; -must cause excessive -floods; must cause extermination of -specific forms of life; must cause new -distribution and condition of oceanic -waters, and caused great folding -and crumpling of strata.</p> - -<p>In the dissolving of glaciers a vast -pressure was lifted from the continents -and transferred to the ocean -beds, causing them to go down and -the land to be elevated.</p> - - -<h3>SEED BED OF ORGANISMS.</h3> - -<p>From the days of Homer until the -present time we read of dust-storms -of living organisms falling upon the -earth, and colored snow, the coloring -matter being microscopic forms -of life. The dust is doubtless of -cosmic origin. There must be micro-cosmic -clouds moving in interplanetary -space, which meeting the -earth in its path, are precipitated -upon its surface.</p> - -<p>We can scarcely conceive of matter -anywhere without associating it -with living forms. The outermost -vapors of the annular system, which -fell in the time of Noah, remained -on high for unknown millions of -years, receiving constant additions -of meteoric and cosmic dust from -without. As the gaseous envelope -that now surrounds our earth contains -living organisms, we must believe -the annular matter did also, -and to a much greater degree.</p> - -<p>If Jupiter’s belted system had -long ago descended to the body of -that planet, so that we could gaze -upon the continents and seas as we -do those of Mars, we would conclude -that they swarmed with life. An -incomplete world must contain incomplete -or primordial life-forms; -forms that in time must develop. -In yellow snow, dust showers, “blood -rains,” etc. we have evidence that -organic forms are natural accompaniments -of the nebulous and elementary -forms of matter.</p> - -<p>Spider showers are well authenticated. -Sometimes the air is filled -with their gossamer threads upon -which they mount to unknown depths -of space, where they live. If spiders -can live in the air, descend to the -earth and live there for a time, and -toads can live for untold ages immured -in solid rock, they could live -in belts of aqueous and mineral -matter. The manner in which organisms -have succeeded each other -on the earth as revealed by the geologic -records demands that the annular -system was the cradle of infant -life, the propagating beds in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -which the life-germs were placed by -the great Gardener of Nature.</p> - -<p>It is as reasonable to suppose that -germs took form in water under the -creative hand before they fell to the -earth as afterward, and when we see -that each downfall brought new -life-forms which exhibit no specific -or generic relation to previous -forms, we are forced to admit that -either the seed beds of the Annular -system provided the undeveloped -organisms, or there was a special -creation at each period.</p> - -<p>In the Silurian age there was an -ocean containing heavy calcarious -matter; in the Devonian silicious -and silicio-calcarious matter; in the -Carboniferous carbonaceous matter, -and each ocean had its characteristic -life-forms. But if all the -waters fell at one time, how is it -possible for each age to have had -an ocean containing characteristic -minerals? These characteristic minerals -fell with each ring, which -marked the ages of geology, destroying -previous life-forms and introducing -new ones. Eozoic rocks -were laid down 40,000 feet thick. -Upon these were piled Silurian 65,000 -feet thick; on these Devonian -rocks 15,000 feet, and then comes -17,000 feet of Carboniferous rocks, -each age having characteristic fossils -and mineral deposits. As these -deposits were laid down by the sea, -why do they so widely differ in their -composition if they all fell at the -same time from above! The Potsdam -sandstone underlies the Silurian -rocks. It spread from the Canadas -to Texas, from the Alleghanies -to the Rocky mountains, and probably -forms a casement around the -globe. It is 8,000 feet thick, and -shows a mechanical and rapid accumulation, -pointing unmistakably to -the downfall of a silicious ring.</p> - -<p>The Annular theory admits of the -universal eroding power of rivers -and waves; the transporting power -of currents and strata building from -detrital matter. But waves can do -nothing unless supplied with matter. -Where did they get the crystalline, -granulated and infusorial matter to -spread over the floor of the Silurian -ocean? Great beds of metals have -been laid down as regularity stratified -deposits which could not have -been borne from Archaean terranes.</p> - - -<h3>CARBON STRATA DEPOSITED AS AN AQUEOUS -SEDIMENT.</h3> - -<p>Carbon composing a peat bed is -simply unconsumed carbon. The -carbon or smoke that arises from -every chimney and furnace when -measurably shut up from immediate -union with oxygen, remains an unburnt -fuel precisely the same in -kind as the unburnt carbon fuel of -the peat bogs. Were we to collect -the unburnt carbon from our chimneys -in piles, where moisture and -air could have free access, it would -take fire spontaneously and burn, -just as peat dug from the bog sometimes -takes fire and burns.</p> - -<p>The millions of fires from foundries, -volcanoes, etc., are forming -fuel wherever soot is formed, and -were it not for the ever active oxygen -of the air, it would all descend -upon the earth as fuel and become -incorporated in forming sedimentary -beds. This is our claim for the -coal, which as unconsumed carbon -arose beyond the reach of destroying -oxygen, from the heated, glowing -furnace of our globe, and in -time returned to the earth.</p> - -<p>When the plant dies and begins<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -to decay one of its constituent elements, -carbon, oxydizes by slow -combustion and returns to the air -as an invisible gas. It is but accidental -when a particle fails to become -oxydized and remains as unconsumed -carbon. An exceedingly -small part of vegetation remains unburnt.</p> - -<p>Coal veins, which are from one -foot to three hundred feet thick, -would make a stratum around the -earth ten feet thick. Fifty pounds -of coal will yield 10,000 gallons of -carbonic acid. Then calling eight -gallons equal to one cubic foot the -astonishing fact comes out that the -coal beds actually draw from the -atmosphere an ocean of carbonic -acid which would have covered the -globe to the depth of 12,500 feet, -which would have destroyed all animal -life. Even three or four per -cent. of carbonic acid in our present -atmosphere would be fatal to animal -life. Hence it is clear that -coal cannot be attributed to vegetable -origin.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS REACHED.</h3> - -<p>The following conclusions are -clearly deducible:</p> - -<p>1. The Annular system was a region -of microscopic life and infusorial -forms. Coal being deposited -by sea-water carried down with it -marine forms, and others settled -upon its surface.</p> - -<p>2. The carbon deposits must -have borne down a vast amount of -marine vegetation and buried it -upon the sea bottom. In swamp -marshes the vegetation would have -been entirely different.</p> - -<p>3. When a carbon fall was borne -to the seas and settled where limestone -strata prevailed it would indicate -great distance from the shore, -and here the roof shales of the -coal must be necessarily free from -land fossils. Coal beds amongst -sandstone strata indicate depositions -near shore, and may contain land -fossils.</p> - -<p>4. The coal beds must be more -heavily developed toward polar regions, -and most free from impurities.</p> - -<p>5. All carbon downfalls must -have been attended by great cataclysms -of snow, or water, or both.</p> - -<p>6. A coal vein deposited near a -volcano, or mechanical heat arising -therefrom would be metamorphosed -into heavier and harder forms of -carbon. But as all grades must -have existed in the Annular system -as primitive distillates, all of these -forms may be found in lands where -no strata disturbance has taken -place.</p> - -<p>7. The heavy carbon, as the anthracite -and semi-bituminous particles -would be borne to the deep -seas, while the lighter would float -into shallow water. Hence a submarine -valley might have a deposit -of anthracite while a neighboring -bed on an elevation might be bituminous.</p> - -<p>8. In both northern and southern -hemispheres the coal must be -more valuable as we proceed from -the equator.</p> - -<p>9. There must have been carbon -falls in all ages, and the first were -the purest and the best, while the -last to descend must have been the -lightest and poorest, and must be -found near the surface, or are the -foundations of recent peat bogs.</p> - -<p>Peat vegetation, or moss known -by the generic name of <em>Sphagnous</em>, -has led many to believe it to be the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -origin of that product. But these -<em>sphagnous</em> mosses could never have -planted themselves over the medial -and colder latitudes if the carbon -beds necessary to sustain them had -not previously been planted there. -If coal and peat are vegetable products -they should exist in greater -abundance in tropical regions; but -they are found in limited quantity -there.</p> - - -<h3>IS COAL A VEGETABLE PRODUCT?</h3> - -<p>The usually accepted theory concerning -the origin of coal is that it -was formed from an ancient vegetation -that grew largely in peat and -swamp marshes. This theory the -Vailan system overthrows.</p> - -<p>Every atom of the great mass of -carbon now forming the coal deposits -must have been a distilled -product of a primitive igneous process -before the plant could possibly -appropriate it. Every intelligent -chemist knows that the great telluric -gas furnace of primitive times -was competent to produce all the -carbon now found in the crust of -the earth. Soot, that sometimes -takes fire in our chimneys, is deposited -in infinitesimal smoke particles. -Hence, smoke from burning -carbon is simply a fuel which makes -it evident that the smoke which -arose from the igneous earth was a -fuel hydro-carbon. The dark belts -of Saturn and Jupiter are doubtless -strata of carbon revolving about -those planets.</p> - -<p>If the Vailan theory is true the -graphites and heavier forms of carbon -were the first to fall upon the -earth after the igneous period was -passed, and will be found in its -first aqueous beds, and generally -unassociated with fossil vegetation. -This is precisely what we do find. -Both Dana and Dawson bear testimony -to the fact that graphite is a -very common mineral in the older -beds, and that the primitive carbon -beds are equal in gravity to that of -similar areas in the carboniferous -system.</p> - -<p>Why no fossil plants in the earlier -coal deposits? Because no plants -grew at that time. Then we must -look for its origin elsewhere than in -plants. If coal be a vegetable product, -so is graphite. To say that -animal organism aided in the process -simply adds to the difficulty, -since it is carbon that makes the -organism and not the organism the -carbon. But suppose fossil plants -were found in graphite, would it be -any more evidence that they formed -it than that they formed clay or -sandrock in which they are found? -The simple fact that organic fossils -are found in carbon beds changed -to carbon affords no evidence that -these organisms made the beds.</p> - -<p>We find vegetable remains in coal -seams just as we find them in any -other rock. A coal plant as a -lepidodendron, may begin in the -lower clay, and pierce through a -coal seam into the overhanging -shale and sandstone. In the first it -is a clay fossil, in the second a carbonaceous -fossil, and in the third a -silicious fossil. The fact is the -trunk of a tree in an upright position -in a coal bed, which is quite -common, proves that the coal formed -around it rapidly. It would require -forty feet of vegetable debris to -make five feet of carbon. Some -coal seams are 300 feet thick, which -would require at least 2,400 feet of -vegetable growth in its formation, -which is an impossibility. As a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> -vegetable product coal would form -very slowly, but from the Vailan -system would require but a few -hours, or days at most, to lay it -down.</p> - -<p>Plants found in coal burn with -difficulty, which ought not to be -true if they contained a resinous -sap, or bituminous matter. In many -instances you can find a dozen fossil -plants in the overlying clay to -where you can find one in coal. -They are clay fossils because they -are imbedded in clay, same as fossils -in coal are carbon because imbedded -in carbon.</p> - -<p>If coal is compressed peat, as some -would have us believe, why do we -not find fibres running vertically -through it? You may examine peat -after a pressure of twenty tons to -the square inch has been exerted, -and yet the vertical structure of -the mass will be apparent. Since -we find abundance of rootlets running -in all directions, vertically as -well as horizontally in the under -clays of coal beds it is evident that -coal is not a metamorphosed peat.</p> - -<p>Imagine an expanse of marshes -100,000 square miles in extent, covered -with calamites, ferns, sigillaria, -lepidodendra remaining motionless -for countless centuries, and then -suddenly sinking beneath the waves -of the sea in order to receive a sea-formed -bed for a covering; and in the -universal burial to preserve but a -few fossils, and they in a horizontal -position, while in the clays immediately -above and below the coal beds -they are found in profusion; that in -due time the vast area arose from -its baptism, and on the thin layer -of clay millions of the same plants -grew until they formed another bed -of coal, when it sinks again beneath -the waves, and this oscillation continued -until it had been buried -twenty, forty or one hundred times, -and you have the old theory of how -coal was formed.</p> - -<p>But if the old theory concerning -the formation of coal is correct, how -did it occur that the earth in rising -out of the ocean stopped each time -in the right place for swamp vegetation -to accumulate? According -to the highest authority coal is not -formed from sea-plants, for they -cannot emit any considerable -amount of caloric, but it is the product -of land plants. Then why do -we find coal scattered over a vast -area of sea bottom?</p> - -<p>The structure of continents show -that they have remained such from -their first formation. Some of the -geologic formations, as the Carboniferous-conglomerates, -took place all -over the earth at the same time. -How could this be except it came -from the Annular system?</p> - -<p>Were we to have a shower of carbon -dust it would settle to the bottom -of the sea all over the irregularities -of the same. Then sand beds -accumulating for ages would settle -over it. These would form a greater -thickness in some places than in -others; hence a succeeding fall of -carbon settling upon the ocean floor -would not form a bed exactly parallel -with the first. This is precisely -what we find to be true in the carbon -deposits. The distance in coal -seams may vary from twenty feet in -one place to forty feet in another -place in the same neighborhood, -which is the result of irregularity -in the ocean floor.</p> - -<p>Bowlders are found in coal seams -which means that coal beds have -been formed under water; and if a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> -foreign bowlder that the coal seam -was formed at the bottom of the -ocean. Bowlders have been found -in the middle of coal seams with -glacial marks upon them, showing -that they have been dropped from -icebergs into the forming coal beds -at the bottom of the sea. Foreign -water-worn bowlders are frequently -found in coal beds.</p> - -<p>Stratas of coal may be separated -by layers of clay not more than half -an inch in thickness; how could vegetation -take root in so thin a layer -of clay sufficient to form the overlying -coal seam of probably several -feet? Suppose a great carbon fund -should float from the Arctic ocean -into Hudson Bay. It would settle -upon an undulating bottom, and if a -flood of muddy water from the surrounding -rivers should empty into -the bay while the carbon bed was -forming, a thin clay bed would be -the result. This might continue as -long as the carbon was brought -from the Arctic regions.</p> - -<p>The floating mass of primitive -carbon clouds after they entered -the atmosphere and floated away for -centuries, perhaps, toward the polar -regions in their efforts to reach the -earth, became a tissue of evolving -vegetable organisms and vegetable -forms. Take fresh soot from a furnace -soon as it is formed, subject it -to hot vapors from boiling waters -and store it away in an open vessel -of water, and you will soon see vegetable -and animal organisms start -into being. Then why not find organisms -in revolving soot clouds in -the Annular system?</p> - -<p>Marine vegetation exists on the -sea bottom, and a carbon sediment -rapidly accumulating would certainly -involve it.</p> - -<p>Under almost all the carbon veins -lies a deposit of fire clay. Strange -that adjoining a highly combustible -bed, a substance should be invariably -planted that is so refractory as -to be used for crucibles in fusing -almost every known metal! In this -bed lies involved a profuse marine -vegetation, and the preservation of -its delicate lineaments proves that -it was suddenly involved. It is -more generally present under coal -veins that are more distant from the -tropics, and <em>invariably</em> in the most -distant ones. The fire clay-dust -sublimed in the great telluric crucible -arose to commingle with primitive -vapors and returned with them. -When a carbon fall occurred the -clay matter being of greater specific -gravity was the first to find its way -to the ocean floor.</p> - -<p>This fire clay is found under beds -of primitive graphite where no vegetation -is involved, and therefore -cannot be a vegetable distillation. -It is found where glacial action is -unknown, and cannot be mud pulverized -by moving ice. Every one -of the more than seventy coal seams -of the Nova Scotia regions has its -characteristic clay-bed. When we -see trees standing in and surrounded -by this clay we are forced to admit -a rapid accumulation.</p> - -<p>Limestone is a deep sea formation -and the Vailan system demands -that standing trees should not be -found in it. Only such limestone -formation or strata as were deposited -as mechanical precipitation could -be formed in shallow waters, especially -in regions beyond the tropics. -A limestone stratum deposited -among shore deposits or continental -detritus points directly to Annular -origin and vegetable fossils will occur<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -in the upper clays. Here geologists -have an opportunity to prove -or disprove the Annular problem.</p> - -<p>Coal and peat are not found in -the tropics where they ought to be -found if vegetation produced them. -And if they could be found there it -would sweep the Vailan system from -its foundations. They are found, -however, just where this system says -they must be found. Why is peat -found in the ocean, and in the -thousands of lakes and ponds where -no peat vegetation is now growing? -Suppose we find a peat bed forty -feet thick, it must have been at one -time a lake with forty feet of water, -and how did the peat begin to grow? -Peat forms slowly and the rains and -storms would have worked mud, -etc., more rapidly into it than the -peat would have filled it. It would -neither have grown from the top -nor from the bottom. The foundation -carbon fell from the Annular -fund.</p> - - -<h3>METAMORPHISM OF CARBON BEDS.</h3> - -<p>When bituminous or lignitic coal, -or even peat is subjected to a sufficient -degree of heat it is converted -into hard coal and sometimes into -graphite. From this source some -conclude that anthracite and all -hard coals are metamorphosed beds -of soft carbon. But how about the -vast beds in aqueous crusts hundreds -of miles from any igneous -agencies? All anthracite coal -changed from bituminous coal will -contain a greater per cent. of ash -than the coal from which it is derived. -If it does not it is evidence -that it never was bituminous coal.</p> - -<p>Let us suppose a heavy fall of -Annular carbon in the north Atlantic -ocean, and that the Appalachian -mountains were again under -the sea. The carbon carried by the -ocean currents southward would -fall to the sea bottom in the more -quiet waters. The heavy or anthracite -dust would reach the bottom in -deep waters where the lighter forms -would not. Before the Appalachian -upheaval, the eastern base of the -system was farther out in the sea, -and was in deeper waters than the -western. The constitution of the -coal itself, the condition of the sea -bottom (sloping from the coast to -the deep sea) point harmoniously to -the annular origin of the carbon -beds. The bituminous dust not being -able to directly settle with the -anthracite remained longer in suspension -which accounts for its -greater amount of ash. The farther -south it floated, the more impure -it became. The heaviest beds of -anthracite will be found in the -northern part of the great plateau, -and principally in British America -if the Vailan theory is true.</p> - -<p>Fossil plants in coal are generally -mineralized charcoal, and are difficult -of combination. If the bed -was composed of vegetable production -the same difficulty would certainly -characterize the mass. Hence -the plant is simply a foreign body -in a bed of mineral carbon. Coal -seams have become so hard as to be -planed off by eroding forces directly -after being laid down, or before -heavy beds had accumulated over -them. Thus they could not have -been formed by vegetable peat.</p> - - -<h3>TERTIARY COALS.</h3> - -<p>Extensive coal beds in Asia are -probably Tertiary, while the vast -carbon beds among the Rocky -Mountains, and underlying the vast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> -plain to the west of these mountains, -were formed in the Tertiary -period. The Rocky Mountain plateau -on which the coal beds are -planted existed as a sea bottom over -which the waters from the Arctic -world rolled during the Tertiary -period. The Rocky Mountain region -was then sleeping in the sea.</p> - -<p>The Tertiary beds reach from -Mexico to the Arctic ocean, proving -that currents ran toward the equator -along the valley of the McKenzie, -bearing into southern waters whatever -fell from the upper world. It -is thus easy to see how the vast expanse -of this western world became -the receptacle of Tertiary carbon. -Finding no Tertiary coals on the -Eastern border of our continent -we are led to believe that a narrow -continent stretched from America -to Europe across the present bed of -the Atlantic and hindered the flow -of carbon along the Atlantic seaboard. -It is now conceded by geologists -that such an isthmus of land -reached from Newfoundland to the -shores of Europe during the Tertiary -period. This being true a -vast fund of carbon must lie at the -bottom of the North Atlantic.</p> - -<p>If these later coals had been -formed out of vegetation growing -in great continental swamps, the -same opportunity was afforded by -the southern sea borders for this -swamp vegetation. And so from -Long Island to the Rio Grande. -Why then do we not find it -if coal is of vegetable origin? If -the vast fund of the lignitic coals -is a vegetable production it was -present in the Tertiary atmosphere -as a deadly poison. But at that -time both land and sea were full of -air-breathing mammals and monsters -showing conclusively that it -was not there in such a condition.</p> - - -<h3>DEDUCTIONS.</h3> - -<p>1. The plant when subjected to -a proper mode of distillation is -made to yield carbon in various allotropic -forms. So of any mineral -that has carbon in its constitution. -These forms of carbon were placed -in the crust of the earth after the -primitive fires had died out.</p> - -<p>2. All such primitive distillations -existed in the atmosphere of the -incandescent earth.</p> - -<p>3. This matter as it declined and -mingled with the atmosphere in -after ages, changed from the ring to -the belt form, and overcanopied the -earth and fell largely in regions -outside the tropics.</p> - -<p>4. The heavier forms of carbon -fell largely in the earlier ages; -though all sections of the system -must have had some of each form.</p> - -<p>5. All ages were more or less -characterized by carbon falls, and -no age could be exclusively carboniferous.</p> - -<p>6. Carbon falling directly into -the ocean would separate into heavier -and lighter forms and settle -accordingly in higher or lower elevations -of sea bottom, thus explaining -why different forms of coal are -found in the same proximate horizon.</p> - -<p>7. The earliest or heavier forms -are free from organic remains, and -must therefore be a primitive distillation. -The other carbon beds by -their associated strata; by their involved -vegetation and other organisms; -by accompanying clay-partings; -by involved glacial drift; by -latitudinal gradation in quantity of -ash and specific gravity; by characteristic -absence from the tropics and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> -the heavy deposits in higher latitudes; -by synchronous formation in -all continents; by their evident formation -in the very lap and bosom of -the glacier and in ice and flood; by -the fact that they are bituminous, -oily hydro-carbons, and by a multitude -of inconsistencies and impossibilities -involved in the vegetation -theory, have been shown to be actual -sedimentary deposits, and therefore -a primitive product.</p> - -<p>Since then there is not a feature -connected with the formation of coal -that is not readily explained by the -primitive carbon theory; not one -that philosophic law does not resolve -into harmony with Annular -declension without even the show of -conflict; and since vegetarians are -forever stumbling upon inexplicable -difficulties—bowlders, pebbles, undulations, -slopes, ripple-marks, clay-partings, -cannel-coal inseparably -joined with bituminous coal, anthracites -with less amount of ash, marine -impurities, carbon planted in Archaean -beds, air-breathing animals -among Tertiary coals, carbon -dredged from the ocean, dug from -the frozen world, and innumerable -other objections over which they can -not climb, the vegetation theory can -not be true.</p> - - -<h3>ANNULAR DOWNFALL IN THE TERTIARY -OCEAN OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.</h3> - -<p>If the Vailian theory claims are -valid the beds in the Rocky Mountain -Tertiary must present the following -features: The Cretaceous -period having been brought to a -close by a down-rush of waters and -snows in the northern hemisphere, -a stream of water pouring southward -must to a great extent have -been a fresh-water current, and -those deposits in the extreme northern -beds of the Rocky Mountain -region must be largely fresh-water -accumulations. Those in the middle -of this region must be to a less -extent fresh-water; perhaps sometimes -fresh and again marine, owing -to changes in currents, etc., and -the two be commingled, while in -the southern part the beds must -be almost exclusively marine. Fortunately -for the Vailian theory these -demands are fully met. The waters -of this vast region communicated -with the Arctic ocean, probably by -way of the present depression in -British America, along the valley of -the McKenzie river, while south it -communicated with the Gulf of -Mexico.</p> - -<p>Here was a sea forty times larger -than Lake Erie. Where did the -water come from that made the -northern part fresh, the middle part -brackish and the southern portion -marine? The Tertiary of the Pacific -Coast is marine; so is a larger portion -of the Atlantic border. Doubtless -Davis Strait poured a volume -of fresh-water from the polar world -into the Atlantic, for there is the -same commingling of marine and -fresh-water shells on the northeast -coast, while in the northern part -they are exclusively fresh-water -species. Rivers could not have -done this, for all the rivers from -Delaware Bay around the coast of -the Gulf of Mexico were not sufficient -to lay down fresh-water Tertiary. -Admit that the vast polar -ocean of the Tertiary period was a -body of fresh-water, and all difficulties -disappear.</p> - -<p>Geologists admit that in the Tertiary -period mountains were made -on every continent, that there was a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> -world-wide disturbance of strata, -and the most complete extermination -of species on record. The -Cretaceous world was swept by a -mighty cataclysmic wave, and its -animals were buried in the detrital -mass swept from the land into the -seas and formed the lower Eocene -beds. Nothing of which we can -conceive could do this but a downpour -of Annular waters. One-third -of North America, a great part of -Northern Europe, nearly all of Siberia, -much of China, and other -parts of Asia were apparently synchronously -submerged beneath -<em>fresh-water</em>.</p> - -<p>The ocean of fresh-water proves -the augmentation of snows from the -great super-aerial fund. The Cretaceous -age closed by excessive and -unusual refrigeration. The transported -blocks of stone found in the -Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary -point to a northern origin. The -evidence is overwhelmingly in favor -of an Annular fall of waters in the -north polar world at that time.</p> - -<p>Existing continents were submerged -under Cretaceous waters. -The Rocky Mountains, Andes, Alps -and Himalayas were either unborn -or in their infant stage. But some -mighty barrier was raised that -rolled the Cretaceous waters southward, -and made an isolated fresh-water -ocean on the north. It was -the great Atlantic plateau reaching -from Newfoundland to Ireland, -which is known by actual soundings -and other evidence to be a submerged -table land. It was raised -from the deep at this very time and -stood for uncounted milleniums as -dry land.</p> - -<p>Suppose an ice cap 5000 feet thick -should suddenly cover the Arctic -world. It would press that part of -the globe inward and downward -upon itself even if the planet were -solid to the centre. It would render -the rocks plastic and they would be -pushed under the continents causing -the crust of the earth to rise into -mountains in many places. Just -what occurred in Cretaceous and -Tertiary times.</p> - -<p>We can trace the shore-line of an -almost limitless fresh-water sea -around the whole hemisphere in -Tertiary times, showing that the -Arctic ocean was a wide expanse of -fresh-waters. This leads to the positive -and permanent establishment -of the Vailian or Annular theory.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>THE LAST ADVANCE OF GLACIERS.</h3> - -<p>The last downfall of exterior -vapors was at the time of Noah, and -produced the deluge. These vapors -naturally gravitated toward the -polar regions and falling there as -snows would accumulate as glaciers, -their magnitude and extent corresponding -with the amount of falling -snows. It is evident if there ever -was an Eden climate upon the earth -its destruction was brought about -by a change of climate. If the -Deluge was a collapse of the last -remnant of upper waters the latter -must have begun to fall in polar -regions many centuries previous.</p> - -<p>The Eden world suffered a change -of climate during the Adamic age, -for the race that dwelt naked in -Eden became clothed in the skins -of animals. If this infant race -dwelt naked the climate was warm. -If afterward it became necessary to -be clothed with the skins of animals -it certainly had become cold. If<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> -the cold increased it was probably -caused by the fall of snow in polar -regions. The physical condition of -the antedeluvians and their environment -depended on the conditions of -the upper vapors. Hence, polar -glaciers began to advance in Edenic -times.</p> - -<p>Glaciers advanced slowly, and are -still advancing. Eight hundred -years ago Greenland was not the -frigid land it now is. The Icelanders -and the Northmen sailed through -northern seas in the interest of -commerce where now our hardiest -seamen with iron-clad vessels -scarcely dare to venture. They -pushed forward commercial enterprises -into lands that are now inhospitable -and uninhabited.</p> - -<p>The present glaciation of polar -worlds is but the result of the last -declension of outward vapors. The -great ice caps of polar regions are -moving toward the equator and are -constantly diminishing. It is possible -that we are approaching a day -when the last ice berg will be borne -toward the tropics, and the last -glacier will melt, and a more genial -climate pervade the greater portion -of the earth.</p> - - -<h3>LONGEVITY OF THE ANCIENTS.</h3> - -<p>According to the biblical account -people lived to be 800 and 900 -years old. This was principally -because of the modification of solar -energy. Man’s physical environments -impelled long life; and his -longevity diminished immediately -after the upper deep fell and the -sun began to pour his beams upon -the race; his environment evidently -changed with that event. In a few -generations after the flood man died -at the age of 120 or 100 years, and -finally at three score and ten.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5" id="image_3"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_3.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LETTER_FROM_PROF_I_N_VAIL">LETTER FROM PROF. I. N. VAIL.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Dr. Bowers</span>: I have read -with much interest thy compendium -of “The Earth’s Annular System,” -as published by me in 1886. A synopsis -of that work can give but a -meager idea of the grand conception -of the annular evolution of the -earth. “The Annular Theory” stands -on the immutable truth that worlds -evolve according to invariable law.</p> - -<p>This compels us to admit that all -worlds are made alike, in the general -changes they undergo. Just as -a bud evolves into a flower of the -most delicate construction and architectural -order, so a world launched -from the same designing Hand must -move in the same line of eternal -order, and under the law of natural -uniformity develop and grow into a -completed world.</p> - -<p>This also leads us to the conclusion -that if one world possess at any -time an annular system, then all -worlds must possess a similar appendage -during some period of their -existence. Consequently that simple -fact that the planet Saturn possesses -at this time an annular or ring system -is proof that the earth once had -a similar appendage. For we must -either admit this truth or we must -admit that the planet Saturn has -not evolved thus far along a line of -nature’s uniformity, but is today a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> -victim of accidental conditions. This -law refuses to admit.</p> - -<p>But “The Annular Theory” does -not rest on these grounds alone. A -universe of <em>invariable order</em> pronounces -it an immutable truth. The -judgment of the chemist and philosopher -is positive that a rotating -world cannot pass from the molten -state to the present condition of the -earth without undergoing annular -changes.</p> - -<p>Since the publication of “The -Earth’s Annular System” I have had -opportunities of examining more -minutely the subjects treated of -therein and have secured the most -overwhelming evidence that the -theory there proposed is in the main -correct and will stand the test of all -time. I have found, outside the -realm of physical science, the most -positive evidence that primitive man -actually saw at least two rings revolving -about the earth, named -them and worshiped them as gods. -These relics I have rescued from the -wreck of ages, and <em>with</em> these I will -prove the fact that this earth once -had a complex system of Saturn-like -rings.</p> - -<p>Thus in the end the geologist and -astronomer will be compelled to admit -its truthfulness whether they -desire to or not. I have found -among the ruins of ancient Egypt, -Babylonia, India and China annular -fossils, the identification of which -settles at once and forever this great -question.</p> - -<p>Again, I need not point the geologist -to the mysteries of the glacial -epochs, which grow darker and -darker as he looks for a competent -cause for their production. He -must know that the great ocean of -vapors that hovered for unknown -time over the earth in the loftiest -heights of the atmosphere, such as -now are seen on two of our neighbor -planets, could not have fallen to the -earth without covering it in the -higher latitudes with measureless -masses of snow, resulting in excessive -refrigeration. I need but point -him to the fact, proven by the coast -surveys of the world, that the oceans -have encroached upon the land to -such an extent since the last glacial -epoch that they stand now fully -thirty fathoms deeper than they did -in pre-glacial times. I need only -point him to that grand clock-work -of worlds shining from the firmament—every -scintillating point, -every rolling sun, is a witness of -nature’s eternal order, and proclaims -that uniformitarian principle of -world evolution, by which the philosophic -investigator must stand. The -geologist must build on this rock of -<em>uniformity</em> in the evolution of worlds. -The earth has evolved along <em>this</em> -line, and the wreck of annular conditions -is seen on every page of its -rocky volume.</p> - -<p>In the year 1875 I published a -little volume entitled “The Earth’s -Aqueous Ring.” In it I stated my -convictions, and gave reasons therefor, -that all the glacial periods the -world ever saw were produced by -supra-aerial vapors descending from -an annular system that revolved -about the earth from the remotest -geologic ages to the flood of Noah, -which was itself produced by the -fall of the last remnants of those -upper waters. These claims I am -fully prepared to substantiate, whatever -opposition may be brought -against them.</p> - -<p class="right mb0"> -<span class="smcap">Isaac N. Vail</span>,</p> - -<p class="p0 mr5 right mb3"> -<span class="smcap">Elsinore</span>, Cal., July 6, 1892. -</p> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph">Transcriber’s Note</p> - - -<p>The following changes were made to the text as printed:</p> - -<p>Page 3: “rings of agueous vapor” changed to “rings of aqueous vapor”</p> - -<p>“decent at the poles” changed to “descent at the poles”</p> - -<p>5: “the same No matter” changed to “the same. No matter”</p> - -<p>6: “Kelper’s “Third Law”” changed to “Kepler’s “Third Law””</p> - -<p>7: “FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD” changed to “FURTHER EXAMINATION -OF THE RECORD.”</p> - -<p>“silicious Archæan beds” changed to “silicious Archaean beds”</p> - -<p>“Archæan metaliferous deposits” changed to “Archaean metalliferous -deposits”</p> - -<p>8: “God made the firmmanent” changed to “God made the firmament”</p> - -<p>“under the firmmament” changed to “under the firmament”</p> - -<p>“above the firmmament” changed to “above the firmament”</p> - -<p>“The earths surface” changed to “The earth’s surface”</p> - -<p>“the suns direct rays” changed to “the sun’s direct rays”</p> - -<p>“overcanopyed by annular waters” changed to “overcanopied by annular -waters”</p> - -<p>9: “THE NOCHIAN DELUGE” changed to “THE NOACHIAN DELUGE”</p> - -<p>“Aryan, Phonecian, Greek” changed to “Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek”</p> - -<p>“Greeks, Cythians and Celtic tribes” changed to “Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes”</p> - -<p>“among the Peruvians’ and Mexicans” changed to “among the Peruvians and -Mexicans”</p> - -<p>“the ruins of Ninevah” changed to “the ruins of Nineveh”</p> - -<p>11: “fresh water shells are found” changed to “fresh-water shells are -found”</p> - -<p>“decent of Annular vapors” changed to “descent of Annular vapors”</p> - -<p>12: “soon as killed purification” changed to “soon as killed, -putrification”</p> - -<p>“the downrush of snows” changed to “the down-rush of snows”</p>“the downrush of snows from the earths” changed to “the down-rush of -snows from the earth’s” - -<p>“a semitropical world” changed to “a semi-tropical world”</p> - -<p>“over-canopying fund of vapors” changed to “overcanopying fund of -vapors”</p> - -<p>“posessed more bouyant power” changed to “possessed more buoyant power”</p> - - -<p>“doubtless, dropped from icebergs” changed to “doubtless dropped from -icebergs”</p> - -<p>“upon the earth The great” changed to “upon the earth. The great”</p> - -<p>“boulder and conglomerate rocks” changed to “bowlder and conglomerate -rocks”</p> - -<p>13: “the disolving of glaciers” changed to “the dissolving of glaciers”</p> - -<p>“decended to the body” changed to “descended to the body”</p> - -<p>“primordal life-forms” changed to “primordial life-forms”</p> - -<p>“unknow depths of space” changed to “unknown depths of space”</p> - -<p>14: “Gardner of Nature” changed to “Gardener of Nature”</p> - -<p>“Carboniferous carbonacious matter” changed to “Carboniferous -carbonaceous matter”</p> - -<p>“down fall of a silicious ring” changed to “downfall of a silicious ring.”</p> - -<p>17: “fibres runnning vertically” changed to “fibres running vertically”</p> - -<p>“ferns, sigillaria lepidodendra” changed to “ferns, sigillaria, -lepidodendra”</p> - -<p>18: “seperated by layers of clay” changed to “separated by layers of -clay”</p> - -<p>21: “cannel-coal inseperably joined” changed to “cannel-coal -inseparably joined”</p> - -<p>“submerged beneath <em>fresh water</em>” changed to “submerged beneath -<em>fresh-water</em>”</p> - -<p>22: “great super-ariel fund” changed to “great super-aerial fund”</p> - -<p>“isolated fresh water ocean” changed to “isolated fresh-water ocean”</p> - -<p>“New Foundland to Ireland” changed to “Newfoundland to Ireland”</p> - -<p>“wide expanse of fresh waters” changed to “wide expanse of -fresh-waters”</p> - -<p>23: “antideluvians and their environment” changed to “antedeluvians -and their environment”</p> - -<p>“inhospital and uninhabited” changed to “inhospitable and -uninhabited”</p> - -<p>“glacitation of polar worlds” changed to “glaciation of polar worlds”</p> - -<p>“constantly dimishing” changed to “constantly diminishing”</p> - -<p>“upon the race his environment” changed to “upon the race; his -environment”</p> - -<p>24: “natures eternal order” changed to “nature’s eternal order”</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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