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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7d4c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68690 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68690) diff --git a/old/68690-0.txt b/old/68690-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e2d1001..0000000 --- a/old/68690-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1742 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vailan or annular theory, by -Stephen Bowers - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Vailan or annular theory - A synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail's argument in support of the claim - that this Earth once possessed a Saturn-like system of rings - -Author: Stephen Bowers - -Release Date: August 5, 2022 [eBook #68690] - -Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive). - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR -THEORY *** - - - - - - THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY. - - [Illustration] - -_A Synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail’s Argument in Support of the Claim that - this Earth once Possessed a Saturn-like System of Rings._ - - PREPARED BY - - STEPHEN BOWERS, A. M., Ph. D. - - Editor of the Ventura Observer. - - FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF - THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY - OF SCIENCES, ETC., ETC., ETC. - - [Illustration] - - VENTURA, CALIFORNIA: - THE OBSERVER PRESS PRINT. - 1892. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The theory advanced by Prof. I. N. Vail accounts for the formation -of the earth’s crust, with its associated minerals, in the fact that -it was once surrounded by rings of aqueous vapor, containing much of -its present solid matter, which fell as mighty deluges. The last of -these rings descended at the time of the Noachian deluge and caused -that catastrophe, which is so graphically described by Moses, and -which tradition has sung in the ears of every tribe of Adam’s race. -The formation of these rings was caused by the intense heat, which -drove to an immense distance every substance which could be reduced to -vapor, and where they formed as annular bands or rings similar to those -surrounding the planet Saturn at the present time. After long ages the -portion nearest the earth slowly overcanopied the heavens, and owing to -the lack of centrifugal force began its descent at the poles. - -This theory explains certain phenomena better than any other yet -advanced by scientists. It accounts for the uplift of mountains; the -deposit of coal and other minerals; the glacial age; the retardation -of the moon, and it alone explains much contained in the first eight -chapters of Genesis. - -Prof. Vail has published a volume of about 400 pages on this subject, -which for clearness of statement and logical conclusions has seldom -been equaled by previous writers on scientific subjects. He deals in -convincing facts which are destined to overturn many pre-conceived -theories in the science of geology. - -My object in sending forth this pamphlet is to call the attention of -intelligent readers to a theory which must engage the attention of -scientists in the future, and which will enable the geologist to make -clear many things which are now obscure. I respectfully ask for the -following pages a candid reading, and for further information on the -subject refer the reader to Prof. Vail’s “Story of the Rocks”, and to -other works of the gifted author, which are now passing through the -press. - - VENTURA, CALIFORNIA, S. B. - September 1, 1892. - - - - -THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR SYSTEM. - -[Illustration] - - - - -IMPORTANCE OF THE QUESTION. - - -Jupiter’s belts are doubtless aqueous vapor driven from that planet by -heat; similar in every respect, probably, to the primitive condition -of our globe. This vapor would not all fall at once on the cooling of -the earth, but the upper portion would continue to revolve for a long -period. - -All geologists agree that the earth was once in an igneous fluid state, -and during that condition all of its waters and whatever else could -be vaporized and sublimed by heat, as the less refractory metals and -minerals, were driven away from its surface. The foundation of the -Annular System was the molten or igneous world. The vaporized water, -mineral and metallic elements repelled from it existed as a great -vaporized atmosphere that rotated with the earth. - -If the earth then rotated once in twenty-four hours, so did the -atmosphere. Proctor and some others claim that the earth then rotated -in three hours; if so, the atmosphere did the same. No matter how -long or how short the period of the earth’s rotation, the upper -vapors rotated with it. Then, when and how did these vapors and other -materials composing the atmosphere return to the earth? Geologists -generally have claimed that they fell at the close of the igneous -period; but the Annular Theory claims that they did not, and it -undertakes to explain the phenomena of the geologic ages and epochs -upon this claim. - -The most eminent scientists agree that the vapors were driven off -at least 200,000 miles from the earth, and many claim a distance of -240,000 miles. All of the carbon in the grand casement of aqueous -rocks, the vast oceans of oxygen now contained in the silicates, -sulphates, carbonates and oxides of the crust, as well as the nitrogen -and hydrogen in numerous compounds enormously swelled its volume. But -the Annular Theory will claim but 100,000 miles as the atmosphere -and that the earth rotated as now, once in twenty-four hours. At the -equator it revolves at the rate of 1,000 miles an hour, at which rate -the periphery of the earth’s primitive atmosphere would revolve more -than 25,000 miles an hour. - -Now it is mathematically certain that a body in our atmosphere -revolving at the rate of 17,500 miles an hour could not fall to the -earth’s surface. By Kepler’s “Third Law” we can readily demonstrate not -only that these vapors were thrown out into a ring system, but how far -beyond the earth they reached, namely: “The squares of the periodic -times of revolving satellites are proportioned to the cubes of their -mean distances from the primary around which they move.” - -The vapors nearest the earth did not possess the energy of satellites, -consequently they fell to the earth, as the latter’s surface cooled, -leaving the more distant matter moving independently above it. - - -EVIDENCES OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD. - -When the earth was in a state of fiery fluidity, all of the water it -now contains was suspended at a great distance above it. Beside the -oceans which now cover three-fourths of the surface of the globe, rocks -and coals contain from ten per cent to one half water, all of which was -primarily held in suspension. The bosom of the earth is continually -absorbing water as is demonstrated by deep mines and other excavations. -Dana estimates that even if the crust of the earth is but five miles -thick that the oceans would be 400 feet deeper if all of the earth’s -imbibed waters could be returned to them. But the earth’s crust is more -likely to be 100 miles thick, and it has been imbibing these waters -for millions of years if not millions of ages. This would increase the -oceans to about 8000 feet deeper than now. Yet oceans are much deeper -today than they were in geologic times. - -This great mass of vapor would rotate by centrifugal force at the -equator, but there being no such force at the poles it was there kept -from falling by heat alone. If the earth had not rotated the vapors -would have occupied great heights; but centrifugal force being aided by -actual rotation they were driven much farther. These forces necessarily -drove the vapors over the equator. If, however, any vapors were left at -the poles they must have fallen when the earth cooled down. - -At that age rolled the first born ocean around the globe. Clouds -formed, rain descended, and winds swept the earth. There was summer and -winter, and day and night. - -The centripetal force of the rings was gradually retarded by the -influence of the moon, and the gravital force was increased until the -rings spread over the earth or approached it. When the innermost ring -gradually descended toward the earth and came in contact with the air -it was checked, and necessarily spread out toward the poles. Gravital -force is strongest in the polar regions. If the rings of Saturn and -Jupiter could increase their motion they would rise to greater heights. -If they could become slower they would sink toward the poles. - - -EVIDENCE FROM OTHER PLANETS. - -We have never seen the actual face of Saturn, and the sun is never -visible to its inhabitants. It is a planet upon which there is probably -perpetual day. The belts are composed of the same kind of material as -the super-crust of the earth--silicious, calcareous and carbonaceous -matter. They will in time become a part of the planet’s sedimentary -formation. - -When the inveterate fires of the sun shall have died out, forms of -carbon and associated forms of aqueous and mineral matter will form an -annular system around it. - -A burning world must be a smoking world, and from its furnaces must -arise vast volumes of unconsumed carbon to mingle with suspended vapors. - -When Saturn’s rings fall to the body of the planet its moons will -necessarily retire a little farther from it. Astronomers say that our -moon is gradually retiring from the earth. Then it must have had an -annular system which fell and caused the moon to recede. - - -FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD. - -The vapors contained silex, quartz and whatever else was vaporized and -suspended therein. After the atmosphere had cooled it deposited on the -earth what it contained when heated. Much of the sedimentary beds built -upon the Laurentian and older rocks were simply precipitated from the -annular system. - -Iron and sulphur existed in the upper ocean as metallic and mineral -salts. In the cooling process the heavier minerals and metals would -necessarily locate nearest the earth and be the first to fall. True -they were disseminated to a certain extent throughout the system. - -Iron and other heavy metals formed beds in the sea bottom. Iron from -Iron Mountain, Mo., and Pilot Knob, also lead and copper ores are -in the Laurentian rocks. These rocks are aqueous or sedimentary. -The annular matter fell but in small part in equatorial regions, but -largely in temperate and frigid zones. - -It is folly to suppose that all the matter of aqueous beds were -deposited from previous aqueous beds by denudation. How were subsequent -lime deposits made from silicious Archaean beds? Denudation has -taken place in all ages, and a fall and precipitation of exotic -matter--tellurio-cosmic matter--aided in the work. - - -CONCLUSIONS REACHED. - -1. All terrestial waters were held in suspension. - -2. This rotated as a part and parcel of the earth--a primeval -atmosphere of great complexity of material. - -3. This suspended matter gathered in the earth’s equatorial heavens, -and on condensing contracted and segregated into rings which revolved -independently. - -4. The waters on high fell in a succession of stupendous cataclysms. - -5. The first ocean was impregnated with mineral and metallic salts. - -6. It required a vast lapse of time for rings to fall. Each ring -continued to revolve as a belt about the earth with a decreasing -velocity as it spread toward the poles and overcanopied the earth. - -7. The smoke or unconsumed carbon that arose from the earth, darkened -the upper vapors and formed bands or belts. - -8. The moon retarded the rings, causing them to fall upon the earth, -and it then receded from our planet. - -9. The Archaean metalliferous deposits are so located as to be -inexplicable by the old theory of aqueous denudation. - -10. The Silurian beds, and particularly the order of their occurrence -utterly refutes the idea that they were derived from pre-existing beds. - - -DEMONSTRATED BY HISTORIC TESTIMONY. - -In Gen. 1:7 God made the firmament and divided the waters which were -under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament. -According to the Hebrew the atmosphere became an expanse between two -bodies of waters, and of course the upper stratum had to move round the -earth. In Gen. 1:3,4 light came in and garnished the heavens before -the sun was seen. - -In the 10th. verse the waters on the earth were called seas, the water -above the earth was called the deep, and the Spirit of God moved upon -them. “And God said, Let there be light,” and light came upon the deep. - -In Gen 1:14-19 the sun which existed for ages did not appear in the -heavens until after the sun brought forth grass, etc. Then it is plain -that some intercepting canopy cut off the direct rays of the sun. - -The writer of Genesis did not say the sun and moon shone upon the -earth, but he does say the stars did this. According to the Vailan -theory this is true, but they shone in from polar regions. - -The earth’s surface was not heated by the sun’s direct rays, but under -the overcanopying vapors it must have been warmed, and its temperature -equalized by transmitted and diffused solar heat. - - -CONCLUSIONS. - -There was a green-house temperature all over the earth at this time. -Storms and tempests were unknown, as such phenomena are caused by -sun-power, sun-heat falling directly upon the earth. Rains were -infrequent, if at all. - -Man, in the day when solar actinism was shorn of its strength, must -have experienced remarkable longevity, for upon solar energy depends -every form and phaze of life on earth. - -The day of rest referred to in Gen. 2:3 in which God ceased from -his labors was a windless, stormless, rainless, winterless age; for -immediately we are told that “God had not caused it to rain upon the -earth.” The climate was warm for man dwelt naked upon the earth. He was -nurtured in a green-house world. - -The rainbow comes into view after the deluge for the first time. There -could have been neither rain nor sunshine previously, just what the -Vailan theory claims. The wind came upon the earth after the waters of -the deluge had fallen, and not before. - -It was after the deluge that God said, “While the earth remaineth -seed-time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, -and day and night shall not cease.” The period before the flood was -nightless, and evening and morning were day; that is, they coalesced -into one period called day. - -After the deluge the bow is given; man’s longevity declines; the winds -come, and alternating seasons take place--all pointing to the fact that -the antedeluvian world was overcanopied by annular waters. - -Every leaf of the geologic record declares that the world has been -deluged time and again, which this theory also claims to be true, and -to have taken place at the declension of each ring or stratum. - - -THE NOACHIAN DELUGE. - -There is enough water now on the earth and in its rocky frame to make -an hundred terrific deluges, every one of which could drown the world -of living beings. - -In early days man believed there was a great deep on high. The sources -of the deluge were “broken up,” and never again can the world be -destroyed from that source. If the fountains of the deep were on the -earth or in the seas then they are not “broken up.” If they were in -the clouds, they were not, for that source still exists. Then we must -believe that they came from beyond the clouds. - -With the fountain of the great deep placed on high--the veritable -waters above the firmament--we can readily understand why the “windows -of heaven were opened,” and why “all the fountains of the great deep -were broken up.” The rainbow proclaims these facts around the circuit -of the earth. - -How does it happen that the author of Genesis relates these facts -with such harmonious accord, with all the conditions which an Annular -arrangement of water necessitated, if the idea was not familiar to his -mind? - -The presence of upper vapors entering the atmosphere on their way to -the earth by the way of the polar regions necessitated an atmosphere of -greater buoyancy and power, and this necessitated greater bodily frame. -Hence it is said: “There were giants in those days.” There were giants -among animals as well as men. - - -LEGENDS OF THE DELUGE. - -Such wide-spread desolation as is accredited to the deluge of Noah -must have made an indelible impression upon the human mind. We would -naturally look for references to it in Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek and -Hebrew history. They were the guardians of civilization. It is not -difficult to co-link even the rudest form of the flood traditions with -the terrible visitation so graphically related by Moses. Its shadow -will never pass from the historic page. - -Men may criticise and ridicule the narrative given by Moses, yet the -fact remains that a self-sustaining history is there; and the combined -sophistry of all time cannot shake it. - -An account of that great catastrophe is found in the mythological -narratives and traditional history of nearly or quite every people and -tribe of Adam’s race. - -It is found among the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes. It has been discovered among the Peruvians and Mexicans; -the aborigines of Cuba, of North America and the South Sea Islands. -Even the inhabitants of Alaska preserve a tradition of the deluge; and -all point unmistakably to the deluge of Noah. - -Recent investigations in the ruins of Nineveh, Babylon and in ancient -cities of Egypt confirm it by tablets preserved as veritable books. - -Tradition as she sits amidst the crumbling ages of the past sings it in -our ears, while the sound of a universal deluge has gone out through -all the earth. It would require volumes to present these traditions -alone. - - -AUGMENTATION OF OCEANIC WATERS. - -Some portions of the earth are sinking while others are rising. The -millions of cubic feet of matter deposited daily in the oceans by -rivers would be sufficient to accomplish this. Every pound of matter -thus transferred, _is an energy transferred_. In the course of 1,000 -years, 1,000 square miles of oceanic bottom would be covered to the -depth of 240 feet. - -This enormous pressure on the underlying rocks is so much transferred -energy converted into mechanical heat. This must expand the rocks thus -under increased pressure. If this sediment were not borne into the -ocean along the Atlantic coast and spread out over vast areas it would -be lined with mountains and volcanoes, as that of the Mediterranean -sea; but being spread out over an extensive floor it prevents their -formation by lateral pressure. - -Volcanoes are located where sediments can accumulate, and are doubtless -the result of this accumulation. Sixty-five thousand feet of steel -blocks piled one upon another would cause sufficient heat to melt the -lower ones or reduce them to a plastic state. The lava that issues from -a volcano is the deep bed-rock fused by pressure produced by lateral -expansion. Accumulating sediments cause rock expansion in some regions, -and being removed from others, causes contraction. Expansion elevates -the earth’s crust; contraction lowers it. - -A downfall of water that would raise the ocean fifty feet above its -present level would cause an expansion that no rocks could resist, and -its lateral pressure must result in mountain making. The New England -coast has been elevated in comparatively recent times. The St. Lawrence -is so new that it has not yet swept its channel clean. - -From Nova Scotia to Florida and around the whole boundary of the Gulf -of Mexico are the submerged shore-lines of a former continent. Many -miles out the lead-line suddenly plunges from about 100 fathoms to from -200 to 1,500 fathoms. So around the British Isles, the coast of Norway, -and that of Northern Europe and Asia. South America, Africa and the -Pacific present the same characteristics. The course of a submerged -continent has been traced in mid-ocean. - - -SUMMARY. - -The Vailan Theory is proved, - -1. By mathematical reasoning and philosophic necessity. - -2. By the mineral character and philosophical deposition of strata. - -3. By analagous facts relating to other worlds, belted and ringed under -the reign of law. - -4. By the action of the moon. - -5. By the records of man whose ancient writings declare, and -re-declare, again and again, the truth of this claim. The first eight -chapters of Genesis alone afford proof sufficient if all else failed. - -6. The waters on the earth themselves declare the fact. - - -GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. - -The first and most important element of the earth’s crust is carbon. Of -the more than 60,000 feet of aqueous beds there are probably none that -it does not enter into as an important factor. It was first driven -from the earth by intense heat. The burning world was a smoking world. -The unconsumed carbon commingled with the Annular vapors in the form -of black, sooty, pitchy matter. This was deposited at the time of the -deluge, and the waters that stood in seas, lakes and ponds deposited -it as a layer of black, carbonaceous mud upon their bottoms. It may -be found in ten thousand lakes planted in the Drift deposits in North -America and Northern Europe. - -A black carbonaceous soil covers many Western States which were once -covered by a vast inland sea. This sea was bounded on the west by the -Rocky Mountains; south by the Ozark Mountains and the mountains of -Tennessee and Kentucky, and emptied its waters into Lake Michigan. - -This great inland sea finally became a fresh-water body. The remains -of the mastodon, mammoth and other pachyderms of interdiluvian times, -as well as fresh-water shells are found. It made for itself two great -outlets, the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence rivers. This inland -sea must have been elevated 700 or 800 feet above the ocean, and was -surrounded on all sides by walls, and covered an area of at least -500,000 square miles. We must conclude that some great down-rush of -waters caused it to break its bounds in two directions at the same time. - -The fall of waters supplied the black, sooty carbon that settled to -the bottom of the sea, remaining but a few inches thick on the hills, -perhaps, but several feet in the valleys, and is the source of the peat -bogs. - - -GLACIAL EPOCHS. - -Previous to the glacial record there had closed a long period of -perpetual spring. The primitive elephant, and many of his congeners and -contemporaries, fed in luxurious forests and grassy plains toward the -north pole, which are now covered with glaciers grinding their bones -to dust. Northern regions which for untold ages had been covered with -tropical vegetation, and animals of innumerable forms, began to be -invaded by glaciers which slowly made their way toward the equator. - -The only way glaciers are now formed is by vapors wafted over them -from adjacent lands warmed by solar heat; but they were not formed -that way during the glacial epochs, but by the declension of annular -vapors. Glacial ice cannot accumulate extensively now. _It flows_, and -cannot be heaped up largely, its rate of motion being proportionate to -the slope of its bed. The source of those snows which built a great -continental ice cap over the northern hemisphere must be attributed to -the Annular System. They accumulated in the St. Lawrence valley several -thousand feet thick and towered over the New England mountains. - -Snow seldom falls in arctic regions now. Dr. Kane saw sledge tracks -that were made several years previously. How then did those boundless -reaches of snow and ice accumulate but by the descent of Annular vapors? - -Animals are found entombed in the frozen soil and snows under the -arctic circle. For many years a large trade has been carried on in -ivory, by Siberian traders, dug from the frozen soil. Many of the -animals, as the mammoth, rhinoceros, etc., remain undecayed, and in -their stomachs and between their teeth are found the vegetation upon -which they fed. And even the capillary blood vessels still retaining -their contents, showing that there was not the slightest decomposition, -but that the catastrophe which overwhelmed them was sudden. The climate -was changed as by a stroke, which congealed and sealed the land in ice, -locking the mammoth and other animals therein. - -Had those animals not been frozen soon as killed, putrification and -decomposition must have taken place. Nothing but the down-rush of snows -from the earth’s Annular System could have done this. These remains are -dredged from the northern oceans, and they are also found fossilized -over large portions of Siberia; in both cases being doubtless dropped -from icebergs. The mammoth is found frozen in a glacier; the glacier -was originally snow; the destruction must necessarily have been sudden. - -If not more than one tenth of the waters now upon the earth had fallen -in the form of snow it would have covered the entire land surface -of the globe more than 30,000 feet deep; and as one tenth must have -fallen in polar regions it brings out the Annular Theory as a competent -source. The sudden fall of snow sufficient to overwhelm a semi-tropical -world could not accumulate in the atmosphere as it now does, and fall -therefrom. It must have come from a source beyond the atmosphere. - -The overcanopying fund of vapors acted as a mighty robe to the earth, -keeping out the cold of space, and equally distributing solar heat -over the globe and causing terrestial warmth. The animals were much -larger than their representatives are now, showing that the atmosphere -was heavier and possessed more buoyant power by the pressure of a vast -ocean of vapors in the higher regions. - -The downfall of water caused continual upheavals, and mountain making, -which is proved by finding marine fossils along the seashore, and -elsewhere far above the ocean. Terraces of the Champlain epoch in New -England that must have been formed in the sea, are now found elevated -hundreds of feet. - -All geologists agree that there have been many floods upon the earth. -The great telluric glaciers of recent geologic times were melted under -the tropic influence of the Annular vapors resulting in deluges. - -Under the vast pressure of the accumulated waters the plastic ocean -bed goes down and forces its foundation under the continent by lateral -pressure, and causes upturned and crumpled strata in many places, and -also volcanic phenomena. - - -REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD. - -The geologist has never yet found the base of the aqueous rocks, nor -can he know how deep their foundations extend. When the Laurentian -stratified beds were formed there was an ocean on the earth. A portion -of the tellurio-cosmic waters had fallen. - -In the bowlder and conglomerate rocks found in every age of geology -there is proof that glaciers invaded the earth after the declension of -each Annular stratum. The Annular matter extended in comparatively -narrow belts over the equator. As the lower stratum was attracted -toward the earth it gradually spread out toward the polar regions, -causing a warm climate all over the earth, and melting the snows and -glaciers at the poles. This lasted untold ages until a tropic and -semi-tropical vegetation spread over the earth. After its fall arctic -cold invaded the north and south poles, pushing a vast ice cap toward -the equator, which remained until another stratum of annular vapors -spread over the globe. These ages of warmth and ages of cold continued -to alternate until the fall of the last ring of vapors, which took -place at the time of the Noachian deluge, causing that catastrophe. - -The sudden destruction of life, at the end of each age in geology, must -have been caused by sudden cold. The waters reaching the earth at the -poles must cause refrigeration; must cause excessive floods; must cause -extermination of specific forms of life; must cause new distribution -and condition of oceanic waters, and caused great folding and crumpling -of strata. - -In the dissolving of glaciers a vast pressure was lifted from the -continents and transferred to the ocean beds, causing them to go down -and the land to be elevated. - - -SEED BED OF ORGANISMS. - -From the days of Homer until the present time we read of dust-storms of -living organisms falling upon the earth, and colored snow, the coloring -matter being microscopic forms of life. The dust is doubtless of cosmic -origin. There must be micro-cosmic clouds moving in interplanetary -space, which meeting the earth in its path, are precipitated upon its -surface. - -We can scarcely conceive of matter anywhere without associating it with -living forms. The outermost vapors of the annular system, which fell -in the time of Noah, remained on high for unknown millions of years, -receiving constant additions of meteoric and cosmic dust from without. -As the gaseous envelope that now surrounds our earth contains living -organisms, we must believe the annular matter did also, and to a much -greater degree. - -If Jupiter’s belted system had long ago descended to the body of that -planet, so that we could gaze upon the continents and seas as we do -those of Mars, we would conclude that they swarmed with life. An -incomplete world must contain incomplete or primordial life-forms; -forms that in time must develop. In yellow snow, dust showers, -“blood rains,” etc. we have evidence that organic forms are natural -accompaniments of the nebulous and elementary forms of matter. - -Spider showers are well authenticated. Sometimes the air is filled -with their gossamer threads upon which they mount to unknown depths of -space, where they live. If spiders can live in the air, descend to the -earth and live there for a time, and toads can live for untold ages -immured in solid rock, they could live in belts of aqueous and mineral -matter. The manner in which organisms have succeeded each other on the -earth as revealed by the geologic records demands that the annular -system was the cradle of infant life, the propagating beds in which -the life-germs were placed by the great Gardener of Nature. - -It is as reasonable to suppose that germs took form in water under the -creative hand before they fell to the earth as afterward, and when we -see that each downfall brought new life-forms which exhibit no specific -or generic relation to previous forms, we are forced to admit that -either the seed beds of the Annular system provided the undeveloped -organisms, or there was a special creation at each period. - -In the Silurian age there was an ocean containing heavy calcarious -matter; in the Devonian silicious and silicio-calcarious matter; -in the Carboniferous carbonaceous matter, and each ocean had its -characteristic life-forms. But if all the waters fell at one time, -how is it possible for each age to have had an ocean containing -characteristic minerals? These characteristic minerals fell with each -ring, which marked the ages of geology, destroying previous life-forms -and introducing new ones. Eozoic rocks were laid down 40,000 feet -thick. Upon these were piled Silurian 65,000 feet thick; on these -Devonian rocks 15,000 feet, and then comes 17,000 feet of Carboniferous -rocks, each age having characteristic fossils and mineral deposits. As -these deposits were laid down by the sea, why do they so widely differ -in their composition if they all fell at the same time from above! The -Potsdam sandstone underlies the Silurian rocks. It spread from the -Canadas to Texas, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky mountains, and -probably forms a casement around the globe. It is 8,000 feet thick, and -shows a mechanical and rapid accumulation, pointing unmistakably to -the downfall of a silicious ring. - -The Annular theory admits of the universal eroding power of rivers and -waves; the transporting power of currents and strata building from -detrital matter. But waves can do nothing unless supplied with matter. -Where did they get the crystalline, granulated and infusorial matter to -spread over the floor of the Silurian ocean? Great beds of metals have -been laid down as regularity stratified deposits which could not have -been borne from Archaean terranes. - - -CARBON STRATA DEPOSITED AS AN AQUEOUS SEDIMENT. - -Carbon composing a peat bed is simply unconsumed carbon. The carbon -or smoke that arises from every chimney and furnace when measurably -shut up from immediate union with oxygen, remains an unburnt fuel -precisely the same in kind as the unburnt carbon fuel of the peat bogs. -Were we to collect the unburnt carbon from our chimneys in piles, -where moisture and air could have free access, it would take fire -spontaneously and burn, just as peat dug from the bog sometimes takes -fire and burns. - -The millions of fires from foundries, volcanoes, etc., are forming fuel -wherever soot is formed, and were it not for the ever active oxygen -of the air, it would all descend upon the earth as fuel and become -incorporated in forming sedimentary beds. This is our claim for the -coal, which as unconsumed carbon arose beyond the reach of destroying -oxygen, from the heated, glowing furnace of our globe, and in time -returned to the earth. - -When the plant dies and begins to decay one of its constituent -elements, carbon, oxydizes by slow combustion and returns to the air as -an invisible gas. It is but accidental when a particle fails to become -oxydized and remains as unconsumed carbon. An exceedingly small part of -vegetation remains unburnt. - -Coal veins, which are from one foot to three hundred feet thick, would -make a stratum around the earth ten feet thick. Fifty pounds of coal -will yield 10,000 gallons of carbonic acid. Then calling eight gallons -equal to one cubic foot the astonishing fact comes out that the coal -beds actually draw from the atmosphere an ocean of carbonic acid -which would have covered the globe to the depth of 12,500 feet, which -would have destroyed all animal life. Even three or four per cent. of -carbonic acid in our present atmosphere would be fatal to animal life. -Hence it is clear that coal cannot be attributed to vegetable origin. - - -CONCLUSIONS REACHED. - -The following conclusions are clearly deducible: - -1. The Annular system was a region of microscopic life and infusorial -forms. Coal being deposited by sea-water carried down with it marine -forms, and others settled upon its surface. - -2. The carbon deposits must have borne down a vast amount of marine -vegetation and buried it upon the sea bottom. In swamp marshes the -vegetation would have been entirely different. - -3. When a carbon fall was borne to the seas and settled where limestone -strata prevailed it would indicate great distance from the shore, and -here the roof shales of the coal must be necessarily free from land -fossils. Coal beds amongst sandstone strata indicate depositions near -shore, and may contain land fossils. - -4. The coal beds must be more heavily developed toward polar regions, -and most free from impurities. - -5. All carbon downfalls must have been attended by great cataclysms of -snow, or water, or both. - -6. A coal vein deposited near a volcano, or mechanical heat arising -therefrom would be metamorphosed into heavier and harder forms of -carbon. But as all grades must have existed in the Annular system as -primitive distillates, all of these forms may be found in lands where -no strata disturbance has taken place. - -7. The heavy carbon, as the anthracite and semi-bituminous particles -would be borne to the deep seas, while the lighter would float into -shallow water. Hence a submarine valley might have a deposit of -anthracite while a neighboring bed on an elevation might be bituminous. - -8. In both northern and southern hemispheres the coal must be more -valuable as we proceed from the equator. - -9. There must have been carbon falls in all ages, and the first were -the purest and the best, while the last to descend must have been the -lightest and poorest, and must be found near the surface, or are the -foundations of recent peat bogs. - -Peat vegetation, or moss known by the generic name of _Sphagnous_, has -led many to believe it to be the origin of that product. But these -_sphagnous_ mosses could never have planted themselves over the medial -and colder latitudes if the carbon beds necessary to sustain them had -not previously been planted there. If coal and peat are vegetable -products they should exist in greater abundance in tropical regions; -but they are found in limited quantity there. - - -IS COAL A VEGETABLE PRODUCT? - -The usually accepted theory concerning the origin of coal is that it -was formed from an ancient vegetation that grew largely in peat and -swamp marshes. This theory the Vailan system overthrows. - -Every atom of the great mass of carbon now forming the coal deposits -must have been a distilled product of a primitive igneous process -before the plant could possibly appropriate it. Every intelligent -chemist knows that the great telluric gas furnace of primitive times -was competent to produce all the carbon now found in the crust of the -earth. Soot, that sometimes takes fire in our chimneys, is deposited -in infinitesimal smoke particles. Hence, smoke from burning carbon is -simply a fuel which makes it evident that the smoke which arose from -the igneous earth was a fuel hydro-carbon. The dark belts of Saturn and -Jupiter are doubtless strata of carbon revolving about those planets. - -If the Vailan theory is true the graphites and heavier forms of carbon -were the first to fall upon the earth after the igneous period was -passed, and will be found in its first aqueous beds, and generally -unassociated with fossil vegetation. This is precisely what we do -find. Both Dana and Dawson bear testimony to the fact that graphite is -a very common mineral in the older beds, and that the primitive carbon -beds are equal in gravity to that of similar areas in the carboniferous -system. - -Why no fossil plants in the earlier coal deposits? Because no plants -grew at that time. Then we must look for its origin elsewhere than in -plants. If coal be a vegetable product, so is graphite. To say that -animal organism aided in the process simply adds to the difficulty, -since it is carbon that makes the organism and not the organism the -carbon. But suppose fossil plants were found in graphite, would it be -any more evidence that they formed it than that they formed clay or -sandrock in which they are found? The simple fact that organic fossils -are found in carbon beds changed to carbon affords no evidence that -these organisms made the beds. - -We find vegetable remains in coal seams just as we find them in any -other rock. A coal plant as a lepidodendron, may begin in the lower -clay, and pierce through a coal seam into the overhanging shale -and sandstone. In the first it is a clay fossil, in the second a -carbonaceous fossil, and in the third a silicious fossil. The fact is -the trunk of a tree in an upright position in a coal bed, which is -quite common, proves that the coal formed around it rapidly. It would -require forty feet of vegetable debris to make five feet of carbon. -Some coal seams are 300 feet thick, which would require at least 2,400 -feet of vegetable growth in its formation, which is an impossibility. -As a vegetable product coal would form very slowly, but from the -Vailan system would require but a few hours, or days at most, to lay it -down. - -Plants found in coal burn with difficulty, which ought not to be -true if they contained a resinous sap, or bituminous matter. In many -instances you can find a dozen fossil plants in the overlying clay to -where you can find one in coal. They are clay fossils because they are -imbedded in clay, same as fossils in coal are carbon because imbedded -in carbon. - -If coal is compressed peat, as some would have us believe, why do we -not find fibres running vertically through it? You may examine peat -after a pressure of twenty tons to the square inch has been exerted, -and yet the vertical structure of the mass will be apparent. Since we -find abundance of rootlets running in all directions, vertically as -well as horizontally in the under clays of coal beds it is evident that -coal is not a metamorphosed peat. - -Imagine an expanse of marshes 100,000 square miles in extent, covered -with calamites, ferns, sigillaria, lepidodendra remaining motionless -for countless centuries, and then suddenly sinking beneath the waves -of the sea in order to receive a sea-formed bed for a covering; and -in the universal burial to preserve but a few fossils, and they in a -horizontal position, while in the clays immediately above and below the -coal beds they are found in profusion; that in due time the vast area -arose from its baptism, and on the thin layer of clay millions of the -same plants grew until they formed another bed of coal, when it sinks -again beneath the waves, and this oscillation continued until it had -been buried twenty, forty or one hundred times, and you have the old -theory of how coal was formed. - -But if the old theory concerning the formation of coal is correct, how -did it occur that the earth in rising out of the ocean stopped each -time in the right place for swamp vegetation to accumulate? According -to the highest authority coal is not formed from sea-plants, for they -cannot emit any considerable amount of caloric, but it is the product -of land plants. Then why do we find coal scattered over a vast area of -sea bottom? - -The structure of continents show that they have remained such from -their first formation. Some of the geologic formations, as the -Carboniferous-conglomerates, took place all over the earth at the same -time. How could this be except it came from the Annular system? - -Were we to have a shower of carbon dust it would settle to the bottom -of the sea all over the irregularities of the same. Then sand beds -accumulating for ages would settle over it. These would form a greater -thickness in some places than in others; hence a succeeding fall of -carbon settling upon the ocean floor would not form a bed exactly -parallel with the first. This is precisely what we find to be true -in the carbon deposits. The distance in coal seams may vary from -twenty feet in one place to forty feet in another place in the same -neighborhood, which is the result of irregularity in the ocean floor. - -Bowlders are found in coal seams which means that coal beds have been -formed under water; and if a foreign bowlder that the coal seam was -formed at the bottom of the ocean. Bowlders have been found in the -middle of coal seams with glacial marks upon them, showing that they -have been dropped from icebergs into the forming coal beds at the -bottom of the sea. Foreign water-worn bowlders are frequently found in -coal beds. - -Stratas of coal may be separated by layers of clay not more than half -an inch in thickness; how could vegetation take root in so thin a layer -of clay sufficient to form the overlying coal seam of probably several -feet? Suppose a great carbon fund should float from the Arctic ocean -into Hudson Bay. It would settle upon an undulating bottom, and if a -flood of muddy water from the surrounding rivers should empty into the -bay while the carbon bed was forming, a thin clay bed would be the -result. This might continue as long as the carbon was brought from the -Arctic regions. - -The floating mass of primitive carbon clouds after they entered the -atmosphere and floated away for centuries, perhaps, toward the polar -regions in their efforts to reach the earth, became a tissue of -evolving vegetable organisms and vegetable forms. Take fresh soot from -a furnace soon as it is formed, subject it to hot vapors from boiling -waters and store it away in an open vessel of water, and you will soon -see vegetable and animal organisms start into being. Then why not find -organisms in revolving soot clouds in the Annular system? - -Marine vegetation exists on the sea bottom, and a carbon sediment -rapidly accumulating would certainly involve it. - -Under almost all the carbon veins lies a deposit of fire clay. Strange -that adjoining a highly combustible bed, a substance should be -invariably planted that is so refractory as to be used for crucibles -in fusing almost every known metal! In this bed lies involved a -profuse marine vegetation, and the preservation of its delicate -lineaments proves that it was suddenly involved. It is more generally -present under coal veins that are more distant from the tropics, and -_invariably_ in the most distant ones. The fire clay-dust sublimed in -the great telluric crucible arose to commingle with primitive vapors -and returned with them. When a carbon fall occurred the clay matter -being of greater specific gravity was the first to find its way to the -ocean floor. - -This fire clay is found under beds of primitive graphite where -no vegetation is involved, and therefore cannot be a vegetable -distillation. It is found where glacial action is unknown, and cannot -be mud pulverized by moving ice. Every one of the more than seventy -coal seams of the Nova Scotia regions has its characteristic clay-bed. -When we see trees standing in and surrounded by this clay we are forced -to admit a rapid accumulation. - -Limestone is a deep sea formation and the Vailan system demands that -standing trees should not be found in it. Only such limestone formation -or strata as were deposited as mechanical precipitation could be -formed in shallow waters, especially in regions beyond the tropics. -A limestone stratum deposited among shore deposits or continental -detritus points directly to Annular origin and vegetable fossils will -occur in the upper clays. Here geologists have an opportunity to prove -or disprove the Annular problem. - -Coal and peat are not found in the tropics where they ought to be found -if vegetation produced them. And if they could be found there it would -sweep the Vailan system from its foundations. They are found, however, -just where this system says they must be found. Why is peat found -in the ocean, and in the thousands of lakes and ponds where no peat -vegetation is now growing? Suppose we find a peat bed forty feet thick, -it must have been at one time a lake with forty feet of water, and how -did the peat begin to grow? Peat forms slowly and the rains and storms -would have worked mud, etc., more rapidly into it than the peat would -have filled it. It would neither have grown from the top nor from the -bottom. The foundation carbon fell from the Annular fund. - - -METAMORPHISM OF CARBON BEDS. - -When bituminous or lignitic coal, or even peat is subjected to a -sufficient degree of heat it is converted into hard coal and sometimes -into graphite. From this source some conclude that anthracite and -all hard coals are metamorphosed beds of soft carbon. But how about -the vast beds in aqueous crusts hundreds of miles from any igneous -agencies? All anthracite coal changed from bituminous coal will contain -a greater per cent. of ash than the coal from which it is derived. If -it does not it is evidence that it never was bituminous coal. - -Let us suppose a heavy fall of Annular carbon in the north Atlantic -ocean, and that the Appalachian mountains were again under the -sea. The carbon carried by the ocean currents southward would fall -to the sea bottom in the more quiet waters. The heavy or anthracite -dust would reach the bottom in deep waters where the lighter forms -would not. Before the Appalachian upheaval, the eastern base of the -system was farther out in the sea, and was in deeper waters than the -western. The constitution of the coal itself, the condition of the sea -bottom (sloping from the coast to the deep sea) point harmoniously -to the annular origin of the carbon beds. The bituminous dust not -being able to directly settle with the anthracite remained longer in -suspension which accounts for its greater amount of ash. The farther -south it floated, the more impure it became. The heaviest beds of -anthracite will be found in the northern part of the great plateau, and -principally in British America if the Vailan theory is true. - -Fossil plants in coal are generally mineralized charcoal, and are -difficult of combination. If the bed was composed of vegetable -production the same difficulty would certainly characterize the mass. -Hence the plant is simply a foreign body in a bed of mineral carbon. -Coal seams have become so hard as to be planed off by eroding forces -directly after being laid down, or before heavy beds had accumulated -over them. Thus they could not have been formed by vegetable peat. - - -TERTIARY COALS. - -Extensive coal beds in Asia are probably Tertiary, while the vast -carbon beds among the Rocky Mountains, and underlying the vast plain -to the west of these mountains, were formed in the Tertiary period. The -Rocky Mountain plateau on which the coal beds are planted existed as a -sea bottom over which the waters from the Arctic world rolled during -the Tertiary period. The Rocky Mountain region was then sleeping in the -sea. - -The Tertiary beds reach from Mexico to the Arctic ocean, proving that -currents ran toward the equator along the valley of the McKenzie, -bearing into southern waters whatever fell from the upper world. It is -thus easy to see how the vast expanse of this western world became the -receptacle of Tertiary carbon. Finding no Tertiary coals on the Eastern -border of our continent we are led to believe that a narrow continent -stretched from America to Europe across the present bed of the Atlantic -and hindered the flow of carbon along the Atlantic seaboard. It is -now conceded by geologists that such an isthmus of land reached from -Newfoundland to the shores of Europe during the Tertiary period. This -being true a vast fund of carbon must lie at the bottom of the North -Atlantic. - -If these later coals had been formed out of vegetation growing in great -continental swamps, the same opportunity was afforded by the southern -sea borders for this swamp vegetation. And so from Long Island to the -Rio Grande. Why then do we not find it if coal is of vegetable origin? -If the vast fund of the lignitic coals is a vegetable production it -was present in the Tertiary atmosphere as a deadly poison. But at that -time both land and sea were full of air-breathing mammals and monsters -showing conclusively that it was not there in such a condition. - - -DEDUCTIONS. - -1. The plant when subjected to a proper mode of distillation is made to -yield carbon in various allotropic forms. So of any mineral that has -carbon in its constitution. These forms of carbon were placed in the -crust of the earth after the primitive fires had died out. - -2. All such primitive distillations existed in the atmosphere of the -incandescent earth. - -3. This matter as it declined and mingled with the atmosphere in after -ages, changed from the ring to the belt form, and overcanopied the -earth and fell largely in regions outside the tropics. - -4. The heavier forms of carbon fell largely in the earlier ages; though -all sections of the system must have had some of each form. - -5. All ages were more or less characterized by carbon falls, and no age -could be exclusively carboniferous. - -6. Carbon falling directly into the ocean would separate into heavier -and lighter forms and settle accordingly in higher or lower elevations -of sea bottom, thus explaining why different forms of coal are found in -the same proximate horizon. - -7. The earliest or heavier forms are free from organic remains, and -must therefore be a primitive distillation. The other carbon beds -by their associated strata; by their involved vegetation and other -organisms; by accompanying clay-partings; by involved glacial drift; -by latitudinal gradation in quantity of ash and specific gravity; by -characteristic absence from the tropics and the heavy deposits in -higher latitudes; by synchronous formation in all continents; by their -evident formation in the very lap and bosom of the glacier and in ice -and flood; by the fact that they are bituminous, oily hydro-carbons, -and by a multitude of inconsistencies and impossibilities involved -in the vegetation theory, have been shown to be actual sedimentary -deposits, and therefore a primitive product. - -Since then there is not a feature connected with the formation of coal -that is not readily explained by the primitive carbon theory; not -one that philosophic law does not resolve into harmony with Annular -declension without even the show of conflict; and since vegetarians -are forever stumbling upon inexplicable difficulties--bowlders, -pebbles, undulations, slopes, ripple-marks, clay-partings, cannel-coal -inseparably joined with bituminous coal, anthracites with less -amount of ash, marine impurities, carbon planted in Archaean beds, -air-breathing animals among Tertiary coals, carbon dredged from the -ocean, dug from the frozen world, and innumerable other objections over -which they can not climb, the vegetation theory can not be true. - - -ANNULAR DOWNFALL IN THE TERTIARY OCEAN OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. - -If the Vailian theory claims are valid the beds in the Rocky Mountain -Tertiary must present the following features: The Cretaceous period -having been brought to a close by a down-rush of waters and snows in -the northern hemisphere, a stream of water pouring southward must to a -great extent have been a fresh-water current, and those deposits in -the extreme northern beds of the Rocky Mountain region must be largely -fresh-water accumulations. Those in the middle of this region must -be to a less extent fresh-water; perhaps sometimes fresh and again -marine, owing to changes in currents, etc., and the two be commingled, -while in the southern part the beds must be almost exclusively marine. -Fortunately for the Vailian theory these demands are fully met. The -waters of this vast region communicated with the Arctic ocean, probably -by way of the present depression in British America, along the valley -of the McKenzie river, while south it communicated with the Gulf of -Mexico. - -Here was a sea forty times larger than Lake Erie. Where did the water -come from that made the northern part fresh, the middle part brackish -and the southern portion marine? The Tertiary of the Pacific Coast is -marine; so is a larger portion of the Atlantic border. Doubtless Davis -Strait poured a volume of fresh-water from the polar world into the -Atlantic, for there is the same commingling of marine and fresh-water -shells on the northeast coast, while in the northern part they are -exclusively fresh-water species. Rivers could not have done this, for -all the rivers from Delaware Bay around the coast of the Gulf of Mexico -were not sufficient to lay down fresh-water Tertiary. Admit that the -vast polar ocean of the Tertiary period was a body of fresh-water, and -all difficulties disappear. - -Geologists admit that in the Tertiary period mountains were made -on every continent, that there was a world-wide disturbance of -strata, and the most complete extermination of species on record. -The Cretaceous world was swept by a mighty cataclysmic wave, and its -animals were buried in the detrital mass swept from the land into -the seas and formed the lower Eocene beds. Nothing of which we can -conceive could do this but a downpour of Annular waters. One-third of -North America, a great part of Northern Europe, nearly all of Siberia, -much of China, and other parts of Asia were apparently synchronously -submerged beneath _fresh-water_. - -The ocean of fresh-water proves the augmentation of snows from the -great super-aerial fund. The Cretaceous age closed by excessive and -unusual refrigeration. The transported blocks of stone found in the -Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary point to a northern origin. The -evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of an Annular fall of waters in the -north polar world at that time. - -Existing continents were submerged under Cretaceous waters. The Rocky -Mountains, Andes, Alps and Himalayas were either unborn or in their -infant stage. But some mighty barrier was raised that rolled the -Cretaceous waters southward, and made an isolated fresh-water ocean on -the north. It was the great Atlantic plateau reaching from Newfoundland -to Ireland, which is known by actual soundings and other evidence to be -a submerged table land. It was raised from the deep at this very time -and stood for uncounted milleniums as dry land. - -Suppose an ice cap 5000 feet thick should suddenly cover the Arctic -world. It would press that part of the globe inward and downward upon -itself even if the planet were solid to the centre. It would render the -rocks plastic and they would be pushed under the continents causing the -crust of the earth to rise into mountains in many places. Just what -occurred in Cretaceous and Tertiary times. - -We can trace the shore-line of an almost limitless fresh-water sea -around the whole hemisphere in Tertiary times, showing that the Arctic -ocean was a wide expanse of fresh-waters. This leads to the positive -and permanent establishment of the Vailian or Annular theory. - - - - -APPENDIX. - - -THE LAST ADVANCE OF GLACIERS. - -The last downfall of exterior vapors was at the time of Noah, and -produced the deluge. These vapors naturally gravitated toward the polar -regions and falling there as snows would accumulate as glaciers, their -magnitude and extent corresponding with the amount of falling snows. -It is evident if there ever was an Eden climate upon the earth its -destruction was brought about by a change of climate. If the Deluge was -a collapse of the last remnant of upper waters the latter must have -begun to fall in polar regions many centuries previous. - -The Eden world suffered a change of climate during the Adamic age, -for the race that dwelt naked in Eden became clothed in the skins of -animals. If this infant race dwelt naked the climate was warm. If -afterward it became necessary to be clothed with the skins of animals -it certainly had become cold. If the cold increased it was probably -caused by the fall of snow in polar regions. The physical condition -of the antedeluvians and their environment depended on the conditions -of the upper vapors. Hence, polar glaciers began to advance in Edenic -times. - -Glaciers advanced slowly, and are still advancing. Eight hundred years -ago Greenland was not the frigid land it now is. The Icelanders and -the Northmen sailed through northern seas in the interest of commerce -where now our hardiest seamen with iron-clad vessels scarcely dare to -venture. They pushed forward commercial enterprises into lands that are -now inhospitable and uninhabited. - -The present glaciation of polar worlds is but the result of the last -declension of outward vapors. The great ice caps of polar regions -are moving toward the equator and are constantly diminishing. It is -possible that we are approaching a day when the last ice berg will be -borne toward the tropics, and the last glacier will melt, and a more -genial climate pervade the greater portion of the earth. - - -LONGEVITY OF THE ANCIENTS. - -According to the biblical account people lived to be 800 and 900 years -old. This was principally because of the modification of solar energy. -Man’s physical environments impelled long life; and his longevity -diminished immediately after the upper deep fell and the sun began to -pour his beams upon the race; his environment evidently changed with -that event. In a few generations after the flood man died at the age of -120 or 100 years, and finally at three score and ten. - - - - -LETTER FROM PROF. I. N. VAIL. - - -MY DEAR DR. BOWERS: I have read with much interest thy compendium of -“The Earth’s Annular System,” as published by me in 1886. A synopsis -of that work can give but a meager idea of the grand conception of the -annular evolution of the earth. “The Annular Theory” stands on the -immutable truth that worlds evolve according to invariable law. - -This compels us to admit that all worlds are made alike, in the general -changes they undergo. Just as a bud evolves into a flower of the most -delicate construction and architectural order, so a world launched -from the same designing Hand must move in the same line of eternal -order, and under the law of natural uniformity develop and grow into a -completed world. - -This also leads us to the conclusion that if one world possess at -any time an annular system, then all worlds must possess a similar -appendage during some period of their existence. Consequently that -simple fact that the planet Saturn possesses at this time an annular or -ring system is proof that the earth once had a similar appendage. For -we must either admit this truth or we must admit that the planet Saturn -has not evolved thus far along a line of nature’s uniformity, but is -today a victim of accidental conditions. This law refuses to admit. - -But “The Annular Theory” does not rest on these grounds alone. A -universe of _invariable order_ pronounces it an immutable truth. The -judgment of the chemist and philosopher is positive that a rotating -world cannot pass from the molten state to the present condition of the -earth without undergoing annular changes. - -Since the publication of “The Earth’s Annular System” I have had -opportunities of examining more minutely the subjects treated of -therein and have secured the most overwhelming evidence that the theory -there proposed is in the main correct and will stand the test of all -time. I have found, outside the realm of physical science, the most -positive evidence that primitive man actually saw at least two rings -revolving about the earth, named them and worshiped them as gods. These -relics I have rescued from the wreck of ages, and _with_ these I will -prove the fact that this earth once had a complex system of Saturn-like -rings. - -Thus in the end the geologist and astronomer will be compelled to admit -its truthfulness whether they desire to or not. I have found among the -ruins of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, India and China annular fossils, the -identification of which settles at once and forever this great question. - -Again, I need not point the geologist to the mysteries of the glacial -epochs, which grow darker and darker as he looks for a competent cause -for their production. He must know that the great ocean of vapors that -hovered for unknown time over the earth in the loftiest heights of -the atmosphere, such as now are seen on two of our neighbor planets, -could not have fallen to the earth without covering it in the higher -latitudes with measureless masses of snow, resulting in excessive -refrigeration. I need but point him to the fact, proven by the coast -surveys of the world, that the oceans have encroached upon the land -to such an extent since the last glacial epoch that they stand now -fully thirty fathoms deeper than they did in pre-glacial times. I need -only point him to that grand clock-work of worlds shining from the -firmament--every scintillating point, every rolling sun, is a witness -of nature’s eternal order, and proclaims that uniformitarian principle -of world evolution, by which the philosophic investigator must stand. -The geologist must build on this rock of _uniformity_ in the evolution -of worlds. The earth has evolved along _this_ line, and the wreck of -annular conditions is seen on every page of its rocky volume. - -In the year 1875 I published a little volume entitled “The Earth’s -Aqueous Ring.” In it I stated my convictions, and gave reasons -therefor, that all the glacial periods the world ever saw were produced -by supra-aerial vapors descending from an annular system that revolved -about the earth from the remotest geologic ages to the flood of Noah, -which was itself produced by the fall of the last remnants of those -upper waters. These claims I am fully prepared to substantiate, -whatever opposition may be brought against them. - - ISAAC N. VAIL, - ELSINORE, Cal., July 6, 1892. - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - - -In this file, text in _italics_ is indicated by underscores. Text in -SMALL CAPS is all uppercase. - -The following changes were made to the text as printed: - -Page 3: “rings of agueous vapor” changed to “rings of aqueous vapor” - -“decent at the poles” changed to “descent at the poles” - -5: “the same No matter” changed to “the same. No matter” - -6: “Kelper’s “Third Law”” changed to “Kepler’s “Third Law”” - -7: “FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD” changed to “FURTHER EXAMINATION -OF THE RECORD.” - -“silicious Archæan beds” changed to “silicious Archaean beds” - -“Archæan metaliferous deposits” changed to “Archaean metalliferous -deposits” - -8: “God made the firmmanent” changed to “God made the firmament” - -“under the firmmament” changed to “under the firmament” - -“above the firmmament” changed to “above the firmament” - -“The earths surface” changed to “The earth’s surface” - -“the suns direct rays” changed to “the sun’s direct rays” - -“overcanopyed by annular waters” changed to “overcanopied by annular -waters” - -9: “THE NOCHIAN DELUGE” changed to “THE NOACHIAN DELUGE” - -“Aryan, Phonecian, Greek” changed to “Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek” - -“Greeks, Cythians and Celtic tribes” changed to “Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes” - -“among the Peruvians’ and Mexicans” changed to “among the Peruvians and -Mexicans” - -“the ruins of Ninevah” changed to “the ruins of Nineveh” - -11: “fresh water shells are found” changed to “fresh-water shells are -found” - -“decent of Annular vapors” changed to “descent of Annular vapors” - -12: “soon as killed purification” changed to “soon as killed, -putrification” - -“the downrush of snows from the earths” changed to “the down-rush of -snows from the earth’s” - -“a semitropical world” changed to “a semi-tropical world” - -“over-canopying fund of vapors” changed to “overcanopying fund of -vapors” - -“posessed more bouyant power” changed to “possessed more buoyant power” - -“doubtless, dropped from icebergs” changed to “doubtless dropped from -icebergs” - -“upon the earth The great” changed to “upon the earth. The great” - -“boulder and conglomerate rocks” changed to “bowlder and conglomerate -rocks” - -13: “the disolving of glaciers” changed to “the dissolving of glaciers” - -“decended to the body” changed to “descended to the body” - -“primordal life-forms” changed to “primordial life-forms” - -“unknow depths of space” changed to “unknown depths of space” - -14: “Gardner of Nature” changed to “Gardener of Nature” - -“Carboniferous carbonacious matter” changed to “Carboniferous -carbonaceous matter” - -“down fall of a silicious ring” changed to “downfall of a silicious -ring.” - -17: “fibres runnning vertically” changed to “fibres running vertically” - -“ferns, sigillaria lepidodendra” changed to “ferns, sigillaria, -lepidodendra” - -18: “seperated by layers of clay” changed to “separated by layers of -clay” - -21: “cannel-coal inseperably joined” changed to “cannel-coal -inseparably joined” - -22: “submerged beneath _fresh water_” changed to “submerged beneath -_fresh-water_” - -“great super-ariel fund” changed to “great super-aerial fund” - -“wide expanse of fresh waters” changed to “wide expanse of -fresh-waters” - -“New Foundland to Ireland” changed to “Newfoundland to Ireland” - -“isolated fresh water ocean” changed to “isolated fresh-water ocean” - -23: “antideluvians and their environment” changed to “antedeluvians -and their environment” - -“inhospital and uninhabited” changed to “inhospitable and -uninhabited” - -“glacitation of polar worlds” changed to “glaciation of polar worlds” - -“constantly dimishing” changed to “constantly diminishing” - -“upon the race his environment” changed to “upon the race; his -environment” - -24: “natures eternal order” changed to “nature’s eternal order” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR -THEORY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/68690-0.zip b/old/68690-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c1fc216..0000000 --- a/old/68690-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/68690-h.zip b/old/68690-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0558565..0000000 --- a/old/68690-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/68690-h/68690-h.htm b/old/68690-h/68690-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 951fb15..0000000 --- a/old/68690-h/68690-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2848 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Vailan or Annular Theory, by Stephen Bowers—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -h3 {font-size: 1em;} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.ph {text-align: center; - font-weight: bold;} - -.p150 {font-size: 1.5em;} -.p110 {font-size:1.10em;} -.p105 {font-size:1.05em;} -.p90 {font-size:0.9em;} - - -.p0 {margin-top: 0em;} -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p3 {margin-top: 3em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} - - -.mr5 {margin-right: 5%;} - -.ml5 {margin-left: 5%;} -.ml10 {margin-left: 10%;} - -.mb0 {margin-bottom: 0em;} -.mb1_5 {margin-bottom: 1.5em;} -.mb3 {margin-bottom: 3em;} - - - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.fright {float: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - -em, .italic {font-style: italic;} - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowe5 {width: 5em;} -.illowe7 {width: 7em;} - - - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vailan or annular theory, by Stephen Bowers</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Vailan or annular theory</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>A synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail's argument in support of the claim that this Earth once possessed a Saturn-like system of rings</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Stephen Bowers</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 5, 2022 [eBook #68690]</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive).</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - - - - -<h1 class="mb1_5">THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY.</h1> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5 p2" id="image_1"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center p105 p2"><span class="italic">A Synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail’s Argument in Support of the Claim that -this Earth once Possessed a Saturn-like System of Rings.</span></p> - -<p class="center p4 p90">PREPARED BY</p> - -<p class="center p150 p2">STEPHEN BOWERS, A. M., Ph. D.</p> - -<p class="center">Editor of the Ventura Observer.</p> - -<p class="center p2 mb3">FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF -THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY -OF SCIENCES, ETC., ETC., ETC.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5 p4" id="image_1_2"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center p3">VENTURA, CALIFORNIA:<br /> -<b>THE OBSERVER PRESS PRINT.</b><br /> -<span class="p110">1892.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="full x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The theory advanced by Prof. I. N. Vail accounts for the formation of -the earth’s crust, with its associated minerals, in the fact that it was once -surrounded by rings of aqueous vapor, containing much of its present -solid matter, which fell as mighty deluges. The last of these rings descended -at the time of the Noachian deluge and caused that catastrophe, -which is so graphically described by Moses, and which tradition has sung -in the ears of every tribe of Adam’s race. The formation of these rings -was caused by the intense heat, which drove to an immense distance every -substance which could be reduced to vapor, and where they formed as -annular bands or rings similar to those surrounding the planet Saturn at -the present time. After long ages the portion nearest the earth slowly -overcanopied the heavens, and owing to the lack of centrifugal force -began its descent at the poles.</p> - -<p>This theory explains certain phenomena better than any other yet advanced -by scientists. It accounts for the uplift of mountains; the deposit -of coal and other minerals; the glacial age; the retardation of the moon, -and it alone explains much contained in the first eight chapters of Genesis.</p> - -<p>Prof. Vail has published a volume of about 400 pages on this subject, -which for clearness of statement and logical conclusions has seldom been -equaled by previous writers on scientific subjects. He deals in convincing -facts which are destined to overturn many pre-conceived theories in the -science of geology.</p> - -<p>My object in sending forth this pamphlet is to call the attention of intelligent -readers to a theory which must engage the attention of scientists -in the future, and which will enable the geologist to make clear many -things which are now obscure. I respectfully ask for the following pages -a candid reading, and for further information on the subject refer the -reader to Prof. Vail’s “Story of the Rocks”, and to other works of the -gifted author, which are now passing through the press.</p> - -<p class="fright">S. B.</p> -<p class="ml5 mb0"><span class="smcap">Ventura, California</span>,</p> -<p class="p0 ml10">September 1, 1892.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_VAILAN_OR_ANNULAR_SYSTEM">THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR SYSTEM.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowe7" id="image_2"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_2.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="IMPORTANCE_OF_THE_QUESTION">IMPORTANCE OF THE QUESTION.</h3> - - -<p>Jupiter’s belts are doubtless aqueous -vapor driven from that planet -by heat; similar in every respect, -probably, to the primitive condition -of our globe. This vapor would -not all fall at once on the cooling of -the earth, but the upper portion -would continue to revolve for a long -period.</p> - -<p>All geologists agree that the earth -was once in an igneous fluid state, -and during that condition all of its -waters and whatever else could be -vaporized and sublimed by heat, as -the less refractory metals and minerals, -were driven away from its surface. -The foundation of the Annular -System was the molten or igneous -world. The vaporized water, -mineral and metallic elements repelled -from it existed as a great vaporized -atmosphere that rotated with -the earth.</p> - -<p>If the earth then rotated once in -twenty-four hours, so did the atmosphere. -Proctor and some others -claim that the earth then rotated in -three hours; if so, the atmosphere -did the same. No matter how long -or how short the period of the -earth’s rotation, the upper vapors rotated -with it. Then, when and how -did these vapors and other materials -composing the atmosphere return to -the earth? Geologists generally -have claimed that they fell at the -close of the igneous period; but the -Annular Theory claims that they did -not, and it undertakes to explain the -phenomena of the geologic ages and -epochs upon this claim.</p> - -<p>The most eminent scientists agree -that the vapors were driven off at -least 200,000 miles from the earth, -and many claim a distance of 240,000 -miles. All of the carbon in the -grand casement of aqueous rocks, -the vast oceans of oxygen now contained -in the silicates, sulphates, carbonates -and oxides of the crust, as -well as the nitrogen and hydrogen -in numerous compounds enormously -swelled its volume. But the Annular -Theory will claim but 100,000 -miles as the atmosphere and that the -earth rotated as now, once in twenty-four -hours. At the equator it -revolves at the rate of 1,000 miles -an hour, at which rate the periphery<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -of the earth’s primitive atmosphere -would revolve more than 25,000 -miles an hour.</p> - -<p>Now it is mathematically certain -that a body in our atmosphere revolving -at the rate of 17,500 miles -an hour could not fall to the earth’s -surface. By Kepler’s “Third Law” -we can readily demonstrate not only -that these vapors were thrown out -into a ring system, but how far beyond -the earth they reached, namely: -“The squares of the periodic -times of revolving satellites are proportioned -to the cubes of their -mean distances from the primary -around which they move.”</p> - -<p>The vapors nearest the earth did -not possess the energy of satellites, -consequently they fell to the earth, -as the latter’s surface cooled, leaving -the more distant matter moving independently -above it.</p> - - -<h3>EVIDENCES OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.</h3> - -<p>When the earth was in a state of -fiery fluidity, all of the water it -now contains was suspended at a -great distance above it. Beside the -oceans which now cover three-fourths -of the surface of the globe, -rocks and coals contain from ten -per cent to one half water, all of -which was primarily held in suspension. -The bosom of the earth is -continually absorbing water as is -demonstrated by deep mines and -other excavations. Dana estimates -that even if the crust of the earth -is but five miles thick that the -oceans would be 400 feet deeper if -all of the earth’s imbibed waters -could be returned to them. But -the earth’s crust is more likely to be -100 miles thick, and it has been imbibing -these waters for millions of -years if not millions of ages. This -would increase the oceans to about -8000 feet deeper than now. Yet -oceans are much deeper today than -they were in geologic times.</p> - -<p>This great mass of vapor would -rotate by centrifugal force at the -equator, but there being no such -force at the poles it was there kept -from falling by heat alone. If -the earth had not rotated the -vapors would have occupied great -heights; but centrifugal force being -aided by actual rotation they -were driven much farther. These -forces necessarily drove the vapors -over the equator. If, however, any -vapors were left at the poles they -must have fallen when the earth -cooled down.</p> - -<p>At that age rolled the first born -ocean around the globe. Clouds -formed, rain descended, and winds -swept the earth. There was summer -and winter, and day and night.</p> - -<p>The centripetal force of the -rings was gradually retarded by the -influence of the moon, and the gravital -force was increased until the -rings spread over the earth or approached -it. When the innermost -ring gradually descended toward -the earth and came in contact with -the air it was checked, and necessarily -spread out toward the poles. -Gravital force is strongest in the -polar regions. If the rings of Saturn -and Jupiter could increase -their motion they would rise to -greater heights. If they could become -slower they would sink toward -the poles.</p> - - -<h3>EVIDENCE FROM OTHER PLANETS.</h3> - -<p>We have never seen the actual -face of Saturn, and the sun is never -visible to its inhabitants. It is a -planet upon which there is probably -perpetual day. The belts are composed -of the same kind of material<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -as the super-crust of the earth—silicious, -calcareous and carbonaceous -matter. They will in time -become a part of the planet’s sedimentary -formation.</p> - -<p>When the inveterate fires of the -sun shall have died out, forms of -carbon and associated forms of -aqueous and mineral matter will -form an annular system around it.</p> - -<p>A burning world must be a smoking -world, and from its furnaces -must arise vast volumes of unconsumed -carbon to mingle with suspended -vapors.</p> - -<p>When Saturn’s rings fall to the -body of the planet its moons will -necessarily retire a little farther -from it. Astronomers say that our -moon is gradually retiring from the -earth. Then it must have had an -annular system which fell and -caused the moon to recede.</p> - - -<h3>FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD.</h3> - -<p>The vapors contained silex, quartz -and whatever else was vaporized -and suspended therein. After the -atmosphere had cooled it deposited -on the earth what it contained when -heated. Much of the sedimentary -beds built upon the Laurentian and -older rocks were simply precipitated -from the annular system.</p> - -<p>Iron and sulphur existed in the -upper ocean as metallic and mineral -salts. In the cooling process the -heavier minerals and metals would -necessarily locate nearest the earth -and be the first to fall. True they -were disseminated to a certain extent -throughout the system.</p> - -<p>Iron and other heavy metals -formed beds in the sea bottom. -Iron from Iron Mountain, Mo., -and Pilot Knob, also lead and copper -ores are in the Laurentian rocks. -These rocks are aqueous or sedimentary. -The annular matter fell but -in small part in equatorial regions, -but largely in temperate and frigid -zones.</p> - -<p>It is folly to suppose that all the -matter of aqueous beds were deposited -from previous aqueous beds by -denudation. How were subsequent -lime deposits made from silicious -Archaean beds? Denudation has -taken place in all ages, and a fall -and precipitation of exotic matter—tellurio-cosmic -matter—aided in -the work.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS REACHED.</h3> - -<p>1. All terrestial waters were -held in suspension.</p> - -<p>2. This rotated as a part and -parcel of the earth—a primeval -atmosphere of great complexity of -material.</p> - -<p>3. This suspended matter gathered -in the earth’s equatorial heavens, -and on condensing contracted -and segregated into rings which -revolved independently.</p> - -<p>4. The waters on high fell in a -succession of stupendous cataclysms.</p> - -<p>5. The first ocean was impregnated -with mineral and metallic -salts.</p> - -<p>6. It required a vast lapse of -time for rings to fall. Each ring -continued to revolve as a belt about -the earth with a decreasing velocity -as it spread toward the poles and -overcanopied the earth.</p> - -<p>7. The smoke or unconsumed -carbon that arose from the earth, -darkened the upper vapors and -formed bands or belts.</p> - -<p>8. The moon retarded the rings, -causing them to fall upon the earth, -and it then receded from our planet.</p> - -<p>9. The Archaean metalliferous -deposits are so located as to be inexplicable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -by the old theory of -aqueous denudation.</p> - -<p>10. The Silurian beds, and particularly -the order of their occurrence -utterly refutes the idea that -they were derived from pre-existing -beds.</p> - - -<h3>DEMONSTRATED BY HISTORIC TESTIMONY.</h3> - -<p>In Gen. 1:7 God made the firmament -and divided the waters -which were under the firmament -from the waters which were above -the firmament. According to the -Hebrew the atmosphere became an -expanse between two bodies of -waters, and of course the upper -stratum had to move round the -earth. In Gen. 1:3,4 light came in -and garnished the heavens before -the sun was seen.</p> - -<p>In the 10th. verse the waters on -the earth were called seas, the water -above the earth was called the deep, -and the Spirit of God moved upon -them. “And God said, Let there be -light,” and light came upon the -deep.</p> - -<p>In Gen 1:14-19 the sun which -existed for ages did not appear in -the heavens until after the sun -brought forth grass, etc. Then it is -plain that some intercepting canopy -cut off the direct rays of the sun.</p> - -<p>The writer of Genesis did not say -the sun and moon shone upon the -earth, but he does say the stars did -this. According to the Vailan -theory this is true, but they shone -in from polar regions.</p> - -<p>The earth’s surface was not heated -by the sun’s direct rays, but under -the overcanopying vapors it must -have been warmed, and its temperature -equalized by transmitted and -diffused solar heat.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS.</h3> - -<p>There was a green-house temperature -all over the earth at this time. -Storms and tempests were unknown, -as such phenomena are caused by -sun-power, sun-heat falling directly -upon the earth. Rains were infrequent, -if at all.</p> - -<p>Man, in the day when solar actinism -was shorn of its strength, -must have experienced remarkable -longevity, for upon solar energy -depends every form and phaze of -life on earth.</p> - -<p>The day of rest referred to in -Gen. 2:3 in which God ceased from -his labors was a windless, stormless, -rainless, winterless age; for immediately -we are told that “God had -not caused it to rain upon the -earth.” The climate was warm for -man dwelt naked upon the earth. -He was nurtured in a green-house -world.</p> - -<p>The rainbow comes into view -after the deluge for the first time. -There could have been neither rain -nor sunshine previously, just what -the Vailan theory claims. The -wind came upon the earth after the -waters of the deluge had fallen, and -not before.</p> - -<p>It was after the deluge that God -said, “While the earth remaineth -seed-time and harvest, and cold and -heat, and summer and winter, and -day and night shall not cease.” The -period before the flood was nightless, -and evening and morning were -day; that is, they coalesced into one -period called day.</p> - -<p>After the deluge the bow is given; -man’s longevity declines; the winds -come, and alternating seasons take -place—all pointing to the fact that -the antedeluvian world was overcanopied -by annular waters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>Every leaf of the geologic record -declares that the world has been -deluged time and again, which this -theory also claims to be true, and to -have taken place at the declension -of each ring or stratum.</p> - - -<h3>THE NOACHIAN DELUGE.</h3> - -<p>There is enough water now on -the earth and in its rocky frame to -make an hundred terrific deluges, -every one of which could drown the -world of living beings.</p> - -<p>In early days man believed there -was a great deep on high. The -sources of the deluge were “broken -up,” and never again can the world -be destroyed from that source. If -the fountains of the deep were on -the earth or in the seas then they -are not “broken up.” If they were -in the clouds, they were not, for that -source still exists. Then we must -believe that they came from beyond -the clouds.</p> - -<p>With the fountain of the great -deep placed on high—the veritable -waters above the firmament—we can -readily understand why the “windows -of heaven were opened,” and -why “all the fountains of the great -deep were broken up.” The rainbow -proclaims these facts around -the circuit of the earth.</p> - -<p>How does it happen that the -author of Genesis relates these facts -with such harmonious accord, with -all the conditions which an Annular -arrangement of water necessitated, -if the idea was not familiar to his -mind?</p> - -<p>The presence of upper vapors entering -the atmosphere on their way -to the earth by the way of the polar -regions necessitated an atmosphere -of greater buoyancy and power, and -this necessitated greater bodily -frame. Hence it is said: “There -were giants in those days.” There -were giants among animals as well -as men.</p> - - -<h3>LEGENDS OF THE DELUGE.</h3> - -<p>Such wide-spread desolation as is -accredited to the deluge of Noah -must have made an indelible impression -upon the human mind. -We would naturally look for references -to it in Aryan, Phoenecian, -Greek and Hebrew history. They -were the guardians of civilization. -It is not difficult to co-link even the -rudest form of the flood traditions -with the terrible visitation so graphically -related by Moses. Its shadow -will never pass from the historic -page.</p> - -<p>Men may criticise and ridicule -the narrative given by Moses, yet -the fact remains that a self-sustaining -history is there; and the combined -sophistry of all time cannot -shake it.</p> - -<p>An account of that great catastrophe -is found in the mythological -narratives and traditional history of -nearly or quite every people and -tribe of Adam’s race.</p> - -<p>It is found among the Egyptians, -Chaldeans, Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes. It has been discovered -among the Peruvians and Mexicans; -the aborigines of Cuba, of -North America and the South Sea -Islands. Even the inhabitants of -Alaska preserve a tradition of the -deluge; and all point unmistakably -to the deluge of Noah.</p> - -<p>Recent investigations in the ruins -of Nineveh, Babylon and in ancient -cities of Egypt confirm it by tablets -preserved as veritable books.</p> - -<p>Tradition as she sits amidst the -crumbling ages of the past sings it -in our ears, while the sound of a universal -deluge has gone out through<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -all the earth. It would require volumes -to present these traditions -alone.</p> - - -<h3>AUGMENTATION OF OCEANIC WATERS.</h3> - -<p>Some portions of the earth are -sinking while others are rising. The -millions of cubic feet of matter deposited -daily in the oceans by rivers -would be sufficient to accomplish -this. Every pound of matter thus -transferred, <em>is an energy transferred</em>. -In the course of 1,000 years, 1,000 -square miles of oceanic bottom -would be covered to the depth of -240 feet.</p> - -<p>This enormous pressure on the -underlying rocks is so much transferred -energy converted into -mechanical heat. This must expand -the rocks thus under increased -pressure. If this sediment -were not borne into the ocean -along the Atlantic coast and spread -out over vast areas it would be -lined with mountains and volcanoes, -as that of the Mediterranean sea; -but being spread out over an extensive -floor it prevents their formation -by lateral pressure.</p> - -<p>Volcanoes are located where sediments -can accumulate, and are -doubtless the result of this accumulation. -Sixty-five thousand feet of -steel blocks piled one upon another -would cause sufficient heat to melt -the lower ones or reduce them to a -plastic state. The lava that issues -from a volcano is the deep bed-rock -fused by pressure produced by -lateral expansion. Accumulating -sediments cause rock expansion in -some regions, and being removed -from others, causes contraction. -Expansion elevates the earth’s crust; -contraction lowers it.</p> - -<p>A downfall of water that would -raise the ocean fifty feet above its -present level would cause an expansion -that no rocks could resist, -and its lateral pressure must result -in mountain making. The New -England coast has been elevated in -comparatively recent times. The -St. Lawrence is so new that it has -not yet swept its channel clean.</p> - -<p>From Nova Scotia to Florida and -around the whole boundary of the -Gulf of Mexico are the submerged -shore-lines of a former continent. -Many miles out the lead-line suddenly -plunges from about 100 fathoms -to from 200 to 1,500 fathoms. -So around the British Isles, the -coast of Norway, and that of Northern -Europe and Asia. South America, -Africa and the Pacific present -the same characteristics. The -course of a submerged continent has -been traced in mid-ocean.</p> - - -<h3>SUMMARY.</h3> - -<p>The Vailan Theory is proved,</p> - -<p>1. By mathematical reasoning -and philosophic necessity.</p> - -<p>2. By the mineral character and -philosophical deposition of strata.</p> - -<p>3. By analagous facts relating to -other worlds, belted and ringed -under the reign of law.</p> - -<p>4. By the action of the moon.</p> - -<p>5. By the records of man whose -ancient writings declare, and re-declare, -again and again, the truth -of this claim. The first eight chapters -of Genesis alone afford proof -sufficient if all else failed.</p> - -<p>6. The waters on the earth themselves -declare the fact.</p> - - -<h3>GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.</h3> - -<p>The first and most important element -of the earth’s crust is carbon. -Of the more than 60,000 feet of -aqueous beds there are probably -none that it does not enter into as -an important factor. It was first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -driven from the earth by intense -heat. The burning world was a -smoking world. The unconsumed -carbon commingled with the Annular -vapors in the form of black, -sooty, pitchy matter. This was deposited -at the time of the deluge, -and the waters that stood in seas, -lakes and ponds deposited it as a -layer of black, carbonaceous mud -upon their bottoms. It may be -found in ten thousand lakes planted -in the Drift deposits in North America -and Northern Europe.</p> - -<p>A black carbonaceous soil covers -many Western States which were -once covered by a vast inland sea. -This sea was bounded on the west -by the Rocky Mountains; south by -the Ozark Mountains and the mountains -of Tennessee and Kentucky, -and emptied its waters into Lake -Michigan.</p> - -<p>This great inland sea finally became -a fresh-water body. The remains -of the mastodon, mammoth -and other pachyderms of interdiluvian -times, as well as fresh-water shells are found. It made -for itself two great outlets, the -Mississippi and the St. Lawrence -rivers. This inland sea must have -been elevated 700 or 800 feet above -the ocean, and was surrounded on -all sides by walls, and covered an -area of at least 500,000 square -miles. We must conclude that -some great down-rush of waters -caused it to break its bounds in two -directions at the same time.</p> - -<p>The fall of waters supplied the -black, sooty carbon that settled to -the bottom of the sea, remaining -but a few inches thick on the hills, -perhaps, but several feet in the -valleys, and is the source of the -peat bogs.</p> - - -<h3>GLACIAL EPOCHS.</h3> - -<p>Previous to the glacial record -there had closed a long period of -perpetual spring. The primitive -elephant, and many of his congeners -and contemporaries, fed in luxurious -forests and grassy plains toward -the north pole, which are now covered -with glaciers grinding their -bones to dust. Northern regions -which for untold ages had been covered -with tropical vegetation, and -animals of innumerable forms, began -to be invaded by glaciers which -slowly made their way toward the -equator.</p> - -<p>The only way glaciers are now -formed is by vapors wafted over -them from adjacent lands warmed -by solar heat; but they were not -formed that way during the glacial -epochs, but by the declension of annular -vapors. Glacial ice cannot -accumulate extensively now. <em>It -flows</em>, and cannot be heaped up -largely, its rate of motion being proportionate -to the slope of its bed. -The source of those snows which -built a great continental ice cap -over the northern hemisphere must -be attributed to the Annular System. -They accumulated in the St. Lawrence -valley several thousand feet -thick and towered over the New -England mountains.</p> - -<p>Snow seldom falls in arctic regions -now. Dr. Kane saw sledge -tracks that were made several years -previously. How then did those -boundless reaches of snow and ice -accumulate but by the descent of -Annular vapors?</p> - -<p>Animals are found entombed in -the frozen soil and snows under the -arctic circle. For many years a -large trade has been carried on in -ivory, by Siberian traders, dug from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -the frozen soil. Many of the animals, -as the mammoth, rhinoceros, -etc., remain undecayed, and in their -stomachs and between their teeth -are found the vegetation upon -which they fed. And even the capillary -blood vessels still retaining -their contents, showing that there -was not the slightest decomposition, -but that the catastrophe which overwhelmed -them was sudden. The -climate was changed as by a stroke, -which congealed and sealed the land -in ice, locking the mammoth and -other animals therein.</p> - -<p>Had those animals not been frozen -soon as killed, putrification and decomposition -must have taken place. -Nothing but the down-rush of snows -from the earth’s Annular System -could have done this. These remains -are dredged from the northern -oceans, and they are also found -fossilized over large portions of Siberia; -in both cases being doubtless -dropped from icebergs. The mammoth -is found frozen in a glacier; -the glacier was originally snow; the -destruction must necessarily have -been sudden.</p> - -<p>If not more than one tenth of the -waters now upon the earth had fallen -in the form of snow it would -have covered the entire land surface -of the globe more than 30,000 feet -deep; and as one tenth must have -fallen in polar regions it brings out -the Annular Theory as a competent -source. The sudden fall of snow -sufficient to overwhelm a semi-tropical -world could not accumulate in -the atmosphere as it now does, and -fall therefrom. It must have come -from a source beyond the atmosphere.</p> - -<p>The overcanopying fund of vapors -acted as a mighty robe to the earth, -keeping out the cold of space, and -equally distributing solar heat over -the globe and causing terrestial -warmth. The animals were much -larger than their representatives are -now, showing that the atmosphere -was heavier and possessed more -buoyant power by the pressure of a -vast ocean of vapors in the higher -regions.</p> - -<p>The downfall of water caused continual -upheavals, and mountain -making, which is proved by finding -marine fossils along the seashore, -and elsewhere far above the ocean. -Terraces of the Champlain epoch in -New England that must have been -formed in the sea, are now found -elevated hundreds of feet.</p> - -<p>All geologists agree that there -have been many floods upon the -earth. The great telluric glaciers of -recent geologic times were melted -under the tropic influence of the Annular -vapors resulting in deluges.</p> - -<p>Under the vast pressure of the -accumulated waters the plastic -ocean bed goes down and forces its -foundation under the continent by -lateral pressure, and causes upturned -and crumpled strata in many places, -and also volcanic phenomena.</p> - - -<h3>REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.</h3> - -<p>The geologist has never yet found -the base of the aqueous rocks, nor -can he know how deep their foundations -extend. When the Laurentian -stratified beds were formed -there was an ocean on the earth. A -portion of the tellurio-cosmic waters -had fallen.</p> - -<p>In the boulder and conglomerate -rocks found in every age of geology -there is proof that glaciers invaded -the earth after the declension of -each Annular stratum. The Annular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -matter extended in comparatively -narrow belts over the equator. As -the lower stratum was attracted toward -the earth it gradually spread -out toward the polar regions, causing -a warm climate all over the -earth, and melting the snows and -glaciers at the poles. This -lasted untold ages until a tropic -and semi-tropical vegetation spread -over the earth. After its fall arctic -cold invaded the north and south -poles, pushing a vast ice cap toward -the equator, which remained until -another stratum of annular vapors -spread over the globe. These ages -of warmth and ages of cold continued -to alternate until the fall of the -last ring of vapors, which took place -at the time of the Noachian deluge, -causing that catastrophe.</p> - -<p>The sudden destruction of life, at -the end of each age in geology, -must have been caused by sudden -cold. The waters reaching the -earth at the poles must cause refrigeration; -must cause excessive -floods; must cause extermination of -specific forms of life; must cause new -distribution and condition of oceanic -waters, and caused great folding -and crumpling of strata.</p> - -<p>In the dissolving of glaciers a vast -pressure was lifted from the continents -and transferred to the ocean -beds, causing them to go down and -the land to be elevated.</p> - - -<h3>SEED BED OF ORGANISMS.</h3> - -<p>From the days of Homer until the -present time we read of dust-storms -of living organisms falling upon the -earth, and colored snow, the coloring -matter being microscopic forms -of life. The dust is doubtless of -cosmic origin. There must be micro-cosmic -clouds moving in interplanetary -space, which meeting the -earth in its path, are precipitated -upon its surface.</p> - -<p>We can scarcely conceive of matter -anywhere without associating it -with living forms. The outermost -vapors of the annular system, which -fell in the time of Noah, remained -on high for unknown millions of -years, receiving constant additions -of meteoric and cosmic dust from -without. As the gaseous envelope -that now surrounds our earth contains -living organisms, we must believe -the annular matter did also, -and to a much greater degree.</p> - -<p>If Jupiter’s belted system had -long ago descended to the body of -that planet, so that we could gaze -upon the continents and seas as we -do those of Mars, we would conclude -that they swarmed with life. An -incomplete world must contain incomplete -or primordial life-forms; -forms that in time must develop. -In yellow snow, dust showers, “blood -rains,” etc. we have evidence that -organic forms are natural accompaniments -of the nebulous and elementary -forms of matter.</p> - -<p>Spider showers are well authenticated. -Sometimes the air is filled -with their gossamer threads upon -which they mount to unknown depths -of space, where they live. If spiders -can live in the air, descend to the -earth and live there for a time, and -toads can live for untold ages immured -in solid rock, they could live -in belts of aqueous and mineral -matter. The manner in which organisms -have succeeded each other -on the earth as revealed by the geologic -records demands that the annular -system was the cradle of infant -life, the propagating beds in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -which the life-germs were placed by -the great Gardener of Nature.</p> - -<p>It is as reasonable to suppose that -germs took form in water under the -creative hand before they fell to the -earth as afterward, and when we see -that each downfall brought new -life-forms which exhibit no specific -or generic relation to previous -forms, we are forced to admit that -either the seed beds of the Annular -system provided the undeveloped -organisms, or there was a special -creation at each period.</p> - -<p>In the Silurian age there was an -ocean containing heavy calcarious -matter; in the Devonian silicious -and silicio-calcarious matter; in the -Carboniferous carbonaceous matter, -and each ocean had its characteristic -life-forms. But if all the -waters fell at one time, how is it -possible for each age to have had -an ocean containing characteristic -minerals? These characteristic minerals -fell with each ring, which -marked the ages of geology, destroying -previous life-forms and introducing -new ones. Eozoic rocks -were laid down 40,000 feet thick. -Upon these were piled Silurian 65,000 -feet thick; on these Devonian -rocks 15,000 feet, and then comes -17,000 feet of Carboniferous rocks, -each age having characteristic fossils -and mineral deposits. As these -deposits were laid down by the sea, -why do they so widely differ in their -composition if they all fell at the -same time from above! The Potsdam -sandstone underlies the Silurian -rocks. It spread from the Canadas -to Texas, from the Alleghanies -to the Rocky mountains, and probably -forms a casement around the -globe. It is 8,000 feet thick, and -shows a mechanical and rapid accumulation, -pointing unmistakably to -the downfall of a silicious ring.</p> - -<p>The Annular theory admits of the -universal eroding power of rivers -and waves; the transporting power -of currents and strata building from -detrital matter. But waves can do -nothing unless supplied with matter. -Where did they get the crystalline, -granulated and infusorial matter to -spread over the floor of the Silurian -ocean? Great beds of metals have -been laid down as regularity stratified -deposits which could not have -been borne from Archaean terranes.</p> - - -<h3>CARBON STRATA DEPOSITED AS AN AQUEOUS -SEDIMENT.</h3> - -<p>Carbon composing a peat bed is -simply unconsumed carbon. The -carbon or smoke that arises from -every chimney and furnace when -measurably shut up from immediate -union with oxygen, remains an unburnt -fuel precisely the same in -kind as the unburnt carbon fuel of -the peat bogs. Were we to collect -the unburnt carbon from our chimneys -in piles, where moisture and -air could have free access, it would -take fire spontaneously and burn, -just as peat dug from the bog sometimes -takes fire and burns.</p> - -<p>The millions of fires from foundries, -volcanoes, etc., are forming -fuel wherever soot is formed, and -were it not for the ever active oxygen -of the air, it would all descend -upon the earth as fuel and become -incorporated in forming sedimentary -beds. This is our claim for the -coal, which as unconsumed carbon -arose beyond the reach of destroying -oxygen, from the heated, glowing -furnace of our globe, and in -time returned to the earth.</p> - -<p>When the plant dies and begins<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -to decay one of its constituent elements, -carbon, oxydizes by slow -combustion and returns to the air -as an invisible gas. It is but accidental -when a particle fails to become -oxydized and remains as unconsumed -carbon. An exceedingly -small part of vegetation remains unburnt.</p> - -<p>Coal veins, which are from one -foot to three hundred feet thick, -would make a stratum around the -earth ten feet thick. Fifty pounds -of coal will yield 10,000 gallons of -carbonic acid. Then calling eight -gallons equal to one cubic foot the -astonishing fact comes out that the -coal beds actually draw from the -atmosphere an ocean of carbonic -acid which would have covered the -globe to the depth of 12,500 feet, -which would have destroyed all animal -life. Even three or four per -cent. of carbonic acid in our present -atmosphere would be fatal to animal -life. Hence it is clear that -coal cannot be attributed to vegetable -origin.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSIONS REACHED.</h3> - -<p>The following conclusions are -clearly deducible:</p> - -<p>1. The Annular system was a region -of microscopic life and infusorial -forms. Coal being deposited -by sea-water carried down with it -marine forms, and others settled -upon its surface.</p> - -<p>2. The carbon deposits must -have borne down a vast amount of -marine vegetation and buried it -upon the sea bottom. In swamp -marshes the vegetation would have -been entirely different.</p> - -<p>3. When a carbon fall was borne -to the seas and settled where limestone -strata prevailed it would indicate -great distance from the shore, -and here the roof shales of the -coal must be necessarily free from -land fossils. Coal beds amongst -sandstone strata indicate depositions -near shore, and may contain land -fossils.</p> - -<p>4. The coal beds must be more -heavily developed toward polar regions, -and most free from impurities.</p> - -<p>5. All carbon downfalls must -have been attended by great cataclysms -of snow, or water, or both.</p> - -<p>6. A coal vein deposited near a -volcano, or mechanical heat arising -therefrom would be metamorphosed -into heavier and harder forms of -carbon. But as all grades must -have existed in the Annular system -as primitive distillates, all of these -forms may be found in lands where -no strata disturbance has taken -place.</p> - -<p>7. The heavy carbon, as the anthracite -and semi-bituminous particles -would be borne to the deep -seas, while the lighter would float -into shallow water. Hence a submarine -valley might have a deposit -of anthracite while a neighboring -bed on an elevation might be bituminous.</p> - -<p>8. In both northern and southern -hemispheres the coal must be -more valuable as we proceed from -the equator.</p> - -<p>9. There must have been carbon -falls in all ages, and the first were -the purest and the best, while the -last to descend must have been the -lightest and poorest, and must be -found near the surface, or are the -foundations of recent peat bogs.</p> - -<p>Peat vegetation, or moss known -by the generic name of <em>Sphagnous</em>, -has led many to believe it to be the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -origin of that product. But these -<em>sphagnous</em> mosses could never have -planted themselves over the medial -and colder latitudes if the carbon -beds necessary to sustain them had -not previously been planted there. -If coal and peat are vegetable products -they should exist in greater -abundance in tropical regions; but -they are found in limited quantity -there.</p> - - -<h3>IS COAL A VEGETABLE PRODUCT?</h3> - -<p>The usually accepted theory concerning -the origin of coal is that it -was formed from an ancient vegetation -that grew largely in peat and -swamp marshes. This theory the -Vailan system overthrows.</p> - -<p>Every atom of the great mass of -carbon now forming the coal deposits -must have been a distilled -product of a primitive igneous process -before the plant could possibly -appropriate it. Every intelligent -chemist knows that the great telluric -gas furnace of primitive times -was competent to produce all the -carbon now found in the crust of -the earth. Soot, that sometimes -takes fire in our chimneys, is deposited -in infinitesimal smoke particles. -Hence, smoke from burning -carbon is simply a fuel which makes -it evident that the smoke which -arose from the igneous earth was a -fuel hydro-carbon. The dark belts -of Saturn and Jupiter are doubtless -strata of carbon revolving about -those planets.</p> - -<p>If the Vailan theory is true the -graphites and heavier forms of carbon -were the first to fall upon the -earth after the igneous period was -passed, and will be found in its -first aqueous beds, and generally -unassociated with fossil vegetation. -This is precisely what we do find. -Both Dana and Dawson bear testimony -to the fact that graphite is a -very common mineral in the older -beds, and that the primitive carbon -beds are equal in gravity to that of -similar areas in the carboniferous -system.</p> - -<p>Why no fossil plants in the earlier -coal deposits? Because no plants -grew at that time. Then we must -look for its origin elsewhere than in -plants. If coal be a vegetable product, -so is graphite. To say that -animal organism aided in the process -simply adds to the difficulty, -since it is carbon that makes the -organism and not the organism the -carbon. But suppose fossil plants -were found in graphite, would it be -any more evidence that they formed -it than that they formed clay or -sandrock in which they are found? -The simple fact that organic fossils -are found in carbon beds changed -to carbon affords no evidence that -these organisms made the beds.</p> - -<p>We find vegetable remains in coal -seams just as we find them in any -other rock. A coal plant as a -lepidodendron, may begin in the -lower clay, and pierce through a -coal seam into the overhanging -shale and sandstone. In the first it -is a clay fossil, in the second a carbonaceous -fossil, and in the third a -silicious fossil. The fact is the -trunk of a tree in an upright position -in a coal bed, which is quite -common, proves that the coal formed -around it rapidly. It would require -forty feet of vegetable debris to -make five feet of carbon. Some -coal seams are 300 feet thick, which -would require at least 2,400 feet of -vegetable growth in its formation, -which is an impossibility. As a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> -vegetable product coal would form -very slowly, but from the Vailan -system would require but a few -hours, or days at most, to lay it -down.</p> - -<p>Plants found in coal burn with -difficulty, which ought not to be -true if they contained a resinous -sap, or bituminous matter. In many -instances you can find a dozen fossil -plants in the overlying clay to -where you can find one in coal. -They are clay fossils because they -are imbedded in clay, same as fossils -in coal are carbon because imbedded -in carbon.</p> - -<p>If coal is compressed peat, as some -would have us believe, why do we -not find fibres running vertically -through it? You may examine peat -after a pressure of twenty tons to -the square inch has been exerted, -and yet the vertical structure of -the mass will be apparent. Since -we find abundance of rootlets running -in all directions, vertically as -well as horizontally in the under -clays of coal beds it is evident that -coal is not a metamorphosed peat.</p> - -<p>Imagine an expanse of marshes -100,000 square miles in extent, covered -with calamites, ferns, sigillaria, -lepidodendra remaining motionless -for countless centuries, and then -suddenly sinking beneath the waves -of the sea in order to receive a sea-formed -bed for a covering; and in the -universal burial to preserve but a -few fossils, and they in a horizontal -position, while in the clays immediately -above and below the coal beds -they are found in profusion; that in -due time the vast area arose from -its baptism, and on the thin layer -of clay millions of the same plants -grew until they formed another bed -of coal, when it sinks again beneath -the waves, and this oscillation continued -until it had been buried -twenty, forty or one hundred times, -and you have the old theory of how -coal was formed.</p> - -<p>But if the old theory concerning -the formation of coal is correct, how -did it occur that the earth in rising -out of the ocean stopped each time -in the right place for swamp vegetation -to accumulate? According -to the highest authority coal is not -formed from sea-plants, for they -cannot emit any considerable -amount of caloric, but it is the product -of land plants. Then why do -we find coal scattered over a vast -area of sea bottom?</p> - -<p>The structure of continents show -that they have remained such from -their first formation. Some of the -geologic formations, as the Carboniferous-conglomerates, -took place all -over the earth at the same time. -How could this be except it came -from the Annular system?</p> - -<p>Were we to have a shower of carbon -dust it would settle to the bottom -of the sea all over the irregularities -of the same. Then sand beds -accumulating for ages would settle -over it. These would form a greater -thickness in some places than in -others; hence a succeeding fall of -carbon settling upon the ocean floor -would not form a bed exactly parallel -with the first. This is precisely -what we find to be true in the carbon -deposits. The distance in coal -seams may vary from twenty feet in -one place to forty feet in another -place in the same neighborhood, -which is the result of irregularity -in the ocean floor.</p> - -<p>Bowlders are found in coal seams -which means that coal beds have -been formed under water; and if a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> -foreign bowlder that the coal seam -was formed at the bottom of the -ocean. Bowlders have been found -in the middle of coal seams with -glacial marks upon them, showing -that they have been dropped from -icebergs into the forming coal beds -at the bottom of the sea. Foreign -water-worn bowlders are frequently -found in coal beds.</p> - -<p>Stratas of coal may be separated -by layers of clay not more than half -an inch in thickness; how could vegetation -take root in so thin a layer -of clay sufficient to form the overlying -coal seam of probably several -feet? Suppose a great carbon fund -should float from the Arctic ocean -into Hudson Bay. It would settle -upon an undulating bottom, and if a -flood of muddy water from the surrounding -rivers should empty into -the bay while the carbon bed was -forming, a thin clay bed would be -the result. This might continue as -long as the carbon was brought -from the Arctic regions.</p> - -<p>The floating mass of primitive -carbon clouds after they entered -the atmosphere and floated away for -centuries, perhaps, toward the polar -regions in their efforts to reach the -earth, became a tissue of evolving -vegetable organisms and vegetable -forms. Take fresh soot from a furnace -soon as it is formed, subject it -to hot vapors from boiling waters -and store it away in an open vessel -of water, and you will soon see vegetable -and animal organisms start -into being. Then why not find organisms -in revolving soot clouds in -the Annular system?</p> - -<p>Marine vegetation exists on the -sea bottom, and a carbon sediment -rapidly accumulating would certainly -involve it.</p> - -<p>Under almost all the carbon veins -lies a deposit of fire clay. Strange -that adjoining a highly combustible -bed, a substance should be invariably -planted that is so refractory as -to be used for crucibles in fusing -almost every known metal! In this -bed lies involved a profuse marine -vegetation, and the preservation of -its delicate lineaments proves that -it was suddenly involved. It is -more generally present under coal -veins that are more distant from the -tropics, and <em>invariably</em> in the most -distant ones. The fire clay-dust -sublimed in the great telluric crucible -arose to commingle with primitive -vapors and returned with them. -When a carbon fall occurred the -clay matter being of greater specific -gravity was the first to find its way -to the ocean floor.</p> - -<p>This fire clay is found under beds -of primitive graphite where no vegetation -is involved, and therefore -cannot be a vegetable distillation. -It is found where glacial action is -unknown, and cannot be mud pulverized -by moving ice. Every one -of the more than seventy coal seams -of the Nova Scotia regions has its -characteristic clay-bed. When we -see trees standing in and surrounded -by this clay we are forced to admit -a rapid accumulation.</p> - -<p>Limestone is a deep sea formation -and the Vailan system demands -that standing trees should not be -found in it. Only such limestone -formation or strata as were deposited -as mechanical precipitation could -be formed in shallow waters, especially -in regions beyond the tropics. -A limestone stratum deposited -among shore deposits or continental -detritus points directly to Annular -origin and vegetable fossils will occur<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -in the upper clays. Here geologists -have an opportunity to prove -or disprove the Annular problem.</p> - -<p>Coal and peat are not found in -the tropics where they ought to be -found if vegetation produced them. -And if they could be found there it -would sweep the Vailan system from -its foundations. They are found, -however, just where this system says -they must be found. Why is peat -found in the ocean, and in the -thousands of lakes and ponds where -no peat vegetation is now growing? -Suppose we find a peat bed forty -feet thick, it must have been at one -time a lake with forty feet of water, -and how did the peat begin to grow? -Peat forms slowly and the rains and -storms would have worked mud, -etc., more rapidly into it than the -peat would have filled it. It would -neither have grown from the top -nor from the bottom. The foundation -carbon fell from the Annular -fund.</p> - - -<h3>METAMORPHISM OF CARBON BEDS.</h3> - -<p>When bituminous or lignitic coal, -or even peat is subjected to a sufficient -degree of heat it is converted -into hard coal and sometimes into -graphite. From this source some -conclude that anthracite and all -hard coals are metamorphosed beds -of soft carbon. But how about the -vast beds in aqueous crusts hundreds -of miles from any igneous -agencies? All anthracite coal -changed from bituminous coal will -contain a greater per cent. of ash -than the coal from which it is derived. -If it does not it is evidence -that it never was bituminous coal.</p> - -<p>Let us suppose a heavy fall of -Annular carbon in the north Atlantic -ocean, and that the Appalachian -mountains were again under -the sea. The carbon carried by the -ocean currents southward would -fall to the sea bottom in the more -quiet waters. The heavy or anthracite -dust would reach the bottom in -deep waters where the lighter forms -would not. Before the Appalachian -upheaval, the eastern base of the -system was farther out in the sea, -and was in deeper waters than the -western. The constitution of the -coal itself, the condition of the sea -bottom (sloping from the coast to -the deep sea) point harmoniously to -the annular origin of the carbon -beds. The bituminous dust not being -able to directly settle with the -anthracite remained longer in suspension -which accounts for its -greater amount of ash. The farther -south it floated, the more impure -it became. The heaviest beds of -anthracite will be found in the -northern part of the great plateau, -and principally in British America -if the Vailan theory is true.</p> - -<p>Fossil plants in coal are generally -mineralized charcoal, and are difficult -of combination. If the bed -was composed of vegetable production -the same difficulty would certainly -characterize the mass. Hence -the plant is simply a foreign body -in a bed of mineral carbon. Coal -seams have become so hard as to be -planed off by eroding forces directly -after being laid down, or before -heavy beds had accumulated over -them. Thus they could not have -been formed by vegetable peat.</p> - - -<h3>TERTIARY COALS.</h3> - -<p>Extensive coal beds in Asia are -probably Tertiary, while the vast -carbon beds among the Rocky -Mountains, and underlying the vast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> -plain to the west of these mountains, -were formed in the Tertiary -period. The Rocky Mountain plateau -on which the coal beds are -planted existed as a sea bottom over -which the waters from the Arctic -world rolled during the Tertiary -period. The Rocky Mountain region -was then sleeping in the sea.</p> - -<p>The Tertiary beds reach from -Mexico to the Arctic ocean, proving -that currents ran toward the equator -along the valley of the McKenzie, -bearing into southern waters whatever -fell from the upper world. It -is thus easy to see how the vast expanse -of this western world became -the receptacle of Tertiary carbon. -Finding no Tertiary coals on the -Eastern border of our continent -we are led to believe that a narrow -continent stretched from America -to Europe across the present bed of -the Atlantic and hindered the flow -of carbon along the Atlantic seaboard. -It is now conceded by geologists -that such an isthmus of land -reached from Newfoundland to the -shores of Europe during the Tertiary -period. This being true a -vast fund of carbon must lie at the -bottom of the North Atlantic.</p> - -<p>If these later coals had been -formed out of vegetation growing -in great continental swamps, the -same opportunity was afforded by -the southern sea borders for this -swamp vegetation. And so from -Long Island to the Rio Grande. -Why then do we not find it -if coal is of vegetable origin? If -the vast fund of the lignitic coals -is a vegetable production it was -present in the Tertiary atmosphere -as a deadly poison. But at that -time both land and sea were full of -air-breathing mammals and monsters -showing conclusively that it -was not there in such a condition.</p> - - -<h3>DEDUCTIONS.</h3> - -<p>1. The plant when subjected to -a proper mode of distillation is -made to yield carbon in various allotropic -forms. So of any mineral -that has carbon in its constitution. -These forms of carbon were placed -in the crust of the earth after the -primitive fires had died out.</p> - -<p>2. All such primitive distillations -existed in the atmosphere of the -incandescent earth.</p> - -<p>3. This matter as it declined and -mingled with the atmosphere in -after ages, changed from the ring to -the belt form, and overcanopied the -earth and fell largely in regions -outside the tropics.</p> - -<p>4. The heavier forms of carbon -fell largely in the earlier ages; -though all sections of the system -must have had some of each form.</p> - -<p>5. All ages were more or less -characterized by carbon falls, and -no age could be exclusively carboniferous.</p> - -<p>6. Carbon falling directly into -the ocean would separate into heavier -and lighter forms and settle -accordingly in higher or lower elevations -of sea bottom, thus explaining -why different forms of coal are -found in the same proximate horizon.</p> - -<p>7. The earliest or heavier forms -are free from organic remains, and -must therefore be a primitive distillation. -The other carbon beds by -their associated strata; by their involved -vegetation and other organisms; -by accompanying clay-partings; -by involved glacial drift; by -latitudinal gradation in quantity of -ash and specific gravity; by characteristic -absence from the tropics and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> -the heavy deposits in higher latitudes; -by synchronous formation in -all continents; by their evident formation -in the very lap and bosom of -the glacier and in ice and flood; by -the fact that they are bituminous, -oily hydro-carbons, and by a multitude -of inconsistencies and impossibilities -involved in the vegetation -theory, have been shown to be actual -sedimentary deposits, and therefore -a primitive product.</p> - -<p>Since then there is not a feature -connected with the formation of coal -that is not readily explained by the -primitive carbon theory; not one -that philosophic law does not resolve -into harmony with Annular -declension without even the show of -conflict; and since vegetarians are -forever stumbling upon inexplicable -difficulties—bowlders, pebbles, undulations, -slopes, ripple-marks, clay-partings, -cannel-coal inseparably -joined with bituminous coal, anthracites -with less amount of ash, marine -impurities, carbon planted in Archaean -beds, air-breathing animals -among Tertiary coals, carbon -dredged from the ocean, dug from -the frozen world, and innumerable -other objections over which they can -not climb, the vegetation theory can -not be true.</p> - - -<h3>ANNULAR DOWNFALL IN THE TERTIARY -OCEAN OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.</h3> - -<p>If the Vailian theory claims are -valid the beds in the Rocky Mountain -Tertiary must present the following -features: The Cretaceous -period having been brought to a -close by a down-rush of waters and -snows in the northern hemisphere, -a stream of water pouring southward -must to a great extent have -been a fresh-water current, and -those deposits in the extreme northern -beds of the Rocky Mountain -region must be largely fresh-water -accumulations. Those in the middle -of this region must be to a less -extent fresh-water; perhaps sometimes -fresh and again marine, owing -to changes in currents, etc., and -the two be commingled, while in -the southern part the beds must -be almost exclusively marine. Fortunately -for the Vailian theory these -demands are fully met. The waters -of this vast region communicated -with the Arctic ocean, probably by -way of the present depression in -British America, along the valley of -the McKenzie river, while south it -communicated with the Gulf of -Mexico.</p> - -<p>Here was a sea forty times larger -than Lake Erie. Where did the -water come from that made the -northern part fresh, the middle part -brackish and the southern portion -marine? The Tertiary of the Pacific -Coast is marine; so is a larger portion -of the Atlantic border. Doubtless -Davis Strait poured a volume -of fresh-water from the polar world -into the Atlantic, for there is the -same commingling of marine and -fresh-water shells on the northeast -coast, while in the northern part -they are exclusively fresh-water -species. Rivers could not have -done this, for all the rivers from -Delaware Bay around the coast of -the Gulf of Mexico were not sufficient -to lay down fresh-water Tertiary. -Admit that the vast polar -ocean of the Tertiary period was a -body of fresh-water, and all difficulties -disappear.</p> - -<p>Geologists admit that in the Tertiary -period mountains were made -on every continent, that there was a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> -world-wide disturbance of strata, -and the most complete extermination -of species on record. The -Cretaceous world was swept by a -mighty cataclysmic wave, and its -animals were buried in the detrital -mass swept from the land into the -seas and formed the lower Eocene -beds. Nothing of which we can -conceive could do this but a downpour -of Annular waters. One-third -of North America, a great part of -Northern Europe, nearly all of Siberia, -much of China, and other -parts of Asia were apparently synchronously -submerged beneath -<em>fresh-water</em>.</p> - -<p>The ocean of fresh-water proves -the augmentation of snows from the -great super-aerial fund. The Cretaceous -age closed by excessive and -unusual refrigeration. The transported -blocks of stone found in the -Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary -point to a northern origin. The -evidence is overwhelmingly in favor -of an Annular fall of waters in the -north polar world at that time.</p> - -<p>Existing continents were submerged -under Cretaceous waters. -The Rocky Mountains, Andes, Alps -and Himalayas were either unborn -or in their infant stage. But some -mighty barrier was raised that -rolled the Cretaceous waters southward, -and made an isolated fresh-water -ocean on the north. It was -the great Atlantic plateau reaching -from Newfoundland to Ireland, -which is known by actual soundings -and other evidence to be a submerged -table land. It was raised -from the deep at this very time and -stood for uncounted milleniums as -dry land.</p> - -<p>Suppose an ice cap 5000 feet thick -should suddenly cover the Arctic -world. It would press that part of -the globe inward and downward -upon itself even if the planet were -solid to the centre. It would render -the rocks plastic and they would be -pushed under the continents causing -the crust of the earth to rise into -mountains in many places. Just -what occurred in Cretaceous and -Tertiary times.</p> - -<p>We can trace the shore-line of an -almost limitless fresh-water sea -around the whole hemisphere in -Tertiary times, showing that the -Arctic ocean was a wide expanse of -fresh-waters. This leads to the positive -and permanent establishment -of the Vailian or Annular theory.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>THE LAST ADVANCE OF GLACIERS.</h3> - -<p>The last downfall of exterior -vapors was at the time of Noah, and -produced the deluge. These vapors -naturally gravitated toward the -polar regions and falling there as -snows would accumulate as glaciers, -their magnitude and extent corresponding -with the amount of falling -snows. It is evident if there ever -was an Eden climate upon the earth -its destruction was brought about -by a change of climate. If the -Deluge was a collapse of the last -remnant of upper waters the latter -must have begun to fall in polar -regions many centuries previous.</p> - -<p>The Eden world suffered a change -of climate during the Adamic age, -for the race that dwelt naked in -Eden became clothed in the skins -of animals. If this infant race -dwelt naked the climate was warm. -If afterward it became necessary to -be clothed with the skins of animals -it certainly had become cold. If<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> -the cold increased it was probably -caused by the fall of snow in polar -regions. The physical condition of -the antedeluvians and their environment -depended on the conditions of -the upper vapors. Hence, polar -glaciers began to advance in Edenic -times.</p> - -<p>Glaciers advanced slowly, and are -still advancing. Eight hundred -years ago Greenland was not the -frigid land it now is. The Icelanders -and the Northmen sailed through -northern seas in the interest of -commerce where now our hardiest -seamen with iron-clad vessels -scarcely dare to venture. They -pushed forward commercial enterprises -into lands that are now inhospitable -and uninhabited.</p> - -<p>The present glaciation of polar -worlds is but the result of the last -declension of outward vapors. The -great ice caps of polar regions are -moving toward the equator and are -constantly diminishing. It is possible -that we are approaching a day -when the last ice berg will be borne -toward the tropics, and the last -glacier will melt, and a more genial -climate pervade the greater portion -of the earth.</p> - - -<h3>LONGEVITY OF THE ANCIENTS.</h3> - -<p>According to the biblical account -people lived to be 800 and 900 -years old. This was principally -because of the modification of solar -energy. Man’s physical environments -impelled long life; and his -longevity diminished immediately -after the upper deep fell and the -sun began to pour his beams upon -the race; his environment evidently -changed with that event. In a few -generations after the flood man died -at the age of 120 or 100 years, and -finally at three score and ten.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowe5" id="image_3"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_3.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LETTER_FROM_PROF_I_N_VAIL">LETTER FROM PROF. I. N. VAIL.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Dr. Bowers</span>: I have read -with much interest thy compendium -of “The Earth’s Annular System,” -as published by me in 1886. A synopsis -of that work can give but a -meager idea of the grand conception -of the annular evolution of the -earth. “The Annular Theory” stands -on the immutable truth that worlds -evolve according to invariable law.</p> - -<p>This compels us to admit that all -worlds are made alike, in the general -changes they undergo. Just as -a bud evolves into a flower of the -most delicate construction and architectural -order, so a world launched -from the same designing Hand must -move in the same line of eternal -order, and under the law of natural -uniformity develop and grow into a -completed world.</p> - -<p>This also leads us to the conclusion -that if one world possess at any -time an annular system, then all -worlds must possess a similar appendage -during some period of their -existence. Consequently that simple -fact that the planet Saturn possesses -at this time an annular or ring system -is proof that the earth once had -a similar appendage. For we must -either admit this truth or we must -admit that the planet Saturn has -not evolved thus far along a line of -nature’s uniformity, but is today a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> -victim of accidental conditions. This -law refuses to admit.</p> - -<p>But “The Annular Theory” does -not rest on these grounds alone. A -universe of <em>invariable order</em> pronounces -it an immutable truth. The -judgment of the chemist and philosopher -is positive that a rotating -world cannot pass from the molten -state to the present condition of the -earth without undergoing annular -changes.</p> - -<p>Since the publication of “The -Earth’s Annular System” I have had -opportunities of examining more -minutely the subjects treated of -therein and have secured the most -overwhelming evidence that the -theory there proposed is in the main -correct and will stand the test of all -time. I have found, outside the -realm of physical science, the most -positive evidence that primitive man -actually saw at least two rings revolving -about the earth, named -them and worshiped them as gods. -These relics I have rescued from the -wreck of ages, and <em>with</em> these I will -prove the fact that this earth once -had a complex system of Saturn-like -rings.</p> - -<p>Thus in the end the geologist and -astronomer will be compelled to admit -its truthfulness whether they -desire to or not. I have found -among the ruins of ancient Egypt, -Babylonia, India and China annular -fossils, the identification of which -settles at once and forever this great -question.</p> - -<p>Again, I need not point the geologist -to the mysteries of the glacial -epochs, which grow darker and -darker as he looks for a competent -cause for their production. He -must know that the great ocean of -vapors that hovered for unknown -time over the earth in the loftiest -heights of the atmosphere, such as -now are seen on two of our neighbor -planets, could not have fallen to the -earth without covering it in the -higher latitudes with measureless -masses of snow, resulting in excessive -refrigeration. I need but point -him to the fact, proven by the coast -surveys of the world, that the oceans -have encroached upon the land to -such an extent since the last glacial -epoch that they stand now fully -thirty fathoms deeper than they did -in pre-glacial times. I need only -point him to that grand clock-work -of worlds shining from the firmament—every -scintillating point, -every rolling sun, is a witness of -nature’s eternal order, and proclaims -that uniformitarian principle of -world evolution, by which the philosophic -investigator must stand. The -geologist must build on this rock of -<em>uniformity</em> in the evolution of worlds. -The earth has evolved along <em>this</em> -line, and the wreck of annular conditions -is seen on every page of its -rocky volume.</p> - -<p>In the year 1875 I published a -little volume entitled “The Earth’s -Aqueous Ring.” In it I stated my -convictions, and gave reasons therefor, -that all the glacial periods the -world ever saw were produced by -supra-aerial vapors descending from -an annular system that revolved -about the earth from the remotest -geologic ages to the flood of Noah, -which was itself produced by the -fall of the last remnants of those -upper waters. These claims I am -fully prepared to substantiate, whatever -opposition may be brought -against them.</p> - -<p class="right mb0"> -<span class="smcap">Isaac N. Vail</span>,</p> - -<p class="p0 mr5 right mb3"> -<span class="smcap">Elsinore</span>, Cal., July 6, 1892. -</p> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph">Transcriber’s Note</p> - - -<p>The following changes were made to the text as printed:</p> - -<p>Page 3: “rings of agueous vapor” changed to “rings of aqueous vapor”</p> - -<p>“decent at the poles” changed to “descent at the poles”</p> - -<p>5: “the same No matter” changed to “the same. No matter”</p> - -<p>6: “Kelper’s “Third Law”” changed to “Kepler’s “Third Law””</p> - -<p>7: “FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD” changed to “FURTHER EXAMINATION -OF THE RECORD.”</p> - -<p>“silicious Archæan beds” changed to “silicious Archaean beds”</p> - -<p>“Archæan metaliferous deposits” changed to “Archaean metalliferous -deposits”</p> - -<p>8: “God made the firmmanent” changed to “God made the firmament”</p> - -<p>“under the firmmament” changed to “under the firmament”</p> - -<p>“above the firmmament” changed to “above the firmament”</p> - -<p>“The earths surface” changed to “The earth’s surface”</p> - -<p>“the suns direct rays” changed to “the sun’s direct rays”</p> - -<p>“overcanopyed by annular waters” changed to “overcanopied by annular -waters”</p> - -<p>9: “THE NOCHIAN DELUGE” changed to “THE NOACHIAN DELUGE”</p> - -<p>“Aryan, Phonecian, Greek” changed to “Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek”</p> - -<p>“Greeks, Cythians and Celtic tribes” changed to “Greeks, Scythians and -Celtic tribes”</p> - -<p>“among the Peruvians’ and Mexicans” changed to “among the Peruvians and -Mexicans”</p> - -<p>“the ruins of Ninevah” changed to “the ruins of Nineveh”</p> - -<p>11: “fresh water shells are found” changed to “fresh-water shells are -found”</p> - -<p>“decent of Annular vapors” changed to “descent of Annular vapors”</p> - -<p>12: “soon as killed purification” changed to “soon as killed, -putrification”</p> - -<p>“the downrush of snows” changed to “the down-rush of snows”</p>“the downrush of snows from the earths” changed to “the down-rush of -snows from the earth’s” - -<p>“a semitropical world” changed to “a semi-tropical world”</p> - -<p>“over-canopying fund of vapors” changed to “overcanopying fund of -vapors”</p> - -<p>“posessed more bouyant power” changed to “possessed more buoyant power”</p> - - -<p>“doubtless, dropped from icebergs” changed to “doubtless dropped from -icebergs”</p> - -<p>“upon the earth The great” changed to “upon the earth. The great”</p> - -<p>“boulder and conglomerate rocks” changed to “bowlder and conglomerate -rocks”</p> - -<p>13: “the disolving of glaciers” changed to “the dissolving of glaciers”</p> - -<p>“decended to the body” changed to “descended to the body”</p> - -<p>“primordal life-forms” changed to “primordial life-forms”</p> - -<p>“unknow depths of space” changed to “unknown depths of space”</p> - -<p>14: “Gardner of Nature” changed to “Gardener of Nature”</p> - -<p>“Carboniferous carbonacious matter” changed to “Carboniferous -carbonaceous matter”</p> - -<p>“down fall of a silicious ring” changed to “downfall of a silicious ring.”</p> - -<p>17: “fibres runnning vertically” changed to “fibres running vertically”</p> - -<p>“ferns, sigillaria lepidodendra” changed to “ferns, sigillaria, -lepidodendra”</p> - -<p>18: “seperated by layers of clay” changed to “separated by layers of -clay”</p> - -<p>21: “cannel-coal inseperably joined” changed to “cannel-coal -inseparably joined”</p> - -<p>“submerged beneath <em>fresh water</em>” changed to “submerged beneath -<em>fresh-water</em>”</p> - -<p>22: “great super-ariel fund” changed to “great super-aerial fund”</p> - -<p>“isolated fresh water ocean” changed to “isolated fresh-water ocean”</p> - -<p>“New Foundland to Ireland” changed to “Newfoundland to Ireland”</p> - -<p>“wide expanse of fresh waters” changed to “wide expanse of -fresh-waters”</p> - -<p>23: “antideluvians and their environment” changed to “antedeluvians -and their environment”</p> - -<p>“inhospital and uninhabited” changed to “inhospitable and -uninhabited”</p> - -<p>“glacitation of polar worlds” changed to “glaciation of polar worlds”</p> - -<p>“constantly dimishing” changed to “constantly diminishing”</p> - -<p>“upon the race his environment” changed to “upon the race; his -environment”</p> - -<p>24: “natures eternal order” changed to “nature’s eternal order”</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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