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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #68369 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68369)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Illustrated history of the United
-States mint, by George G. Evans
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Illustrated history of the United States mint
-
-Editor: George G. Evans
-
-Release Date: June 21, 2022 [eBook #68369]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE
-UNITED STATES MINT ***
-
-
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-                           ILLUSTRATED HISTORY
-
-                                  OF THE
-
-                            UNITED STATES MINT
-
-                      WITH A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF
-
-                            AMERICAN COINAGE,
-
-            From the earliest period to the present time. The
-               Process of Melting, Refining, Assaying, and
-                 Coining Gold and Silver fully described:
-
-                      WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF
-
-   Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush,
-       John Jay Knox, James P. Kimball, Daniel M. Fox, and the Mint
-            Officers from its foundation to the present time.
-
-                            TO WHICH ARE ADDED
-
-                         A GLOSSARY OF MINT TERMS
-
-                                 AND THE
-
-                          LATEST OFFICIAL TABLES
-
-                                  OF THE
-
-           Annual Products of Gold and Silver in the different
-               States, and Foreign Countries, with Monetary
-                        Statistics of all Nations.
-
-       ILLUSTRATED with PHOTOTYPES, STEEL PLATE PORTRAITS and WOOD
-     ENGRAVINGS, with NUMEROUS PLATES of Photographic Reproductions
-       of RARE AMERICAN COINS, and Price List of their numismatic
-                                 value.
-
-             _New Revised Edition, Edited by the Publisher._
-
-                              PHILADELPHIA:
-                       GEORGE G. EVANS, PUBLISHER.
-                                  1888.
-
-                              Copyrighted by
-                             GEORGE G. EVANS.
-                                  1885.
-
-                           Recopyrighted, 1888.
-
-                             DUNLAP & CLARKE,
-                        PRINTERS AND BOOK BINDERS.
-                          819-21 FILBERT STREET,
-                              PHILADELPHIA.
-
-
-
-
-INDEX.
-
-  Adjusting room, 32
-
-  American coinage, history of from 1792 to 1888
-    gold coins, 142
-    silver coins, 142
-
-  Amount coined in fiscal year, 136, 141
-    of coin in the United States, 142
-
-  Ancient coining, 2
-    Greek coins, 44
-    Persian coins, 45
-    Roman coins, 46
-
-  Annealing furnaces, 29
-
-  Architecture indebted to coins, 5
-
-  Assay, process of, 23
-
-  Assayers of Mint, list of, 118
-
-  Assaying gold, 24
-    silver, 25
-    rooms, 24
-
-
-  Barber, Charles E., Mint Engraver, 127
-    William, ”, 126
-
-  Bars manufactured at Mints during fiscal year, 136, 141
-
-  Bland dollar, history of, 62
-
-  Bond of indemnity signed by employees of first Mint, 1799, 17
-
-  Booth, James C., Melter and Refiner, 123
-
-  Boudinot, Elias, 102
-
-  Bosbyshell, Col. O. C., Coiner, 116
-
-  Boyd, N. B., Assistant Melter and Refiner, 124
-
-  Brazilian coins, 58
-
-  Bullion deposit and purchase of, 132
-    for the silver dollar coinage, 1887, 132
-    on hand at the Mints, 142
-
-  Brief explanation of terms commonly used in treating of bullion, Mint
-        coinage and money (see glossary), 149
-
-
-  Cabinet of coins and relics, 41
-
-  Cashiers of the Mint, 128, 129
-
-  Childs, George H., Coiner, 116
-
-  Chinese coins, 51
-
-  Circulation of gold and silver in the United States, 138, 142
-    of silver dollars, 138
-
-  Cloud, Joseph, 123
-
-  Cobb, Mark H., Cashier, 128
-
-  Coinage Act of 1873, 99, 100
-    and milling rooms, 35
-    fiscal year 1887, 131
-    of first silver dollar, 15
-
-  Coiners of Mint, 114-118
-
-  Coins, classification of, 48-68
-    English, of the Commonwealth and Cromwell, 56, 57
-    issued at the Philadelphia Mint from its establishment in 1792 to
-        1888, 81-89
-    of Athens, 47
-    of China, 51
-    of Egypt, 45
-    of Ferdinand and Isabella, 67
-    of Siam, 50
-    prices current, 154-160
-    of Switzerland, 55
-    of Syria, 46
-
-  Colonial coins, 59
-    paper money, 133
-    pine tree money, 59
-
-  Comparison of expressing the fineness of Gold in thousandths and in
-        carats, 148
-
-  Confederate coins (C. S. A.), 63
-
-  Copy of paper laid in corner stone of the Mint, 18
-    old pay roll, 12
-
-  Costumes on coins, 5
-
-  Cox, Albion, 128
-
-  Curator of the Mint, 129
-
-  Curiosities and minerals, 43
-
-
-  Deposit melting room, 23
-    weighing room, 21
-
-  DeSaussure, Henry William, Director, 101
-
-  Directors and Superintendents of Mints, 101-111
-
-  Dollar of 1804, history of, 64
-    standard, history of, 62
-    trade, history of, 61
-
-  Donations of old coins, 69
-
-  Double eagle of 1849, history of, 66
-
-  Du Bois, William E., Assayer, 121-123
-
-
-  Earnings of Mint and Assay Offices, 144
-
-  Eckfeldt, Adam, Coiner, 115
-    George N., M. D., Director, 103
-    Jacob B., Assayer, 118-120
-
-  English coins, 55, 56
-    silver tokens, 57
-
-  Engravers and die-sinkers at the Mint, 124-128
-
-  Engraving dies, 34
-
-  Egyptian coins, 54
-
-  Establishment of the Mint, 13
-
-  Estimated value of foreign coins (official table of), 146
-
-  Extract from Constitution of the United States relating to coining,
-        131
-    from expenditures of the Mint, fiscal year, 1887, 135
-    from resolution of Congress relating to Mint, 19
-
-
-  Family coins (Grecian), 47
-
-  First silver dollar coined, 14
-
-  First U. S. money coined, 15
-
-  Foreign coins, value of in United States money (table of), 146
-
-  Fox, Hon. Daniel M., Superintendent, 105-109
-
-  French coins, Marie Antoinette, etc., 54
-
-
-  German coins, 55
-
-  Glossary of Mint terms, 149
-
-  Gobrecht, Christian, 126
-
-  Gold and silver productions of the world, 137
-    coins of Oliver Cromwell, 57
-    and silver coins manufactured at the Philadelphia Mint since its
-        establishment in 1792, 81-89
-
-  Gold Medallic ducat, head of Luther, 55
-
-  Golden daric, of Persia, 45
-
-  Grecian coins, 44
-
-  Greek Republic, 46
-
-  Gun money of James II, 57
-
-
-  Horatio C. Burchard, second director, extracts from the director’s
-        last report, (Transcriber’s Note: No number was printed here,
-        and it’s not at all clear what this refers to. Possibly the
-        entry should have been edited out.)
-
-  Hamilton, Alexander, 92
-
-  Head of Jupiter Ammon (a specimen of), 47
-    of Minerva, with Greek helmet, 55
-
-  Heraldic emblems, 5
-
-  Historical sketch of first U. S. Mint, 7-10
-
-  History of coinage, ancient and modern, 1-6
-    of present U. S. Mint, 17
-
-  Humor pictured in medals and coins, 5
-
-
-  Incidents of history on coins, 4
-
-  Introduction, 1, 2
-
-
-  Japanese coins, 53
-
-  Jefferson, Thomas, 90, 91
-
-  “Joe” and half “Joe”, 58
-
-
-  Kimball, James Putnam, 93, 94
-
-  Key, William H., Assistant Engraver, 116
-
-  Kneass, William, Engraver, 114
-
-  Knox, John Jay, 95-98
-
-
-  Language upon coins and medals, 6
-
-  Linderman, Henry Richard, M. D., 104-107
-
-  Longacre, James B., Engraver, 115
-
-
-  McClure, R. A., Curator, 129
-
-  McCullough, Richard S., 123
-
-  Medals and Cabinet Coins, 153
-    partial list of, for sale at the Mint, 150-152
-
-  Melter and refiner’s office, 23
-
-  Melters and refiners of the Mint, 123, 124
-
-  Melting rooms, 26
-
-  Metallic money in Colonial times, 60
-
-  Mexican coins, 58
-
-  Money of Great Britain, 55
-    of the Chinese Empire, 51
-      French ”, 54
-      German ”, 55
-      Grecian ”, 46
-      past and present, 1
-      Roman Empire, 46
-      time of Moses, 46
-      Turkish Empire, 54
-      United States, 61
-
-  Moore, Samuel, M. D., Director, 102
-
-  Morgan, George T., Assistant Engraver, 127
-
-  Morris, Robert, diary of, 7
-
-
-  National medals, 150-152
-
-  New York doubloon, 61
-
-  Note to visitors of the Philadelphia Mint, 161
-
-  Notes on the early history of the Mint, 7-10
-
-
-  Oak tree money, 60
-
-  Oliver Cromwell, cast of, 42
-
-  Oriental coins, 50, 67
-
-
-  Pacific coast coins, 62
-
-  Paper money, aggregate issue in war times, 148
-
-  Parting and refining, 26
-
-  Patterson, Robert, LL. D., Director, 102
-    Robert M., Director, 102
-
-  Pay roll of first Mint, 12
-
-  Peale, Franklin, Coiner and Assayer, 115
-
-  Penny of William the Conqueror, 56
-
-  Persian coins, 45
-
-  “Peter,” the Eagle (Mint bird), 43
-
-  Pettit, Thomas M., Director, 103
-
-  Pine tree money, 59
-
-  Pollock, James, A. M., LL. D., Director, 103
-
-  Portraiture upon coins, 3
-
-  Portuguese and Spanish coins, 58
-
-  Pound sterling, Charles First, 56
-
-  Presidential medals, 151
-
-  Profits on silver coinage, 134
-
-  Progress in coining, 33
-
-
-  Rare coins, price list (approximate value), 154-160
-
-  Refining by acids, fiscal year 1887, 148
-
-  Relics, 42
-
-  Resolution of Congress establishing the Mint, 11
-
-  Richardson, John, Assayer, 129
-    Joseph, ”, 129
-
-  Rittenhouse, David, First Director, 101
-
-  Rolling gold and silver, 29
-
-  Rolling room, 28
-
-  Roman coins, imperial, 46
-
-  Rules and regulations of first Mint, 15-16
-
-  Rush, Benjamin, Treasurer, 116
-
-  Russian coins, 55
-    double rouble, head of Peter the Great, 55
-
-  Ryal or royal, of Queen Elizabeth, 56
-
-
-  Scot, Robert, Engraver, 125
-
-  Scotch groat, of Robert Bruce, 57
-    pennies, 57
-
-  Selections of rare coins, 66, 67
-
-  Separating room, 26
-
-  Silver bullion purchased and coined (see table), 132
-
-  Siamese coins, 50
-
-  Silver coins of the United States (see table), 132
-
-  Silver, first American, 14
-
-  Snowden, Col. A. Loudon, Coiner, Superintendent, 104
-    James Ross, LL.D., Superintendent, 103
-
-  Sovereign of Oliver Cromwell, 57
-
-  Specie and paper circulation of the United States (table of), 143
-    of the World (see table), 142
-
-  Standard weights, 129-131
-
-  Steel, William S., Coiner, 18, 116
-
-  Subsidiary coinage, 134, 150
-
-
-  Table of circulation of gold and silver, 142
-
-  Table showing where the precious metals in the U. S. come from, 139
-
-  “The temple sweepers,” Grecian coin, 49
-
-  Trade dollar, history of, 62
-
-  Trade dollars coined, exported, imported, melted and redeemed, Act of
-        March 3, 1887, 134
-
-  Twenty dollar gold piece of 1849, 63
-
-  Turkish coins, 54
-
-
-  United States, coins, 61
-    Mint first established, 7
-    Mint test for gold and silver, 149
-
-
-  Valuable and rare coins, price-list of, 154-160
-
-  Value, in United States money, of one ounce Troy of gold, at
-        different degrees of fineness, 160
-
-  Value of gold and silver received at the Mints and Assay Offices, 132
-
-  Value of foreign gold coins deposited at the New York Assay Office in
-        1887, 135
-
-  Value of foreign gold and silver coins in United States money, 146
-
-  Visiting the Mint, 20
-
-  Voigt, Henry, Coiner, 114
-
-
-  Washington coins and medals, 150
-
-  “Widow’s mite,” history of, 68
-
-  World’s coinage (table of), 143
-
-  Wright, Joseph, Engraver, 125
-
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION.
-
-MONEY OF THE PAST AND PRESENT.
-
-
-The need of a circulating medium of exchange has been acknowledged
-since the earliest ages of man. In the primeval days, bartering was the
-foundation of commercial intercourse between the various races; but this
-gave way in time, as exchanges increased. In the different ages many
-commodities have been made to serve as money,—tin was used in ancient
-Syracuse and Britain; iron, in Sparta; cattle, in Rome and Germany;
-platinum, in Russia; lead, in Burmah; nails, in Scotland; silk, in China;
-cubes of pressed tea, in Tartary; salt, in Abyssinia; slaves, amongst
-the Anglo Saxons; tobacco, in the earliest settlements of Virginia;
-codfish, in New Foundland; bullets and wampum, in Massachusetts;
-logwood, in Campeachy; sugar, in the West Indies; and soap, in Mexico.
-Money of leather and wood was in circulation in the early days of Rome;
-and the natives of Siam, Bengal, and some parts of Africa used the
-brilliantly-colored cowry shell to represent value, and some travelers
-allege that it is still in use in the remote portions of the last-named
-country. But the moneys of all civilized nations have been, for the
-greater part, made of gold, silver, copper, and bronze. Shekels of
-silver are mentioned in the Bible as having existed in the days of
-Abraham, but the metals are believed to have been in bars, from which
-proportionate weights were chipped to suit convenience. The necessity
-for some convenient medium having an intrinsic value of its own led to
-coinage, but the exact date of its introduction is a question history has
-not yet determined. It is supposed the Lydians stamped metal to be used
-as money twelve hundred years before Christ, but the oldest coins extant
-were made 800 B. C., though it is alleged that the Chinese circulated a
-square bronze coin as early as 1120 B. C. All of these coins were rude
-and shapeless, and generally engraved with representations of animals,
-deities, nymphs, and the like; but the Greeks issued coins, about 300
-B. C., which were fine specimens of workmanship, and which are not even
-surpassed in boldness and beauty of design by the products of the coiners
-of these modern times. Even while these coins were in circulation spits
-and skewers were accepted by the Greeks in exchange for products, just
-as wooden and metal coins were circulated simultaneously in Rome, 700
-B. C., and leather and metal coins in France, as late as 1360 A. D. The
-earliest coins bearing portraits are believed to have been issued about
-480 B. C., and these were profiles. In the third century, coins stamped
-with Gothic front faces were issued, and after that date a profusion of
-coins were brought into the world, as every self-governing city issued
-money of its own. The earliest money of America was coined of brass, in
-1612, and the earliest colonial coins were stamped in Massachusetts,
-forty years later.
-
-Ancient and extensive as the use of money has been in all its numerous
-forms and varied materials, it merely represented a property value which
-had been created by manual labor and preserved by the organic action of
-society. In a primitive state, herds of cattle and crops of grain were
-almost the only forms of wealth; the natural tendency and disposition of
-men to accumulate riches led them to fix a special value upon the metals,
-as a durable and always available kind of property. When their value in
-this way was generally recognized, the taxes and other revenues, created
-by kings and other potentates, was collected in part or wholly in that
-form of money. The government, to facilitate public business, stamped
-the various pieces of metal with their weight and quality, as they were
-received at the Treasury; and according to these stamps and marks, the
-same pieces were paid out of the Treasury, and circulated among the
-people at an authorized and fixed value. The next step was to reduce
-current prices of metal to a uniform size, shape, and quality, value and
-denomination, and make them, by special enactment, a legal tender for the
-payment of all taxes or public dues.
-
-Thus, a legalized currency of coined money was created, and the
-exchangeable value of the various metals used for that purpose fully
-established, to the great convenience of the world at large.
-
-
-ANCIENT COINING.
-
-The die for the obverse of the piece to be struck having been engraved,
-so as to properly present the religious or national symbol used for a
-device and whatever else was to be impressed upon the coin, was fixed
-immovably in an anvil or pedestal, face upwards. The lumps or balls
-of metal to be coined, having been made of a fixed and uniform weight
-and nearly of an oblate sphere in form, were grasped in a peculiarly
-constructed pair of tongs and laid upon the upturned die. A second
-operative then placed a punch squarely upon the ball of metal; heavy
-blows from a large hammer forced the punch down until the metal beneath
-it had been forced into every part of the die, and a good impress
-secured. In the meantime the punch would be imbedded in the lump of
-metal, and on being withdrawn the reverse of the coin would show a rough
-depression corresponding to the shape given the end of the punch, thereby
-making an uneven surface and disfiguring the piece; punch marks gradually
-developed into forms, and these forms combined with figures wrought into
-artistic design, until, by degrees, the punch itself became a die, making
-the reverse of each piece upon which it was used equal in every respect
-to the obverse of which it was the opposite. This perfection of the
-reverse was, however, secured at the expense of the effectiveness of the
-punch for its original purpose.
-
-The striking of coin between two dies, which were required to accurately
-oppose each other, was an operation requiring great dexterity, and the
-results were not at all certain. The artisans at this stage of the
-work, hit upon the expedient of using both the obverse and reverse die
-in a ring of such a size and depth, as to be a guide to each of them.
-The balls or disks of metal being struck inside the ring, between the
-dies, were forced to assume an even thickness, and a circular form
-corresponding with the inside of the ring. After the ring had been used
-in this way for some time, it was engraved upon the inside, and the
-coins produced were not only circular in shape, but stamped upon their
-edges. Thus was produced the perfect coin, and through the introduction
-of machinery has secured uniformity in the result and saved an immense
-amount of labor in striking vast sums of money; the artistic beauty of
-some of the antique specimens has not been surpassed in modern times.
-
-
-PORTRAITURE UPON COINS.
-
-It is said that no human head was ever stamped upon coins until after
-the death of Alexander the Great; he being regarded as somewhat of a
-divinity, his effigy was impressed upon money, like that of other gods.
-
-The knowledge of coins and medals, through the inscriptions and devices
-thereon, is, to an extent, a history of the world from that date in which
-metals were applied to such uses. Events engraven upon these, remain
-hidden in tombs or buried in the bosom of the earth, deposited there in
-ages long past, by careful and miserly hands, only awaiting the research
-of the patient investigator to tell the story of their origin. Numismatic
-treasures are scanned as evidence of facts to substantiate statements
-upon papyrus or stone, and dates are often supplied to define the border
-line between asserted tradition and positive history. Gibbon remarks: “If
-there were no other record of Hadrian, his career would be found written
-upon the coins of his reign.”
-
-The rudeness or perfection of coins and medals furnish testimony of the
-character and culture of the periods of their production. This is equally
-true of that rarest specimen of antiquity, the Syracusan silver medal—the
-oldest known to collectors—and the latest triumph of the graver’s art in
-gold, the Metis medal.
-
-It is not generally known that the rarest portraits of famous heroes
-are found upon coins and medals. The historian, especially the historic
-artist, is indebted to this source alone for the portraits of Alexander,
-Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, Cæsar, and many other celebrities.
-Perhaps the valuation of a rare coin or medal may be estimated by
-reference to one piece in the Philadelphia Mint. It is an Egyptian coin
-as large as a half-eagle, and has on the obverse the head of the wife of
-Ptolemy—Arsinoe—the only portrait of her yet discovered.
-
-
-INCIDENTS OF HISTORY
-
-Are not alone recorded; and as an example of a very different nature
-may be cited the medals commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem, and
-the whole series marking that episode, especially those classed “Judæa
-capta.” They tell sadly of a people’s humiliation: the tied or chained
-captive; the mocking goddess of victory, all made more real by reason
-of the introduction, on the reverse of each piece, of a Jewess weeping
-bitterly, and though she sits under a palm-tree, the national lament of
-another captivity is forcibly recalled.
-
-An interesting specimen of the series above mentioned was recently found
-in the south of France called, “Judæa Navillas,” valuable particularly
-because it strengthens Josephus’s assertion which had provoked some
-comment, viz.: the fact of the escape of a large number of Jews from the
-Romans, by means of ships, at Joppa.
-
-Coins and medals mark the introduction of laws; for example, an old
-Porcian coin gives the date of the “law of appeal,” under which, two
-centuries and a half later, Paul appealed to Cæsar. Another relic dates
-the introduction of the ballot-box; and a fact interesting to the
-agriculturist is established by an old silver coin of Ptolemy, upon which
-a man is represented cutting millet (a variety of Indian corn) with a
-scythe. Religions have been promulgated by coins. Islamism says upon a
-gold coin, “No God but God. Mohammed is the Prophet and God’s chosen
-apostle.”
-
-Persian coins, in mystic characters, symbolize the dreadful sacrifices
-of the Fire-Worshippers. Henry VIII, with characteristic egotism, upon
-a medal announces in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin: “Henry Eighth, King of
-England, France, and Ireland; Defender of the Faith, and in the land of
-England and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the Church.”
-
-
-COSTUMES ON COINS.
-
-We also find stamped upon coins and medals the costumes of all ages, from
-the golden net confining the soft tresses of the “sorceress of the Nile,”
-and the gemmed robe of Queen Irene, to the broidered stomacher of Queen
-Anne, and the stately ruff of Elizabeth of England.
-
-In this connection may be mentioned the “bonnet piece” of Scotland,
-a coin of the reign of James VI., which is extremely rare, one of
-them having been sold for £41. The coin received its name from a
-representation of the king upon it, with a curiously plaited hat or
-bonnet which this monarch wore, a fashion that gave occasion for the
-ballad, “Blue Bonnets over the Border.”
-
-
-HERALDIC EMBLEMS
-
-Are faithfully preserved through this medium; in truth, medalic honors
-may be claimed as the very foundation of heraldic art. We discover
-medals perpetuating revolutions, sieges, plots, and murders, etc. We
-prefer directing attention to the fact that coins and medals are not
-only the land-marks of history, but a favorite medium of the poetry of
-all nations. Epics are thus preserved by the graver’s art in exceedingly
-small space. Poets turn with confidence to old coins for symbol as well
-as fact.
-
-One of the most graceful historical allusions is conveyed in the great
-seal of Queen Anne, after the union of Scotland with England. A rose
-and a thistle are growing on one stem, while, from above, the crown of
-England sheds effulgence upon the tender young plant.
-
-
-HUMOR PICTURED ON MEDALS.
-
-The medal of George I., on the reverse, boastfully presents “the horse
-of Brunswick” flying over the northwest of Europe, symbolizing the
-Hanoverian succession. The overthrow of the “Invincible Armada” was the
-occasion of a Dutch medal, showing the Hollanders richer in faith than
-in art culture, for the obverse of this medal presents the church upon
-a rock, in mid-ocean, while the reverse suggests the thought that the
-luckless Spanish mariner was driving against the walls of the actual
-building.
-
-
-ARCHITECTURE INDEBTED TO COINS.
-
-Architecture is largely indebted to coins, medals, and seals for accuracy
-and data. We learn from the medal of Septimus Severus the faultless
-beauty of the triumphal arch erected to celebrate his victory over
-Arabs and Parthians. This medal was produced two centuries before the
-Christian era, and is a marvel of art, for its perspective is wrought
-in bas-relief—an achievement which was not again attained before the
-execution of the celebrated Bronze Gates by Ghiberti, for the Baptistery
-at Florence, A. D. 1425. This exhumed arch was excavated long after its
-form and structure were familiar to men of letters through the medals.
-
-
-LANGUAGE UPON COINS AND MEDALS.
-
-The effect of coin on language is direct, and many words may be found
-whose origin was a coin, such as Daric, a pure gold coin; Talent,
-mental ability; Sterling, genuine, pure; while Guinea represents the
-aristocratic element, and, though out of circulation long ago, “no one
-who pretends to gentility in England would think of subscribing to any
-charity or fashionable object by contributing the vulgar _pound_. An
-extra shilling added to the _pound_ makes the _guinea_, and lifts the
-subscriber at once into the aristocratic world.”
-
-Copper is much preferred to gold for medals. Its firm, unchanging surface
-accepts and retains finer lines than have yet been produced upon gold and
-silver, and it offers no temptation to be thrown into the crucible.[1]
-
-In the preparation of this work, I am much indebted to several gentlemen
-connected with the United States Mint; also, to Messrs. R. Coulton Davis,
-Ph.G., and E. Locke Mason, who are acknowledged authority on the subject
-of numismatics.
-
-If it shall be found useful to the public, and especially to visitors of
-the Mint, it will be a source of satisfaction, and more than repay the
-labor bestowed in its preparation.
-
-                                                                  G. G. E.
-
-_Philadelphia, March 1, 1888._
-
-
-
-
-THE UNITED STATES MINT.
-
-
-The subject of a National Mint for the United States was first introduced
-by Robert Morris,[2] the patriot and financier of the revolution; as
-head of the Finance Department, Mr. Morris was instructed by Congress
-to prepare a report on the foreign coins, then in circulation in the
-United States. On the 15th of January, 1782, he laid before Congress an
-exposition of the whole subject. Accompanying this report was a plan for
-American coinage. But it was mainly through his efforts, in connection
-with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, that a mint was established
-in the early history of the Union of the States. On the 15th of April,
-1790, Congress instructed the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander
-Hamilton, to prepare and report a proper plan for the establishment of a
-National Mint, and Mr. Hamilton presented his report at the next session.
-An act was framed establishing the mint, which finally passed both Houses
-and received President Washington’s approval April 2, 1792.[3]
-
-
-NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE MINT.
-
-FROM ROBERT MORRIS’S DIARY.
-
-    1781. July 16th. Wrote to Mr. Dudley at Boston inviting him
-    hither in consequence of the Continental Agent Mr. Bradford’s
-    Letter respecting him referred to me by Congress.
-
-    July 17th. Wrote Mr. Bradford respecting Mr. Dudley.
-
-    Nov. 10th. Ordered some money on application of Mr. Dudley to
-    pay his expences.
-
-    Nov. 12th. Sent for Mr Dudley to consult him respecting the
-    quantity of Alloy Silver will bear without being discoloured,
-    he says he can put 6 drops into an ounce. Desired him to assay
-    some Spanish Dollars and French Crowns, in order to know the
-    quantity of pure Silver in each.
-
-    Nov. 16th. Mr. Dudley assayed a number of Crowns and dollars
-    for our information respecting the Mint.
-
-    1782. Jan. 2d. Mr. Benjamin Dudley applied for money to pay
-    his Board which I directed to be paid by Mr. Swanwick, this
-    gentleman is detained at the public expence as a person
-    absolutely necessary in the Mint, which I hope soon to see
-    established. My propositions on that subject are to be
-    submitted to Congress so soon as I can get the proper assays
-    made on Silver coins &c.
-
-    Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley applies about getting his wife from
-    England. I promised him every assistance in my power.[4]
-
-    Jan. 18th. I went to Mr. Gouvr. Morris’s Lodging to examine the
-    plan we had agreed on, and which we had drawn up respecting
-    the Establishment of a Mint, we made some alterations and
-    amendments to my satisfaction and from a belief that this is a
-    necessary and salutary measure. I have ordered it copied to be
-    sent into Congress.
-
-    Jan. 26th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Lodgings
-    &c. I ordered Mr. Swanwick to supply him with fifty dollars,
-    informed him that the Plan of a Mint is before Congress, and
-    when passed, that he shall be directly employed, if not agreed
-    to by Congress, I shall compensate him for his time &c.
-
-    Feb. 26th. Mr. Benjamin Dudley brought me the rough drafts or
-    plan for the rooms of a Mint &c. I desired him to go to Mr.
-    Whitehead Humphreys to consult him about Screws, Smithwork
-    &c. that will be wanted for the Mint, and to bring me a list
-    thereof with an estimate of the Cost.
-
-    Feb 28th. Mr. Dudley informs me that a Mr. Wheeler, a Smith in
-    the Country, can make the Screws, Rollers &c. for the Mint. Mr.
-    Dudley proposes the Dutch Church, that which is now unoccupied,
-    as a place suitable for the Mint, I sent him to view it, & he
-    returns satisfied that it will answer, wherefore I must enquire
-    about it.
-
-    March 22d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wheeler came and brought with
-    them some Models of the Screws and Rollers necessary for the
-    Mint. I found Mr. Wheeler entertained some doubts respecting
-    one of these Machines which Mr. Dudley insists will answer
-    the purposes and says he will be responsible for it. I agreed
-    with Mr. Wheeler that he should perform the work; and, as
-    neither he or I could judge of the value that ought to be paid
-    for it, he is to perform the same agreeable to Mr. Dudley’s
-    directions, and when finished, we are to have it valued by some
-    Honest Man, judges of such work, he mentioned Philip Syng,
-    Edwd. Duffield, William Rush and —— all of whom I believe are
-    good judges and very honest men, therefore I readily agreed
-    to this proposition. And I desired Mr. Dudley to consult Mr.
-    Rittenhouse and Francis Hopkinson Esquire, as to the Machine or
-    Wheel in dispute, and let me have their opinion.
-
-    March 23d. Mr. Dudley called to inform me that Mr. Rittenhouse
-    & Mr. Hopkinson agree to his plan of the Machine &c.
-
-    April 12th. Mr. Dudley wants a horse to go up to Mr. Wheelers
-    &c.
-
-    May 20th. Mr. Dudley wrote me a Letter this day and wanted
-    money. I directed Mr. Swanwick to supply him, and then disired
-    him to view the Mason’s Lodge to see if it would Answer for a
-    Mint, which he thinks it will, I desired him to go up to Mr.
-    Wheelers to see how he goes on with the Rollers &c.
-
-    June 17th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Bill. I
-    directed Mr. Swanwick to supply him.
-
-    June 18th. Issued a warrant in favor of B. Dudley £7.11.6.
-
-    July 15th. Mr. B. Dudley applied for money, he is very uneasy
-    for want of employment, and the Mint in which he is to be
-    employed and for which I have engaged him, goes on so slowly
-    that I am also uneasy at having this gentleman on pay and
-    no work for him. He offered to go and assist Mr. Byers to
-    establish the Brass Cannon Foundry at Springfield. I advised to
-    make that proposal to Genl. Lincoln and inform me the result
-    to-morrow.[5]
-
-    July 16th. Mr. B. Dudley to whom I gave an order on Mr.
-    Swanwick for fifty dollars, and desired him to seek after Mr.
-    Wheeler to know whether the Rollers &c. are ready for him to go
-    to work on rolling the copper for the Mint.
-
-    August 22d. Mr. Saml. Wheeler who made the Rollers for the
-    Mint, applies for money. I had a good deal of conversation with
-    this ingenious gentleman.
-
-    August 26th. Mr. Dudley called and pressed very much to be set
-    at work.
-
-    Sept 3d. Mr. B. Dudley applied for a passage for his Friend Mr.
-    Sprague, pr. the Washington to France & for Mrs. Dudley back.
-    Mr. Wheeler applied for money which I promised in a short time.
-
-    Sept. 4th. Mr. Wheeler for money. I desired him to leave his
-    claim with Mr. McCall Secretary in this office, and I will
-    enable the discharge of his notes in the Bank when due.
-
-    Novr. 8th. Mr. Dudley applies for the amount of his Bill for
-    Lodgings and Diet &c. and I directed Mr. Swanwick to pay him,
-    but am very uneasy that the Mint is not going on.
-
-    Dec. 23d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wilcox brought the subsistance
-    paper, and I desired Mr. Dudley to deliver 4000 sheets to Hall
-    and Sellers.[6]
-
-    Decr. 26th. Mr. Hall the printer brought 100 Sheets of the
-    subsistence notes this day, and desired that more paper might
-    be sent to his Printing Office, accordingly I sent for Mr.
-    Dudley and desired him to deliver the same from time to time,
-    until the whole shall amount to 4000 Sheets.
-
-    1783. April 2d. I sent for Mr. Dudley who delivered me a piece
-    of Silver Coin, being the first that has been struck as an
-    American Coin.
-
-    April 16th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and urged him to produce the
-    Coins to lay before Congress to establish a Mint.
-
-    April 17th. Sent for Mr. Dudley to urge the preparing of Coins
-    &c. for Establishing a Mint.
-
-    April 22d. Mr. Dudley sent in several Pieces of Money as
-    patterns of the intended American Coins.
-
-    May 6th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to go down to Mr.
-    Mark Wilcox’s, to see 15,000 Sheets of paper made fit to print
-    my Notes on.
-
-    May 7th. This day delivered Mr. Dudley the paper Mold for
-    making paper, mark’d United States, and dispatched him to Mr.
-    Wilcok’s, but was obliged to advance him 20 dollars.
-
-    May 27th. I sent for Mr. Dudley to know if he has compleated
-    the paper at Mr. Wilcock’s paper mill for the Certificates
-    intended for the pay of the Army. He says it is made, but not
-    yet sufficiently dry for the printers use. I desired him to
-    repair down to the Mill and bring it up as soon as possible.
-
-    May 28th. Mr. Whitehead Humphreys to offer his lot and
-    buildings for erecting a Mint.
-
-    July 5th. Mr. Benjn. Dudley gave notice that he has received
-    back from Messrs. Hall and Sellers the Printers, three thousand
-    sheets of the last paper made by Mr. Wilcocks. I desired him
-    to bring it to this office. He also informs of a Minting Press
-    being in New York for sale, and urges me to purchase it for the
-    use of the American Mint.
-
-    July 7th. Mr. Dudley respecting the Minting Press, but I had
-    not time to see him.
-
-    August 19th. I sent for Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and informed him
-    of my doubts about the establishment of a Mint, and desired him
-    to think of some employment in private service, in which I am
-    willing to assist him all in my power. I told him to make out
-    an account for the services he had performed for the public,
-    and submit at the Treasury office for inspection and settlement.
-
-    August 30th. Mr. Dudley brought the dies for Coining in the
-    American Mint.
-
-    Sept. 3d. Mr. Dudley applies for money for his expenses which I
-    agree to supply, but urge his going into private business.
-
-    Sept. 4th. Mr. Dudley for money, which is granted. Directed him
-    to make three models for constructing Dry——
-
-    Nov. 21st. Mr. Dudley applies for money. He says he was at half
-    a guinea a week and his expenses borne when he left Boston to
-    come about the Mint, and he thinks the public ought to make
-    that good to him. I desired him to write me and I will state
-    his claims to Congress.
-
-    Nov. 26th. Mr. Dudley for money, which was granted.
-
-    Dec. 17th. Mr. Dudley with his account for final settlement. I
-    referred him to Mr. Milligan.
-
-    1784. Jan. 5th. Mr. Dudley applies for a Certificate of the
-    Time which he was detained in the public service. I granted him
-    one accordingly.
-
-    Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley after the settlement of his account, which
-    I compleated by signing a warrant.
-
-[Illustration: [Fac simile of original, photo-engraved by Levytype
-Company.]
-
-                      Congress of the United States:
-
-                          AT THE THIRD SESSION,
-
-              Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on
-                Monday the sixth of December, one thousand
-                        seven hundred and ninety.
-
-_RESOLVED by the SENATE and HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES of the United States
-of America in Congress assembled_, That a mint shall be established under
-such regulations as shall be directed by law.
-
-_Resolved_, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby
-authorized to cause to be engaged, such principal artists as shall
-be necessary to carry the preceeding resolution into effect, and to
-stipulate the terms and conditions of their service, and also to cause to
-be procured such apparatus as shall be requisite for the same purpose.
-
-                      FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG,
-                      _Speaker of the House of Representatives_.
-
-                      JOHN ADAMS, _Vice-President of the United States,
-                      and President of the Senate_.
-
-APPROVED, March the third, 1791.
-
-                      GEORGE WASHINGTON, _President of the United States_.
-
-DEPOSITED among the ROLLS in the OFFICE of the SECRETARY of STATE.
-
-                      _Th. Jefferson Secretary of State._]
-
-
-_The following is a copy of an old pay roll, framed and hanging upon the
-wall of the Cabinet._
-
-NAMES AND SALARIES OF THE OFFICERS, CLERKS, AND WORKMEN EMPLOYED AT THE
-MINT THE 10TH OCTOBER, 1795.
-
-  Henry Wm. DeSaussure, Director                 @ 2,000 Drs. per Ann.
-  Nicholas Way, Treasurer                          1,200  ”      ”
-  Henry Voigt, Chief Coiner                        1,500  ”      ”
-  Albion Cox, Assayer                              1,500  ”      ”
-  Robert Scott, Engraver                           1,200  ”      ”
-  David Ott, Melter and Refiner pro tem.           1,200  ”      ”
-  Nathaniel Thomas, Clerk to the Treasurer           700  ”      ”
-  Isaac Hough, ditto to Director and Assayer         500  ”      ”
-  Lodewyk Sharp, ditto to Chief Coiner               500  ”      ”
-  John S. Gardiner, Assistant Engraver               936  ”      ”
-  Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner               500  ”      ”
-
-  _Workmen Employed in Chief Coiner’s Department._
-
-                                   Wages per day.     Doll. Cts.
-  John Schreiner, Chief Pressman                        1    80
-  John Cope, Chief Adjuster                             1    60
-  William Hayley, Roller                                1    40
-  Nicholas Sinderling, Annealer                         1    40
-  John Ward, Miller                                     1    20
-  Joseph Germon, Drawer                                 1    20
-  Lewis Laurenger, Brusher                              1    20
-  Henry Voigt, Junr, Adjuster                                88
-  Sarah Waldrake, ditto                                      50
-  Rachael Summers, ditto                                     50
-  Lewis Bitting, ditto                                  1    20
-  Lawrence Ford, ditto                                  1    20
-  Christopher Baum, Pressman                            1
-  John Keyser, ditto                                    1
-  Frederick Bauck, ditto                                1
-  Barney Miers, Cleaner                                 1
-  Martin Summers, Doorkeeper                            1
-  Adam Seyfert, Hostler                                 1
-  John Bay, Boy.                                             66
-
-  _Workmen Employed at the Furnace of the Mint._
-
-  Peter LaChase, Melter                                 1    60
-  George Myers, ditto                                   1    50
-  Eberhart Klumback, ditto                              1    40
-  Patrick Ryan, Filer                                   1    25
-  Valentine Flegler, Labourer                           1    25
-  Andrew Brunet, ditto                                  1
-  William Ryan, ditto                                   1
-
-Endorsed in two places, “Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerks and
-Workmen employed in the Mint the 10th Oct. 1795.”
-
-
-
-
-THE PHILADELPHIA MINT.
-
-
-[Illustration: THE FIRST MINT IN THE UNITED STATES, ERECTED IN 1792.]
-
-The popular estimation in which the Mint is held in the United States,
-is, for obvious reasons, more distinctively marked than that entertained
-for other public institutions. Its position, in a financial point
-of view, is so important, its use so apparent, and its integrity of
-management so generally conceded, that it enjoys a pre-eminence and
-dignity beyond that accorded to general governmental departments. Party
-mutations usually effect changes in its directorship, with but slight
-interference, however, with the other officials, as those of attainments,
-skill, and long experience in the professional branches, required to
-intelligently perform the various duties assigned, are few in all
-countries. Those occupying positions are chosen for their proficiency in
-the various departments, their characters being always above question.
-The confidence reposed in the officials of the United States Mint has
-never been violated, as, for nearly a century of its operations, no
-shadow of suspicion has marred the fair name of any identified with its
-history.
-
-The need of a mint in the Colonies was keenly felt to be a serious
-grievance against England for years before the Revolution, and as soon as
-practicable after the establishment of Independence, the _United States
-Mint_ was authorized by an Act of Congress—April 2, 1792.
-
-A lot of ground was purchased on Seventh Street near Arch, and
-appropriations were made for erecting the requisite buildings. An old
-still-house, which stood on the lot, had first to be removed. In an
-account book of that time we find an entry on the 31st of July, 1792, of
-the sale of some old materials of the still-house for seven shillings and
-sixpence, which “Mr. Rittenhouse directed _should be laid out for punch_
-in laying the foundation stone.”[7]
-
-The first building erected in the United States for public use, under
-the authority of the Federal Government, was a structure for the United
-States Mint. This was a plain brick edifice, on the east side of
-Seventh street, near Arch, the corner-stone of which was laid by David
-Rittenhouse, Director of the Mint, on July 31, 1792. In the following
-October operations of coining commenced. It was occupied for about forty
-years. On the 19th of May, 1829, an Act was passed by Congress locating
-the United States Mint on its present site.
-
-The first coinage of the United States, was silver half-dimes in October,
-1792, of which Washington makes mention in his address to Congress, on
-November 6, 1792, as follows; “There has been a small beginning in the
-coinage of half-dimes; the want of small coins in circulation, calling
-the first attention to them.” The first metal purchased for coinage was
-six pounds of old copper at one shilling and three pence per pound, which
-was coined and delivered to the Treasurer, in 1793. The first deposit
-of silver bullion was made on July 18, 1794, by the Bank of Maryland.
-It consisted of “coins of France,” amounting to $80,715.73½. The first
-returns of silver coins to the Treasurer, was made on October 15, 1794.
-The first deposit of gold bullion for coinage, was made by Moses Brown,
-merchant, of Boston, on February 12, 1795; it was of gold ingots, worth
-$2,276.72, which was paid for in silver coins.
-
-The first return of gold coinage, was on July 31, 1795, and consisted of
-744 half eagles. The first delivery of eagles was in September 22, same
-year, and consisted of four hundred pieces.
-
-Previous to the coinage of silver dollars, at the Philadelphia Mint, in
-1794, the following amusing incidents occurred in Congress, while the
-emblems and devices proposed for the reverse field of that coin were
-being discussed.
-
-A member of the House from the South bitterly opposed the choice of
-the eagle, on the ground of its being the “king of birds,” and hence
-neither proper nor suitable to represent a nation whose institutions and
-interests were wholly inimical to monarchical forms of government. Judge
-Thatcher playfully, in reply, suggested that perhaps a goose might suit
-the gentleman, as it was a rather humble and republican bird, and would
-also be serviceable in other respects, as the goslings would answer to
-place upon the dimes. This answer created considerable merriment, and the
-irate Southerner, conceiving the humorous rejoinder as an insult, sent
-a challenge to the Judge, who promptly declined it. The bearer, rather
-astonished, asked, “Will you be branded as a coward?” “Certainly, if he
-pleases,” replied Thatcher; “I always was one and he knew it, or he would
-never have risked a challenge.” The affair occasioned much mirth, and,
-in due time, former existing cordial relations were restored between the
-parties; the irritable Southerner concluding there was nothing to be
-gained in fighting with one who fired nothing but jokes.
-
-
-EXTRACT FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED FOR THE MINT, JANUARY 1,
-1825.
-
-    The operations of the Mint throughout the year, are to commence
-    at 5 o’clock in the morning, under the superintendence of
-    an officer, and continue until 4 o’clock in the afternoon,
-    except on Saturdays, when the business of the day will close
-    at 2 o’clock, unless on special occasions it may be otherwise
-    directed by an officer. Extra work will be paid for in
-    proportion, on a statement being made of it through the proper
-    officer, at the end of each month. A strict account is to be
-    kept by one of the officers, as they may agree of the absentees
-    from duty, if the absence be voluntary, the full wages for the
-    time will be deducted, if it arise from sickness a deduction
-    will be made at the discretion of the proper officer. A
-    statement of these deductions will be rendered at the end of
-    the month, and the several accounts made out accordingly.
-
-    The allowance under the name of _drink money_ is hereafter
-    to be discontinued, and in place of it _three dollars extra
-    wages_ per month will be allowed for the three summer months
-    to those workmen who continue in the Mint through that season.
-    No workman can be permitted to bring spirituous liquors into
-    the Mint. Any workman who shall be found intoxicated within the
-    Mint must be reported to the Director, in order that he may be
-    discharged. No profane or indecent language can be tolerated
-    in the Mint. Smoking within the Mint is inadmissible. The
-    practice is of dangerous tendency; experience proves that this
-    indulgence in public institutions, ends at last in disaster.
-    Visitors may be admitted by permission of an officer, to
-    see the various operations of the Mint on all working days
-    except Saturdays and rainy days; they are to be attended by an
-    officer, or some person designated by him. The new coins must
-    not be given in exchange for others to accommodate visitors,
-    without the consent of the Chief Coiner. Christmas day and the
-    Fourth of July, and no other days, are established holidays at
-    the Mint. The pressmen will carefully lock the several coining
-    presses when the work for the day is finished, and leave the
-    keys in such places as the Chief Coiner shall designate. When
-    light is necessary to be carried from one part of the Mint
-    to the other, the watchman will use a dark lanthorn but not
-    an open candle. He will keep in a proper arm chest securely
-    locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols and a sword. The
-    arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected by an
-    officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and
-    charged anew.
-
-    The watchman of the Mint must attend from 6 o’clock in the
-    evening to 5 o’clock in the morning, and until relieved by
-    the permission of an officer, or until the arrival of the
-    door-keeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely every hour
-    by the Mint clock, from 10 o’clock until relieved by the
-    door-keeper, or an officer, or the workmen on working days,
-    and will send the watch dog through the yard immediately after
-    ringing the bell. He will particularly examine the departments
-    of the engine and all the rooms where fire has been on the
-    preceding day, conformably to his secret instructions. For this
-    purpose he will have keys of access to such rooms as he cannot
-    examine without entering them.
-
-    If an attempt be made on the Mint he will act conformably
-    to his secret instructions on that subject. In case of fire
-    occurring in or near the Mint, he will ring the Alarm Bell if
-    one has been provided, or sound the alarm with his rattle,
-    and thus as soon as possible bring some one to him who can be
-    dispatched to call an officer, and in other particulars will
-    follow his secret instructions. The secret instructions given
-    him from time to time he must be careful not to disclose. The
-    delicate trust reposed in all persons employed in the Mint,
-    presupposes that their character is free from all suspicion,
-    but the director feels it his duty nevertheless, in order
-    that none may plead ignorance on the subject, to warn them
-    of the danger of violating so high a trust. Such a crime as
-    the embezzlement of any of the coins struck at the Mint, or
-    of any of the metals brought to the Mint for coinage, would
-    be punished under the laws of Pennsylvania, by a fine and
-    penitentiary imprisonment at hard labor. The punishment annexed
-    to this crime by the laws of the United States, enacted for the
-    special protection of deposits made at the Mint, is DEATH. The
-    19th Section of the Act of Congress, establishing the Mint,
-    passed April 12, 1792, is in the following words: Section 19,
-    _and_ be it further enacted, That if any of the gold or silver
-    coins, which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint, shall
-    be debased or made worse as to the proportion of fine gold or
-    fine silver, therein contained, or shall be of less weight or
-    value than the same ought to be, pursuant to the directions of
-    this act, through the default or with the connivance of any of
-    the officers or persons who shall be employed at said Mint, for
-    the purpose of profit or gain, or otherwise, with a fraudulent
-    intent, and if any of the said officers or persons shall
-    embezzle any of the metal which shall at any time be committed
-    to their charge, for the purpose of being coined, or any of
-    the coins which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint,
-    every such officer or person who shall commit any or either of
-    the said offences, shall be deemed guilty of Felony, and shall
-    suffer death. Printed copies of the Rules here recited are to
-    be kept in convenient places for the inspection of the workmen,
-    but as all may not be capable of reading them, it shall be the
-    duty of the proper officer of the several departments, or such
-    person as he may appoint, to read them in the hearing of the
-    workmen, at least once a year, and especially to read them to
-    every person newly employed in the Mint.
-
-                                                       SAMUEL MOORE,
-                                                       _Director_.
-
-Up to 1836 the work at the Mint was done entirely by hand or horse power.
-In that year steam was introduced. At different periods during the
-years 1797, 1798, 1799, 1802, and 1803, the operations of the Mint were
-suspended on account of the prevalence of yellow fever.
-
-    “BOND OF INDEMNITY OR AGREEMENT of Operatives to return to the
-    service of the Mint.” Dated August, 1799.
-
-    “We, the subscribers, do hereby promise and engage to return
-    to the service of the Mint as soon as the same shall be again
-    opened, after the prevailing fever is over, on the penalty of
-    twenty pounds.”
-
-    “As witness our hands this 31st day of August, 1799.
-
-                                            “GEORGE WATT’N,
-                                            JOHN COPE,
-                                            LEWIS BITTING,
-                                            GEO. BOEMING,
-                                            JAMES ANDERSON,
-                                            JOHN SCHREINER,
-                                            JOHN BIRNBAUM,
-                                            GEORGE MYERS,
-                                            CHARLES BENJ. K——,
-                                            GEORGE BAILY,
-                                            JOHN MANN,
-                                            (In German) JOHANNES ——,
-                                            SAML. THOMPSON,
-                                            MARTIN SUMMERS.”
-
-The above are the signatures of the parties agreeing, written on old
-hand-made unruled foolscap paper.
-
-This is part of the Mint records, which has been framed for convenience
-and protection. It hangs in the Cabinet.
-
-
-THE MINT ESTABLISHED.
-
-The Mint was established by Act of Congress the second of April, 1792,
-and a few half-dimes were issued towards the close of that year. The
-general operations of the institution commenced in 1793. The coinage
-effected from the commencement of the establishment to the end of the
-year 1800 may be stated in round numbers at $2,534,000; the coinage
-of the decade ending 1810 amounted to $6,971,000, and within the ten
-years ending with 1820—$9,328,000. The amount within the ten years
-ending with 1830 is stated at $18,000,000, and the whole coinage from
-the commencement of the institution at $37,000,000. On the second of
-March, 1829, provisions were made by Congress for extending the Mint
-establishment, the supply of bullion for coinage having increased beyond
-the capacity of the existing accommodations. The Mint edifice, erected
-under this provision, stands on a lot purchased for the object at the
-northwest corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets, fronting 150 feet on
-Chestnut street and extending 204 feet to Penn Square, (the central
-and formerly the largest public square in the city). The corner-stone
-of the new edifice was laid on the fourth of July, 1829; the building
-is of marble and of the Grecian style of architecture, the roof being
-covered with copper. It presents on Chestnut street and Penn Square
-a front of 123 feet, each front being ornamented with a portico of
-60 feet, containing six Ionic columns. In the centre of the structure
-there was formerly a court-yard (now built up) extending 85 by 84 feet,
-surrounded by a piazza to each story, affording an easy access to all
-parts of the edifice. Present officers of the Mint: Hon. Daniel M. Fox,
-Superintendent; William S. Steel, Coiner; Jacob B. Eckfeldt, Assayer;
-Patterson Du Bois, Assistant Assayer, James C. Booth, Melter and Refiner;
-N. B. Boyd, Assistant Melter and Refiner; Charles E. Barber, Engraver;
-George T. Morgan and William H. Key, Assistant Engravers; M. H. Cobb,
-Cashier; George W. Brown, Doorkeeper.
-
-On July 4, 1829, Samuel Moore, then Director, laid the corner stone
-of the present building, located at the northwest corner of Chestnut
-and Juniper streets. It is of white marble, and of the Grecian style
-of architecture, and was finished, and commenced operations, in 1833.
-Subsequent to that date necessary changes in the interior arrangements,
-to accommodate the increase in business, have been introduced at various
-times, and it was made more secure as a depository for the great
-amount of bullion contained within its vaults, by having been rendered
-fire-proof in 1856.
-
-
-COPY OF THE PAPER LAID IN THE CORNER STONE OF THE MINT, JULY 4, 1829.
-
-This corner stone of the Mint of the United States of America, laid
-on the 4th day of July, 1829, being the fifty-third anniversary of
-our independence, in the presence of the Officers thereof, Members of
-Congress of the adjacent districts, architect, and artificers employed
-in the building, and a number of citizens of Philadelphia, in the which
-with this instrument are deposited specimens of the Coins of our Country
-struck in the present year. The Mint of the United States commenced
-operations in the year A. D., 1793, increasing constantly in utility,
-until its locality and convenience required extension and enlargement,
-which was ordered by the passage of a bill appropriating $120,000 for the
-erection of new and convenient buildings, to accommodate its operations,
-vesting the disbursement in the judgment and taste of the Director and
-President of the United States. In pursuance of the above bill, passed
-during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams, arrangements were made and
-designs adopted; William Strickland appointed architect; John Struthers,
-marble mason; Daniel Groves, bricklayer; Robert O’Neil, master carpenter,
-and in the first year of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson, this corner
-stone was placed in southeast corner of the edifice.
-
-The names of the officers of the Mint of the United States at this time,
-are as follows:
-
-  DOCTOR SAMUEL MOORE, Director,
-  ADAM ECKFELDT, Coiner,
-  JOSEPH CLOUD, Melter and Refiner,
-  JOSEPH RICHARDSON, Assayer,
-  DOCTOR JAMES RUSH, Treasurer,
-  WM. KNEASS, Engraver,
-  GEORGE EHRENZELDER, Clerk.
-
-                                     MINT OF THE UNITED STATES,
-                                     _Philadelphia, March 20, 1838_.
-
-    TO HON. LEVI WOODBURY, Secretary of the Treasury.
-
-    Sir:—I had the honor to receive your letter asking my attention
-    to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United
-    States, passed March 5, 1838, as follows:
-
-    EXTRACT FROM RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS RELATING TO MINT.
-
-    “_Resolved_, That the Secretary of the Treasury report to this
-    House the cost of erecting the principal Mint and its branches,
-    including buildings, fixtures, and apparatus; the salaries and
-    expenses of the different officers; the amount expended in the
-    purchase of bullion; the loss arising from wastage, and all
-    other expenses; and the average length of time it requires to
-    coin at the principal Mint all the bullion with which it can be
-    furnished; and further, what amount of coin has been struck at
-    the several branch mints, since their organization.”
-
-    MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, PHILADELPHIA.
-
-  The cost of the edifice, machinery, and fixtures, was     $173,390
-  Ground, enclosure, paving, etc.                             35,840
-                                                           ---------
-      Total cost of buildings, etc.                         $209,230
-                                                           =========
-
-    This amount does not include expenditures made under special
-    appropriations for the years 1836 and 1837, for milling and
-    coining by steam power; and for extensive improvements in
-    the assaying, melting, and parting rooms, and machine shops,
-    amounting to $28,270.
-
-    It may be proper to mention that the Mint building is on the
-    best street in the city, is of large dimensions, with the
-    whole exterior of marble, and two Ionic porticos; and that the
-    machinery and apparatus are of the best construction. The cost
-    must therefore be considered as very moderate. The new Mint
-    lately erected by the British India Government at Calcutta,
-    cost 24 lacs of rupees, or about $1,138,000.
-
-  The Director receives per annum       $3,500
-      Treasurer                          2,000
-      Chief Coiner                       2,000
-      Assayer                            2,000
-      Melter and Refiner                 2,000
-      Engraver                           2,000
-      Second Engraver                    1,500
-      Assistant Assayer                  1,300
-      Treasurer’s Clerk                  1,200
-      Bookkeeper                         1,000
-      Clerk of the weighing room         1,200
-      Director’s Clerk                     700
-                                       -------
-          Total for salaries           $20,400
-                                       =======
-
-    No expenses are allowed, beyond the above sums, to any officer,
-    assistant, or clerk, for the performance of his duties.
-
-    As all the gold and silver brought to the Mint is purchased at
-    the nett Mint price, there is no expense, properly so called,
-    incurred on this account.
-
-                                             R. M. PATTERSON,
-                                             _Director of the Mint_.
-
-Previous to the passage of the law by the Federal government for
-regulating the coins of the United States, much perplexity arose from
-the use of no less than four different currencies or rates, at which
-one species of coin was recoined, in the different parts of the Union.
-Thus, in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
-Vermont, Virginia and Kentucky, the dollar was recoined at six shillings;
-in New York and North Carolina at eight shillings; in New Jersey,
-Pennsylvania and Maryland at seven shillings and six pence; in Georgia
-and South Carolina at four shillings and eight pence. The subject had
-engaged the attention of the Congress of the old confederation, and the
-present system of the coins is formed upon the principles laid down
-in their resolution of 1786, by which the denominations of money of
-account were required to be dollars (the dollar being the unit), dismes
-or tenths, cents or hundredths, and mills or thousandths of a dollar.
-Nothing can be more simple or convenient than this decimal subdivision.
-The terms are proper because they express the proportions which they are
-intended to designate. The dollar was wisely chosen, as it corresponded
-with the Spanish coin, with which we had been long familiar.
-
-
-VISITING THE MINT.
-
-The Mint, on Chestnut street near Broad, is open to the public daily,
-excepting Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 12 A. M. Visitors are met by
-the courteous ushers, who attend them through the various departments.
-It is estimated that over forty thousand persons have visited the
-institution in the course of a single year. Owing to the immense amount
-of the precious metals which is always in course of transition, and
-the watchful care necessary to a correct transaction of business, the
-public are necessarily excluded from some of the departments. These,
-however, are of but little interest to the many and are described under
-their proper heads. The system adopted in the Mint is so precise and the
-weighing so accurate, that the abstraction of the smallest particle of
-metal would lead to almost immediate detection.
-
-On entering the rotunda, the offices of the Treasurer and Cashier are to
-the right and left. Farther in, in the hall, to the rear, on the right,
-is the room of the Treasurer’s clerks; a part of this was formerly used
-by the Adams Express Company, who transport to and from the Mint millions
-of dollars worth of metal, coin, etc.
-
-
-THE DEPOSIT OR WEIGHING-ROOM.
-
-[Illustration: SCALES.]
-
-On the left is the Deposit or Weighing-room, where all the gold and
-silver for coining is received and first weighed. The largest weight used
-in this room is five hundred ounces, the smallest, is the thousandth
-part of an ounce. The scales are wonderfully delicate, and are examined
-and adjusted on alternate days. On the right of this room is one of the
-twelve vaults in the building. Of solid masonry, several of them are
-iron-lined, with double doors of the same metal and most complicated and
-burglar-proof locks.
-
-[Illustration: AUTOMATIC WEIGHING SCALES.]
-
-It is estimated that about fifteen hundred million dollars worth of
-gold has been received and weighed in this room; probably nine-tenths
-of this amount was from California, since its discovery there in the
-year 1848. Previous to that time the supplies of gold came principally
-from Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. During the past ten years
-considerable quantities have been received from Nova Scotia, but most
-of the gold that reaches the Mint, at the present time, comes from
-California, Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Dakota,
-Virginia, South Carolina, and New Mexico.
-
-Formerly the silver used by the Mint came principally from Mexico and
-South America, but since the discovery of the immense veins of that metal
-in the territories of the United States the supply is furnished from the
-great West.
-
-The copper used comes principally from the mines of Lake Superior, the
-finest from Minnesota. The nickel is chiefly from Lancaster County, Pa.
-
-
-THE DEPOSIT MELTING ROOM.
-
-After the metal has been carefully weighed in the presence of the
-depositor and the proper officials, it is locked in iron boxes and taken
-to the melting room, where it is opened by two men, each provided with
-a key to one of the separate locks. There are four furnaces in this
-room, and the first process of melting takes place here. The gold and
-silver, being mixed with borax and other fluxing material, is placed in
-pots, melted and placed in iron moulds, and when cooled is again taken
-to the deposit room in bars, where it is reweighed, and a small piece
-cut from each lot by the Assayer. From this the fineness of the whole is
-ascertained, the value calculated, and the depositor paid. The metal in
-its rough state is then transferred to the Melter and Refiner.
-
-
-OFFICE OF THE MELTER AND REFINER.
-
-Adjoining the Deposit Melting Room are the Melter and Refiner and
-assistants. This is the general business office of the head of this
-department, and is also used for weighing the necessary quantities of the
-metals used in alloying coin.
-
-
-THE PROCESS OF ASSAY.
-
-The two essential things regarding every piece of metal offered in
-payment of any dues were, first, the weight or quantity, next, the
-fineness or purity of the same. The process of weighing even the baser
-metals used in coining must be conducted by the careful use of accurate
-scales, with precise notes of the results. In precious metals, gold,
-silver, and their high grade alloys, a very small variation in the
-fineness makes a great difference in the value. Nothing is more essential
-than the accurate determination of the weight of the sample and of
-the metal obtained from it. It requires keen sight and most delicate
-adjustment in the hand which manipulates the Lilliputian scales of
-an Assayer’s table. The smallest weight used in the Mint is found in
-the Assay Room; it is the thirteen-hundredth part of a grain, and can
-scarcely be seen with the naked eye, unless on a white ground. The Assay
-Department is strictly a technical and scientific branch of the service.
-It has been practically under one regime, for the last fifty years. There
-have been but three Chief Assayers in that time, the only removals being
-by death, the only appointments by promotion. Its workmen are all picked
-men, selected from other parts of the Mint for special fitness and good
-character.
-
-
-THE ASSAYING ROOMS.
-
-These are on the second floor, in the southwest corner of the building.
-In one of these are fires, stills, and other appliances used in the
-delicate and complicated process of assay, by which the specific standard
-of the fineness and purity of the various metals are established and
-declared.
-
-
-ASSAYING GOLD.
-
-The gold is melted down and stirred, by which a complete mixture is
-effected, so that an assay piece may be taken from any part of the bar
-after it is cast. The piece taken for this purpose is rolled out for the
-convenience of cutting. It is then taken to an assay balance (sensible
-to the ten-thousandth of a half gramme or less), and from it is weighed
-a half gramme, which is the normal assay weight for gold, being about
-7.7 grains troy. This weight is stamped 1000; and all the lesser weights
-(afterwards brought into requisition) are decimal divisions of this
-weight, down to one ten-thousandth part.
-
-Silver is next weighed out for the quartation (alloying), and as the
-assay piece, if standard, should contain 900-thousandths of gold, there
-must be three times this weight, or 2700-thousandths of silver; and this
-is the quantity used. The lead used for the cupellation is kept prepared
-in thin sheets, cut in square pieces, which should each weigh about ten
-times as much as the gold under assay. The lead is now rolled into the
-form of a hollow cone; and into this are introduced the assay gold and
-the quartation silver, when the lead is closed around them and pressed
-into a ball. The furnace having been properly heated, and the cupels
-placed in it and brought to the same temperature, the leaden ball, with
-its contents, is put into a cupel (a small cup made of burned bones,
-capable of absorbing base metals), the furnace closed, and the operation
-allowed to proceed, until all agitation is ceased to be observed in the
-melted metal, and its surface has become bright. This is an indication
-that the whole of the base metals have been converted into oxides, and
-absorbed by the cupel.
-
-The cupellation being thus finished, the metal is allowed to cool slowly,
-and the disc or button which it forms is taken from the cupel. The button
-is then flattened by a hammer; is annealed by bringing it to a red heat;
-is laminated by passing it between the rollers; is again annealed; and
-is rolled loosely into a spiral or coil called a _cornet_. It is now
-ready for the process of quartation. This was formerly effected in a
-glass matrass, and that mode is still used occasionally, when there
-are few assays. But a great improvement, first introduced into this
-country by the Assayer in 1867, was the—“platinum apparatus,” invented
-in England. It consists of a platinum vessel in which to boil the nitric
-acid, which is to dissolve out the silver, and a small tray containing
-a set of platinum thimbles with fine slits in the bottom. In these the
-silver is taken out, by successive supplies of nitric acid, without any
-decanting as in the case of glass vessels. The cornets are also annealed
-in the thimbles; in fact there is no shifting from the coiling to the
-final weighing, which determines the fineness of the original sample by
-proportionate weights in thousandths. In this process extra care has to
-be taken in adding the proportions of silver, as the “shaking” of any one
-cornet, might damage the others.
-
-
-ASSAYING SILVER.
-
-The process of assaying silver differs from that of gold. To obtain the
-assay sample, a little of the metals is dipped from the pot and poured
-quickly into water, producing a granulation, from portions of which that
-needed for assay is taken. In the case of silver alloyed with copper
-there is separation, to a greater or less degree, between the two metals
-in the act of solidification. Thus an ingot or bar, cooled in a mould,
-or any single piece cut from either, though really 900-thousandths fine
-on the average, will show such variations, according to the place of
-cutting, as might exceed the limits allowed by law. But the sudden chill
-produced by throwing the liquid metal into water, yields a granulation of
-entirely homogeneous mixture that the same fineness results, whether by
-assaying a single granule, or part of one, or a number.
-
-From this sample the weight of 1115 thousandths is taken; this is
-dissolved in a glass bottle with nitric acid. The standard solution of
-salt is introduced and chloride of silver is the result, which contains
-of the metallic silver 1000 parts; this is repeated until the addition
-of the salt water shows but a faint trace of chloride below the upper
-surface of the liquid. For instance: if three measures of the decimal
-solution have been used with effect, the result will show that the 1115
-parts of the piece contained 1003 of pure silver; and thus the proportion
-of pure silver in the whole alloyed metal is ascertained. Extensive
-knowledge and experience are required in such matters as making the
-bone-ash cupels, fine proof gold and silver, testing acids, and other
-special examinations and operations. The Assayer must, himself, be
-familiar with all the operations of minting, as critical questions are
-naturally carried to him. The rendering of decisions upon counterfeit
-or suspicious coins has long been a specialty in this department. Once a
-year the President appoints a scientific commission to examine the coins
-of the preceding year. There has never yet been a Philadelphia coin found
-outside of the tolerance of fineness.
-
-
-THE SEPARATING ROOM.
-
-This department occupies the largest part of the west side of the
-building, on the second floor. Here the gold and silver used by the Mint
-in the manufacture of coin and fine bars are separated from each other,
-or whatever other metals may be mixed with them, and purified. It goes to
-this room after having been once melted and assayed. In separating and
-purifying gold, it is always necessary to add to it a certain quantity of
-pure silver. The whole is then immersed in nitric acid, which dissolves
-the silver into a liquid which looks like pure water. The acid does not
-dissolve the gold, but leaves it pure. The silver solution is then drawn
-off, leaving the gold at the bottom of the tub. It is then gathered up
-into pans and washed.
-
-The silver in the condition in which it is received from the hands of
-the depositor, and generally filled with foreign impurities, is melted
-and then granulated, after which the whole mass is dissolved with nitric
-acid. The acid dissolves the base metals as well as the silver. The
-liquid metals are then run into tubs prepared for it, and precipitated,
-or rendered into a partially hard state, by being mixed with common
-salt water. After being precipitated it is called “chloride,” and
-resembles very closely new slacked lime. By putting spelter or zinc on
-the precipitated chloride, it becomes metallic silver, and only needs
-washing and melting to make the purest virgin metal. The base metals
-remain in a liquid state, and being of little value are generally thrown
-away. The process of refining silver is of two kinds; that of melting it
-with saltpetre, etc., which was known some thousands of years since, and
-the modern process of dissolving it in nitric acid, like the method of
-extracting it from gold in the above described operation.
-
-After the separating process has been completed, the gold or silver is
-conveyed to the Drying Cellar, where it is put under pressure of some
-eighty tons, and all the water pressed out. It is then dried with heat,
-and afterwards conveyed in large cakes to the furnaces.
-
-
-THE MELTING ROOMS
-
-are on the first floor, in the west side of the building. Here all the
-metal used in coining is alloyed, melted and poured into narrow moulds.
-These castings are called ingots; they are about twelve inches long,
-a half-inch thick, and vary from one to two a half-inches in breadth,
-according to the coin for which they are used, one end being wedge-shaped
-to allow its being passed through the rollers. The value of gold ingots
-is from $600 to $1,400; those of silver, about $60. The fine gold and
-silver bars used in the arts and for commercial purposes, are also cast
-in this department.
-
-[Illustration: CASTING INGOTS.]
-
-[Illustration: INGOTS.]
-
-These are stamped with their weight and value in the deposit room. The
-floors that cover the melting rooms are made of iron in honey-comb
-pattern, divided into small sections, so that they can be readily taken
-up to save the dust; their roughness acting as a scraper, preventing any
-metallic particles from clinging to the soles of the shoes of those who
-pass through the department, the sweepings of which, and including the
-entire building, averages $23,000 per annum, for the last five years.
-
-The copper and nickel melting rooms, wherein all the base metals used
-are melted and mixed, is on the same side and adjoining to the gold and
-silver department. Up to the year 1856, the base coin of the United
-States was exclusively copper. In this year the coinage of what was
-called the nickel cents was commenced. These pieces, although called
-nickel, were composed of one-eighth nickel; the balance was copper.
-
-The composition of the five and three cent pieces is one-fourth nickel;
-the balance copper. The bronze pieces were changed in 1859, and are a
-mixture of copper, zinc and tin, about equal parts of each of the two
-last; the former contributing about 95 per cent. There are seven furnaces
-in this room, each capable of melting five hundred pounds of metal per
-day. When the metal is heated and sufficiently mixed, it is poured into
-iron moulds, and when cool, and the rough ends clipped off, is ready to
-be conveyed to the rolling room.
-
-
-THE ROLLING ROOM.
-
-From the melting rooms through the corridor we reach the rolling room.
-The upright engine, on the right, of one hundred and sixty horse power,
-supplies the motive force to the rolling machines, four in number. Those
-on the left, are massive and substantial in their frame-work, with
-rollers of steel, polished by service in reducing the ingots to planchets
-for coining. The first process or rolling is termed breaking down; after
-that it requires to be passed through the machine until it is reduced to
-the required thinness—ten times if gold, eight if silver, being annealed
-in the intervals to prevent breaking. The rollers are adjustable and the
-space between them can be increased or diminished at pleasure, by the
-operator. About two hundred ingots are run through per hour on each pair
-of rollers.
-
-The pressure applied is so intense that half a day’s rolling heats, not
-only the strips and rollers, but even the huge iron stanchions, weighing
-several tons, so hot that you can hardly hold your hand on them.
-
-When the rolling is completed the strip is about six feet long, or six
-times as long as the ingot.
-
-It is impossible to roll perfectly true. At times there will be a lump of
-hard gold, which will not be quite so much compressed as the rest. If the
-planchets were cut from this place, it would be heavier and more valuable
-than one cut from a thinner portion of the strip. It is, therefore,
-necessary to “draw” the strips, after being softened by annealing.
-
-[Illustration: ROLLING MACHINE.]
-
-
-ANNEALING FURNACES.
-
-These are in the same room, to the right facing the rollers. The gold
-and strips are placed in copper canisters, and then placed in the
-furnaces and heated to a red heat; silver strips being laid loosely in
-the furnace. When they become soft and pliable, they are taken out and
-allowed to cool slowly.
-
-
-THE DRAWING BENCHES.
-
-These machines resemble long tables, with a bench on either side, at one
-end of which is an iron box secured to the table. In this are fastened
-two perpendicular steel cylinders, firmly supported in a bed, to prevent
-their bending or turning around, and presenting but a small portion of
-their circumference to the strip. These are exactly at the same distance
-apart that the thickness of the strip is required to be. One end of the
-strip is somewhat thinner than the rest, to allow it to pass easily
-between the cylinders. When through, this end is put between the jaws
-of a powerful pair of tongs, or pincers, fastened to a little carriage
-running on the table. The carriage to the further bench is up close to
-the cylinders, ready to receive a strip, which is inserted edgewise.
-When the end is between the pincers, the operator touches a foot pedal
-which closes the pincers firmly on the strip, and pressing another
-pedal, forces down a strong hook at the left end of the carriage, which
-catches in a link of the moving chain. This draws the carriage away from
-the cylinders, and the strip being connected with it has to follow.
-It is drawn between the cylinders, which operating on the thick part
-of the strip with greater power than upon the thin, reduces the whole
-to an equal thickness. When the strip is through, the strain on the
-tongs instantly ceases, which allows a spring to open them and drop the
-strip. At the same time another spring raises the hook and disengages
-the carriage from the chain. A cord fastened to the carriage runs back
-over the wheel near the head of the table, and then up to a couple of
-combination weights on the wall beyond, which draw the carriage back to
-the starting place, ready for another strip.
-
-[Illustration: DRAWING BENCH.]
-
-
-THE CUTTING MACHINES.
-
-After being thoroughly washed, the strips are consigned to the cutting
-machines. These are in the rear of the rolling mills, and are several in
-number, each when in active operation cutting two hundred and twenty-five
-planchets per minute. The press now used, consists of a vertical steel
-punch, which works in a round hole or matrix, cut in a solid steel plate.
-The action of the punch is obtained by an eccentric wheel. For instance,
-in an ordinary carriage wheel, the axis is in the centre, and the wheel
-revolves evenly around it. But if the axis is placed, say four inches
-from the centre, then it would revolve with a kind of hobble. From this
-peculiar motion its name is derived. Suppose the tire of the wheel is
-arranged, not to revolve with, but to slip easily around the wheel, and a
-rod is fastened to one side of the tire which prevents its turning. Now
-as the wheel revolves and brings the _long side nearest the rod_, it will
-push forward the rod, and when the long side of the wheel is _away from
-the rod_, it draws the rod with it.
-
-[Illustration: CUTTING MACHINE.]
-
-[Illustration: STRIP FROM WHICH PLANCHETS ARE CUT.]
-
-The upper shaft, on which are seen the three large wheels, has also
-fastened to it, over each press, an eccentric wheel. In the first
-illustration will be seen three upright rods running from near the table
-to the top. The middle one is connected with a tire around the eccentric
-wheel, and rises and falls with each revolution. The eccentric power
-gives great rapidity of motion with but little jerking.
-
-The operator places one end of a strip of metal in the immense jaws of
-the press, and cuts out a couple of planchets, which are a fraction
-larger than the coin to be struck. As the strips are of uniform
-thickness, if these two are of the right weight, all cut from that strip
-will be the same. They are therefore weighed accurately. If right, or a
-little heavy, they are allowed to pass, as the extra weight can be filed
-off. If too light, the whole strip has to be re-melted. As fast as cut
-the planchets fall into a box below, and the perforated strips are folded
-into convenient lengths to be re-melted. From a strip worth say eleven
-hundred dollars, eight hundred dollars of planchets will be cut.
-
-
-ADJUSTING ROOM.
-
-[Illustration: DELICATE SCALES.]
-
-The planchets are then removed to the adjusting room, where they are
-adjusted. This work is performed by ladies. After inspection they are
-weighed on very accurate scales. If a planchet is too heavy, but near
-the weight, it is filed off at the edges; if too heavy for filing, it is
-thrown aside with the light ones, to be re-melted. To adjust coin so
-accurately requires great delicacy and skill, as a too free use of the
-file would make it too light. Yet by long practice, so accustomed do the
-operators become, that they work with apparent unconcern, scarce glancing
-at either planchets or scales, and guided as it were by unerring touch.
-
-The exceedingly delicate scales were made under the direction of Mr.
-Peale, who greatly improved on the old ones in use. So precise and
-sensitive are they that the slightest breath of air affects their
-accuracy, rendering it necessary to exclude every draft from the room.
-
-
-PROGRESS IN COINING.
-
-The methods of coining money have varied with the progress in mechanic
-arts, and are but indefinitely traced from the beginning; the primitive
-mode, being by the casting of the piece in sand, the impression being
-made with a hammer and punch. In the middle ages the metal was hammered
-into sheets of the required thickness, cut with shears into shape, and
-then stamped by hand with the design. The mill and screw, by which
-greater increase in power, with finer finish was gained, dates back to
-the Sixteenth Century. This process, with various modifications and
-improvements, continued in use in the Philadelphia Mint until 1836.
-
-[Illustration: ANCIENT COINING PRESS.]
-
-The first steam coining press was invented by M. Thonnelier, of France,
-in 1833, and was first used in the United States Mint in 1836. It was
-remodeled and rebuilt in 1858, but in 1874 was superseded by the one now
-in operation, the very perfection of mechanism, in which the vibration
-and unsteady bearing of the former press were entirely obviated, and
-precision attained by the solid stroke with a saving of over seventy-five
-per cent. in the wearing and breaking of the dies.
-
-[Illustration: STEAM COINING PRESS.]
-
-
-DIES.
-
-[Illustration: DIES.]
-
-The dies for coining are prepared by engravers, especially employed
-at the Mint for that purpose. The process of engraving them consists
-in cutting the devices and legends in soft steel, those parts being
-depressed which, in the coin, appear in relief. This, having been
-finished and hardened, constitutes an “_original die_,” which, being
-the result of a tedious and difficult task, is deemed too precious to
-be directly employed in striking coins; but it is used for multiplying
-dies. It is first used to impress another piece of soft steel, which
-then presents the appearance of a coin, and is called a _hub_. This hub,
-being hardened, is used to impress other pieces of steel in like manner
-which, being like the original die, are hardened and used for striking
-the coins. A pair of these will, on an average, perform two weeks’ work.
-
-
-TRANSFER LATHE.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The transfer lathe, a very complicated piece of machinery, is used in
-making dies, for coins and medals. By it, from a large cast, the design
-can be transferred and engraved in smaller size, in perfect proportion to
-the original.
-
-
-THE COINING AND MILLING ROOMS.
-
-This department, the most interesting to the general visitor, occupies
-the larger portion of the first floor on the east side of the building.
-The rooms are divided by an iron railing, which separates the visitors,
-on either side, from the machinery, etc., but allows everything to be
-seen.
-
-[Illustration: MILLING MACHINE.]
-
-The planchets, after being adjusted, are received here, and, in order to
-protect the surface of the coin, are passed through the milling-machine.
-The planchets are fed to this machine through an upright tube, and, as
-they descend from the lower aperture, they are caught upon the edge of
-a revolving wheel and carried about a quarter of a revolution, during
-which the edge is compressed and forced up—the space between the wheel
-and the rim being a little less than the diameter of the planchet.
-This apparatus moves so nimbly that five hundred and sixty half-dimes
-can be milled in a minute; but, for large pieces, the average is about
-one hundred and twenty. In this room are the milling machines, and the
-massive, but delicate, coining presses, ten in number. Each of these is
-capable of coining from eighty to one hundred pieces a minute. Only the
-largest are used in making coins of large denominations.
-
-[Illustration: PERFECTED COINING PRESS.]
-
-[Illustration: COINING PRESS.]
-
-The arch is a solid piece of cast iron, weighing several tons, and unites
-with its beauty great strength. The table is also of iron, brightly
-polished and very heavy. In the interior of the arch is a nearly round
-plate of brass, called a triangle. It is fastened to a lever above by
-two steel bands, termed stirrups, one of which can be seen to the right
-of the arch. The stout arm above it, looking so dark in the picture, is
-also connected with the triangle by a ball-and-socket joint, and it is
-this arm which forces down the triangle. The arm is connected with the
-end of the lever above by a joint somewhat like that of the knee. One end
-of the lever can be seen reaching behind the arch to a crank near the
-large fly-wheel. When the triangle is _raised_, the arm and near end of
-the lever extends outward. When the crank lifts the further end of the
-lever it draws in the knee and forces down the arm until it is perfectly
-straight. By that time the crank has revolved and is lowering the lever,
-which forces out the knee again and raises the arm. As the triangle is
-fastened to the arm it has to follow all its movements.
-
-Under the triangle, buried in the lower part of the arch, is a steel
-cup, or, technically, a “die stake.” Into this is fastened the reverse
-die. The die stake is arranged to rise one-eighth of an inch; when down
-it rests firmly on the solid foundation of the arch. Over the die stake
-is a steel collar or plate, in which is a hole large enough to allow a
-planchet to drop upon the die. In the triangle above, the obverse die is
-fastened, which moves with the triangle; when the knee is straightened
-the die fits into the collar and presses down upon the reverse die.
-
-Just in front of the triangle will be seen an upright tube made of brass,
-and of the size to hold the planchets to be coined. These are placed in
-this tube. As they reach the bottom they are seized singly by a pair of
-steel feeders, in motion as similar to that of the finger and thumb as is
-possible in machinery, and carried over the collar and deposited between
-the dies, and, while the fingers are expanding and returning for another
-planchet, the dies close on the one within the collar, and by a rotary
-motion are made to impress it silently but powerfully. The fingers, as
-they again close upon a planchet at the mouth of the tube, also seize
-the coin, and, while conveying a second planchet on to the die, carry
-the coin off, dropping it into a box provided for that purpose, and the
-operation is continued _ad infinitum_. These presses are attended by
-ladies, and do their work in a perfect manner. The engine that drives the
-machinery is of one hundred and sixty horse-power.
-
-After being stamped the coins are taken to the Coiner’s room, and placed
-on a long table—the double eagles in piles of ten each. It will be
-remembered that, in the Adjusting Room, a difference of one-half a grain
-was made in the weight of some of the double eagles. The light and heavy
-ones are kept separate in coining, and when delivered to the treasurer,
-they are mixed together in such proportions as to give him full weight
-in every delivery. By law the deviation from the standard weight, in
-delivering to him, must not exceed three pennyweights in one thousand
-double eagles. The gold coins—as small as quarter eagles being counted
-and weighed to verify the count—are put up in bags of $5,000 each. The
-three-dollar pieces are put up in bags of $3,000, and one-dollar pieces
-in $1,000 bags. The silver pieces, and sometimes small gold, are counted
-on a very ingenious contrivance called a “counting-board.”
-
-[Illustration: COUNTING BOARD.]
-
-By this process twenty-five dollars in five-cent pieces can be counted
-in less than a minute. The “boards” are a simple flat surface of wood,
-with copper partitions, the height and size of the coin to be counted,
-rising from the surface at regular intervals, and running parallel with
-each other from top to bottom. They somewhat resemble a common household
-“washing board,” with the grooves running parallel with the sides but
-much larger. The boards are worked by hand, over a box, and as the pieces
-are counted they slide into a drawer prepared to receive them. They are
-then put into bags and are ready for shipment.[8]
-
-
-
-
-THE CABINET.
-
-
-The room in the Mint used for the Cabinet is on the second floor. It was
-formerly a suite of three apartments connected by folding-doors, but the
-doors have been removed, and it is now a pleasant saloon fifty-four feet
-long by sixteen wide. The eastern and western sections are of the same
-proportions, each with a broad window. The central section is lighted
-from the dome, which is supported by four columns. There is an open space
-immediately under the dome, to give light to the hall below, which is the
-main entrance to the Mint. Around this space is a railing and a circular
-case for coins. The Cabinet of Coins was established in 1838, by Dr. R.
-M. Patterson, then Director of the Mint. Anticipating such a demand,
-reserves had been made for many years by Adam Eckfeldt,[9] the Coiner,
-of the “master coins” of the Mint; a term used to signify first pieces
-from new dies, bearing a high polish and struck with extra care. These
-are now more commonly called “proof pieces.” With this nucleus, and a
-few other valuable pieces from Mr. Eckfeldt, the business was committed
-to the Assay Department, and especially to Mr. Du Bois, Assistant
-Assayer. The collection grew, year by year, by making exchanges to supply
-deficiencies, by purchases, by adding our own coin, and by saving foreign
-coins from the melting-pot—a large part in this way, at a cost of not
-more than their bullion value, though demanding great care, appreciation,
-and study. Valuable donations were also made by travelers, consuls, and
-missionaries. In 1839, Congress appropriated the sum of $1,000 for the
-purchase of “specimens of ores and coins to be preserved at the Mint.”
-Annually, since, the sum of $300 has been appropriated by the Government
-for this object. More has not been asked or desired, for the officers of
-the Mint have not sought to vie with the long established collections of
-the national cabinets of the old world, or even to equal the extravagance
-of some private numismatists; but they have admirably succeeded in their
-purpose to secure such coins as would interest all, from the schoolboy to
-the most enthusiastic archæologist. The economic principle upon which the
-collection has been gathered is a lesson to all governmental departments
-in frugality, as well as a restraint upon the natural tendency to
-extravagance which has heretofore distinguished those who have a passion
-for old coins. There are thousands of coin collectors in the United
-States, and fortunes have been accumulated in this strange way. More than
-one authenticated instance has been known in this country where a man
-has lived in penury, and died from want, yet possessed of affluence in
-time-defaced coins.
-
-
-RELICS.
-
-Having referred to the portraits of the Directors of the Mint, we will
-cite other interesting subjects of observation, before describing the
-coins.
-
-The first object in the Cabinet attracting attention is a framed copy of
-the law of Congress establishing the Mint, with its quaint phraseology
-with the signature of Thomas Jefferson. (See fac simile on page 11.)
-
-In the first section, near the western window, is the assorting machine,
-the invention of a Frenchman, Baron Seguier, and which is now in use in
-the Mint at Paris.
-
-The planchets for coinage are liable to be a little too heavy or too
-light; it is therefore necessary, at least in the case of gold, to assort
-them by weighing. This machine is designed to enable one person to do
-the work of many. “The planchets are thrown into the hopper at the rear,
-and, being arranged by the action of the wheel, slide down balances. By
-machinery beneath they are carried one by one to the nearest platforms to
-be weighed. If too heavy, the tall needle of the beam leans to the right
-and lifts a pallet-wire, which connects with an apparatus under the table
-by which the planchet is pushed off and slides into one of the brass pans
-in front. If the piece be light, the needle is drawn over to the left,
-and touches the other pallet, which makes a passage to another brass
-pan. If the piece be of true weight, or near enough, the needle stands
-perpendicular between the pallets, and the piece finds its way into the
-third brass pan.”
-
-On the opposite wall is a fine cast of Cromwell, a duplicate of one
-taken shortly after his death. It was placed here by Mr. W. E. Du Bois,
-who received it from H. W. Field, Esq., late Assayer of the Royal Mint,
-London, who is a descendant of the great Protector. Below the cast of
-Cromwell is a case showing progressive “alloys of gold.” The plates
-comprise gold alloyed with copper, gold alloyed with silver, and gold
-fine.
-
-In the eastern section are the Standard Test Scales, used to test the
-weights sent to all the mints and assay offices in the United States, and
-are so delicate as to weigh the _twenty-thousandth_ part of an ounce.
-These scales were manufactured by employees of the Mint, and have been
-in use more than a quarter of a century. The beam is hollow, and filled
-with Spanish cedar to guard against the effect of dampness; the bearings
-are edges of knife-blades, which impinge on a surface of agate plate.
-These scales are tested by the Annual Assay Committee, which meets on the
-second Tuesday in February of every year.
-
-
-CURIOSITIES AND MINERALS.
-
-The most interesting objects of this curious display are three golden
-images from graves in the Island of Chiriqui, off Central America. They
-were dug up in 1858, and sent to the Mint as bullion, to be melted. They
-are of pure gold, but the workmanship is very crude. The images are in
-the forms of a reptile, a bird, and a man with symbols of power in his
-hands, not unlike those designating Jupiter. There are also, in the first
-section, two large cases with choice selections of mineral specimens,
-carefully classified and labeled. These are from well selected results of
-years of patient collecting, and are deserving of more study than can be
-devoted to them by casual visitors. They are chiefly from different parts
-of the United States, and are an “index book” to the vast mineral wealth
-of the nation.
-
-Near the exit door of the Cabinet, in a large glass case, is a
-magnificent American eagle, which is worthy of the visitor’s attention.
-It is superbly mounted, with grand breadth of wing and wondrous piercing
-eyes. The portrait of this “pet” can be recognized on Reverse of the
-“Pattern” Silver Dollars of 1836, 1838, and 1839, and on the Obverse of
-the first nickel cent pieces coined in 1856.
-
-
-“PETER,”
-
-the name which the noble bird recognized, was an inhabitant of the Mint
-six years. He would fly about the city, but no one interfered with the
-going or coming of the “Mint bird,” and he never failed to return from
-his daily exercise before the time for closing the building. In an evil
-hour he unfortunately perched upon a large fly wheel, and getting caught
-in the machinery, received a fatal injury to his wing, and this ended
-rather an unusual career for an eagle.
-
-
-EASTERN CORRIDOR.
-
-Opening into the eastern corridor are the rooms of the Superintendent,
-the Chief Clerk, and the library of Historical and Scientific Works,
-including many valuable books upon the art of coinage. Passing out
-upon the gallery, we enter the Machinists’ and Engravers’ rooms.
-Here are engraved and finished the dies used in this Mint and in all
-the branch mints. Visitors are not ordinarily allowed access to these
-rooms, or to the assay office, or to the cellar. (In the latter are a
-number of immense vaults, and in the main cellar are engines, which
-supply the power and light used throughout the building.) Here are also
-blacksmith, carpenter, and paint shops; and in the rear, west side, is
-the medal-striking room, where medals are struck by a screw press, worked
-by hand. The cellar also contains the “sweep” grinding rooms. Near this
-room are the wells, which are receptacles for the water used in washing
-the precious metals. These wells are cleaned out every few years and the
-deposit is then treated in the same way as the sweepings.
-
-The little wooden building in the court was formerly the cent-room, where
-copper cents were exchanged for nickels;[10] it is now the office of the
-agent of the Adams Express Company, who brings to the Philadelphia Mint
-millions of dollars worth of precious metals in the shape of bullion
-from the far west, to be converted into American Coin, when it is
-again transported by the same company to various points to be put into
-circulation.
-
-
-COINS.
-
-The ancient coins are chiefly arranged in upright cases against the
-walls in the doorways and the middle section of the saloon. The modern
-coins are placed in nearly level cases at either end of the room and
-in the circular or central cases. Of antique coins the portion labeled
-Cabinet Nos. 97, 98, 99, “Massilia,” are interesting as belonging to a
-Greek colony which settled about six hundred years before Christ upon the
-coast of Gaul, on the spot now known as Marseilles. This little colony
-fled their native country and the rule of a governor placed over it by a
-Persian monarch. They were distinguished for their civilization, and the
-work upon these small coins is the most palpable witness of that fact in
-existence to-day.
-
-
-GREEK COINS.
-
-Their surfaces, of gold, silver, and bronze, bristle with lance and
-spear, helmet and shield. On one of these coins Jove is seated and
-bearing an eagle, defying Alexander of Macedon, while on the obverse the
-same mighty conqueror impersonates Hercules. The oldest coin here is
-supposed to date back to 550 B.C. It is well to mention the fact that
-coins were never dated until the fifteenth century; and previous to
-that time the ages of coins can only be determined by the legends upon
-them, as answering to the page of corroborative history and the art era
-to which they belonged. No. 9 bears on the obverse the Macedonian horse,
-a favorite animal, which the then war-loving Greeks are said to have
-deified. At this period the haughty royal families began to chronicle in
-coin their line of descent. The kings of Macedon claimed Hercules for
-an ancestor, and in proof thereof the lion’s skin was a royal insignia.
-An old historian says, “The kings of Macedon, instead of the crown, the
-diadem, the purple, bear upon their effigy the skin of a lion.” Several
-pieces of money in this case, upon which are heads of Alexander, have
-rings in them, and were worn by gracious dames as ornaments. The value
-of this series of coins is priceless, as furnishing portraits of the
-heroes of that period which can be received without question as accurate,
-for the art patronage of the kingdom was regulated by the strictest
-laws. Alexander was especially jealous of how the future nations should
-regard his physique, allowing only three artists, during his reign,
-the privilege of drawing, painting, or modeling his head.[11] To such
-royal guardianship may be attributed the perfection to which Greek art
-attained; and it may well be a matter of regret that the same firmness in
-this regard was not universal. The last coin of this series is a small
-bronze coin, and was issued by Perseus, the last king of Macedon.
-
-
-PERSIAN.
-
-In this case is a collection of Persian coins, very choice, and of no
-mean workmanship, and, of course, portraying the faith and rites of the
-fire-worshippers. One era is distinctly Greek in style, and marks the
-period of Greek supremacy. The oldest gold coin known to the collector is
-the gold Daric of King Darius, with the head of the king in bold relief;
-and all Persian coins are so called in remembrance of this monarch. Their
-money was very fine, so the word _Daric_ has become incorporated into
-numismatic terminology to designate any pure gold coin. Nos. 58 to 67,
-inclusive, of this series, are silver coins of the Sassanian kings.
-
-
-EGYPT
-
-is also represented in this case, as is proper, for that nation had no
-coinage until it was taught the art when conquered by Alexander. Here
-are some very attractive data of Egyptian history, and from these coins
-are obtained the only portraits of Arsinoe, Cleopatra, and others.
-
-
-THE SYRIAN COINS
-
-are embraced in the division called “Greek monarchies,” and in them are
-found many coins not only important in history, but of the very finest
-Greek art, from the third to the first century B.C. In this period the
-Syriac and Hebrew coins become intermingled, a fact abundantly sustained
-by the Jewish shekel of Simon Maccabees. The legend of this interesting
-relic is in the language of Samaria; on one side the budding rod of
-Aaron, legend, “Jerusalem the Holy;” on the other, a cup of incense or
-pot of manna, and the inscription, “Shekel of Israel.” This shekel is
-well preserved, and is one of the most prized coins known. (See Plate and
-Case XV., marked “_Selections_.”) In this collection are some coins from
-Bactria, considered priceless by savans. These are trophies of recent
-British explorations, and are judged to be of sufficient importance
-to call forth from an English professor an extended treatise on the
-“Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan.” They are exceedingly rude in
-workmanship, and nearly all of baser metal, the most important being a
-small, square, brass coin, in the case marked “_Selections_.”
-
-
-ROMAN COINS.
-
-The collection of Roman coins in this Cabinet numbers nearly one
-thousand, and an acquaintance with it is invaluable for object teaching,
-as in it is the condensed history, not only of the glory of Rome,
-“Mistress of the World,” but of her customs, faith, conquests, wealth,
-culture, divisions, and _downfall_. Through this entire section of
-time—one-third of the known history of the world—Roman art, though high,
-never reached the exalted purity of Greek lines. In their finest coins
-we see no Phidias, no Myron, no Praxiteles, but they deteriorate and
-fluctuate visibly when in or out of contact with the influence of the
-Grecian mind.
-
-
-GREEK REPUBLIC
-
-will be first in interest, both historic and artistic. It is conceded
-that to the Greeks the world owes the introduction of the art of coinage,
-and though centuries numbered by tens have passed, some of the old Greek
-coins equal many modern productions in purity of lines, and surpass
-nearly all in poetic sentiment. On the first coins no earthly potentate
-was allowed to be pictured, no deed of heroism portrayed. The glory of
-the gods was considered the only appropriate theme for impressions on the
-surface of bronze, silver, and gold. The coins of the republic embrace a
-large variety, as nearly a thousand towns were allowed the privilege of
-coinage. Upon this varied issue are preserved nearly all the legends of
-Greek mythology. Upon the coins are the heads of Jupiter, Juno, Minerva,
-Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana, with many sacred animals, and the work is
-to-day the standard of artistic perfection. Of course, the collection of
-this ancient period cannot be extensive. In this case there are, however,
-more than one hundred and fifty specimens, and these present a study so
-attractive and so intense that it is almost impossible to imagine what
-classic poetry would be without it.
-
-Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are silver coins of Ægina, which have on the obverse,
-for a device, the tortoise, emblematic of the security of the island amid
-the waves, and the protection of the gods of the sea. On the reverse are
-the marks of the punches only, probably denoting the value of the coins.
-These are claimed to belong to an era seven hundred years before Christ.
-No. 28 is a silver coin of Athens, with a head of Minerva splendidly
-drawn upon the obverse, while the reverse presents a large owl, the bird
-sacred to the goddess of Wisdom. The devices upon this coin indicate its
-age to be from twenty-one to twenty-three centuries. The Greek proverb of
-“taking owls to Athens” referred to this coin, which was necessarily of
-great importance to the tradespeople of that city.
-
-
-FAMILY COINS.
-
-These comprise about one hundred and seventy-five, of which one hundred
-and twenty-six are in the collection. They were struck to record the
-heroic deeds which first introduced any notable ancestor to fame,
-and hence are to-day family charts of respectability for many of the
-patricians of Rome, albeit some of them have plebeian roots. Be that as
-it may, they are as much the trusted patents of aristocracy as is the
-“Book of the Peerage” of England. Here are found the same distinctions
-between patrician and plebeian which mark all countries, the patricians
-being always designated by a symbol of warfare, while the plebeians
-were indicated by the tools and instruments of common trade. The more
-noticeable of the coins are as follows: No. 16, Acilia; the reverse a
-female leaning against a pillar, with a serpent clutched in her right
-hand, indicating the wisdom or courage of some ancestor. No. 20, Æmilia;
-on the obverse of this curious coin is a figure kneeling by the side
-of a camel, presenting an olive branch, from which depends a fillet or
-ancient diadem; on the reverse, a figure guiding a triumphal chariot, a
-scorpion in the field. Josephus tells us of an invasion of Arabia, and
-that Aretus, the king of the country, purchased peace of the Romans for
-five hundred talents. The diadem hanging from the olive branch chronicles
-the entire humiliation of Aretus, and the scorpion doubtless indicates
-the month of the Roman triumph. No. 30, Aquillia, a small silver coin;
-the reverse shows a woman kneeling before a soldier. The motto below
-the figures (or in the _exergue_ of the coin, as is the art term) is
-“_Sicil_.” This commemorates the suppression of a revolt of slaves in
-Sicily, which was achieved by Manlius Aquillia. No. 41, Calpurnia, the
-family of Cæsar’s noble wife; reverse, a horseman riding at full speed, a
-head of wheat above him; legend, L. Piso-Trugi. The coin recalls the fact
-that in the year 507 B.C. there was a famine in Rome, and Calpurnius Piso
-was dispatched to Africa to buy corn. This seemingly small service is
-magnified upon a large number of coins. Nos. 95 and 96, Hostilia, a coin
-with a sacrifice to _Pallor_ and _Pavor_ (fear and trembling), offered
-by Tullus Hostilius in some great emergency. No. 97, Julia; obverse, a
-helmeted head; legend, Cæsar; reverse, a warrior in a chariot drawn by
-two horses.
-
-No. 98, Junia; obverse, head of Liberty; reverse, Junius Brutus guarded
-by lictors, and preceded by a herald, showing that an ancestor of
-Junius Brutus was the first consul of Rome. Nos. 181, 182, Tituria.
-The reverse shows two soldiers throwing their shields upon a prostrate
-female, illustrating the famous story of the “Tarpeian Rock.” Reverse
-represents the Romans carrying off Sabine women—a witness in coin of the
-fact that the family of Tituria trace their ancestry from the Sabines.
-To do justice to this case is impossible, for here are coins relating to
-the ancestors of Antonia, Aurelia, Cornelia, Fulvia, Horatio, Lucretia,
-Lucilla, Sempronia, Titia Valeria, and many others familiar to the
-readers of history.
-
-This era of coins terminated about the time of the birth of Christ, when
-the
-
-
-IMPERIAL COINS
-
-were introduced. In noticing these, little save the labels on the case
-can be given.
-
-
-_Division II._
-
-Julius Cæsar to Trajan, inclusive. Beginning 49 B.C., and ending 117 A.D.
-A simple catalogue of the illustrious names on these coins would convey
-an idea of their importance. All the victories of Cæsar are marked by
-coinage; but out of the two hundred belonging to this case reference need
-only be made to No. 24, a beautiful gold coin, with the undraped head
-of Augustus, exquisitely severe, the interest attaching chiefly to the
-legend, “The Son of God,” referring to the deification of Cæsar.
-
-
-_Division III._
-
-embraces from Hadrian to Elagabalus, 117-222. In the reign of Hadrian
-much coin was issued, though it did not bear marks of the disasters and
-revolts that signalized the foregoing. That he was a merciful ruler is
-indicated by the coins, especially one—Hispania; the reverse showing the
-emperor raising Spain—a female figure—from the ground. His travels are
-also illustrated in coin.
-
-
-_Division IV._
-
-From Severus Alexander to Claudius Gothicus, 222-270. These coins
-indicate the vicious effect of the rulers immediately preceding.
-
-
-_Division V._
-
-From Aurelian to the end of the Western Empire; includes 270-475. A
-brilliant succession; Aurelian’s busy reign, ending in assassination; the
-war-like Probus, the slave-emperor; Diocletian’s despotism and vindictive
-persecution of Christians; the usurpation of Carausius; the happy reign
-of Constantine the Great, Julian, Theodosius, down to Julius Nepos. These
-are a few of the historic names and events presented in this division.
-
-
-_Division VI._
-
-covers the period of the Byzantine or Eastern Empire, and a lapse of
-eight centuries; but the coinage is not comparable with that of other
-eras, nor were events of so stirring and heroic a character. A general
-decay, painful to contemplate, marked this long lapse of time, which
-began near the acceptance of Christianity, and extended through the dark
-ages.
-
-
-“THE TEMPLE SWEEPERS.”
-
-A small case attracts no little attention, because it contains a single
-coin; and the interest does not decrease when the inscription is read:
-“Struck in the Philadelphia Mint, at least two thousand years ago.” The
-late Assayer of the Philadelphia Mint, Mr. W. E. Du Bois, under title of
-“The Temple Sweepers,” wrote, not long since, a valuable sketch of this
-coin, made in the City of Attalus Philadelphus, Asia Minor, and for which
-William Penn called his city, because the ancient one was a monument of
-“brotherly love.” Diana was the patroness of Philadelphia.
-
-“On one side, then, we have a head; not a king’s nor an emperor’s; as
-yet the free city had a pride and a privilege above that. It is a female
-head, an ideal, representing the city itself; or rather the dwellers
-in it, the _Demos_. Here in this head and title, we have the radix of
-Democracy.
-
-“This is all we can gather from the obverse. On the other side we have a
-larger variety: a running female figure; a dog also on the trot; a legend
-of some length and of more significance.
-
-“The half-clad figure is that of the goddess known to the Greeks as
-Artemis, to the Latins as Diana; and otherwise called Selene, Phœbe,
-Delia, or Cynthia.
-
-“She was the favorite divinity of the cities of Asia Minor. Once the
-patroness of chastity and purity. Goddess of the chase.”
-
-The legend on the obverse of this coin explains its name: “Friends of
-Philadelphia’s [her] Temple Sweepers.”
-
-
-ORIENTAL.
-
-Oriental coins are not as attractive as other varieties, though there
-are special coins among them which have no rival in historic importance.
-Antique coins from the East were usually without device, and, their
-legends being rudely inscribed in a dead language, proved frequently to
-be sealed fountains to the thirsting antiquarian. Therefore in cases
-marked “Oriental” the visitor is undetermined where to begin to study,
-and often decides to give it but little time.
-
-Those having for device the sacred peacock are from Burmah; there
-is, however, in the division marked “Selections” a very curious coin
-belonging to that country, which certainly formed a part of its earliest
-currency. It is a common gravel-stone, encased in a circling band of
-brass.
-
-
-COINS OF SIAM.
-
-The coins of Siam are much sought for. Some of them, known to European
-travelers as “bullet money,” are lumps of gold or silver, hammered by
-rude implements into a doubtful roundness, and a few Siamese characters
-stamped irregularly upon them. The sacred elephant is found on a large
-proportion of their money. A Siamese coin in the Cabinet, of modern date,
-is quite handsome in both workmanship and design. On the obverse is the
-sacred elephant in ponderous proportion, which delights the eyes of the
-devout, and the reverse presents a group of three pagodas, finely drawn.
-In the case marked “Selections” is a Siamese coin of gold, comparatively
-modern, called “Tecal,” corresponding in some respects to the “Shekel,”
-or “Oxen,” of biblical fame.
-
-
-CHINESE COINS.
-
-On the south side of the first section is a case of seven hundred
-coins of the Celestial Empire. With but few exceptions these coins are
-bronzed. Dynasty succeeds dynasty; usurpation, insurrection, are all writ
-in bronze. The Chinese assert an uninterrupted coinage for forty-one
-centuries. The manuscript attesting this is in the case, and was prepared
-under authority. Large numbers of their coins were considered charms,
-sufficient to protect the owner against fever, or even the more dreaded
-horrors of spiritual menace. In this connection it may be said that the
-Chinese had an exalted reverence for the coin-charm, and a small coin
-was often placed in the mouth of the dead (now, if a Chinaman dies in
-California, a small silver United States coin is placed on his tongue).
-These coins were covered with cabalistic characters, symbolic animals,
-birds, etc. Two worthy of notice in this regard, and said to be of the
-oldest issue, are Nos. 1 and 2. The first might be mistaken for an iron
-safe-key; the second is known as the “razor coin,” its form and almost
-its size being that of a razor.
-
-In another case, appropriately labeled, is the Chinese porcelain money.
-They are the only people who have made porcelain a “legal tender,” though
-it would appear that almost every part of the three kingdoms of nature
-has been laid under contribution. The specimen here may be mistaken for
-the popular Chinese sleeve-button, bought in any bazaar for a few cents.
-The Chinese, as did also the Africans, utilized the small sea-shells for
-trade. In the same case are some of the variety legalized. Ten small
-shells made one “cash.” This is a small, round, copper-bronzed coin,
-with a square hole in the centre. The Chinese dames of high degree wore
-such strung around their throats. One thousand of them are equal to our
-dollar. The Japanese, however, _outcount_ their neighbors, as they have a
-bronze coin called the “One-hundredth,” of which just seven thousand make
-one Spanish dollar.
-
-Shell money of pure gold, “or gold beaten into small solid shells, was
-made by those natives who supplied the Portuguese slave-traders with
-slaves,” and was called by the traders “Spondylus Macutus,” from which,
-some contend, came the _slang_ term “spondulics.” Forty of those small
-coins, each worth about a dollar of Spanish money, was a high price for a
-slave.
-
-There is also in the Cabinet a valuable collection of African ring money.
-These ornaments are very massive and pure, comprised of elaborately
-carved “signet-rings, armlets, anklets,” etc. One article, more novel
-and valuable than the others, is a pipe of fine gold, bowl and handle of
-curious bas-relief figures, and a heavy, square-linked chain attaching a
-large medallion, on which is the head of a monarch poorly drawn.
-
-The Chinese government, like all despotisms, is very jealous of its
-coining prerogatives; yet it does not fail to appreciate an advantage
-when offered, as is evident to us by the following:
-
-    Proclamation for general information:
-
-    “WHEREAS, The foreign silver (coin) in daily use among
-    the people of the Kwang Tung Provinces has long been in
-    circulation, and is moreover admitted to be advantageous and
-    convenient. In the 5th and 11th years of Tung Chih (1866 and
-    1872) the Hong Kong Mint coined a new Dollar which, upon
-    comparison with pure silver, bore a proportion of fully ninety
-    per cent., and as the Records will prove. Proclamations were
-    issued notifying the people that it might come into general
-    circulation. There has lately come to Hong Kong a newly coined
-    American Eagle Dollar, called the “Trade Dollar,” and Sir
-    Brooke Robinson, the British Consul, having requested that
-    officers might be appointed to assay it, the Viceroy and
-    Haikwan thereupon appointed officers to melt it down and assay
-    it, in concert with (an officer from the British Consulate),
-    when, taking the Haikwan Tael of pure silver as the standard,
-    an outturn was obtained of fully 89.61—or Taels 111.6 of this
-    new Eagle Dollar are equal to 100 Haikwan Taels of pure silver.
-    Minutes of the assay were drawn up in proof thereof.
-
-    “For the convenience of Traders and people, therefore, this
-    coin should be allowed to be tendered in payment of duties at
-    the rate of touch obtained at the assay, and to come into daily
-    circulation. It becomes the duty then of the Viceroy and his
-    colleagues to issue a Proclamation on the subject for general
-    information.
-
-    “This Proclamation, therefore, is for the information of you
-    merchants, traders, soldiers, and people of every district.
-    You must know that the ‘Eagle Trade Dollar’ that has lately
-    come to Hong Kong has been jointly assayed by officers
-    specially appointed for the purpose, and it can be taken in
-    payment of duties, and come into general circulation. _You must
-    not look upon it with suspicion._ At the same time rogues,
-    sharpers, and the like, are hereby strictly forbidden to
-    fabricate spurious imitations of this new Eagle Dollar, with a
-    view to their own profit.
-
-    “And should they dare to set this prohibition at defiance,
-    and fabricate false coin, they shall, upon discovery, most
-    assuredly be arrested and punished. Let every one obey with
-    trembling! Let there be no disobedience!
-
-    “A Special Proclamation. Tung Chih 12th year, 9th moon—day
-    (October, 1873.)
-
-    “Translated by
-
-                                       “(Signed) WALTER C. HILLIER.”
-
-
-JAPAN.
-
-Perhaps the peculiar adaptability of the Japanese character cannot be
-better illustrated than by their late monetary revolution, especially as
-their coinage is hedged around with laws, with penal attachments of no
-doubtful character. In the small morocco case marked “Japan” are a few
-specimens of their original coin. Of this series the large gold plate,
-four inches by three and a half, is known as the “Gold Oban,” their
-most valuable coin, worth about seventy-five dollars. This coin is of
-perfectly smooth surface, with an elaborate black inscription of Japanese
-text, burnt in by a chemical process. To take the “Gold Oban” out of the
-kingdom is _punishable with death_; to remove it by mistake, subjects the
-offender to imprisonment for life. The other coins in this case are, in
-their composition and shape, as distinctive as the Japanese are peculiar
-as a people. The progressive character of the Japanese is exemplified by
-their recent acceptance of the United States system of coinage.
-
-The mind of the Japanese proletaire has been much troubled in recent
-years with regard to the coinage of his country; not that he ever has
-much of the currency in question, but the Japanese proletaire has no
-pockets, and he finds it awkward to carry in his hands such coins as he
-contrives to possess. In ancient times his rulers were more considerate.
-They punched square holes in the centre of the coins, through which he
-passed a string, and was thus able to carry about his available capital
-tied around his neck or to his waistband, which in those days was his
-sole garment. The coins were not large in amount; it took a thousand of
-them to make a few shillings, while a cart was required to convey five
-dollars worth. But with civilization came an improved coinage, larger
-in value, and with no holes, and the pocketless proletaire naturally
-grumbled that civilization treated him hardly in this respect. Paper
-currency for small amounts partially satisfied him for a time; but at
-last his cries have been heard, and the Japanese Government has promised
-to issue a new coin specially for his behoof. Its value is rather less
-than one cent, and is to possess the indispensable hole, by which he can
-string it as a child strings beads, and he is probably content.
-
-
-TURKEY.
-
-Turkish coins often bear texts from the Koran on either side, so it may
-be said the tenets of their religion are their circulating medium. The
-piastres in this collection are generally those now in circulation.
-
-
-EGYPT.
-
-Egypt’s antique coins were of Greek or Roman workmanship, of which the
-very finest is in the case marked “Selections,” and has not its superior
-for interest or beauty in the world. It was the work of some Greek
-artist, and presents the head of Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy. It was found
-in 1868, and bought by the United States Government at a high price; but
-as only three had been found, its market value may be named by thousands,
-though its metal value is not more than twenty dollars.
-
-This notice of Oriental coins may conclude with suggestive reference to
-the “Cufic coins,” of which there are some valuable specimens. The first
-is the silver dirhem of Walid, the eccentric caliph of Damascus, A.D.
-713. There is also in case XV. a coin of the reign of Haroun Alraschid.
-
-
-FRENCH COINAGE.
-
-The French have the credit of making the greatest improvements in modern
-coinage. The French coins are a history of that nation, from the small
-coin issued in the reign of Louis “the Meek” to the last currency of the
-republic of France, spanning a period of one thousand years.
-
-In design and execution the French coins bear the impress of the national
-character, and also give assurance of the art patronage in which her
-rulers, failing in much, have never wavered, but brought all their power
-and cunning to bear on securing the best artists, as in the instance
-of Francis I. beguiling from the holy father that exquisite artist
-Benvenuto Cellini, or the later _enterprise_ of Napoleon Bonaparte. No.
-83,—a medalet of the unhappy Mario Antoinette,—which is in itself very
-beautiful, and from its tragic association attracts general interest.
-
-
-GERMANY.
-
-The collection of Germany is very large and divided and sub-divided by
-its kingdoms and principalities.
-
-One of the most interesting coins of any age, and excelling in beauty as
-well, is the gold medallic ducat on which are the heads of Martin Luther
-and Philip Melanchthon. This coin is very generally admired by visitors
-to the Cabinet.
-
-
-COINS OF SWITZERLAND.
-
-Switzerland is modestly represented in all her cantons, each, like the
-classic Greek town, enjoying the coining privilege. There are several
-pieces of commemorative and artistic worth, especially the two issues of
-the republic of 1796.
-
-
-RUSSIAN COINS.
-
-The double rouble, with a magnificent draped head of Peter the Great, is
-unexcelled for strength of outline, and valuable as a correct portrait of
-one of the very greatest and most self-reliant of modern rulers. Turning
-to another rouble, the features of Elizabeth II. are recognized. It may
-be assumed, with all due deference to royalty, that this portrayal is the
-most laughter-provoking figure ever stamped on metal. She is so fat as to
-have the effect of “spreading herself” all over the coin. Another rouble
-presents the majestic Catherine II.
-
-Of the coins marked Denmark, Norway, Sweden, there can be only the
-copper half-daler of Sweden mentioned. This coin is four inches square,
-weighs about twelve ounces, and is equivalent to a United States silver
-half-dollar. The daler of Sweden, thaler of Germany, dollar of Spain and
-America, are all synonymous terms.
-
-
-ENGLAND.
-
-The first coins of Great Britain were of tin, according to Cæsar’s
-authority, who mentions the “tin money of Britain,” which has lately been
-sustained by the discovery, in some work of excavation, of coins of that
-metal in antique design. These coins are, however, of little use, by
-reason of the obscure inscription, or rather the frequent absence of all
-device.
-
-The English collection in the Cabinet begins with a coin made after the
-stater of Greece, presenting the head of Minerva, with Greek helmet
-on obverse, while the reverse gives the figure of a woman most crudely
-drawn. It is supposed this rude attempt at art was coined about the time
-of the Roman invasion. Note the contrast presented in placing this relic
-by the side of the Victorian sovereign, where, on the obverse, is the
-queen’s head superbly cut; on the reverse, Wyon’s inimitable figure of
-Una and the Lion. These two coins are the Alpha and the Omega of British
-coinage, while the thousands issued between them are progressive links to
-civilization.
-
-Two small coins are placed here, thought to be contemporary with the
-Christian era, having no device, but an attempt to portray the sun on
-one side. No. 2 is the skeattae of Ethelbert I, king of Saxony, and is
-the first Saxon coin which has yet been appropriated. It bears upon the
-obverse the head of the king; on the reverse is the figure of a bird.
-
-Next in interest is No. 6, the penny of William the Conqueror. The
-bust of that famous monarch is attempted; 1068 is about the year it
-is supposed to have been made. During the three centuries following,
-the condition of England, whether she was at peace or war, is plainly
-indicated by her coinage. Every added province is memorialized in coin.
-The rose, thistle, and fleur-de-lis, all tell in strange language for
-flowers of bloody battles, long sieges, perils by the sea and land; at
-last all resistance bowing before the ever-increasing power of Great
-Britain.
-
-The first coin of English issue was dated in 1553, being either the close
-of Edward VI.’s or the beginning of Queen Mary’s reign. This is claimed
-by many to be the first coin dated, though old medals of the preceding
-century have been found with date.
-
-In 1558, the ryal or royal of Queen Elizabeth was issued. On the obverse
-the queen is grandly enthroned, while the reverse is a large rose, in the
-centre of which are the Danish arms of Britain, and the arms of Anjou
-quartered. This coin and the pound sterling of Charles I. are in Case
-XV., “Selections.”
-
-This pound sterling is one of the famous “siege pieces” of that unhappy
-king,—which were often made on the field with hammer and anvil out of
-the family plate brought to the closely-pressed Stuart by his faithful
-followers. It is to be regretted that so much valuable family plate of no
-mean workmanship was thus sacrificed. This “siege piece” is the largest
-silver coin known. The legend upon it, rudely inscribed, is, “Let God
-arise; let his enemies be scattered;” above are three fleurs-de-lis, with
-date, “1642.”
-
-In 1684-88, during the short reign of James II., several varieties of
-new coins were introduced, notably, “Maundy Money,” a small coin made to
-be distributed by the king on “Maundy Thursday.” Beggars, on that day,
-received from his majesty bags containing as many maundy pieces as the
-king had lived years.
-
-King James II. also had issued “gun money.” This variety was made out
-of old cannon, after the suppression of an Irish rebellion. Though not
-even giving a glance towards the interesting series of Queen Anne, it
-is impossible to pass unnoticed the beautiful bust of George IV., by
-Chantrey, upon a pattern five-sovereign piece. This well-executed bust of
-“the handsomest man in Europe,” was said to be the means of Sir Francis
-Chantrey being knighted. That vain monarch was as careful about how his
-face would appear to future generations as was Alexander of Macedon; and
-Chantrey well knew if he placed upon the shoulders of sixty years the
-head of forty years, he had given the cabalistic words which would be the
-“open sesame” to royal favor.
-
-The gold sovereign of Victoria, Nos. 183-184, has, on the reverse, an
-evidence of coins as a deposit of law archives. The shield surrounded by
-a crown, and bearing the arms of Great Britain quartered; but the arms of
-Hanover _are omitted_. Although Victoria was next heir to William IV.,
-she was prevented by the Salic law from assuming the sceptre of Hanover.
-On this coin, it may be remembered, are very beautifully presented the
-rose, the thistle, and the shamrock.
-
-A recent addition has been made to the Mint Cabinet of a very fine
-sovereign of the times of Oliver Cromwell, purchased at the coin sale of
-May 14 and 15, 1885.
-
-Scotch moneys of any variety, are very much prized by collectors (see, in
-Case XV., “Selections,” “Groat of Robert Bruce, 1602.”) A very rare coin
-is the penny of Robert II. of Scotland, said to be the only specimen in
-existence of that monarch’s reign. In the seventeenth century the coinage
-of Scotland merged into that of England.
-
-
-ENGLISH SILVER TOKENS,
-
-issued in England, Scotland, and Ireland. During the long suspension of
-specie payments, occasioned by the wars with Napoleon, the minor currency
-of England was supplied, not with small paper notes, but with silver
-tokens, issued by banks and traders, and made redeemable in bank notes.
-They were of reduced weight, to keep within the premium, and to prevent
-hoarding. They continued to circulate until the return of better times
-and of regular silver coinage. There were many varieties, most of which
-are here.
-
-
-PORTUGAL AND SPAIN.
-
-The coinage of Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth century, held greater
-sway than that of other countries. Of their coins, there are many fine
-specimens in the Mint Cabinet. The “joe and half-joe[12]” of Portugal are
-known of all nations, while the Spanish dollar, with its pretentious two
-globes under a crown, did not claim too much, and only tells the almost
-limitless rule of the great Philip. The coins of these nations became,
-through their possessions in the New World, the circulating medium of
-that portion of the earth. Spanish and Mexican dollars were almost
-synonymous, while the real and joe of South America was patterned after
-that of Portugal, which fact can be learned in this Cabinet. As nations
-decay it will be seen their coins become inevitably less trustworthy;
-even a glance at the cases marked “Portugal,” “Spain,” will give this
-lesson. In the Mexican collection there are issues which seem to
-contradict this assertion, for the “Mexican dollar” has, for generations,
-had a position in the monetary world of almost unchallenged credit, yet
-not by reason of the recognition given Mexico, but because of the _United
-States using it so extensively_; for, until the introduction of the
-“trade dollar,” this country had _no currency_ that would meet the demand
-of the Oriental market.
-
-
-MEXICO.
-
-The Mexicans use only gold and silver, and their national series is full
-of tragic interest, embracing, as it does, three and a half centuries
-of Mexican history, from Cortez to Maximilian. The “pillar dollar,”
-“windmill dollar,” “cast dollar” (the Mexicans are the only nation that
-cast money), and the “cob money” (a series so called by reason of its
-clumsiness), are all to be seen in this collection.
-
-
-COINS OF BRAZIL.
-
-One coin, a gold “half-joe,” issued in 1832, with the infant head of Dom
-Pedro, is very beautiful. By the side of this, in every way a contrast
-to it, is a series of copper coins of a late issue with the head of the
-“child” now seated on the throne. The coins of Bolivia proudly present
-the bust of Simon Bolivar. Among the West Indies are many samples of “cut
-money.” The law permitting money to be quartered had to be repealed,
-because the traders of the West Indies made the wonderful mathematical
-discovery that _five quarters_ make a whole!
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Leaving both the eastern and the western world and their coins, there is
-a single piece, of small commercial value, which is yet a light-house in
-mid-ocean. This is the one cent of the Sandwich Islands, the only venture
-of that kind made by the enterprising little kingdom. The inscription
-is “Kamehameha III., one hundredth, Hawaii.” The name of the king being
-interpreted signifies “the solitary one,” which is singularly well
-adapted to the coin.
-
-
-COLONIAL COINS.
-
-In 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was revoked, and
-the governor recalled; one of the alleged grievances by the crown was
-a colonial law concerning the Mint. The currency used by the colonies
-was chiefly from England, Spain, and Portugal, but the supply was
-limited from these sources, and the mother-country was jealous of any
-infringement of her prerogative of coinage. There are various specimens
-of the “pine-tree” money of Massachusetts in the Cabinet. Some doubt has
-arisen as to the species of tree intended, but it is generally accepted
-as the emblematic pine. This is claimed to be about the second colonial
-issue, a kind of semi-official coin. The first was from the Bermudas.[13]
-It is a shilling piece, stamped by one John Hall, silversmith, of the
-city of Boston, 1652, who made a very good speculation of the privilege.
-There has lately been added to the Cabinet a sixpence of this rare money.
-The work on this species of coins is so exceedingly simple as to present
-little save a planchet. On the obverse, a double ring around a pine-tree;
-legend, “Massachusetts in;” and on the reverse, a double ring also,
-containing the legend, “New England An Dom.[14]”
-
-Charles II., it appears, was easily deceived in regard to the
-significance of the “pine-tree shilling.” Sir Thomas Temple, a friend
-of the colonies, adroitly presented one of these obnoxious coins to the
-irate monarch, explaining that the tree was the “royal oak” which had
-saved his majesty’s life. Whereupon the king, laughing, denominated his
-trans-Atlantic subjects “honest dogs,” and allowed the coinage to proceed.
-
-During the reign of George I. a new species of coin was issued from the
-English Mint, denomination half penny, and it is asserted upon good
-authority that this was the only issue ever authorized by the home
-government for general circulation in the colonies. It was a coin of
-mixed metal, resembling brass. The head of the king was on the obverse;
-inscription, “Georgius Rex.” The reverse, a large double rose under a
-crown; legend, “Rosa Americana.” Upon a scroll, “Utile Dulci.[15]”
-
-“Peltry,” we learn, was one of the principal articles of currency, and
-was known as “pelt,” or Massachusetts currency, and was extensively used
-in trading between Indians and whites, sometimes called “Beaver Money,”
-“Corne, Wheate, Barley, and Rye;” and a still more quaint currency was
-established, as will be found in an old Massachusetts court order, as
-follows: “_It is likewise ordered that muskett balletts of a full boare
-shall passe current for a farthing a peece, provided that noe man be
-compelled to take above 12d. att a tyme of them._”
-
-In Maryland, not only cattle, tobacco, and other produce was accepted
-as currency, but powder and shot were also included. Lord Baltimore, in
-1660, sent over to Maryland the “Baltimore” shilling. In the colonial
-case there is a series of these exceedingly rare coins. They were a
-shilling, sixpence, groats, and are all of the same design, differing
-only in denomination. They were coined in London, and compare favorably
-with any minting of that age. The bust of Lord Baltimore on the obverse
-is very well cut; his name “Cecil,” is the legend. On the reverse, the
-coat of arms of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, is given; this device has been
-re-adopted by the State of Maryland. The substitution of any legal tender
-seems to be fraught with danger, and at best is jealously scanned by
-the people; and there was trouble to put this coin into circulation.
-The people, though demanding coin, did not yield their old currency of
-“_wheat, corn, tobacco, powder, and shot_,” without a demonstration.
-The Carolinas, Virginia, and New Hampshire all followed Maryland in the
-introduction of a colonial coinage.
-
-In the interval of the Revolution, known as the Confederacy, the growth
-of the spirit of independence in the people is plainly written on their
-coins, especially upon their tokens or individual coins. We notice
-one inscription attributed to Franklin, “_Mind your business_;” and
-others, such as “_Good copper_,” “_Cut your way through_,” and like
-characteristic expressions. The “New York Doubloon” was coined in 1787,
-value sixteen dollars. This coin is highly esteemed by reason of its
-rarity, and its market value to-day is about five hundred dollars, as
-only three or four are known to be in existence.
-
-The Washington cent of 1791 (so-called) was not a coin of the United
-States, but was struck at a private mint in Birmingham, England,
-(Boulton’s), partly, no doubt, to bespeak the “job,” and partly to
-_please Americans_ generally.
-
-It has been said that Washington objected to putting his head on the
-coins, and it may be true; but it was also objected that no man’s head
-should appear on the coin of a republic, which, whether good doctrine or
-not, is still the prevailing idea. The “cent of 1791” is of two types,
-one very rare and costly, with a small eagle. The other, with a large
-eagle, is more common, and perhaps sells for about five dollars at a
-public coin sale.
-
-
-UNITED STATES COINS.
-
-The first copper coins made by the United States Mint were one cent and
-one-half cent issues, of which there were four designs: 1st, the “chain
-cent;” 2d, the “wreath cent;” 3d, the “flowing hair;” and 4th, the
-“liberty cap,” which was used for a number of years. The “chain” device
-was not acceptable to the sensitive American mind, and of consequence the
-accidental breaking of the die was not a subject of regret, but “quite
-the contrary.” The pattern sections of United States coins are very
-beautiful and varied, especially those in gold.
-
-
-THE TRADE DOLLAR.
-
-This coin bears on the obverse a female figure seated on bales of
-merchandise, holding in her left hand a scroll on which is the word
-“liberty.” At her back is a sheaf of wheat; this and the bales of goods
-indicate the commercial character of the coin. Her right hand, extended,
-offers the olive branch. On a scroll beneath the figure are the words “In
-God we trust,” and the date below, “1873.” The reverse has a circling
-inscription, “United States of America, Trade Dollar.” In the centre is
-an eagle, in his claws three arrows and a sprig of olive. On a label
-above are the words “E Pluribus Unum.” Below, “420 grains fine,” very
-beautiful in design.
-
-
-HISTORY OF THE TRADE DOLLAR.
-
-The coinage of the Trade Dollar was authorized by act of February 12,
-1873, and was not intended for circulation in the United States, but for
-export to China.
-
-It was designed to compete with the Spanish and Mexican dollar. That
-empire, having no mint for the coinage of gold or silver, depended upon
-foreign coin for its domestic circulation, and until the institution of
-the Trade Dollar the principal shipments of coin to China were in the
-form of Mexican dollars.
-
-The Trade Dollar was made a trifle more valuable than the American and
-Mexican dollar, thus not only affording a market for the surplus silver
-of the mines of the Pacific Coast, but furnishing merchants and importers
-from China with silver in a convenient form for payment for commodities,
-instead of their being obliged to purchase Mexican dollars for that
-purpose.
-
-When its coinage was authorized it was inadvertently made a legal tender
-to amount of five dollars, but this was repealed by section 2, Act of
-July 22, 1876.
-
-
-BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STANDARD SILVER DOLLAR.
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains,
-standard silver; fineness, 892.4; equivalent to 371¼ grains of fine
-silver, with 44¾ grains alloy of pure copper.
-
-Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains, and fineness
-changed to 900, preserving the same amount of pure silver = 371¼ grains,
-with ⅒ alloy.
-
-Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.
-
-Total amount coined, from 1792 to 1873, $8,045,838.
-
-Coinage revived, two million dollars per month required to be coined,
-and issue made legal tender for all debts, public and private, Act of
-February 28, 1878.
-
-Total amount coined, February 28, 1878, to November 1, 1884, $184,730,829.
-
-
-PACIFIC COAST.
-
-The semi-official coins of the Pacific coast present quite a glittering
-array of monetary enterprise, and signify the great wealth and daring
-spirit of that part of the world. The fifty-dollar octagon gold piece,
-issued in 1851, is a very beautiful coin. “Gold slugs” are novelties;
-are oblong gold pieces, and are valued at sixteen dollars. The Utah
-coins also attract attention. They are of gold, fine. The device is an
-“all-seeing eye” and two clasped hands; reverse, “a bee-hive,” with
-inscription, “Holiness to the Lord.” Some have for legend, “G. S. L. C.
-P. G.,” which the initiated receive as “Great Salt Lake City, Pure Gold.”
-
-The series of the United States coins is complete, and can be readily
-examined. The changes have been very gradual. The motto, “In God we
-trust,” was introduced in 1866.
-
-There is one specimen which illustrates how a coin may become famous
-without the least premonition, and also is a witness of the positive
-law which protects and governs coinage. A law passed Congress in 1849
-ordering twenty-dollar gold pieces to be issued. One piece was struck.
-Something intervened to delay the work, and the year closed; then, of
-course, the dies had to be destroyed, as no more could be lawfully issued
-of 1849. The coin just beside this, marked 1850, of same value, is not
-worth the collector’s consideration, while “1849” cannot to be purchased.
-It is marked “unique,” and is really the only one in gold. One specimen
-exists in brass.
-
-
-COINS OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY.
-
-It has been said and repeated as a historical fact that the Southern
-Confederacy had no metallic currency. After a lapse of eighteen years
-the following official document from the Confederate archives explains
-itself, and substantiates the fact that silver to a limited extent was
-coined at the New Orleans Mint by order of the Confederate Government, in
-the early days of the rebellion, and only suspended operations on account
-of the difficulty in obtaining bullion for coinage.
-
-                                       WAR DEPARTMENT,
-                                       ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE,
-                                       WASHINGTON, _March 27, 1879_.
-
-    DR. B. F. TAYLOR, _New Orleans, La._
-
-    DEAR SIR:—The enclosed circular will explain to you the nature
-    of the duties upon which I am now engaged; I would like to have
-    from you, from file with confederate archives, a letter stating
-    when you were appointed Chief Coiner of the Confederate States
-    Mint, instructions received copies of the originals of any
-    official papers, sketches, descriptions, etc., of all the coins
-    made, etc. This will make a valuable addition to Confederate
-    history, and I know no one but you can give it.
-
-                           Very truly yours,
-
-                                                   MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
-
-                                  NEW ORLEANS, LA., _April 7, 1879_.
-
-    TO HON. MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
-
-    DEAR SIR:—Your favor requesting a statement of the history of
-    the New Orleans Mint, in reference to the coinage under the
-    Confederate Government, is received. That institution was
-    turned over by the State of Louisiana, the last of February,
-    1861, to the Confederate States of America, the old officers
-    being retained and confirmed by the government, viz.: Wm. A.
-    Elmore, Superintendent; A. J. Guyrot, Treasurer; M. F. Bonzano,
-    M. D., Melter and Refiner; and Howard Millspaugh, Assayer.
-    In the month of April, orders were issued by Mr. Memminger,
-    Secretary of the Treasury, to the effect that designs for
-    half-dollars should be submitted to him for approval. Among
-    several sent, the one approved bore on the obverse of the coin
-    a representation of the Goddess of Liberty, surrounded by
-    thirteen stars, denoting the thirteen States from whence the
-    Confederacy sprung, and on the lower rim the figures, 1861. On
-    the reverse there is a shield with seven stars, representing
-    the seceding States; above the shield is a liberty-cap,
-    and entwined around it stalks of sugar cane and cotton,
-    “Confederate States of America.” The dies were engraved by A.
-    H. M. Peterson, Engraver and Die Sinker, who is now living in
-    Commercial Place. They were prepared for the coining press
-    by Conrad Schmidt, foreman of the coining room (who is still
-    living), from which _four pieces only_ were struck. About this
-    period an order came from the secretary suspending operations
-    on account of the difficulty of obtaining bullion, and the Mint
-    was closed April 30, 1861.
-
-    Of the four pieces mentioned, one was sent to the Government,
-    one presented to Prof. Biddle, of the University of Louisiana,
-    one sent to Dr. E. Ames of New Orleans, the remaining one being
-    retained by myself. Upon diligent inquiry I am unable to find
-    but one piece besides my own, that being in the possession of a
-    Confederate officer of this city, who transmitted it to his son
-    as a souvenir of his father’s in the Confederate cause.
-
-    So soon as copies are made I will take pleasure in sending you
-    a specimen for the archives you represent.
-
-               Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
-
-                                    B. F. TAYLOR, M. D.
-                                    _Formerly Chief Coiner C. S. A._
-
-The most notable and valuable silver coin is the dollar of 1804. It is
-said that the scarcity of this dollar was owing to the sinking of a
-China-bound vessel having on board almost the entire mintage of the 1804
-dollars in lieu of the Spanish milled dollars. It is believed that there
-are not more than seven, possibly eight, genuine 1804 dollars extant. The
-rarity of the piece and the almost fabulous prices offered for it are
-patent facts.
-
-
-SKETCH OF THE 1804 DOLLAR.[16]
-
-This coin among collectors is known as the “king of American rarities.”
-But seven or eight pieces are known to exist. The 1804 dollars are of
-two classes, to wit: first, originals, which are from but one obverse
-and one reverse die,—draped bust of Liberty facing right; the head bound
-with a fillet; hair flowing; 6 stars before and 7 behind the bust above
-LIBERTY, upper right hand star almost touching letter y; reverse heraldic
-eagle bearing on his breast a broad shield, in his beak a scroll,
-inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM; 12 arrows in right talon, a branch of olive
-in left; above, an arc of clouds from wing to wing of eagle; in field
-beneath 13 stars; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; edge lettered ONE HUNDRED
-CENTS, ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT, which are lightly struck in some parts. The
-first specimen in the Mint Cabinet weighs 415.2 grs.; second, Mr. M. A.
-Stickney procured from the Mint in 1843 in exchange for other coins;
-third, W. S. Appleton bought, at an advance of $750, in 1868, from E.
-Cogan, who purchased it from W. A. Lilliendahl, who bought it at a sale
-of collection of J. J. Mickley, 1867, for $750; fourth, L. G. Parmelee
-bought, at sale of E. H. Sandford’s collection, 1874, for $700, who
-obtained it in 1868 from an aged lady, who got it at the Mint many years
-before; fifth, W. B. Wetmore bought of Mr. Parmelee, 1868, for $600,
-from sale of H. S. Adams’ collection, 1876, at $500, from sale of M. J.
-Cohen’s collection, 1875, at $325 (in fair condition); sixth, present
-owner unknown to us, formerly in possession of collection of Mr. Robert
-C. Davis, of Philadelphia, and recently sold for $1200; seventh, S. H.
-and H. Chapman purchased October, 1884, at a sale in Berlin, and resold
-to a Mr. Scott, a dealer in coins, for $1000 at their Philadelphia sale,
-in May, 1885.
-
-_Restrikes._ There were struck at the Mint in 1858 restrikes with plain
-edges, of which three were recovered after diligent search; two of these
-were destroyed in the Mint, and the other placed in the Cabinet, where it
-remains. The difference between these and the originals are as follows:
-obverse, the original die was re-cut in the word LIBERTY, the stars and
-date, which made them larger and deeper, especially noticeable in the
-stars, which are broadened; also in the date, it making the outline sharp
-and square, whereas in the originals they are somewhat rounded; reverse,
-not having the original die, they used another, which differs in many
-respects, most easily noticeable in that the A touches the eagle’s claw,
-the OF much nearer of the end of eagle’s wing than S in States (in the
-original it is equally spaced); edge, plain; weight, 381.5 grains. One
-specimen is in the Mint and another in England,—struck between 1860 and
-1869, as in the latter year all dies remaining were destroyed, same as
-the above, but endeavors were made to letter the edges in the absence of
-a complete collar by using pieces of collars which did not contain all
-the letters, but repeated some of them several times. There was one of
-these pieces sold in the Berg collection in 1883 for $740, and showed all
-the peculiarities mentioned, and its weight was said to be inaccurate.
-The dies were destroyed in the winter of 1868-69. No counterfeit dies of
-the 1804 dollar were ever made. After the close of each year all dies are
-now destroyed.
-
-
-DOUBLE EAGLE.
-
-Among the rare coins in the Cabinet at the Mint is a Double Eagle. The
-dies for this piece were made in 1849, and only one was struck. “UNIQUE”
-and beyond price. There is also a Quarter Eagle of 1842, and the only one
-known extant at the Mint.
-
-
-
-
-SELECTIONS.
-
-
-Having referred many times to this case, it may be as well to append the
-entire list of its contents, as they, almost without exception, are rare,
-spanning the world from remotest antiquity to the present day, beginning
-with the gold Daric of Darius, and ending with the twenty-mark piece of
-Kaiser William.
-
-
-GREECE.
-
-1. Four drachma, Athens, B. C. 500; 2. Oboloi of Athens; 3. One-half
-obolos, 1⅓ of a cent; 4. Daric, Darius, of Persia, B. C. 520, value, five
-dollars and fifty cents; 5. Silver Daric; 6. Brass Ob. Berenice, B. C.
-284; 7. Ptolemy and Berenice, copy; 8. Maneh of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
-B. C. 284, value, $17.70; 9. Drachma, Cyrene, B. C. 322; 10. Coin of
-Syracuse, copy, about B. C. 300; 11. Silver coin, Bactria, B. C. 126; 12.
-Brass of Bactria, B. C. 180; 13. Cleopatra, B. C. 30; 13_a_. Denarius of
-Cleopatra and Mark Antony; 14. Alexander the Great, B. C. 36; 15. Philip,
-B. C. 323; 16. Stater of Seleucus; 17. Alexander Balas, B. C. 150; 18.
-Antiochus VI; 19. Philip, King of Syria, B. C. 93.
-
-
-ROME.
-
-20. Roman aes, B. C. 500; 21. Denarius of Augustus, B. C. 31; 22.
-Tiberius, A. D. 14; 23. Simon, Bar Cochab, false Christ, A. D. 133; 24.
-Vespasian, A. D. 49; 25. Gold bezants, A. D. 610; 26. Justinian, A. D.
-527; 26_a_. Kingdom of Cyprus and Jerusalem, Peter 1, 1361 to 1372,
-testoon, Kingdom of Jerusalem; 26_b_. Amaury II., 1194 to 1205.
-
-
-ENGLISH.
-
-27. Gold of Britain; 28. Carausius, Roman Emperor of Britain, A. D.
-287; 29. Penny of Ethelbert, King of Kent, 858 A. D.; 30. Harold the
-Dane, A. D. 1036; 31. William the Conqueror, 1066, A. D.; 32. Edward the
-Confessor, A. D. 1041; 33. Robert the Bruce, A. D. 1306; 34. Elizabeth,
-Double Ryal, A. D. 1558; 35. James I, 1603, Ryal (30 shillings) and
-sovereign; 36. Charles I, sovereign; 37. Siege pound of Charles I, 1642;
-37_a_. Gold sovereign of Oliver Cromwell; 38. Crown, and half crown and
-shilling, Oliver Cromwell, 1658; 38_a_. Farthing, Queen Anne; 39. George
-IV; 40. Coins of Australia.
-
-
-FRANCE.
-
-41. Deniers of Charlemagne, 806; 42. Medalet, Marie Antoinette; 43. Five
-francs, Napoleon I; 44. Gold, Napoleon I, 1851; 45. Five francs, Paris
-Commune.
-
-
-GERMANY.
-
-46. Bracteats; 47. German Crown, Ob. St. Stephen; 48. Ducat, Ob. Luther
-and Melanchthon, 1730; 49. Crown, Maximilian, A. D. 1615; 50. Ducat,
-Nuremburg; 51. Ducat Hamburg; 52. Monument, Bavaria; 53. King’s family,
-Bavaria; 54. Coins of Prussia; 55. Silver piece, Frederick William and
-Augusta.
-
-
-SPAIN.
-
-56. Ferdinand and Isabella; 57. Charles II., Spain; 58. Alphonso, Spain.
-
-
-ITALY.
-
-59. Silver of Venice under the Doges, twelfth century; 60. Ducat of
-Venice; 61. Copper of San Marino; 62. Silver piece of Lombardy; 63. Gold
-twenty lira piece; 64. Swiss crown, ob. St. Vincent; 65. African shell
-money; 66. African ring money.
-
-
-ORIENTAL.
-
-67. Siamese coins; 68. Chinese tael; 69. Widow’s mite; 70. Jewish shekel;
-70_a_. Herod the Great, 37 B C.; 70_b_. Herod Archelaus, 4 B. C.; 71.
-Glass coin, Egypt; 72. Gold of Alnaser, A. D. 1222; 73. Dirhem of Mahomet
-V., A. D. 854; 74. Dirhem of Walid, Caliph of Damascus, A. D. 713; 75.
-Haroun Alraschid, Koran text, 806; 76. Fire Worshippers, A. D. 300; 77.
-Gold of Japan, 1634; 78. Gravel stone of Burmah; 79. Late coin of Turkey;
-80. Mexican dollar used in China; 81. Coin of Cochin China.
-
-The most notable coin in this case, and perhaps the most celebrated coin
-in the world, is the “Widow’s Mite.” Its name bespeaks its commercial
-insignificance. Yet visitors every day, upon entering the Cabinet of the
-Mint, ask first to see the “Widow’s Mite.”
-
-The following letter from Wm. E. Du Bois, will be found of interest to
-the reader.
-
-
-THE WIDOW’S MITE.
-
-    SIR: The curators of the mint cabinet do not consent to the
-    intimation in a statement recently made that their widow’s mite
-    is not the real coin.
-
-    The expression of a doubt as to any received fact is thought
-    to be a sign of superior insight. Hence we have so much
-    “destructive criticism,” a good deal of it being fatal to the
-    critic himself.
-
-    The widow’s mite in our showcase of specialties, always
-    attracting much attention, is precisely what the Scriptures
-    speak of—a _lepton_, the smallest of Greek and Syriac coins.
-    The name comes from _leptos_, very small. The word “mite” is
-    English, and was formerly a weight representing the twentieth
-    part of a grain, but has long fallen into disuse. It was
-    employed in the translation of the New Testament to represent
-    the word _lepton_, simply because it was so very small.
-
-    It is pretty certain that there was no Jewish or Hebrew coin
-    so small as the _lepton_; that people depended very much upon
-    outside coins for their circulation. Even their money terms
-    had changed to those of the Syrian-Greek Empire and of Rome,
-    as we see from all the instances in the New Testament. What
-    few copper or bronze pieces they had, struck by local princes
-    for a limited time, and now very rare, were large enough to
-    bear a show of devices and inscriptions, for which the _lepton_
-    was too minute. The one in our cabinet has a diameter of only
-    three-tenths of an inch, and weighs but ten grains. On one side
-    nothing is discernible, on the other a mint monogram, such as
-    were common in that era, occupies the space. It is much like
-    the letter x, with a line crossing it near the top. Whether it
-    is Samaritan, or Syriac, or Greek, we cannot be sure; nor is
-    it of any consequence. It is enough to show that it is a coin,
-    and belongs to the age shortly before and after the advent of
-    Christ, and its size proves it to be a _lepton_.
-
-    It is an interesting and confirmatory fact, that this piece
-    was found among the rubbish of the Temple grounds, by Dr.
-    Barclay, long resident in Jerusalem, and author of “The City of
-    the Great King.” By him it was presented to the mint cabinet.
-    The objector may soberly doubt whether this was one of the
-    identical mites offered by the widow; for the rest of his
-    doubts they are of no value.
-
-    We are often asked how much this famous offering amounted to?
-    There is some obscurity and confusion about their coin-tables,
-    and, therefore, some variety in the estimation. We may say,
-    however, that the current value of the _lepton_, or mite, was
-    about one-fifth of a cent in our money; being eighty to the
-    drachma or denarius, which was 16 or 15 cents.
-
-    But as the purchasing or paying power of a drachma was probably
-    as great in that day and country as a dollar is in ours, we
-    may say that the value of a lepton, judged by our ideas, was
-    about one cent. As the treasurer would not take a less gift
-    than two _lepta_, it follows that the poor but very liberal
-    woman contributed fully two cents, which is more than some
-    persons—neither poor nor in widowhood—throw into the church
-    basket.
-
-    It is worth while to add that a visitor at the mint saw a
-    similar piece in Jerusalem, and tried to obtain one, but on
-    account of its rarity did not succeed.
-
-                                                            W. E. D.
-
-
-DONATIONS OF OLD COINS.
-
-_Extract from the American Journal of Numismatics, April, 1884._
-
-    Under the head of donations, we have from Quartermaster General
-    Meigs, a half-dollar and pistareen of Carolus and Johana of
-    Spain. These pieces were presented to General Meigs at Corpus
-    Christi, Texas, in 1870. The special interest attached to them,
-    is their having been found on the beach of Padre Island, off
-    the southerly coast of Texas. The supposition is that they were
-    washed up from a sunken treasure ship wrecked on the coast,
-    while carrying funds to the Army of Cortez, who entered the
-    City of Mexico in 1519. Their good condition may warrant our
-    accepting this briny romance _Cum grano salis_. Antiquarian
-    stories must expect to stand the test of the chemist, as
-    well as of the historian. This reminds me, however, of some
-    specimens of the Mint Cabinet, from the wreck of the San Pedro,
-    some account of which may not be uninteresting here.[17] “Early
-    in 1815, a naval armament was fitted out in Spain, by Ferdinand
-    VII., for the purpose of reducing the Rebellious Colonies in
-    South America. The military force of this expedition amounted
-    to ten thousand men, of whom two thousand were on board the
-    flag ship “San Pedro.” The vessel was also freighted to a large
-    amount with gunpowder, cannon balls and specie.”
-
-    The account then goes on to state that the fleet touched at the
-    Island of Marguerita near the coast of Venezuela. After leaving
-    the island, the vessel took fire, burnt four hours until the
-    magazine caught and exploded, and the wreck went down with four
-    hundred men. The right of working the wreck, was granted about
-    thirty years after, to a Baltimore Company, known as the “San
-    Pedro Company.” Divers were set to work, and the wreck found in
-    sixty feet of water on a hard bed of coral. Over this there was
-    a deposit of mud, and again over this a layer of coral, which
-    had to be pierced to arrive at the treasure.
-
-    The Spanish dollars recovered were sent to Philadelphia, and
-    (up to September, 1848) about seventy-five thousand dollars had
-    been recovered and re-coined. The dollars were much corroded
-    and encrusted, the coating having first to be removed, to
-    bring the pieces into fit condition for minting; the loss from
-    corrosion was considerable; one dollar with the impression
-    still visible, being reduced to thirty-four cents in value. In
-    the light of these and other facts, it is difficult to conceive
-    how the pieces found in Texas, could have come so clean from
-    their reputed berth, of over three hundred years, but they are
-    worth keeping for all that, and General Meigs has the thanks of
-    the Republic for them.
-
-
-
-
-COLONIAL COINAGES.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE I.
-
-NOVA CONSTELLATIO “QUINT.” 1783.
-
-NOVA CONSTELLATIO “MARK.” 1783.
-
-NOVA CONSTELLATIO, IMMUNE COLUMBIA.
-
-SOMMER ISLAND SHILLING. “HOGGIE.”
-
-NEW JERSEY IMMUNIS.
-
-CONFEDERATIO INIMICA, ETC.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE II.
-
-CONNECTICUT CENT, 1787.
-
-NEW ENGLAND ELEPHANT TOKEN. VERY RARE. 1694.
-
-GOOD SAMARITAN SHILLING, MASS.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT. 1787.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS CENT.
-
-NEW YORK.
-
-See description.]
-
-
-NOVA CONSTELLATIO.
-
-Obverse: An eye, the center of a glory, thirteen points cross,
-equidistant; a circle of as many stars. Legend: “NOVA CONSTELLATIO.”
-
-Reverse: “U. S. 500” inscribed in two lines, a wreath surrounding.
-Legend: “LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783.” Border, beaded; edge, leaf work. Known
-as the “Quint.”
-
-No. 2.—Obverse: An eye, around which a narrow, plain, circular field;
-outside a glory, thirteen points cross, equidistant; a circle of as many
-stars. Legend: “NOVA CONSTELLATIO.”
-
-Reverse: “U. S. 1000” inscribed in two lines, a wreath surrounding.
-Legend: “LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783.” Border, a wreath of leaves; edge, leaf
-work; silver; size, 21; weight, 270 grains. Known as the “Mark.”
-
-
-THE IMMUNE COLUMBIA.
-
-Obverse: An eye, on a small, plain, circular field; from the outside
-of the field radiates a glory of thirteen blunt points, crossing,
-equidistant, the spaces between as many stars in a circular
-constellation. Legend: “NOVA CONSTELLATIO.” Border, serrated.
-
-Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a paneled cubic pedestal,
-facing right; her left hand is well extended and balances the scales of
-justice. A short liberty staff, crowned with a cap and bearing a flag,
-rests against her right shoulder, and is supported by the right hand.
-Legend: “IMMUNE COLUMBIA.” Exergue: the date 1785. Border, serrated;
-edge, plain or milled; size, 17; weight, gold, 128.8 grains; silver, 92
-grains; copper 148 grains.
-
-
-BERMUDA SHILLING—(“HOGGE-PENNY”).
-
-Obverse: Device—A hog, standing, facing left, above which are displayed
-the Roman numerals “XII.,” the whole surrounded by a beaded circle.
-Legend: “SOMMER ISLANDS” around which is a beaded circle like that
-enclosing the device.
-
-Reverse: Device—A full-rigged ship under sail to the left, a flag flying
-from each of her four masts—enclosed in a beaded circle, the beads larger
-than on the obverse. Copper; size, 19; weight, 177 grains.
-
-
-NEW JERSEY IMMUNIS.
-
-Obverse: Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing right; in her
-extended left hand the scales of justice; right hand staff of liberty
-bearing a flag and crowned with a cap. Legend: “IMMUNIS COLUMBIA.”
-Exergue: “1786.” Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160
-grains.
-
-Reverse: A shield argent, six pales gules, a chief azure. Legend: “E
-PLURIBUS UNUM.” Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160
-grains.
-
-
-CONFEDERATIO AND INIMICA TYRANNIS.
-
-Obverse: A circular central field, size 6, covered with a cluster of
-thirteen small stars; around this device a glory of fine rays, presenting
-a corrugated outline of sixteen points. Legend: “CONFEDERATIO 1785.”
-Border, serrated.
-
-Reverse: An Indian, standing beside an altar or pedestal, his right foot
-upon a crown, an arrow in his right hand, a bow in his left; at his back
-a quiver full of arrows. Legend: “INIMICA TYRANNIS AMERICA.” Border,
-serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 112 grains.
-
-
-CONNECTICUT CENT, 1788.
-
-Obverse: Identical with one of 1787.
-
-Reverse: The same as one of the coins of Vermont. Another Connecticut
-coin of this year, has the same reverse as the “GEORGIVS III REX” issue
-of Machin & Co., from the mint established by them in the State of New
-York.
-
-NOTE.—The obverse and reverse dies of the Connecticut cents are too
-numerous to mention, there being no less than one hundred and sixty-four
-of the first, and eighty-four of the latter.
-
-
-NEW ENGLAND TOKEN.
-
-Obverse: Same as that of the common type of the Carolina Token of 1694,
-and from the same die as that and the “London Halfpenny.”
-
-Reverse: An inscription, in five lines, occupying the whole field, “GOD
-PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND 1694.” Borders, milled; edge, plain; copper; size,
-18½; weight, 133 and 236 grains.
-
-
-GOOD SAMARITAN SHILLINGS.
-
-The same general type and variety as the Pine Tree Shilling, but bearing
-upon the obverse a well-executed device, illustrating the parable of
-the Good Samaritan; but two or three specimens of this coin have been
-known, two of which are in existence and of unique varieties; they are
-supposed to have been pattern pieces, struck at the origin of the Mint of
-Massachusetts Colony.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE III.
-
-LARGE PATTERN CENT. NOT ISSUED.
-
-BAR CENT. VERY RARE.
-
-FUGIO. “MIND YOUR BUSINESS.” FIRST.
-
-INIMICA TYRANNIS AMERICANA.
-
-FUGIO. “MIND YOUR BUSINESS.” SECOND.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IV.
-
-HALF CENT. 1836.
-
-CONFEDERATE C. S. A. HALF DOLLAR.
-
-HALF CENT. 1840.
-
-HALF CENT. 1845.
-
-“JEFFERSON HEAD” CENT.
-
-HALF CENT. 1846.
-
-See description.]
-
-
-MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT, 1787.
-
-Obverse: Same general description as the Cent of 1787.
-
-Reverse: Same in general as the Cent of 1787, except that the shield upon
-some specimens, bears only “HALF CENT.” Borders, milled; edge plain;
-size, 15 to 15½; weight, 75 to 83 grains.
-
-The “Cent,” 1788. Twelve Types. Thirteen Varieties.
-
-
-MASSACHUSETTS CENT, 1788.
-
-Obverse: A clothed Indian, standing, facing left, in his right hand a
-bow, in his left an arrow. Legend: “COMMONWEALTH.”
-
-Reverse: A spread eagle, a broad shield upon his breast, six pales gules
-(upright), a chief azure (open or plain). Upon the chief, or upper part
-of the shield, the word “CENT,” in bold Roman lettering. In exergue,
-beneath a heavy horizontal bar, the date 1787. Borders, milled; edge,
-plain; size, 16½ to 19; weight, 146 to 165 grains.
-
-
-FUGIOS OR FRANKLIN CENTS.
-
-The Fugios or Franklin Cents are the earliest coins issued by authority
-of the United States. They being all dated 1787, and made in conformity
-with resolution of Congress, dated July 6, 1787:
-
-“_Resolved_, That the Board of Treasury direct the contractor for the
-copper coinage to stamp on one side of each piece the following devices,
-viz.: Thirteen circles linked together, a small circle in the middle,
-with the words ‘UNITED STATES’ round it, and in the centre the words, ‘WE
-ARE ONE’; on the other side of the same piece the following device, viz.:
-a dial with the hours expressed on the face of it; a meridian sun above,
-on one side of which is to be the word ‘FUGIO,’ and on the other the year
-in figures ‘1787’; below the dial the words ‘MIND YOUR BUSINESS.’”
-
-
-THE BAR CENT, OR U S A COPPER.
-
-This coin, presumed to have belonged to the same issue as the Nova
-Constellatio Coppers, was probably made in Birmingham, England, by
-Thomas Wyon, for circulation in America. The “U S A” Copper was first
-passed as money in the City of New York, in November, 1785. The device
-was taken from an old Continental button, to which fact and the light
-weight of the piece, has been attributed the disfavor shown the coinage
-and the limited circulation given the same.
-
-Obverse: Large Roman “U S A” in a monogram, on a plain field.
-
-Reverse: Thirteen horizontal bars. Border, serrated; Edge, plain; size,
-15½; weight, 85 grains. Two pairs of dies.
-
-
-MARYLAND PENNY.
-
-The Maryland Penny. One Type. One Variety. Unique.
-
-Obverse: Similar to that of the sixpence.
-
-Reverse: A Ducal Coronet, upon which are erected two masts, each bearing
-a flying pennant. Legend: “DENARIVM TERRE-MARIÆ.” Copper; size, 13.
-
-The only specimen of this piece extant was imported into America from
-England, at a cost of £75, and was sold for $370 with the collection of
-J. J. Mickley, Esq., of Philadelphia.
-
-
-ROSA AMERICANA HALF-PENNY, 1722.
-
-Obverse: Laureated head of King George I, facing right. Legend: “GEORGIUS
-DEI GRATIA REX.”
-
-Reverse: A full double rose; from this project five barbed points.
-Legend: “ROSA AMERICANA UTILE DULCI 1722” which encircles the piece.
-Border, beaded; edge, plain; “Bath Metal;” size, 16 to 18; weight, 139
-grains.
-
-Devices: Same as those of the Penny of this coinage. Legends: Same import
-as those upon the Penny, but varied by abbreviations and in punctuation.
-Border, beaded; edge, plain; “Bath Metal;” size, 13 to 14; weight, 75
-grains.
-
-
-LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO—_First_.
-
-Reverse: Arms of the State of New York. Upon an oval shield at the center
-is shown the sun rising from behind a range of hills, the sea in the
-foreground; left of the shield, Justice, with sword and scales; right,
-Liberty, with staff and cap. Upon a hemisphere, above the shield, stands
-an eagle, wings outspread, facing right. Exergue: 1787; beneath this,
-next the border, “EXCELSIOR.” Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 17;
-weight, 157 grains.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE V.
-
-MARYLAND PENNY.
-
-HALF CENT. 1847.
-
-ROSA AMERICANA HALF PENNY. 1722.
-
-LIBER NATUS LIBERNATUM DEFENDO. FIRST.
-
-GRANBY OR HIGLEY TOKEN. 1737.
-
-LIBER NATUS LIBERNATUM DEFENDO. SECOND.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VI.
-
-WASHINGTON CENT. 1783.
-
-WASHINGTON LIVERPOOL HALF PENNY. 1793.
-
-“NAKED BUST.” WASHINGTON CENT. 1792.
-
-NON DEPENDENS STATUS.
-
-HALF CENT. 1842.
-
-PATTERN CENT. 1792.
-
-See description.]
-
-
-LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO.—_Second._
-
-Obverse: An Indian, standing, crowned with feathers, and facing left; in
-his right hand he wields a tomahawk, his left supports a bow, the end of
-which rests on the ground near his feet; over his right shoulder appears
-the top of a quiver of arrows, which is borne upon his back. Legend:
-“LIBER NATUS LIBERATEM DEFENDO.”
-
-Reverse: A hemisphere of the globe, marked by longitudinal and meridianal
-lines; upon this stands a large heavy-bodied eagle, wings spread,
-somewhat drooping, beak toward the right. Legend: “NEO-EBORACUS 1787
-EXCELSIOR.” Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 17; weight, 153 grains.
-
-
-GRANBY OR HIGLEY TOKEN, 1737.
-
-Obverse: A deer, standing, facing left, occupying the whole field.
-Legend: “VALVE ME AS YOU PLEASE.” Exergue: The Roman numerals III upon a
-small scroll; a little crescent is shown below.
-
-Reverse: Three hammers, each bearing a crown upon the head. Legend: “I AM
-GOOD COPPER 1737.”
-
-
-WASHINGTON CENT, 1783.
-
-Obverse: Large laureated bust of Washington, draped, facing left. Legend:
-“WASHINGTON & INDEPENDENCE 1783.”
-
-Reverse: A figure of a female, facing left, seated upon a rock; right
-hand holds an olive branch; left, staff of liberty, with cap. Legend:
-“UNITED STATES.” Exergue: T. W. I. E. S. Border, beaded; edge, plain;
-size, 17½; weight, 120 grains. Two obverse and three reverse dies.
-
-
-WASHINGTON LIVERPOOL HALF-PENNY.
-
-Obverse: Bust of Washington, in uniform, facing left, hair in a queue.
-Legend: “WASHINGTON PRESIDENT.”
-
-Reverse: A ship, under sail, to the right: Legend: “HALFPENNY” under the
-ship, waves, and in the foreground, on a panel, the date 1793. Border,
-milled; edge, lettered: “PAYABLE IN ANGLESEY LONDON OR LIVERPOOL.” Size,
-19; weight, 163 grains.
-
-
-WASHINGTON NAKED BUST CENT, 1792.
-
-Obverse: A classical bust of Washington, undraped, facing right; the head
-is encircled by a fillet, confining the hair, which is cut short and is
-curly; the fillet is tied at the back of the head by a bow knot with long
-pendent ends. Legend: “WASHINGTON PRESIDENT 1792.”
-
-Reverse: A small eagle, displayed, wings upraised; on his breast a shield
-argent, six pales gules; right talon, an olive branch, fourteen leaves,
-six berries; left talon, thirteen arrows; about the head of the eagle are
-six mullets, and above is the word “CENT.” Border, milled; edge, plain,
-or inscribed: “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Size, 19; weight, 198 grains.
-Some six or eight specimens only are known.
-
-
-NON DEPENDENS STATUS.
-
-Obverse: A full bust, facing right; flowing hair to the shoulders. Upon
-the drapery of the bust a small oval shield as an epaulet, emblazoned
-with a staff bearing a flag; across the staff, saltierwise, rests a naked
-sword. In each angle of this device is displayed a fleur de lis. Upon the
-breast of the bust is a head with spreading wings. Legend: “NON-DEPENDENS
-STATUS.”
-
-Reverse: An Indian, seated upon a globe, facing left; nude, except a cap
-or bandeau upon his head, and a feather tunic around the lower part of
-the body. In his extended right hand he holds a bunch of tobacco; the
-left reaches behind him and rests upon a shield, bearing the same emblems
-displayed upon the epaulets upon the bust on the obverse. Legend: “AMER
-ICA,” divided by the figure of the Indian. Exergue: 1778. Border, plain;
-edge plain; size, 19.
-
-Some coin dealers advertise the Non Dependens Status as “a rare copper,
-worth $100.”
-
-
-PATTERN CENT, 1792.
-
-Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing to right, the hair confined by a
-fillet. Above is inscribed the word “LIBERTY,” and beneath the date
-“1792.”
-
-Reverse: A portion of a globe, on which stands an eagle, with raised
-wings. Legend: “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” This cent has a grained edge,
-like the cents of 1793. Some numismatists give it the preference as the
-first cent.
-
-
-GEORGE CLINTON COPPER, 1787.
-
-The George Clinton Copper has the bust of Governor Clinton facing right,
-with legend “GEORGE CLINTON.”
-
-Reverse: The State arms of New York, and in the exergue, “1787
-EXCELSIOR.” This last reverse is found also combined with the Liber
-Natus, which has an Indian standing, facing left, with tomahawk in the
-right hand and bow in the left, a bundle of arrows also at his back.
-Legend: “LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO.” This latter obverse is also
-found combined with another reverse, as follows: An eagle stands upon a
-section of the globe. Legend: “NEO EBORACUS 1787 EXCELSIOR.”
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VII.
-
-GEORGE CLINTON COPPER. 1787.
-
-KENTUCKY TOKEN.
-
-IMMUNIS COLUMBIA. 1787.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS PINE TREE SHILLING. 1652.
-
-CHAIN CENT. 1793.
-
-MYDDELTON TOKEN.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
-
-GREEK EGYPTIAN COIN. PTOLEMÆUS SOTER. 285-300 B. C.
-
-ROMAN COIN. FAUSTINA, DAUGHTER OF ANTONINUS PIUS, WIFE OF MARCUS
-AURELIUS. DIED, 175 A. D.
-
-MACEDONIAN SILVER COIN. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 300 YEARS B. C.
-
-SILVER SHEKEL OF JUDEA. SIMON MACCABEES. 145 B. C.
-
-PERSIAN SILVER COIN. VOLOGESES III. 148-190 A. D.
-
-JUDEAN COPPER COIN. SIMON MACCABEES. 145 B. C.
-
-See description.]
-
-
-KENTUCKY TOKEN OR CENT
-
-Has a hand holding a scroll inscribed “Our Cause is Just.” Legend:
-“UNANIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY.” Reverse: A radiant pyramid,
-triangular in shape, of fifteen stars united by rings, each star having
-placed in it the initial of a State, Kentucky being at the top. Legend:
-“E PLURIBUS UNUM.”
-
-
-SHEKEL (SIMON MACCABEES).
-
-The Shekel was originally a weight. The first form in which money
-was used by the Jews, and by all other nations of which we have any
-knowledge, was the pieces without any regular shape or any marks or
-devices upon them. Precious metals passed by weight. Thus it is said of
-the purchase made by Abraham of the cave and field of Machpelah, “And
-Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver,
-which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred
-shekels of silver, current with the merchant.” Gen. xxiii. 16.
-
-The weight of a shekel was a little less than one-half an ounce troy.
-The term “current with the merchant,” probably refers to the purity of
-the silver, which was about ninety-five per cent. fine, and the value in
-our money was fifty-eight cents. It first appeared as a coin in the time
-of the Maccabees, who lived about 140 B. C. The amount of silver in the
-coin is the same as was contained in the piece of silver denominated a
-shekel. It will be seen that on one side is the golden cup that had manna
-(see Exod. xvi. 33, and Heb. ix. 4), with the inscription in old Hebrew
-character, “SHEKEL OF ISRAEL;” on the other side appears Aaron’s rod that
-budded with the legend in the same character, “JERUSALEM THE HOLY.” This
-specimen is in the Mint cabinet; one of the most rare and interesting
-coins in the collection.
-
-
-IMMUNIS COLUMBIA, 1787.
-
-Obverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing right; in
-her fully extended left hand she balances the scales of justice; the
-right hand supports a liberty staff, bearing a flag and crowned with a
-cap. Legend: “IMMUNIS COLUMBIA.” Exergue: 1787.
-
-Reverse: An eagle, displayed; right talon, an olive branch, thirteen
-leaves; left talon, thirteen arrows. Legend: “E PLURIBUS UNUM.” Borders,
-serrated; edge, plain; size, 16½; weight, 135 grains.
-
-
-MASSACHUSETTS PINE TREE SHILLING.
-
-“John Hull and Robert Saunderson were equal officers in the ‘gainful
-business’ of the Mint. How much they coined in all for the colony, or
-the exact amount of their profits under the contract they carried out,
-cannot be determined.” The coinage was certainly large in amount, and
-they, as was well understood, became men of wealth and substance. When
-the daughter of John Hull was married to Judge Samuel Sewall, the founder
-of the town of Newbury, Mass., the prosperous mint-master gave the bride
-a dowery of her weight in silver. At the conclusion of the wedding
-ceremony, a large steel-yard was brought into the room, and the blushing
-bride placed upon one of the platforms of the same, while into a tub upon
-the other side were poured the Pine Tree Shillings, until the steel-yard
-balanced.
-
-
-CHAIN CENTS.
-
-These have a bust with flowing hair, looking right, with the date below
-and word “LIBERTY” above it; on the reverse side, in the centre, is “ONE
-CENT,” with “⅟₁₀₀” below it, enclosed in an endless chain of fifteen
-links, typifying the number of States then in the Union. The legend is
-“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” in all excepting one die, which reads “UNITED
-STATES OF AMERI,” the engraver evidently not having room to complete the
-word.
-
-
-THE MYDDELTON TOKENS.
-
-Obverse: A figure, representing Hope, beside an anchor; she presents two
-children to a female, the last extending her right hand in reception of
-the charge; the left hand supports a liberty staff, which is crowned with
-a cap; in front of the figure with the staff is an olive branch and a
-wreath, to the rear a cornucopia. Legend: “BRITISH SETTLEMENT KENTUCKY.”
-
-Reverse: Britannia, seated disconsolate amid the down-cast emblems of her
-power, and facing left; her head is bowed; she holds in her right hand
-an inverted spear, the head of which penetrates the ground; at her right
-side a bundle of fasces or lictors’ rods have fallen near the cap of
-Liberty; upon the ground, before the figure, are the scales of justice,
-upon which Britannia has set her left foot and the sword of justice,
-with broken blade; the left arm of the figure rests upon a large shield,
-bearing the cross of the British ensigns. Legend: “PAYABLE BY P. P. P.
-MYDDELTON.”
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IX.
-
-HALF CENT. 1802.
-
-WREATH CENT. 1793.
-
-HALF CENT. 1794.
-
-WASHINGTON MEDAL. 1789.
-
-HALF CENT. 1847.
-
-NEW YORK CENT.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE X.
-
-GREEK EGYPTIAN COIN. PTOLEMY.
-
-WIDOW’S MITE. COPPER COIN.
-
-ROMAN BRONZE COIN. TRAJAN AUGUSTUS. 98-117 A. D.
-
-ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES.
-
-COUNTERFEIT JUDEAN SHEKEL. DATING ABOUT THE TIME OF CHRIST.
-
-MACEDONIAN COIN. PHILIP III. 317-324 B. C.
-
-See description.]
-
-
-THE SMALL PATTERN CENT.
-
-Obverse: A head, facing right, hair unconfined, floating backward in
-flowing locks. Legend: “LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST.” Exergue:
-Beneath the head the date 1792.
-
-Reverse: A wreath, two olive branches crossed at the lower ends and tied
-with a ribbon; within the wreath a field bearing an inscription “ONE
-CENT” in two lines. Legend: “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.”
-Border, milled; edge, reeded; size, 14; weight, 65 grains. Extremely rare.
-
-
-THE DOUBLE HEAD WASHINGTON.
-
-A small head on both obverse and reverse. The former has the legend,
-“WASHINGTON;” the latter the legend “ONE CENT.” No date.
-
-
-NEW YORK WASHINGTON CENT.
-
-Bust of Washington with a wig, and with military draping, face right.
-Legend: “NON VI VIRTUTE VICI.”
-
-Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated, with liberty pole and scales of
-justice. Legend: “NEO EBORACENSIS.” Date, 1786.
-
-
-CAROLINA ELEPHANT (TOKEN.)
-
-A token much prized by collectors is known as the Carolina Elephant. The
-obverse is from a rather common English token known now as the London
-Elephant. The animal is standing with his head down. There is no legend.
-
-Reverse: “GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PROPRIETERS 1694.”
-
-
-COPPER HALF-CENT OF 1794.
-
-In 1794 and 1795 similar device to that of 1793; but face Liberty facing
-to the right. Weight, 104 grains.
-
-
-CENT, 1799.
-
-The liberty cap is omitted, as is the lettering on the edge, not to
-reappear on the American cent. Liberty Cap Cents are very rare.
-
-In the year 1798 a slight change was made in the obverse of the cent,
-giving some of the curls a different termination from those of 1796,
-1797, and the early part of 1798. The latter device was continued each
-year, until and including 1807. The reverse remained unchanged during
-the same time, excepting some slight variations, probably unintentional,
-if not positive mistakes. For instance, in 1797 and 1802 we find some
-without stems to the wreaths, and in one case only one stem. In 1801 and
-1802 some have ⅟₀₀₀ instead of the fraction ⅟₁₀₀. In addition to this
-error, a variety of the cent of 1802 has “Iinited,” instead of “United.”
-In 1796 we have in one instance “Liherty,” instead of “Liberty.”
-
-
-LIBERTY CENT, 1809.
-
-In 1809 an obverse head of Liberty; forehead encircled by a band,
-“LIBERTY” inscribed upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. Exergue:
-“1809.”
-
-Reverse: Wreath in a circular garland inclosing the words “ONE CENT.” No
-change took place during the issues of 1808 to 1814, inclusive.
-
-
-HALF-CENT OF 1793.
-
-The first half-cent was issued in 1793, having on obverse: Bust of
-Liberty, facing to the left; staff surmounted by liberty-cap over right
-shoulder. Legend: “LIBERTY.” Exergue: “1793.”
-
-Reverse; Inscription, “HALF CENT,” surrounded by a wreath, tied with a
-ribbon. Weight, 132 grains.
-
-
-WREATH CENT.
-
-Obverse: Bust of Liberty, hair flowing. Legend: “LIBERTY.” Exergue:
-“1793.”
-
-Reverse: A wreath with berries, the stems of wreath tied in a bow with
-a ribbon. Inscription: “ONE CENT.” Legend: “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.”
-
-Third. Known as the “Liberty Cap Cent.”
-
-
-LIBERTY AND SECURITY WASHINGTON COIN.
-
-Obverse: A bust of Washington, in uniform, facing right, hair in a queue.
-Legend: “GEORGE WASHINGTON.”
-
-Reverse: A shield with sixteen argent and gules impaling argent, fifteen
-mullets; above the shield an eagle, left talon, an olive branch, right
-talon, six arrows. Legend: “LIBERTY AND SECURITY.” Exergue: “17 95,”
-divided by the point of the shield. Border: A plain circle, and outside
-of the same, milled edge, lettered “AN ASYLUM FOR ALL NATIONS.” Size,
-20½; weight, 310 grains. This piece is extremely rare.
-
-
-VIRGINIA HALF-PENNY.
-
-The well-known Virginia half-pennies seem to have been very plentiful. A
-number of different dies were used. A laureated bust of George the Third
-is surrounded, as on the English half-penny, with his title, “GEORGIVS
-III. REX.” The reverse has an ornamental and crowned shield, emblazoned
-quarterly: 1, England empaling Scotland; 2, France; 3, Ireland; 4, the
-electoral dominions. Legend: “VIRGINIA.”
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XI.
-
-CENT. 1809.
-
-HALF CENT. 1793.
-
-CHAIN CENT. 1793.
-
-PATTERN “TWO CENT” PIECE.
-
-CENT. 1799.
-
-SMALL PATTERN CENT. 1792.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XII.
-
-DOUBLE HEAD WASHINGTON.
-
-LIBERTY AND SECURITY WASHINGTON MEDAL. 1795.
-
-GRANBY OR HIGLEY COPPER TOKEN.
-
-N. Y. COLONIAL CENT. 1787.
-
-CAROLINA ELEPHANT TOKEN. 1694.
-
-VIRGINIA HALF CENT.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
-
-MEDAL OF 1776, COMMEMORATIVE OF THE NATION’S INDEPENDENCE.
-
-“KITTANNING MEDAL,” ONE OF THE EARLIEST MEDALS EXECUTED IN AMERICA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
-
-1795 SILVER DOLLAR. OBVERSE AND REVERSE.
-
-1798 SILVER DOLLAR. OBVERSE AND REVERSE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XV.
-
-ROSA AMERICANA.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT.
-
-RHODE ISLAND MEDAL.
-
-PITT MEDAL.
-
-IMMUNIS COLUMBIA.
-
-NEW YORK TOKEN.
-
-See description.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
-
-PATTERN HALF DOLLAR. 1859.
-
-PATTERN CENT. 1854.
-
-LIBERTY CENT. 1793.
-
-LIBERTY HALF CENT. 1795.
-
-PATTERN CENT, COPPER AND SILVER. 1850.
-
-PATTERN CENT. 1855.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
-
-RARE COLONIAL CENT, OF NEW JERSEY.[18]
-
-WASHINGTON HALF DOLLAR. 1792.
-
-WASHINGTON CENT. 1783.
-
-WASHINGTON CENT. 1783.
-
-WASHINGTON CENT. VERY RARE. 1792.
-
-WASHINGTON CENT. 1791.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
-
-TRIBUTE MONEY.
-
-CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
-
-COUNTERFEIT SHEKEL, OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURE.
-
-JEWISH. LEPTON, B. C.
-
-JEWISH. LEPTON, A. D.
-
-SYRIAN.
-
-GRECIAN.
-
-MAXIMUS PHILLIPUS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
-
-DOUBLE EAGLE, 1849. “Unique,” beyond price.
-
-GOLD DOLLAR, 1849.
-
-DOUBLE EAGLE. 1885.
-
-HALF EAGLE, 1849.
-
-TEN DOLLAR EAGLE, 1795.
-
-HALF EAGLE, 1885.
-
-EAGLE, 1849.
-
-HALF EAGLE, 1795.
-
-EAGLE, 1885.
-
-THREE DOLLARS. Gold Piece, 1885.
-
-QUARTER EAGLE, 1847.
-
-QUARTER EAGLE, 1885.
-
-GOLD DOLLAR, 1885.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XX.
-
-RHODES.
-
-ANTIOCHUS VII.
-
-SYBARIS.
-
-GREEK COIN. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 300 B.C.
-
-ATHENS.
-
-HEROCLEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXI.
-
-1804 DOLLAR, “The King among Rarities.”
-
-PATTERN DOLLAR, None issued.
-
-PATTERN DOLLAR OF 1871, Rejected.
-
-PATTERN PIECE KNOWN AS THE BARBER DOLLAR, Rejected.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
-
-SILVER DOLLAR, 1849.
-
-STANDARD DOLLAR, 1885.
-
-HALF DOLLAR, 1849.
-
-DIME, 1849.
-
-HALF DOLLAR, 1885.
-
-HALF DOLLAR, 1794.
-
-QUARTER DOLLAR, 1885.
-
-QUARTER DOLLAR, 1849.
-
-HALF DIME, 1849.
-
-DIME, 1885.
-
-HALF DIME, 1794.
-
-DIME, 1796.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.
-
-LIBERTY CAP CENT, 1793.
-
-CHAIN CENT, 1793. First issue.
-
-CHAIN CENT, 1793. Second issue.
-
-PATTERN TWENTY CENT PIECE, Rejected.
-
-HALF CENT, 1793.
-
-CENT, 1849.
-
-CENT, 1885.
-
-THREE CENT NICKEL, 1885.
-
-HALF CENT, 1849.
-
-THREE CENT PIECE, 1885.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.
-
-ANTIOCHUS VII.
-
-ADDERA.
-
-PRUSIAS.
-
-ANTIOCHUS VIII. EPIPHANES.
-
-PANORMUS.
-
-ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
-
-Grecian Coins about 300 years B.C.]
-
-
-
-
-COINS ISSUED AT THE UNITED STATES MINT AT PHILADELPHIA, FROM ITS
-ESTABLISHMENT IN 1792 TO 1888.
-
-
-
-GOLD.
-
-
-_Double Eagle._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 516 grains;
-fineness, 900; size, 21.
-
-1850 to 1865, inclusive. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair
-tied behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “LIBERTY,” thirteen
-stars and date.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with shield upon its breast, and an olive branch and
-three arrows in its talons; in its beak, an elaborate scroll, inscribed
-“E PLURIBUS UNUM.” Above, a circle of thirteen stars and a curved line of
-rays extending from wing to wing. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” “TWENTY D.”
-
-1866 to 1876, inclusive. No. 2, same, with the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST”
-inscribed within the circle of stars on the reverse.
-
-1877. No. 3. Same, with “TWENTY DOLLARS” for “TWENTY D.”
-
-
-_Eagle._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 270 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 258 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, Act
-of January 18, 1837, to 900.
-
-1795. Obverse: Liberty head, wearing a cap, facing right. Fifteen stars.
-Above, “LIBERTY;” beneath, “1795;” size, 21.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, standing on a palm branch; in
-beak, a laurel wreath. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-1796. Same, with sixteen stars.
-
-1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars.
-
-1797. No. 2. Obverse: Same, with sixteen stars.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, a bundle
-of arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left; in its
-beak, a scroll inscribed “E PLURIBUS UNUM.” Around the head are sixteen
-stars; above, is a curved line of clouds extending from wing to wing.
-“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-1798 to 1801, inclusive. Same, with thirteen stars on the obverse. Of
-1798, two varieties with four stars facing.
-
-1802. None issued.
-
-1803 and 1804. Same as No. 2 of 1797. Thirteen stars.
-
-1805 to 1837, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1838 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, hair tied
-behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “LIBERTY,” thirteen stars,
-and date.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, and an
-olive branch and three arrows in the talons. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-Size, 17.
-
-1866. Same, with a scroll above the eagle inscribed “IN GOD WE TRUST.”
-
-
-_Half Eagle._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 135 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 129 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, Act
-of January 18, 1837, to 900.
-
-1795. No. 1. Same type as the Eagle; size, 16.
-
-1795. No. 2. Obverse: Same.
-
-Reverse: An eagle, wings extended upwards, with the United States shield
-upon its breast, a bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an
-olive branch in the left. In its beak, a scroll inscribed “E PLURIBUS
-UNUM.” Around the head are sixteen stars, and above is a curved line of
-clouds extending from wing to wing. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-1796. Same as No. 1 of 1795; fifteen stars on obverse.
-
-1797. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795.
-
-1797. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars on obverse.
-
-1797. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with fifteen stars.
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, sixteen stars around the eagle.
-
-1798. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795, with thirteen stars.
-
-1798. No. 2. Obverse: Same.
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, thirteen stars.
-
-1799 and 1800. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on the obverse.
-
-1801. None issued.
-
-1802 to 1806, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on
-the obverse.
-
-1807. No. 1. Obverse: Same as No. 1, 1795, with thirteen stars.
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 2, 1795.
-
-1807. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left; bust, draped, wearing a
-kind of turban with a band in front inscribed “LIBERTY,” thirteen stars,
-and date.
-
-Reverse: An eagle, with the United States shield upon its breast, an
-olive branch and three arrows in the talons. Above, a scroll, inscribed
-“E PLURIBUS UNUM.” United States of America “5. D.”
-
-1808 to 1812 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1807.
-
-1813 to 1815, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, wearing a
-kind of turban, a band in front inscribed “LIBERTY.” Thirteen stars and
-date. No shoulders.
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807.
-
-1816 and 1817, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1818 to 1828, inclusive. Same as 1813.
-
-1829. No. 1. Same as 1813; size, 16.
-
-1829. No. 2. Same, but smaller; size, 15.
-
-1830 to 1833, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1829.
-
-1834. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1829.
-
-1834. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined by a band
-inscribed “LIBERTY.”
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807, without the motto “E PLURIBUS UNUM”
-omitted; size, 14.
-
-1835 to 1838, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.
-
-1839 to 1865, inclusive. Same type as the Eagle of 1838.
-
-1866. Same type as Eagle of same date.
-
-
-_Three-Dollar Piece._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1853. Weight, 77.4 grains;
-fineness, 900.
-
-1854. Obverse: An Indian head, wearing a crown of eagle feathers, on band
-of which is inscribed “LIBERTY”—“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-Reverse: “3 dollars 1854” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and
-tobacco. Size, 13.
-
-
-_Quarter-Eagle._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 67.5 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 64.5 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, Act
-of January 18, 1837, to 900.
-
-1796. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, above “LIBERTY”—sixteen
-stars.
-
-Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1795, size 13.
-
-No. 2. Same, with no stars on obverse.
-
-1797-1798. Same as No. 1 of 1796, with thirteen stars.
-
-1799-1801, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1802. Same as 1798.
-
-1803. None issued.
-
-1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same as 1798.
-
-1808. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807, with “2½ D.”
-
-1809 to 1820, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1821. Obverse: Same type as the half-eagle of 1813, size 12.
-
-Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807.
-
-1822 and 1823. None issued.
-
-1824-1827, inclusive. Same as 1821.
-
-1828. None issued.
-
-1829 to 1833, inclusive. Same as 1821.
-
-1834. No. 1. Same as 1821. No. 2. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1834,
-size 11.
-
-1835 to 1839, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.
-
-1840 to 1865. Same type as the eagle of 1834.
-
-1866. Same type as eagle of 1866.
-
-
-_Dollar._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 25.8 grains;
-fineness, 900.
-
-1849 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the eagle, without date.
-
-Reverse: “1 DOLLAR 1849” within a laurel wreath, “UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.” Size 8.
-
-1854. No. 1, Same. No. 2. Same type as the three-dollar piece, size 9.
-
-
-SILVER.
-
-
-_Dollar._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Coinage discontinued,
-Act of February 12, 1873. Coinage reauthorized, Act of February 28, 1878.
-
-1794. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair, fifteen stars;
-above, “LIBERTY;” beneath, “1794.”
-
-Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, encircled by branches of laurel
-crossed; “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” On the edge, “HUNDRED CENTS, ONE
-DOLLAR OR UNIT.” Size, 24.
-
-1795. No. 1. Same.
-
-1795. No. 2. Bust of Liberty, facing right, hair bound by a ribbon,
-shoulders draped, fifteen stars.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds, within a
-wreath of palm and laurel, which is crossed and tied. “UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.”
-
-1796. Same as No. 2, of 1795.
-
-1797. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with sixteen stars, six of which are
-facing.
-
-1797. No. 2. Same, with seven stars facing.
-
-1798. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with fifteen stars.
-
-1798. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.
-
-1798. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with thirteen stars.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, bearing the United States shield
-upon its breast, in beak, a scroll inscribed “E PLURIBUS UNUM.” A bundle
-of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left.
-Above, are clouds, and thirteen stars. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Size,
-25.
-
-1799 to 1804, inclusive. Same as No. 3, of 1798.
-
-1805 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1840 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a rock, supporting
-with her right hand the United States shield, across which floats a
-scroll inscribed “LIBERTY,” and with her left the staff and liberty cap;
-beneath, the date.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, bearing the United States shield
-upon its breast, and an olive branch and three arrows in its talons.
-“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” “ONE DOLL.” Reeded edge; size, 24.
-
-1866 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with a scroll above the eagle, inscribed,
-“IN GOD WE TRUST.”
-
-1874 to 1877, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1878. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, upon which is a cap, a wheat and
-cotton wreath, and a band inscribed “LIBERTY;” above, “E PLURIBUS UNUM;”
-beneath, the date. Thirteen stars.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing upwards; in right talon an
-olive branch with nine leaves; in the left, three arrows. In the field
-above, “IN GOD WE TRUST;” beneath, a semi-wreath, tied and crossed,
-reaching upwards to the wings; “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Some pieces of
-the above date (1878) were coined with eight feathers in the tail during
-the year, but seven have been adopted.
-
-
-_Trade Dollar._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of February 12, 1873. Weight, 420 grains;
-fineness, 900.
-
-1873. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a cotton bale, facing left; in her
-extended right hand an olive branch; in her left a scroll inscribed
-“LIBERTY;” behind her a sheaf of wheat; beneath, a scroll inscribed “IN
-GOD WE TRUST;” thirteen stars; “1873.”
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings; in talons three arrows and an
-olive branch; above, a scroll inscribed “E PLURIBUS UNUM;” beneath, on
-field, “420 grains;” “900 fine.” “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Size, 24.
-
-
-_Half Dollar._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 208 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 206¼ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act
-of February 21, 1853, to 192 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12,
-1873, to 12½ grammes, or 192.9 grains.
-
-1794 and 1795. Same type as the dollar of 1794. On the edge, “FIFTY CENTS
-OR HALF A DOLLAR.” Size, 21.
-
-1796. No. 1. Same type as No. 2, dollar of 1795, with the denomination,
-“½,” inscribed on the base of the reverse. No. 2. Same, with sixteen
-stars on the obverse.
-
-1797. Same as No. 2, of 1796.
-
-1798 to 1800, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1801 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3, dollar of 1798.
-
-1804. None issued.
-
-1805 and 1806. Same as No. 3, dollar of 1798.
-
-1807. No. 1. Same.
-
-No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, wearing a kind of turban, with
-“LIBERTY” inscribed upon the band. Thirteen stars and date.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, bearing upon
-its breast, the U. S. Shield, an olive branch and three arrows in its
-talons; above, in the field, a scroll inscribed “E PLURIBUS UNUM;”
-beneath 50 C. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-1808 to 1835 inclusive, same as No. 2 of 1807.
-
-1836. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1807.
-
-No. 2. Obverse: Same.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, the U. S.
-shield upon its breast, an olive branch and three arrows in its talons,
-“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,” reeded edge.
-
-1837. Same as No. 2 of 1836.
-
-1838. Obverse: Same as No. 2 of 1836.
-
-Reverse: Same; “HALF DOL.” for “50 C.”
-
-1839. No. 1. Same as 1838.
-
-No. 2. Same type as dollar of 1840.
-
-1840 to 1852 inclusive, same.
-
-1853. Obverse: Same with an arrow head on each side of the date.
-
-Reverse: Same, with a halo of rays around the edge.
-
-1854. Same, without the rays.
-
-1855. Same.
-
-1856 to 1865 inclusive, same, without the arrow heads.
-
-1866 to 1872 inclusive, same, with scroll above the eagle inscribed “IN
-GOD WE TRUST.” (Some have been occasionally met with, which have been
-issued by the San Francisco Mint, _without_ this legend in 1866.)
-
-1873. No. 1. Same.
-
-No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of the date.
-
-1874. Same.
-
-1875. Same, without the arrow heads.
-
-
-_Quarter Dollar._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 104 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 103½ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act
-of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12,
-1873, to 6¼ grammes, or 96.45 grains.
-
-1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795, with reeded edge; size, 18;
-fifteen stars.
-
-1797 to 1803. None issued.
-
-1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, beneath,
-“25c.”
-
-1808 to 1814, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1815. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.
-
-1816 and 1817. None issued.
-
-1818 to 1825, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807, size 17.
-
-1826. None issued.
-
-1827 and 1828. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.
-
-1829 and 1830. None issued.
-
-1831 to 1837, inclusive. Same type as half dollar of 1807, with the
-diameter reduced from size 17 to size 15, and a corresponding increase in
-thickness and decrease of the size of devices, and the omission of the
-scroll, inscribed “E PLURIBUS UNUM.”
-
-1838. No. 1. Same as 1837. No. 2. Same type as the dollar of 1840, with
-“QUAR. DOL.” for “ONE DOLL.”
-
-1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.
-
-1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of date,
-and a halo of rays around the edge.
-
-1854 and 1855. Same, without the rays.
-
-1856 to 1865. Same, without the arrow heads.
-
-1866 to 1872, inclusive. Same, with the scroll above the eagle, inscribed
-“IN GOD WE TRUST.”
-
-1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the
-date.
-
-1874. Same.
-
-1875. Same, without the arrow head.
-
-
-_Twenty-Cent Piece._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1875. Weight, 5 grammes, or
-77.16 grains; fineness, 900. Coinage discontinued, Act of May 2, 1878.
-
-1875 to 1878, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the dollar of 1840.
-
-Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, three arrows, and an olive
-branch, two of the leaves of which nearest the stem, together with those
-drooping from the centre, overlap; the terminating leaves on the end of
-the branch, however, do not. On each side a star. Plain edge. “UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA.” “TWENTY CENTS.” Size, 14.
-
-
-_Dime._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 41.6 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 41¼ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of
-February 21, 1853, to 38.4 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12,
-1873, to 2½ grammes, or 38.58 grains.
-
-1796. Same type as the No. 2 dollar of 1795; size 13; fifteen stars.
-
-1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars on the obverse. No. 2. Same, with
-thirteen stars on the obverse.
-
-1798. No. 1. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, with sixteen stars. No.
-2. With thirteen stars on the obverse.
-
-1799. None issued.
-
-1800 to 1805, inclusive. Same as No. 3 of 1798.
-
-1806. None issued.
-
-1807. Same as No. 2 of 1798.
-
-1808. None issued.
-
-1809. Same type as No. 2 half-dollar of 1807; size, 12.
-
-1810. None issued.
-
-1811. Same as 1809.
-
-1812 to 1813, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1814. Same as 1809.
-
-1815 to 1819, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1820 to 1825, inclusive. Same as 1809.
-
-1826. None issued.
-
-1827 to 1836, inclusive. Same as 1809.
-
-1837. No. 1. Same as 1809. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty seated. No stars.
-
-Reverse: “ONE DIME” within a wreath of laurel. “UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.” Size, 11.
-
-1838. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1837. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.
-
-1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.
-
-1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the
-date.
-
-1854 and 1855. Same as No. 2 of 1853.
-
-1856 to 1859, inclusive. Same, without arrow heads.
-
-1860 to 1872, inclusive. Obverse: Same, with “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”
-instead of stars.
-
-Reverse: “ONE DIME” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco.
-
-1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the
-date.
-
-1874. Same as No. 2 of 1873.
-
-1875. Same, without arrow heads.
-
-
-_Half Dime._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 20.8 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 20⅝ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of
-February 21, 1853, to 19.2 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February
-12, 1873.
-
-1794 and 1795. Same type as the half dollar; size, 10.
-
-1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795; fifteen stars.
-
-1797. No. 1. Same, with fifteen stars. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars.
-No. 3. Same, with thirteen stars.
-
-1798 and 1799. None issued.
-
-1800 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798.
-
-1804. None issued.
-
-1805. Same as 1800.
-
-1806 to 1828, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1829 to 1873. See dime.
-
-
-_Three Cent Piece._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1851. Weight, 12⅜ grains;
-fineness, 750. Weight changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 11.52 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 900. Coinage discontinued, Act
-of February 12, 1873.
-
-1851 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: A star bearing the United States
-shield. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-
-Reverse: An ornamented “C,” within which is the denomination “III,”
-around the border, thirteen stars; size, 9.
-
-1854 to 1858. Obverse: Same, with two lines around the star.
-
-Reverse: An olive branch above the “III,” and three arrows below, all
-within the “C.”
-
-1858 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with one line around the star.
-
-
-MINOR COINS.
-
-
-_Five cent piece. (Nickle.)_
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of May 16, 1866. Weight, 77.16 grains;
-composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.
-
-1866. Obverse: A United States shield surmounted by a cross, an olive
-branch pendent at each side, back of the base of the shield are two
-arrows, the heads and feathers are only visible; beneath, “1866;” above,
-in the field, “IN GOD WE TRUST.”
-
-Reverse: “5” within a circle of thirteen stars, and rays, “UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA.” Size, 13.
-
-1867. Same. No. 2. Same, without the rays.
-
-1868. Same as No. 2 of 1867.
-
-1869 to 1882. Same as No. 2 of 1867.
-
-1883. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head wearing a coronet which
-is inscribed “LIBERTY,” thirteen stars, and date, “1883.”
-
-Reverse: A “V” within a wreath of corn and cotton. Legend, “UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA.” Exergue, “E PLURIBUS UNUM.” No. 3, Obverse: Same as No. 2.
-
-Reverse: Same, with “CENTS” as the exergue, and “E PLURIBUS UNUM” above
-the wreath.
-
-1884. Same as No. 3 of the preceding.
-
-
-_Three cent piece. (Nickle.)_
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 3, 1865. Weight, 30 grains;
-composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.
-
-1865. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair bound by a ribbon, on the
-forehead a coronet inscribed “LIBERTY;” beneath, the date, “UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA.”
-
-Reverse: “III” within a laurel wreath.
-
-
-_Two Cent Piece (bronze)._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 96 grains,
-composed of ninety-five per cent. copper and five per cent. of tin and
-zinc. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.
-
-1864 to 1873, inclusive. Obverse: The United States shield, behind which
-are two arrows, crossed, on each side a branch of laurel; above, a scroll
-inscribed “IN GOD WE TRUST”; beneath, the date.
-
-Reverse: “2 CENTS” within a wreath of wheat. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-Size, 14.
-
-
-_Cent (copper)._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1792. Weight, 264 grains.
-Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 208 grains. Weight changed
-by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with
-an Act of March 3, 1795, to 168 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of
-February 21, 1857.
-
-1793. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair. Above,
-“LIBERTY”: beneath, “1793.”
-
-Reverse: A chain of fifteen links, within which is inscribed “ONE CENT”
-and the fraction “⅟₁₀₀.” United States of America; reeded edge; size, 17.
-
-No. 2. Same, with the abbreviation “AMERI.” in the Legend.
-
-No. 3. Obverse: Same as No. 1, with a sprig beneath.
-
-Reverse: “ONE CENT” within a wreath of laurel. “UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.” Reeded edge.
-
-No. 4. Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing right, with pole and liberty
-cap. Above, “LIBERTY”; beneath, “1793.”
-
-Reverse: Same as No. 3; on the edge, “ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR.” Size, 18.
-
-1794 and 1795. Same as No. 4 of 1793.
-
-1796. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with hair bound by a ribbon, and without
-pole and liberty cap on the obverse. Plain edge.
-
-1797 to 1807 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1796.
-
-1808 to 1814, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair
-confined by a band, inscribed “LIBERTY.” Thirteen stars and date.
-
-Reverse: “ONE CENT,” within a laurel wreath. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
-The fraction “⅟₁₀₀” is omitted.
-
-1815. None issued.
-
-1816. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, the hair is confined by a
-roll, and tied by a cord, while the forehead is bedecked with a tiara,
-inscribed “LIBERTY.”
-
-Reverse: Same as 1808.
-
-1817. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with fifteen stars.
-
-1818 to 1836. Same as No. 1 of 1817.
-
-1837. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with the hair tied by a string of beads
-instead of a cord.
-
-1838 to 1857, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1837.
-
-
-_Cent (Nickle)._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1857. Weight 72 grains;
-composed of 88 per cent. copper and 12 per cent. nickle. Coinage
-discontinued, Act of April 22, 1864.
-
-1857 and 1858, Obverse: An eagle flying to the left. “UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.”
-
-Reverse: “ONE CENT,” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco.
-Size, 11.
-
-1859. Obverse: An Indian-head, facing left, bedecked with eagle plumes,
-confined. “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” Beneath, the date.
-
-Reverse: “ONE CENT.” within a wreath of laurel.
-
-1860 to 1864, inclusive. Obverse: Same.
-
-Reverse: “ONE CENT,” within an oak wreath and shield.
-
-
-_Cent (Bronze)._
-
-Coinage authorized, Act of April 22, 1857. Weight, 48 grains; composed of
-95 per cent. copper and 5 per cent. of tin and zinc.
-
-1864. Same type as nickle cent of 1860. Size, 12.
-
-
-_Half Cent (Copper)._
-
-Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 132 grains. Weight
-changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. Weight changed by
-proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with Act
-of March 3, 1795, to 84 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 21,
-1857.
-
-1793. Same type as cent No. 4, 1793, with head facing left. On the edge,
-“TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR.” Size, 14.
-
-1794. Same type as the cent of 1794.
-
-1795 to 1797, inclusive. Same, with plain edge.
-
-1798 and 1799. None issued.
-
-1800. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1796, with the fraction “⅟₂₀₀” on the
-base of the reverse.
-
-1801. None issued.
-
-1802 to 1808, inclusive. Same as 1800. From 1808, the fraction “⅟₂₀₀”
-omitted.
-
-1809 to 1811, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.
-
-1812 to 1824, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1825 and 1826. Same type as cent of 1808.
-
-1827. None issued.
-
-1828. No. 1. Same type as cent 1808, with thirteen stars. No. 2. Same,
-with twelve stars.
-
-1829. Same, with thirteen stars.
-
-1830. None issued.
-
-1831 to 1836, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.
-
-1837 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.
-
-1840 to 1857, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1837; size, 14.
-
-
-
-
-THOMAS JEFFERSON,
-
-
-an eminent American Statesman, and third President of the United States,
-was born April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, near the spot which
-afterwards became his residence, with the name of Monticello. He was the
-oldest son in a family of eight children. His father, Peter Jefferson,
-was a man of great force of character and of extraordinary physical
-strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland, was descended from
-an English family of great note and respectability. Young Jefferson
-began his classical studies at the age of nine, and at seventeen he
-entered an advance class at William and Mary College; on his way thither,
-he formed the acquaintance of Patrick Henry, who was then a bankrupt
-merchant, but who afterwards became the great orator of the Revolution.
-At college, Jefferson was distinguished by his close application, and
-devoted, it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours per day to study, and
-we are told became well versed in Latin, Greek, Italian, French, and
-Spanish, at the same time proficient in his mathematical studies. After
-a few years course of law under Judge Wythe, he was admitted to the bar
-in 1767. His success in the legal profession was remarkable; his fees
-during the first year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In
-1769, Jefferson commenced his public career as a member of the Virginia
-House of Burgesses, in which he had while a student of law, listened to
-Patrick Henry’s great speech on the Stamp Act. In 1773 he united with
-Patrick Henry and other revolutionary patriots in devising the celebrated
-committee of correspondence for disseminating intelligence between the
-Colonies, of which Jefferson was one of the most active and influential
-members. He was elected in 1774 to a convention to choose delegates to
-the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, and introduced at that
-convention his famous “Summary view of the rights of British America.”
-On the 21st of June, 1775, Jefferson took his seat in the Continental
-Congress. His reputation as a Statesman and accomplished writer at once
-placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He served on the
-most important committees, and among other papers drew up the reply of
-Congress to the proposal of Lord North, and assisted in preparing in
-behalf of the Colonies, a declaration of the cause of taking up arms
-against the Mother Country. The rejection of a final petition to King
-George, destroyed all hope of an honorable reconciliation with England.
-Congress, early in 1776, appointed a committee to draw up a Declaration
-of Independence, of which Jefferson was made Chairman; in this capacity
-he drafted, at the request of the other members of the committee,
-(Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and Livingston), and reported to Congress,
-June 28, the great Charter of Freedom, known as the “Declaration of
-American Independence,” which, on July 4, was unanimously adopted, and
-signed by every member present, with a single exception. “The Declaration
-of Independence,” says Edward Everett, “is equal to anything ever borne
-on parchment, or expressed in the visible signs of thought.” “The heart
-of Jefferson in writing it,” adds Bancroft, “and of Congress in adopting
-it, _beat for all humanity_.” After resigning his seat in Congress,
-Jefferson revised the laws of Virginia; among other reforms, he procured
-the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of primogeniture, and
-the restoration of the rights of conscience, a reform which he believed
-would abolish “every fibre of ancient or future aristocracy;” he also
-originated a complete system of elementary and collegiate education
-for Virginia. In 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Governor
-of Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of the
-Revolution, and declined a re-election in 1781. In 1783, he returned to
-Congress, and reported the treaty of peace, concluded at Paris, September
-3, 1783, acknowledging the independence of the United States. He also
-proposed and carried through Congress a bill establishing the present
-Federal system of coinage, which took the place of the English pounds,
-shillings, pence, etc., and also introduced measures for establishing a
-Mint in Philadelphia, (the first public building built by the general
-Government, still standing on Seventh street, east side, near Filbert).
-In 1785, he succeeded Dr. Franklin as resident Minister at Paris. In
-organizing the Government after the adoption of the Constitution, he
-accepted the position of Secretary of State, tendered him by President
-Washington during his first term. Jefferson was Vice-President of the
-United States from 1797 to 1801, and President for the two consecutive
-terms following. After participating in the inauguration of his friend
-and successor, James Madison, Jefferson returned to Monticello, where
-he passed the remainder of his life in directing the educational and
-industrial institutions of his native State and entertaining his many
-visitors and friends. His death occurred on the same day with that of
-John Adams, July 4, 1826.
-
-
-
-
-ALEXANDER HAMILTON,
-
-
-Statesman, orator, and financier, born in the West Indian island of
-Nevis, 11th of January, 1757. His father was a Scotch merchant, and his
-mother was the daughter of a French Huguenot. He was educated at King’s
-College, N. Y. When he was 18 years of age he surprised the people by his
-public speeches and pamphlets in favor of American independence. He was
-commissioned Captain of a Company of Artillery in March, 1776, and served
-with distinction at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton,
-and Princeton, and was appointed Aid-de-camp and Private Secretary to
-General Washington in March, 1777, and gained his special favor and
-confidence in planning campaigns and devising means to support the
-army. In 1782 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and
-Washington expressed the opinion that no one excelled him in probity and
-sterling virtue. He was an active member of an anti-slavery party in New
-York, and offered a resolution in 1784, that every member of that society
-should liberate his own slaves. He was a delegate to the convention
-which met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution
-and to promote the Union of the States, and it appears was the principal
-author of the movement. Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury
-in 1789, at the time the nation was burdened with a heavy debt, almost
-destitute of credit, and on the verge of bankruptcy. The results of his
-financial policy were the restoration of public credit, protection to
-American industry, and a rapid revival of trade and commerce. He resigned
-his office to resume his practice of law, January 31, 1795. He declined
-the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
-previously tendered him. Washington testified his great esteem for
-Hamilton by consulting him in the preparation of his Farewell Address, as
-well as in many other acts of his noble career.
-
-In 1804, Aaron Burr, presenting himself as a candidate for Governor
-of New York, but Hamilton opposed his election expressing the opinion
-that “Burr was a dangerous man and unfit to be trusted with power.”
-The election of Gen. Lewis blasted the ambitious projects of Burr, who
-insolently demanded an explanation of Hamilton, and finally challenged
-him, Hamilton accepted the challenge, was mortally wounded at Weehawken,
-and died July 12, 1804. His death was profoundly lamented throughout the
-country.
-
-NOTE.—His eldest son had been killed in a duel by a political adversary
-about 1802. Mr. Hamilton was the principal author of the Federalist, and
-the real father of our financial system. Immediately after adopting the
-constitution, he strongly advocated the establishment of a Mint, so that
-the New World would not be dependant on the Old for a circulating medium.
-
-
-
-
-HON. JAMES PUTNAM KIMBALL,
-
-PRESIDENT DIRECTOR OF ALL THE MINTS,
-
-
-was born in Salem, Mass., April 26, 1836. After graduating at the High
-School of his native town in 1854, he entered the Lawrence Scientific
-School of Harvard University. In the summer of the following year he went
-to Germany, and matriculated at the University of Frederick Wilhelm,
-Berlin, in the Fall of the same year, and was graduated at the University
-of George Augusta, at Gottingen, in the Autumn of 1857, with the degrees
-of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy. Upon his graduation he
-entered upon a practical course in Mining and Metallurgy, at the Mining
-School of Freiburg, in Saxony.
-
-After making a tour of the Continent and England, he returned home
-and engaged as the Assistant of Prof. J. D. Whitney, now of Harvard
-University, in the State Geological Surveys of the States of Wisconsin
-and Illinois, embracing the Upper Mississippi lead region. He continued
-with Prof. Whitney during the survey, comprising the southeastern part of
-Iowa.
-
-On the establishment of the New York State Agricultural College at Ovid,
-the foundation of which was subsequently merged with that of Cornell
-University, Dr. Kimball was appointed to the Chair of Professor of
-Chemistry and Economic Geology. Upon the appointment of the President
-of the college, Gen. Patrick, as Brigadier-General of Volunteers, Dr.
-Kimball became that officer’s Chief of Staff, with a commission from
-the President of the United States, as Assistant Adjutant-General of
-Volunteers, with the rank of Captain. This was in 1862. His first
-service in the field was with the Army of the Rappahannock, under Gen.
-McDowell. He took part in numerous engagements, notably, those of
-Groveton, Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg,
-Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. General Patrick having been assigned
-to duty as Provost-Marshal of the Army of the Potomac, Capt. Kimball
-accompanied him, and served on the General Staff of that army under
-Generals McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, and Meade, successively.
-
-When the army went into winter quarters, Capt. Kimball, whose health
-had become impaired, resigned from the army, and settled in New York.
-He resumed the practice of his profession as Mining Engineer and
-Metallurgist. Upon his marriage, in 1874, he accepted an honorary
-Professorship in Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., removing from New
-York to one of the houses in the beautiful park and grounds of that
-institution, though retaining his office and business in New York City.
-
-Dr. Kimball has been largely identified with the mineral development
-of Bedford County, Pa., and at the time of his appointment as Director
-of the Mints, was President of the Everett Iron Company, whose blast
-furnace, built in 1883-84, is one of the largest and finest in this
-country. As a scientist he is a contributor to various scientific
-journals at home and abroad, and among others the _American Journal of
-Science_, published at New Haven. Several of his papers have appeared
-in the proceedings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of
-which he has been Vice President. Dr. Kimball has traveled extensively
-in the United States, Mexico, and the West Indies, in prosecuting his
-professional practice, and as a man of scientific accomplishments and of
-affairs, bears a deservedly high reputation.
-
-Dr. Kimball comes of Revolutionary stock. His paternal great-grandfather,
-William Russell, of Boston, was associated with the Sons of Liberty, and
-the leaders in public affairs in the times that tried men’s souls. He was
-present, disguised as an Indian, and assisted in the famous Tea Party in
-Boston harbor on the memorable 16th of December, 1773. Later, Mr. Russell
-was adjutant of the Massachusetts Artillery, raised for the defense of
-Boston, and which served in the Rhode Island campaign of 1777-78. Still
-later, while serving as Secretary to Commander John Manley, of the U. S.
-war vessel Jason, Russell was captured by the British frigate Surprise,
-and confined in Mill prison till June 24, 1782, when he was exchanged.
-But so sturdy a patriot could not rest unemployed, and twenty days after
-his liberation, found him again in the naval service. He was again made
-prisoner by the British, in November following, and consigned to the
-notorious British prison ship, Jersey, lying off New York.
-
-An anecdote is related by Mr. James Kimball, father of the subject of
-this sketch, in a memoir on the Tea Party in Boston harbor furnished
-the Essex Institute Historical collections (1874), which illustrates
-the temper of Mr. Russell as a patriot. Returning to his home after the
-destruction of the tea, he took off his shoes, and carefully dusted them
-over the fire; he then took the tea canister and emptied its contents.
-Next morning he had printed on one side of the canister, “Coffee,” and on
-the other, “No Tea.” This was the brief decree of banishment promulgated
-by the Tea Destroyers, and the prohibited luxury disappeared from their
-tables.
-
-
-
-
-HON. JOHN JAY KNOX.
-
-Late Comptroller of the Currency, now President of the National Bank of
-the Republic, New York City, we are indebted to _The Financier, August,
-1885_, for the following biographical sketch:
-
-
-Hon. John Jay Knox was Comptroller or Deputy Comptroller of the National
-currency for seventeen years. He was born in Oneida county, New York,
-March 19, 1828. His ancestors were Scotch Irish, and came originally
-from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1759. He received his early
-education at the Augusta Academy and the Watertown Classical Institute,
-and was graduated from Hamilton College in the Class of 1849. Among those
-in college with him were Senator Hawley of Connecticut, and Chas. Dudley
-Warner. After leaving college he became teller in a bank at Vernon, of
-which his father was President, at a salary of $300 a year, where he
-remained from 1850 to 1852. He spent some time in the Burnet Bank at
-Syracuse, and was afterwards cashier of the Susquehanna Valley Bank at
-Binghampton. He and his brother, Henry M. Knox, established a banking
-house at St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1857, shortly before that State was
-admitted into the Union.
-
-The first steamboat launched on the Red River of the North, establishing
-a most important communication for the business interests of Minnesota,
-was transported in the dead of winter across country on runners, from
-Sauk Rapids to Breckenridge, and Mr. Knox was one of the few who paid the
-expenses of the enterprise.
-
-In the financial discussions which preceded the establishment of the
-National banks, Mr. Knox took a prominent part, and made many valuable
-suggestions on the currency question. He advocated a safe and convertible
-currency, the issue of a uniform series of circulating notes to all the
-banks, and the guarantee by the Government of circulation secured by its
-own bonds.
-
-In 1862 he was introduced to Secretary Chase and the Hon. Hugh McCulloch,
-then Comptroller of the currency. The attention of the Secretary had
-previously been attracted to the financial articles of Mr. Knox,
-published in _Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine_.
-
-He was shortly afterward appointed to a clerkship under Treasurer
-Spinner, and was subsequently transferred to the office of Mr. Chase, as
-disbursing clerk, at a salary of $2,000 a year. After three years in this
-position he became cashier of the Exchange National Bank at Norfolk, Va.,
-but finding the southern climate uncongenial, after a year he returned
-to Washington. He was commissioned by Secretary McCulloch to examine the
-mint at San Francisco, and to select a site there for a new one. His
-report upon the Mint service of the Pacific Coast was printed in the
-Finance Report of 1866, with a complimentary notice by the Secretary. The
-site selected was purchased from Eugene Kelly of New York for $100,000.
-
-He subsequently visited New Orleans and discovered a deficiency of
-$1,100,000 in the office of the Assistant Treasurer. He took possession
-of that office, and for some weeks acted as Assistant Treasurer of the
-United States.
-
-The promotion of Mr. Knox to the office in which he was able to do
-himself the most credit, and perform those services to the country which
-are part and parcel of its financial progress, occurred in 1867. At this
-time a vacancy was brought about in the Deputy-Comptrollership of the
-Currency, and Secretary McCulloch appointed him to fill it. Until May 1,
-1884, he remained as Deputy or head of the Bureau, his terms of office
-being as follows: Five years as Deputy-Comptroller, from 1867 to 1872;
-five years as Comptroller, from 1872 to 1877, appointed by General Grant;
-five years, second term as Comptroller, from 1877 to 1882, by President
-Hayes, on the recommendation of Secretary Sherman—the reappointment being
-made without his knowledge, before the expiration of the preceding term,
-and confirmed by the Senate without reference to any committee. He was
-again reappointed, by President Arthur, April 12, 1882.
-
-In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate Mis. Doc., No.
-132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification of the Mint and
-Coinage laws, with important amendments, which was highly commended.
-The bill which accompanied the report comprised, within the compass of
-twelve pages of the Revised Statutes, every important provision contained
-in more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage of
-the United States—the result of eighty years of legislation. This bill,
-with slight amendments, was subsequently passed, and is known as “The
-Coinage Act of 1873;” and the Senate Finance Committee, in recognition of
-his services, by an amendment, made the Comptroller of the Currency an
-_ex-officio_ member of the Assay Commission, which meets annually at the
-Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight and fineness
-of the coinage of the year.
-
-Through his official reports, twelve in number, and his addresses on the
-currency question, Mr. Knox has indirectly exercised great influence
-in financial legislation, and he took an active, though quiet and
-unassuming part, in the great financial _coup d’etat_ of the resumption
-of specie payment.
-
-In April, 1878, he accompanied Secretary Sherman and Attorney-General
-Devens to New York, and arranged a meeting between these two members
-of the Cabinet and the officers of ten of the principal banks of the
-city at the National Bank of Commerce, with the view of negotiating the
-sale of $50,000,000 of 4½ per cent. bonds, the avails of which were to
-be used for resumption purposes. The Presidents of the banks, who were
-present, gave Secretary Sherman no encouragement as to the purchase of
-the bonds at the rates proposed by him. Upon the return of the Secretary
-and Comptroller to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, in the evening, they were
-met by August Belmont, who had a cable dispatch from the Rothschilds,
-authorizing a purchase of the whole amount at a premium of one and
-one-half per cent. for the account of the syndicate. Upon the following
-day the Secretary and the Comptroller returned to Washington, after an
-absence of three days, and the success of the negotiation was announced,
-much to the chagrin of some members of the Finance Committee of the House
-of Representatives, who were then bitterly opposing the scheme proposed
-by the Secretary for the resumption of specie payments. This negotiation
-was the first of a series of brilliant financial transactions preceding
-and following resumption on January 1, 1879.
-
-Subsequently he arranged a conference, which was held in the Treasury
-at Washington, in the evening, between leading bank officials of New
-York and Secretaries Sherman and Evarts, which resulted in the admission
-of the Assistant Treasurer as a member of the clearing house, and the
-receipt by the banks of legal tender notes on a par with gold; and in
-1881, by request of President Garfield, he attended a conference in New
-York between the leading financial men of the city and Secretary Windom
-and Attorney-General McVeagh, which resulted in the issue and successful
-negotiation of three and one-half per cent. bonds.
-
-At the time of his resignation, Mr. Knox was the oldest officer in term
-of service in the department. One of the leading financial writers in the
-country, in noticing his retirement, in the _Nation_ said:
-
-“The retirement of Mr. John Jay Knox from the office of Comptroller of
-the Currency is a loss to the public service of no common kind. The
-intelligence which he has brought to the complicated duties of his
-office has never been surpassed in any similar station, and has not
-been equalled in the particular station which he has so long filled.
-The National banking system owes much of its present carefulness in
-detail management to his mastery of all the facts and principles of
-sound finance. His annual reports embrace perhaps the most complete and
-satisfactory arrangement of information needful to the business-man, the
-student, and the legislator that has ever been furnished in this country
-on any economical subject. Mr. Knox resigns the Comptrollership to take
-the Presidency of the National Bank of the Republic of New York City.”
-
-In a speech before the Merchants’ Club of Boston, in February, 1885, Mr.
-Knox alluded to the subjects of civil service reform and the coinage of
-silver in the following trenchant language:
-
-“The platforms of both parties in the late campaign contained nothing but
-platitudes upon the silver question, which should have been the burning
-issue. The candidate of the Republicans seemed to avoid the issue in
-his letter of acceptance, rather than to express the sentiments of the
-best men in his party. The candidate of the Democrats said nothing. Yet
-I am told by good authority that Governor Cleveland is earnest in his
-desire to stop the coinage, and that nothing would please him more than
-to have a clause inserted in an appropriation bill which would repeal
-the law which was passed in the interest of silver miners when the
-whole production is not equal, according to Edward Atkinson, who is an
-authority upon such subjects, to the production of eggs by the hens of
-this country! If Governor Cleveland has the bottom and pluck to carry out
-these two reforms, his administration will be one of the most memorable
-in the annals of the country. It will elevate not only every branch
-of the civil service, but will greatly improve the character of the
-representatives sent to Congress from every State of the Union, and will
-serve to lift the depression which now burdens every industrial interest.
-It will require some intellect to work out these reforms. But it will
-require more bottom than brains, and if he has the grit to stand by his
-pledges, he will have the united support of all intelligent, upright, and
-honest men everywhere without distinction of party.”
-
-Mr. Knox has written a valuable book, which is justly popular, entitled
-“United States Notes.” It is published by the Scribners, and republished
-in London, and is a history of the various issues of paper money by the
-Government, and is said by George Bancroft to be “a clear, thorough,
-able, accurate and impartial work on United States Notes.”
-
-
-
-
-THE COINAGE ACT OF 1873.
-
-
-The enactment of the Mint Law of 1873 marks an era in the Mint Service
-of the United States. Prior to this, the Director of the Mint at
-Philadelphia was the Director of all the Mints—the institution at
-Philadelphia being regarded as the “Mother Mint,” and the others, at San
-Francisco, New Orleans, etc., were called Branch Mints. Each branch had
-its Superintendent, reporting direct to Philadelphia. But the authors of
-the Act of 1873 regarded the Mint Service as so large and important a
-part of the Government, that it should be constituted a separate Bureau
-of the Treasury, with the Director located at Washington. One of the
-promoters of this Act was the Hon. John Jay Knox, late Comptroller of
-the Currency, and now President of the National Bank of the Republic,
-New York. The following sketch of the origin and history of the new law
-may prove of interest. It was originally published in Rhodes’ Journal of
-Banking, July, 1884. Referring to Mr. Knox, the author says:
-
-    “In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate Mis.
-    Doc. No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification
-    of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments, which
-    was highly commended. The method adopted in this codification
-    was, first, to arrange in as concise a form as possible the
-    coinage laws then in existence, with such additional sections
-    and suggestions as seemed valuable. The proposed bill was
-    then printed upon paper having a wide margin, and transmitted
-    to the officers of the different Mints and Assay offices,
-    and to such other gentlemen as were known to be conversant
-    and intelligent upon the subject of the coinage, with the
-    request that the printed bill should be returned with such
-    notes as experience and education should dictate. In this way
-    the views of many gentlemen who were conversant with these
-    subjects were obtained, with but little inconvenience to such
-    correspondents. This correspondence was subsequently published
-    by order of Congress, in H. R. Ex. Doc. No. 307, XLI. Cong.,
-    2d Sess. Having received these suggestions, the bill, which
-    comprised within the compass of eight or ten pages of the
-    Revised Statutes every important provision contained in more
-    than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage of
-    the United States—the result of eighty years of legislation—was
-    prepared and submitted to Congress. This bill, with but slight
-    amendments, was subsequently passed, and was known as ‘The
-    Coinage Act of 1873;’ and the Senate Finance Committee, in
-    recognition of the services of the Comptroller of the Currency,
-    by an amendment, made that officer an _ex-officio_ member of
-    the Assay Commission, which meets annually at the Mint in
-    Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight and fineness
-    of the coinage of the year. Upon his suggestion the coinage of
-    the silver dollar was discontinued, and the paragraph in the
-    report upon this subject was as follows:
-
-    “The coinage of the silver dollar-piece, the history of which
-    is here given, is discontinued in the proposed bill. It is by
-    law the dollar unit; and, assuming the value of gold to be
-    fifteen and one-half times that of silver, being about the
-    mean ratio for the past six years, is worth in gold a premium
-    of about three per cent., its value being $1.03.12, and
-    intrinsically more than seven per cent. premium in our other
-    silver coins, its value thus being $1.07.42. The present laws
-    consequently authorize both a gold dollar unit and a silver
-    dollar unit, differing from each other in intrinsic value.
-    The present gold dollar-piece is made the dollar unit in the
-    proposed bill, and the silver piece is discontinued.”
-
-The first Director of the Mint under this new law, was the Hon. Henry R.
-Linderman. The title of the chief officer at Philadelphia being changed
-to Superintendent—the first incumbent with that title was the Hon. James
-Pollock.
-
-Biographical notices of these officers will be found in their appropriate
-place in this volume.
-
-
-
-
-DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.
-
-
-DAVID RITTENHOUSE, FIRST DIRECTOR OF THE MINT.
-
-Entering the Cabinet, the portraits of the different Directors attract
-attention. That of David Rittenhouse is the copy of a painting by Charles
-Willson Peale. Mr. Rittenhouse was appointed by Washington, April 14,
-1792, and remained in charge of the Mint until June, 1795, when his
-declining health compelled him to resign.
-
-At an early age he indicated mechanical talent of a high order in the
-construction of a clock, and his studies from that time were principally
-mathematical. His genius soon attracted attention, and he was appointed
-by the colonial governor a surveyor, and in that capacity determined the
-famous Mason and Dixon line. He succeeded Benjamin Franklin as President
-of the American Philosophical Society. Mr. Barber, late Engraver of the
-Mint, executed a bronze medal of Dr. Rittenhouse. Possibly, excepting
-Duvivier’s head of Washington after Houdon, it cannot be surpassed in
-the Cabinet. The engraver had a very fine subject, and treated it in the
-highest style of art. On the obverse is “David Rittenhouse,” with date of
-birth and death. On the reverse, inscription, “He belonged to the whole
-human race.”—“Wm. Barber.” This beautiful memento is highly prized.
-
-
-HENRY WILLIAM DESAUSSURE, SECOND DIRECTOR OF THE MINT.
-
-The portrait of Henry William Desaussure, now in the cabinet, was painted
-by Samuel Du Bois, from a daguerreotype taken from a family picture. This
-Director was distinguished for his legal ability, as well as his strict
-integrity. He entered upon his duties with a protest, as he claimed
-no knowledge of the requirements of the position, having long been a
-practicing lawyer; but he was reassured by Alex. Hamilton, then Secretary
-of the Treasury, and proved himself a fine officer for the short term of
-his service. He was appointed by Washington, July 8, 1795, but resigned
-in the following October. Washington not only expressed regret at losing
-so valuable an officer, but consulted him as to the selection of a
-successor.
-
-
-ELIAS BOUDINOT, THIRD DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-was appointed October 28, 1795, and remained in office eleven years.
-In the summer and autumn of 1797 and the two following years, and also
-of 1802 and 1803, the Mint was closed on account of the ravages of the
-yellow fever. Mr. Boudinot resigned in 1805, and devoted the remainder
-of his life to benevolent and literary pursuits. He died on the 24th of
-October, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-two. The fine portrait of
-this venerable Director seen in the Cabinet was presented by a relative,
-and is a good copy of a painting by Waldo and Jewett.
-
-
-ROBERT PATTERSON, LL.D., FOURTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-was appointed by President Jefferson, January 17, 1806. He was a native
-of Ireland, distinguished for his acquirements and ability. He held
-the office of Director for an exceptionally long term of service. His
-portrait, which hangs in the Cabinet, is a copy of a fine original by
-Rembrandt Peale.
-
-
-SAMUEL MOORE, M. D., FIFTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-was appointed by President James Monroe, July 15, 1824. He was a native
-of New Jersey, and the son of a distinguished Revolutionary officer. He
-was one of the first graduates of the Penn University, in 1791, and was
-afterwards a tutor in that institution. During his directorship the Mint
-was removed to the present building. His portrait was painted from life
-by B. Samuel Du Bois, now in the Cabinet.
-
-
-ROBERT MASKELL PATTERSON, M. D., SIXTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-son of a former Director, was appointed by President Andrew Jackson, May
-26, 1835. His term of office was marked by an entire revolution in the
-coinage, and the ready acceptance of those improvements which followed
-so rapidly upon the introduction of steam. Dr. Patterson possessed
-the advantage of foreign travel; and having become familiar with the
-discoveries which had been adopted in the French Mint, he inaugurated and
-perfected them, also introducing improvements, which are still in use, in
-the machinery of the Mint. His portrait is in the Cabinet.
-
-
-GEORGE N. ECKERT, M. D., SEVENTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-was appointed by President Fillmore, July 1, 1851. He served nearly two
-years, and, resigning, was followed by
-
-
-THOMAS M. PETTIT, EIGHTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT,
-
-who was appointed by President Pierce, April 4, 1853. He died a few
-weeks after his appointment. No portrait of him in the Cabinet. He was
-succeeded by
-
-
-HON. JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN, LL.D., NINTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT.
-
-Mr. Snowden, who was appointed by President Pierce, June 3, 1853, was
-formerly a member of the State Legislature, and served two terms as
-Speaker; was afterwards elected for two terms as State Treasurer. During
-his official term the building was made fire-proof, the large collection
-of minerals was added, and nickel was first coined.
-
-Mr. Snowden has placed the numismatic world under many obligations, by
-directing the publication of two valuable quarto volumes,—one of them a
-description of the coins in the Cabinet, under the title of “The Mint
-Manual of Coins of all Nations,” the other “The Medallic Memorials of
-Washington,” being mainly a description of a special collection made by
-himself. In the preface to the former work he gives due credit to the
-literary labors of Mr. George Bull, then Curator, and also to a reprint
-of the account of the ancient collection, by Mr. Du Bois, who also
-furnished other valuable material. These books are valuable as authority,
-and by reason of the national character of the last mentioned.
-
-
-JAMES POLLOCK, A.M., LL.D., TENTH DIRECTOR AND FIRST SUPERINTENDENT,
-
-was appointed by Abraham Lincoln in 1861, and was re-appointed by
-President Grant to succeed Dr. Linderman in 1869 to 1873. Born in
-Pennsylvania in 1810; graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in
-1831, and commenced the practice of the law in 1833; he served in
-Congress three terms; was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1854, and
-in 1860 was a peace delegate to Washington from his State to counsel with
-representatives from different parts of the Union as to the possibility
-of amicably adjusting our unhappy national troubles. His portrait, by
-Winner, hangs in the eastern section of the Cabinet.[19]
-
-
-HON. HENRY RICHARD LINDERMAN, M. D., DIRECTOR OF THE MINTS AND ASSAY
-OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES,
-
-was the eldest son of John Jordan Linderman, M. D., and Rachel Brodhead.
-He was born in Pike county, Pennsylvania, the 25th of December, 1825. The
-elder Dr. Linderman was one of the most noted physicians in northeastern
-Pennsylvania, and practiced medicine for nearly half a century in the
-valley of the Delaware, in this State, and New Jersey. He was a graduate
-of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York, where he had
-studied under the famous Dr. Valentine Mott. Dr. Linderman’s grandfather,
-Jacob von Linderman, came to this country during the disturbed period
-of the Austrian War of Succession, during the first half of the last
-century, and settled in Orange county, where he purchased a tract of
-land. The property is still in the possession of the family. Jacob von
-Linderman was the cadet of an ancient and honorable family of Saxony,
-which had been distinguished for two centuries in the law and medicine,
-several of his ancestors having been counsellors and physicians to the
-Elector. He was a descendant of the same family as Margaretta Linderman,
-the mother of the great Reformer, Martin Luther. Of this paternal
-stock, Dr. Henry R. Linderman was, by his mother, a nephew of the late
-Hon. Richard Brodhead, Senator of the United States from Pennsylvania;
-grandson of Richard Brodhead, one of the Judges of Pike county, and
-great-grandson of Garrett Brodhead, an officer of the Revolution, and
-a great-nephew of Luke Brodhead, a Captain in Col. Miles’ Regiment,
-and of Daniel Brodhead, Colonel of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment of
-the Continental Line; the latter was afterwards a Brigadier-General,
-was one of the original members of the Cincinnati of this State, and
-Surveyor-General of the Commonwealth when the war closed. His only son
-Daniel was a First Lieutenant in Colonel Shee’s Battalion, was taken
-prisoner by the British, and died after two years’ captivity. General
-Brodhead married Governor Mifflin’s widow, and died in Milford, Pike
-county, in 1803. The nephew of these three brothers, Charles Wessel
-Brodhead, of New York, was also in the Revolutionary army, a Captain of
-Grenadiers. They all descended from Daniel Brodhead, a Captain of King
-Charles II.’s Grenadiers, who had a command in Nichol’s expedition, which
-captured New York from the Dutch in 1664. Captain Brodhead was of the
-family of that name in Yorkshire, which terminated in England so recently
-as 1840 in the person of Sir Henry T. L. Brodhead, baronet.
-
-Dr. Henry R. Linderman, after receiving an academic education, entered
-the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. When barely of age he
-graduated, returned to Pike county and began practice with his father,
-and earned a reputation as a skillful and rising physician.
-
-In 1855 his uncle, Richard Brodhead (United States Senator), procured
-his appointment as chief clerk of the Philadelphia Mint. He held this
-position until 1864, when he resigned and engaged in business as a banker
-and broker in Philadelphia. In 1867 he was appointed Director of the Mint
-by President Johnson. In 1869 he resigned. In 1870 he was a commissioner
-of the Government to the Pacific coast to investigate the San Francisco
-and Carson Mints, and to adjust some intricate bullion questions. In
-1871 he was a commissioner to Europe, to examine the coinage systems
-of the Great Powers. In 1872 he was a commissioner, with the late Dr.
-Robert E. Rogers, of the University of Pennsylvania, for fitting up the
-Government refinery at the San Francisco Mint. In the same year he wrote
-an elaborate report on the condition of the gold and silver market of the
-world. “In this report he called attention to the disadvantages arising
-from the computation and quotation of exchange with Great Britain on
-the old and complicated Colonial basis, and from the undervaluation of
-foreign coins in computing the value of foreign invoices and levying and
-collecting duties at the United States Custom Houses.” He was the author
-of the Act of March 9th, 1873, which corrected the defects above referred
-to. His predictions in this report on the decline in the value of silver
-as compared to gold were fulfilled to the letter.
-
-He was thoroughly familiar with the practice, science, and finance of the
-Coinage Department of the Government, and about this time he wrote the
-Coinage Act of 1873, and secured its passage through Congress. General
-Grant, then President, considered him as the fittest man to organize the
-new Bureau, and, though a Democrat, appointed him first Director under
-the new Act; the Director being at the head of all the Mints and Assay
-Offices in the United States.
-
-For the remainder of his life until his last illness, which began in
-the fall of 1878, he worked incessantly. Under his hands the Bureau of
-the Mints and the entire Coinage and Assay service were shaped in their
-present form. Much is due to his official subordinates, but his was the
-master mind, his the skillful and methodical direction, the studious and
-laborious devotion to the duties and obligations of his high position
-at the head of the Coinage Department of this great nation, which have
-given the United States the best coinage system in the world. It was
-Dr. Linderman who projected the “trade dollar,” solely for commerce,
-and not intended to enter into circulation here. It was a successful
-means of finding a market for our great surplus of silver, which Dr.
-Linderman sought to send to Oriental countries rather than flood our own
-and depreciate its fickle value. The old silver dollar by the Coinage
-Act of 1873 was abolished. The codification of all the legislation of
-Congress since the foundation of the Mint in 1792 was thus accomplished.
-Other needed legislative enactments were passed by Congress on his
-recommendations.
-
-In 1877 Dr. Linderman wrote, and Putnam published, “Money and Legal
-Tender in the United States,” a valuable and interesting contribution
-to the science of finance, which was favorably received abroad as well
-as here. The same year his official report presented one of the most
-exhaustive, profound, and able efforts which has ever emanated from the
-Government press. The fact that several of his reports were in use as
-text books of technical information in some of the technical schools
-(notably that at Harvard University), will serve to show the estimation
-in which the late Dr. Linderman was held as an authority upon coinage,
-mining, and finance. When the Japanese established their mint, that
-government made him the liberal offer of $50,000 to stay in their country
-one year and organize their mint service.
-
-When M. Henri Cernuschi, the eminent financier and the Director of the
-French Mint, was in this country in 1878, he said, “Dr. Linderman’s
-name is as celebrated on the continent of Europe in connection with
-his opinions on the double standard of metallic currency, as that of
-Garibaldi in connection with the Italian revolution.”
-
-In 1877 Dr. Linderman was appointed a commissioner, with power to name
-two others, to investigate abuses in the San Francisco Mint and Custom
-House. He appointed ex-Governor Low, of California, and Mr. Henry Dodge,
-and this commission sat as a court of inquiry in San Francisco in 1877.
-He returned to Washington in the autumn of that year. His report of the
-commission was duly approved, and all the changes it advised were made by
-the Government authorities.
-
-In 1853 Dr. Linderman married Miss Emily Davis, a highly accomplished
-and talented lady, daughter of George H. Davis, one of the pioneer
-coal operators of the Wyoming and Carbon districts. Dr. Linderman died
-at his residence in Washington in January, 1879, after a long illness
-superinduced by his self-sacrificing care and solicitude for public
-interests. His conscientious and valuable aid and advice in counsel,
-his conception of public duty, which so entirely guided his conduct
-in all his official relations connected with our present monetary
-system, established through his efforts, justly entitle him to be held
-in grateful remembrance for the benefits he conferred upon his fellow
-countrymen.[20]
-
-
-COL. A. LOUDON SNOWDEN, SECOND SUPERINTENDENT,
-
-was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and descends from one of the
-old families of Pennsylvania.
-
-He was educated at the Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. On
-the completion of his collegiate course he studied law, but on May 7,
-1857, just before being admitted to the bar, accepted the position of
-Register, tendered him by his uncle, the late Hon. James Ross Snowden,
-then Director of the United States Mint.
-
-In 1866, a vacancy having occurred in the office of Coiner of the Mint,
-he was appointed by the President, and entered upon the duties of this
-office October 1, 1866.
-
-At the request of President Grant, in 1876, he was induced to accept the
-Postmastership of Philadelphia.
-
-He assumed the duties of that office January 1, 1877, with much
-reluctance, but soon manifested as Postmaster the same capacity for
-thorough discipline and organization which had distinguished him in the
-Mint. President Hayes, in December, 1878, tendered him the position
-of Director of all the Mints of the United States, made vacant by the
-expiration of the commission of Dr. Linderman. After the death of Dr.
-Linderman the President again sent for him and urged his acceptance
-of the place, which he was believed to have declined previous to Dr.
-Linderman’s death from motives of delicacy, having long been the friend
-of the late Director.
-
-This offer he again declined, as the acceptance of it would necessitate
-his removal from Philadelphia to Washington.
-
-In the following February the President again made a tender of office.
-This time it was the superintendency of the Philadelphia Mint, and,
-as its acceptance of it restored him to a service agreeable to him in
-every particular, and permitted him to remain among his friends in
-Philadelphia, he promptly accepted, and assumed control of the Mint on
-the 1st of March, 1879, and continued in charge of the “Parent Mint” of
-the United States until June, 1885, when he resigned his commission.
-
-In January, 1873, he was elected vice-president of the Fire Association,
-one of the oldest and largest fire insurance companies of the United
-States. In 1868 he was elected its president. In October, 1880, he was
-elected president of the “United Fire Underwriters of America,” an
-organization embracing the officers of more than one hundred and fifty of
-the leading American and foreign companies doing business in the United
-States, representing a capital of over $118,000,000.
-
-
-DANIEL M. FOX.
-
-Hon. Daniel M. Fox, the new Superintendent of the United States Mint, was
-born in this city on the 16th of June, 1819. His ancestors, both on his
-father’s and mother’s side, are not without fame, many of them having
-figured more or less conspicuously in the early history of the country.
-Daniel Miller, his maternal grandfather, took quite a prominent part in
-the Revolutionary war, being present with Washington at Germantown, Pa.,
-New Brunswick, N. J., the Highlands, N. Y., Valley Forge, Pa., the siege
-of Yorktown, and witnessed the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown.
-During the campaign in New Jersey he was taken by the British as a spy
-and brought to Philadelphia, but effected his escape and rejoined the
-army. At the termination of the war he finally settled with his family in
-the old Northern Liberties, where Mr. Fox’s grandfather, by the father’s
-side, John Fox, resided. Here Daniel’s father and mother were born, and
-here he himself first saw the light, and was reared and educated.
-
-His parents were possessed of very little of this world’s goods, but
-that did not prevent them from giving their son a liberal education,
-which he was not backward in taking advantage of. After leaving school
-the first two years were employed as clerk in a store, after which he
-turned his attention to conveyancing, as he intended to make that his
-permanent profession. He devoted the next five years to the close study
-of all its intricate details in the office of the late Jacob F. Hoeckley,
-who at that period stood at the head of the profession in this city, and
-graduating with eminent credit he commenced practice for himself.
-
-[Illustration: _Daniel M. Fox_]
-
-The profession is one affording many temptations to men who are not well
-grounded in strict integrity, and sustained in the paths of rectitude
-and virtue by a conscientious regard for the _meum_ and _tuum_ of a
-well-ordered business life; but Mr. Fox, looking upon his profession as
-one of dignity and trust, soon commanded and permanently secured the
-confidence of the public, by avoiding those speculative ventures which
-have brought so much disrepute upon it, and by a scrupulous regard for
-the interests of those who placed their property in his keeping. In
-consequence, the business entrusted to him has increased to such an
-extent from year to year that it is said he has more estates in his
-charge for settlement, as administrator, executor, or trustee, than
-any other single individual in Philadelphia. His practice constantly
-increasing as time rolled on, the laws touching real estate operations
-becoming more complicated year by year, and appreciating the necessity
-in many cases for court proceedings to secure perfection of title,
-he submitted himself to a legal examination, and was admitted to the
-Philadelphia bar in November, 1878.
-
-
-HIS PUBLIC CAREER.
-
-His first step in public life was at the age of twenty-one, when he was
-elected a member of the Board of School Directors of the district in
-which he then lived, and for many years prior to 1854, when the city was
-consolidated, and the law in that regard changed, he was President of
-the Board. For many years he had taken an active interest in the public
-schools, and was a pioneer in the night-school system for adults. He
-was chosen two consecutive terms by the City Councils as a Director of
-Girard College, and also represented the Northern Liberties in the Board
-of Health, having charge of the sanitary matters and the quarantine
-regulations of the city, and was quite active and efficient in the
-abatement of the cholera, which was epidemic here twice during the nine
-years he served in that Board.
-
-For three years he represented his ward in the Select Council of
-Philadelphia with credit and ability. In 1861 he retired from Councils,
-and in the year following was unanimously nominated for the Mayoralty by
-the Democratic party. The city at that time was strongly Republican, and
-he was defeated by Hon. Alexander Henry, although he ran largely ahead of
-his ticket. In 1865 he again received a unanimous nomination for the same
-office, and ran against Hon. Morton McMichael and with the same result.
-His personal popularity, however, was in the ascendant, and when he was
-placed in nomination in 1868 against General Hector Tyndale, he was duly
-elected.
-
-On January 1, 1869, he was inaugurated, and his first official duty as
-Mayor was to formally receive on behalf of the city authorities General
-Grant as President-elect. The reception took place in Independence Hall,
-in the presence of Councils and a large number of prominent citizens,
-and was conducted on the part of the new Mayor with ease, grace, and
-elegance. His municipal administration was marked by many reformatory
-and sanitary measures, especially in those portions of the city where
-the impurity of the denizens hazarded the health of more respectable
-neighborhoods. It was during his official term that the Volunteer Fire
-Department ceased to exist. It had been his practice during its closing
-days to attend all conflagrations for the double purpose of holding a
-moral check on the lawless and to stimulate the police in their duties of
-keeping the streets clear for the free exercise of those whose business
-it was to extinguish the flames. The passage by Councils of the ordinance
-establishing a Paid Fire Department created a profound sensation in the
-city, arousing the bitter feelings of many of the volunteer firemen, and
-kindling an intense anxiety on the part of the people generally as to
-the fate of the bill when it reached the hands of the Mayor. He retained
-it for a fortnight, unsigned, evidently desiring to soften the feeling
-engendered by its passage, and also to perfect such arrangements as would
-be necessary to meet any emergency in carrying the act into effect. The
-latter being accomplished, he formally approved the ordinance and it
-became a law. This course was very unpalatable to the riotous element
-of the volunteers, who manifested their feelings in various ways, such
-as suspending the effigy of the Mayor in several engine houses, but no
-other violent demonstrations of any moment occurred, as the steps taken
-by his officers proved effective and rigorous; these, coupled with the
-co-operation of many of the discreet firemen, enabled the new “Paid
-Department” to go into operation without any disturbance whatever, and
-the city has ever since rejoiced in an efficient system without any of
-the former accompaniments of noise, riot, and public disturbance.
-
-A startling attempt at assassination occurred during Mayor Fox’s
-incumbency, in the shooting of United States Revenue Detective James
-Brooks, in open day, in a Front street store, by some miscreants. The
-case was at once taken in hand by the Mayor, who by stimulating the
-police and offering heavy rewards caused the arrest of the parties.
-Their conviction soon followed. Whenever any question of grave public
-importance presented itself, it was his practice to invite conferences
-with the most prominent citizens at his office, as to the best course to
-be pursued; thus, while showing a true devotion to the public interests,
-he was enabled to act with great sagacity; he also brought to his
-support the power of eloquence, which he possesses in an eminent degree;
-this added much to his popularity. He did not hesitate to use the veto
-whenever he differed with Councils, and during his term he transmitted to
-these bodies thirty-two messages of this character, the majority of which
-were sustained. His official term ended in a most gratifying manner,
-both chambers of Councils unanimously passing resolutions of thanks for
-his able and energetic administration of the city’s affairs. This was
-followed by a grand banquet at the Academy of Music, tendered to him by
-our most distinguished citizens, irrespective of party. In two successive
-State conventions he received complimentary votes for the Gubernatorial
-nominations.
-
-The great International Exposition in commemoration of the centennial
-anniversary of the birth of our nation was held in this city in 1876. In
-the preparation for this grand demonstration, in its opening and down
-to its close, in the autumn of that year, Mr. Fox took a leading part,
-the incipient step having been taken in the Mayor’s Office during his
-administration, in a consultation with a committee from the Franklin
-Institute, who waited upon him for that purpose. As an active and earnest
-member of the Centennial Board of Finance, which had charge of all the
-funds for the Exposition, Mr. Fox contributed his time, his means, and
-his voice greatly to its promotion and final success.
-
-Once more Mr. Fox was called to the discharge of an important public
-duty. For a number of years a controversy had existed between the
-general Government and the railroad corporations with reference to the
-transportation of the United States mails, the former complaining that
-the service was not satisfactorily rendered, and the latter that they
-were not adequately compensated.
-
-On the 12th of July, 1876, Congress passed a bill authorizing the
-President to appoint a Commission of three civilians to investigate the
-subject and make report upon it. Mr. Fox was one of the appointees,
-his colleagues being selected from other States. The Commission, in
-the exercise of its functions, visited every section of the country,
-embracing a distance of travel of over twenty-eight thousand miles.
-Sessions were held in all the principal cities, much testimony taken,
-and when its labors were completed a report of great value was prepared
-and presented, which went far towards a satisfactory settlement of the
-controversy.
-
-    [From The History of the Philadelphia Police.]
-
-    One of the most important occurrences during Mr. Fox’s term as
-    Mayor was the abolition of the old Volunteer Fire Department.
-    The ordinance for the erection of a Paid Fire department was
-    passed December 29, 1870, after a series of hot debates. The
-    old volunteers were a power in politics, but their acts of
-    violence and incendiarism made it imperative in the opinion
-    of a majority of citizens that they should be superseded. The
-    passage of the ordinance caused a sensation because it was not
-    believed that Councils would dare to abolish the volunteers.
-    Feeling ran high. The firemen held meeting after meeting in
-    their engine-houses. All attention was directed towards the
-    Mayor. Would he sign the ordinance and make it a law? He had
-    ten days in which to consider the bill. He was known to favor
-    it; but day after day passed and he took no action. Meanwhile
-    he was not asleep. He had perfected police arrangements whereby
-    the whole force could be called out at once on the outbreak
-    of any violence, and the excitement was so great that the
-    rowdy element and the firemen were expected to sally forth at
-    any moment. There were two or three isolated outrages, but
-    no general riot. The ten days drew towards a close and the
-    excitement became less intense every day. It was with this
-    object in view that the Mayor delayed signing the ordinance. He
-    waited until the last day before putting his signature to the
-    bill. The volunteers had become in a degree reconciled to the
-    measure, and some of them hoped to resume work with engine and
-    hook-and-ladder under the new system.
-
-    The old volunteer firemen now hold Mr. Fox in high esteem.
-    At the great fire in Newhall, Borie & Co.’s sugar refinery,
-    which stood at the corner of Race and Crown streets, the lives
-    of a number of the volunteers were endangered through their
-    own stubbornness, and only saved through determined action
-    on the part of the Mayor. The engine-house of the refinery
-    was a single story building facing on Crown street; over it
-    was a projection five or six stories in height containing the
-    hoisting apparatus and other machinery of great weight.
-
-    HIS WATCHFUL CARE SAVES MANY LIVES.
-
-    About a score of the firemen took up a position on the roof
-    of the engine-house and directed a stream of water against
-    the main building. Unknown to them the flames were rapidly
-    eating their way to the machinery in the projection over them.
-    The Mayor made it a point to attend all important fires, and
-    frequently his vigilance at great conflagrations resulted in
-    the detection of gangs of thieves who operated in the uniform
-    of firemen. On this occasion he observed the danger which
-    threatened the men. It was evident to him that the machinery
-    would soon be reached, and the projection fall. A serious
-    disaster would be the consequence unless the men removed. The
-    Mayor sent the Chief of Police to inform them of their danger,
-    and endeavored to induce them to retire from their perilous
-    position. They angrily declared they would occupy whatever
-    place they pleased, and said the Mayor should mind his own
-    business as he had no authority over them. The Mayor saw that
-    prompt and decisive action was necessary if the lives of the
-    men were not to be sacrificed. He ordered Chief Mulholland
-    to drive the headstrong fellows from the roof by force. All
-    the policemen in the neighborhood of the fire were collected
-    and they charged the volunteers, who were routed with some
-    difficulty and came clamoring around the Mayor, demanding to
-    know by what authority he had interfered with them, execrating
-    and threatening him with personal violence.
-
-    “Wait five minutes and I will give you an answer,” said Mr.
-    Fox, quietly.
-
-    A moment later the projection with all the heavy machinery
-    fell, crushing the engine-house. The men who a moment before
-    had reviled the Mayor were silent for a moment, then they
-    gathered around him and gave three prolonged and hearty cheers
-    for Daniel M. Fox.
-
-Mr. Fox was the first Mayor who directed the roping off the streets
-during large conflagrations, thereby keeping away not only the crowds who
-drawn by idle curiosity went simply to look on but also those persons who
-may have been attracted for purposes of theft. It aided considerably,
-too, in giving the Fire Department a clean working space, thus adding
-to their efficiency, and also avoiding the chance of accidents from
-falling embers or walls. This plan so wisely begun has been followed with
-advantage by every successive Mayor.
-
-Mr. Fox’s participation in the philanthropic and benevolent movements
-of the city has always been unlimited. As President of the Pennsylvania
-Society for the Protection of Children from Cruelty, Trustee of the
-Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and in his connection
-with many other charitable works, his constant aim has been the
-alleviation of the sufferings and the general welfare of his fellow men.
-
-Personally, Mr. Fox is of dignified and distinguished presence, yet in
-manner affable, courteous, and kind. Always interested in his fellow
-men, he draws men towards him and impresses them with the sincerity of
-his nature and the unselfishness of his purpose. Love of justice is
-one of the strong characteristics of the man, and his life has been
-singularly free from the petty strifes which disfigure the lives of so
-many who have had to fight their battle against odds. His selection for
-the Superintendency of the Mint, being unsought, was a just tribute to
-his unquestioned integrity and his eminent abilities as a public man. The
-country is fortunate in his preferment, and his administration of the
-affairs of the Mint will fitly crown an honored career.
-
-Superintendent Fox has greatly improved the immediate surroundings of
-the Mint since his entrance upon duty. The areas have been cleared of
-rubbish, temporary wooden structures demolished, where it is possible
-to dispense with them, and a systematic policing of the premises has
-been adopted. But perhaps the most notable of the improvements which
-Superintendent Fox has made is the removal of the old steam plant
-from the body of the basement and the creation of a new and much more
-efficient plant in vaults prepared outside of the walls. This has had
-the effect to render the atmosphere of the building cool and pure, and
-at the same time has actually increased the working space nearly forty
-per cent. Another story has also been added to the adjusting room, with
-appliances for cooking and toilet, thus increasing the comfort of the
-ladies employed in that department. The plots on either hand of the
-entrance on Chestnut street show some happy efforts to please the eye,
-in a renewal of the sward and landscape gardening in colors. The fine
-specimens of American cypress in the centre of these plots seem to have
-borrowed fresh attractions from their new and beautiful setting, and
-their foliage contrasts pleasingly with the clumps of foliage plants and
-exotics beneath. Throughout the premises the supervision of a thorough
-business man is apparent; nothing seems to escape the eyes of the
-vigilant Superintendent.
-
-
-COINERS.
-
-HENRY VOIGT, the first Chief Coiner, was appointed by President
-Washington, January 29, 1793. He was selected on account of his
-mechanical knowledge and skill, being a clockmaker by trade. Many of our
-old families bear witness to the skill of Mr. Voigt in the affection they
-have for many an “old clock on the stairs,” for the manufacture of which
-timekeepers he was quite famous. Mr. Voigt held office until removed by
-death in February, 1814.
-
-ADAM ECKFELDT was born in Philadelphia, June 15, 1769. He was trained
-to mechanical pursuits by his father, who was a large manufacturer of
-edge-tools and implements. On the establishment of the Mint he was
-engaged to construct some of the machinery for it. He built the first
-screw-coining presses. The contrivance for ejecting the piece from
-the collar, together with some other mechanical appliances, were his
-invention.
-
-In an old pay-roll of 1795 (see page 12), we find the name of “Adam
-Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner.” His official connection dates from
-January 1, 1796, when he was appointed Assistant Coiner by Director
-Boudinot, with the consent of President Washington. Upon the death of
-Henry Voigt, Mr. Eckfeldt was appointed to succeed him as Chief Coiner,
-and remained in that position until he resigned, in 1839. He continued to
-visit the Mint for some years after; and he is yet remembered as a hard
-worker in the Mint, without compensation. For half a century he was one
-of the central figures of the Mint service. His mechanical skill, his
-zeal, energy, and uprightness, brought him many distinctions, both as an
-officer and a citizen.
-
-In his letter of resignation he warmly recommends the appointment of
-Franklin Peale, in the following terms: “I feel it my duty, in leaving
-office, to recommend that my place be filled by Mr. Franklin Peale, the
-present Melter and Refiner. Our close association as fellow-officers has
-made me acquainted with his peculiar qualifications, and I therefore know
-him to be fitted for the situation; and I do not know any other person
-that is.” He had a high ideal of what a chief coiner should be.
-
-Mr. Eckfeldt died February 6, 1852, in his 83d year.
-
-FRANKLIN PEALE was the son of Charles Willson Peale, the eminent
-artist and founder of Peale’s Museum. Born in the Hall of the American
-Philosophical Society, October 15, 1795, he was presented to the society
-by his father, when four months old, as “the first child born in the
-Philosophical Hall,” and with a request that the society should name him.
-He was accordingly named after the chief founder and first President of
-the Society—Franklin.
-
-Young Peale early showed a taste for mechanics, and his father gave
-him every facility to improve himself in any direction in which nature
-seemed to lead him. Part of his general education was received at the
-University of Pennsylvania and part at the Germantown Academy. At the age
-of seventeen he entered the machine shop of Hodgson & Bro., Delaware.
-He soon grew to be a skilled mechanic and draughtsman. Some time after
-he became manager of his father’s Museum. He assisted Baldwin in the
-construction of the first locomotive built in this country. In 1833
-Mr. Peale entered the Mint service, and was sent to Europe by Director
-Moore to examine into foreign Mint methods. He brought with him valuable
-apparatus for the Assay Department, together with other important
-improvements and suggestions. He was appointed Melter and Refiner in 1836
-and Chief Coiner in 1839. He introduced the first steam coining press,
-the milling machine and some other of our more modern forms of Mint
-machinery.
-
-Mr. Peale’s administration as Chief Coiner may be said to mark an era in
-the mechanic arts of Minting. Being specially fitted, by natural genius
-as well as education, for the position which he adorned, his mildness,
-integrity, gentlemanly bearing and high moral and mental culture
-constituted him a model officer. His connection with the service lasted
-until 1854. He died on the 5th of May, 1870.
-
-GEORGE K. CHILDS, appointed December 12, 1854.
-
-LEWIS R. BROOMALL, appointed June 30, 1861.
-
-JOHN G. BUTLER, appointed November 30, 1863.
-
-A. LOUDON SNOWDEN, appointed October 1, 1866.
-
-(For sketch of A. Loudon Snowden, see list of Directors and
-Superintendents, page 92.)
-
-COLONEL O. C. BOSBYSHELL. On the 4th of May, 1869, Ex-Governor Pollock,
-then Director of the Mint, appointed Col. Bosbyshell Register of
-Deposits. His course in the Mint was so satisfactory that, without
-solicitation, he was made assistant coiner by Col. A. L. Snowden, the
-then coiner, on the 1st of October, 1872. Upon Col. Snowden’s appointment
-as Postmaster of Philadelphia, Col. Bosbyshell was appointed Coiner of
-the Mint by President Grant, on the 15th of December, 1876, and remained
-in that capacity until January, 1885, when, to the regret of all parties
-having business relations with him, he tendered his resignation to accept
-a responsible position in the Controller’s Office, tendered him by his
-friend, Col. Robert P. Dechert.
-
-WILLIAM S. STEEL was born in the City of Philadelphia, on the 1st of
-March, 1841. He received a good common school education, and in 1856
-entered the office of David Cooper & Co., at Girard’s wharves, remaining
-engaged in mercantile pursuits till 1861. At 19 years of age he was
-appointed by Colonel James Ross Snowden, then Director of the United
-States Mint, First Assistant Weigh Clerk. In this position he served
-continuously through Colonel J. Ross Snowden, ex-Governor Pollock, and
-Colonel A. Loudon Snowden’s administrations. In September, 1862, just
-before the battle of Antietam, Mr. Steele entered the State service,
-and served with the Thirty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers,
-until discharged by expiration of term. When Colonel A. Loudon Snowden
-was transferred to the Post Office, January, 1877, Mr. Steele, upon the
-recommendation of the then Coiner, Colonel O. C. Bosbyshell, became
-Assistant Coiner, a position he filled in a most acceptable manner, until
-Colonel Bosbyshell’s retirement in February, 1885, when he was made
-Coiner.
-
-HARRY A. CHESTER, Assistant Coiner, was born in Philadelphia (Northern
-Liberties), September 10, 1852, and educated in the North East
-School, Sixth Section. He was an attachee of the National House of
-Representatives from 1876 to 1882, clerk in Register of Wills’ Office
-from January 1, 1883, until May, 1885, when he was appointed by Colonel
-A. Loudon Snowden as Assistant Weigh Clerk, and promoted by Hon. Daniel
-M. Fox in October, 1886.
-
-DR. HENRY LEFFMANN was appointed Chief Coiner at the Philadelphia Mint
-January 10, 1888, by President Cleveland. Dr. Leffmann was born in
-Philadelphia September 9, 1847, and was educated in the public schools of
-Philadelphia, including four years at the Central High School. He devoted
-three years in practical study in the laboratory of Dr. Charles M.
-Cresson, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1869, having been
-for some years assistant to the Professor of Chemistry at the College,
-and in 1875 was elected Lecturer on Toxicology, which position he held
-for a number of years. In 1876 he was elected to take charge of the
-laboratory of the Central High School, and remained in that position for
-four years. In 1883 he was elected Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy
-in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, a position which he still
-holds; and he has been for a number of years Professor of Chemistry and
-Mineralogy in the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Dr. Leffmann has
-been engaged as chemical expert in patent and criminal cases, notably
-in the Goerson poisoning case and the chrome-yellow poisoning cases. He
-is a member of several American and foreign scientific societies, has
-contributed papers to current scientific literature, and has for the past
-five years been editor of _The Polyclinic_, a monthly medical journal.
-In 1880 he was a candidate for Coroner on the Democratic ticket, but was
-defeated, and in 1884 was appointed Port Physician for Philadelphia by
-Governor Pattison, and held that position until October, 1887.
-
-
-ASSAYERS.
-
-JACOB R. ECKFELDT, Sixth Assayer, was born in Philadelphia, 1846. He
-entered the Assay Department as Second Weigher, in 1865. By regular
-promotions he reached the position of Assistant Assayer, in 1872,
-and upon the death of his superior he was appointed and confirmed as
-Assayer, December 21, 1881. The position of Assayer is one of great
-responsibility, and demands not only scientific training but wide and
-special knowledge and experience upon subjects relating to the history
-and arts of Coinage. Since the foundation of the Mint there have been but
-six official heads of this department.
-
-WILLIAM MCINTIRE was born in Delaware in 1831. He entered the Assay
-Department of the Mint as an assistant in September, 1853, which position
-he held, with the exception of a short interim while he was engaged in
-mercantile business, until October, 1887, when by regular promotion he
-was appointed Assistant Assayer.
-
-
-JACOB R. ECKFELDT.
-
-EXTRACT FROM AN OBITUARY NOTICE BY MR. DU BOIS.
-
-(_Read before the American Philosophical Society, Oct. 4th, 1872._)
-
-    Jacob R. Eckfeldt, late Assayer of the Mint, was the son of
-    Adam and Margaretta Eckfeldt, and was born in Philadelphia,
-    March —, 1803. He was, therefore, in his seventieth year, at
-    the time of decease, August 9th, 1872.
-
-    In the Spring of 1832, Mr. John Richardson, who had been
-    Assayer about one year, and did not find the employment
-    congenial to his tastes, informed Mr. Eckfeldt that he intended
-    to resign, and wished him to prepare to take the place. Mr. E.
-    shrank from this responsibility, and declined. But some of his
-    friends who had influence with President Jackson, presented his
-    name with a strong recommendation and he was appointed without
-    being asked as to his party preferences. This occurred on the
-    30th of April, 1832. He therefore held the office _over forty
-    years_.
-
-    When he entered upon the work, he had to encounter some
-    embarrassments. The apparatus was old-fashioned, and not
-    calculated for nice results. The silver assay had been well
-    performed, without going to a close figure, for many years; but
-    gold was little known in the country or at the Mint, and it
-    is not surprising that its assay was incorrectly performed.
-    Add to this, there was the coarse and cumbrous nomenclature,
-    brought from the old country, of carats and grains for gold
-    fineness, and so many grains to the pound for silver fineness.
-
-    Close upon all this, that is to say, in June, 1834, came the
-    celebrated reduction in the standards of our gold coin, one of
-    the chief measures of the Jackson administration. This changed
-    gold from a curiosity to a currency; bullion and foreign
-    coin flowed to the mint, and accuracy of assay was more than
-    ever needful. Mr. Eckfeldt was equal to the emergency, and
-    resolutely introduced reforms, which, at first, made the older
-    officers stand in doubt.
-
-    In those days, about the time the new mint edifice on Chestnut
-    street was finishing, Mr. Peale was sent to London and Paris
-    to observe the methods of assaying and refining, and to
-    procure a new apparatus. We were thus supplied with French
-    beams, weights, and cupel furnaces, and with the appliances
-    of Gay-Lussac’s humid assay, and the printed details of the
-    process. Soon after, Mr. Saxton, famous for his skill in
-    constructing balances and other delicate instruments, returned
-    from a long schooling in that line in London, and was employed
-    in the Mint. Thus furnished, Mr. Eckfeldt felt himself “set
-    up,” and able to compete with the foreign assayers, and if he
-    was ever more precise, it was because he disregarded certain
-    allowances which had become a time-honored custom.
-
-    A large importation of fine gold bars from France, known as
-    the French Indemnity, and which came because President Jackson
-    declared he “would submit to nothing that was wrong,” gave a
-    fine opportunity for testing and comparing foreign assays; and
-    it was generally found that these bars were somewhat below
-    the alleged fineness. A still more important discovery, was
-    the fact that British Sovereigns ran below their standard of
-    fineness. This happened when he had been in office less than
-    three years, and the Director was unwilling to set the finding
-    of young Eckfeldt against the experience of Old England.
-    The Assayer being assured and re-assured of the accuracy of
-    his results, Director Moore consented to notify the British
-    Government of their error. The result was a closer scrutiny in
-    the London Mint, and a final acknowledgement that they were
-    wrong. This was no less a triumph for Mr. Eckfeldt, than it was
-    a contribution to exact science, and an honor to the American
-    Government.
-
-    It is not surprising, that he felt at first the inconvenience
-    of passing from one form of nomenclature to another, though to
-    a better one. A friend remarks, “I recall conversations with
-    Mr. Eckfeldt, showing how seriously he felt the revolution. He
-    would _think_ in carats, and _report_ in decimals. And I often
-    recur to this as illustrating the kind of difficulties which
-    would arise in case of a decimalising of weights and measures.”
-
-    For some years prior to 1842, Mr. Eckfeldt and his Assistant,
-    in addition to their ordinary duties, engaged in the
-    preparation of an original and comprehensive work on the Coins
-    of all Nations; on the Varieties of Gold and Silver Bullion; on
-    Counterfeit Coins, and on other subjects related thereto. This
-    was published in 1842, and has long been regarded as a standard
-    authority. In 1850, they issued a supplementary smaller work,
-    and again in 1852.
-
-    As the United States increased in commerce, wealth and
-    population, the Mint of course increased in work. In
-    particular, Mexican dollars came in great quantities for
-    recoinage. Not only were our vaults full, but our entries and
-    corridors were at times crowded with rows of kegs. Every day,
-    for years, we had the constant task of sixteen melts of silver
-    ingots to melt and assay; and it was a great advantage and
-    satisfaction to be supplied with the _humid_ apparatus.
-
-    The success of gold mining in our Southern States, and
-    the increasing commerce of New Orleans, gave rise to the
-    establishment of three branch mints at the South, in 1837;
-    and it devolved upon Mr. Eckfeldt to become schoolmaster, and
-    educate the three assayers appointed for those places. The same
-    had to be done again at a later date for other mints and assay
-    offices.
-
-    In December, 1848, came the first lot of gold grains from
-    California; and with the opening of the next year the tide
-    set in most powerfully. I shall not here speak of this great
-    turning-point in metallic currency any further than as it
-    affected the mint, or rather the labor which it laid upon
-    Mr. Eckfeldt and his department. As is well known, the lots
-    were numerous, and the aggregate amount was enormous. Instead
-    of making gold assays by dozens, we had to go through with
-    hundreds every day, following the arrival of each steamer.
-    We procured young men as operators in the weigh-room and
-    additional workmen in the laboratory; and in spite all the
-    help we were overworked. Here let me say that the persons who
-    have been educated by Mr. Eckfeldt to this profession have
-    done credit to the selection that was made, not only by skill,
-    diligence, and good character while here, but wherever they are
-    now scattered to other mints and assay offices, or to different
-    pursuits.
-
-    The gold pressure continued for about five years, when it was
-    relieved by the creation of a Government assay office in New
-    York, and a branch mint at San Francisco. But directly sequent
-    to this came the change of standard in silver coin, causing
-    an immense recoinage in small pieces. Thus our daily assays
-    continued to count by hundreds. This lasted for some years.
-    When it began to slacken off, a law was passed for calling in
-    the large copper coins and issuing in their stead pieces of
-    copper-nickel alloy of much smaller size.
-
-    The analysis of Nickel alloys was not well laid down in
-    the books, and the European or other assays which came
-    with purchased lots showed an incorrect determination. Mr.
-    Eckfeldt was therefore obliged to study out and perfect this
-    assay, which is more tedious and laborious, though of less
-    consequence, than the assay of the precious metals.
-
-    But it was his habit to be as scrupulous in minor matters as
-    in major; and after the routine was well settled it went on
-    with the same clockwork regularity as the other branches of
-    assaying. I need not say that this nickel coinage imposed
-    another heavy pressure upon the mint for years.
-
-    After this came the substitution of the Bronze alloy; and this
-    called for another process of assay, and brought us a great
-    deal of work.
-
-    I thus hastily review this sequence of gold, silver, nickel,
-    and bronze, not only as an interesting part of Mint History,
-    but to show the varied and abundant services of the untiring,
-    energetic Principal Assayer, and the masterly skill with which
-    he met every obligation.
-
-    His skill and success as an Assayer and Analyst largely
-    consisted in his power of finding out what was defective or
-    erroneous, and in applying the proper remedy. It often seemed
-    that what was a puzzle to others was to him a matter of quick
-    insight.
-
-    In the assays of certain complex alloys, and of low grades of
-    gold and silver, he contrived various methods which are not in
-    print, but which are of great use in the daily manipulations.
-
-    And here I may state that he not only introduced great accuracy
-    and precision in the assays, but carried special investigations
-    to a delicacy almost incredible. Thus, much interest was
-    excited by a publication some years ago, both in this country
-    and across the Atlantic, of his experiment upon the brick-clay
-    which underlies our city. Taking two samples from the center of
-    the town and the suburbs he found they contained gold at the
-    rate of nearly 12 grains (say fifty cents) to the ton of clay
-    in its ordinary moisture. Other experiments went to prove the
-    very general diffusion of gold, in infinitesimal proportions.
-
-    Some analysts, through want of exactitude, or for the pleasure
-    of making a sensation, may produce very curious results;
-    but Mr. Eckfeldt was conscientious, I may say, nervously
-    scrupulous, about stating anything he was not sure of. Partly
-    for that reason, partly for the very love of work, he was
-    laborious to a fault, all his life long.
-
-
-UNITED STATES MINT OFFICERS.
-
-  Washington, D. C., James P. Kimball, Director of the Mint      $4,500
-  Philadelphia, Pa., Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent                4,500
-  Boise City, Idaho, Norman H. Camp                               2,000
-  Carson City, Nevada, James Crawford, Superintendent             3,000
-  Charlotte, N. C., Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer                     1,500
-  Denver, Colorado, Herman Silver, Assayer                        2,500
-  Helena, Montana, Russell B. Harrison, Assayer                   2,500
-  New Orleans, La., Andrew W. Smyth, Superintendent               3,500
-  New York, N. Y., Andrew Mason, Superintendent                   4,500
-  San Francisco, Cal., Edw. F. Burton, Superintendent             4,500
-  St. Louis, Mo., Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer                        2,500
-
-
-WILLIAM E. DU BOIS.
-
-Extract from an obituary notice by Robert Patterson.
-
-(Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 18, 1881.)
-
-    William Ewing Du Bois was born at Doylestown, Pennsylvania,
-    December 15, 1810. Through his father, Rev. Uriah Du Bois,
-    he was descended from Louis Du Bois, a French Huguenot of
-    honorable extraction, who emigrated to America in 1660,
-    seeking freedom of religious worship, and, in connection with
-    others of his countrymen, formed the settlement of New Paltz,
-    Ulster County, New York. Through his mother, Martha Patterson,
-    daughter of Professor Robert Patterson, of the University of
-    Pennsylvania, he inherited the Scotch-Irish element which
-    has exerted so marked an influence in the development of our
-    country.
-
-    The father of Mr. Du Bois was a Presbyterian clergyman, in
-    charge of churches in and near Doylestown, and was principal of
-    the Union Academy at that place, a classical school then and
-    afterwards of high reputation. He was greatly respected, both
-    as preacher and teacher.
-
-    The bright and studious mind of Mr. Du Bois gathered every
-    advantage from his opportunities, and he was well furnished in
-    the classics and mathematics, and in English literature. While
-    yet a boy he developed a freedom and capacity as a writer quite
-    remarkable.
-
-    His oldest brother was an eminent member of the bar, and it
-    seemed fitting that Mr. Du Bois should, under his guidance,
-    adopt the law as his profession. He accordingly pursued the
-    usual course, in the meantime aiding to support himself by
-    literary work and conveyancing, and was admitted to practice
-    in September, 1832. But his health failing him on account of
-    a bronchial affection, he accepted an appointment in the Mint
-    at Philadelphia, and thus began the life-work by which his
-    reputation was established.
-
-    Mr. Du Bois entered the Mint in September, 1833, and was
-    first employed in the office of the Director, Dr. Moore. In
-    1835, at the request of the Assayer, Mr. Jacob R. Eckfeldt,
-    he was transferred to a more congenial position in the assay
-    department. Here he continued for the remainder of his life. In
-    1836 he was appointed Assistant Assayer. In September, 1872, he
-    succeeded Mr. Eckfeldt as Assayer, and remained at the head of
-    the department until his death, July 14, 1881, thus completing
-    nearly forty-eight years of Mint service.
-
-    Mr. Du Bois early took rank as an accomplished assayer, and
-    long before his death had reached the head of his profession.
-
-    The close intimacy between Mr. Du Bois and Mr. Eckfeldt
-    developed into warm friendship. The tie was made closer by
-    the marriage of Mr. Du Bois, in 1840, to Susanna Eckfeldt,
-    the sister of his chief. I shall have to speak of published
-    works and scientific communications appearing under the names
-    of Eckfeldt and Du Bois. Although it was understood that Mr.
-    Du Bois was the sole literary author, yet no separate claim
-    of authorship was made by either. Whatever of reputation was
-    earned, each was contented that it might be shared by the
-    other, and jealousy never for a moment weakened a union that
-    bound them for life.
-
-    In the year 1834 a change took place in the ratio of gold to
-    silver in the standard of U. S. coins, the effect of which
-    was to bring large deposits of gold to the Mint. The coinage
-    previously had been chiefly of silver. The more equal supply of
-    the precious metals gave active employment in the assay of each
-    of them, and was, of course, most valuable as an experience
-    to Mr. Du Bois, who about this time became connected with the
-    assay department.
-
-    In 1837, on revision of the Mint laws and standards brought
-    about by Dr. Robert M. Patterson, then Director, a reform was
-    effected in the method of reporting assays, the millesimal
-    system taking the place of the time-honored but cumbrous
-    method of carats and grains. About this time, also, the older
-    plan of assaying silver was abandoned, the humid assay being
-    substituted, and largely worked under the direct supervision of
-    Mr. Du Bois.
-
-    About 1838 branch mints were organized in the States of
-    Louisiana, Georgia, and North Carolina. The labors and
-    responsibilities of the Philadelphia assay department were
-    increased by this development, partly from the necessity of
-    instructing assayers for the new branches, and partly in
-    testing the correctness of the assays made there.
-
-    In 1848 the great discovery of gold in California was made
-    known. This brought a tremendous pressure on every department
-    of the Mint, and not the least on the assayers. The gold
-    coinage was, in three years, raised from a little over three
-    million dollars to more than sixty-two millions. The assays
-    were often counted by hundreds in a day. But whatever the
-    pressure in the office, accuracy ruled, and the correctness of
-    the assays was never impeached.
-
-    In 1853 a change was effected in the law for providing
-    subordinate silver coins. This brought about, for some years
-    succeeding, an unprecedented coinage of that metal, and still
-    further increased the labors of the assay department.
-
-    He instituted the Cabinet of coins which now adorns the Mint.
-    This was commenced in 1838. A small annual appropriation
-    was procured from Congress for this purpose, and the work
-    of collection committed entirely to Mr. Du Bois. He brought
-    to it all the enthusiasm which animates most numismatists,
-    sobered, however, by good judgment. His expenditures were
-    always judicious. Some of the best of the specimens were culled
-    from the Mint deposits for the bullion value, merely, of the
-    pieces. After the collection had taken good shape, and been
-    well classified, he wrote and published, in 1846, a description
-    of it, under the title “Pledges of History,” etc. The title
-    thus selected intimated his opinion as to the real value of
-    such collections. He thought that a coin should be prized for
-    its historical teaching, or artistic merit, and discouraged the
-    rage to possess a piece simply because of its rarity. Mr. Du
-    Bois acted as curator of the Cabinet until his death.
-
-    Another important labor undertaken by Mr. Du Bois (in
-    connection with Mr. Eckfeldt) was the preparation and
-    publication, in 1842, of a “Manual of the Gold and Silver Coins
-    of all nations, struck within the past century.” This was a
-    work of very great labor, and, from its expense, of some risk
-    also to the authors. It is admirably arranged, the information
-    clear, and it embraced every subject of interest at that
-    date as to coins, bullion, counterfeits, etc. Subsequently,
-    in 1850 and 1851, supplements were published covering later
-    topics, made prominent in consequence of the California gold
-    discoveries.
-
-    The writings of Mr. Du Bois were numerous, and continued up to
-    the year of his death. His papers on numismatics were frequent
-    and always attractive, his last appearance in print being
-    in April of this year, in an article on the “Coinage of the
-    Popes.” To the “American Philosophical Society,” of which he
-    was elected a member in 1844, he made various communications on
-    behalf of Mr. Eckfeldt and himself, mostly on topics suggested
-    by experiences in the assay department. Among the most curious
-    was one on “The Natural Dissemination of Gold,” by which we
-    were astonished to learn that this precious metal is found in
-    appreciable quantity in the clays underlying our city.
-
-    In 1869 he wrote for the “Bankers’ Magazine,” “Propositions
-    for a Revised System of Weights, and a Restoration of Silver
-    Currency.” The development of his views on these subjects
-    is a model of clear exposition, and the conclusions reached
-    were such as might be expected from a mind aiming to attain
-    practical results rather than to impose visionary theories.
-
-    From the beginning he was highly esteemed at the Mint. It was
-    his ambition to acquire a knowledge of every branch of the
-    service, and with his capacity and opportunities this end was
-    attained. He early became the trusted friend and counsellor
-    of his colleagues, and was able to serve them in many ways,
-    perhaps most of all with his ready pen. As time passed, and
-    forty-eight years of experience was given to him, he was
-    recognized by all as the Nestor of the Mint service. And here I
-    pause to draw a lesson, from the example of Mr. Du Bois’s life,
-    as to the value of a properly organized civil service. In the
-    department with which he was connected, political tests were
-    never obtruded, and permanence of tenure followed on merit.
-    On no other basis could his services have been claimed or
-    retained. They would have been transferred to a private sphere,
-    probably to his pecuniary gain, certainly to the public loss.
-    He was very accessible, and ever ready to lend aid from the
-    stores of his knowledge, but in particular did he delight to
-    instruct and bring forward his younger friends.
-
-    Mr. Du Bois was able to fulfill his official duties until
-    within a few months of his death. He was fully conscious of his
-    approaching end, preserving his intelligence to the last, and
-    the faith which had comforted him in this life supported him at
-    its close.
-
-    The following minute was adopted at a meeting of the officers
-    and employees after his decease:
-
-    “The remarkably close conformity of the United States coins to
-    the standard assigned them by law, has been recognized by the
-    highest Mint authorities of the world to be unsurpassed, if
-    quite equalled, in its uniform exactness. The founding of such
-    a reputation and its continuance during the last half-century,
-    are largely due to the joint labors of the late Jacob R.
-    Eckfeldt and William E. Du Bois.”
-
-
-MELTERS AND REFINERS.
-
-JOSEPH CLOUD, appointed January, 1797; served until January, 1836 (39
-years).
-
-FRANKLIN PEALE, appointed January 5, 1836.
-
-JONAS R. MCCLINTOCK, appointed February 19, 1840.
-
-RICHARD S. MCCULLOCH, appointed in April, 1846; served until April 1,
-1849.
-
-JAMES CURTIS BOOTH, Melter and Refiner, was born in Philadelphia in
-1810, educated in the same place, and graduated in the University of
-Pennsylvania 1829. After study and field practice in the Rensselaer
-School, at Troy, N. Y., in 1831-32, under the late Professor A. Eaton,
-Mr. Booth studied Practical Chemistry in Germany, in 1833-34-35, in the
-laboratories of Professors F. Wohler and G. Magnus, and in visiting
-accessible manufacturing establishments in Germany and England having
-relation to chemistry. The late Prof. J. F. Frazer and Mr. Booth were
-the two Assistants on the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania in its
-first year, 1836. Mr. Booth next had charge of the Geological Survey of
-Delaware in 1837-38 (being often assisted by Prof. Frazer), and published
-his report on the survey in 1839-40.
-
-Mr. Booth, observing the great deficiency in the knowledge of Applied
-Chemistry in his native place, opened a laboratory for teaching the same,
-by chemical analysis and by operating, in 1836, and the same laboratory
-has been continued successfully to the present time by Dr. T. H. Garrett
-and Mr. A. Blair.
-
-With the same object in view, Mr. Booth lectured at the Franklin
-Institute for nine successive winters, giving three full courses of
-lectures, each of three winters’ duration (1836-1845).
-
-Prior to 1850 Mr. Booth published the Encyclopædia of Chemistry, being
-the author of the majority of the articles contained in it, with valuable
-contributions by Prof. R. S. McCulloch and others. It was a valuable
-adjunct to the study of chemistry for many years.
-
-The Director and officers of the Mint unsuccessfully solicited the
-appointment of Mr. Booth as Melter and Refiner of the Mint in 1838-40,
-but in 1849 Mr. Booth obtained, through his friend, Mr. Meredith, the
-appointment, over the signature of President Z. Taylor, and has continued
-in the same position from that date to 1887, a period of more than
-thirty-six years. He resigned his office at the close of the year 1887.
-
-DR. DAVID K. TUTTLE, of the Carson City Mint, appointed Melter and
-Refiner January 10, 1888.
-
-NATHANIEL B. BOYD, Assistant Melter and Refiner, was born in
-Philadelphia, January, 1832. Twenty years later, he was graduated with
-honors at Burlington College. After leaving College he studied law, and
-was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1854. In 1869 he accepted an
-appointment in the National Mint, tendered him by Director Pollock. In
-1873 he was appointed Assistant Melter and Refiner, a position which he
-still occupies (1885).
-
-
-THE MINT ENGRAVERS.
-
-(Extract from Patterson Du Bois’ Biographical Sketch of “Our Mint
-Engravers.”)
-
-Whatever may be said concerning the peculiar responsibilities of the
-officers of the Mint, who are occupied with the various operations of
-turning bullion into coin, it must be conceded that none of them occupies
-a position so dubious and, in some ways, so unenviable as the Engraver.
-In the general transactions of the Mint, he is the most retired—the most
-obscure—of its officers; yet his card is in every one’s pocket.
-
-As to the types of coinage, the standards are as numerous as the eyes
-that water for them, and there is no piece but may be said to be outside
-of _somebody’s_ tolerance. No other artist undergoes such an ordeal, for
-those who do not admire this painting or that statue are not compelled to
-hug and hoard it, much less to toil for its possession. The engraver who
-can, from his retired window, see the critical millions clutching for his
-little _relievos_, is in some sort a hero _ex-officio_, and it has been
-well suggested that we look briefly upon the uneventful lives of this
-worthy line of officers.
-
-I. Robert Scot received his appointment as the first Engraver of the
-Mint, November 23, 1793. Information is wanting as to his nativity,
-but at the time of his appointment he seems to have been turning the
-down-hill of life. He is remembered as rather under size, and as an
-honorable and agreeable gentleman.
-
-According to Loubat, Joseph Wright was “appointed first a draughtsman
-and die-sinker to the United States Mint, and made the dies of a medal,
-the bust on the obverse of which was considered to be the best medallic
-profile likeness of Washington.[21] He also made the medal voted by
-Congress to Major Lee.” Wright died in 1793.
-
-II. William Kneass, second of the line, was born in Lancaster, Pa.,
-September, 1781, and was appointed Engraver January 29, 1824. Mr. Kneass
-had been chiefly a plate engraver for book-work. There were some changes
-in the coinage during his term, notably in 1834 and 1838, for gold, and
-1836, 1837, 1838, and 1840, for silver. But some of this work was done by
-Gobrecht as assistant. Kneass appears upon a pattern half dollar of 1838;
-but the silver dollar of 1836, as well as a pattern half of 1838, were
-the work of his assistant. Prior to his appointment he had an engraving
-office on Fourth above Chestnut street, Philadelphia, which was a
-well-known rendezvous for the leading wits and men of culture, for which
-Philadelphia was then eminent.
-
-Mr. Kneass died in office, August 27, 1840. A good engraving of him hangs
-in the Assayer’s Office, inscribed “to his friend Adam Eckfeldt, Chief
-Coiner,”—who had been chiefly instrumental in securing his appointment.
-
-III. Christian Gobrecht was appointed December 21, 1840, to fill the
-vacancy made by the death of Kneass. He was born in Hanover, York Co.,
-Pa., December 23, 1785. In 1811 he went to Philadelphia, and became an
-engraver of bank notes, seals, calico printers’ rolls, bookbinders’ dies,
-etc. In 1836 he received an appointment as assistant to Mr. Kneass at
-the Mint, in which capacity he executed some important work. Among other
-similar performances he was highly commended for his Franklin Institute
-Medal.
-
-Christian Gobrecht continued in office until his death, July 23, 1844.
-
-IV. James B. Longacre was born August 11, 1794, in Delaware Co., Pa.
-He served an apprenticeship as a line engraver with George Murray,
-Philadelphia, and did some high class plate-work before he was free, in
-1819. He was one of the originators of the _National Portrait Gallery of
-Distinguished Americans_, the first volume of which appeared in 1834.
-Longacre drew from life and engraved many of the portraits entire.
-
-Like his predecessors, he died in office—January 1, 1869. During his
-term Mr. Longacre was variously assisted by P. F. Cross, William Barber,
-Anthony C. Paquet, and William H. Key. Cross was born in Sheffield,
-England, served several years in the Mint here, and died in 1856. He
-engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal. Paquet was born in Hamburg,
-1814, emigrated 1848, served as assistant 1857 to 1864, died, 1882.
-He engraved the medals of Grant, Johnson, Buchanan, Everett, and the
-Life Saving Medals, with some others. Key is a native of Brooklyn, was
-appointed an assistant, 1864, and is still in the service. He executed
-the Kane Expedition and Archbishop Wood Medals. The changes and additions
-during the Longacre term were numerous and important, both as to alloys
-and denominations. The pattern pieces also record various experiments in
-the art of coining.
-
-V. William Barber, fifth Engraver of the Mint, was born in London, May
-2, 1807. He learned his profession from his father, John Barber, and was
-employed on silver-plate work, after his emigration to this country.
-
-He resided in Boston ten years, and was variously employed in his line
-of work. His skill in this way came to the knowledge of Mr. Longacre,
-then Engraver of the Mint, and he secured his services as an assistant in
-1865.
-
-In January, 1869, upon the death of Mr. Longacre, he was appointed as his
-successor, and continued in that position for the remainder of his life.
-His death, which resulted from severe chills, brought on by bathing at
-the seashore, occurred in Philadelphia, August 31, 1879.
-
-Besides much original work on pattern coins, he also produced over forty
-medals, public and private. The work on all of them was creditable, but
-we may specify those of Agassiz, Rittenhouse, and Henry, as very superior
-specimens of art. Mr. Barber was assisted by Mr. William H. Key, Mr.
-Charles E. Barber, and Mr. George T. Morgan.
-
-VI. Charles E. Barber, sixth Engraver, is a son of the preceding, and was
-born in London in 1840. He was appointed an assistant in 1869, and became
-the official head by promotion in 1880, to fill the vacancy caused by his
-father’s death. The appointment was not unmerited. One of Mr. Barber’s
-latest cards to the public is the new five-cent piece—a successful
-venture in very low relief. But his handiwork is more or less visible in
-all the principal medals executed since 1869. Since his appointment as
-Chief Engraver, the work of his department has been enormously increased
-by the number of medal dies demanded for the War Department and from
-other Government sources. Mr. Barber’s best work is seen in the medals of
-Presidents Garfield, Arthur, Indian Peace, Army Marksmanship, and Great
-Seal. He is particularly happy in “catching a likeness.” The head of
-Superintendent Snowden is a rare specimen of medallic portraiture.[22]
-
-Messrs. Key and Morgan are the Engraver’s assistants. The former has
-already received notice; the latter, Mr. George T. Morgan, was born in
-Birmingham, England, in 1845; he studied at the Art School there, and won
-a National Scholarship at the South Kensington, where he was a student
-two years. He is best known to the country by the so-called “Bland
-dollar,” which is his design and execution.
-
-We have reason to congratulate both the Government and the people that
-the engraving service is well and judiciously furnished.
-
-
-BENJAMIN RUSH,
-
-An eminent physician and philanthropist, was born near Philadelphia,
-December 24, 1745; he graduated from Princeton College in 1760; he
-afterwards studied medicine in Edinburgh, London, and Paris; returning
-to this country, he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the Medical
-College of Philadelphia in 1769. In 1776 he was elected to the
-Continental Congress, and was one of the signers of the Declaration
-of Independence in the same year; he was afterwards appointed
-Surgeon-General of Revolutionary Army, and voted for the adoption of
-the Constitution of the United States in 1787. Dr. Rush was a popular
-lecturer, and eminently qualified as a teacher of medicine. When the
-yellow fever scourged the City, and the public buildings were closed in
-1799 and 1800, he was very successful in his treatment of the victims
-of that epidemic. It is said that he visited and prescribed for one
-hundred patients in a single day. He was treasurer of the first United
-States Mint during the last fourteen years of his life. Dr. Rush died in
-Philadelphia in April, 1813. Among his nine children was Richard Rush,
-the statesman.
-
-NOTE.—Dr. Rush was the author of the first pamphlet on temperance
-published in this country, showing the injurious effects of alcoholic
-drinks on the human system, and is justly regarded as the father of the
-temperance movement, the Centennial of which has lately been celebrated
-throughout the United States, September, 1885.
-
-
-CASHIER.
-
-MARK H. COBB, the Cashier of the Mint from 1871 until the present time
-(1885), was born in Colebrook, Connecticut, in 1828. In 1861, Hon. Simon
-Cameron, then Secretary of War, appointed him Chief Clerk in the War
-Department, he having previously been his private secretary. After Mr.
-Cameron’s resignation as Secretary, Mr. Cobb, at the solicitation of the
-late Col. John W. Forney, accepted the position of Enrolling Clerk of the
-United States Senate in 1862. In 1871 he was appointed to the responsible
-position of Cashier in the United States Mint.
-
-ALBION COX, first assayer of the Mint was appointed April 4, 1794. His
-commission, signed by Washington, until recently, hung upon the walls of
-the assay office. But little is known of Mr. Cox, save that he was an
-Englishman by birth, and a good officer, as appears from the following
-report to the Secretary of the Treasury made by Director Boudinot, under
-date, December 3, 1795. He says: “The sudden and unexpected death of the
-assayer, Mr. Albion Cox, on Fryday last by an apoplectic fit, deprived
-the Mint of an intelligent officer, essentially necessary to the future
-progress in the coinage of the precious metals. Until this officer is
-replaced, the business at the Mint must be confined to striking cents
-only.”
-
-He therefore held office about a year and eight months.
-
-Joseph Richardson, second assayer, was appointed December 12, 1795. He
-belonged to an old Quaker family distinguished for ability and character.
-Mr. Richardson fulfilled the duties of his office with credit and honor.
-He died in March, 1831. A water color portrait of him, dressed in plain
-Quaker garb, hangs in the assayers’ room. He held office over thirty-five
-years.
-
-John Richardson, son of the preceding, was appointed assayer March 31,
-1831. Finding the office not congenial with his tastes, and so subjecting
-him to undue responsibilities, he resigned April, 1832, holding office
-only a little over a year.
-
-
-CURATOR.
-
-R. A. MCCLURE, a gentleman skilled in the science of numismatics, was
-appointed Assistant Curator of the Coin Cabinet in 1868, and, upon the
-death of the Assayer and Chief Curator in 1881, the responsibilities of
-the Curatorship fell upon Mr. McClure.
-
-
-
-
-STANDARD WEIGHTS.
-
-
-The earliest series of standard weights now known, are two sets
-discovered by Mr. Layard in the ruins of Nineveh. They are now in the
-British Museum. William the Conqueror decreed the continuance, as the
-legal standard, of the pound in use by the Saxons. This and other
-standards of weight and measure were removed by the King from the City of
-Winchester to the Exchequer at Westminster, and placed in a consecrated
-building in charge of his chamberlains. The place of deposit is said
-to have been the crypt chapel of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster
-Abbey. In 1866 the office of Exchequer was abolished, and the Standards
-Department of the Board of Trade was established in London, assuming
-charge of the standards—an arrangement still in force.
-
-The old Saxon pound was the earliest standard of England. It was
-identical in weight with the old apothecaries’ pound of Germany,
-and equal to 5,400 of our later Troy grains. The pound sterling was
-determined from this weight in silver. Henry III., in 1266, decreed the
-following standards: The sterling, or penny, to weigh equal to thirty-two
-wheat corns, taken from the middle of the ear; twenty pence, one ounce;
-twelve ounces, one pound; eight pounds, one gallon of wine, which is
-the eighth part of a quarter. The idea of the grain was borrowed by the
-English from the French, and the Black Prince brought back with him from
-France the pound Troye, which was derived from the commercial town of
-that name. The use of the Troy standard was adopted by the druggists and
-jewelers, on account of its convenient reduction into grains.
-
-The pound avoirdupois, weighing 7,000 grains Troy, (Fr. _Avoir-du-poids_,
-“to have weight”), first appears in use during the reign of Edward III.,
-and it, as well as the Troy pound, has been employed without change ever
-since. In the year 1834 the English standards of weight and measure,
-consisting of a yard and pound Troy of brass, were destroyed by fire at
-the burning of the Houses of Parliament. A few years later a commission
-of scientific men was appointed to determine upon the restoration of
-the standards. This resulted in a succession of difficult problems
-resultant upon the oxidation to a greater or less extent of duplicates
-of the standard still existing, as also of the variation of the cubic
-inch of water, as in use in different lands. A cubic inch of distilled
-water, weighed in air against brass weights, at a temperature of 62
-degrees Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches, had been determined by
-scientific men to be equal to 252.458 grains, of which the standard Troy
-pound contained 5,760.
-
-As the unit of length was also lost, a series of experiments was made in
-the vibration of a pendulum in a vacuum, marking seconds of mean time
-in the latitude of London at the level of the sea. These deductions,
-however, failed to be satisfactory, and the commission was compelled to
-fall back upon the best preserved of the duplicate standards existent.
-The Imperial Standard Pound is declared to be the true weight of an
-avoirdupois pound in a vacuum. It is a curious fact that the Imperial
-standards of platinum (which metal is not subject to oxidation), although
-balancing brass weights in a vacuum, weigh in air more than one-half a
-grain heavier than the latter. This is due to their greater displacement
-of space.
-
-The unit of weight in the United States is a Troy pound weight obtained
-from England, a duplicate of the original standard fixed by the
-commission of 1758, and reasserted by the commission of 1838. It is a
-bronze weight of 5,760 grains Troy. It is kept in a strong safe at the
-United States Mint, in Philadelphia. The President appoints an assay
-commission, whose members meet at Philadelphia annually, upon the second
-Wednesday in February, open the safe, and compare the copies, or the
-working weights, with the original upon the most delicately poised
-balances. Working standards of weights and measures are supplied by the
-Secretary of State to the State governments, which in turn supply them to
-the sealers of weights and measures of the various countries, who must
-compare with the State standard once a year.
-
-[Illustration: TROY STANDARD POUND WEIGHT.
-
-Fac-simile, exact size.]
-
-All of the scales and delicate test instruments in use by the government,
-not only in Philadelphia Mint, but at the several branch mints, are
-manufactured in this country, and as examples of wonderful mechanical
-machines of minute accuracy they lead the world. Some of them are the
-work of Mr. Henry Troemner, of Philadelphia, to whom, it is proper to
-say, the writer is largely indebted for the facts given in this article.
-Mr. Troemner, in the capacity of government expert, makes frequent visits
-to the most distant points in the Union for the verification of national
-standards. The Treasury Department made an especial request of him to
-exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition, a line of his fine balances.
-
-
-
-
-EXTRACT FROM CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
-
-
-    ARTICLE I., Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power ... to coin
-    money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins, and fix
-    the standard of weights and measures, ... to provide for the
-    punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
-    the United States.
-
-    ARTICLE I. Sect. 2. No State shall ... coin money, emit bills
-    of credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in
-    payment of debts, ...
-
-
-Coinage, fiscal year 1887.
-
-  ---------------+------------+---------------
-    Description. |  Pieces.   |    Value.
-  ---------------+------------+---------------
-  Gold           |  3,724,720 | $22,393,279.00
-  Silver         | 44,231,288 |  34,366,483.75
-  Minor Coins    | 50,166,509 |     943,650.65
-  ---------------+------------+---------------
-       Total     | 98,122,517 | $57,703,413.40
-  ---------------+------------+----------------
-
-
-Total number of Coinage Dies made during the year 1887.
-
-  Gold coinage        120
-  Silver coinage      359
-  Minor coinage       684
-  Proof coinage        27
-
-
-Bullion for the Silver Dollar Coinage, 1887.
-
-  --------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
-                                        |   Standard    |
-            Mode of acquisition.        |    ounces.    |     Cost.
-  --------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
-  Purchases, Treasury Department,       |               |
-    Bureau of the Mint                  | 29,018,932.12 | $25,624,487.37
-  Purchases by mint officers            |    282,626.95 |     249,150.73
-  Partings, bar charges and fractions   |    131,783.20 |     114,982.36
-                                        +---------------+----------------
-      Total delivered on purchases      | 29,433,342.27 | $25,988,620.46
-  Balance on hand July 1, 1886          |  3,258,495.66 |   2,960,969.02
-                                        +---------------+----------------
-  Available for coinage of silver       |               |
-    dollars during the fiscal year 1887 | 32,691,837.93 | $28,949,589.48
-  --------------------------------------+---------------+----------------
-
-
-Value of the Gold and Silver (not including re-deposits) received at the
-Mints and Assay Offices during the fiscal years 1880-1887.
-
-  --------+------------+------------+-------------
-   Fiscal |            |            |
-   years. |   Gold.    |  Silver.   |   Total.
-  --------+------------+------------+-------------
-  1880    |$ 98,835,096| $34,640,522| $133,475,618
-  1881    | 130,833,102|  30,791,146|  161,624,248
-  1882    |  66,756,652|  33,720,491|  100,477,143
-  1883    |  46,347,106|  36,869,834|   83,216,940
-  1884    |  46,326,678|  36,520,290|   82,846,968
-  1885    |  52,894,075|  36,789,774|   89,683,849
-  1886    |  44,909,749|  35,494,183|   80,403,932
-  1887    |  68,223,072|  47,756,918|  115,979,990
-  --------+------------+------------+-------------
-
-
-Silver Coins of the United States.
-
-  ----------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------------
-                  |Coinage|       | Amount coined |Standard|Amount for
-   Denominations. | com-  |Coinage|  to June 30,  | weight,| which a
-                  |menced.|ceased.|     1884.     | grains.|legal tender.
-  ----------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------------
-  Standard dollars|  1878 |       |$175,355,829.00|  412.5 | Unlimited.
-  Trade dollars   |  1873 |  1878 |  35,959,360.00|  420.  | Not a legal
-                  |       |       |               |        |  tender.
-  Dollars         |  1793 |  1873 |   8,045,838.00|  412.5 | Unlimited.
-  Half dollars    |  1793 |       | 122,765,735.00|  192.9 | Ten dollars.
-  Quarter dollars |  1796 |       |  38,495,918.75|   96.45| Ten dollars.
-  Twenty cents    |  1875 |  1878 |     271,000.00|   77.16| Five dollars.
-  Dimes           |  1796 |       |  18,293,172.50|   38.58| Ten dollars.
-  Half dimes      |  1793 |  1873 |   4,906,946.90|   19.29| Five dollars.
-  Three cents     |  1851 |  1873 |   1,281,850.20|   11.52| Five dollars.
-  ----------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------------
-
-[Illustration: FAC-SIMILE REPRODUCTIONS OF CONTINENTAL CURRENCY.]
-
-
-Trade-Dollars Coined, Exported, Imported, Melted, and Redeemed (Act of
-March 3, 1887).
-
-  Coined:
-    Mint at Philadelphia                           $5,107,024
-    Mint at San Francisco                          26,647,000
-    Mint at Carson                                  4,211,400
-                                                  -----------
-                                                               $35,965,924
-  Exported                                         28,778,862
-  Imported                                          1,706,020
-                                                  -----------
-    Net export                                                  27,072,842
-                                                               -----------
-                                                                 8,893,082
-  Melted:
-
-              { Previous to Redemption
-              {   Act                      $915,346
-  As bullion. { Excluded from
-              {   redemption (mutilated
-              {   pieces, etc.)               4,113
-                                         ----------   919,459
-              { Mint at Philadelphia      3,427,369
-              { Mint at San Francisco       764,263
-  Redeemed.   { Mint at New Orleans           1,871
-              { Assay office at New York  3,495,533
-                                         ----------
-                       Total redeemed               7,689,036
-                                                    ---------
-                        Total melted                             8,608,495
-                                                                 ---------
-
-  Not accounted for and not presented for redemption;
-    employed in the arts; specimen pieces in the hands
-    of coin collectors, carried out by emigrants, and
-    in miscellaneous deposits of coin remelted at mints, etc.     $284,587
-
-
-GROSS PROFITS ON SILVER COINAGE IN 1887.
-
-The seignorage or immediate gross profit on the coinage of silver
-dollars—that is, the difference between the cost of the bullion and the
-nominal value of the coins—during the fiscal year 1887, was $7,923,558.61.
-
-The seignorage on subsidiary coin manufactured during the year was
-$31,704.94, of which $1,130.65 was gained from the recoinage of old
-subsidiary coins in the Treasury.
-
-The total seignorage on the silver coinage during the fiscal year was
-$7,955,263.55.
-
-As stated in last fiscal report, the balance of silver profits remaining
-in the coinage mints on the 1st July, 1886, amounted to $553,201.44.
-
-Adding to this the seignorage of the year, the total gross silver profits
-to be accounted for by the mints is $8,508,464.99.
-
-Of this there was paid for expenses of distributing silver coin
-$35,059.03, and reimbursed for wastage and loss on sale of sweeps
-$20,294.88.
-
-The seignorage on the coinage of silver at the mints of the United States
-from July 1, 1878, to the close of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1887,
-has amounted to $39,057,566.90.
-
-
-Tabulated Statement of Expenditures of the Mint at Philadelphia, for the
-Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1887.
-
-  -----------------------------------------+-----------
-                    Items.                 |  Amount.
-  -----------------------------------------+-----------
-  Acids                                    | $7,149.28
-  Belting                                  |    315.07
-  Charcoal                                 |  1,873.42
-  Chemicals                                |    832.58
-  Coal                                     | 16,332.20
-  Copper                                   | 13,585.00
-  Crucibles, covers, stirrers, and dippers |  3,712.72
-  Dry goods                                |  1,198.97
-  Fluxes                                   |  3,560.91
-  Freight and drayage                      |    252.12
-  Gas                                      |  4,098.78
-  Gloves and gauntlets                     |  5,930.40
-  Hardware                                 |    957.01
-  Ice                                      |    613.45
-  Iron and steel                           |    205.91
-  Labor and repairs                        |  3,417.82
-  Loss on sale of sweeps                   |  1,301.15
-  Lumber                                   |  2,109.74
-  Machinery and appliances                 |  2,617.49
-  Metal work and castings                  |  1,697.61
-  Oil                                      |  1,047.12
-  Salt                                     |    117.56
-  Stationery, printing and binding         |    773.42
-  Sundries                                 |  6,230.61
-  Telegraphing                             |     28.87
-  Washing                                  |     42.67
-  Wood                                     |  5,432.62
-  Zinc                                     |    935.57
-  Steam-power plant                        | 11,464.27
-  Manufacture of 5-cent nickel blank       | 19,498.50
-                                           +-----------
-      Total                                |117,332.84
-  Salaries                                 | 40,665.69
-  Wages of workmen                         |426,593.93
-                                           +-----------
-      Aggregate                            |581,597.46
-  -----------------------------------------+-----------
-
-
-Value of the Foreign Gold Coins Deposited at the United States Assay
-Office at New York during the Year ended June 30, 1887.
-
-  ----------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------
-                        | Denominations |  Total of each  |   Total by
-  Countries of Coinage. |   of coin.    | denomination of | countries of
-                        |               |      coin.      |   coinage.
-  ----------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------
-  Costa Rica            | Mixed         |        257.56   |       $257.56
-  France                | 20 francs     |  1,219,351.02   |  1,219,351.02
-  Germany               | 20 marks      |    179,121.67   |    179,121.67
-  Great Britain         | Sovereigns    |  1,018,036.21   |  1,018,036.21
-  Japan                 | Yens          |     18,608.37   |     18,608.37
-  Mexico                | 20 pesos      |    388,668.88   |
-    ”                   | 10 pesos      |      1,341.64   |
-    ”                   | Doubloons     |      1,178.60   |    391,189.12
-  Russia                | 5 roubles     |    155,237.39   |
-    ”                   | Roubles       |      2,596.80   |
-    ”                   | ½ imperials   |    577,223.34   |    735,057.53
-  Peru                  | 20 soles      |        999.82   |        999.82
-  Spain                 | Doubloons     |  3,101,388.08   |
-    ”                   | Isabellines   |     98,151.58   |
-    ”                   | 25 pesetas    |    957,276.17   |
-    ”                   | Mixed         |    179,863.62   |  4,336,679.45
-  U. S. Colombia        | Cinco pesos   |        709.76   |        709.76
-                        |               +-----------------+---------------
-      Total             |               | $7,900,010.51   | $7,900,010.51
-  ----------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------
-
-The total value of both gold and silver deposited and purchased at
-the mints of the United States during the fiscal year 1887, not
-including redeposits, was $115,979,991.62, and including redeposits,
-$131,635,811.34.
-
-The value of the gold and silver received at the mints and assay offices
-during the fiscal year 1887, was greater than any previous year since
-1881.
-
-
-
-
-IMPROVEMENTS MADE AT THE PHILADELPHIA MINT IN 1887, UNDER THE SUPERVISION
-OF HON. DANIEL M. FOX.
-
-
-Impairment of the foundation of the old engine, together with the
-requirement of increased power, at the mint at Philadelphia led to a
-special appropriation by Act of Congress of $54,639.20, in accordance
-with specifications for the renewal of the steam motive plant and for its
-transfer from the centre of the building to space newly provided near the
-northern outer wall. The work, undertaken in July, was, by extraordinary
-exertions on the part of all engaged, completed early in September, with
-an interruption of less than two months to the regular course of complete
-operations. Two new 150-horse-power duplex steam-engines and one of
-50-horse-power have been erected in the north basement, along with three
-tubular boilers, coal bunkers, etc.
-
-By this important improvement in plant valuable space has been secured in
-the centre basement and ground floor for vaults and other necessities.
-
-The number of assays made during the year was some 66,000, of which
-48,000 were silver and 18,000 gold.
-
-The melter and refiner of the mint operated upon a larger quantity of
-bullion than in any previous year in the history of the institution. The
-operations by this officer may be stated as follows:
-
-                           Ounces.
-  Gold deposits            409,326
-  Silver deposits       44,239,881
-  Parted and refined       721,765
-
-As this bullion is handled more than sixteen times in the processes of
-melting and preparation for coinage or for manufacture of fine bars, the
-combined operations represent a single handling of nearly 25,000 tons.
-
-The operations of the coiner’s department may be stated as follows:
-
-                           Ounces.
-  Gold                      13,574
-  Silver                42,924,485
-  Minor coinage metal    5,588,897
-                        ----------
-         Total          48,526,956
-
-The total coinage was $23,277,600.80, the total number of pieces being
-81,532,391.
-
-In addition to the coinage executed during the year, gold and silver bars
-were manufactured as follows:
-
-  Gold              $58,188,953.66
-  Silver              6,481,611.25
-                    --------------
-         Total      $64,670,564.91
-
-
-Gold and Silver Bullion in the Mints and Assay Offices July 1, 1887.
-
-  --------+-------------
-   Metal. |    Cost.
-  --------+-------------
-  Gold    | $85,512,270
-  Silver  |  10,455,650
-          |------------
-    Total | $95,967,920
-  --------+------------
-
-
-Total Metallic Stock in the United States July 1, 1887, Coin and Bullion
-included.
-
-  --------+---------------
-          |    Value.
-  --------+---------------
-  Gold    |  $654,520,335
-  Silver  |   352,993,566
-          +---------------
-    Total |$1,007,513,901
-  --------+---------------
-
-At the beginning of the fiscal year 1887 there was on hand at the mints
-at Philadelphia, New Orleans and San Francisco, silver bullion purchased
-for the silver dollar coinage amounting to $2,960,969.02. There was
-delivered at the mints on purchases of all kinds during the year, as
-above, 29,433,342.27 standard ounces, at a cost of $25,988,620.46,
-making the total amount of silver available during the fiscal year
-for the silver dollar coinage 32,691,837.93 standard ounces, costing
-$28,949,589.48.
-
-The price paid by this Bureau on November 1, 1887, for silver purchases
-for the silver dollar coinage was $0.9580.80 per ounce fine.
-
-The production of silver, notwithstanding the large depreciation in the
-market value of that metal, has steadily increased from $115,000,000
-in 1883 to $130,000,000 in 1886. The production of the world for the
-calendar years 1883, 1884, 1885 and 1886 is exhibited in the following
-table:
-
-
-World’s Production of Gold and Silver.
-
-  ---------+-----------------------+------------------------
-           |         Gold.         |        Silver.
-  Calendar +----------+------------+----------+-------------
-   Years.  |Kilograms.| Value.[23] |Kilograms.| Value.[24]
-  ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------
-    1883   | 143,533  | $95,392,000| 2,769,197| $115,088,000
-    1884   | 153,017  | 101,694,000| 2,804,725|  116,564,000
-    1885   | 154,942  | 102,975,000| 3,062,009|  127,257,000
-    1886   | 147,097  |  97,761,000| 3,137,175|  130,383,000
-  ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------
-
-The United States still maintains first rank among the nations of the
-world as the largest producer of the precious metals, having produced
-during the calendar year 1886 gold and silver of the coining value
-of $86,000,000. Mexico retains second rank, with a production of
-$33,614,000, of which $33,000,000 was silver. Australia has a production
-of $27,647,000, of which $26,425,000 was gold. Russia is credited with a
-production of $21,046,000, of which $20,518,000 was gold.
-
-
-Circulation of Standard Silver Dollars at the end of each six months,
-from July 1, 1885, to July 1, 1887, and on October 1, 1887.
-
-  ----------------+-------------+---------------------------+-------------
-                  |             |       In the Treasury.    |
-                  |             +-------------+-------------+
-                  |             |  Held for   |  Held in    |
-      Period.     |   Total     | payments of | excess of   |      In
-                  |  coinage.   |certificates |certificates | circulation.
-                  |             |outstanding. |outstanding. |
-  ----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-  July 1, 1885    |$203,884,381 |$101,530,946 |$63,882,166  | $38,471,269
-  January 1, 1886 | 218,259,761 |  93,179,465 | 72,538,725  |  52,541,571
-  July 1, 1886    | 233,723,286 |  88,116,225 | 93,137,341  |  52,469,720
-  January 1, 1887 | 249,683,647 | 117,246,670 | 71,259,568  |  61,177,409
-  July 1, 1887    | 266,990,117 | 142,118,017 | 69,365,953  |  55,506,147
-  October 1, 1887 | 273,660,157 | 154,354,826 | 58,688,970  |  60,616,361
-  ----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-
-
-Appropriations for the support of Mints and Assay Offices for the fiscal
-year 1888.
-
-  ----------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+---------
-   Institutions.  | Salaries.| Wages of |Contingent|Repairs of|  Total.
-                  |          | workmen. | expenses.|buildings.|
-  ----------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-  _Coinage mints._|          |          |          |          |
-                  |          |          |          |          |
-  Philadelphia    |  $41,550 | $293,000 | $100,000 |          | $434,550
-  San Francisco   |   41,900 |  170,000 |   40,000 |          |  251,900
-  Carson          |   29,550 |   60,000 |   25,000 |          |  114,550
-  New Orleans     |   31,950 |   74,000 |   35,000 |          |  140,950
-                  |          |          |          |          |
-  _Assay offices._|          |          |          |          |
-                  |          |          |          |          |
-  New York        |   39,250 |   25,000 |   10,000 |          |   74,250
-  Denver          |   10,950 |   14,000 |    6,000 | $2,000   |   32,950
-  Helena          |    7,700 |   12,000 |    6,000 |          |   25,700
-  Boise City      |    3,000 |          |    5,000 |  1,000   |    9,000
-  Charlotte       |    2,750 |          |    2,000 |          |    4,750
-  Saint Louis     |    3,500 |          |    2,400 |          |    5,900
-  ----------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
-      Total       | $212,100 | $648,000 | $231,400 | $3,000   |$1,094,500
-  ----------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
-
-
-Comparison of expenditures, years 1886 and 1887.
-
-  -----------------------+--------------+--------------
-      Appropriations.    |     1886.    |     1887.
-  -----------------------+--------------+--------------
-  Salaries               |$  189,331.48 |   $192,907.13
-  Wages of workmen       |   593,865.07 |    601,787.25
-  Contingent expenses    |   164,183.47 |[25]193,704.93
-  Standard silver dollar |   119,976.00 |    200,189.02
-  -----------------------+--------------+--------------
-      Total              |$1,067,356.02 | $1,188,588.33
-  -----------------------+--------------+--------------
-
-
-Production in round numbers of precious metals in United States for 1886.
-
-  -----------------------------+------------+-------------+------------
-       State or Territory.     |    Gold.   |    Silver.  |   Total.
-  -----------------------------+------------+-------------+------------
-  Alaska                       |   $446,000 |      $2,000 |    $448,000
-  Arizona                      |  1,110,000 |   3,400,000 |   4,510,000
-  California                   | 14,725,000 |   1,400,000 |  16,125,000
-  Colorado                     |  4,450,000 |  16,000,000 |  20,450,000
-  Dakota                       |  2,700,000 |     425,000 |   3,125,000
-  Georgia                      |    152,500 |       1,000 |     153,500
-  Idaho                        |  1,800,000 |   3,600,000 |   5,400,000
-  Montana                      |  4,425,000 |  12,400,000 |  16,825,000
-  Nevada                       |  3,090,000 |   5,000,000 |   8,090,000
-  New Mexico                   |    400,000 |   2,300,000 |   2,700,000
-  North Carolina               |    175,000 |       3,000 |     178,000
-  Oregon                       |    990,000 |       5,000 |     995,000
-  South Carolina               |     37,500 |         500 |      38,000
-  Utah                         |    216,000 |   6,500,000 |   6,716,000
-  Washington                   |    147,000 |      80,000 |     227,000
-  Texas                        |            |     200,000 |     200,000
-  Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia,|            |             |
-    Vermont, Michigan,         |            |             |
-    and Wyoming                |      5,000 |       5,000 |      10,000
-  -----------------------------+------------+-------------+------------
-    Total                      |$34,869,000 | $51,321,500 | $86,190,500
-  -----------------------------+------------+-------------+------------
-
-
-Production of the United States from 1880 to 1886.
-
-  ---------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
-  Calendar Years.|   Gold.   |  Silver.  |   Total.
-  ---------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
-  1880           |$36,000,000|$39,200,000|$75,200,000
-  1881           | 34,700,000| 43,000,000| 77,700,000
-  1882           | 32,500,000| 46,800,000| 79,300,000
-  1883           | 30,000,000| 46,200,000| 76,200,000
-  1884           | 30,800,000| 48,800,000| 79,600,000
-  1885           | 31,800,000| 51,600,000| 83,400,000
-  1886           | 35,000,000| 51,000,000| 86,000,000
-  ---------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
-
-
-Gold and silver product in the United States and amount coined in 1886.
-
-  GOLD.
-
-  Value of the product of the mines, 1886                      $98,000,000
-  Coinage executed in 1886                      $92,650,000
-  Recoinage                                       9,600,000
-                                                -----------
-  Net coinage 1886                                              83,050,000
-                                                               -----------
-  Leaving new gold for employment in the arts                  $14,950,000
-                                                               ===========
-
-  SILVER.
-
-  Value of the product of the mines, 1886                     $130,000,000
-  Coinage executed in 1886                      $124,670,000
-  Recoinage                                       13,950,000
-                                                ------------
-  Net coinage 1886                                             110,720,000
-                                                               -----------
-  Leaving new silver for employment in the arts                $19,280,000
-                                                               ===========
-
-
-Minor Coins Shipped to the Different States and Territories from the Mint
-at Philadelphia during the Fiscal Year 1887.
-
-  --------------------+------------+------------
-                      |  1-cent    |   5-cent
-  State or Territory. |  bronze.   |   nickel.
-  --------------------+------------+------------
-  Alabama             |     $25.00 |  $5,375.00
-  Arkansas            |      20.00 |     890.00
-  Arizona             |      20.00 |
-  California          |   1,215.00 |  11,585.00
-  Colorado            |     105.00 |   6,090.00
-  Connecticut         |   6,230.00 |   6,010.00
-  Delaware            |     385.00 |     950.00
-  District of Columbia|     200.00 |     300.00
-  Dakota              |   1,590.00 |   3,640.00
-  Florida             |     190.00 |     840.00
-  Georgia             |     490.00 |   3,020.00
-  Indiana             |  10,669.37 |  18,710.00
-  Iowa                |   8,330.00 |  11,970.00
-  Illinois            |  51,831.00 |  68,355.00
-  Idaho               |            |      80.00
-  Kentucky            |   1,775.00 |  12,950.00
-  Kansas              |   4,440.00 |   8,720.00
-  Louisiana           |     400.00 |   6,510.00
-  Michigan            |  17,840.00 |  11,786.00
-  Massachusetts       |  38,815.00 |  39,210.00
-  Minnesota           |  10,405.00 |  13,615.00
-  Maine               |   1,325.00 |   1,215.00
-  Mississippi         |      25.00 |     250.00
-  Montana             |            |   2,020.00
-  Maryland            |  14,270.00 |  22,070.00
-  Missouri            |   7,650.00 | $49,490.00
-  New York            | 128,125.00 |  73,870.00
-  North Carolina      |   1,035.00 |   1,290.00
-  New Jersey          |  12,965.00 |  11,835.00
-  New Hampshire       |     800.00 |   2,600.00
-  New Mexico          |            |     400.00
-  Nebraska            |   2,710.00 |  14,865.00
-  Ohio                |  29,015.00 |  34,990.00
-  Oregon              |      20.00 |   3,510.00
-  Pennsylvania        |  25,509.00 |  45,045.00
-  Rhode Island        |   6,951.00 |   3,100.00
-  South Carolina      |     800.00 |   2,865.00
-  Texas               |     150.00 |   7,320.00
-  Tennessee           |   1,280.00 |  15,890.00
-  Utah                |            |   1,320.00
-  Virginia            |   3,080.00 |   5,540.00
-  Vermont             |   1,370.00 |     900.00
-  West Virginia       |   1,235.00 |   2,380.00
-  Wisconsin           |   7,230.00 |  10,755.00
-  Washington Territory|            |     500.00
-  Wyoming             |            |     260.00
-                      +------------+------------
-      Total           |$400,510.37 |$544,686.00
-  --------------------+------------+------------
-
-
-Minor Coins Struck and Remelted from the Organization of the Mint, and
-the Amount Outstanding June 30, 1887.
-
-  ---------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
-                       |               |              |  Outstanding,
-     Denomination.     |    Coined.    |   Remelted.  | June 30, 1887.
-  ---------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
-  Copper cents         | $1,562,887.44 |  $372,741.70 | $1,190,145.74
-  Copper half cents    |    399,926.11 |   |
-  Copper nickel cents  |  2,007,720.00 |   735,616.30 |  1,272,103.70
-  Bronze cents         |  4,319,275.48 |    24,517.11 |  4,294,758.37
-  Bronze 2-cent pieces |    912,020.00 |   292,128.08 |    619,891.92
-  Nickel 3-cent pieces |    903,705.00 |   175,541.44 |    728,163.56
-  Nickel 5-cent pieces |  8,691,671.75 |    61,934.00 |  8,629,737.75
-                       +---------------+--------------+---------------
-       Total           |$18,437,205.78 |$1,662,478.63 |$16,734,801.04
-  ---------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------
-
-On the 30th June, 1886, the amount of minor coin in the Treasury was
-$377,814. Of this amount over $160,000 proved to be in 3-cent nickel
-pieces, for which there was no demand, and over $60,000 in uncurrent
-minor coins of former issues was transferred for recoinage, confined to
-1-cent bronze and 5-cent nickel pieces. The demand for 1-cent bronze
-and 5-cent nickel pieces, at first sudden, has since been urgent and
-continuous; at times largely beyond the ability of the mint to promptly
-meet.
-
-
-Operations Fiscal Year, 1887.
-
-  Bars manufactured:
-     Gold                              $58,188,953.66
-     Silver                              6,481,611.25
-                                    -----------------
-        Total                           64,670,564.91
-                                      ===============
-  Coinage executed:
-     Gold                             $22,393,279.00
-     Silver                            34,366,483.75
-     Minor                                943,650.65
-                                    ----------------
-        Total                          57,703,413.40
-                                     ===============
-  Refinery earnings                      $143,258.52
-
-
-
-
-SUMMARY OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE MINTS AND ASSAY OFFICES.
-
-
-The value of the gold and silver deposited at the mints and assay offices
-of the United States during the fiscal year 1887 was $131,635,811.34.
-This aggregate, however, but partially measures the successive operations
-upon the bullion represented by this value. For example, it may be
-interesting to show the operations by the melters and refiners of the
-four mints and of the assay office at New York, as measured by the value
-of the bullion successively operated upon. These may be stated as follows:
-
-
-Bullion Operated upon by the Melters and Refiners, 1887.
-
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-      Metal.    | Standard ounces. |    Value.
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-  Gold          |    5,919,878     | $110,137,265
-  Silver        |   70,764,794     |   82,344,487
-                +------------------+--------------
-    Total value |                  | $192,481,752
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-
-The operations of the coinage departments of the mints were as follows:
-
-
-Operations of Coinage Departments, 1887.
-
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-      Metal.    | Standard ounces. |    Value.
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-  Gold          |    2,632,005     |  $48,967,440
-  Silver        |   61,896,692     |   72,025,241
-                +------------------+--------------
-    Total value |                  | $120,992,681
-  --------------+------------------+--------------
-
-The 1-cent and 2-cent bronze pieces were recoined into 1-cent bronze
-pieces, and the copper nickel 1-cent, and the 3-cent and 5-cent nickel
-pieces were used in the coinage of new 5-cent nickel pieces.
-
-
-Form and Location of the Moneys of the United States and the Bullion
-awaiting Coinage in the Mints July 1, 1887.
-
-[Exclusive of Minor Coin and Minor-Coinage Metal.]
-
-  -------------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------
-                           |               |  In National  |In other Banks
-                           |  In Treasury. |   Banks.[26]  |  and General
-                           |               |               | Circulation.
-  -------------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------
-           METALLIC.       |               |               |
-  Gold bullion             |    $85,512,270|               |
-  Silver bullion           |      4,091,414|               |
-  Silver bullion (melted   |               |               |
-    trade dollars)         |      6,364,236|               |
-  Gold coin                |    192,368,915|[27]$98,137,439|  $278,501,711
-  Silver dollar            |    211,483,970|      6,343,213|    49,162,934
-  Subsidiary silver coin   |     26,977,493|      2,813,138|    45,757,168
-                           +---------------+---------------+--------------
-      Total                |   $526,798,298|   $107,293,790|  $373,421,813
-                           +===============+===============+==============
-        REPRESENTATIVE.    |               |               |
-  Legal-tender notes       |[28]$28,783,796|    $74,477,342|  $243,419,878
-  Old demand notes         |               |               |        57,130
-  Certificates of deposit  |        310,000|      7,810,000|       960,000
-  Gold certificates        |     30,261,380|     54,274,940|    36,950,497
-  Silver certificates      |      3,425,133|      3,535,479|   138,582,538
-  National bank notes      |        197,046|     22,962,737|   256,058,005
-  Fractional paper currency|          2,366|        564,266|     6,380,332
-                           +---------------+---------------+--------------
-      Total                |    $62,979,721|   $163,624,764|  $682,408,380
-  -------------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------
-
-  -------------------------+---------------
-                           |
-                           |    Total.
-                           |
-  -------------------------+---------------
-           METALLIC.       |
-  Gold bullion             |   $85,512,270
-  Silver bullion           |     4,091,414
-  Silver bullion (melted   |
-    trade dollars)         |     6,364,236
-  Gold coin                |   569,008,065
-  Silver dollar            |   266,990,117
-  Subsidiary silver coin   |    75,547,799
-                           +---------------
-      Total                |$1,007,513,901
-                           +===============
-        REPRESENTATIVE.    |
-  Legal-tender notes       |  $346,681,016
-  Old demand notes         |        57,130
-  Certificates of deposit  |     9,080,000
-  Gold certificates        |   121,486,817
-  Silver certificates      |   145,543,150
-  National bank notes      |   279,217,788
-  Fractional paper currency|     6,946,964
-                           +---------------
-      Total                |  $909,012,865
-  -------------------------+---------------
-
-
-Gold and Silver Coin in the United States November 1, 1887.
-
-  ----------------------+------------+-------------------------------------
-                        |            |            Silver Coin.
-                        |            +------------+-----------+------------
-           Date.        | Gold Coin. | Full Legal |Subsidiary.|   Total
-                        |            |   Tender.  |           |  Silver.
-  ----------------------+------------+------------+-----------+------------
-  Last official         |            |            |           |
-    statement           |            |            |           |
-    July 1, 1887        |$569,008,065|$266,990,117|$75,547,799|$342,537,916
-  Gain subsequent to    |            |            |           |
-    above statement     |            |            |           |
-   (estimate)           |   5,919,808|  10,120,040|    210,387|  10,330,427
-                        +------------+------------+-----------+------------
-  Estimate for November |            |            |           |
-    1, 1887             |$574,927,873|$277,110,157|$75,758,186|$352,868,343
-  ----------------------+------------+------------+------------------------
-
-  ----------------------+-------------
-                        |
-                        | Total Gold
-           Date.        | and Silver
-                        |    Coin.
-  ----------------------+-------------
-  Last official         |
-    statement           |
-    July 1, 1887        |$911,545,981
-  Gain subsequent to    |
-    above statement     |
-   (estimate)           |  16,250,235
-                        +-------------
-  Estimate for November |
-    1, 1887             |$927,796,216
-  ----------------------+-------------
-
-
-Estimate of Coin Circulation July 1, 1887.
-
-  ------------------------------+------------+--------------+--------------
-                Items.          |    Gold.   |    Silver.   |     Total.
-  ------------------------------+------------+--------------+--------------
-  Estimated circulation July 1, |            |              |
-    1886                        |$548,320,031| $308,784,223 | $857,104,254
-  Coinage for fiscal year 1887  |  22,393,279|   34,366,483 |   56,759,762
-  Net imports                   |   2,311,739|      409,151 |    2,720,890
-                                +------------+--------------+--------------
-      Total                     |$573,025,049| $343,559,857 | $916,584,906
-                                +============+==============+==============
-  Less deposits of United       |            |              |
-    States coin                 |     516,984|      821,941 |    1,338,925
-  Used in the arts              |   3,500,000|      200,000 |    3,700,000
-                                +------------+--------------+--------------
-      Total                     |   4,016,984|    1,021,941 |    5,038,925
-                                +============+==============+==============
-  Estimated circulation July 1, |            |              |
-    1887                        |$569,008,065| $342,537,916 | $911,545,981
-
-
-Table showing the Total Paper and Specie Circulation in each of the
-Principal Countries of the World, and the Amount of Specie in Bank and
-National Treasuries, and the Amount of Active Circulation.
-
-(Officially Reported in 1884.)
-
-  -------------------------+-----------+--------------+------------------
-                           |           |Total metallic|    Amount of
-        Countries.         |Population.|  and paper   |specie in national
-                           |           | circulation. |   treasuries
-                           |           |              |   and banks.
-  -------------------------+-----------+--------------+------------------
-  United States            | 50,155,783|$1,745,926,755|    $534,033,074
-  Great Britain and Ireland| 35,246,562|   876,318,139|     154,182,691
-  Dominion of Canada,      |           |              |
-    including Manitoba     |           |              |
-    and Newfoundland       |  4,506,563|    59,596,084|       9,111,148
-  British India            |252,541,210| 1,099,383,126|      78,358,000
-  Ceylon                   |  2,758,166|     2,335,300|       1,273,800
-  Australia, Tasmania,     |           |              |
-    and New Zealand        |  2,798,898|    96,010,722|      48,737,837
-  Cape of Good Hope        |    780,757|    38,078,000|       8,092,000
-  France                   | 37,321,186| 1,990,961,912|     402,939,754
-  Algiers                  |  2,867,626|    27,567,000|       5,564,476
-  Guadeloupe               |    185,460|     1,627,750|         564,935
-  Belgium                  |  5,536,654|   186,326,515|      17,991,450
-  Switzerland              |  2,846,102|    53,180,731|      11,609,618
-  Italy                    | 28,452,639|   533,548,521|      69,357,358
-  Greece                   |  1,979,423|    29,143,000|       1,800,000
-  Spain                    | 16,625,860|   270,812,440|      27,223,959
-  Cuba                     |  1,394,516|    73,043,543|      14,181,243
-  Luzon                    |  4,450,191|     4,198,000|       3,765,677
-  Portugal, including      |           |              |
-    Azores and Madeira     |  4,550,699|    46,367,680|      11,718,874
-  Germany                  | 45,234,061|   825,473,023|     181,706,674
-  Austria-Hungary          | 35,839,428|   431,646,314|      98,131,401
-  Sweden and Norway        |  6,479,168|    43,058,443|      12,740,975
-  Danish Kingdom           |  2,096,400|    39,228,000|      14,070,000
-  Netherlands              |  4,061,580|   163,847,949|      55,114,112
-  Russia                   | 98,323,000|   646,431,794|     124,008,153
-  Turkey                   | 24,987,000|    83,315,976|      14,520,000
-  Roumania                 |  5,376,000|    27,372,383|       3,995,298
-  Mexico                   |  9,557,279|    52,048,529|       1,763,008
-  Central America          |  2,891,600|     4,701,861|
-  Argentine Republic       |  2,540,000|    71,371,850|      14,196,461
-  Colombia                 |  3,000,000|     5,097,830|         200,000
-  Brazil                   | 11,108,291|   139,871,255|
-  Peru                     |  3,050,000|    14,980,820|       1,882,018
-  Venezuela                |  2,675,245|     2,682,700|
-  Chili                    |  2,420,500|    32,555,341|       2,398,000
-  Bolivia                  |  2,325,000|     6,908,533|         443,597
-  Uruguay                  |    438,245|    11,587,000|       4,601,000
-  Hayti                    |    572,000|     4,780,000|
-  Japan                    | 36,700,110|   248,744,805|      28,486,973
-  Hawaiian Islands         |     66,895|     1,834,900|         808,200
-                           +-----------+--------------+------------------
-                           |           | 9,991,964,524|   1,959,571,764
-  -------------------------+-----------+--------------+------------------
-
-  -------------------------+--------------+-------------
-                           |              |
-        Countries.         |    Active    | Per capita
-                           | circulation. | of active
-                           |              |circulation.
-  -------------------------+--------------+-------------
-  United States            |$1,211,893,681|   $24.16
-  Great Britain and Ireland|   722,135,448|    20.49
-  Dominion of Canada,      |              |
-    including Manitoba     |              |
-    and Newfoundland       |    50,484,936|    11.22
-  British India            | 1,021,025,126|     4.05
-  Ceylon                   |     1,061,500|      .38
-  Australia, Tasmania,     |              |
-    and New Zealand        |    47,272,885|    16.90
-  Cape of Good Hope        |    29,986,000|    38.40
-  France                   | 1,588,022,158|    42.55
-  Algiers                  |    22,002,524|     7.67
-  Guadeloupe               |     1,062,815|     5.73
-  Belgium                  |   168,335,065|    30.40
-  Switzerland              |    41,571,113|    14.60
-  Italy                    |   464,191,163|    16.31
-  Greece                   |    27,343,000|    13.81
-  Spain                    |   243,588,481|    14.65
-  Cuba                     |    58,862,300|    42.21
-  Luzon                    |       432,323|      .10
-  Portugal, including      |              |
-    Azores and Madeira     |    34,648,806|     7.61
-  Germany                  |   643,766,349|    14.23
-  Austria-Hungary          |   333,514,913|     9.31
-  Sweden and Norway        |    30,317,468|     4.68
-  Danish Kingdom           |    25,158,000|    12.00
-  Netherlands              |   108,733,837|    26.77
-  Russia                   |   522,423,641|     5.31
-  Turkey                   |    68,795,976|     2.75
-  Roumania                 |    23,377,085|     4.35
-  Mexico                   |    50,285,521|     5.26
-  Central America          |     4,701,861|     1.62
-  Argentine Republic       |    57,175,389|    22.51
-  Colombia                 |     4,897,830|     1.63
-  Brazil                   |   139,871,255|    12.59
-  Peru                     |    13,098,802|     4.29
-  Venezuela                |     2,682,700|     1.00
-  Chili                    |    30,157,341|    12.45
-  Bolivia                  |     6,464,936|     2.78
-  Uruguay                  |     6,986,000|    15.94
-  Hayti                    |     4,780,000|     8.35
-  Japan                    |   220,257,832|     6.00
-  Hawaiian Islands         |     1,026,700|    15.35
-                           +--------------+-------------
-                           | 8,032,392,760|
-  -------------------------+--------------+-------------
-
-
-WORLD’S COINAGE.
-
-  ----------------+-----------+-------------
-  Calendar years. |   Gold.   |  Silver.
-  ----------------+-----------+-------------
-  1884            |$99,432,795| $95,832,084
-  1885            | 94,728,008| 105,105,299
-  1886            | 92,653,400| 124,678,678
-  ----------------+-----------+-------------
-
-The value of the United States gold coin deposited for recoinage,
-principally by the Treasurer of the United States, was $516,984.63,
-against $393,545.28 in the preceding year.
-
-In addition to the gold bullion both of domestic and foreign production,
-and the foreign and domestic gold coin deposited, old material in the
-form of jewelry, bars, old plate, etc., was received containing gold of
-the value of $2,265,219.85.
-
-The marked increase in the deposits of gold was at the assay office at
-New York, the value of the foreign gold bullion and coin deposited at
-that institution during the year being $30,621,006.95, exclusive of fine
-bars of its own manufacture, of the value of $7,933,743.98, imported and
-re-deposited.
-
-The value of the foreign gold bullion deposited was $22,571,328.70,
-against $4,317,068.27 in 1886.
-
-The value of the foreign gold coin received and melted was $9,896,512.28,
-against $5,673,565.04 in the year preceding.
-
-The value of the total deposits of gold during the fiscal year 1887,
-including all re-deposits as above cited, was $83,416,779.40, against
-$49,606,534.65 in 1886, an excess in the year 1887 of $33,810,244.75.
-
-The value of silver bullion of foreign extraction deposited at the mints
-during the year 1887 was $1,457,406.01.
-
-The value of foreign silver coin deposited during the year was
-$350,598.86, against $812,664.50 in the preceding year.
-
-The value of the United States silver coin deposited (calculated at
-the coining rate in silver dollars), not including trade-dollars, was
-$768,739.32, most of which consisted of worn and uncurrent silver coins
-transferred from the Treasury of the United States for recoinage.
-
-Trade-dollars were received mostly by transfer from the Treasury of the
-United States and melted. The bullion contained 5,837,791.87 standard
-ounces, of the coinage value in standard silver dollars of $6,793,066.89.
-
-
-EARNINGS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE MINTS AND ASSAY OFFICES.
-
-The total earnings amounted to $8,842,819.70, and the total expenditures
-and losses of all kinds to $1,437,442.95. The profits from operations on
-bullion during the past year amounted to the large sum of $7,405,386.75.
-
-A large portion of these earnings consisted of seignorage or profits on
-the manufacture of silver and minor coins.
-
-
-Highest and lowest prices of Gold in New York.
-
-Each month in 1862-1878.
-
-  =========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========
-    Month. |   1862.   |   1863.   |   1864.   |   1865.   |   1866.
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-           | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._
-  January  | 103¾ 101¾ | 160¾ 133⅝ | 159⅜ 151½ | 234⅜ 197¼ | 144¼ 136¾
-  February | 104¾ 102⅛ | 172½ 152½ | 161  157⅛ | 216¾ 196⅜ | 140⅝ 135¾
-  March    | 102½ 101⅛ | 171¾ 139  | 169¾ 159  | 201  148⅛ | 136½ 124⅞
-  April    | 102¼ 101½ | 157⅞ 145½ | 184¾ 166¼ | 154½ 143½ | 129½ 125¼
-  May      | 104⅛ 102⅛ | 154¾ 143½ | 190  168  | 145⅛ 128½ | 141½ 125⅛
-  June     | 109½ 103½ | 148⅜ 140½ | 250  193  | 147⅝ 135¼ | 167¾ 137½
-  July     | 120⅛ 108¾ | 145  123¼ | 285  222  | 146⅛ 138⅝ | 155¾ 147
-  August   | 116¼ 112½ | 129¾ 122⅛ | 261¾ 231½ | 145⅛ 140¼ | 152⅛ 146½
-  September| 124  116½ | 143⅛ 126⅞ | 254½ 191  | 145  142⅝ | 147⅛ 143½
-  October  | 133½ 122  | 153¾ 140⅜ | 227¾ 189  | 149  144⅛ | 154⅜ 145½
-  November | 133¼ 129  | 154  143  | 260  210  | 148¾ 145½ | 148⅝ 137½
-  December | 134  128½ | 152¾ 148½ | 243  212¾ | 148½ 144½ | 141¾ 131¼
-           +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-    Year   | 134  101⅛ | 172½ 122⅛ | 285  151½ | 234⅜ 128½ | 167¾ 125⅛
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-
-  =========+===========+===========+===========+===========
-    Month. |   1867.   |   1868.   |   1869.   |   1870.
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-           | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._
-  January  | 137⅞ 132⅛ | 142¼ 133¼ | 136⅝ 134⅝ | 123¼ 119⅜
-  February | 140⅜ 135⅛ | 144  139¾ | 136¼ 130⅞ | 121½ 115⅛
-  March    | 140⅜ 133⅝ | 141¼ 137⅞ | 132½ 130⅜ | 116⅜ 110¼
-  April    | 141⅝ 132⅝ | 140⅜ 137¾ | 134⅝ 131⅜ | 115⅜ 111½
-  May      | 138⅞ 135  | 140½ 139⅛ | 144¾ 134½ | 115½ 113¾
-  June     | 138¾ 136⅜ | 141¼ 139⅜ | 139⅝ 136½ | 114¾ 110⅞
-  July     | 140⅝ 138  | 145¼ 143⅛ | 137¾ 134¼ | 122¾ 111⅛
-  August   | 142½ 139⅞ | 150  143½ | 136½ 131⅜ | 122  114¾
-  September| 146⅜ 141  | 145⅛ 141⅛ | 162½ 129¾ | 116¾ 112¼
-  October  | 145⅝ 140¼ | 140½ 133¾ | 132  128¼ | 113¾ 111⅛
-  November | 141½ 138½ | 137  132  | 128⅜ 121⅛ | 113¾ 110
-  December | 137⅞ 133  | 136¾ 134⅜ | 124  119½ | 111⅜ 110⅜
-           +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-    Year   | 146⅜ 132⅛ | 150  132  | 162½ 119½ | 123¼ 110
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-
-  =========+===========+===========+===========+===========
-    Month. |   1871.   |   1872.   |   1873.   |   1874.
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-           | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._
-  January  | 111¼ 110½ | 110⅛ 108½ | 114¼ 111⅝ | 112⅛ 110⅛
-  February | 112¼ 110¾ | 111  109½ | 115⅛ 112⅞ | 113  111⅜
-  March    | 111⅝ 110⅛ | 110⅝ 109¾ | 118½ 114⅝ | 113⅞ 111¼
-  April    | 111¾ 110⅛ | 113¼ 109⅞ | 119⅛ 116¾ | 114⅜ 111¾
-  May      | 112¼ 111  | 114⅜ 112⅛ | 118⅝ 116⅝ | 113⅛ 111⅞
-  June     | 113⅛ 111¾ | 114¾ 113  | 118¼ 115  | 112¼ 110½
-  July     | 113¾ 111¾ | 115¼ 113½ | 116⅜ 115  | 110⅞ 109
-  August   | 113⅛ 111⅝ | 115⅝ 112⅛ | 116¼ 114⅜ | 110¼ 109¼
-  September| 115⅜ 112¾ | 115⅛ 112⅝ | 116⅛ 110⅞ | 110¼ 109⅜
-  October  | 115  111½ | 115¼ 112¼ | 111¼ 107¾ | 110⅜ 109¾
-  November | 112⅜ 110⅜ | 114¼ 111⅜ | 110½ 106⅛ | 112⅜ 110
-  December | 110¼ 108⅜ | 113½ 111⅜ | 112⅝ 108⅜ | 112⅜ 110½
-           +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-    Year   | 115⅜ 108⅜ | 115⅝ 108½ | 119  106⅛ | 114⅜ 109
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-
-  =========+===========+===========+===========+===========
-    Month. |   1875.   |   1876.   |   1877.   |   1878.
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-           | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._ | _H._ _L._
-  January  | 113⅜ 111¾ | 113¼ 112⅜ | 107⅛ 105¼ | 102⅞ 101¼
-  February | 115⅜ 113¼ | 114⅛ 112¾ | 106⅛ 104⅝ | 102⅜ 101⅝
-  March    | 117  114⅜ | 115  113¾ | 105⅜ 104¼ | 102  100¾
-  April    | 115½ 114  | 113⅞ 112½ | 107⅞ 104¾ | 101¼ 100⅛
-  May      | 116⅜ 115  | 113¼ 112¼ | 107⅜ 106¼ | 101¼ 100⅜
-  June     | 117½ 116¼ | 113  111⅞ | 106⅜ 104¾ | 101  100⅝
-  July     | 117¼ 111¾ | 112⅜ 111⅜ | 106⅛ 105⅛ | 100¾ 100⅜
-  August   | 114¾ 112⅝ | 112⅛ 109¾ | 105½ 103⅞ | 100¾ 100½
-  September| 117⅜ 113¾ | 110⅜ 109¼ | 104  102⅞ | 100½ 100⅛
-  October  | 117⅝ 114½ | 113¼ 108⅞ | 103⅜ 102½ | 100⅜ 100¼
-  November | 116⅜ 114⅛ | 110⅛ 108⅛ | 103⅜ 102½ | 100½ 100⅛
-  December | 115¼ 112⅝ | 109  107  | 103⅜ 102½ | 100½ 100
-           +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-    Year   | 117⅝ 111¾ | 115  107  | 107⅞ 102½ | 102⅞ 100
-  ---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
-
-NOTE.—Specie payment resumed January 1, 1879, after a suspension of
-nearly 18 years.
-
-
-Latest official estimate of the values of foreign coins in the United
-States, January, 1887.
-
-  -------------------+------------+-----------------------+----------------
-                     |            |                       |
-       COUNTRY.      |  Standard. |    Monetary Unit.     |    Standard.
-  -------------------+------------+-----------------------+----------------
-  Argentine Republic | Double     | Peso                  | Gold and silver
-  Austria            | S. silver  | Florin                | Silver
-  Belgium            | Double     | Franc                 | Gold and silver
-  Bolivia            | S. silver  | Boliviano             | Silver
-  Brazil             | S. gold    | Milreis of 1000 reis  | Gold
-  British Possessions|            |                       |
-    in N. A.         |            | Dollar                | Gold
-  Chili              | Double     | Peso                  | Gold and silver
-  Cuba               | Double     | Peso                  | Gold and silver
-  Denmark            | S. gold    | Crown                 | Gold
-  Ecuador            | S. silver  | Peso                  | Silver
-  Egypt              | S. gold    | Piaster               | Gold
-  France             | Double     | Franc                 | Gold and silver
-  German Empire      | S. gold    | Marc                  | Gold
-  Great Britain      | S. gold    | Pound sterling        | Gold
-  Greece             | Double     | Drachma               | Gold and silver
-  Hayti              | Double     | Gourde                | Gold and silver
-  India              | S. silver  | Rupee of 16 annas     | Silver
-  Italy              | Double     | Lira                  | Gold and silver
-  Japan              | Double     | Yen                   | Silver
-  Liberia            | S. gold    | Dollar                | Gold
-  Mexico             | S. silver  | Dollar                | Silver
-  Netherlands        | Double     | Florin                | Gold and silver
-  Norway             | S. gold    | Crown                 | Gold
-  Peru               | S. silver  | Sol                   | Silver
-  Portugal           | S. gold    | Milreis of 1000 reis  | Gold
-  Russia             | S. silver  | Rouble of 100 copecks | Silver
-  Spain              | Double     | Peseta of 100 centimes| Gold and silver
-  Sweden             | S. gold    | Crown.                | Gold
-  Switzerland        | Double     | Franc.                | Gold and silver
-  Tripoli            | S. silver  | Mahbub of 20 piasters | Silver
-  Turkey             | S. gold    | Piaster.              | Gold
-  United States of   |            |                       |
-    Colombia         | S. silver  | Peso.                 | Silver
-  Venezuela          | Double     | Bolivar.              | Gold and silver
-  -------------------+------------+-----------------------+----------------
-
-  -------------------+--------------+----------------------------------
-                     |   Value in   |
-       COUNTRY.      | U. S. Money. |          Standard Coin.
-  -------------------+--------------+----------------------------------
-  Argentine Republic |    96.5      | ⅟₂₀, ⅒, ⅕, ½ and 1 peso, ½
-                     |              |   argentine.
-  Austria            |    35.9      |
-  Belgium            |    19.3      | 5, 10 and 20 francs.
-  Bolivia            |    72.7      | Boliviano.
-  Brazil             |    54.6      |
-  British Possessions|              |
-    in N. A.         | $1.00        |
-  Chili              |    91.2      | Condor, doubloon and escudo.
-  Cuba               |    93.2      | ⅟₁₆, ⅛, ¼, ½ and 1 doubloon.
-  Denmark            |    26.8      | 10 and 20 crowns.
-  Ecuador            |    72.7      | Peso.
-  Egypt              |    04.943    | 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 piasters.
-  France             |    19.3      | 5,10 and 20 francs.
-  German Empire      |    23.8      | 5, 10 and 20 marks.
-  Great Britain      |  4.86.6½     | ½ sovereign and sovereign.
-  Greece             |    19.3      | 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 drachmas.
-  Hayti              |    96.5      | 1, 2, 5 and 10 gourdes.
-  India              |    34.6      |
-  Italy              |    19.3      | 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.
-  Japan              |    78.4      | 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen, gold and
-                     |              |   silver yen.
-  Liberia            |  1.00        |
-  Mexico             |    07.9      | Peso or dollar, 5, 10, 25 and 50
-                     |              |   centavo.
-  Netherlands        |    40.2      |
-  Norway             |    26.8      | 10 and 20 crowns.
-  Peru               |    72.7      | Sol.
-  Portugal           |  1.08        | 2, 5 and 10 milreis.
-  Russia             |    58.2      | ¼, ½ and 1 rouble.
-  Spain              |    19.3      | 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesetas.
-  Sweden             |    26.8      | 10 and 20 crowns.
-  Switzerland        |    19.3      | 5, 10 and 20 francs.
-  Tripoli            |    65.6      |
-  Turkey             |    04.4      | 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 piasters.
-  United States of   |              |
-    Colombia         |    72.7      | Peso.
-  Venezuela          |    19.3      | 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 bolivar.
-  -------------------+--------------+----------------------------------
-
-NOTE.—The “standard” of a given country is indicated as follows, namely:
-_Double_, where its standard silver coins are unlimited legal tender, the
-same as its gold coins; _S. gold_ or _S. silver_, as its standard coins
-of one or the other metal are unlimited legal tender. The par of exchange
-of the monetary unit of a country with a single gold, or a double,
-standard is fixed at the value of the gold unit as compared with the
-United States gold unit. In the case of a country with a single silver
-standard, the par of exchange is computed at the mean price of silver in
-the London market for a period commencing October 1 and ending December
-26, 1886, as per daily cable dispatches to the Bureau of the Mint.
-
-
-TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
-
-                                       WASHINGTON, D. C., JANUARY 1, 1887.
-
-VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS.
-
-In accordance with the provisions of section 3564 of the Revised Statutes
-of the United States, the value of the standard coins of the various
-nations of the world were estimated by the Mint Bureau and proclaimed by
-the Department on January 1, 1887.
-
-These estimates, to be followed at the custom-houses of the United
-States on and after January 1, 1887, in determining the values of
-invoices expressed in terms of foreign units of account, are shown in the
-following table (see opposite page):
-
-The average price of silver in London for the period embraced between
-October 1 and December 26, 1886, was 45.862 pence per ounce, British
-standard, equivalent at the par of exchange to $1.00535 per ounce fine.
-
-The corresponding value of silver for the three months ending December
-24, 1885, was $1.038141 per ounce fine, a decline of $0.03279, a little
-over three cents a fine ounce.
-
-The depression in the price of silver occasioned a change in the
-estimated values given the following coins:
-
-
-Changes in Values of Foreign Coins from 1886 to 1887.
-
-  ----------------------------------+-------------+-------------
-                                    |   Value,    |   Value,
-                 Coins.             |Jan. 1, 1886.|Jan. 1, 1887.
-  ----------------------------------+-------------+-------------
-  Florin of Austria                 |    $0.371   |   $0.359
-  Boliviano of Bolivia              |      .751   |     .727
-  Sucre of Ecuador                  |      .751   |     .727
-  Rupee of India                    |      .357   |     .346
-  Yen of Japan                      |      .810   |     .784
-  Dollar of Mexico                  |      .816   |     .790
-  Sol of Peru                       |      .751   |     .727
-  Rouble of Russia                  |      .601   |     .582
-  Mahbub of Tripoli                 |      .677   |     .656
-  Peso of United States of Colombia |      .751   |     .727
-  ----------------------------------+-------------+-------------
-
-The monetary unit of Egypt has been nominally changed from the piaster to
-the pound containing one hundred piasters.
-
-The monetary unit of Ecuador also has been nominally changed from the
-peso to the sucre, but with no change as to weight or fineness.
-
-In regard to Japan, in the table for 1887 the values of the gold and
-silver yen were estimated separately, for the reason that while by law
-the standard of Japan is gold, silver is practically the standard of
-value, and invoices of merchandise from Japan are generally in terms of
-the silver yen.
-
-
-Aggregate Issues of Paper Money in War times.
-
-The following table exhibits the amount per capita issued of the
-Continental money, the French assignats, the Confederate currency, and
-the legal-tender greenbacks and National bank notes of the United States.
-
-  --------------------+----------------------------+-------------+---------
-                      |        Population.         |             |
-  --------------------+----------------------------+             +---------
-  Continental money.  |  3,000,000 in 1780         |             | $119.84
-  French assignats.   | 26,500,000 (France in 1790)|             |  343.98
-  Confederate curr’cy.|  9,103,332 (11 Confederate |             |   71.89
-                      |              States, 1860) |             |
-  Greenbacks and      | 31,443,321 (United States  |             |
-    national          |              in 1860).     |             |
-    bank notes.       |                            |$750,820,228 |   23.87
-  --------------------+----------------------------+-------------+---------
-
-
-Refining (by acids), fiscal year 1887.
-
-  --------------+---------+----------------------+---------------------
-                |         |         Gold.        |       Silver.
-  Mint or       | Gross   +----------+-----------+----------+----------
-  Assay Office. | ounces. | Standard |   Value.  | Standard |  Value.
-                |         |  ounces. |           |  ounces. |
-  --------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-  Philadelphia. |  721,765|   190,539| $3,554,912|   553,437|  $643,999
-  San Francisco.|1,506,217|   365,970|  6,808,744| 1,248,071| 1,452,300
-  Carson.       |   45,447|     3,606|     67,088|    45,665|    53,137
-  New Orleans.  |   15,544|     4,840|     90,046|    11,167|    12,994
-  New York.     |3,822,148|   764,676| 14,226,530| 3,005,812| 3,497,672
-  --------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-    Total.      |6,111,121| 1,329,631|$24,737,320| 4,864,152|$5,660,102
-  --------------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-  --------------+-----------
-                |
-  Mint or       |   Total
-  Assay Office. |   value.
-                |
-  --------------+-----------
-  Philadelphia. | $4,188,911
-  San Francisco.|  8,261,044
-  Carson.       |    120,225
-  New Orleans.  |    103,040
-  New York.     | 17,724,202
-  --------------+-----------
-    Total.      |$30,397,422
-  --------------+-----------
-
-
-Value in United States Money, of One Ounce Troy of Gold, at different
-Degrees of Fineness.
-
-   500 Fine   $10.33.6
-   510  ”      10.54.3
-   520  ”      10.74.9
-   530  ”      10.95.6
-   540  ”      11.16.3
-   550  ”      11.36.9
-   560  ”      11.57.6
-   570  ”      11.78.3
-   580  ”      11.99.
-   590  ”      12.19.6
-   600  ”      12.40.3
-   610  ”      12.61.
-   620  ”      12.81.7
-   630  ”      13.02.3
-   640  ”      13.23.
-   650  ”      13.43.7
-   660  ”      13.64.3
-   670  ”      13.85.
-   680  ”      14.05.7
-   690  ”      14.26.3
-   700  ”      14.47.
-   710  ”      14.67.7
-   720  ”      14.88.4
-   730  ”      15.09.4
-   740  ”      15.28.7
-   750  ”      15.50.4
-   760  ”      15.71.1
-   770  ”      15.91.7
-   780  ”      16.12.4
-   790  ”      16.33.1
-   800  ”      16.53.8
-   810  ”      16.74.4
-   820  ”      16.95.1
-   830  ”      17.15.8
-   840  ”      17.36.4
-   850  ”      17.57.1
-   860  ”      17.77.8
-   870  ”      17.98.4
-   880  ”      18.19.1
-   890  ”      18.39.8
-   900  ”      18.60.5
-   910  ”      18.81.1
-   920  ”      19.01.8
-   930  ”      19.22.5
-   940  ”      19.43.1
-   950  ”      19.63.8
-   960  ”      19.84.5
-   970  ”      20.05.2
-   980  ”      20.25.8
-   990  ”      20.46.5
-  1000  ”      20.67.2
-  --------------------
-
-N. B.—When there is an intermediate degree of fineness, a short
-calculation is necessary. For every one-thousandth, add 2.07 cents per
-ounce for gold. Thus, one ounce of gold at 992 fine—$20.50.6
-
-
-Comparison of Expressing the Fineness of Gold in Thousandths, and in
-Carats.[29]
-
-   500 Fine 12.00 Carats
-   510  ”   12.08    ”
-   520  ”   12.15    ”
-   530  ”   12.23    ”
-   540  ”   12.31    ”
-   550  ”   13.07    ”
-   560  ”   13.14    ”
-   570  ”   13.22    ”
-   580  ”   13.29    ”
-   590  ”   14.05    ”
-   600  ”   14.13    ”
-   610  ”   14.20    ”
-   620  ”   14.28    ”
-   630  ”   15.04    ”
-   640  ”   15.11    ”
-   650  ”   15.19    ”
-   660  ”   15.27    ”
-   670  ”   16.03    ”
-   680  ”   16.10    ”
-   690  ”   16.18    ”
-   700  ”   16.25    ”
-   710  ”   17.01    ”
-   720  ”   17.09    ”
-   730  ”   17.17    ”
-   740  ”   17.24    ”
-   750  ”   18.00    ”
-   760  ”   18.08    ”
-   770  ”   18.15    ”
-   780  ”   18.23    ”
-   790  ”   18.31    ”
-   800  ”   19.07    ”
-   810  ”   19.14    ”
-   820  ”   19.22    ”
-   830  ”   19.29    ”
-   840  ”   20.05    ”
-   850  ”   20.13    ”
-   860  ”   20.20    ”
-   870  ”   20.28    ”
-   880  ”   21.04    ”
-   890  ”   21.11    ”
-   900  ”   21.19    ”
-   910  ”   21.27    ”
-   920  ”   22.02    ”
-   930  ”   22.10    ”
-   940  ”   22.18    ”
-   950  ”   22.25    ”
-   960  ”   23.01    ”
-   970  ”   23.09    ”
-   980  ”   23.17    ”
-   990  ”   23.24    ”
-  1000  ”   24.00    ”
-  --------------------
-
-
-
-
-U. S. Mint Test for Gold and Silver.
-
-
-The following is a test for determining whether coin is good or bad.
-Use the liquids as near the edge of suspected coin as possible, as that
-is the part most worn. A drop of the preparation will have no effect on
-genuine coin, while it can be plainly seen on the counterfeit. Coins
-should be scraped slightly before using:
-
-TEST FOR GOLD.
-
-  Strong Nitric Acid (36°), 39 parts.
-  Muriatic Acid, 1 part.
-  Water, 20 parts.
-
-TEST FOR SILVER.
-
-  24 grains Nitre of Silver.
-  30 drops Nitric Acid.
-   1 ounce Water.
-
-The above tests should be taken in conjunction with _Diameter_,
-_Thickness_, and _Weight_, the tests used at the Mint.
-
-
-
-
-GLOSSARY.
-
-_Terms used in treating of Bullion, Mints, Coinage, and Money._
-
-
-ASSAYING.—Chemical analysis of metals or ores. This term is employed in
-reference to mints and coinage, refers particularly to the process for
-determining the component parts and relative proportions of a mixed alloy
-of gold and silver, or the various alloys used for the manufacture of
-minor coins.
-
-REFINING.—Extract of base from precious metals; usually performed by the
-aid of heat and oxidizing fluxes.
-
-PARTING.—The separation of gold and silver when the two metals
-compose an alloy, either native or artificial, for the purpose of
-obtaining the metals, respectively, in the form of fine bars. This is
-accomplished, first, by dissolving the silver with acids and subsequently
-precipitating; or, second, by converting silver into chloride by heat and
-chlorine gas, and then reducing the chloride to a metallic state.
-
-ALLOYING.—Compounding two or more metals together in suitable or legal
-proportions for coinage. Gold and silver are alloyed with copper for
-standard coins, and alloys are variously made of nickel and copper, or of
-copper, tin, and zinc for minor coins.
-
-FINE BARS.—Gold and silver bars resulting from the operations of parting
-and refining. Bars containing 99 per cent. of pure metal are generally
-considered as fine bars.
-
-UNPARTED BULLION.—Gold containing silver or silver containing gold which
-has not been subjected to the parting operation.
-
-AMALGAM.—Gold and silver extracted from ores or other substances by the
-use of mercury and left in a porous or spongy condition, when the mercury
-is removed by distillation.
-
-FINENESS.—A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contained in a
-piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed in thousandths; that is,
-pure metal is 1000. United States coin is ⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀ fine, or decimally
-.900 fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious
-metals by “carats,” pure metal being 24 carats. Thus 22 carats, the
-British standard for gold coins, is ²²⁄₂₄, or decimally, 916⅔ fine.
-
-DEPOSIT—MELTING.—The operation of melting a deposit of gold or silver
-at the Mint to secure a homogeneity of metals, preliminary to taking a
-sample for assaying.
-
-REMEDY OF THE MINT.—The legal variation allowed from the fineness and
-weight prescribed by law for the coins.
-
-TRIAL OF THE PYX.—The annual test made by special commissioners of the
-fineness and weight of coins reserved from each delivery of coin by the
-coiner to the superintendent. These coins are known as Pyx coins, because
-kept in a pyx or chest.
-
-REFRACTORY BULLION.—Gold or silver bullion which contains a small
-percentage of lead, tin, or antimony, and which is therefore too hard or
-brittle to roll, cut, or stamp with facility.
-
-WASTAGE.—The amount of gold and silver lost in the processes which these
-metals undergo preparatory to striking the coins. This “wastage” by law
-must not exceed a certain percentage of the gross amount of metals worked.
-
-SWEEPINGS.—The ashes, fluxes, crucibles, sweepings, and all other refuse
-materials from rooms in which the metals are worked, containing a small
-amount of gold and silver.
-
-STANDARD.—The weight and fineness fixed by law for the coins; hence the
-term “standard weight” or “standard fineness.”
-
-BASE BULLION.—Gold or silver bullion not fit for coinage purposes, by
-reason of the presence of base metals, until refined.
-
-MINT MARK.—The letter or mark on the coin, designating the mint at which
-it was struck; as “S” for San Francisco, “C C” for Carson City, “O” for
-New Orleans.[30]
-
-MONEY OF ACCOUNT.—The ideal unit, or money term, in which accounts are
-stated or transactions made, as the _pound sterling_ of Great Britain,
-the _dollar_ of the United States, the _franc_ of France, and the
-_reichsmark_ of the German Empire.
-
-COINS OF STANDARD VALUE.—In modern times a government first establishes
-a money of account or ideal unit, and then fixes by law the quantity
-of gold or silver which shall, in the form of a coin with unlimited
-legal-tender power, represent that ideal unit. Such coins, with their
-multiples and divisions, are termed “coins of standard value” or
-“standard coins.”
-
-SUBSIDIARY COINS.—In the United States silver coins of less denomination
-than the dollar, which have a nominal value exceeding their intrinsic or
-bullion value, and limited as legal tender to sums not exceeding five
-dollars.
-
-MINOR COINS.—Coins of small denominations used for change, and struck
-from other metals than gold or silver.
-
-MINT PRICES OF GOLD AND SILVER (COINING VALUE).—The rate per standard
-ounce at which the mint converts bullion into legal-tender coins. The
-coining rate of an ounce of standard gold bullion, _i. e._, bullion
-⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀ fine in the United States is $18,604+. The coining rate of the
-silver dollar of 412½ grains, discontinued by law April 1, 1873, was
-$1.16⁴⁄₁₁ per standard ounce.
-
-THE BASIS OF THE MONEY SYSTEM of all civilized nations is gold or silver,
-or both, in a ratio fixed by law. The relative valuation of the two
-metals in the coins of nations using the double standard, is about one of
-gold to _fifteen and a half of silver_.
-
-
-_Partial List of Medals in Copper-Bronzed, also, in Gold and Silver,
-which may be obtained at the Mint._
-
-                                                           Size.    Price.
-                         ARMY.
-
-  Washington before Boston                                   42     $2.50
-  Colonel William Washington, for Cowpens                    28      1.50
-  Major-General Harrison, for the Thames                     40      1.50
-  Major-General Scott, for Chippewa and Niagara              40      1.50
-  Major-General Gaines, for Fort Erie                        40      1.50
-  Major-General Porter, for Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie      40      1.50
-  Major-General Macomb, Battle of Plattsburgh                40      1.50
-  Major-General Jackson, Battle of New Orleans               40      1.50
-  Major-General Taylor, Palo Alto                            40      1.50
-  Major-General Taylor, for Monterey                         40      1.50
-  Major-General Taylor, for Buena Vista                      56      3.00
-  Major-General Scott, for Battles in Mexico                 56      3.00
-  Major-General Grant                                        64      8.00
-  Colonel Lee, “Light-Horse Harry”                           29      1.50
-  Count DeFleury, for Stony Point                            15      2.25
-
-                          NAVY.
-
-  John Paul Jones, for Serapis                               36      2.00
-  Captain Hull, for Capture of Guerriere                     40      1.50
-  Captain Jacob Jones, for Capture of the Frolic             40      1.50
-  Captain Decatur, for Capture of the Macedonian             40      1.50
-  Captain Bainbridge, for Capture of the Java                40      1.50
-  Captain Lawrence, for Capture of the Peacock               40      1.50
-  Captain Burrows, for Capture of the Boxer                  40      1.50
-  Captain Perry, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie   40      1.50
-  Captain Elliott, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie 40      1.50
-  Captain Warrington, for Capture of the Epervier            40      1.50
-  Captain Blakely, for Capture of the Reindeer               40      1.50
-  Captain MacDonough, for Capture of the British Fleet on
-    Lake Champlain                                           40      1.50
-  Captain Henley, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain 40      1.50
-  Lieut. Cassin, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain  40      1.50
-  Captain Biddle, for Capture of the Penguin                 40      1.50
-  Captain Stewart, for Capture of the Cyane and Levant       40      1.50
-  Captain Edw. Preble before Tripoli                         40      1.50
-
-                       PRESIDENTIAL.
-
-  John Adams                                                 32      1.50
-  Thomas Jefferson                                           47      2.50
-  James Madison                                              40      1.50
-  James Monroe                                               40      1.50
-  John Q. Adams                                              40      1.50
-  Andrew Jackson                                             40      1.50
-  Martin Van Buren                                           40      1.50
-  John Tyler                                                 40      1.50
-  James K. Polk                                              40      1.50
-  Zachary Taylor                                             40      1.50
-  Millard Fillmore                                           40      1.50
-  Franklin Pierce                                            40      1.50
-  James Buchanan                                             48      2.00
-  Abraham Lincoln                                            48      2.00
-  Andrew Johnson                                             48      2.00
-  Ulysses S. Grant                                           48      2.00
-  Rutherford B. Hayes                                        48      2.00
-  James A. Garfield                                          48      2.00
-  Chester A. Arthur                                          48      2.00
-
-                   SUB-NATIONAL MEDALS.
-
-  Captain Perry (State of Pennsylvania), for Capture of the
-    British Fleet on Lake Erie                               40      1.50
-  Pennsylvania Volunteers, Action on Lake Erie               40      1.50
-  Major-General Scott (Commonwealth of Virginia)             56      3.00
-
-                   MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN.
-
-  Professor Agassiz Medal                                    30      1.50
-  Colonel Armstrong, for Destruction of the Indian Village of
-    Kittanning                                               27      1.00
-  Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer
-    San Francisco                                            47      2.00
-  Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer
-    San Francisco, by Congress                               50      3.00
-  Cornelius Vanderbilt, by Congress                          48      2.50
-  First Steam Coinage                                        16       .25
-  Commodore M. C. Perry, from Merchants of Boston            40      2.00
-  Pacific Railroad Medal                                     29      1.25
-  Emancipation Proclamation Medal                            29      1.00
-  Cyrus W. Field, Atlantic Cable Medal                       64      8.00
-  Dr. Joseph Pancoast                                        48      3.00
-  Grant Indian Peace Medal                                   40      3.00
-  Garfield Indian Peace Medal (oblong)                               2.00
-  Arthur Indian Peace Medal      ”                                   2.00
-  “Let Us Have Peace”                                        29      1.25
-  Metis (Shipwreck) Medal                                    42      1.50
-  John Horn (Life Saving) Medal                              30      1.00
-  U. S. Diplomatic Medal, July 4, 1776                       45      2.00
-  Valley Forge Centennial                                    25       .50
-  Great Seal Medal                                           39      1.50
-
-                 DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.
-
-  David Rittenhouse                                          28      1.25
-  Robert M. Patterson                                        42      1.50
-  James Ross Snowden                                         50      2.50
-  James Pollock                                              29      1.25
-  H. R. Linderman                                            50      2.00
-  James P. Kimball
-
-                 SUPERINTENDENTS.
-
-  A. Loudon Snowden                                          50      2.00
-  Daniel M. Fox
-
-                 FINE GOLD MEDALS.
-                (_See Rule 3._)
-
-  Time Increases His Fame                                    16     12.00
-  James A. Garfield                                          16      9.00
-  Commencement of Cabinet                                    12      6.25
-  Washington and Jackson                                     10      4.50
-  Lincoln and Garfield                                       10      4.50
-
-                 FINE SILVER MEDALS.
-                (_See Rule 3._)
-
-  Cabinet Medal                                              37      6.00
-  Presidency Relinquished                                    25      3.00
-  Allegiance Medal                                           18      1.00
-  Time Increases His Fame                                    16       .75
-  James A. Garfield                                          16       .60
-  Pennsylvania Bi-Centennial                                 16       .50
-  Commencement of Cabinet                                    12       .35
-  Washington and Jackson                                     10       .25
-  Washington and Lincoln                                     10       .25
-  Washington and Grant                                       10       .25
-  Washington Wreath                                          10       .25
-  Lincoln and Grant                                          10       .25
-  Lincoln Broken Column                                      10       .25
-  Lincoln and Garfield                                       10       .25
-  Valley Forge Centennial                                    25      1.50
-
-The diameter of the medals is expressed by numbers, each of which
-indicates the sixteenth of an inch.
-
-Medals struck to order in gold, silver, or bronze, from dies of public
-institutions.
-
-
-
-
-MEDALS AND CABINET COINS.
-
-
-MINT OF THE UNITED STATES.
-
-                                              Philadelphia, January, 1888.
-
-_Regulations._
-
-1. The price of Medals, Proof Coins, Pattern Pieces, &c., shall be fixed
-by the Superintendent of the Mint, with the approval of the Director.
-
-2. No Coin or Pattern Piece shall be struck after the year of its date,
-nor in any other metal or alloy than that in which the Coin was issued
-or intended to be issued, except experimental pieces in Copper or other
-soft metal to prove the dies, under the direction of the Superintendent.
-The dies shall be defaced at the end of each year, and such impressions
-as the Engraver may find necessary to take while preparing the dies shall
-be destroyed in the presence of the Superintendent when the dies are
-finished.
-
-3. When a Pattern Piece is adopted and used in the regular coinage in
-the same year it shall then be issued as a proof, at a price near its
-current value; or if it comes out early in the year, it will be placed in
-the regular Proof Set. The Superintendent will furnish, without charge,
-on application therefor, a Pattern Piece to any incorporated Numismatic
-Society in the United States. In such cases, if the pattern is in Gold or
-Silver, the value of the metal will be required.
-
-4. The price of the regular Proof Set of Gold Coins will be Forty-three
-Dollars; the Proof Set of Silver and Minor Coins, Three Dollars. Single
-Gold Pieces, in proof, are sold at Twenty-five Cents each above their
-intrinsic value. Silver Sets are not separated. Proof sets are furnished
-of the current year only. The Mint has no Coins or Sets of back dates for
-sale.
-
-5. The Coins of the United States are:—
-
-      GOLD.             SILVER.        COPPER-NICKEL.
-  Double-Eagle,      Dollar,            Five Cents.
-  Eagle,             Half-Dollar,       Three Cents.
-  Half-Eagle,        Quarter-Dollar,
-  Three-Dollar,      Dime.               BRONZE.
-  Quarter-Eagle,                        One Cent.
-  Dollar.
-
-The coinage of the Silver Dollar of 412½ grains, the Five and Three-Cent
-Silver Pieces and Bronze Two-Cent Pieces was discontinued in 1873, but
-the Silver Dollar was restored by the Act of February 28, 1878.
-
-All orders must be sent to Superintendent of the Mint at Philadelphia.
-
-                                                         DANIEL M. FOX,
-                                                         _Superintendent_.
-
-
-
-
-PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON.
-
-
-The frontispiece in the bound volume of this book, is an exact
-reproduction, by the Gutekunst phototype process, of the obverse of the
-Washington medal executed by Charles C. Wright, about the year 1850,
-and particularly described on page 34 of the “Medallic Portraits of
-Washington,” by W. S. Baker, lately published (the price of which is
-five dollars). The bust was modeled by Wright, after the original by the
-celebrated French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, executed from a cast
-taken from the face of Washington at Mount Vernon, in October, 1785,
-and is considered by good judges to be the best medallic portrait of
-Washington yet produced. An impression of the medal is in the Washington
-Cabinet of the Mint; the reverse presents an excellent copy of Trumbull’s
-well known picture of the Declaration of Independence.
-
-
-
-
-JANUARY 1888.
-
-COIN (APPROXIMATE) PRICE CURRENT.
-
-Prepared by Mason & Co., Coin Dealers, 175 Washington St., Boston. Mass.
-
-                          GOLD COLONIAL COINS.
-
-                                                          FINE.     GOOD.
-  1785, Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”                  $600.00   $500.00
-  1787, Sun-eagle, “Nova Eboraca”                        300.00    150.00
-
-                            SILVER COLONIALS.
-
-  1652, N. E. XII, New-England shilling                  $35.00    $25.00
-  1652,   ”   VI,     ”        sixpence                   40.00     20.00
-  1652,   ”   III,    ”        threepence                100.00     40.00
-  1650, Pinetree XII, “Masathusets” shilling              45.00     30.00
-  1652,    ”      ”   “Massachusets”   ”                  10.00      5.00
-  1652,    ”     Smaller and thicker   ”                   8.00      3.00
-  1652,    ”     XII, “Masatusets” variety shilling       25.00     15.00
-  1652,    ”     VI, “Masachusets” sixpence               15.00      5.00
-  1652,    ”     III,      ”       threepence             15.00      5.00
-  1652,    ”     II,       ”       twopence               15.00      5.00
-  1652, Oaktree XII,       ”       shilling                5.00      3.00
-  1652,    ”    VI,        ”       sixpence                6.00      4.00
-  1652,    ”    III,       ”       threepence              8.00      4.00
-  1662,    ”    II,        ”       twopence                8.00      4.00
-  1662,    ”    I,         ”       penny                  30.00     10.00
-  1659, head, shield, Lord Baltimore shilling             15.00     10.00
-  1659,    ”            ”      ”     sixpence             20.00     10.00
-  1659,    ”            ”      ”     fourpence            20.00     10.00
-  1760, Charles III. rose, Florida half dollar            30.00     20.00
-  1773, George III. shield, Virginia shilling             20.00     15.00
-  1783, U. S. 1000-eye, “Nova Constellatio”              200.00    100.00
-  1783,    ”   500-eye,    ”        ”                    150.00     75.00
-  1785,    ”  Justice-eye, “Nova Constellatio” quarter
-                 dollar                                   75.00     40.00
-  1783, hands clasped, Annapolis shilling                 15.00      5.00
-  1783,    ”               ”     sixpence                 15.00      8.00
-  1783,    ”               ”     threepence               15.00      8.00
-  1790, head “Standish Barry”        ”                    25.00     10.00
-  1796, female head, “Castorland” half dollar              2.00      1.50
-
-                              TIN COLONIAL.
-
-  1690, horseman-shields, James II. tin piece             $3.00     $1.50
-  1776, Sun-dial, “Continental Currency”                  15.00      5.00
-
-                         COLONIAL COPPER COINS.
-
-  1616, hog-ship, “Summer Islands” shilling                       $300.00
-  1616,     ”         ”      ”     sixpence                        400.00
-  1694, Elephant, “God preserve Carolina,” half dollar   $40.00     20.00
-            ”     “God preserve New England”             150.00     50.00
-            ”     “God preserve London”                    2.50      1.50
-  1721, 2 L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” Louisiana               2.50      1.00
-  1722, 2 L’s,    ”        ”           ”                   2.50      1.00
-  1667, L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” stamped R. F., Louisiana
-          ha’penny                                         2.00      1.00
-  1767, L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” without R. F., Louisiana
-          ha’penny                                         4.00      1.50
-  1766, head ship, no stamps, Pitt halfpenny               2.50      1.50
-  1773, George III. shield, Virginia halfpenny             1.00       .25
-  1773,    ”        ”   smaller size, Virginia halfpenny    .75       .25
-        U. S. A., 13 bars, Bar cent                        3.50      2.00
-  1722, George I. rose, “Rosa Americana” penny             4.00      1.50
-  1722,   ”        ”      ”      ”       halfpenny         2.50      1.00
-  1722,   ”        ”      ”      ”       farthing          3.00      1.50
-  1722,   ”        ”      ”      ”       farthing          4.00      2.00
-  1723,   ”        ”  not crowned, “Rosa Americana”
-          farthing                                        15.00      5.00
-        George I. rose, “Rosa sine spina,” halfpenny      30.00     15.00
-  1723, George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” penny    4.00      2.00
-  1723, George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,”
-          halfpenny                                        2.50      1.50
-  1724, George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,”
-          halfpenny                                       15.00     10.00
-  1723, George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,”
-          farthing                                         2.50      1.50
-  1723, George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,”
-          halfpenny                                        5.00      3.00
-  1733, George II. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana” penny   30.00     20.00
-  1737, Three hammers, “Connecticut” cent                 40.00     20.00
-  1737, “I am good copper,” cent                          40.00     20.00
-  1739,    ”    ”     ”     Granby cent                   40.00     20.00
-  1737, “Connecticut,” Granby cent                        40.00     20.00
-  1737, Axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent          40.00     20.00
-  No date, axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent       40.00     20.00
-  1778, Head Indian, “Non dependens,” cent                25.00     15.00
-  1783, U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent               1.00       .40
-  1783,   ”    ”     ”      ”             ”                1.00       .40
-  1785, U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent               1.00       .30
-  1783, Liberty caged, “Georgius Triumpho,” cent           3.00      1.25
-  1787, Indian stars, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent            40.00     20.00
-  1785,      ”    in circle, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent     40.00     20.00
-       Scroll-triangle, Kentucky cent, plain edge          3.50      2.00
-             ”          lettered edge, Kentucky cent       3.50      2.00
-  1796, Britannia-children, British settlements           25.00     15.00
-  1787, Indian-eagle, Massachusetts cent                   1.00       .40
-  1787,        ”            ”       half-cent              3.00      1.25
-  1788,        ”            ”       cent                   1.00       .50
-  1788,        ”            ”       half-cent              3.00      1.25
-  1787, Sun-dial links, “We are one,” Franklin cent         .50       .25
-
-                             NEW YORK CENTS.
-
-  1786, Head, Justice; “Non vi virtute vici,”            $75.00    $40.00
-  1787, Indian-eagle, “Neo Eboracus,”                     50.00     30.00
-  1787,      ”     arms of New York, “Excelsior,”         40.00     20.00
-  1787, George Clinton arms of New York, “Excelsior,”     50.00     25.00
-  1786, Eagle, arms of New York, “Excelsior,”             60.00     30.00
-  1787,   ”      ”        ”          ”                    60.00     30.00
-  1787, Justice-eagle, “Immunis Columbia,”                 8.00      4.00
-  1787, Head, Liberty to right, “Nova Eborac,”             2.00       .50
-  1787, Head, Liberty to left, “Nova Eborac,”              2.00       .75
-
-                             VERMONT CENTS.
-
-  1785, Head Justice, “Immune Columbia”                  $15.00    $10.00
-  1785, Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”                    25.00     15.00
-  1785, Sun-eye, “Vermontis Respublica”                    3.00      1.00
-  1785,    ”     “Vermontes-Res-Publica”                   5.00      2.00
-  1786,    ”     “Vermontensium Respublica”                2.50      1.00
-  1786, Head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”                    .60       .30
-  1787,   ”       ”         ”      ”                        .50       .25
-  1788,   ”       ”         ”      ”                        .75       .30
-  1786, Baby head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”              1.50       .50
-  1787, Head, Britannia “Vermon,” “Et lib Inde”            1.00       .50
-  1787,   ”       ”         ”     “Britannia,”             1.00       .40
-  1787,   ”       ”  George III., “rex Inde et lib”        2.00      1.00
-
-                            NEW JERSEY CENTS.
-
-  1786, Horse head, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”                $1.00     $0.30
-  1786, Horse head, shield (date under beam),
-          “Nova Cæsarea”                                 100.00     75.00
-  1787, Horse head, shield, large size, “Nova Cæsarea”      .60       .25
-  1787,   ”    ”      ”     smaller, “Nova Cæsarea”         .30       .10
-  1787,   ”    ”      ”     “E pluribs,” “Nova Cæsarea”    2.00      1.00
-  1788,   ”    ”      ”     “Nova Cæsarea”                  .50       .20
-  1788,   ”    ”      ”     Fox type, “Nova Cæsarea”       1.50       .40
-  1788, Horse head to left, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”         4.00      1.00
-  1787, Justice-shield, “Immunis Columbia”                25.00     15.00
-
-                           CONNECTICUT CENTS.
-
-  1787, Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”         $0.25     $0.10
-  1785-6-8, Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”       .50       .20
-  1785, (Negro head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”            1.00       .50
-  1785, (Laughing head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”         1.50       .75
-  1785, Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”            .50       .20
-  1786-7-8, Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”        .50       .25
-  1786-7,     ”       ”        ”    “Et lib Inde Connec”   1.00       .50
-  1787-8,     ”       ”        ”    “Auctori Connec”       1.00      1.30
-
-    There are many more minor types of the Connecticut and New
-    Jersey 5 cents to 25 cents, etc.
-
-                             SILVER DOLLARS.
-
-  1794, flowing hair                                    $125.50    $50.00
-  1795,    ”     ”                                         3.00      1.50
-  1795, fillet head                                        3.50      1.50
-  1796                                                     4.00      2.00
-  1797, 6 stars facing                                     5.00      2.50
-  1797, 7   ”     ”                                        4.00      2.50
-  1798, 13  ”   small eagle                                6.00      4.00
-  1798, 15  ”    ”     ”                                  12.00      8.00
-  1798, 13  ”   large eagle                                2.50      2.00
-  1799, 5   ”   facing                                     7.00      5.00
-  1799, 6   ”     ”                                        2.00      1.60
-  1800, spread eagle                                       3.00      1.50
-  1801                                                     5.00      2.00
-  1802                                                     4.00      1.50
-  1803                                                     3.00      2.00
-  1804                                                  1000.00    500.00
-  1836, name in field                                     40.00     23.00
-  1836, flying eagle                                      10.00      6.00
-  1838,   ”      ”                                        50.00     25.00
-  1839,   ”      ”                                        30.00     20.00
-  1840, Liberty seated                                     2.25      1.60
-  1841                                                     2.00      1.60
-  1842                                                     2.00      1.60
-  1843                                                     2.25      1.60
-  1844                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1845                                                     2.50      1.00
-  1846                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1847                                                     1.75      1.00
-  1848                                                     3.00      1.25
-  1849                                                     1.75      1.00
-  1850                                                     2.00      1.10
-  1851                                                    40.00     30.00
-  1852                                                    50.00     30.00
-  1853                                                     2.00      1.50
-  1854                                                     8.00      6.00
-  1855                                                     6.00      4.00
-  1856                                                     2.50      1.75
-  1857                                                     4.00      2.00
-  1858                                                    40.00     30.00
-  1859                                                     1.50      1.40
-  1860                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1861                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1862                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1863                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1864                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1865                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1866                                                     2.00      1.60
-  1867                                                     1.80      1.50
-  1868                                                     2.00      1.75
-  1869                                                     1.50      1.40
-  1870                                                     1.50      1.40
-  1871                                                     1.50      1.40
-  1872                                                     1.30      1.25
-  1873                                                     2.00      1.60
-  1873, trade dollar                                       2.00      1.50
-  1874,   ”     ”                                          1.75      1.40
-  1875,   ”     ”                                          1.50      1.40
-  1876,   ”     ”                                          1.20      1.15
-  1877,   ”     ”                                          1.20      1.10
-  1878,   ”     ”                                          1.20      1.15
-  1879-1884, proof                                         2.00      1.75
-
-                              HALF DOLLARS.
-
-  1794, flowing hair                                      $8.00     $5.00
-  1795,    ”     ”                                         2.50      1.50
-  1796, 15 stars                                          75.00     50.00
-  1796, 16   ”                                           100.00     60.00
-  1797, 15   ”                                            75.00     40.00
-  1801, fillet head                                        8.00      5.00
-  1802                                                    10.00      8.00
-  1803                                                     3.00      1.50
-  1805                                                     3.00      1.50
-  1806                                                     1.50      1.25
-  1807                                                     1.50      1.25
-  1807, head to left                                       2.00      1.50
-  1808                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1809                                                     1.00       .75
-  1810                                                     1.00       .75
-  1811                                                     1.25       .75
-  1812                                                     1.00       .75
-  1813                                                     1.00       .75
-  1814                                                     1.00       .75
-  1815                                                     8.00      5.00
-
-    Half dollars from 1817 to 1885, inclusive (excepting 1851 and
-    1852, worth from $2.50 to $5.00), from 75c. to $1.00.
-
-                            QUARTER DOLLARS.
-
-  1796, fillet head                                       $8.00     $4.00
-  1804                                                     7.00      3.00
-  1805                                                     3.00      1.50
-  1806                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1807                                                     2.50      1.25
-  1815, head to left                                       2.00       .50
-  1818                                                     1.00       .75
-  1819                                                     1.50      1.00
-  1820                                                     1.00      0.75
-  1821                                                     1.00       .75
-  1822                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1823                                                    75.00     30.00
-  1824                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1825                                                     1.00       .75
-  1827                                                   100.00       .50
-
-    Quarter dollars, from 1827 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that
-    of 1853, without arrow heads, worth from $6.00 to $10.00),
-    worth 30c. to 50c.
-
-                           TWENTY-CENT PIECES.
-
-  1875, Liberty seated                                    $0.40     $0.30
-  1876,    ”      ”                                         .60       .50
-  1877,    ”      ”                                        5.00      4.00
-  1878,    ”      ”                                        5.00      4.00
-
-                                 DIMES.
-
-  1796, fillet head                                       $4.00     $2.00
-  1797, 13 stars                                           6.00      3.00
-  1797, 16   ”                                             8.00      4.00
-  1798, fillet head                                        6.00      3.00
-  1800                                                     8.00      5.00
-  1801                                                     6.00      4.50
-  1802                                                    10.00      6.00
-  1803                                                     4.00      2.50
-  1804                                                    12.00     10.00
-  1805                                                     1.50       .75
-  1807                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1809, head to left                                       3.00      2.00
-  1811                                                     3.00      2.00
-
-    Dimes, from 1811 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1846,
-    worth $1.00 to $2.50), from 20c. to 35c.
-
-                               HALF DIMES.
-
-  1794, flowing hair                                      $6.00     $4.00
-  1795,    ”     ”                                         2.00      1.00
-  1796, 15 stars                                           6.00      4.00
-  1797, 15   ”                                             5.00      3.00
-  1797, 16   ”                                             4.00      2.00
-  1800, fillet head                                        2.00      1.50
-  1801                                                     5.00      3.00
-  1802                                                   125.00     80.00
-  1803                                                     5.00      3.00
-  1805                                                    15.00      5.00
-
-    Half dimes, from 1805 to 1873, inclusive (excepting 1846, worth
-    from $1.00 to $2.50), from 10 to 30 cents.
-
-                        SILVER THREE-CENT PIECES.
-
-    From 1851 to 1872, inclusive, worth from 5 to 50 cents,
-    according to condition.
-
-  1873                                                    $2.00     $1.50
-
-                        NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECES.
-
-                                                         PROOFS.    FINE.
-  1866                                                    $0.15     $0.10
-  1867, with rays                                          2.50       .50
-  1867, without rays                                        .15       .10
-  1868                                                      .15       .10
-  1869                                                      .15       .10
-  1870                                                      .15       .10
-  1871                                                      .15       .10
-  1872                                                      .15       .10
-  1873                                                      .15       .10
-  1874                                                      .15       .10
-  1875                                                      .20       .15
-  1876                                                      .15       .10
-  1877                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1878                                                      .40       .25
-  1879                                                      .12       .10
-
-                        NICKEL THREE-CENT PIECES.
-
-  1865                                                    $0.15     $0.08
-  1866                                                      .15       .08
-  1867                                                      .15       .08
-  1868                                                      .15       .08
-  1869                                                      .15       .08
-  1870                                                      .15       .08
-  1871                                                      .15       .08
-  1872                                                      .15       .08
-  1873                                                      .15       .08
-  1874                                                      .15       .08
-  1875                                                      .20       .15
-  1876                                                      .10       .08
-  1877                                                     2.00      1.00
-  1878                                                      .25       .20
-  1879-1888, proofs                                         .25       .05
-
-                            TWO-CENT PIECES.
-
-  1864                                                    $0.40     $0.10
-  1865                                                      .40       .10
-  1866                                                      .40       .10
-  1867                                                      .40       .10
-  1868                                                      .40       .10
-  1869                                                      .40       .08
-  1870                                                      .40       .08
-  1871                                                      .25       .15
-  1872                                                      .50       .40
-  1873                                                     1.25       .75
-
-                              COPPER CENTS.
-
-                                                          FINE.     GOOD.
-  1793, chain America                                    $20.00    $10.00
-  1793,   ”      ”                                        10.00      6.00
-  1793, wreath                                             8.00      5.00
-  1793, lettered edge                                      9.00      6.00
-  1793, liberty cap                                       25.00      8.00
-  1794,    ”     ”                                         1.50       .75
-  1795,    ”    lettered edge                              4.50      1.50
-  1795, liberty, thin die                                  1.50       .50
-  1796,    ”      ”    ”                                   2.00       .75
-  1796, fillet head                                        2.00      1.00
-  1797                                                     1.50       .40
-  1798                                                     1.00       .10
-  1799                                                    35.00     15.00
-  1800                                                     1.00       .50
-  1801                                                     1.00       .50
-  1802                                                      .50       .25
-  1803                                                      .50       .20
-  1804                                                    10.50      6.00
-  1805                                                     1.50       .50
-  1806                                                     1.25       .75
-  1807                                                     1.10       .40
-  1808, head to left                                       2.00       .75
-  1809                                                     4.00      1.50
-
-    From 1810 to 1857, inclusive, worth from 2c. to $3, according
-    to condition.
-
-                        NICKEL AND BRONZE CENTS.
-
-  1856, eagle nickel                                      $5.00     $3.50
-  1857                                                      .50       .01
-  1858                                                      .50       .01
-  1859, Indian head                                         .50       .01
-  1860                                                      .25       .01
-  1861                                                      .25       .01
-  1862                                                      .25       .01
-  1863                                                      .25       .01
-  1864                                                      .25       .01
-  1864, bronze                                              .10       .01
-  1865                                                      .10       .01
-  1866                                                      .10       .01
-  1867                                                      .10       .01
-  1868                                                      .05       .01
-  1869                                                      .05       .01
-  1870                                                      .05       .01
-  1871                                                      .05       .01
-  1872                                                      .05       .01
-  1873                                                      .05       .01
-  1874                                                      .05       .01
-  1875                                                      .05       .01
-  1876                                                      .05       .01
-  1877                                                      .50       .05
-  1878                                                      .05       .01
-  1879-1887                                                 .05       .01
-
-                                 HALF CENTS.
-
-  1793, liberty cap                                       $5.00     $2.50
-  1794,    ”     ”                                         2.50      1.50
-  1795,    ”    lettered edge                              3.00      1.50
-  1795, liberty, thin die                                  2.00      1.00
-  1796,    ”     cap                                      40.00     20.00
-  1797,    ”      ”                                        2.00      1.00
-  1797,    ”     lettered edge                             5.00      3.00
-  1800, fillet head                                        1.00       .50
-  1802                                                     5.00      3.00
-  1803                                                      .50       .25
-  1804                                                      .25       .10
-  1805                                                      .50       .25
-  1806                                                      .50       .25
-  1807                                                      .50       .25
-  1808                                                      .50       .25
-  1809, head to left                                        .25       .15
-  1810                                                     2.50      1.00
-  1811                                                     3.00      1.50
-  1825                                                      .40       .20
-  1826                                                      .25       .15
-  1828, 12 stars                                            .40       .20
-  1828, 13   ”                                              .20       .10
-  1829                                                      .30       .20
-  1831 (proof)                                            12.00
-  1832                                                      .20       .15
-  1833                                                      .20       .10
-  1834                                                      .20       .10
-  1835                                                      .20       .10
-  1836 (proof)                                            12.00
-  1840    ”                                                8.00
-  1841    ”                                                8.00
-  1842    ”                                               15.00
-  1843    ”                                               10.00
-  1844    ”                                               10.00
-  1845    ”                                               10.00
-  1846    ”                                               10.00
-  1847    ”                                               10.00
-  1848    ”                                                8.00
-  1849    ”    small date                                  8.00
-  1849, large date                                          .40       .25
-  1850                                                      .30       .20
-  1851                                                      .25       .10
-  1852 (proof)                                            10.00
-  1853                                                      .15       .10
-  1854                                                      .25       .15
-  1855                                                      .25       .15
-  1856                                                      .20       .15
-  1857                                                      .30       .25
-
-                           GOLD DOUBLE EAGLES.
-
-  1849                                                 $1000.00
-  1850, head to left                                      25.00    $20.00
-  1851                                                    25.00     20.00
-  1852                                                    25.00     20.00
-  1853                                                    21.00     20.00
-  1854                                                    21.00     20.00
-  1855-79, consecutive                                    21.00     20.00
-
-                              GOLD EAGLES.
-
-  1795, head to left                                     $15.00    $13.00
-  1796, 16 stars                                          20.00     15.00
-  1797, 16 spread eagle                                   15.00     13.00
-  1798, 13 stars                                          16.00     14.00
-  1799, 13 spread eagle                                   14.00     12.00
-  1800                                                    14.00     13.00
-  1801                                                    14.00     13.00
-  1803                                                    15.00     13.00
-  1804                                                    15.00     13.00
-  1838, head to left                                      15.00     13.00
-  1839                                                    15.00     12.00
-  1840-68, only proofs worth premium.
-
-                            GOLD HALF EAGLES.
-
-  1795, head to right                                    $10.00     $8.00
-  1796, 16 stars                                          15.00     10.00
-  1797, 16 spread eagle                                   12.00     10.00
-  1798, 13 stars,   ”                                      8.00      7.00
-  1799, ”    ”                                            10.00      8.00
-  1800                                                    10.00      8.00
-  1801                                                    30.00     20.00
-  1802                                                    10.00      8.00
-  1803                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1804                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1805                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1806                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1807                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1808, head to left                                       8.00      7.00
-  1809                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1810                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1811                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1812                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1813                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1814                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1815                                                   100.00     50.00
-  1818                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1819                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1820                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1821                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1822                                                     8.00      7.00
-  1823-54, consecutive.                                    6.00      5.75
-  1855-79, only proofs worth premium.
-
-                           GOLD THREE DOLLARS.
-
-  1854, head to left                                      $4.00     $3.75
-  1855                                                     3.75      3.50
-  1856                                                     4.00      3.75
-  1857-87, consecutive                                     3.25      3.00
-  1875                                                    40.00     25.00
-
-                          GOLD QUARTER EAGLES.
-
-  1796, without stars                                     $8.00     $6.00
-  1796, 16 stars                                          10.00      6.00
-  1797, 16    ”                                            7.00      5.00
-  1798, 13    ”                                            5.00      4.00
-  1802                                                     6.00      5.00
-  1804                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1805                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1806                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1807                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1808, head to left                                       5.00      4.00
-  1821                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1824                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1825                                                     5.00      4.00
-  1826                                                     8.00      6.00
-  1827-49, consecutive                                     4.00      3.50
-  1850                                                     3.25      3.00
-  1851                                                     3.25      3.00
-  1852                                                     3.25      3.00
-  1853-87, consecutive                                     3.00      2.50
-
-                              GOLD DOLLARS.
-
-  1848, head to left                                      $1.50     $1.30
-  1850                                                     1.50      1.30
-  1851                                                     1.40      1.25
-  1852                                                     1.40      1.25
-  1853-87, consecutive                                     1.40      1.25
-
-                            CALIFORNIA GOLD.
-
-  $50 1851, octagon and round                                  $65.00
-  $20 (Territorial), varieties                                  30.00
-  Eagle,      ”          ”                                      15.00
-  Half eagle, ”          ”                                      10.00
-  Quarter ”   ”          ”                                       5.00
-  Dollar (California), octagon                                   1.25
-  Dollar (California), circular                                  1.25
-  Half doll., octagon, diff. dates                                .55
-    ”    ”    circular,      ”                                    .55
-  Quar.  ”       ”           ”                                    .35
-    ”    ”    octagon,       ”                                    .35
-  Bechtler dollar (N. Carolina)                                  1.50
-  Bechtler ¼ eagle    ”                                          3.50
-
-NOTE.—Persons who wish to buy or sell rare coins, or to ascertain their
-present value are recommended to write to Mason & Co., coin dealers, 175
-Washington street, Boston, Mass.—EDITOR MINT BOOK.
-
-
-
-
-NOTE TO THE VISITORS OF THE PHILADELPHIA MINT.
-
-
-As there are many places of interest in “=Penn’s Favorite City=,” the
-publisher of this work would respectfully suggest that visitors, who have
-the leisure, should see some of the well-known institutions of “The City
-of Brotherly Love.” Among the rare places of interest, after the United
-States Mint, is 1st.—=THE NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS= (in same square), known
-as the =NEW CITY HALL, the Largest and Finest in the World=, surpassing
-even the =Capitol at Washington=. 2d.—=FAIRMOUNT PARK=, the largest and
-most beautiful public pleasure ground in the United States, embracing
-nearly three thousand acres, on both sides of the Schuylkill River,
-from Fairmount Water Works to Indian Rock, on the romantic Wissahickon.
-3d.—=GIRARD COLLEGE=, where eleven hundred and fifty Orphan Boys are
-maintained, clothed and educated through the bountiful munificence of
-Philadelphia’s great benefactor, STEPHEN GIRARD. 4th.—=WANAMAKER’S GREAT
-STORE=, East of and almost adjoining the Mint. This immense establishment
-(the largest of the kind in the World) has grown to such vast proportions
-during the past decade that we feel compelled to give it a brief notice,
-as it has become one of the features of our city, and an object of
-interest to our visitors. The building itself is unique; it occupies
-an entire square, viz:—from Thirteenth to Juniper and from Market to
-Chestnut Streets—entrance on each of the four streets. The flooring space
-occupied in the interior, including first floor, basement and galleries,
-embraces more than twelve acres, and all this immense space is occupied
-with such goods as everybody, at some time in life, feels the necessity
-of purchasing. The general arrangement and classification of goods from
-all nations (there being over fifty separate and distinct departments),
-suggests a reproduction of the =Main Building of our late great
-Centennial Exposition=, with the =Department of Public Comfort= added.
-One of the great features of this Mammoth Bazaar is that visitors are
-made to feel at home, every provision being made for their convenience.
-There are commodious Retiring and Reading Rooms on either floor. One’s
-Satchel and Parcels are checked without cost, and no one is importuned to
-purchase. Visitors will find it hard to resist the =Tempting Offers= and
-=Low Prices= marked on the goods. 5th.—=INDEPENDENCE HALL=, (The Nation’s
-Birth-place) Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets; =National
-Museum=, in same building, containing many interesting relics of the
-Revolution and of Washington’s Camp Life; The =Old Liberty Bell= hanging
-in the hallway leading to =Independence Square=, where the Declaration
-of Independence was read to the people, July 4th, 1776. 6th.—=ACADEMY
-OF FINE ARTS=, Broad Street (west side) between Arch and Race Streets,
-should be visited by all lovers of the Fine Arts. 7th.—The =NEW MASONIC
-TEMPLE=, Northeast corner Broad and Filbert Streets. Visiting days every
-Thursday. 8th.—The =NEW POST OFFICE= and =U. S. COURT BUILDING=. This
-is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the country, and well
-worthy of a visit; also, the =NEW “RECORD” BUILDING=, adjoining. 9th.—The
-=BURIAL PLACES OF BENJAMIN and DEBORA FRANKLIN= can be seen at South-east
-corner Fifth and Arch Streets. 10th.—There are other notable places of
-interest in the City Of “Brotherly Love,” among which may be mentioned
-=CARPENTERS’ HALL, UNION LEAGUE, DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND ASYLUMS, LAUREL
-HILL CEMETERY, PENNSYLVANIA AND WILL’S HOSPITALS=, and the hundred and
-one other benevolent institutions for which Philadelphia is justly
-celebrated.
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES
-
-
-[1] Collectors estimate the loss to numismatography as very great by
-reason of the temptation the gold possesses for hoarding, and they are
-possibly the only class of people who have any apology to offer for the
-miser. Yet the world is debtor to this despised habit for some of its
-most invaluable specimens of art, and important corroborative history of
-the old world.
-
-[2] Robert Morris was born in England, and came to America when he was
-thirteen years old, (Sparks’ life of Governeur Morris.)
-
-[3] During the Confederation the different States had the unquestioned
-right to coin money, but only according to the standard of fineness,
-weight, and value, prescribed by the central government.
-
-[4] The following, from the Morris Papers, serve to illustrate this
-subject:
-
-“1.—ROBT. MORRIS TO RICHARD YATES.
-
-                                                 “PHILAD’A, Jan. 23, 1782.
-
-“SIR,
-
-“At the request of a very honest Man who seems much distressed for
-the welfare of his wife, now in London, I beg to trouble you with the
-enclosed Letter, praying that you will forward it, and if in consequence
-thereof Mrs. Dudley should come to New York, I beg of you to procure
-Liberty for her to come to her Husband at this place. The money for her
-Passage and reasonable expenses in New York, which must be reasonable
-as possible, she may draw upon her Husband, Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and I
-engage that the Draft shall be paid. I shall thank you for your attention
-to this poor Lady when she arrives, and remain Sir,
-
-                  “your most obedient and humble servant
-
-                                                           ROBERT MORRIS.”
-
-“2.—ROBT. MORRIS TO THE COMMISSARY GENERAL OF PRISONERS.
-
-                                                 “PHILAD’A, Jan. 23, 1782.
-
-“SIR,
-
-“I send herewith an open letter for Mr. Richard Yates containing one for
-Mrs. Dudley in London, from her Husband now here. I wish these may be
-safely delivered to Mr. Yates, and therefore pray you to send them into
-New York, by some person that will not only promise, but perform the
-delivery of them. I am Sir,
-
-                  “your most obedient and humble servant
-
-                                                           ROBERT MORRIS.”
-
-[5] This letter will illustrate this subject:
-
-ROBERT MORRIS TO THE REV. WILLIAM GORDON, D. D.
-
-[From the Morris Papers.]
-
-                                                “PHILAD’A 20th July, 1782.
-
-“SIR,
-
-“In consequence of your Letter of the nineteenth of June, I sent for
-Mr. Dudley, told him the information you had so kindly given to me,
-and assured him of my desire to make him easy and happy. The business
-in which he is intended to be employed, is like many other important
-matters, retarded by the tediousness of the States in supplying the
-Continental Treasury.
-
-“The Hon’ble Secretary at War has commenced a correspondence with General
-Gates at my request, which I think, will produce what he wishes. Be
-assured that I take particular pleasure in promoting the interest and
-happiness of worthy men, and that I am with great esteem Sir,
-
-                  your most obedient and humble Servant,
-
-                                                           ROBERT MORRIS.”
-
-[6] This letter will illustrate this matter:
-
-ROBERT MORRIS TO BENJAMIN DUDLEY.
-
-[From the Morris Papers.]
-
-                                        OFFICE OF FINANCE, 29 Novr., 1782.
-
-“SIR,
-
-“You will herewith receive the Form for making a particular kind of
-Paper—You are to proceed to the Paper Mill of Mr. Mark Wilcox, in Ash
-Town Chester County, who has the Stuff prepared, and there to superintend
-the making of sundry reams of Paper upon this Form—in doing of which
-you are to be particularly careful not to leave it in the power of any
-person or persons to make any paper upon this Form without your immediate
-Inspection.
-
-“You are to attend the Workmen constantly whilst they are at work, and
-when you retire from the Mill upon any occasion, you are to take the Form
-with you. You are to count the Paper as it is made sheet by sheet and
-when you have finished the whole, you are to bring it to me together with
-the Form. I am Sir,
-
-                       “Your most obedient servant,
-
-                                                          “ROBERT MORRIS.”
-
-[7] The building is still standing (March, 1888) Nos. 37 and 39 North
-Seventh street, and is occupied for various purposes.
-
-[8] For the various duties of the Mint there are over three hundred
-persons employed as clerks, workmen, etc.—say about two-thirds men and
-one-third women—the number depending, of course, upon the amount of work
-to be done.
-
-[9] Adam Eckfeldt’s portrait, by Samuel Du Bois, hangs in the Cabinet. A
-short sketch of him will be found in the list of Coiners.
-
-[10] The exchange at the present time (1885) is made at the Sub-Treasury
-in the Custom House.
-
-[11] Horace says that Alexander the Great ordained that no one should
-take his portrait on _gems_ but Pyrgoteles; no one should paint
-him but Apelles; and no one should stamp his head on _coins_ but
-Lysippus.—_American Bibliopolist._
-
-[12] “In box, three pictures (miniatures), _two half joes_, two small
-pieces of gold.” Dec. 26, 1780.—Martha Washington. These were sent to be
-used in the manufacture of the miniature cases for the above pictures.
-This letter is in the possession of K. Coulton Davis, Ph. G., of this
-city.
-
-[13] This issue being made at Sommer Islands, gave the name of “Sommer
-money.”
-
-[14] The old story of the weighing of John Hall’s daughter on her
-marriage-day is recalled in seeing these coins. Her dowry was her
-weight in “pine-tree” shillings; and the suggestion is allowable that
-these specimens formed a part of the portion of the blushing bride two
-centuries ago.
-
-[15] This is the coin which caused such excitement and so much feeling in
-Ireland, and which Dean Swift attacked from the pulpit.
-
-[16] From Chapman’s Collection Catalogue, May 14-15, pp. 24-25.
-
-[17] From the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, reported
-by Wm. E. Du Bois, in October, 1845.
-
-[18] Considered unique, one recently sold for $640.00 at a public sale in
-New York.
-
-[19] After the resignation of ex-Governor Pollock the title of Director
-was changed to Superintendent. The Director of all the Mints is now
-located at Washington.
-
-[20] Dr. Linderman’s widow and only son, Henry R. Linderman (named for
-him), a prominent lawyer of Stroudsburg, Penna., are the only survivors
-of his family.
-
-[21] The Phototype of Washington’s Profile likeness in the bound edition
-of this book, is from this Medal, known as the Houdon Medal.
-
-[22] Mr. Barber has lately completed a large and very fine medallic
-likeness of President Cleveland.
-
-[23] Kilogram of gold valued at $634.60.
-
-[24] Kilogram of silver valued at $41.56.
-
-[25] Includes $11,464.27 expended from appropriation for renewal of
-steam-power plant at Philadelphia.
-
-[26] The statement of the amounts in National Banks is of date August 1.
-
-[27] Includes $24,044,000 Clearing-house gold certificates.
-
-[28] Includes $8,770,000 held for the redemption of certificates of
-deposit for legal-tender notes under Act June 8, 1872.
-
-[29] The Carat is sub-divided into thirty-two parts.
-
-[30] The coins struck at the parent mint in Philadelphia bear no mint
-mark.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-THE REAL ESTATE TRUST COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
-
-1340 Chestnut Street.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Capital,—$500,000.
-
-OFFICERS:
-
-  FRANK K. HIPPLE, President.
-  WILLIAM R. PHILLER, Secretary.
-  WILLIAM F. NORTH, Treasurer.
-  THOMAS B. PROSSER, Real Estate Officer.
-
-DIRECTORS:
-
-  FRANK K. HIPPLE,
-  HENRY C. GIBSON,
-  LEMUEL COFFIN,
-  BEAUVEAU BORIE,
-  WILLIAM M. SINGERLY,
-  JOHN WANAMAKER,
-  GEORGE PHILLER,
-  EDWARD T. STEEL,
-  CHARLES W. HENRY,
-  JOHN F. BETZ,
-  THOMAS DOLAN,
-  R. DALE BENSON.
-
-GEORGE JUNKIN, Solicitor.
-
-This Company transacts a general Real Estate business, acting as agent or
-attorney for buying, holding, leasing and selling property in the City
-of Philadelphia and its vicinity. Negotiates Mortgages and places Ground
-Rents.
-
-Gives especial attention to the Renting of Properties and the Collection
-of Rents, to the payment of Taxes and Water Rents, and to the making
-of needful repairs on such properties; in all respects taking the same
-charge and management of, and giving the same attention to, Real Estate
-as the owner could do.
-
-Collects Ground Rents, Interest on Mortgages, Dividends and Income of all
-kinds whatsoever.
-
-Receives Deposits of Money, payable by Check on demand, and allows
-Interest thereon. Issues Negotiable Certificates of Special Deposits
-bearing Interest.
-
-Acts as Trustee, Guardian, Executor, Administrator, Assignee, Receiver,
-Committee, Attorney, etc.
-
-Receives and executes Trusts of every description, under the appointment
-of Courts, Corporations and Individuals.
-
-Becomes surety for the faithful performance of any Trust or Office; acts
-as Transfer Agent or Registrar of Stocks and Bonds of Corporations or
-Municipalities.
-
-All Trust Funds and Investments are kept separate and apart from those of
-the Company.
-
-Issues Policies of Title Insurance to Real Estate and Real Estate
-Securities, in Philadelphia and adjoining counties, thereby affording
-absolute security to Purchasers and their Heirs, at a nominal cost.
-
-Also issues Policies of Special Insurance against Decedents’ Debts,
-Mechanics’ Liens, Judgments, Old Ground Rents, etc.
-
-Receives for safe-keeping Securities, Plate, Jewelry, Deeds, Mortgages,
-and other Valuables, at reasonable rates.
-
-Rents Safe Deposit Boxes in the Company’s Burglar-proof Vaults, affording
-security against loss by Robbery, Fire or Accident. These Boxes are
-rented according to size and location, at from Five to Fifty Dollars per
-annum.
-
-Agents for the sale of the reliable Six Per Cent. Mortgages and
-Debentures of “The New England Loan and Trust Co. of Des Moines, Iowa;”
-and of “The New England Trust Co. of Kansas City, Missouri;” both
-Principal and Interest guaranteed, and Interest payable semi-annually, by
-coupon, in either New York or Philadelphia.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-WILLIAM GROVES. ALEXANDER WILSON. WILLIAM GROVES, JR.
-
-GROVES, WILSON & GROVES,
-
-IMPORTERS, MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS OF CABINET FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERY
-AND BEDDING, Furniture and Decorations, LACE CURTAINS AND DRAPERIES.
-
-☞ _VERANDA AND WINDOW AWNINGS A SPECIALTY._
-
-=Nos. 1022-24 Market Street,=
-
-PHILADELPHIA, PA.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-THE
-
-Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company
-
-OF PHILADELPHIA.
-
-  Assets,                $12,750,000.00
-  Surplus to Members,      2,500,000.00
-
-=A PURELY MUTUAL COMPANY= conducted solely in the interest of members,
-and with the object of furnishing the =Best= Life Insurance at the
-=Least= cost.
-
-=40 YEARS’ SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS.=
-
-All approved forms of Life and Endowment Policies issued, which become
-=INCONTESTABLE= after two years, and are absolutely =NON-FORFEITABLE= for
-“reserve” value.
-
-Members who discontinue their payments, have the option of an =Extension=
-of the original sum insured or a =Paid-up= policy.
-
-HOME OFFICE—No. 921 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.
-
-  EDWARD M. NEEDLES, President.
-  HORATIO S. STEPHENS, Vice-Pres’t.
-  HENRY C. BROWN, Sec’y and Treas.
-  JESSE J. BARKER, Actuary.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-SPRINGFIELD GAS MACHINE
-
-Improved under twenty years’ manufacture and experience—maintains the
-lead.
-
-=FOR COUNTRY RESIDENCES= it has proved to be a necessity and a luxury.
-
-=FOR HOTELS= and other buildings, in connection with our Mixing
-Regulator, it produces gas of uniform quality, free from smoke, used
-through plain open burners.
-
-=FOR MECHANICAL ARTS= it furnishes gas for heating purposes, at 40 to 50
-cents per thousand feet.
-
-Best quality GASOLINE, for Gas Machines, constantly on hand. Send for
-quotations.
-
-Among the Hotels lighted by the Springfield Gas Machine, with Mixing
-Regulator attached, would mention the following: Glen Summit Hotel, Glen
-Summit, Pa; Devon Inn, Devon, Pa.; Engleside, Beach Haven, N. J.; Avon
-Inn, Key East, N. J.; Luray Inn, Luray, Va.
-
-For further particulars, address,
-
-                             GEORGE W. HULME,
-                12 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
-
-                Cooking Stoves for use with Gas Machines.
-                           SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-FURNITURE AND DECORATIONS
-
-  _CURTAINS AND UPHOLSTERY,_
-  _FINE CABINET WORK,_
-  _INTERIOR WOOD WORK._
-
-ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND ESTIMATES SUBMITTED.
-
-TRYMBY, HUNT & CO.
-
-=IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS,=
-
-NOS. 1217 TO 1221 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-TENTH EDITION OF EVANS’ ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE U. S. MINT
-
-EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES.
-
-_DAILY HERALD._
-
-A very interesting History of the United States Mint is published by
-the author, George G. Evans, of this city. The introduction gives an
-account of the money of the past and the present, showing what formed
-the circulatory medium in ancient times and in all countries. This is
-followed by a history of coinage in this country, with biographical
-sketches of the past and present officers of our Mint. The whole process
-of melting, assaying, refining and coining gold and silver is very
-lucidly explained; it is also fully illustrated with engravings as a
-further explanation of the text. There are a large number of phototypes
-of ancient and modern coins, Continental money, etc., etc., the whole
-forming a very readable book, and one which fills a gap in our country’s
-history.
-
-_PHILADELPHIA TIMES._
-
-It is the only complete and authentic History of the Mint and Coinage
-Manual that is to be had, and is a valuable contribution to our national
-as well as our local history. It embraces everything that one could
-expect to find in such a volume, and a good deal which agreeably
-surprises the reader.
-
-_EVENING TELEGRAPH._
-
-Mr. Evans’ book gives a complete history of American coinage, describing
-the obverse and reverse of each piece struck at the Mint since its
-establishment in 1792. The work is finely gotten up in every respect.
-
-Copies of the above sent post-paid on receipt of price. _A Handsome Gift_
-will accompany each book.
-
-  Paper Covered Edition, price        $ .50
-  Cloth, Gold Side Stamp               1.00
-  Half Morocco, Marbled Edge           2.00
-
-N. B.—Any book published, the retail price of which is 50 cents or
-more, will be promptly sent post-paid, with a gift, on receipt of the
-advertised price.
-
-                   Address, =GEO. G. EVANS, Publisher=,
-                _1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Established 1860.
-
-                        MASON & CO., COIN DEALERS,
-                    175 Washington St., Boston, Mass.
-
-Just out, “Coin Price Book,” showing our buying and selling prices for
-all Coins. Mailed for 25 cents. Send Stamp for information.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-[Illustration: DAVID F. CONOVER. B. FRANK WILLIAMS.
-
-WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR ROGERS & BROS.’ FLAT _and_ HOLLOW WARE
-
-WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR T. A. WILLSON & CO.’S OPTICAL GOODS]
-
-DAVID F. CONOVER & CO.
-
-(Successors to WM. B. WARNE & CO.)
-
-Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in WATCHES _AND_ JEWELRY, American
-Watch Wholesale Salesroom:
-
-Corner Chestnut and Seventh Streets, (FIRST FLOOR,) PHILADELPHIA.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-MRS. M. C. CASSIDY,
-
-AGENT DEALER IN
-
-Human Hair,
-
-AND EVERY ARTICLE BELONGING TO THE TRADE,
-
-No. 9 South Eighth Street, PHILADELPHIA.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-E. O. THOMPSON,
-
-Merchant Tailor AND IMPORTER OF ENGLISH CLOTHING,
-
-1338 Chestnut Street (Opposite the U. S. MINT,)
-
-PHILADELPHIA.
-
-_Thirty-three years experience in_
-
-“Finest Merchant Tailoring,”
-
-_has won for us a “national reputation,” and our customers extend from
-Maine to California_.
-
-_In addition to the finest Merchant Tailoring, we are now introducing an
-entirely new idea, viz._:
-
-“London Ready-Made Clothing,”
-
-_which every visitor to the Mint is invited to call at our store and
-examine_.
-
-_=Our Claim is=: They are =equal= in =style=, =fit=, =make= and
-=appearance= to the finest “made to order” garments, and at half the cost
-of the same._
-
-_Should you not be ready to purchase now, we shall be pleased to take
-your measure for reference, and will send you samples and prices on
-request =FREE OF CHARGE=._
-
-_Our “MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENT” offers special advantages for obtaining our
-clothing without calling at our store, and our Self-Measuring System
-secures a fit._
-
-_Write for particulars and samples._
-
-_Address all Mail Orders_, E. O. THOMPSON, P. O. Box 418, PHILADELPHIA.
-
-=OUR STORES:=
-
-No. 1338 Chestnut Street, (Opposite the Mint,)
-
-No. 908 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.
-
-No. 245 Broadway, NEW YORK.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE
-UNITED STATES MINT ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
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-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Illustrated history of the United States mint, by George G. Evans</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Illustrated history of the United States mint</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: George G. Evans</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 21, 2022 [eBook #68369]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MINT ***</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus1" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus1.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p>
-
-<h1><span class="smaller">ILLUSTRATED HISTORY<br />
-<span class="smaller">OF THE</span></span><br />
-<span class="smcap">United States Mint</span></h1>
-
-<p class="center smaller">WITH A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF</p>
-
-<p class="center">AMERICAN COINAGE,</p>
-
-<p class="center">From the earliest period to the present time. The<br />
-Process of Melting, Refining, Assaying, and<br />
-Coining Gold and Silver fully described:</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller">WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF</p>
-
-<p class="center">Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush,<br />
-John Jay Knox, James P. Kimball, Daniel M. Fox, and the Mint<br />
-Officers from its foundation to the present time.</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller">TO WHICH ARE ADDED</p>
-
-<p class="center">A GLOSSARY OF MINT TERMS</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller">AND THE</p>
-
-<p class="center larger">LATEST OFFICIAL TABLES</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller">OF THE</p>
-
-<p class="center">Annual Products of Gold and Silver in the different<br />
-States, and Foreign Countries, with Monetary<br />
-Statistics of all Nations.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED with PHOTOTYPES, STEEL PLATE PORTRAITS and WOOD ENGRAVINGS,<br />
-with NUMEROUS PLATES of Photographic Reproductions of RARE AMERICAN<br />
-COINS, and Price List of their numismatic value.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><i>New Revised Edition, Edited by the Publisher.</i></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">PHILADELPHIA:<br />
-GEORGE G. EVANS, <span class="smcap">Publisher</span>.<br />
-<span class="smaller">1888.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyrighted by<br />
-<span class="smcap">George G. Evans</span>.<br />
-1885.</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller">Recopyrighted, 1888.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller">DUNLAP &amp; CLARKE,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Printers and Book Binders</span>.<br />
-<span class="smcap">819-21 Filbert Street,</span><br />
-<span class="smcap">Philadelphia.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<ul class="index">
-
-<li class="indx">Adjusting room, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">American coinage, history of from 1792 to 1888</li>
-<li class="isub1">gold coins, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">silver coins, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Amount coined in fiscal year, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of coin in the United States, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ancient coining, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Greek coins, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Persian coins, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Roman coins, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Annealing furnaces, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Architecture indebted to coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Assay, process of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Assayers of Mint, list of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Assaying gold, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">silver, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">rooms, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Barber, Charles E., Mint Engraver, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">William, <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bars manufactured at Mints during fiscal year, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bland dollar, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bond of indemnity signed by employees of first Mint, 1799, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Booth, James C., Melter and Refiner, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Boudinot, Elias, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bosbyshell, Col. O. C., Coiner, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Boyd, N. B., Assistant Melter and Refiner, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brazilian coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bullion deposit and purchase of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">for the silver dollar coinage, 1887, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">on hand at the Mints, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brief explanation of terms commonly used in treating of bullion, Mint coinage and money (see <a href="#GLOSSARY">glossary</a>), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Cabinet of coins and relics, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cashiers of the Mint, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Childs, George H., Coiner, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chinese coins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Circulation of gold and silver in the United States, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of silver dollars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cloud, Joseph, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cobb, Mark H., Cashier, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coinage Act of 1873, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">and milling rooms, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">fiscal year 1887, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of first silver dollar, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coiners of Mint, <a href="#Page_114">114-118</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coins, classification of, <a href="#Page_48">48-68</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">English, of the Commonwealth and Cromwell, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">issued at the Philadelphia Mint from its establishment in 1792 to 1888, <a href="#Page_81">81-89</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Athens, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of China, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Egypt, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Ferdinand and Isabella, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Siam, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">prices current, <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Switzerland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Syria, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colonial coins, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">paper money, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">pine tree money, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Comparison of expressing the fineness of Gold in thousandths and in carats, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Confederate coins (C. S. A.), <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Copy of paper laid in corner stone of the Mint, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">old pay roll, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Costumes on coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cox, Albion, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Curator of the Mint, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span>Curiosities and minerals, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Deposit melting room, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">weighing room, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">DeSaussure, Henry William, Director, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Directors and Superintendents of Mints, <a href="#Page_101">101-111</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dollar of 1804, history of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">standard, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">trade, history of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Donations of old coins, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Double eagle of 1849, history of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Du Bois, William E., Assayer, <a href="#Page_121">121-123</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Earnings of Mint and Assay Offices, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eckfeldt, Adam, Coiner, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">George N., M. D., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Jacob B., Assayer, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">English coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">silver tokens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Engravers and die-sinkers at the Mint, <a href="#Page_124">124-128</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Engraving dies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Egyptian coins, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Establishment of the Mint, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Estimated value of foreign coins (official table of), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Extract from Constitution of the United States relating to coining, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">from expenditures of the Mint, fiscal year, 1887, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">from resolution of Congress relating to Mint, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Family coins (Grecian), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">First silver dollar coined, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">First U. S. money coined, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Foreign coins, value of in United States money (table of), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fox, Hon. Daniel M., Superintendent, <a href="#Page_105">105-109</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">French coins, Marie Antoinette, etc., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">German coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glossary of Mint terms, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gobrecht, Christian, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gold and silver productions of the world, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">coins of Oliver Cromwell, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">and silver coins manufactured at the Philadelphia Mint since its establishment in 1792, <a href="#Page_81">81-89</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gold Medallic ducat, head of Luther, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Golden daric, of Persia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Grecian coins, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Greek Republic, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gun money of James II, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Horatio C. Burchard, second director, extracts from the director’s last report, (Transcriber’s Note: No number was printed here, and it’s not at all clear what this refers to. Possibly the entry should have been edited out.)</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Head of Jupiter Ammon (a specimen of), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of Minerva, with Greek helmet, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heraldic emblems, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Historical sketch of first U. S. Mint, <a href="#Page_7">7-10</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">History of coinage, ancient and modern, <a href="#Page_1">1-6</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of present U. S. Mint, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Humor pictured in medals and coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Incidents of history on coins, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Introduction, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Japanese coins, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Joe” and half “Joe”, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Kimball, James Putnam, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Key, William H., Assistant Engraver, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kneass, William, Engraver, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Knox, John Jay, <a href="#Page_95">95-98</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Language upon coins and medals, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Linderman, Henry Richard, M. D., <a href="#Page_104">104-107</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Longacre, James B., Engraver, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">McClure, R. A., Curator, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">McCullough, Richard S., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Medals and Cabinet Coins, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">partial list of, for sale at the Mint, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Melter and refiner’s office, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Melters and refiners of the Mint, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span>Melting rooms, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Metallic money in Colonial times, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mexican coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Money of Great Britain, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of the Chinese Empire, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">French <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">German <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">Grecian <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">past and present, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">Roman Empire, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">time of Moses, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">Turkish Empire, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-<li class="isub2">United States, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Moore, Samuel, M. D., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Morgan, George T., Assistant Engraver, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Morris, Robert, diary of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">National medals, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">New York doubloon, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Note to visitors of the Philadelphia Mint, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Notes on the early history of the Mint, <a href="#Page_7">7-10</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Oak tree money, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oliver Cromwell, cast of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oriental coins, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Pacific coast coins, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paper money, aggregate issue in war times, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Parting and refining, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Patterson, Robert, LL. D., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Robert M., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pay roll of first Mint, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Peale, Franklin, Coiner and Assayer, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Penny of William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Persian coins, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Peter,” the Eagle (Mint bird), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pettit, Thomas M., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pine tree money, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pollock, James, A. M., LL. D., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portraiture upon coins, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portuguese and Spanish coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pound sterling, Charles First, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Presidential medals, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Profits on silver coinage, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Progress in coining, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Rare coins, price list (approximate value), <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Refining by acids, fiscal year 1887, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Relics, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Resolution of Congress establishing the Mint, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Richardson, John, Assayer, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Joseph, <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rittenhouse, David, First Director, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rolling gold and silver, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rolling room, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Roman coins, imperial, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rules and regulations of first Mint, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rush, Benjamin, Treasurer, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Russian coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">double rouble, head of Peter the Great, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ryal or royal, of Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Scot, Robert, Engraver, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scotch groat, of Robert Bruce, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">pennies, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Selections of rare coins, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Separating room, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Silver bullion purchased and coined (see table), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Siamese coins, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Silver coins of the United States (see table), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Silver, first American, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Snowden, Col. A. Loudon, Coiner, Superintendent, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">James Ross, LL.D., Superintendent, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sovereign of Oliver Cromwell, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Specie and paper circulation of the United States (table of), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">of the World (see table), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Standard weights, <a href="#Page_129">129-131</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Steel, William S., Coiner, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span>Subsidiary coinage, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Table of circulation of gold and silver, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Table showing where the precious metals in the U. S. come from, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“The temple sweepers,” Grecian coin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trade dollar, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trade dollars coined, exported, imported, melted and redeemed, Act of March 3, 1887, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Twenty dollar gold piece of 1849, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Turkish coins, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">United States, coins, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Mint first established, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
-<li class="isub1">Mint test for gold and silver, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Valuable and rare coins, price-list of, <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Value, in United States money, of one ounce Troy of gold, at different degrees of fineness, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Value of gold and silver received at the Mints and Assay Offices, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Value of foreign gold coins deposited at the New York Assay Office in 1887, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Value of foreign gold and silver coins in United States money, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Visiting the Mint, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Voigt, Henry, Coiner, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Washington coins and medals, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Widow’s mite,” history of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">World’s coinage (table of), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wright, Joseph, Engraver, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.<br />
-<span class="smaller">MONEY OF THE PAST AND PRESENT.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The need of a circulating medium of exchange has been
-acknowledged since the earliest ages of man. In the primeval
-days, bartering was the foundation of commercial intercourse
-between the various races; but this gave way in time, as exchanges
-increased. In the different ages many commodities
-have been made to serve as money,—tin was used in ancient
-Syracuse and Britain; iron, in Sparta; cattle, in Rome
-and Germany; platinum, in Russia; lead, in Burmah; nails,
-in Scotland; silk, in China; cubes of pressed tea, in Tartary;
-salt, in Abyssinia; slaves, amongst the Anglo Saxons;
-tobacco, in the earliest settlements of Virginia; codfish, in
-New Foundland; bullets and wampum, in Massachusetts;
-logwood, in Campeachy; sugar, in the West Indies; and
-soap, in Mexico. Money of leather and wood was in circulation
-in the early days of Rome; and the natives of Siam,
-Bengal, and some parts of Africa used the brilliantly-colored
-cowry shell to represent value, and some travelers allege that it
-is still in use in the remote portions of the last-named country.
-But the moneys of all civilized nations have been, for the greater
-part, made of gold, silver, copper, and bronze. Shekels of silver
-are mentioned in the Bible as having existed in the days of
-Abraham, but the metals are believed to have been in bars, from
-which proportionate weights were chipped to suit convenience.
-The necessity for some convenient medium having an intrinsic
-value of its own led to coinage, but the exact date of its introduction
-is a question history has not yet determined. It is
-supposed the Lydians stamped metal to be used as money twelve
-hundred years before Christ, but the oldest coins extant were
-made 800 B. C., though it is alleged that the Chinese circulated
-a square bronze coin as early as 1120 B. C. All of
-these coins were rude and shapeless, and generally engraved with
-representations of animals, deities, nymphs, and the like; but
-the Greeks issued coins, about 300 B. C., which were fine
-specimens of workmanship, and which are not even surpassed
-in boldness and beauty of design by the products of the coiners
-of these modern times. Even while these coins were in circulation
-spits and skewers were accepted by the Greeks in exchange
-for products, just as wooden and metal coins were circulated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span>
-simultaneously in Rome, 700 B. C., and leather and
-metal coins in France, as late as 1360 A. D. The earliest coins
-bearing portraits are believed to have been issued about 480
-B. C., and these were profiles. In the third century, coins
-stamped with Gothic front faces were issued, and after that date
-a profusion of coins were brought into the world, as every self-governing
-city issued money of its own. The earliest money
-of America was coined of brass, in 1612, and the earliest colonial
-coins were stamped in Massachusetts, forty years later.</p>
-
-<p>Ancient and extensive as the use of money has been in all its
-numerous forms and varied materials, it merely represented a
-property value which had been created by manual labor and preserved
-by the organic action of society. In a primitive state,
-herds of cattle and crops of grain were almost the only forms of
-wealth; the natural tendency and disposition of men to accumulate
-riches led them to fix a special value upon the metals, as a
-durable and always available kind of property. When their value
-in this way was generally recognized, the taxes and other revenues,
-created by kings and other potentates, was collected in part or
-wholly in that form of money. The government, to facilitate
-public business, stamped the various pieces of metal with their
-weight and quality, as they were received at the Treasury; and
-according to these stamps and marks, the same pieces were paid
-out of the Treasury, and circulated among the people at an authorized
-and fixed value. The next step was to reduce current
-prices of metal to a uniform size, shape, and quality, value and
-denomination, and make them, by special enactment, a legal
-tender for the payment of all taxes or public dues.</p>
-
-<p>Thus, a legalized currency of coined money was created, and
-the exchangeable value of the various metals used for that purpose
-fully established, to the great convenience of the world at
-large.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Ancient Coining.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The die for the obverse of the piece to be struck having been
-engraved, so as to properly present the religious or national
-symbol used for a device and whatever else was to be impressed
-upon the coin, was fixed immovably in an anvil or pedestal, face
-upwards. The lumps or balls of metal to be coined, having
-been made of a fixed and uniform weight and nearly of an
-oblate sphere in form, were grasped in a peculiarly constructed
-pair of tongs and laid upon the upturned die. A second operative
-then placed a punch squarely upon the ball of metal;
-heavy blows from a large hammer forced the punch down until
-the metal beneath it had been forced into every part of the die,
-and a good impress secured. In the meantime the punch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span>
-would be imbedded in the lump of metal, and on being withdrawn
-the reverse of the coin would show a rough depression
-corresponding to the shape given the end of the punch, thereby
-making an uneven surface and disfiguring the piece; punch
-marks gradually developed into forms, and these forms combined
-with figures wrought into artistic design, until, by degrees, the
-punch itself became a die, making the reverse of each piece
-upon which it was used equal in every respect to the obverse
-of which it was the opposite. This perfection of the reverse
-was, however, secured at the expense of the effectiveness of the
-punch for its original purpose.</p>
-
-<p>The striking of coin between two dies, which were required to
-accurately oppose each other, was an operation requiring great
-dexterity, and the results were not at all certain. The artisans
-at this stage of the work, hit upon the expedient of using both
-the obverse and reverse die in a ring of such a size and depth,
-as to be a guide to each of them. The balls or disks of metal
-being struck inside the ring, between the dies, were forced to
-assume an even thickness, and a circular form corresponding
-with the inside of the ring. After the ring had been used in
-this way for some time, it was engraved upon the inside, and
-the coins produced were not only circular in shape, but stamped
-upon their edges. Thus was produced the perfect coin, and
-through the introduction of machinery has secured uniformity
-in the result and saved an immense amount of labor in striking
-vast sums of money; the artistic beauty of some of the antique
-specimens has not been surpassed in modern times.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Portraiture upon Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>It is said that no human head was ever stamped upon coins
-until after the death of Alexander the Great; he being regarded
-as somewhat of a divinity, his effigy was impressed upon money,
-like that of other gods.</p>
-
-<p>The knowledge of coins and medals, through the inscriptions
-and devices thereon, is, to an extent, a history of the world
-from that date in which metals were applied to such uses.
-Events engraven upon these, remain hidden in tombs or buried
-in the bosom of the earth, deposited there in ages long past, by
-careful and miserly hands, only awaiting the research of the patient
-investigator to tell the story of their origin. Numismatic
-treasures are scanned as evidence of facts to substantiate statements
-upon papyrus or stone, and dates are often supplied to define
-the border line between asserted tradition and positive history.
-Gibbon remarks: “If there were no other record of
-Hadrian, his career would be found written upon the coins of
-his reign.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
-
-<p>The rudeness or perfection of coins and medals furnish testimony
-of the character and culture of the periods of their production.
-This is equally true of that rarest specimen of antiquity,
-the Syracusan silver medal—the oldest known to collectors—and
-the latest triumph of the graver’s art in gold, the Metis medal.</p>
-
-<p>It is not generally known that the rarest portraits of famous
-heroes are found upon coins and medals. The historian, especially
-the historic artist, is indebted to this source alone for
-the portraits of Alexander, Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Mark Antony,
-Cæsar, and many other celebrities. Perhaps the valuation of
-a rare coin or medal may be estimated by reference to one piece
-in the Philadelphia Mint. It is an Egyptian coin as large as
-a half-eagle, and has on the obverse the head of the wife of
-Ptolemy—Arsinoe—the only portrait of her yet discovered.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Incidents of History</span></h3>
-
-<p>Are not alone recorded; and as an example of a very different
-nature may be cited the medals commemorating the destruction
-of Jerusalem, and the whole series marking that episode, especially
-those classed “Judæa capta.” They tell sadly of a
-people’s humiliation: the tied or chained captive; the mocking
-goddess of victory, all made more real by reason of the introduction,
-on the reverse of each piece, of a Jewess weeping
-bitterly, and though she sits under a palm-tree, the national
-lament of another captivity is forcibly recalled.</p>
-
-<p>An interesting specimen of the series above mentioned was
-recently found in the south of France called, “Judæa Navillas,”
-valuable particularly because it strengthens Josephus’s
-assertion which had provoked some comment, viz.: the fact of
-the escape of a large number of Jews from the Romans, by
-means of ships, at Joppa.</p>
-
-<p>Coins and medals mark the introduction of laws; for
-example, an old Porcian coin gives the date of the “law of
-appeal,” under which, two centuries and a half later, Paul
-appealed to Cæsar. Another relic dates the introduction of
-the ballot-box; and a fact interesting to the agriculturist is
-established by an old silver coin of Ptolemy, upon which a
-man is represented cutting millet (a variety of Indian corn)
-with a scythe. Religions have been promulgated by coins.
-Islamism says upon a gold coin, “No God but God. Mohammed
-is the Prophet and God’s chosen apostle.”</p>
-
-<p>Persian coins, in mystic characters, symbolize the dreadful
-sacrifices of the Fire-Worshippers. Henry VIII, with characteristic
-egotism, upon a medal announces in Hebrew, Greek,
-and Latin: “Henry Eighth, King of England, France, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span>
-Ireland; Defender of the Faith, and in the land of England
-and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the Church.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Costumes on Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>We also find stamped upon coins and medals the costumes
-of all ages, from the golden net confining the soft tresses of the
-“sorceress of the Nile,” and the gemmed robe of Queen Irene,
-to the broidered stomacher of Queen Anne, and the stately ruff
-of Elizabeth of England.</p>
-
-<p>In this connection may be mentioned the “bonnet piece” of
-Scotland, a coin of the reign of James VI., which is extremely
-rare, one of them having been sold for £41. The coin received
-its name from a representation of the king upon it, with a
-curiously plaited hat or bonnet which this monarch wore, a
-fashion that gave occasion for the ballad, “Blue Bonnets over
-the Border.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Heraldic Emblems</span></h3>
-
-<p>Are faithfully preserved through this medium; in truth,
-medalic honors may be claimed as the very foundation of
-heraldic art. We discover medals perpetuating revolutions,
-sieges, plots, and murders, etc. We prefer directing attention
-to the fact that coins and medals are not only the land-marks
-of history, but a favorite medium of the poetry of all nations.
-Epics are thus preserved by the graver’s art in exceedingly
-small space. Poets turn with confidence to old coins for symbol
-as well as fact.</p>
-
-<p>One of the most graceful historical allusions is conveyed in
-the great seal of Queen Anne, after the union of Scotland with
-England. A rose and a thistle are growing on one stem, while,
-from above, the crown of England sheds effulgence upon the
-tender young plant.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Humor Pictured on Medals.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The medal of George I., on the reverse, boastfully presents
-“the horse of Brunswick” flying over the northwest of Europe,
-symbolizing the Hanoverian succession. The overthrow of the
-“Invincible Armada” was the occasion of a Dutch medal,
-showing the Hollanders richer in faith than in art culture, for
-the obverse of this medal presents the church upon a rock, in
-mid-ocean, while the reverse suggests the thought that the
-luckless Spanish mariner was driving against the walls of the
-actual building.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Architecture indebted to Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Architecture is largely indebted to coins, medals, and seals
-for accuracy and data. We learn from the medal of Septimus<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span>
-Severus the faultless beauty of the triumphal arch erected to
-celebrate his victory over Arabs and Parthians. This medal
-was produced two centuries before the Christian era, and is a
-marvel of art, for its perspective is wrought in bas-relief—an
-achievement which was not again attained before the execution
-of the celebrated Bronze Gates by Ghiberti, for the Baptistery
-at Florence, A. D. 1425. This exhumed arch was excavated
-long after its form and structure were familiar to men of letters
-through the medals.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Language upon Coins and Medals.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The effect of coin on language is direct, and many words
-may be found whose origin was a coin, such as Daric, a pure
-gold coin; Talent, mental ability; Sterling, genuine, pure;
-while Guinea represents the aristocratic element, and, though
-out of circulation long ago, “no one who pretends to gentility
-in England would think of subscribing to any charity or fashionable
-object by contributing the vulgar <i>pound</i>. An extra
-shilling added to the <i>pound</i> makes the <i>guinea</i>, and lifts the
-subscriber at once into the aristocratic world.”</p>
-
-<p>Copper is much preferred to gold for medals. Its firm, unchanging
-surface accepts and retains finer lines than have yet
-been produced upon gold and silver, and it offers no temptation
-to be thrown into the crucible.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
-
-<p>In the preparation of this work, I am much indebted to
-several gentlemen connected with the United States Mint;
-also, to Messrs. R. Coulton Davis, Ph.G., and E. Locke Mason,
-who are acknowledged authority on the subject of numismatics.</p>
-
-<p>If it shall be found useful to the public, and especially to
-visitors of the Mint, it will be a source of satisfaction, and more
-than repay the labor bestowed in its preparation.</p>
-
-<p class="right">
-G. G. E.</p>
-
-<p><i>Philadelphia, March 1, 1888.</i></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_UNITED_STATES_MINT">THE UNITED STATES MINT.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The subject of a National Mint for the United States was
-first introduced by Robert Morris,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the patriot and financier
-of the revolution; as head of the Finance Department, Mr.
-Morris was instructed by Congress to prepare a report on the
-foreign coins, then in circulation in the United States. On the
-15th of January, 1782, he laid before Congress an exposition of
-the whole subject. Accompanying this report was a plan for
-American coinage. But it was mainly through his efforts, in
-connection with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton,
-that a mint was established in the early history of the Union
-of the States. On the 15th of April, 1790, Congress instructed
-the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton,
-to prepare and report a proper plan for the establishment of a
-National Mint, and Mr. Hamilton presented his report at the
-next session. An act was framed establishing the mint, which
-finally passed both Houses and received President Washington’s
-approval April 2, 1792.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
-
-<h3>NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE MINT.<br />
-<span class="smcap">From Robert Morris’s Diary.</span></h3>
-
-<p>1781. July 16th. Wrote to Mr. Dudley at Boston inviting him hither
-in consequence of the Continental Agent Mr. Bradford’s Letter respecting
-him referred to me by Congress.</p>
-
-<p>July 17th. Wrote Mr. Bradford respecting Mr. Dudley.</p>
-
-<p>Nov. 10th. Ordered some money on application of Mr. Dudley to pay
-his expences.</p>
-
-<p>Nov. 12th. Sent for Mr Dudley to consult him respecting the quantity
-of Alloy Silver will bear without being discoloured, he says he can put 6
-drops into an ounce. Desired him to assay some Spanish Dollars and
-French Crowns, in order to know the quantity of pure Silver in each.</p>
-
-<p>Nov. 16th. Mr. Dudley assayed a number of Crowns and dollars for our
-information respecting the Mint.</p>
-
-<p>1782. Jan. 2d. Mr. Benjamin Dudley applied for money to pay his
-Board which I directed to be paid by Mr. Swanwick, this gentleman is detained
-at the public expence as a person absolutely necessary in the Mint,
-which I hope soon to see established. My propositions on that subject are
-to be submitted to Congress so soon as I can get the proper assays made on
-Silver coins &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p>
-
-<p>Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley applies about getting his wife from England. I
-promised him every assistance in my power.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
-
-<p>Jan. 18th. I went to Mr. Gouvr. Morris’s Lodging to examine the plan
-we had agreed on, and which we had drawn up respecting the Establishment
-of a Mint, we made some alterations and amendments to my satisfaction
-and from a belief that this is a necessary and salutary measure. I
-have ordered it copied to be sent into Congress.</p>
-
-<p>Jan. 26th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Lodgings &amp;c. I
-ordered Mr. Swanwick to supply him with fifty dollars, informed him that
-the Plan of a Mint is before Congress, and when passed, that he shall be
-directly employed, if not agreed to by Congress, I shall compensate him
-for his time &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Feb. 26th. Mr. Benjamin Dudley brought me the rough drafts or plan
-for the rooms of a Mint &amp;c. I desired him to go to Mr. Whitehead Humphreys
-to consult him about Screws, Smithwork &amp;c. that will be wanted for
-the Mint, and to bring me a list thereof with an estimate of the Cost.</p>
-
-<p>Feb 28th. Mr. Dudley informs me that a Mr. Wheeler, a Smith in the
-Country, can make the Screws, Rollers &amp;c. for the Mint. Mr. Dudley proposes
-the Dutch Church, that which is now unoccupied, as a place suitable
-for the Mint, I sent him to view it, &amp; he returns satisfied that it will answer,
-wherefore I must enquire about it.</p>
-
-<p>March 22d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wheeler came and brought with them
-some Models of the Screws and Rollers necessary for the Mint. I found
-Mr. Wheeler entertained some doubts respecting one of these Machines
-which Mr. Dudley insists will answer the purposes and says he will be
-responsible for it. I agreed with Mr. Wheeler that he should perform the
-work; and, as neither he or I could judge of the value that ought to be
-paid for it, he is to perform the same agreeable to Mr. Dudley’s directions,
-and when finished, we are to have it valued by some Honest Man, judges
-of such work, he mentioned Philip Syng, Edwd. Duffield, William Rush
-and —— all of whom I believe are good judges and very honest men,
-therefore I readily agreed to this proposition. And I desired Mr. Dudley
-to consult Mr. Rittenhouse and Francis Hopkinson Esquire, as to the
-Machine or Wheel in dispute, and let me have their opinion.</p>
-
-<p>March 23d. Mr. Dudley called to inform me that Mr. Rittenhouse &amp;
-Mr. Hopkinson agree to his plan of the Machine &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>April 12th. Mr. Dudley wants a horse to go up to Mr. Wheelers &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
-
-<p>May 20th. Mr. Dudley wrote me a Letter this day and wanted money.
-I directed Mr. Swanwick to supply him, and then disired him to view the
-Mason’s Lodge to see if it would Answer for a Mint, which he thinks it
-will, I desired him to go up to Mr. Wheelers to see how he goes on with
-the Rollers &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>June 17th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Bill. I directed
-Mr. Swanwick to supply him.</p>
-
-<p>June 18th. Issued a warrant in favor of B. Dudley £7.11.6.</p>
-
-<p>July 15th. Mr. B. Dudley applied for money, he is very uneasy for want
-of employment, and the Mint in which he is to be employed and for
-which I have engaged him, goes on so slowly that I am also uneasy at
-having this gentleman on pay and no work for him. He offered to go and
-assist Mr. Byers to establish the Brass Cannon Foundry at Springfield. I
-advised to make that proposal to Genl. Lincoln and inform me the result
-to-morrow.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
-
-<p>July 16th. Mr. B. Dudley to whom I gave an order on Mr. Swanwick
-for fifty dollars, and desired him to seek after Mr. Wheeler to know whether
-the Rollers &amp;c. are ready for him to go to work on rolling the copper for
-the Mint.</p>
-
-<p>August 22d. Mr. Saml. Wheeler who made the Rollers for the Mint,
-applies for money. I had a good deal of conversation with this ingenious
-gentleman.</p>
-
-<p>August 26th. Mr. Dudley called and pressed very much to be set at work.</p>
-
-<p>Sept 3d. Mr. B. Dudley applied for a passage for his Friend Mr.
-Sprague, pr. the Washington to France &amp; for Mrs. Dudley back. Mr.
-Wheeler applied for money which I promised in a short time.</p>
-
-<p>Sept. 4th. Mr. Wheeler for money. I desired him to leave his claim
-with Mr. McCall Secretary in this office, and I will enable the discharge
-of his notes in the Bank when due.</p>
-
-<p>Novr. 8th. Mr. Dudley applies for the amount of his Bill for Lodgings
-and Diet &amp;c. and I directed Mr. Swanwick to pay him, but am very uneasy
-that the Mint is not going on.</p>
-
-<p>Dec. 23d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wilcox brought the subsistance paper,
-and I desired Mr. Dudley to deliver 4000 sheets to Hall and Sellers.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p>
-
-<p>Decr. 26th. Mr. Hall the printer brought 100 Sheets of the subsistence
-notes this day, and desired that more paper might be sent to his Printing
-Office, accordingly I sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to deliver the
-same from time to time, until the whole shall amount to 4000 Sheets.</p>
-
-<p>1783. April 2d. I sent for Mr. Dudley who delivered me a piece of
-Silver Coin, being the first that has been struck as an American Coin.</p>
-
-<p>April 16th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and urged him to produce the Coins
-to lay before Congress to establish a Mint.</p>
-
-<p>April 17th. Sent for Mr. Dudley to urge the preparing of Coins &amp;c. for
-Establishing a Mint.</p>
-
-<p>April 22d. Mr. Dudley sent in several Pieces of Money as patterns of
-the intended American Coins.</p>
-
-<p>May 6th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to go down to Mr. Mark
-Wilcox’s, to see 15,000 Sheets of paper made fit to print my Notes on.</p>
-
-<p>May 7th. This day delivered Mr. Dudley the paper Mold for making
-paper, mark’d United States, and dispatched him to Mr. Wilcok’s, but was
-obliged to advance him 20 dollars.</p>
-
-<p>May 27th. I sent for Mr. Dudley to know if he has compleated the paper
-at Mr. Wilcock’s paper mill for the Certificates intended for the pay of the
-Army. He says it is made, but not yet sufficiently dry for the printers use.
-I desired him to repair down to the Mill and bring it up as soon as possible.</p>
-
-<p>May 28th. Mr. Whitehead Humphreys to offer his lot and buildings for
-erecting a Mint.</p>
-
-<p>July 5th. Mr. Benjn. Dudley gave notice that he has received back
-from Messrs. Hall and Sellers the Printers, three thousand sheets of the
-last paper made by Mr. Wilcocks. I desired him to bring it to this office.
-He also informs of a Minting Press being in New York for sale, and urges
-me to purchase it for the use of the American Mint.</p>
-
-<p>July 7th. Mr. Dudley respecting the Minting Press, but I had not
-time to see him.</p>
-
-<p>August 19th. I sent for Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and informed him of
-my doubts about the establishment of a Mint, and desired him to think of
-some employment in private service, in which I am willing to assist him
-all in my power. I told him to make out an account for the services he
-had performed for the public, and submit at the Treasury office for inspection
-and settlement.</p>
-
-<p>August 30th. Mr. Dudley brought the dies for Coining in the American
-Mint.</p>
-
-<p>Sept. 3d. Mr. Dudley applies for money for his expenses which I agree
-to supply, but urge his going into private business.</p>
-
-<p>Sept. 4th. Mr. Dudley for money, which is granted. Directed him to
-make three models for constructing Dry——</p>
-
-<p>Nov. 21st. Mr. Dudley applies for money. He says he was at half a
-guinea a week and his expenses borne when he left Boston to come about the
-Mint, and he thinks the public ought to make that good to him. I desired
-him to write me and I will state his claims to Congress.</p>
-
-<p>Nov. 26th. Mr. Dudley for money, which was granted.</p>
-
-<p>Dec. 17th. Mr. Dudley with his account for final settlement. I referred
-him to Mr. Milligan.</p>
-
-<p>1784. Jan. 5th. Mr. Dudley applies for a Certificate of the Time
-which he was detained in the public service. I granted him one accordingly.</p>
-
-<p>Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley after the settlement of his account, which I compleated
-by signing a warrant.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus2" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
-  <p class="caption">[Fac simile of original, photo-engraved by Levytype Company.]</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus2.jpg" alt="" />
-
-<p class="center">Congress of the United States:</p>
-
-<p class="center">AT THE THIRD SESSION,</p>
-
-<p class="center">Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on<br />
-Monday the sixth of December, one thousand<br />
-seven hundred and ninety.</p>
-
-<p><i><span class="smcap">Resolved</span> by the <span class="smcap">Senate</span> and <span class="smcap">House</span> of <span class="smcap">Representatives</span> of
-the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That a mint
-shall be established under such regulations as shall be directed by law.</p>
-
-<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be, and he is
-hereby authorized to cause to be engaged, such principal artists as
-shall be necessary to carry the preceeding resolution into effect, and to
-stipulate the terms and conditions of their service, and also to cause to
-be procured such apparatus as shall be requisite for the same purpose.</p>
-
-<p class="right">FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, <i>Speaker of the House of Representatives</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="right">JOHN ADAMS, <i>Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Approved</span>, March the third, 1791.</p>
-
-<p class="right">GEORGE WASHINGTON, <i>President of the United States</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Deposited</span> among the <span class="smcap">Rolls</span> in the <span class="smcap">Office</span> of the <span class="smcap">Secretary</span>
-of <span class="smcap">State</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><i>Th. Jefferson Secretary of State.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>The following is a copy of an old pay roll, framed and hanging upon the wall of
-the Cabinet.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerks, and Workmen
-Employed at the Mint the 10th October, 1795.</span></p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Henry Wm. DeSaussure, Director</td>
-    <td class="tdr">@ 2,000</td>
-    <td>Drs.</td>
-    <td>per Ann.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nicholas Way, Treasurer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Henry Voigt, Chief Coiner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Albion Cox, Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Robert Scott, Engraver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>David Ott, Melter and Refiner pro tem.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nathaniel Thomas, Clerk to the Treasurer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">700</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Isaac Hough, ditto to Director and Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lodewyk Sharp, ditto to Chief Coiner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John S. Gardiner, Assistant Engraver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">936</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3"><i>Workmen Employed in Chief Coiner’s Department.</i></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th class="tdr">Wages per day.</th>
-    <th>Doll.</th>
-    <th>Cts.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Schreiner, Chief Pressman</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">80</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Cope, Chief Adjuster</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>William Hayley, Roller</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nicholas Sinderling, Annealer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Ward, Miller</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Joseph Germon, Drawer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lewis Laurenger, Brusher</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Henry Voigt, Junr, Adjuster</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">88</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sarah Waldrake, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Rachael Summers, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lewis Bitting, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lawrence Ford, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Christopher Baum, Pressman</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Keyser, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Frederick Bauck, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Barney Miers, Cleaner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Martin Summers, Doorkeeper</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Adam Seyfert, Hostler</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Bay, Boy.</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">66</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3"><i>Workmen Employed at the Furnace of the Mint.</i></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Peter LaChase, Melter</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>George Myers, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Eberhart Klumback, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Patrick Ryan, Filer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Valentine Flegler, Labourer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Andrew Brunet, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>William Ryan, ditto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>Endorsed in two places, “Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerks and
-Workmen employed in the Mint the 10th Oct. 1795.”</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PHILADELPHIA_MINT">THE PHILADELPHIA MINT.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus3" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus3.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">THE FIRST MINT IN THE UNITED STATES, ERECTED IN 1792.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The popular estimation in which the Mint is held in the
-United States, is, for obvious reasons, more distinctively
-marked than that entertained for other public institutions.
-Its position, in a financial point of view, is so important, its use
-so apparent, and its integrity of management so generally conceded,
-that it enjoys a pre-eminence and dignity beyond that
-accorded to general governmental departments. Party mutations
-usually effect changes in its directorship, with but slight
-interference, however, with the other officials, as those of attainments,
-skill, and long experience in the professional
-branches, required to intelligently perform the various duties
-assigned, are few in all countries. Those occupying positions
-are chosen for their proficiency in the various departments,
-their characters being always above question. The confidence
-reposed in the officials of the United States Mint has never
-been violated, as, for nearly a century of its operations, no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
-shadow of suspicion has marred the fair name of any identified
-with its history.</p>
-
-<p>The need of a mint in the Colonies was keenly felt to be a
-serious grievance against England for years before the Revolution,
-and as soon as practicable after the establishment of Independence,
-the <i>United States Mint</i> was authorized by an Act
-of Congress—April 2, 1792.</p>
-
-<p>A lot of ground was purchased on Seventh Street near
-Arch, and appropriations were made for erecting the requisite
-buildings. An old still-house, which stood on the lot, had
-first to be removed. In an account book of that time we find
-an entry on the 31st of July, 1792, of the sale of some old
-materials of the still-house for seven shillings and sixpence,
-which “Mr. Rittenhouse directed <i>should be laid out for punch</i>
-in laying the foundation stone.”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
-
-<p>The first building erected in the United States for public
-use, under the authority of the Federal Government, was a
-structure for the United States Mint. This was a plain brick
-edifice, on the east side of Seventh street, near Arch, the
-corner-stone of which was laid by David Rittenhouse, Director
-of the Mint, on July 31, 1792. In the following October
-operations of coining commenced. It was occupied for about
-forty years. On the 19th of May, 1829, an Act was passed by
-Congress locating the United States Mint on its present site.</p>
-
-<p>The first coinage of the United States, was silver half-dimes
-in October, 1792, of which Washington makes mention in his
-address to Congress, on November 6, 1792, as follows; “There
-has been a small beginning in the coinage of half-dimes; the
-want of small coins in circulation, calling the first attention to
-them.” The first metal purchased for coinage was six pounds
-of old copper at one shilling and three pence per pound, which
-was coined and delivered to the Treasurer, in 1793. The first
-deposit of silver bullion was made on July 18, 1794, by the Bank
-of Maryland. It consisted of “coins of France,” amounting
-to $80,715.73½. The first returns of silver coins to the Treasurer,
-was made on October 15, 1794. The first deposit of gold
-bullion for coinage, was made by Moses Brown, merchant, of
-Boston, on February 12, 1795; it was of gold ingots, worth
-$2,276.72, which was paid for in silver coins.</p>
-
-<p>The first return of gold coinage, was on July 31, 1795, and
-consisted of 744 half eagles. The first delivery of eagles was
-in September 22, same year, and consisted of four hundred
-pieces.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p>
-
-<p>Previous to the coinage of silver dollars, at the Philadelphia
-Mint, in 1794, the following amusing incidents occurred in
-Congress, while the emblems and devices proposed for the
-reverse field of that coin were being discussed.</p>
-
-<p>A member of the House from the South bitterly opposed
-the choice of the eagle, on the ground of its being the “king
-of birds,” and hence neither proper nor suitable to represent
-a nation whose institutions and interests were wholly inimical
-to monarchical forms of government. Judge Thatcher playfully,
-in reply, suggested that perhaps a goose might suit the
-gentleman, as it was a rather humble and republican bird, and
-would also be serviceable in other respects, as the goslings
-would answer to place upon the dimes. This answer created
-considerable merriment, and the irate Southerner, conceiving
-the humorous rejoinder as an insult, sent a challenge to the
-Judge, who promptly declined it. The bearer, rather astonished,
-asked, “Will you be branded as a coward?” “Certainly,
-if he pleases,” replied Thatcher; “I always was one
-and he knew it, or he would never have risked a challenge.”
-The affair occasioned much mirth, and, in due time, former existing
-cordial relations were restored between the parties; the
-irritable Southerner concluding there was nothing to be gained
-in fighting with one who fired nothing but jokes.</p>
-
-<h3>EXTRACT FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED
-FOR THE MINT, JANUARY 1, 1825.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>The operations of the Mint throughout the year, are to commence at 5
-o’clock in the morning, under the superintendence of an officer, and continue
-until 4 o’clock in the afternoon, except on Saturdays, when the business
-of the day will close at 2 o’clock, unless on special occasions it may
-be otherwise directed by an officer. Extra work will be paid for in proportion,
-on a statement being made of it through the proper officer, at the
-end of each month. A strict account is to be kept by one of the officers,
-as they may agree of the absentees from duty, if the absence be voluntary,
-the full wages for the time will be deducted, if it arise from sickness a
-deduction will be made at the discretion of the proper officer. A statement
-of these deductions will be rendered at the end of the month, and
-the several accounts made out accordingly.</p>
-
-<p>The allowance under the name of <i>drink money</i> is hereafter to be discontinued,
-and in place of it <i>three dollars extra wages</i> per month will be allowed
-for the three summer months to those workmen who continue in the Mint
-through that season. No workman can be permitted to bring spirituous
-liquors into the Mint. Any workman who shall be found intoxicated
-within the Mint must be reported to the Director, in order that he may be
-discharged. No profane or indecent language can be tolerated in the
-Mint. Smoking within the Mint is inadmissible. The practice is of dangerous
-tendency; experience proves that this indulgence in public institutions,
-ends at last in disaster. Visitors may be admitted by permission of
-an officer, to see the various operations of the Mint on all working days
-except Saturdays and rainy days; they are to be attended by an officer, or
-some person designated by him. The new coins must not be given in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
-exchange for others to accommodate visitors, without the consent of the
-Chief Coiner. Christmas day and the Fourth of July, and no other days,
-are established holidays at the Mint. The pressmen will carefully lock
-the several coining presses when the work for the day is finished, and
-leave the keys in such places as the Chief Coiner shall designate. When
-light is necessary to be carried from one part of the Mint to the other, the
-watchman will use a dark lanthorn but not an open candle. He will keep
-in a proper arm chest securely locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols
-and a sword. The arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected
-by an officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and
-charged anew.</p>
-
-<p>The watchman of the Mint must attend from 6 o’clock in the evening to
-5 o’clock in the morning, and until relieved by the permission of an officer,
-or until the arrival of the door-keeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely
-every hour by the Mint clock, from 10 o’clock until relieved by the
-door-keeper, or an officer, or the workmen on working days, and will send
-the watch dog through the yard immediately after ringing the bell. He
-will particularly examine the departments of the engine and all the rooms
-where fire has been on the preceding day, conformably to his secret
-instructions. For this purpose he will have keys of access to such rooms
-as he cannot examine without entering them.</p>
-
-<p>If an attempt be made on the Mint he will act conformably to his secret
-instructions on that subject. In case of fire occurring in or near the
-Mint, he will ring the Alarm Bell if one has been provided, or sound the
-alarm with his rattle, and thus as soon as possible bring some one to him
-who can be dispatched to call an officer, and in other particulars will
-follow his secret instructions. The secret instructions given him from
-time to time he must be careful not to disclose. The delicate trust reposed
-in all persons employed in the Mint, presupposes that their character
-is free from all suspicion, but the director feels it his duty nevertheless,
-in order that none may plead ignorance on the subject, to warn them
-of the danger of violating so high a trust. Such a crime as the embezzlement
-of any of the coins struck at the Mint, or of any of the metals
-brought to the Mint for coinage, would be punished under the laws of
-Pennsylvania, by a fine and penitentiary imprisonment at hard labor.
-The punishment annexed to this crime by the laws of the United States,
-enacted for the special protection of deposits made at the Mint, is <span class="allsmcap">DEATH</span>.
-The 19th Section of the Act of Congress, establishing the Mint, passed
-April 12, 1792, is in the following words: Section 19, <i>and</i> be it further
-enacted, That if any of the gold or silver coins, which shall be struck or
-coined at the said Mint, shall be debased or made worse as to the proportion
-of fine gold or fine silver, therein contained, or shall be of less weight
-or value than the same ought to be, pursuant to the directions of this act,
-through the default or with the connivance of any of the officers or persons
-who shall be employed at said Mint, for the purpose of profit or gain,
-or otherwise, with a fraudulent intent, and if any of the said officers or
-persons shall embezzle any of the metal which shall at any time be committed
-to their charge, for the purpose of being coined, or any of the coins
-which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint, every such officer or
-person who shall commit any or either of the said offences, shall be
-deemed guilty of Felony, and shall suffer death. Printed copies of the
-Rules here recited are to be kept in convenient places for the inspection of
-the workmen, but as all may not be capable of reading them, it shall be
-the duty of the proper officer of the several departments, or such person
-as he may appoint, to read them in the hearing of the workmen, at least
-once a year, and especially to read them to every person newly employed
-in the Mint.</p>
-
-<p class="right">SAMUEL MOORE, <i>Director</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p>
-
-<p>Up to 1836 the work at the Mint was done entirely by hand
-or horse power. In that year steam was introduced. At different
-periods during the years 1797, 1798, 1799, 1802, and
-1803, the operations of the Mint were suspended on account
-of the prevalence of yellow fever.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Bond of Indemnity or Agreement</span> of Operatives to return to the
-service of the Mint.” Dated August, 1799.</p>
-
-<p>“We, the subscribers, do hereby promise and engage to return to the service
-of the Mint as soon as the same shall be again opened, after the prevailing
-fever is over, on the penalty of twenty pounds.”</p>
-
-<p>“As witness our hands this 31st day of August, 1799.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>“GEORGE WATT’N,</li>
-<li>JOHN COPE,</li>
-<li>LEWIS BITTING,</li>
-<li>GEO. BOEMING,</li>
-<li>JAMES ANDERSON,</li>
-<li>JOHN SCHREINER,</li>
-<li>JOHN BIRNBAUM,</li>
-<li>GEORGE MYERS,</li>
-<li>CHARLES BENJ. K——,</li>
-<li>GEORGE BAILY,</li>
-<li>JOHN MANN,</li>
-<li>(In German) JOHANNES ——,</li>
-<li>SAML. THOMPSON,</li>
-<li>MARTIN SUMMERS.”</li>
-</ul>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The above are the signatures of the parties agreeing, written on old hand-made
-unruled foolscap paper.</p>
-
-<p>This is part of the Mint records, which has been framed for convenience
-and protection. It hangs in the Cabinet.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Mint Established.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Mint was established by Act of Congress the second of
-April, 1792, and a few half-dimes were issued towards the close
-of that year. The general operations of the institution commenced
-in 1793. The coinage effected from the commencement
-of the establishment to the end of the year 1800 may be stated
-in round numbers at $2,534,000; the coinage of the decade
-ending 1810 amounted to $6,971,000, and within the ten years
-ending with 1820—$9,328,000. The amount within the ten
-years ending with 1830 is stated at $18,000,000, and the
-whole coinage from the commencement of the institution at
-$37,000,000. On the second of March, 1829, provisions were
-made by Congress for extending the Mint establishment, the
-supply of bullion for coinage having increased beyond the
-capacity of the existing accommodations. The Mint edifice,
-erected under this provision, stands on a lot purchased for the
-object at the northwest corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets,
-fronting 150 feet on Chestnut street and extending 204 feet to
-Penn Square, (the central and formerly the largest public
-square in the city). The corner-stone of the new edifice was
-laid on the fourth of July, 1829; the building is of marble and
-of the Grecian style of architecture, the roof being covered with
-copper. It presents on Chestnut street and Penn Square a
-front of 123 feet, each front being ornamented with a portico<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
-of 60 feet, containing six Ionic columns. In the centre of the
-structure there was formerly a court-yard (now built up) extending
-85 by 84 feet, surrounded by a piazza to each story, affording
-an easy access to all parts of the edifice. Present officers of
-the Mint: Hon. Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent; William S.
-Steel, Coiner; Jacob B. Eckfeldt, Assayer; Patterson Du Bois,
-Assistant Assayer, James C. Booth, Melter and Refiner; N.
-B. Boyd, Assistant Melter and Refiner; Charles E. Barber,
-Engraver; George T. Morgan and William H. Key, Assistant
-Engravers; M. H. Cobb, Cashier; George W. Brown, Doorkeeper.</p>
-
-<p>On July 4, 1829, Samuel Moore, then Director, laid the
-corner stone of the present building, located at the northwest
-corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets. It is of white marble,
-and of the Grecian style of architecture, and was finished, and
-commenced operations, in 1833. Subsequent to that date
-necessary changes in the interior arrangements, to accommodate
-the increase in business, have been introduced at various times,
-and it was made more secure as a depository for the great
-amount of bullion contained within its vaults, by having been
-rendered fire-proof in 1856.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Copy of the Paper laid in the Corner Stone of the
-Mint, July 4, 1829.</span></h3>
-
-<p>This corner stone of the Mint of the United States of
-America, laid on the 4th day of July, 1829, being the fifty-third
-anniversary of our independence, in the presence of the
-Officers thereof, Members of Congress of the adjacent districts,
-architect, and artificers employed in the building, and a
-number of citizens of Philadelphia, in the which with this instrument
-are deposited specimens of the Coins of our Country
-struck in the present year. The Mint of the United States
-commenced operations in the year A. D., 1793, increasing
-constantly in utility, until its locality and convenience required
-extension and enlargement, which was ordered by the passage
-of a bill appropriating $120,000 for the erection of new and
-convenient buildings, to accommodate its operations, vesting
-the disbursement in the judgment and taste of the Director and
-President of the United States. In pursuance of the above bill,
-passed during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams, arrangements
-were made and designs adopted; William Strickland
-appointed architect; John Struthers, marble mason; Daniel
-Groves, bricklayer; Robert O’Neil, master carpenter, and in
-the first year of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson, this corner
-stone was placed in southeast corner of the edifice.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p>
-
-<p>The names of the officers of the Mint of the United States
-at this time, are as follows:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><span class="smcap">Doctor Samuel Moore</span>, Director,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Adam Eckfeldt</span>, Coiner,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Joseph Cloud</span>, Melter and Refiner,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Joseph Richardson</span>, Assayer,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Doctor James Rush</span>, Treasurer,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Wm. Kneass</span>, Engraver,</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">George Ehrenzelder</span>, Clerk.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States</span>,<br />
-<i>Philadelphia, March 20, 1838</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To Hon. Levi Woodbury</span>,
-Secretary of the Treasury.</p>
-
-<p>Sir:—I had the honor to receive your letter asking my
-attention to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the
-United States, passed March 5, 1838, as follows:</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Extract from Resolution of Congress relating to Mint.</span></p>
-
-<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the Secretary of the Treasury report to
-this House the cost of erecting the principal Mint and its
-branches, including buildings, fixtures, and apparatus; the
-salaries and expenses of the different officers; the amount expended
-in the purchase of bullion; the loss arising from wastage,
-and all other expenses; and the average length of time it
-requires to coin at the principal Mint all the bullion with which
-it can be furnished; and further, what amount of coin has been
-struck at the several branch mints, since their organization.”</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States, Philadelphia.</span></p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>The cost of the edifice, machinery, and fixtures, was</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$173,390</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ground, enclosure, paving, etc.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,840</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total cost of buildings, etc.</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$209,230</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>This amount does not include expenditures made under special
-appropriations for the years 1836 and 1837, for milling
-and coining by steam power; and for extensive improvements
-in the assaying, melting, and parting rooms, and machine shops,
-amounting to $28,270.</p>
-
-<p>It may be proper to mention that the Mint building is on
-the best street in the city, is of large dimensions, with the
-whole exterior of marble, and two Ionic porticos; and that the
-machinery and apparatus are of the best construction. The
-cost must therefore be considered as very moderate. The new
-Mint lately erected by the British India Government at Calcutta,
-cost 24 lacs of rupees, or about $1,138,000.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>The</td>
-    <td>Director receives per annum</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$3,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Treasurer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Chief Coiner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Melter and Refiner</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Engraver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Second Engraver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Assistant Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,300</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Treasurer’s Clerk</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Bookkeeper</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Clerk of the weighing room</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Director’s Clerk</td>
-    <td class="tdr">700</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="in1">Total for salaries</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$20,400</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>No expenses are allowed, beyond the above sums, to any
-officer, assistant, or clerk, for the performance of his duties.</p>
-
-<p>As all the gold and silver brought to the Mint is purchased
-at the nett Mint price, there is no expense, properly so called,
-incurred on this account.</p>
-
-<p class="right">R. M. PATTERSON, <i>Director of the Mint</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Previous to the passage of the law by the Federal government
-for regulating the coins of the United States, much perplexity
-arose from the use of no less than four different currencies or
-rates, at which one species of coin was recoined, in the different
-parts of the Union. Thus, in New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
-Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Virginia and Kentucky,
-the dollar was recoined at six shillings; in New York
-and North Carolina at eight shillings; in New Jersey, Pennsylvania
-and Maryland at seven shillings and six pence; in
-Georgia and South Carolina at four shillings and eight pence.
-The subject had engaged the attention of the Congress of the old
-confederation, and the present system of the coins is formed
-upon the principles laid down in their resolution of 1786, by
-which the denominations of money of account were required to
-be dollars (the dollar being the unit), dismes or tenths, cents or
-hundredths, and mills or thousandths of a dollar. Nothing can
-be more simple or convenient than this decimal subdivision.
-The terms are proper because they express the proportions
-which they are intended to designate. The dollar was wisely
-chosen, as it corresponded with the Spanish coin, with which
-we had been long familiar.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Visiting the Mint.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Mint, on Chestnut street near Broad, is open to the public
-daily, excepting Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 12 A. M.
-Visitors are met by the courteous ushers, who attend them through<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
-the various departments. It is estimated that over forty thousand
-persons have visited the institution in the course of a single year.
-Owing to the immense amount of the precious metals which is
-always in course of transition, and the watchful care necessary
-to a correct transaction of business, the public are necessarily
-excluded from some of the departments. These, however, are
-of but little interest to the many and are described under their
-proper heads. The system adopted in the Mint is so precise and
-the weighing so accurate, that the abstraction of the smallest
-particle of metal would lead to almost immediate detection.</p>
-
-<p>On entering the rotunda, the offices of the Treasurer and
-Cashier are to the right and left. Farther in, in the hall, to
-the rear, on the right, is the room of the Treasurer’s clerks;
-a part of this was formerly used by the Adams Express
-Company, who transport to and from the Mint millions of
-dollars worth of metal, coin, etc.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Deposit or Weighing-room.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="illus4" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus4.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">SCALES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>On the left is the Deposit or Weighing-room, where all the
-gold and silver for coining is received and first weighed. The
-largest weight used in this room is five hundred ounces, the
-smallest, is the thousandth part of an ounce. The scales are
-wonderfully delicate, and are examined and adjusted on alternate
-days. On the right of this room is one of the twelve<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
-vaults in the building. Of solid masonry, several of them are
-iron-lined, with double doors of the same metal and most complicated
-and burglar-proof locks.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp91" id="illus5" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus5.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">AUTOMATIC WEIGHING SCALES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>It is estimated that about fifteen hundred million dollars
-worth of gold has been received and weighed in this room;
-probably nine-tenths of this amount was from California, since
-its discovery there in the year 1848. Previous to that time
-the supplies of gold came principally from Virginia, North
-Carolina, and Georgia. During the past ten years considerable
-quantities have been received from Nova Scotia, but most of
-the gold that reaches the Mint, at the present time, comes
-from California, Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona,
-Oregon, Dakota, Virginia, South Carolina, and New Mexico.</p>
-
-<p>Formerly the silver used by the Mint came principally from
-Mexico and South America, but since the discovery of the
-immense veins of that metal in the territories of the United
-States the supply is furnished from the great West.</p>
-
-<p>The copper used comes principally from the mines of Lake
-Superior, the finest from Minnesota. The nickel is chiefly from
-Lancaster County, Pa.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Deposit Melting Room.</span></h3>
-
-<p>After the metal has been carefully weighed in the presence
-of the depositor and the proper officials, it is locked in iron
-boxes and taken to the melting room, where it is opened by
-two men, each provided with a key to one of the separate
-locks. There are four furnaces in this room, and the first
-process of melting takes place here. The gold and silver,
-being mixed with borax and other fluxing material, is placed in
-pots, melted and placed in iron moulds, and when cooled is
-again taken to the deposit room in bars, where it is reweighed,
-and a small piece cut from each lot by the Assayer. From
-this the fineness of the whole is ascertained, the value calculated,
-and the depositor paid. The metal in its rough state is
-then transferred to the Melter and Refiner.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Office of the Melter and Refiner.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Adjoining the Deposit Melting Room are the Melter and
-Refiner and assistants. This is the general business office of
-the head of this department, and is also used for weighing the
-necessary quantities of the metals used in alloying coin.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Process of Assay.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The two essential things regarding every piece of metal
-offered in payment of any dues were, first, the weight or quantity,
-next, the fineness or purity of the same. The process of
-weighing even the baser metals used in coining must be conducted
-by the careful use of accurate scales, with precise notes
-of the results. In precious metals, gold, silver, and their high
-grade alloys, a very small variation in the fineness makes a
-great difference in the value. Nothing is more essential than
-the accurate determination of the weight of the sample and of
-the metal obtained from it. It requires keen sight and most
-delicate adjustment in the hand which manipulates the Lilliputian
-scales of an Assayer’s table. The smallest weight used
-in the Mint is found in the Assay Room; it is the thirteen-hundredth
-part of a grain, and can scarcely be seen with the
-naked eye, unless on a white ground. The Assay Department
-is strictly a technical and scientific branch of the service. It
-has been practically under one regime, for the last fifty years.
-There have been but three Chief Assayers in that time, the
-only removals being by death, the only appointments by promotion.
-Its workmen are all picked men, selected from other
-parts of the Mint for special fitness and good character.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Assaying Rooms.</span></h3>
-
-<p>These are on the second floor, in the southwest corner of
-the building. In one of these are fires, stills, and other appliances
-used in the delicate and complicated process of assay,
-by which the specific standard of the fineness and purity of
-the various metals are established and declared.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Assaying Gold.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The gold is melted down and stirred, by which a complete
-mixture is effected, so that an assay piece may be
-taken from any part of the bar after it is cast. The piece
-taken for this purpose is rolled out for the convenience of
-cutting. It is then taken to an assay balance (sensible to the
-ten-thousandth of a half gramme or less), and from it is
-weighed a half gramme, which is the normal assay weight for
-gold, being about 7.7 grains troy. This weight is stamped
-1000; and all the lesser weights (afterwards brought into
-requisition) are decimal divisions of this weight, down to one
-ten-thousandth part.</p>
-
-<p>Silver is next weighed out for the quartation (alloying), and
-as the assay piece, if standard, should contain 900-thousandths
-of gold, there must be three times this weight, or 2700-thousandths
-of silver; and this is the quantity used. The lead
-used for the cupellation is kept prepared in thin sheets, cut in
-square pieces, which should each weigh about ten times as
-much as the gold under assay. The lead is now rolled into
-the form of a hollow cone; and into this are introduced the
-assay gold and the quartation silver, when the lead is closed
-around them and pressed into a ball. The furnace having been
-properly heated, and the cupels placed in it and brought to
-the same temperature, the leaden ball, with its contents, is put
-into a cupel (a small cup made of burned bones, capable of
-absorbing base metals), the furnace closed, and the operation
-allowed to proceed, until all agitation is ceased to be observed
-in the melted metal, and its surface has become bright. This
-is an indication that the whole of the base metals have been
-converted into oxides, and absorbed by the cupel.</p>
-
-<p>The cupellation being thus finished, the metal is allowed to
-cool slowly, and the disc or button which it forms is taken
-from the cupel. The button is then flattened by a hammer;
-is annealed by bringing it to a red heat; is laminated by
-passing it between the rollers; is again annealed; and is rolled
-loosely into a spiral or coil called a <i>cornet</i>. It is now ready
-for the process of quartation. This was formerly effected in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span>
-a glass matrass, and that mode is still used occasionally, when
-there are few assays. But a great improvement, first introduced
-into this country by the Assayer in 1867, was the—“platinum
-apparatus,” invented in England. It consists of a platinum
-vessel in which to boil the nitric acid, which is to dissolve
-out the silver, and a small tray containing a set of platinum
-thimbles with fine slits in the bottom. In these the silver is
-taken out, by successive supplies of nitric acid, without any decanting
-as in the case of glass vessels. The cornets are also
-annealed in the thimbles; in fact there is no shifting from the
-coiling to the final weighing, which determines the fineness of
-the original sample by proportionate weights in thousandths.
-In this process extra care has to be taken in adding the proportions
-of silver, as the “shaking” of any one cornet, might
-damage the others.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Assaying Silver.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The process of assaying silver differs from that of gold. To
-obtain the assay sample, a little of the metals is dipped from
-the pot and poured quickly into water, producing a granulation,
-from portions of which that needed for assay is taken.
-In the case of silver alloyed with copper there is separation, to
-a greater or less degree, between the two metals in the act of
-solidification. Thus an ingot or bar, cooled in a mould, or any
-single piece cut from either, though really 900-thousandths
-fine on the average, will show such variations, according to the
-place of cutting, as might exceed the limits allowed by law.
-But the sudden chill produced by throwing the liquid metal
-into water, yields a granulation of entirely homogeneous
-mixture that the same fineness results, whether by assaying a
-single granule, or part of one, or a number.</p>
-
-<p>From this sample the weight of 1115 thousandths is taken;
-this is dissolved in a glass bottle with nitric acid. The standard
-solution of salt is introduced and chloride of silver is the result,
-which contains of the metallic silver 1000 parts; this is repeated
-until the addition of the salt water shows but a faint trace of
-chloride below the upper surface of the liquid. For instance:
-if three measures of the decimal solution have been used with
-effect, the result will show that the 1115 parts of the piece contained
-1003 of pure silver; and thus the proportion of pure
-silver in the whole alloyed metal is ascertained. Extensive
-knowledge and experience are required in such matters as
-making the bone-ash cupels, fine proof gold and silver, testing
-acids, and other special examinations and operations. The
-Assayer must, himself, be familiar with all the operations of
-minting, as critical questions are naturally carried to him.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>
-The rendering of decisions upon counterfeit or suspicious coins
-has long been a specialty in this department. Once a year the
-President appoints a scientific commission to examine the coins
-of the preceding year. There has never yet been a Philadelphia
-coin found outside of the tolerance of fineness.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Separating Room.</span></h3>
-
-<p>This department occupies the largest part of the west side of
-the building, on the second floor. Here the gold and silver
-used by the Mint in the manufacture of coin and fine bars are
-separated from each other, or whatever other metals may be
-mixed with them, and purified. It goes to this room after
-having been once melted and assayed. In separating and purifying
-gold, it is always necessary to add to it a certain quantity
-of pure silver. The whole is then immersed in nitric acid,
-which dissolves the silver into a liquid which looks like pure
-water. The acid does not dissolve the gold, but leaves it pure.
-The silver solution is then drawn off, leaving the gold at the
-bottom of the tub. It is then gathered up into pans and
-washed.</p>
-
-<p>The silver in the condition in which it is received from the hands
-of the depositor, and generally filled with foreign impurities, is
-melted and then granulated, after which the whole mass is dissolved
-with nitric acid. The acid dissolves the base metals as
-well as the silver. The liquid metals are then run into tubs prepared
-for it, and precipitated, or rendered into a partially hard
-state, by being mixed with common salt water. After being
-precipitated it is called “chloride,” and resembles very closely
-new slacked lime. By putting spelter or zinc on the precipitated
-chloride, it becomes metallic silver, and only needs washing
-and melting to make the purest virgin metal. The base
-metals remain in a liquid state, and being of little value are
-generally thrown away. The process of refining silver is of
-two kinds; that of melting it with saltpetre, etc., which was
-known some thousands of years since, and the modern process
-of dissolving it in nitric acid, like the method of extracting it
-from gold in the above described operation.</p>
-
-<p>After the separating process has been completed, the gold
-or silver is conveyed to the Drying Cellar, where it is put
-under pressure of some eighty tons, and all the water pressed
-out. It is then dried with heat, and afterwards conveyed in
-large cakes to the furnaces.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Melting Rooms</span></h3>
-
-<p>are on the first floor, in the west side of the building. Here
-all the metal used in coining is alloyed, melted and poured into<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
-narrow moulds. These castings are called ingots; they are
-about twelve inches long, a half-inch thick, and vary from one
-to two a half-inches in breadth, according to the coin for which
-they are used, one end being wedge-shaped to allow its being
-passed through the rollers. The value of gold ingots is from
-$600 to $1,400; those of silver, about $60. The fine gold
-and silver bars used in the arts and for commercial purposes,
-are also cast in this department.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus6" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus6.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">CASTING INGOTS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus7" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus7.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">INGOTS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>These are stamped with their weight and value in the deposit
-room. The floors that cover the melting rooms are made of
-iron in honey-comb pattern, divided into small sections, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span>
-that they can be readily taken up to save the dust; their
-roughness acting as a scraper, preventing any metallic particles
-from clinging to the soles of the shoes of those who pass through
-the department, the sweepings of which, and including the
-entire building, averages $23,000 per annum, for the last five
-years.</p>
-
-<p>The copper and nickel melting rooms, wherein all the base
-metals used are melted and mixed, is on the same side and
-adjoining to the gold and silver department. Up to the year
-1856, the base coin of the United States was exclusively
-copper. In this year the coinage of what was called the
-nickel cents was commenced. These pieces, although called
-nickel, were composed of one-eighth nickel; the balance was
-copper.</p>
-
-<p>The composition of the five and three cent pieces is one-fourth
-nickel; the balance copper. The bronze pieces were
-changed in 1859, and are a mixture of copper, zinc and tin,
-about equal parts of each of the two last; the former contributing
-about 95 per cent. There are seven furnaces in this room,
-each capable of melting five hundred pounds of metal per day.
-When the metal is heated and sufficiently mixed, it is poured
-into iron moulds, and when cool, and the rough ends clipped
-off, is ready to be conveyed to the rolling room.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Rolling Room.</span></h3>
-
-<p>From the melting rooms through the corridor we reach the
-rolling room. The upright engine, on the right, of one hundred
-and sixty horse power, supplies the motive force to the rolling
-machines, four in number. Those on the left, are massive
-and substantial in their frame-work, with rollers of steel,
-polished by service in reducing the ingots to planchets for
-coining. The first process or rolling is termed breaking down;
-after that it requires to be passed through the machine until it
-is reduced to the required thinness—ten times if gold, eight if
-silver, being annealed in the intervals to prevent breaking.
-The rollers are adjustable and the space between them can be
-increased or diminished at pleasure, by the operator. About
-two hundred ingots are run through per hour on each pair of
-rollers.</p>
-
-<p>The pressure applied is so intense that half a day’s rolling
-heats, not only the strips and rollers, but even the huge iron
-stanchions, weighing several tons, so hot that you can hardly
-hold your hand on them.</p>
-
-<p>When the rolling is completed the strip is about six feet long,
-or six times as long as the ingot.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p>
-
-<p>It is impossible to roll perfectly true. At times there will be
-a lump of hard gold, which will not be quite so much compressed
-as the rest. If the planchets were cut from this place, it
-would be heavier and more valuable than one cut from a thinner
-portion of the strip. It is, therefore, necessary to “draw” the
-strips, after being softened by annealing.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus8" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus8.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rolling Machine.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Annealing Furnaces.</span></h3>
-
-<p>These are in the same room, to the right facing the rollers. The
-gold and strips are placed in copper canisters, and then
-placed in the furnaces and heated to a red heat; silver strips
-being laid loosely in the furnace. When they become soft and
-pliable, they are taken out and allowed to cool slowly.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Drawing Benches.</span></h3>
-
-<p>These machines resemble long tables, with a bench on either
-side, at one end of which is an iron box secured to the table.
-In this are fastened two perpendicular steel cylinders, firmly
-supported in a bed, to prevent their bending or turning around,
-and presenting but a small portion of their circumference to
-the strip. These are exactly at the same distance apart that
-the thickness of the strip is required to be. One end of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
-strip is somewhat thinner than the rest, to allow it to pass
-easily between the cylinders. When through, this end is put
-between the jaws of a powerful pair of tongs, or pincers,
-fastened to a little carriage running on the table. The carriage
-to the further bench is up close to the cylinders, ready to receive
-a strip, which is inserted edgewise. When the end is between
-the pincers, the operator touches a foot pedal which closes the
-pincers firmly on the strip, and pressing another pedal, forces
-down a strong hook at the left end of the carriage, which
-catches in a link of the moving chain. This draws the
-carriage away from the cylinders, and the strip being connected
-with it has to follow. It is drawn between the cylinders,
-which operating on the thick part of the strip with greater power
-than upon the thin, reduces the whole to an equal thickness.
-When the strip is through, the strain on the tongs instantly
-ceases, which allows a spring to open them and drop the strip.
-At the same time another spring raises the hook and disengages
-the carriage from the chain. A cord fastened to the carriage
-runs back over the wheel near the head of the table, and then
-up to a couple of combination weights on the wall beyond,
-which draw the carriage back to the starting place, ready for
-another strip.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus9" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus9.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">DRAWING BENCH.</p>
-</div>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Cutting Machines.</span></h3>
-
-<p>After being thoroughly washed, the strips are consigned to
-the cutting machines. These are in the rear of the rolling mills,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
-and are several in number, each when in active operation
-cutting two hundred and twenty-five planchets per minute.
-The press now used, consists of a vertical steel punch, which
-works in a round hole or matrix, cut in a solid steel plate.
-The action of the punch is obtained by an eccentric wheel.
-For instance, in an ordinary carriage wheel, the axis is in the
-centre, and the wheel revolves evenly around it. But if the
-axis is placed, say four inches from the centre, then it would
-revolve with a kind of hobble. From this peculiar motion
-its name is derived. Suppose the tire of the wheel is arranged,
-not to revolve with, but to slip easily around the wheel, and a
-rod is fastened to one side of the tire which prevents its turning.
-Now as the wheel revolves and brings the <i>long side nearest
-the rod</i>, it will push forward the rod, and when the long
-side of the wheel is <i>away from the rod</i>, it draws the rod with it.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="illus10" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">CUTTING MACHINE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus11" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">STRIP FROM WHICH PLANCHETS ARE CUT.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The upper shaft, on which are seen the three large wheels,
-has also fastened to it, over each press, an eccentric wheel. In<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
-the first illustration will be seen three upright rods running
-from near the table to the top. The middle one is connected
-with a tire around the eccentric wheel, and rises and falls with
-each revolution. The eccentric power gives great rapidity of
-motion with but little jerking.</p>
-
-<p>The operator places one end of a strip of metal in the immense
-jaws of the press, and cuts out a couple of planchets,
-which are a fraction larger than the coin to be struck. As the
-strips are of uniform thickness, if these two are of the right
-weight, all cut from that strip will be the same. They are
-therefore weighed accurately. If right, or a little heavy, they
-are allowed to pass, as the extra weight can be filed off. If too
-light, the whole strip has to be re-melted. As fast as cut the
-planchets fall into a box below, and the perforated strips are folded
-into convenient lengths to be re-melted. From a strip
-worth say eleven hundred dollars, eight hundred dollars of
-planchets will be cut.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Adjusting Room.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp77" id="illus12" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">DELICATE SCALES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The planchets are then removed to the adjusting room, where
-they are adjusted. This work is performed by ladies. After
-inspection they are weighed on very accurate scales. If a
-planchet is too heavy, but near the weight, it is filed off at the
-edges; if too heavy for filing, it is thrown aside with the light<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>
-ones, to be re-melted. To adjust coin so accurately requires
-great delicacy and skill, as a too free use of the file would
-make it too light. Yet by long practice, so accustomed do
-the operators become, that they work with apparent unconcern,
-scarce glancing at either planchets or scales, and guided as it
-were by unerring touch.</p>
-
-<p>The exceedingly delicate scales were made under the direction
-of Mr. Peale, who greatly improved on the old ones in
-use. So precise and sensitive are they that the slightest breath
-of air affects their accuracy, rendering it necessary to exclude
-every draft from the room.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Progress in Coining.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The methods of coining money have varied with the progress
-in mechanic arts, and are but indefinitely traced from the
-beginning; the primitive mode, being by the casting of
-the piece in sand, the impression being made with a hammer
-and punch. In the middle ages the metal was hammered into
-sheets of the required thickness, cut with shears into shape,
-and then stamped by hand with the design. The mill and
-screw, by which greater increase in power, with finer finish was
-gained, dates back to the Sixteenth Century. This process,
-with various modifications and improvements, continued in use
-in the Philadelphia Mint until 1836.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus13" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">ANCIENT COINING PRESS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p>
-
-<p>The first steam coining press was invented by M. Thonnelier,
-of France, in 1833, and was first used in the United States
-Mint in 1836. It was remodeled and rebuilt in 1858, but in
-1874 was superseded by the one now in operation, the very
-perfection of mechanism, in which the vibration and unsteady
-bearing of the former press were entirely obviated, and precision
-attained by the solid stroke with a saving of over seventy-five
-per cent. in the wearing and breaking of the dies.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus14" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">STEAM COINING PRESS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Dies.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus15" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">DIES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The dies for coining are prepared by engravers, especially
-employed at the Mint for that purpose. The process of engraving
-them consists in cutting the devices and legends in
-soft steel, those parts being depressed which, in the coin, appear
-in relief. This, having been finished
-and hardened, constitutes an “<i>original
-die</i>,” which, being the result of
-a tedious and difficult task, is deemed
-too precious to be directly employed
-in striking coins; but it is used for
-multiplying dies. It is first used to
-impress another piece of soft steel,
-which then presents the appearance of a coin, and is called a
-<i>hub</i>. This hub, being hardened, is used to impress other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span>
-pieces of steel in like manner which, being like the original
-die, are hardened and used for striking the coins. A pair of
-these will, on an average, perform two weeks’ work.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Transfer Lathe.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp69" id="illus16" style="max-width: 40.625em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p>The transfer lathe, a very complicated piece of machinery, is
-used in making dies, for coins and medals. By it, from a large
-cast, the design can be transferred and engraved in smaller
-size, in perfect proportion to the original.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Coining and Milling Rooms.</span></h3>
-
-<p>This department, the most interesting to the general visitor,
-occupies the larger portion of the first floor on the east side of
-the building. The rooms are divided by an iron railing, which
-separates the visitors, on either side, from the machinery, etc.,
-but allows everything to be seen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="illus17" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">MILLING MACHINE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The planchets, after being adjusted, are received here, and,
-in order to protect the surface of the coin, are passed through
-the milling-machine. The planchets are fed to this machine
-through an upright tube, and, as they descend from the lower
-aperture, they are caught upon the edge of a revolving wheel<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
-and carried about a quarter of a revolution, during which the
-edge is compressed and forced up—the space between the wheel
-and the rim being a little less than the diameter of the planchet.
-This apparatus moves so nimbly that five hundred and
-sixty half-dimes can be milled in a minute; but, for large
-pieces, the average is about one hundred and twenty. In this
-room are the milling machines, and the massive, but delicate,
-coining presses, ten in number. Each of these is capable of
-coining from eighty to one hundred pieces a minute. Only
-the largest are used in making coins of large denominations.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus18" style="max-width: 32.8125em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">PERFECTED COINING PRESS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp58" id="illus19" style="max-width: 34.375em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">COINING PRESS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The arch is a solid piece of cast iron, weighing several tons,
-and unites with its beauty great strength. The table is also<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
-of iron, brightly polished and very heavy. In the interior of
-the arch is a nearly round plate of brass, called a triangle. It
-is fastened to a lever above by two steel bands, termed stirrups,
-one of which can be seen to the right of the arch. The stout
-arm above it, looking so dark in the picture, is also connected
-with the triangle by a ball-and-socket joint, and it is this arm
-which forces down the triangle. The arm is connected with
-the end of the lever above by a joint somewhat like that of the
-knee. One end of the lever can be seen reaching behind the
-arch to a crank near the large fly-wheel. When the triangle<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span>
-is <i>raised</i>, the arm and near end of the lever extends outward.
-When the crank lifts the further end of the lever it draws in
-the knee and forces down the arm until it is perfectly straight.
-By that time the crank has revolved and is lowering the lever,
-which forces out the knee again and raises the arm. As the triangle
-is fastened to the arm it has to follow all its movements.</p>
-
-<p>Under the triangle, buried in the lower part of the arch, is a
-steel cup, or, technically, a “die stake.” Into this is fastened
-the reverse die. The die stake is arranged to rise one-eighth
-of an inch; when down it rests firmly on the solid foundation
-of the arch. Over the die stake is a steel collar or plate, in
-which is a hole large enough to allow a planchet to drop upon
-the die. In the triangle above, the obverse die is fastened, which
-moves with the triangle; when the knee is straightened the die
-fits into the collar and presses down upon the reverse die.</p>
-
-<p>Just in front of the triangle will be seen an upright tube made
-of brass, and of the size to hold the planchets to be coined.
-These are placed in this tube. As they reach the bottom they
-are seized singly by a pair of steel feeders, in motion as similar
-to that of the finger and thumb as is possible in machinery,
-and carried over the collar and deposited between the dies,
-and, while the fingers are expanding and returning for another
-planchet, the dies close on the one within the collar, and by a
-rotary motion are made to impress it silently but powerfully.
-The fingers, as they again close upon a planchet at the mouth
-of the tube, also seize the coin, and, while conveying a second
-planchet on to the die, carry the coin off, dropping it into a
-box provided for that purpose, and the operation is continued
-<i>ad infinitum</i>. These presses are attended by ladies, and do
-their work in a perfect manner. The engine that drives the
-machinery is of one hundred and sixty horse-power.</p>
-
-<p>After being stamped the coins are taken to the Coiner’s room,
-and placed on a long table—the double eagles in piles of ten each.
-It will be remembered that, in the Adjusting Room, a difference
-of one-half a grain was made in the weight of some of the double
-eagles. The light and heavy ones are kept separate in coining,
-and when delivered to the treasurer, they are mixed together in
-such proportions as to give him full weight in every delivery.
-By law the deviation from the standard weight, in delivering to
-him, must not exceed three pennyweights in one thousand double
-eagles. The gold coins—as small as quarter eagles being counted
-and weighed to verify the count—are put up in bags of $5,000
-each. The three-dollar pieces are put up in bags of $3,000,
-and one-dollar pieces in $1,000 bags. The silver pieces, and
-sometimes small gold, are counted on a very ingenious contrivance
-called a “counting-board.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="illus20" style="max-width: 35.9375em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">COUNTING BOARD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>By this process twenty-five dollars in five-cent pieces can be
-counted in less than a minute. The “boards” are a simple flat
-surface of wood, with copper partitions, the height and size of the
-coin to be counted, rising from the surface at regular intervals,
-and running parallel with each other from top to bottom. They
-somewhat resemble a common household “washing board,” with
-the grooves running parallel with the sides but much larger.
-The boards are worked by hand, over a box, and as the pieces
-are counted they slide into a drawer prepared to receive them.
-They are then put into bags and are ready for shipment.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CABINET">THE CABINET.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The room in the Mint used for the Cabinet is on the second
-floor. It was formerly a suite of three apartments connected
-by folding-doors, but the doors have been removed, and it is
-now a pleasant saloon fifty-four feet long by sixteen wide.
-The eastern and western sections are of the same proportions,
-each with a broad window. The central section is lighted
-from the dome, which is supported by four columns. There is
-an open space immediately under the dome, to give light to
-the hall below, which is the main entrance to the Mint.
-Around this space is a railing and a circular case for coins.
-The Cabinet of Coins was established in 1838, by Dr. R. M.
-Patterson, then Director of the Mint. Anticipating such a
-demand, reserves had been made for many years by Adam
-Eckfeldt,<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> the Coiner, of the “master coins” of the Mint; a
-term used to signify first pieces from new dies, bearing a high
-polish and struck with extra care. These are now more commonly
-called “proof pieces.” With this nucleus, and a few
-other valuable pieces from Mr. Eckfeldt, the business was
-committed to the Assay Department, and especially to Mr.
-Du Bois, Assistant Assayer. The collection grew, year by
-year, by making exchanges to supply deficiencies, by purchases,
-by adding our own coin, and by saving foreign coins
-from the melting-pot—a large part in this way, at a cost of
-not more than their bullion value, though demanding great
-care, appreciation, and study. Valuable donations were also
-made by travelers, consuls, and missionaries. In 1839, Congress
-appropriated the sum of $1,000 for the purchase of
-“specimens of ores and coins to be preserved at the Mint.”
-Annually, since, the sum of $300 has been appropriated by the
-Government for this object. More has not been asked or desired,
-for the officers of the Mint have not sought to vie with
-the long established collections of the national cabinets of the
-old world, or even to equal the extravagance of some private
-numismatists; but they have admirably succeeded in their
-purpose to secure such coins as would interest all, from the
-schoolboy to the most enthusiastic archæologist. The economic
-principle upon which the collection has been gathered is a
-lesson to all governmental departments in frugality, as well as
-a restraint upon the natural tendency to extravagance which
-has heretofore distinguished those who have a passion for old
-coins. There are thousands of coin collectors in the United<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span>
-States, and fortunes have been accumulated in this strange
-way. More than one authenticated instance has been known
-in this country where a man has lived in penury, and died
-from want, yet possessed of affluence in time-defaced coins.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Relics.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Having referred to the portraits of the Directors of the
-Mint, we will cite other interesting subjects of observation,
-before describing the coins.</p>
-
-<p>The first object in the Cabinet attracting attention is a
-framed copy of the law of Congress establishing the Mint,
-with its quaint phraseology with the signature of Thomas
-Jefferson. (<a href="#illus2">See fac simile on page 11.</a>)</p>
-
-<p>In the first section, near the western window, is the assorting
-machine, the invention of a Frenchman, Baron Seguier,
-and which is now in use in the Mint at Paris.</p>
-
-<p>The planchets for coinage are liable to be a little too heavy
-or too light; it is therefore necessary, at least in the case of
-gold, to assort them by weighing. This machine is designed
-to enable one person to do the work of many. “The planchets
-are thrown into the hopper at the rear, and, being arranged
-by the action of the wheel, slide down balances. By machinery
-beneath they are carried one by one to the nearest
-platforms to be weighed. If too heavy, the tall needle of the
-beam leans to the right and lifts a pallet-wire, which connects
-with an apparatus under the table by which the planchet is
-pushed off and slides into one of the brass pans in front. If
-the piece be light, the needle is drawn over to the left, and
-touches the other pallet, which makes a passage to another
-brass pan. If the piece be of true weight, or near enough,
-the needle stands perpendicular between the pallets, and the
-piece finds its way into the third brass pan.”</p>
-
-<p>On the opposite wall is a fine cast of Cromwell, a duplicate
-of one taken shortly after his death. It was placed here by
-Mr. W. E. Du Bois, who received it from H. W. Field, Esq.,
-late Assayer of the Royal Mint, London, who is a descendant
-of the great Protector. Below the cast of Cromwell is a case
-showing progressive “alloys of gold.” The plates comprise
-gold alloyed with copper, gold alloyed with silver, and gold
-fine.</p>
-
-<p>In the eastern section are the Standard Test Scales, used to
-test the weights sent to all the mints and assay offices in the
-United States, and are so delicate as to weigh the <i>twenty-thousandth</i>
-part of an ounce. These scales were manufactured
-by employees of the Mint, and have been in use more than a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span>
-quarter of a century. The beam is hollow, and filled with
-Spanish cedar to guard against the effect of dampness; the
-bearings are edges of knife-blades, which impinge on a surface
-of agate plate. These scales are tested by the Annual Assay
-Committee, which meets on the second Tuesday in February of
-every year.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Curiosities and Minerals.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The most interesting objects of this curious display are
-three golden images from graves in the Island of Chiriqui, off
-Central America. They were dug up in 1858, and sent to
-the Mint as bullion, to be melted. They are of pure gold,
-but the workmanship is very crude. The images are in the
-forms of a reptile, a bird, and a man with symbols of power in
-his hands, not unlike those designating Jupiter. There are
-also, in the first section, two large cases with choice selections
-of mineral specimens, carefully classified and labeled. These
-are from well selected results of years of patient collecting, and
-are deserving of more study than can be devoted to them by
-casual visitors. They are chiefly from different parts of the
-United States, and are an “index book” to the vast mineral
-wealth of the nation.</p>
-
-<p>Near the exit door of the Cabinet, in a large glass case, is a
-magnificent American eagle, which is worthy of the visitor’s
-attention. It is superbly mounted, with grand breadth of
-wing and wondrous piercing eyes. The portrait of this “pet”
-can be recognized on Reverse of the “Pattern” Silver Dollars
-of 1836, 1838, and 1839, and on the Obverse of the first
-nickel cent pieces coined in 1856.</p>
-
-<h3>“<span class="smcap">Peter</span>,”</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">the name which the noble bird recognized, was an inhabitant of
-the Mint six years. He would fly about the city, but no one
-interfered with the going or coming of the “Mint bird,” and
-he never failed to return from his daily exercise before the
-time for closing the building. In an evil hour he unfortunately
-perched upon a large fly wheel, and getting caught in the
-machinery, received a fatal injury to his wing, and this ended
-rather an unusual career for an eagle.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Eastern Corridor.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Opening into the eastern corridor are the rooms of the
-Superintendent, the Chief Clerk, and the library of Historical
-and Scientific Works, including many valuable books upon
-the art of coinage. Passing out upon the gallery, we enter<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span>
-the Machinists’ and Engravers’ rooms. Here are engraved
-and finished the dies used in this Mint and in all the branch
-mints. Visitors are not ordinarily allowed access to these
-rooms, or to the assay office, or to the cellar. (In the latter are
-a number of immense vaults, and in the main cellar are engines,
-which supply the power and light used throughout the
-building.) Here are also blacksmith, carpenter, and paint
-shops; and in the rear, west side, is the medal-striking room,
-where medals are struck by a screw press, worked by hand.
-The cellar also contains the “sweep” grinding rooms. Near
-this room are the wells, which are receptacles for the water
-used in washing the precious metals. These wells are cleaned
-out every few years and the deposit is then treated in the
-same way as the sweepings.</p>
-
-<p>The little wooden building in the court was formerly the
-cent-room, where copper cents were exchanged for nickels;<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
-it is now the office of the agent of the Adams Express Company,
-who brings to the Philadelphia Mint millions of dollars worth
-of precious metals in the shape of bullion from the far west,
-to be converted into American Coin, when it is again transported
-by the same company to various points to be put into
-circulation.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The ancient coins are chiefly arranged in upright cases
-against the walls in the doorways and the middle section of
-the saloon. The modern coins are placed in nearly level
-cases at either end of the room and in the circular or central
-cases. Of antique coins the portion labeled Cabinet Nos.
-97, 98, 99, “Massilia,” are interesting as belonging to a
-Greek colony which settled about six hundred years before
-Christ upon the coast of Gaul, on the spot now known as
-Marseilles. This little colony fled their native country and
-the rule of a governor placed over it by a Persian monarch.
-They were distinguished for their civilization, and the work
-upon these small coins is the most palpable witness of that
-fact in existence to-day.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Greek Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Their surfaces, of gold, silver, and bronze, bristle with lance
-and spear, helmet and shield. On one of these coins Jove is
-seated and bearing an eagle, defying Alexander of Macedon,
-while on the obverse the same mighty conqueror impersonates
-Hercules. The oldest coin here is supposed to date back
-to 550 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> It is well to mention the fact that coins were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span>
-never dated until the fifteenth century; and previous to that
-time the ages of coins can only be determined by the legends
-upon them, as answering to the page of corroborative history
-and the art era to which they belonged. No. 9 bears on
-the obverse the Macedonian horse, a favorite animal, which
-the then war-loving Greeks are said to have deified. At this
-period the haughty royal families began to chronicle in coin
-their line of descent. The kings of Macedon claimed Hercules
-for an ancestor, and in proof thereof the lion’s skin was
-a royal insignia. An old historian says, “The kings of Macedon,
-instead of the crown, the diadem, the purple, bear upon
-their effigy the skin of a lion.” Several pieces of money in
-this case, upon which are heads of Alexander, have rings in
-them, and were worn by gracious dames as ornaments. The
-value of this series of coins is priceless, as furnishing portraits of
-the heroes of that period which can be received without
-question as accurate, for the art patronage of the kingdom was
-regulated by the strictest laws. Alexander was especially
-jealous of how the future nations should regard his physique,
-allowing only three artists, during his reign, the privilege of
-drawing, painting, or modeling his head.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> To such royal
-guardianship may be attributed the perfection to which Greek
-art attained; and it may well be a matter of regret that the
-same firmness in this regard was not universal. The last coin
-of this series is a small bronze coin, and was issued by Perseus,
-the last king of Macedon.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Persian.</span></h3>
-
-<p>In this case is a collection of Persian coins, very choice,
-and of no mean workmanship, and, of course, portraying the
-faith and rites of the fire-worshippers. One era is distinctly
-Greek in style, and marks the period of Greek supremacy.
-The oldest gold coin known to the collector is the gold Daric
-of King Darius, with the head of the king in bold relief; and
-all Persian coins are so called in remembrance of this monarch.
-Their money was very fine, so the word <i>Daric</i> has become
-incorporated into numismatic terminology to designate
-any pure gold coin. Nos. 58 to 67, inclusive, of this series,
-are silver coins of the Sassanian kings.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Egypt</span></h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">is also represented in this case, as is proper, for that nation had
-no coinage until it was taught the art when conquered by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span>
-Alexander. Here are some very attractive data of Egyptian
-history, and from these coins are obtained the only portraits
-of Arsinoe, Cleopatra, and others.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Syrian Coins</span></h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">are embraced in the division called “Greek monarchies,” and
-in them are found many coins not only important in history,
-but of the very finest Greek art, from the third to the first
-century <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> In this period the Syriac and Hebrew coins
-become intermingled, a fact abundantly sustained by the Jewish
-shekel of Simon Maccabees. The legend of this interesting
-relic is in the language of Samaria; on one side the
-budding rod of Aaron, legend, “Jerusalem the Holy;” on
-the other, a cup of incense or pot of manna, and the inscription,
-“Shekel of Israel.” This shekel is well preserved, and
-is one of the most prized coins known. (See Plate and Case
-XV., marked “<i>Selections</i>.”) In this collection are some coins
-from Bactria, considered priceless by savans. These are trophies
-of recent British explorations, and are judged to be of
-sufficient importance to call forth from an English professor
-an extended treatise on the “Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan.”
-They are exceedingly rude in workmanship, and
-nearly all of baser metal, the most important being a small,
-square, brass coin, in the case marked “<i>Selections</i>.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Roman Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The collection of Roman coins in this Cabinet numbers
-nearly one thousand, and an acquaintance with it is invaluable
-for object teaching, as in it is the condensed history, not only
-of the glory of Rome, “Mistress of the World,” but of her customs,
-faith, conquests, wealth, culture, divisions, and <i>downfall</i>.
-Through this entire section of time—one-third of the known
-history of the world—Roman art, though high, never reached
-the exalted purity of Greek lines. In their finest coins we see
-no Phidias, no Myron, no Praxiteles, but they deteriorate and
-fluctuate visibly when in or out of contact with the influence
-of the Grecian mind.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Greek Republic</span></h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">will be first in interest, both historic and artistic. It is conceded
-that to the Greeks the world owes the introduction of
-the art of coinage, and though centuries numbered by tens
-have passed, some of the old Greek coins equal many modern
-productions in purity of lines, and surpass nearly all in poetic<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span>
-sentiment. On the first coins no earthly potentate was
-allowed to be pictured, no deed of heroism portrayed. The
-glory of the gods was considered the only appropriate theme
-for impressions on the surface of bronze, silver, and gold.
-The coins of the republic embrace a large variety, as nearly a
-thousand towns were allowed the privilege of coinage. Upon
-this varied issue are preserved nearly all the legends of Greek
-mythology. Upon the coins are the heads of Jupiter, Juno,
-Minerva, Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana, with many sacred
-animals, and the work is to-day the standard of artistic perfection.
-Of course, the collection of this ancient period cannot
-be extensive. In this case there are, however, more than
-one hundred and fifty specimens, and these present a study
-so attractive and so intense that it is almost impossible to
-imagine what classic poetry would be without it.</p>
-
-<p>Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are silver coins of Ægina, which have on
-the obverse, for a device, the tortoise, emblematic of the security
-of the island amid the waves, and the protection of the
-gods of the sea. On the reverse are the marks of the punches
-only, probably denoting the value of the coins. These are
-claimed to belong to an era seven hundred years before Christ.
-No. 28 is a silver coin of Athens, with a head of Minerva
-splendidly drawn upon the obverse, while the reverse presents
-a large owl, the bird sacred to the goddess of Wisdom. The
-devices upon this coin indicate its age to be from twenty-one
-to twenty-three centuries. The Greek proverb of “taking
-owls to Athens” referred to this coin, which was necessarily
-of great importance to the tradespeople of that city.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Family Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>These comprise about one hundred and seventy-five, of
-which one hundred and twenty-six are in the collection.
-They were struck to record the heroic deeds which first introduced
-any notable ancestor to fame, and hence are to-day
-family charts of respectability for many of the patricians of
-Rome, albeit some of them have plebeian roots. Be that as
-it may, they are as much the trusted patents of aristocracy as
-is the “Book of the Peerage” of England. Here are found
-the same distinctions between patrician and plebeian which
-mark all countries, the patricians being always designated by
-a symbol of warfare, while the plebeians were indicated by
-the tools and instruments of common trade. The more noticeable
-of the coins are as follows: No. 16, Acilia; the reverse
-a female leaning against a pillar, with a serpent
-clutched in her right hand, indicating the wisdom or courage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span>
-of some ancestor. No. 20, Æmilia; on the obverse of this
-curious coin is a figure kneeling by the side of a camel, presenting
-an olive branch, from which depends a fillet or ancient
-diadem; on the reverse, a figure guiding a triumphal chariot,
-a scorpion in the field. Josephus tells us of an invasion of
-Arabia, and that Aretus, the king of the country, purchased
-peace of the Romans for five hundred talents. The diadem
-hanging from the olive branch chronicles the entire humiliation
-of Aretus, and the scorpion doubtless indicates the month
-of the Roman triumph. No. 30, Aquillia, a small silver
-coin; the reverse shows a woman kneeling before a soldier.
-The motto below the figures (or in the <i>exergue</i> of the coin, as
-is the art term) is “<i>Sicil</i>.” This commemorates the suppression
-of a revolt of slaves in Sicily, which was achieved by
-Manlius Aquillia. No. 41, Calpurnia, the family of Cæsar’s
-noble wife; reverse, a horseman riding at full speed, a head
-of wheat above him; legend, L. Piso-Trugi. The coin recalls
-the fact that in the year 507 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> there was a famine in
-Rome, and Calpurnius Piso was dispatched to Africa to buy
-corn. This seemingly small service is magnified upon a large number
-of coins. Nos. 95 and 96, Hostilia, a coin with a
-sacrifice to <i>Pallor</i> and <i>Pavor</i> (fear and trembling), offered by
-Tullus Hostilius in some great emergency. No. 97, Julia;
-obverse, a helmeted head; legend, Cæsar; reverse, a warrior
-in a chariot drawn by two horses.</p>
-
-<p>No. 98, Junia; obverse, head of Liberty; reverse, Junius
-Brutus guarded by lictors, and preceded by a herald, showing
-that an ancestor of Junius Brutus was the first consul of
-Rome. Nos. 181, 182, Tituria. The reverse shows two soldiers
-throwing their shields upon a prostrate female, illustrating
-the famous story of the “Tarpeian Rock.” Reverse represents
-the Romans carrying off Sabine women—a witness in
-coin of the fact that the family of Tituria trace their ancestry
-from the Sabines. To do justice to this case is impossible, for
-here are coins relating to the ancestors of Antonia, Aurelia,
-Cornelia, Fulvia, Horatio, Lucretia, Lucilla, Sempronia, Titia
-Valeria, and many others familiar to the readers of history.</p>
-
-<p>This era of coins terminated about the time of the birth of
-Christ, when the</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Imperial Coins</span></h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">were introduced. In noticing these, little save the labels on
-the case can be given.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Division II.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Julius Cæsar to Trajan, inclusive. Beginning 49 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, and
-ending 117 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> A simple catalogue of the illustrious names<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span>
-on these coins would convey an idea of their importance. All
-the victories of Cæsar are marked by coinage; but out of the
-two hundred belonging to this case reference need only be
-made to No. 24, a beautiful gold coin, with the undraped head
-of Augustus, exquisitely severe, the interest attaching chiefly
-to the legend, “The Son of God,” referring to the deification
-of Cæsar.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Division III.</i></h4>
-
-<p class="noindent">embraces from Hadrian to Elagabalus, 117-222. In the reign
-of Hadrian much coin was issued, though it did not bear marks
-of the disasters and revolts that signalized the foregoing. That
-he was a merciful ruler is indicated by the coins, especially
-one—Hispania; the reverse showing the emperor raising
-Spain—a female figure—from the ground. His travels are
-also illustrated in coin.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Division IV.</i></h4>
-
-<p>From Severus Alexander to Claudius Gothicus, 222-270.
-These coins indicate the vicious effect of the rulers immediately
-preceding.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Division V.</i></h4>
-
-<p>From Aurelian to the end of the Western Empire; includes
-270-475. A brilliant succession; Aurelian’s busy reign,
-ending in assassination; the war-like Probus, the slave-emperor;
-Diocletian’s despotism and vindictive persecution of
-Christians; the usurpation of Carausius; the happy reign of
-Constantine the Great, Julian, Theodosius, down to Julius
-Nepos. These are a few of the historic names and events
-presented in this division.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Division VI.</i></h4>
-
-<p class="noindent">covers the period of the Byzantine or Eastern Empire, and a
-lapse of eight centuries; but the coinage is not comparable
-with that of other eras, nor were events of so stirring and
-heroic a character. A general decay, painful to contemplate,
-marked this long lapse of time, which began near the acceptance
-of Christianity, and extended through the dark ages.</p>
-
-<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Temple Sweepers.</span>”</h3>
-
-<p>A small case attracts no little attention, because it contains
-a single coin; and the interest does not decrease when the inscription
-is read: “Struck in the Philadelphia Mint, at least
-two thousand years ago.” The late Assayer of the Philadelphia<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span>
-Mint, Mr. W. E. Du Bois, under title of “The Temple Sweepers,”
-wrote, not long since, a valuable sketch of this coin, made
-in the City of Attalus Philadelphus, Asia Minor, and for which
-William Penn called his city, because the ancient one was a
-monument of “brotherly love.” Diana was the patroness of
-Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<p>“On one side, then, we have a head; not a king’s nor an
-emperor’s; as yet the free city had a pride and a privilege
-above that. It is a female head, an ideal, representing the
-city itself; or rather the dwellers in it, the <i>Demos</i>. Here in
-this head and title, we have the radix of Democracy.</p>
-
-<p>“This is all we can gather from the obverse. On the other
-side we have a larger variety: a running female figure; a dog
-also on the trot; a legend of some length and of more significance.</p>
-
-<p>“The half-clad figure is that of the goddess known to the
-Greeks as Artemis, to the Latins as Diana; and otherwise
-called Selene, Phœbe, Delia, or Cynthia.</p>
-
-<p>“She was the favorite divinity of the cities of Asia Minor.
-Once the patroness of chastity and purity. Goddess of the
-chase.”</p>
-
-<p>The legend on the obverse of this coin explains its name:
-“Friends of Philadelphia’s [her] Temple Sweepers.”</p>
-
-<h3>ORIENTAL.</h3>
-
-<p>Oriental coins are not as attractive as other varieties, though
-there are special coins among them which have no rival in historic
-importance. Antique coins from the East were usually
-without device, and, their legends being rudely inscribed in a
-dead language, proved frequently to be sealed fountains to the
-thirsting antiquarian. Therefore in cases marked “Oriental”
-the visitor is undetermined where to begin to study, and often
-decides to give it but little time.</p>
-
-<p>Those having for device the sacred peacock are from Burmah;
-there is, however, in the division marked “Selections”
-a very curious coin belonging to that country, which certainly
-formed a part of its earliest currency. It is a common gravel-stone,
-encased in a circling band of brass.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Coins of Siam.</span></h4>
-
-<p>The coins of Siam are much sought for. Some of them, known
-to European travelers as “bullet money,” are lumps of gold or
-silver, hammered by rude implements into a doubtful roundness,
-and a few Siamese characters stamped irregularly upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
-them. The sacred elephant is found on a large proportion of
-their money. A Siamese coin in the Cabinet, of modern date,
-is quite handsome in both workmanship and design. On the
-obverse is the sacred elephant in ponderous proportion, which
-delights the eyes of the devout, and the reverse presents a
-group of three pagodas, finely drawn. In the case marked
-“Selections” is a Siamese coin of gold, comparatively modern,
-called “Tecal,” corresponding in some respects to the “Shekel,”
-or “Oxen,” of biblical fame.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Chinese Coins.</span></h4>
-
-<p>On the south side of the first section is a case of seven hundred
-coins of the Celestial Empire. With but few exceptions
-these coins are bronzed. Dynasty succeeds dynasty; usurpation,
-insurrection, are all writ in bronze. The Chinese assert
-an uninterrupted coinage for forty-one centuries. The manuscript
-attesting this is in the case, and was prepared under authority.
-Large numbers of their coins were considered charms,
-sufficient to protect the owner against fever, or even the more
-dreaded horrors of spiritual menace. In this connection it
-may be said that the Chinese had an exalted reverence for the
-coin-charm, and a small coin was often placed in the mouth of
-the dead (now, if a Chinaman dies in California, a small silver
-United States coin is placed on his tongue). These coins
-were covered with cabalistic characters, symbolic animals,
-birds, etc. Two worthy of notice in this regard, and said to
-be of the oldest issue, are Nos. 1 and 2. The first might be
-mistaken for an iron safe-key; the second is known as the
-“razor coin,” its form and almost its size being that of a
-razor.</p>
-
-<p>In another case, appropriately labeled, is the Chinese porcelain
-money. They are the only people who have made
-porcelain a “legal tender,” though it would appear that almost
-every part of the three kingdoms of nature has been laid under
-contribution. The specimen here may be mistaken for the
-popular Chinese sleeve-button, bought in any bazaar for a few
-cents. The Chinese, as did also the Africans, utilized the
-small sea-shells for trade. In the same case are some of the
-variety legalized. Ten small shells made one “cash.” This
-is a small, round, copper-bronzed coin, with a square hole in
-the centre. The Chinese dames of high degree wore such
-strung around their throats. One thousand of them are equal
-to our dollar. The Japanese, however, <i>outcount</i> their neighbors,
-as they have a bronze coin called the “One-hundredth,”
-of which just seven thousand make one Spanish dollar.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p>
-
-<p>Shell money of pure gold, “or gold beaten into small solid
-shells, was made by those natives who supplied the Portuguese
-slave-traders with slaves,” and was called by the traders
-“Spondylus Macutus,” from which, some contend, came the
-<i>slang</i> term “spondulics.” Forty of those small coins, each
-worth about a dollar of Spanish money, was a high price for
-a slave.</p>
-
-<p>There is also in the Cabinet a valuable collection of African
-ring money. These ornaments are very massive and pure,
-comprised of elaborately carved “signet-rings, armlets, anklets,”
-etc. One article, more novel and valuable than the
-others, is a pipe of fine gold, bowl and handle of curious bas-relief
-figures, and a heavy, square-linked chain attaching a large
-medallion, on which is the head of a monarch poorly drawn.</p>
-
-<p>The Chinese government, like all despotisms, is very jealous
-of its coining prerogatives; yet it does not fail to appreciate
-an advantage when offered, as is evident to us by the following:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p class="center">Proclamation for general information:</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The foreign silver (coin) in daily use among
-the people of the Kwang Tung Provinces has long been in
-circulation, and is moreover admitted to be advantageous and
-convenient. In the 5th and 11th years of Tung Chih (1866
-and 1872) the Hong Kong Mint coined a new Dollar which,
-upon comparison with pure silver, bore a proportion of fully
-ninety per cent., and as the Records will prove. Proclamations
-were issued notifying the people that it might come into
-general circulation. There has lately come to Hong Kong a
-newly coined American Eagle Dollar, called the “Trade
-Dollar,” and Sir Brooke Robinson, the British Consul, having
-requested that officers might be appointed to assay it, the
-Viceroy and Haikwan thereupon appointed officers to melt it
-down and assay it, in concert with (an officer from the British
-Consulate), when, taking the Haikwan Tael of pure silver as
-the standard, an outturn was obtained of fully 89.61—or
-Taels 111.6 of this new Eagle Dollar are equal to 100
-Haikwan Taels of pure silver. Minutes of the assay were
-drawn up in proof thereof.</p>
-
-<p>“For the convenience of Traders and people, therefore, this
-coin should be allowed to be tendered in payment of duties at
-the rate of touch obtained at the assay, and to come into daily
-circulation. It becomes the duty then of the Viceroy and his
-colleagues to issue a Proclamation on the subject for general
-information.</p>
-
-<p>“This Proclamation, therefore, is for the information of
-you merchants, traders, soldiers, and people of every district.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
-You must know that the ‘Eagle Trade Dollar’ that has lately
-come to Hong Kong has been jointly assayed by officers
-specially appointed for the purpose, and it can be taken in
-payment of duties, and come into general circulation. <i>You
-must not look upon it with suspicion.</i> At the same time
-rogues, sharpers, and the like, are hereby strictly forbidden to
-fabricate spurious imitations of this new Eagle Dollar, with a
-view to their own profit.</p>
-
-<p>“And should they dare to set this prohibition at defiance,
-and fabricate false coin, they shall, upon discovery, most
-assuredly be arrested and punished. Let every one obey with
-trembling! Let there be no disobedience!</p>
-
-<p>“A Special Proclamation. Tung Chih 12th year, 9th
-moon—day (October, 1873.)</p>
-
-<p>“Translated by</p>
-
-<p class="right">“(Signed) WALTER C. HILLIER.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Japan.</span></h4>
-
-<p>Perhaps the peculiar adaptability of the Japanese character
-cannot be better illustrated than by their late monetary revolution,
-especially as their coinage is hedged around with laws,
-with penal attachments of no doubtful character. In the
-small morocco case marked “Japan” are a few specimens of
-their original coin. Of this series the large gold plate, four
-inches by three and a half, is known as the “Gold Oban,”
-their most valuable coin, worth about seventy-five dollars.
-This coin is of perfectly smooth surface, with an elaborate
-black inscription of Japanese text, burnt in by a chemical
-process. To take the “Gold Oban” out of the kingdom is
-<i>punishable with death</i>; to remove it by mistake, subjects the
-offender to imprisonment for life. The other coins in this case
-are, in their composition and shape, as distinctive as the Japanese
-are peculiar as a people. The progressive character of the
-Japanese is exemplified by their recent acceptance of the
-United States system of coinage.</p>
-
-<p>The mind of the Japanese proletaire has been much troubled
-in recent years with regard to the coinage of his country; not
-that he ever has much of the currency in question, but the
-Japanese proletaire has no pockets, and he finds it awkward to
-carry in his hands such coins as he contrives to possess. In
-ancient times his rulers were more considerate. They punched
-square holes in the centre of the coins, through which he
-passed a string, and was thus able to carry about his available
-capital tied around his neck or to his waistband, which in those<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span>
-days was his sole garment. The coins were not large in amount;
-it took a thousand of them to make a few shillings, while a
-cart was required to convey five dollars worth. But with
-civilization came an improved coinage, larger in value, and
-with no holes, and the pocketless proletaire naturally grumbled
-that civilization treated him hardly in this respect. Paper
-currency for small amounts partially satisfied him for a time;
-but at last his cries have been heard, and the Japanese Government
-has promised to issue a new coin specially for his behoof.
-Its value is rather less than one cent, and is to possess the indispensable
-hole, by which he can string it as a child strings
-beads, and he is probably content.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Turkey.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Turkish coins often bear texts from the Koran on either
-side, so it may be said the tenets of their religion are their
-circulating medium. The piastres in this collection are generally
-those now in circulation.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Egypt.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Egypt’s antique coins were of Greek or Roman workmanship,
-of which the very finest is in the case marked “Selections,”
-and has not its superior for interest or beauty in the
-world. It was the work of some Greek artist, and presents
-the head of Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy. It was found in 1868,
-and bought by the United States Government at a high price;
-but as only three had been found, its market value may be
-named by thousands, though its metal value is not more than
-twenty dollars.</p>
-
-<p>This notice of Oriental coins may conclude with suggestive
-reference to the “Cufic coins,” of which there are some valuable
-specimens. The first is the silver dirhem of Walid, the
-eccentric caliph of Damascus, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 713. There is also in case
-XV. a coin of the reign of Haroun Alraschid.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">French Coinage.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The French have the credit of making the greatest improvements
-in modern coinage. The French coins are a history of
-that nation, from the small coin issued in the reign of Louis
-“the Meek” to the last currency of the republic of France,
-spanning a period of one thousand years.</p>
-
-<p>In design and execution the French coins bear the impress
-of the national character, and also give assurance of the art
-patronage in which her rulers, failing in much, have never
-wavered, but brought all their power and cunning to bear on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span>
-securing the best artists, as in the instance of Francis I. beguiling
-from the holy father that exquisite artist Benvenuto
-Cellini, or the later <i>enterprise</i> of Napoleon Bonaparte. No.
-83,—a medalet of the unhappy Mario Antoinette,—which is
-in itself very beautiful, and from its tragic association attracts
-general interest.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Germany.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The collection of Germany is very large and divided and
-sub-divided by its kingdoms and principalities.</p>
-
-<p>One of the most interesting coins of any age, and excelling
-in beauty as well, is the gold medallic ducat on which are the
-heads of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. This coin
-is very generally admired by visitors to the Cabinet.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Coins of Switzerland.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Switzerland is modestly represented in all her cantons, each,
-like the classic Greek town, enjoying the coining privilege.
-There are several pieces of commemorative and artistic worth,
-especially the two issues of the republic of 1796.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Russian Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The double rouble, with a magnificent draped head of Peter
-the Great, is unexcelled for strength of outline, and valuable
-as a correct portrait of one of the very greatest and most self-reliant
-of modern rulers. Turning to another rouble, the
-features of Elizabeth II. are recognized. It may be assumed,
-with all due deference to royalty, that this portrayal is the
-most laughter-provoking figure ever stamped on metal. She
-is so fat as to have the effect of “spreading herself” all over
-the coin. Another rouble presents the majestic Catherine II.</p>
-
-<p>Of the coins marked Denmark, Norway, Sweden, there
-can be only the copper half-daler of Sweden mentioned. This
-coin is four inches square, weighs about twelve ounces, and is
-equivalent to a United States silver half-dollar. The daler of
-Sweden, thaler of Germany, dollar of Spain and America, are
-all synonymous terms.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">England.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The first coins of Great Britain were of tin, according to
-Cæsar’s authority, who mentions the “tin money of Britain,”
-which has lately been sustained by the discovery, in some work
-of excavation, of coins of that metal in antique design. These
-coins are, however, of little use, by reason of the obscure inscription,
-or rather the frequent absence of all device.</p>
-
-<p>The English collection in the Cabinet begins with a coin
-made after the stater of Greece, presenting the head of Minerva,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
-with Greek helmet on obverse, while the reverse gives the
-figure of a woman most crudely drawn. It is supposed this
-rude attempt at art was coined about the time of the Roman
-invasion. Note the contrast presented in placing this relic by
-the side of the Victorian sovereign, where, on the obverse, is
-the queen’s head superbly cut; on the reverse, Wyon’s inimitable
-figure of Una and the Lion. These two coins are the
-Alpha and the Omega of British coinage, while the thousands
-issued between them are progressive links to civilization.</p>
-
-<p>Two small coins are placed here, thought to be contemporary
-with the Christian era, having no device, but an attempt
-to portray the sun on one side. No. 2 is the skeattae of
-Ethelbert I, king of Saxony, and is the first Saxon coin which
-has yet been appropriated. It bears upon the obverse the
-head of the king; on the reverse is the figure of a bird.</p>
-
-<p>Next in interest is No. 6, the penny of William the Conqueror.
-The bust of that famous monarch is attempted;
-1068 is about the year it is supposed to have been made.
-During the three centuries following, the condition of England,
-whether she was at peace or war, is plainly indicated by her coinage.
-Every added province is memorialized in coin. The
-rose, thistle, and fleur-de-lis, all tell in strange language for
-flowers of bloody battles, long sieges, perils by the sea and
-land; at last all resistance bowing before the ever-increasing
-power of Great Britain.</p>
-
-<p>The first coin of English issue was dated in 1553, being
-either the close of Edward VI.’s or the beginning of Queen
-Mary’s reign. This is claimed by many to be the first coin
-dated, though old medals of the preceding century have been
-found with date.</p>
-
-<p>In 1558, the ryal or royal of Queen Elizabeth was issued.
-On the obverse the queen is grandly enthroned, while the
-reverse is a large rose, in the centre of which are the Danish
-arms of Britain, and the arms of Anjou quartered. This
-coin and the pound sterling of Charles I. are in Case XV.,
-“Selections.”</p>
-
-<p>This pound sterling is one of the famous “siege pieces”
-of that unhappy king,—which were often made on the field
-with hammer and anvil out of the family plate brought to the
-closely-pressed Stuart by his faithful followers. It is to be
-regretted that so much valuable family plate of no mean workmanship
-was thus sacrificed. This “siege piece” is the
-largest silver coin known. The legend upon it, rudely inscribed,
-is, “Let God arise; let his enemies be scattered;”
-above are three fleurs-de-lis, with date, “1642.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p>
-
-<p>In 1684-88, during the short reign of James II., several
-varieties of new coins were introduced, notably, “Maundy
-Money,” a small coin made to be distributed by the king
-on “Maundy Thursday.” Beggars, on that day, received
-from his majesty bags containing as many maundy pieces as
-the king had lived years.</p>
-
-<p>King James II. also had issued “gun money.” This
-variety was made out of old cannon, after the suppression of
-an Irish rebellion. Though not even giving a glance towards
-the interesting series of Queen Anne, it is impossible to pass
-unnoticed the beautiful bust of George IV., by Chantrey,
-upon a pattern five-sovereign piece. This well-executed bust
-of “the handsomest man in Europe,” was said to be the
-means of Sir Francis Chantrey being knighted. That vain
-monarch was as careful about how his face would appear to
-future generations as was Alexander of Macedon; and Chantrey
-well knew if he placed upon the shoulders of sixty years
-the head of forty years, he had given the cabalistic words
-which would be the “open sesame” to royal favor.</p>
-
-<p>The gold sovereign of Victoria, Nos. 183-184, has, on the
-reverse, an evidence of coins as a deposit of law archives.
-The shield surrounded by a crown, and bearing the arms of
-Great Britain quartered; but the arms of Hanover <i>are omitted</i>.
-Although Victoria was next heir to William IV., she was prevented
-by the Salic law from assuming the sceptre of Hanover.
-On this coin, it may be remembered, are very beautifully presented
-the rose, the thistle, and the shamrock.</p>
-
-<p>A recent addition has been made to the Mint Cabinet of a
-very fine sovereign of the times of Oliver Cromwell, purchased
-at the coin sale of May 14 and 15, 1885.</p>
-
-<p>Scotch moneys of any variety, are very much prized by
-collectors (see, in Case XV., “Selections,” “Groat of Robert
-Bruce, 1602.”) A very rare coin is the penny of Robert II.
-of Scotland, said to be the only specimen in existence of that
-monarch’s reign. In the seventeenth century the coinage of
-Scotland merged into that of England.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">English Silver Tokens</span>,</h4>
-
-<p class="noindent">issued in England, Scotland, and Ireland. During the long
-suspension of specie payments, occasioned by the wars with
-Napoleon, the minor currency of England was supplied, not
-with small paper notes, but with silver tokens, issued by banks
-and traders, and made redeemable in bank notes. They
-were of reduced weight, to keep within the premium, and to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span>
-prevent hoarding. They continued to circulate until the return
-of better times and of regular silver coinage. There
-were many varieties, most of which are here.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Portugal and Spain.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The coinage of Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth century,
-held greater sway than that of other countries. Of their coins,
-there are many fine specimens in the Mint Cabinet. The “joe
-and half-joe<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>” of Portugal are known of all nations, while the
-Spanish dollar, with its pretentious two globes under a crown,
-did not claim too much, and only tells the almost limitless rule
-of the great Philip. The coins of these nations became, through
-their possessions in the New World, the circulating medium of
-that portion of the earth. Spanish and Mexican dollars were
-almost synonymous, while the real and joe of South America
-was patterned after that of Portugal, which fact can be learned
-in this Cabinet. As nations decay it will be seen their coins
-become inevitably less trustworthy; even a glance at the cases
-marked “Portugal,” “Spain,” will give this lesson. In the
-Mexican collection there are issues which seem to contradict
-this assertion, for the “Mexican dollar” has, for generations,
-had a position in the monetary world of almost unchallenged
-credit, yet not by reason of the recognition given Mexico, but
-because of the <i>United States using it so extensively</i>; for, until
-the introduction of the “trade dollar,” this country had <i>no
-currency</i> that would meet the demand of the Oriental market.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Mexico.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Mexicans use only gold and silver, and their national
-series is full of tragic interest, embracing, as it does, three and
-a half centuries of Mexican history, from Cortez to Maximilian.
-The “pillar dollar,” “windmill dollar,” “cast dollar” (the
-Mexicans are the only nation that cast money), and the “cob
-money” (a series so called by reason of its clumsiness), are all
-to be seen in this collection.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Coins of Brazil.</span></h3>
-
-<p>One coin, a gold “half-joe,” issued in 1832, with the infant
-head of Dom Pedro, is very beautiful. By the side of this, in
-every way a contrast to it, is a series of copper coins of a late
-issue with the head of the “child” now seated on the throne.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span>
-The coins of Bolivia proudly present the bust of Simon
-Bolivar. Among the West Indies are many samples of “cut
-money.” The law permitting money to be quartered had to
-be repealed, because the traders of the West Indies made the
-wonderful mathematical discovery that <i>five quarters</i> make a
-whole!</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>Leaving both the eastern and the western world and their
-coins, there is a single piece, of small commercial value, which
-is yet a light-house in mid-ocean. This is the one cent of the
-Sandwich Islands, the only venture of that kind made by the
-enterprising little kingdom. The inscription is “Kamehameha
-III., one hundredth, Hawaii.” The name of the king being
-interpreted signifies “the solitary one,” which is singularly
-well adapted to the coin.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Colonial Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>In 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company
-was revoked, and the governor recalled; one of the alleged
-grievances by the crown was a colonial law concerning the
-Mint. The currency used by the colonies was chiefly from
-England, Spain, and Portugal, but the supply was limited from
-these sources, and the mother-country was jealous of any infringement
-of her prerogative of coinage. There are various
-specimens of the “pine-tree” money of Massachusetts in the
-Cabinet. Some doubt has arisen as to the species of tree
-intended, but it is generally accepted as the emblematic pine.
-This is claimed to be about the second colonial issue, a kind of
-semi-official coin. The first was from the Bermudas.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> It is
-a shilling piece, stamped by one John Hall, silversmith, of
-the city of Boston, 1652, who made a very good speculation of
-the privilege. There has lately been added to the Cabinet a sixpence
-of this rare money. The work on this species of coins is so
-exceedingly simple as to present little save a planchet. On the
-obverse, a double ring around a pine-tree; legend, “Massachusetts
-in;” and on the reverse, a double ring also, containing
-the legend, “New England An Dom.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>”</p>
-
-<p>Charles II., it appears, was easily deceived in regard to the
-significance of the “pine-tree shilling.” Sir Thomas Temple,
-a friend of the colonies, adroitly presented one of these obnoxious
-coins to the irate monarch, explaining that the tree<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span>
-was the “royal oak” which had saved his majesty’s life.
-Whereupon the king, laughing, denominated his trans-Atlantic
-subjects “honest dogs,” and allowed the coinage to proceed.</p>
-
-<p>During the reign of George I. a new species of coin was
-issued from the English Mint, denomination half penny,
-and it is asserted upon good authority that this was the only
-issue ever authorized by the home government for general circulation
-in the colonies. It was a coin of mixed metal, resembling
-brass. The head of the king was on the obverse;
-inscription, “Georgius Rex.” The reverse, a large double
-rose under a crown; legend, “Rosa Americana.” Upon a
-scroll, “Utile Dulci.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>”</p>
-
-<p>“Peltry,” we learn, was one of the principal articles of
-currency, and was known as “pelt,” or Massachusetts currency,
-and was extensively used in trading between Indians
-and whites, sometimes called “Beaver Money,” “Corne,
-Wheate, Barley, and Rye;” and a still more quaint currency
-was established, as will be found in an old Massachusetts court
-order, as follows: “<i>It is likewise ordered that muskett balletts
-of a full boare shall passe current for a farthing a peece, provided
-that noe man be compelled to take above 12d. att a
-tyme of them.</i>”</p>
-
-<p>In Maryland, not only cattle, tobacco, and other produce
-was accepted as currency, but powder and shot were also included.
-Lord Baltimore, in 1660, sent over to Maryland the
-“Baltimore” shilling. In the colonial case there is a series
-of these exceedingly rare coins. They were a shilling, sixpence,
-groats, and are all of the same design, differing only
-in denomination. They were coined in London, and compare
-favorably with any minting of that age. The bust of Lord
-Baltimore on the obverse is very well cut; his name “Cecil,”
-is the legend. On the reverse, the coat of arms of Cecil,
-Lord Baltimore, is given; this device has been re-adopted by
-the State of Maryland. The substitution of any legal tender
-seems to be fraught with danger, and at best is jealously
-scanned by the people; and there was trouble to put this coin
-into circulation. The people, though demanding coin, did
-not yield their old currency of “<i>wheat, corn, tobacco, powder,
-and shot</i>,” without a demonstration. The Carolinas, Virginia,
-and New Hampshire all followed Maryland in the introduction
-of a colonial coinage.</p>
-
-<p>In the interval of the Revolution, known as the Confederacy,
-the growth of the spirit of independence in the people<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span>
-is plainly written on their coins, especially upon their tokens
-or individual coins. We notice one inscription attributed to
-Franklin, “<i>Mind your business</i>;” and others, such as “<i>Good
-copper</i>,” “<i>Cut your way through</i>,” and like characteristic expressions.
-The “New York Doubloon” was coined in 1787,
-value sixteen dollars. This coin is highly esteemed by reason
-of its rarity, and its market value to-day is about five hundred
-dollars, as only three or four are known to be in existence.</p>
-
-<p>The Washington cent of 1791 (so-called) was not a coin of
-the United States, but was struck at a private mint in Birmingham,
-England, (Boulton’s), partly, no doubt, to bespeak
-the “job,” and partly to <i>please Americans</i> generally.</p>
-
-<p>It has been said that Washington objected to putting his
-head on the coins, and it may be true; but it was also objected
-that no man’s head should appear on the coin of a republic,
-which, whether good doctrine or not, is still the prevailing
-idea. The “cent of 1791” is of two types, one very rare
-and costly, with a small eagle. The other, with a large eagle,
-is more common, and perhaps sells for about five dollars at
-a public coin sale.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">United States Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The first copper coins made by the United States Mint were
-one cent and one-half cent issues, of which there were four
-designs: 1st, the “chain cent;” 2d, the “wreath cent;” 3d,
-the “flowing hair;” and 4th, the “liberty cap,” which was
-used for a number of years. The “chain” device was not
-acceptable to the sensitive American mind, and of consequence
-the accidental breaking of the die was not a subject of
-regret, but “quite the contrary.” The pattern sections of
-United States coins are very beautiful and varied, especially
-those in gold.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Trade Dollar.</span></h4>
-
-<p>This coin bears on the obverse a female figure seated on
-bales of merchandise, holding in her left hand a scroll on
-which is the word “liberty.” At her back is a sheaf of
-wheat; this and the bales of goods indicate the commercial
-character of the coin. Her right hand, extended, offers the
-olive branch. On a scroll beneath the figure are the words
-“In God we trust,” and the date below, “1873.” The reverse
-has a circling inscription, “United States of America,
-Trade Dollar.” In the centre is an eagle, in his claws three
-arrows and a sprig of olive. On a label above are the words
-“E Pluribus Unum.” Below, “420 grains fine,” very beautiful
-in design.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">History of the Trade Dollar.</span></h4>
-
-<p>The coinage of the Trade Dollar was authorized by act of
-February 12, 1873, and was not intended for circulation in
-the United States, but for export to China.</p>
-
-<p>It was designed to compete with the Spanish and Mexican
-dollar. That empire, having no mint for the coinage of gold
-or silver, depended upon foreign coin for its domestic circulation,
-and until the institution of the Trade Dollar the principal
-shipments of coin to China were in the form of Mexican
-dollars.</p>
-
-<p>The Trade Dollar was made a trifle more valuable than the
-American and Mexican dollar, thus not only affording a
-market for the surplus silver of the mines of the Pacific Coast,
-but furnishing merchants and importers from China with silver
-in a convenient form for payment for commodities, instead of
-their being obliged to purchase Mexican dollars for that
-purpose.</p>
-
-<p>When its coinage was authorized it was inadvertently made
-a legal tender to amount of five dollars, but this was repealed
-by section 2, Act of July 22, 1876.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Brief History of the Standard Silver Dollar.</span></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight,
-416 grains, standard silver; fineness, 892.4; equivalent to
-371¼ grains of fine silver, with 44¾ grains alloy of pure
-copper.</p>
-
-<p>Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains,
-and fineness changed to 900, preserving the same amount of
-pure silver = 371¼ grains, with ⅒ alloy.</p>
-
-<p>Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.</p>
-
-<p>Total amount coined, from 1792 to 1873, $8,045,838.</p>
-
-<p>Coinage revived, two million dollars per month required to
-be coined, and issue made legal tender for all debts, public and
-private, Act of February 28, 1878.</p>
-
-<p>Total amount coined, February 28, 1878, to November 1,
-1884, $184,730,829.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Pacific Coast.</span></h4>
-
-<p>The semi-official coins of the Pacific coast present quite a
-glittering array of monetary enterprise, and signify the great
-wealth and daring spirit of that part of the world. The fifty-dollar
-octagon gold piece, issued in 1851, is a very beautiful
-coin. “Gold slugs” are novelties; are oblong gold pieces,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span>
-and are valued at sixteen dollars. The Utah coins also attract
-attention. They are of gold, fine. The device is an “all-seeing
-eye” and two clasped hands; reverse, “a bee-hive,”
-with inscription, “Holiness to the Lord.” Some have for
-legend, “G. S. L. C. P. G.,” which the initiated receive as
-“Great Salt Lake City, Pure Gold.”</p>
-
-<p>The series of the United States coins is complete, and can
-be readily examined. The changes have been very gradual.
-The motto, “In God we trust,” was introduced in 1866.</p>
-
-<p>There is one specimen which illustrates how a coin may become
-famous without the least premonition, and also is a witness
-of the positive law which protects and governs coinage. A law
-passed Congress in 1849 ordering twenty-dollar gold pieces to
-be issued. One piece was struck. Something intervened to
-delay the work, and the year closed; then, of course, the dies
-had to be destroyed, as no more could be lawfully issued of
-1849. The coin just beside this, marked 1850, of same value,
-is not worth the collector’s consideration, while “1849” cannot
-to be purchased. It is marked “unique,” and is really
-the only one in gold. One specimen exists in brass.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Coins of the Southern Confederacy.</span></h4>
-
-<p>It has been said and repeated as a historical fact that the
-Southern Confederacy had no metallic currency. After a
-lapse of eighteen years the following official document from
-the Confederate archives explains itself, and substantiates the
-fact that silver to a limited extent was coined at the New Orleans
-Mint by order of the Confederate Government, in the
-early days of the rebellion, and only suspended operations on
-account of the difficulty in obtaining bullion for coinage.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, Washington</span>, <i>March 27, 1879</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dr. B. F. Taylor</span>, <i>New Orleans, La.</i></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—The enclosed circular will explain to you the nature of the
-duties upon which I am now engaged; I would like to have from you,
-from file with confederate archives, a letter stating when you were appointed
-Chief Coiner of the Confederate States Mint, instructions received
-copies of the originals of any official papers, sketches, descriptions, etc.,
-of all the coins made, etc. This will make a valuable addition to Confederate
-history, and I know no one but you can give it.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Very truly yours,</p>
-
-<p class="right">MARCUS J. WRIGHT.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">New Orleans, La.</span>, <i>April 7, 1879</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To Hon. Marcus J. Wright.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—Your favor requesting a statement of the history of the
-New Orleans Mint, in reference to the coinage under the Confederate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span>
-Government, is received. That institution was turned over by the State
-of Louisiana, the last of February, 1861, to the Confederate States of
-America, the old officers being retained and confirmed by the government,
-viz.: Wm. A. Elmore, Superintendent; A. J. Guyrot, Treasurer; M. F.
-Bonzano, M. D., Melter and Refiner; and Howard Millspaugh, Assayer.
-In the month of April, orders were issued by Mr. Memminger, Secretary of
-the Treasury, to the effect that designs for half-dollars should be submitted
-to him for approval. Among several sent, the one approved bore on the
-obverse of the coin a representation of the Goddess of Liberty, surrounded
-by thirteen stars, denoting the thirteen States from whence the Confederacy
-sprung, and on the lower rim the figures, 1861. On the reverse
-there is a shield with seven stars, representing the seceding States; above
-the shield is a liberty-cap, and entwined around it stalks of sugar cane and
-cotton, “Confederate States of America.” The dies were engraved by A.
-H. M. Peterson, Engraver and Die Sinker, who is now living in Commercial
-Place. They were prepared for the coining press by Conrad Schmidt,
-foreman of the coining room (who is still living), from which <i>four pieces
-only</i> were struck. About this period an order came from the secretary
-suspending operations on account of the difficulty of obtaining bullion,
-and the Mint was closed April 30, 1861.</p>
-
-<p>Of the four pieces mentioned, one was sent to the Government, one presented
-to Prof. Biddle, of the University of Louisiana, one sent to Dr. E.
-Ames of New Orleans, the remaining one being retained by myself.
-Upon diligent inquiry I am unable to find but one piece besides my own,
-that being in the possession of a Confederate officer of this city, who transmitted
-it to his son as a souvenir of his father’s in the Confederate cause.</p>
-
-<p>So soon as copies are made I will take pleasure in sending you a specimen
-for the archives you represent.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
-
-<p class="right">B. F. TAYLOR, M. D.<br />
-<i>Formerly Chief Coiner C. S. A.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The most notable and valuable silver coin is the dollar of
-1804. It is said that the scarcity of this dollar was owing to
-the sinking of a China-bound vessel having on board almost the
-entire mintage of the 1804 dollars in lieu of the Spanish milled
-dollars. It is believed that there are not more than seven, possibly
-eight, genuine 1804 dollars extant. The rarity of the
-piece and the almost fabulous prices offered for it are patent
-facts.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Sketch of the 1804 Dollar.</span><a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></h4>
-
-<p>This coin among collectors is known as the “king of American
-rarities.” But seven or eight pieces are known to exist.
-The 1804 dollars are of two classes, to wit: first, originals,
-which are from but one obverse and one reverse die,—draped
-bust of Liberty facing right; the head bound with a fillet; hair
-flowing; 6 stars before and 7 behind the bust above LIBERTY,
-upper right hand star almost touching letter y; reverse heraldic
-eagle bearing on his breast a broad shield, in his beak a
-scroll, inscribed <span class="smcap">E Pluribus Unum</span>; 12 arrows in right talon,
-a branch of olive in left; above, an arc of clouds from wing to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span>
-wing of eagle; in field beneath 13 stars; UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA; edge lettered ONE HUNDRED CENTS,
-ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT, which are lightly struck in some
-parts. The first specimen in the Mint Cabinet weighs 415.2
-grs.; second, Mr. M. A. Stickney procured from the Mint in
-1843 in exchange for other coins; third, W. S. Appleton
-bought, at an advance of $750, in 1868, from E. Cogan, who
-purchased it from W. A. Lilliendahl, who bought it at a sale
-of collection of J. J. Mickley, 1867, for $750; fourth, L. G.
-Parmelee bought, at sale of E. H. Sandford’s collection, 1874,
-for $700, who obtained it in 1868 from an aged lady, who got
-it at the Mint many years before; fifth, W. B. Wetmore
-bought of Mr. Parmelee, 1868, for $600, from sale of H. S.
-Adams’ collection, 1876, at $500, from sale of M. J. Cohen’s
-collection, 1875, at $325 (in fair condition); sixth, present
-owner unknown to us, formerly in possession of collection of
-Mr. Robert C. Davis, of Philadelphia, and recently sold for
-$1200; seventh, S. H. and H. Chapman purchased October,
-1884, at a sale in Berlin, and resold to a Mr. Scott, a dealer in
-coins, for $1000 at their Philadelphia sale, in May, 1885.</p>
-
-<p><i>Restrikes.</i> There were struck at the Mint in 1858 restrikes
-with plain edges, of which three were recovered after diligent
-search; two of these were destroyed in the Mint, and the other
-placed in the Cabinet, where it remains. The difference between
-these and the originals are as follows: obverse, the
-original die was re-cut in the word <span class="smcap">Liberty</span>, the stars and date,
-which made them larger and deeper, especially noticeable in
-the stars, which are broadened; also in the date, it making
-the outline sharp and square, whereas in the originals they are
-somewhat rounded; reverse, not having the original die, they
-used another, which differs in many respects, most easily noticeable
-in that the A touches the eagle’s claw, the OF much
-nearer of the end of eagle’s wing than S in States (in the
-original it is equally spaced); edge, plain; weight, 381.5
-grains. One specimen is in the Mint and another in England,—struck
-between 1860 and 1869, as in the latter year all dies
-remaining were destroyed, same as the above, but endeavors
-were made to letter the edges in the absence of a complete
-collar by using pieces of collars which did not contain all the
-letters, but repeated some of them several times. There was
-one of these pieces sold in the Berg collection in 1883 for
-$740, and showed all the peculiarities mentioned, and its
-weight was said to be inaccurate. The dies were destroyed in
-the winter of 1868-69. No counterfeit dies of the 1804 dollar
-were ever made. After the close of each year all dies are
-now destroyed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">Double Eagle.</span></h4>
-
-<p>Among the rare coins in the Cabinet at the Mint is a Double
-Eagle. The dies for this piece were made in 1849, and only
-one was struck. “<span class="smcap">Unique</span>” and beyond price. There is also
-a Quarter Eagle of 1842, and the only one known extant at
-the Mint.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="SELECTIONS">SELECTIONS.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Having referred many times to this case, it may be as well
-to append the entire list of its contents, as they, almost without
-exception, are rare, spanning the world from remotest
-antiquity to the present day, beginning with the gold Daric of
-Darius, and ending with the twenty-mark piece of Kaiser
-William.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Greece.</span></h3>
-
-<p>1. Four drachma, Athens, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 500; 2. Oboloi of Athens;
-3. One-half obolos, 1⅓ of a cent; 4. Daric, Darius, of Persia,
-<span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 520, value, five dollars and fifty cents; 5. Silver Daric;
-6. Brass Ob. Berenice, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 284; 7. Ptolemy and Berenice,
-copy; 8. Maneh of Ptolemy Philadelphus, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 284, value,
-$17.70; 9. Drachma, Cyrene, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 322; 10. Coin of Syracuse,
-copy, about <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 300; 11. Silver coin, Bactria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>
-126; 12. Brass of Bactria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 180; 13. Cleopatra, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>
-30; 13<i>a</i>. Denarius of Cleopatra and Mark Antony; 14. Alexander
-the Great, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 36; 15. Philip, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 323; 16. Stater
-of Seleucus; 17. Alexander Balas, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 150; 18. Antiochus
-VI; 19. Philip, King of Syria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 93.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Rome.</span></h3>
-
-<p>20. Roman aes, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 500; 21. Denarius of Augustus, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>
-31; 22. Tiberius, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 14; 23. Simon, Bar Cochab, false
-Christ, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 133; 24. Vespasian, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 49; 25. Gold bezants,
-<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 610; 26. Justinian, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 527; 26<i>a</i>. Kingdom of Cyprus
-and Jerusalem, Peter 1, 1361 to 1372, testoon, Kingdom of
-Jerusalem; 26<i>b</i>. Amaury II., 1194 to 1205.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">English.</span></h3>
-
-<p>27. Gold of Britain; 28. Carausius, Roman Emperor of
-Britain, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 287; 29. Penny of Ethelbert, King of Kent, 858<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span>
-<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>; 30. Harold the Dane, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1036; 31. William the
-Conqueror, 1066, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>; 32. Edward the Confessor, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>
-1041; 33. Robert the Bruce, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1306; 34. Elizabeth,
-Double Ryal, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1558; 35. James I, 1603, Ryal (30 shillings)
-and sovereign; 36. Charles I, sovereign; 37. Siege
-pound of Charles I, 1642; 37<i>a</i>. Gold sovereign of Oliver
-Cromwell; 38. Crown, and half crown and shilling, Oliver
-Cromwell, 1658; 38<i>a</i>. Farthing, Queen Anne; 39. George
-IV; 40. Coins of Australia.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">France.</span></h3>
-
-<p>41. Deniers of Charlemagne, 806; 42. Medalet, Marie Antoinette;
-43. Five francs, Napoleon I; 44. Gold, Napoleon I,
-1851; 45. Five francs, Paris Commune.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Germany.</span></h3>
-
-<p>46. Bracteats; 47. German Crown, Ob. St. Stephen; 48.
-Ducat, Ob. Luther and Melanchthon, 1730; 49. Crown, Maximilian,
-<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1615; 50. Ducat, Nuremburg; 51. Ducat Hamburg;
-52. Monument, Bavaria; 53. King’s family, Bavaria;
-54. Coins of Prussia; 55. Silver piece, Frederick William
-and Augusta.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Spain.</span></h3>
-
-<p>56. Ferdinand and Isabella; 57. Charles II., Spain; 58.
-Alphonso, Spain.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Italy.</span></h3>
-
-<p>59. Silver of Venice under the Doges, twelfth century;
-60. Ducat of Venice; 61. Copper of San Marino; 62. Silver
-piece of Lombardy; 63. Gold twenty lira piece; 64. Swiss
-crown, ob. St. Vincent; 65. African shell money; 66. African
-ring money.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Oriental.</span></h3>
-
-<p>67. Siamese coins; 68. Chinese tael; 69. Widow’s mite;
-70. Jewish shekel; 70<i>a</i>. Herod the Great, 37 <span class="allsmcap">B C.</span>; 70<i>b</i>.
-Herod Archelaus, 4 <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>; 71. Glass coin, Egypt; 72. Gold
-of Alnaser, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1222; 73. Dirhem of Mahomet V., <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>
-854; 74. Dirhem of Walid, Caliph of Damascus, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 713;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span>
-75. Haroun Alraschid, Koran text, 806; 76. Fire Worshippers,
-<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 300; 77. Gold of Japan, 1634; 78. Gravel stone
-of Burmah; 79. Late coin of Turkey; 80. Mexican dollar
-used in China; 81. Coin of Cochin China.</p>
-
-<p>The most notable coin in this case, and perhaps the most
-celebrated coin in the world, is the “Widow’s Mite.” Its
-name bespeaks its commercial insignificance. Yet visitors every
-day, upon entering the Cabinet of the Mint, ask first to see the
-“Widow’s Mite.”</p>
-
-<p>The following letter from Wm. E. Du Bois, will be found of
-interest to the reader.</p>
-
-<h3>THE WIDOW’S MITE.</h3>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The curators of the mint cabinet do not consent to the intimation
-in a statement recently made that their widow’s mite is not the real coin.</p>
-
-<p>The expression of a doubt as to any received fact is thought to be a sign
-of superior insight. Hence we have so much “destructive criticism,” a
-good deal of it being fatal to the critic himself.</p>
-
-<p>The widow’s mite in our showcase of specialties, always attracting much
-attention, is precisely what the Scriptures speak of—a <i>lepton</i>, the smallest
-of Greek and Syriac coins. The name comes from <i>leptos</i>, very small. The
-word “mite” is English, and was formerly a weight representing the
-twentieth part of a grain, but has long fallen into disuse. It was employed
-in the translation of the New Testament to represent the word <i>lepton</i>, simply
-because it was so very small.</p>
-
-<p>It is pretty certain that there was no Jewish or Hebrew coin so small as
-the <i>lepton</i>; that people depended very much upon outside coins for their
-circulation. Even their money terms had changed to those of the Syrian-Greek
-Empire and of Rome, as we see from all the instances in the New
-Testament. What few copper or bronze pieces they had, struck by local
-princes for a limited time, and now very rare, were large enough to bear a
-show of devices and inscriptions, for which the <i>lepton</i> was too minute. The
-one in our cabinet has a diameter of only three-tenths of an inch, and
-weighs but ten grains. On one side nothing is discernible, on the other a
-mint monogram, such as were common in that era, occupies the space. It
-is much like the letter x, with a line crossing it near the top. Whether it
-is Samaritan, or Syriac, or Greek, we cannot be sure; nor is it of any consequence.
-It is enough to show that it is a coin, and belongs to the age
-shortly before and after the advent of Christ, and its size proves it to be a
-<i>lepton</i>.</p>
-
-<p>It is an interesting and confirmatory fact, that this piece was found
-among the rubbish of the Temple grounds, by Dr. Barclay, long resident
-in Jerusalem, and author of “The City of the Great King.” By him it was
-presented to the mint cabinet. The objector may soberly doubt whether
-this was one of the identical mites offered by the widow; for the rest of his
-doubts they are of no value.</p>
-
-<p>We are often asked how much this famous offering amounted to? There
-is some obscurity and confusion about their coin-tables, and, therefore, some
-variety in the estimation. We may say, however, that the current value
-of the <i>lepton</i>, or mite, was about one-fifth of a cent in our money; being
-eighty to the drachma or denarius, which was 16 or 15 cents.</p>
-
-<p>But as the purchasing or paying power of a drachma was probably as
-great in that day and country as a dollar is in ours, we may say that the
-value of a lepton, judged by our ideas, was about one cent. As the treasurer
-would not take a less gift than two <i>lepta</i>, it follows that the poor but very
-liberal woman contributed fully two cents, which is more than some
-persons—neither poor nor in widowhood—throw into the church basket.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p>
-
-<p>It is worth while to add that a visitor at the mint saw a similar piece in
-Jerusalem, and tried to obtain one, but on account of its rarity did not
-succeed.</p>
-
-<p class="right">W. E. D.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3>DONATIONS OF OLD COINS.</h3>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Extract from the American Journal of Numismatics, April, 1884.</i></p>
-
-<p>Under the head of donations, we have from Quartermaster General Meigs,
-a half-dollar and pistareen of Carolus and Johana of Spain. These pieces
-were presented to General Meigs at Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1870. The
-special interest attached to them, is their having been found on the beach
-of Padre Island, off the southerly coast of Texas. The supposition is that
-they were washed up from a sunken treasure ship wrecked on the coast,
-while carrying funds to the Army of Cortez, who entered the City of Mexico
-in 1519. Their good condition may warrant our accepting this briny
-romance <i>Cum grano salis</i>. Antiquarian stories must expect to stand the
-test of the chemist, as well as of the historian. This reminds me, however,
-of some specimens of the Mint Cabinet, from the wreck of the San Pedro,
-some account of which may not be uninteresting here.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> “Early in 1815, a
-naval armament was fitted out in Spain, by Ferdinand VII., for the purpose
-of reducing the Rebellious Colonies in South America. The military force
-of this expedition amounted to ten thousand men, of whom two thousand
-were on board the flag ship “San Pedro.” The vessel was also freighted to
-a large amount with gunpowder, cannon balls and specie.”</p>
-
-<p>The account then goes on to state that the fleet touched at the Island of
-Marguerita near the coast of Venezuela. After leaving the island, the vessel
-took fire, burnt four hours until the magazine caught and exploded, and
-the wreck went down with four hundred men. The right of working the
-wreck, was granted about thirty years after, to a Baltimore Company, known
-as the “San Pedro Company.” Divers were set to work, and the wreck
-found in sixty feet of water on a hard bed of coral. Over this there was a
-deposit of mud, and again over this a layer of coral, which had to be pierced
-to arrive at the treasure.</p>
-
-<p>The Spanish dollars recovered were sent to Philadelphia, and (up to
-September, 1848) about seventy-five thousand dollars had been recovered
-and re-coined. The dollars were much corroded and encrusted, the coating
-having first to be removed, to bring the pieces into fit condition for minting;
-the loss from corrosion was considerable; one dollar with the impression
-still visible, being reduced to thirty-four cents in value. In the light
-of these and other facts, it is difficult to conceive how the pieces found in
-Texas, could have come so clean from their reputed berth, of over three
-hundred years, but they are worth keeping for all that, and General Meigs
-has the thanks of the Republic for them.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLONIAL_COINAGES">COLONIAL COINAGES.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate01" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE I.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate01.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio “Quint.”</span>
-  1783. <span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio “Mark.”</span> 1783. <span
-  class="smcap">Nova Constellatio, Immune Columbia.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Sommer Island Shilling.
-  “Hoggie.”</span> <span class="smcap">New Jersey Immunis.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Confederatio Inimica, etc.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate02" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE II.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate02.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cent</span>, 1787.
-  <span class="smcap">New England Elephant Token. Very Rare.</span> 1694.
-  <span class="smcap">Good Samaritan Shilling, Mass.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent.</span>
-  1787. <span class="smcap">Massachusetts Cent.</span> <span class="smcap">New
-  York.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: An eye, the center of a glory, thirteen points
-cross, equidistant; a circle of as many stars. Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “U. S. 500” inscribed in two lines, a wreath
-surrounding. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783</span>.” Border,
-beaded; edge, leaf work. Known as the “Quint.”</p>
-
-<p>No. 2.—Obverse: An eye, around which a narrow, plain,
-circular field; outside a glory, thirteen points cross, equidistant;
-a circle of as many stars. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “U. S. 1000” inscribed in two lines, a wreath
-surrounding. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783</span>.” Border,
-a wreath of leaves; edge, leaf work; silver; size, 21; weight,
-270 grains. Known as the “Mark.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Immune Columbia.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: An eye, on a small, plain, circular field; from the
-outside of the field radiates a glory of thirteen blunt points,
-crossing, equidistant, the spaces between as many stars in a
-circular constellation. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.”
-Border, serrated.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a paneled
-cubic pedestal, facing right; her left hand is well extended and
-balances the scales of justice. A short liberty staff, crowned
-with a cap and bearing a flag, rests against her right shoulder,
-and is supported by the right hand. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNE
-COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: the date 1785. Border, serrated;
-edge, plain or milled; size, 17; weight, gold, 128.8 grains;
-silver, 92 grains; copper 148 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Bermuda Shilling—(“Hogge-Penny”).</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Device—A hog, standing, facing left, above
-which are displayed the Roman numerals “XII.,” the whole
-surrounded by a beaded circle. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">SOMMER ISLANDS</span>”
-around which is a beaded circle like that enclosing the device.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Device—A full-rigged ship under sail to the left,
-a flag flying from each of her four masts—enclosed in a beaded
-circle, the beads larger than on the obverse. Copper; size,
-19; weight, 177 grains.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New Jersey Immunis.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing
-right; in her extended left hand the scales of justice; right
-hand staff of liberty bearing a flag and crowned with a cap.
-Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNIS COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: “1786.” Border,
-serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A shield argent, six pales gules, a chief azure.
-Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Border, serrated; edge,
-plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Confederatio and Inimica Tyrannis.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A circular central field, size 6, covered with a
-cluster of thirteen small stars; around this device a glory of
-fine rays, presenting a corrugated outline of sixteen points.
-Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">CONFEDERATIO 1785</span>.” Border, serrated.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An Indian, standing beside an altar or pedestal,
-his right foot upon a crown, an arrow in his right hand, a bow
-in his left; at his back a quiver full of arrows. Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">INIMICA TYRANNIS AMERICA</span>.” Border, serrated; edge,
-plain; size, 18; weight, 112 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cent, 1788.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Identical with one of 1787.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: The same as one of the coins of Vermont. Another
-Connecticut coin of this year, has the same reverse as the
-“<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIVS III REX</span>” issue of Machin &amp; Co., from the mint
-established by them in the State of New York.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The obverse and reverse dies of the Connecticut cents are too
-numerous to mention, there being no less than one hundred and sixty-four
-of the first, and eighty-four of the latter.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New England Token.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Same as that of the common type of the Carolina
-Token of 1694, and from the same die as that and the “London
-Halfpenny.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An inscription, in five lines, occupying the whole
-field, “<span class="allsmcap">GOD PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND 1694</span>.” Borders,
-milled; edge, plain; copper; size, 18½; weight, 133 and 236
-grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Good Samaritan Shillings.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The same general type and variety as the Pine Tree Shilling,
-but bearing upon the obverse a well-executed device,
-illustrating the parable of the Good Samaritan; but two or
-three specimens of this coin have been known, two of which
-are in existence and of unique varieties; they are supposed to
-have been pattern pieces, struck at the origin of the Mint of
-Massachusetts Colony.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate03" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE III.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate03.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Large Pattern Cent. Not Issued.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Bar Cent. Very Rare.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fugio. “Mind Your Business.”
-  First.</span> <span class="smcap">Inimica Tyrannis Americana.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Fugio. “Mind Your Business.” Second.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate04" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE IV.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate04.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1836. <span
-  class="smcap">Confederate C. S. A. Half Dollar.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1840.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1845.
-  <span class="smcap">“Jefferson Head” Cent.</span> <span class="smcap">Half
-  Cent.</span> 1846.</p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent, 1787.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Same general description as the Cent of 1787.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same in general as the Cent of 1787, except that
-the shield upon some specimens, bears only “<span class="allsmcap">HALF CENT</span>.”
-Borders, milled; edge plain; size, 15 to 15½; weight, 75 to
-83 grains.</p>
-
-<p>The “Cent,” 1788. Twelve Types. Thirteen Varieties.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Cent, 1788.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A clothed Indian, standing, facing left, in his
-right hand a bow, in his left an arrow. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">COMMONWEALTH</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A spread eagle, a broad shield upon his breast, six
-pales gules (upright), a chief azure (open or plain). Upon the
-chief, or upper part of the shield, the word “<span class="allsmcap">CENT</span>,” in bold
-Roman lettering. In exergue, beneath a heavy horizontal bar,
-the date 1787. Borders, milled; edge, plain; size, 16½ to
-19; weight, 146 to 165 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Fugios or Franklin Cents.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Fugios or Franklin Cents are the earliest coins issued
-by authority of the United States. They being all dated 1787,
-and made in conformity with resolution of Congress, dated
-July 6, 1787:</p>
-
-<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the Board of Treasury direct the contractor
-for the copper coinage to stamp on one side of each
-piece the following devices, viz.: Thirteen circles linked together,
-a small circle in the middle, with the words ‘<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES</span>’ round it, and in the centre the words, ‘<span class="allsmcap">WE ARE ONE</span>’;
-on the other side of the same piece the following device, viz.:
-a dial with the hours expressed on the face of it; a meridian
-sun above, on one side of which is to be the word ‘<span class="allsmcap">FUGIO</span>,’ and
-on the other the year in figures ‘1787’; below the dial the
-words ‘<span class="allsmcap">MIND YOUR BUSINESS</span>.’”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Bar Cent, or U S A Copper.</span></h3>
-
-<p>This coin, presumed to have belonged to the same issue as
-the Nova Constellatio Coppers, was probably made in Birmingham,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span>
-England, by Thomas Wyon, for circulation in
-America. The “U S A” Copper was first passed as money
-in the City of New York, in November, 1785. The device
-was taken from an old Continental button, to which fact and
-the light weight of the piece, has been attributed the disfavor
-shown the coinage and the limited circulation given the same.</p>
-
-<p>Obverse: Large Roman “U S A” in a monogram, on a
-plain field.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Thirteen horizontal bars. Border, serrated; Edge,
-plain; size, 15½; weight, 85 grains. Two pairs of dies.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Maryland Penny.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Maryland Penny. One Type. One Variety. Unique.</p>
-
-<p>Obverse: Similar to that of the sixpence.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A Ducal Coronet, upon which are erected two
-masts, each bearing a flying pennant. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">DENARIVM
-TERRE-MARIÆ</span>.” Copper; size, 13.</p>
-
-<p>The only specimen of this piece extant was imported into
-America from England, at a cost of £75, and was sold for
-$370 with the collection of J. J. Mickley, Esq., of Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Rosa Americana Half-Penny, 1722.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Laureated head of King George I, facing right.
-Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A full double rose; from this project five barbed
-points. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">ROSA AMERICANA UTILE DULCI 1722</span>”
-which encircles the piece. Border, beaded; edge, plain;
-“Bath Metal;” size, 16 to 18; weight, 139 grains.</p>
-
-<p>Devices: Same as those of the Penny of this coinage. Legends:
-Same import as those upon the Penny, but varied by
-abbreviations and in punctuation. Border, beaded; edge,
-plain; “Bath Metal;” size, 13 to 14; weight, 75 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libertatem Defendo</span>—<i>First</i>.</h3>
-
-<p>Reverse: Arms of the State of New York. Upon an oval
-shield at the center is shown the sun rising from behind a
-range of hills, the sea in the foreground; left of the shield,
-Justice, with sword and scales; right, Liberty, with staff and
-cap. Upon a hemisphere, above the shield, stands an eagle,
-wings outspread, facing right. Exergue: 1787; beneath this,
-next the border, “<span class="allsmcap">EXCELSIOR</span>.” Border, serrated; edge,
-plain; size, 17; weight, 157 grains.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate05" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE V.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate05.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Maryland Penny.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1847. <span class="smcap">Rosa
-  Americana Half Penny.</span> 1722.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libernatum Defendo.
-  First.</span> <span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Token.</span> 1737.
-  <span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libernatum Defendo. Second.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate06" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE VI.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate06.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783.
-  <span class="smcap">Washington Liverpool Half Penny.</span> 1793.
-  <span class="smcap">“Naked Bust.” Washington Cent.</span> 1792.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Non Dependens Status.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1842. <span class="smcap">Pattern
-  Cent.</span> 1792.</p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libertatem Defendo.</span>—<i>Second.</i></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: An Indian, standing, crowned with feathers, and
-facing left; in his right hand he wields a tomahawk, his left
-supports a bow, the end of which rests on the ground near
-his feet; over his right shoulder appears the top of a quiver
-of arrows, which is borne upon his back. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBER
-NATUS LIBERATEM DEFENDO</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A hemisphere of the globe, marked by longitudinal
-and meridianal lines; upon this stands a large heavy-bodied
-eagle, wings spread, somewhat drooping, beak toward
-the right. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO-EBORACUS 1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.”
-Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 17; weight, 153 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Token, 1737.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A deer, standing, facing left, occupying the whole
-field. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">VALVE ME AS YOU PLEASE</span>.” Exergue: The
-Roman numerals III upon a small scroll; a little crescent is
-shown below.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Three hammers, each bearing a crown upon the
-head. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">I AM GOOD COPPER 1737</span>.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Cent, 1783.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Large laureated bust of Washington, draped,
-facing left. Legend: “<span class="smcap">WASHINGTON &amp; INDEPENDENCE 1783</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A figure of a female, facing left, seated upon a
-rock; right hand holds an olive branch; left, staff of liberty,
-with cap. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES</span>.” Exergue: <span class="allsmcap">T. W. I.
-E. S.</span> Border, beaded; edge, plain; size, 17½; weight, 120
-grains. Two obverse and three reverse dies.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Liverpool Half-Penny.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Bust of Washington, in uniform, facing left, hair
-in a queue. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON PRESIDENT</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A ship, under sail, to the right: Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">HALFPENNY</span>” under the ship, waves, and in the foreground,
-on a panel, the date 1793. Border, milled; edge, lettered:
-“<span class="allsmcap">PAYABLE IN ANGLESEY LONDON OR LIVERPOOL</span>.” Size, 19;
-weight, 163 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Naked Bust Cent, 1792.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A classical bust of Washington, undraped, facing
-right; the head is encircled by a fillet, confining the hair,
-which is cut short and is curly; the fillet is tied at the back
-of the head by a bow knot with long pendent ends. Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON PRESIDENT 1792</span>.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A small eagle, displayed, wings upraised; on his
-breast a shield argent, six pales gules; right talon, an olive
-branch, fourteen leaves, six berries; left talon, thirteen arrows;
-about the head of the eagle are six mullets, and above is the
-word “<span class="allsmcap">CENT</span>.” Border, milled; edge, plain, or inscribed:
-“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 19; weight, 198
-grains. Some six or eight specimens only are known.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Non Dependens Status.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A full bust, facing right; flowing hair to the
-shoulders. Upon the drapery of the bust a small oval shield
-as an epaulet, emblazoned with a staff bearing a flag; across
-the staff, saltierwise, rests a naked sword. In each angle of
-this device is displayed a fleur de lis. Upon the breast of the
-bust is a head with spreading wings. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NON-DEPENDENS
-STATUS</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An Indian, seated upon a globe, facing left; nude,
-except a cap or bandeau upon his head, and a feather tunic
-around the lower part of the body. In his extended right
-hand he holds a bunch of tobacco; the left reaches behind
-him and rests upon a shield, bearing the same emblems displayed
-upon the epaulets upon the bust on the obverse. Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">AMER ICA</span>,” divided by the figure of the Indian.
-Exergue: 1778. Border, plain; edge plain; size, 19.</p>
-
-<p>Some coin dealers advertise the Non Dependens Status as
-“a rare copper, worth $100.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Pattern Cent, 1792.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing to right, the hair confined
-by a fillet. Above is inscribed the word “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,”
-and beneath the date “1792.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A portion of a globe, on which stands an eagle,
-with raised wings. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”
-This cent has a grained edge, like the cents of 1793. Some
-numismatists give it the preference as the first cent.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">George Clinton Copper, 1787.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The George Clinton Copper has the bust of Governor Clinton
-facing right, with legend “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGE CLINTON</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: The State arms of New York, and in the exergue,
-“<span class="allsmcap">1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.” This last reverse is found also combined
-with the Liber Natus, which has an Indian standing, facing
-left, with tomahawk in the right hand and bow in the left, a
-bundle of arrows also at his back. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBER NATUS
-LIBERTATEM DEFENDO</span>.” This latter obverse is also found
-combined with another reverse, as follows: An eagle stands
-upon a section of the globe. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO EBORACUS
-1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate07" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE VII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate07.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George Clinton Copper.</span> 1787.
-  <span class="smcap">Kentucky Token.</span> <span class="smcap">Immunis
-  Columbia.</span> 1787.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Pine Tree
-  Shilling.</span> 1652. <span class="smcap">Chain Cent.</span> 1793.
-  <span class="smcap">Myddelton Token.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate08" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE VIII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate08.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Egyptian Coin. Ptolemæus
-  Soter. 285-300 B. C.</span> <span class="smcap">Roman Coin. Faustina,
-  Daughter of Antoninus Pius, Wife of Marcus Aurelius. Died, 175 A. D.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Macedonian Silver Coin. Alexander the Great. 300 Years
-  B. C.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Silver Shekel of Judea. Simon Maccabees.
-  145 B. C.</span> <span class="smcap">Persian Silver Coin. Vologeses III.
-  148-190 A. D.</span> <span class="smcap">Judean Copper Coin. Simon Maccabees.
-  145 B. C.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Kentucky Token or Cent</span></h3>
-
-<p>Has a hand holding a scroll inscribed “Our Cause is Just.”
-Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNANIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY</span>.” Reverse:
-A radiant pyramid, triangular in shape, of fifteen stars
-united by rings, each star having placed in it the initial of a
-State, Kentucky being at the top. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS
-UNUM</span>.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Shekel (Simon Maccabees).</span></h3>
-
-<p>The Shekel was originally a weight. The first form in
-which money was used by the Jews, and by all other nations
-of which we have any knowledge, was the pieces without any
-regular shape or any marks or devices upon them. Precious
-metals passed by weight. Thus it is said of the purchase
-made by Abraham of the cave and field of Machpelah, “And
-Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to
-Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the
-sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current with the
-merchant.” Gen. xxiii. 16.</p>
-
-<p>The weight of a shekel was a little less than one-half an
-ounce troy. The term “current with the merchant,” probably
-refers to the purity of the silver, which was about ninety-five
-per cent. fine, and the value in our money was fifty-eight
-cents. It first appeared as a coin in the time of the Maccabees,
-who lived about 140 B. C. The amount of silver in the coin
-is the same as was contained in the piece of silver denominated
-a shekel. It will be seen that on one side is the golden
-cup that had manna (see Exod. xvi. 33, and Heb. ix. 4), with
-the inscription in old Hebrew character, “<span class="allsmcap">SHEKEL OF ISRAEL</span>;”
-on the other side appears Aaron’s rod that budded with the
-legend in the same character, “<span class="allsmcap">JERUSALEM THE HOLY</span>.” This
-specimen is in the Mint cabinet; one of the most rare and
-interesting coins in the collection.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Immunis Columbia, 1787.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe,
-facing right; in her fully extended left hand she balances the
-scales of justice; the right hand supports a liberty staff,
-bearing a flag and crowned with a cap. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNIS
-COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: 1787.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle, displayed; right talon, an olive branch,
-thirteen leaves; left talon, thirteen arrows. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E
-PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Borders, serrated; edge, plain; size, 16½;
-weight, 135 grains.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Pine Tree Shilling.</span></h3>
-
-<p>“John Hull and Robert Saunderson were equal officers in
-the ‘gainful business’ of the Mint. How much they coined in
-all for the colony, or the exact amount of their profits under
-the contract they carried out, cannot be determined.” The
-coinage was certainly large in amount, and they, as was well
-understood, became men of wealth and substance. When the
-daughter of John Hull was married to Judge Samuel Sewall,
-the founder of the town of Newbury, Mass., the prosperous
-mint-master gave the bride a dowery of her weight in silver.
-At the conclusion of the wedding ceremony, a large steel-yard
-was brought into the room, and the blushing bride placed upon
-one of the platforms of the same, while into a tub upon the
-other side were poured the Pine Tree Shillings, until the
-steel-yard balanced.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Chain Cents.</span></h3>
-
-<p>These have a bust with flowing hair, looking right, with the
-date below and word “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” above it; on the reverse side,
-in the centre, is “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” with “⅟₁₀₀” below it, enclosed in
-an endless chain of fifteen links, typifying the number of
-States then in the Union. The legend is “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA</span>” in all excepting one die, which reads “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERI</span>,” the engraver evidently not having room
-to complete the word.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Myddelton Tokens.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A figure, representing Hope, beside an anchor;
-she presents two children to a female, the last extending her
-right hand in reception of the charge; the left hand supports
-a liberty staff, which is crowned with a cap; in front of the
-figure with the staff is an olive branch and a wreath, to the
-rear a cornucopia. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">BRITISH SETTLEMENT KENTUCKY</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Britannia, seated disconsolate amid the down-cast
-emblems of her power, and facing left; her head is bowed; she
-holds in her right hand an inverted spear, the head of which
-penetrates the ground; at her right side a bundle of fasces or
-lictors’ rods have fallen near the cap of Liberty; upon the
-ground, before the figure, are the scales of justice, upon which
-Britannia has set her left foot and the sword of justice, with
-broken blade; the left arm of the figure rests upon a large
-shield, bearing the cross of the British ensigns. Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">PAYABLE BY P. P. P. MYDDELTON</span>.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate09" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE IX.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate09.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1802.
-  <span class="smcap">Wreath Cent.</span> 1793. <span class="smcap">Half
-  Cent.</span> 1794.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Medal.</span> 1789.
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1847. <span class="smcap">New
-  York Cent.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate10" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE X.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate10.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Egyptian Coin. Ptolemy.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Widow’s Mite. Copper Coin.</span> <span class="smcap">Roman
-  Bronze Coin. Trajan Augustus. 98-117 A. D.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus Epiphanes.</span> <span
-  class="smcap">Counterfeit Judean Shekel. Dating about the Time of
-  Christ.</span> <span class="smcap">Macedonian Coin. Philip III.
-  317-324 B. C.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Small Pattern Cent.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A head, facing right, hair unconfined, floating
-backward in flowing locks. Legend: “<span class="smcap">LIBERTY PARENT OF
-SCIENCE &amp; INDUST.</span>” Exergue: Beneath the head the date
-1792.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A wreath, two olive branches crossed at the lower
-ends and tied with a ribbon; within the wreath a field bearing
-an inscription “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>” in two lines. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.” Border, milled; edge,
-reeded; size, 14; weight, 65 grains. Extremely rare.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Double Head Washington.</span></h3>
-
-<p>A small head on both obverse and reverse. The former
-has the legend, “<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON</span>;” the latter the legend “<span class="allsmcap">ONE
-CENT</span>.” No date.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New York Washington Cent.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Bust of Washington with a wig, and with military draping,
-face right. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NON VI VIRTUTE VICI</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated, with liberty pole
-and scales of justice. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO EBORACENSIS</span>.” Date,
-1786.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Carolina Elephant (Token.)</span></h3>
-
-<p>A token much prized by collectors is known as the Carolina
-Elephant. The obverse is from a rather common English
-token known now as the London Elephant. The animal is
-standing with his head down. There is no legend.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PROPRIETERS</span>
-1694.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Copper Half-Cent of 1794.</span></h3>
-
-<p>In 1794 and 1795 similar device to that of 1793; but face
-Liberty facing to the right. Weight, 104 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Cent, 1799.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The liberty cap is omitted, as is the lettering on the edge,
-not to reappear on the American cent. Liberty Cap Cents
-are very rare.</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1798 a slight change was made in the obverse
-of the cent, giving some of the curls a different termination
-from those of 1796, 1797, and the early part of 1798. The
-latter device was continued each year, until and including
-1807. The reverse remained unchanged during the same time,
-excepting some slight variations, probably unintentional, if
-not positive mistakes. For instance, in 1797 and 1802 we
-find some without stems to the wreaths, and in one case only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span>
-one stem. In 1801 and 1802 some have ⅟₀₀₀ instead of the
-fraction ⅟₁₀₀. In addition to this error, a variety of the cent of
-1802 has “Iinited,” instead of “United.” In 1796 we have
-in one instance “Liherty,” instead of “Liberty.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Liberty Cent, 1809.</span></h3>
-
-<p>In 1809 an obverse head of Liberty; forehead encircled by
-a band, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” inscribed upon it, surrounded by thirteen
-stars. Exergue: “1809.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Wreath in a circular garland inclosing the words
-“<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>.” No change took place during the issues of 1808
-to 1814, inclusive.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Half-Cent of 1793.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The first half-cent was issued in 1793, having on obverse:
-Bust of Liberty, facing to the left; staff surmounted by
-liberty-cap over right shoulder. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Exergue:
-“1793.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse; Inscription, “<span class="allsmcap">HALF CENT</span>,” surrounded by a
-wreath, tied with a ribbon. Weight, 132 grains.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Wreath Cent.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: Bust of Liberty, hair flowing. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.”
-Exergue: “1793.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A wreath with berries, the stems of wreath tied in
-a bow with a ribbon. Inscription: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>.” Legend:
-“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.”</p>
-
-<p>Third. Known as the “Liberty Cap Cent.”</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Liberty and Security Washington Coin.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Obverse: A bust of Washington, in uniform, facing right,
-hair in a queue. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGE WASHINGTON</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A shield with sixteen argent and gules impaling
-argent, fifteen mullets; above the shield an eagle, left talon,
-an olive branch, right talon, six arrows. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY
-AND SECURITY</span>.” Exergue: “17 95,” divided by the point
-of the shield. Border: A plain circle, and outside of the
-same, milled edge, lettered “<span class="allsmcap">AN ASYLUM FOR ALL NATIONS</span>.”
-Size, 20½; weight, 310 grains. This piece is extremely rare.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Virginia Half-Penny.</span></h3>
-
-<p>The well-known Virginia half-pennies seem to have been
-very plentiful. A number of different dies were used. A laureated
-bust of George the Third is surrounded, as on the English
-half-penny, with his title, “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIVS</span> III. <span class="allsmcap">REX</span>.” The
-reverse has an ornamental and crowned shield, emblazoned
-quarterly: 1, England empaling Scotland; 2, France; 3, Ireland;
-4, the electoral dominions. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">VIRGINIA</span>.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate11" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XI.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate11.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Cent.</span> 1809.
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1793. <span class="smcap">Chain
-  Cent.</span> 1793.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern “Two Cent” Piece.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Cent.</span> 1799. <span class="smcap">Small
-  Pattern Cent.</span> 1792.</p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate12" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate12.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Double Head Washington.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Liberty and Security Washington Medal.</span> 1795.
-  <span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Copper Token.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">N. Y. Colonial Cent.</span> 1787.
-  <span class="smcap">Carolina Elephant Token.</span> 1694.
-  <span class="smcap">Virginia Half Cent.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate13" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XIII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate13.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Medal of 1776, Commemorative of the
-  Nation’s Independence.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">“Kittanning Medal,” one of the
-  earliest Medals executed in America.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate14" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XIV.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate14.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1795 Silver Dollar. Obverse
-  and Reverse.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1798 Silver Dollar. Obverse
-  and Reverse.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate15" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XV.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate15.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rosa Americana.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Rhode Island Medal.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pitt Medal.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Immunis Columbia.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">New York Token.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">See description.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate16" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XVI.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate16.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Half Dollar.</span> 1859.
-  <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent.</span> 1854. <span class="smcap">Liberty
-  Cent.</span> 1793.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liberty Half Cent.</span> 1795.
-  <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent, Copper and Silver.</span> 1850.
-  <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent.</span> 1855.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate17" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XVII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate17.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rare Colonial Cent, of New
-  Jersey.</span><a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
-  <span class="smcap">Washington Half Dollar.</span> 1792.
-  <span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783.
-  <span class="smcap">Washington Cent. Very Rare.</span> 1792.
-  <span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1791.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate18" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XVIII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate18.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Tribute Money.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Constantine the Great.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Counterfeit Shekel, of European
-  Manufacture.</span> <span class="smcap">Jewish. Lepton, B. C.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Jewish. Lepton, A. D.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Syrian.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Grecian.</span> <span class="smcap">Maximus
-  Phillipus.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate19" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XIX.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate19.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Double Eagle, 1849.</span>
-  “Unique,” beyond price. <span class="smcap">Gold Dollar, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Double Eagle.</span> 1885.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Ten Dollar Eagle, 1795.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1885.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Eagle, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1795.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Eagle, 1885.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Three Dollars.</span>
-  Gold Piece, 1885. <span class="smcap">Quarter Eagle, 1847.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Quarter Eagle, 1885.</span> <span class="smcap">Gold
-  Dollar, 1885.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate20" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XX.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate20.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rhodes.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Antiochus VII.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Sybaris.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Coin. Alexander the
-  Great.</span> 300 B.C. <span class="smcap">Athens.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Heroclea.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate21" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XXI.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate21.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1804 Dollar</span>, “The King
-  among Rarities.” <span class="smcap">Pattern Dollar</span>, None issued.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Dollar of 1871</span>,
-  Rejected. <span class="smcap">Pattern Piece known as the Barber
-  Dollar</span>, Rejected.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate22" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XXII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate22.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Silver Dollar, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Standard Dollar, 1885.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dollar, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Dime, 1849.</span> <span class="smcap">Half
-  Dollar, 1885.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dollar, 1794.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Quarter Dollar, 1885.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Quarter Dollar, 1849.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dime, 1849.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Dime, 1885.</span> <span class="smcap">Half
-  Dime, 1794.</span> <span class="smcap">Dime, 1796.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate23" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XXIII.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate23.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liberty Cap Cent, 1793.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Chain Cent, 1793.</span> First issue.
-  <span class="smcap">Chain Cent, 1793.</span> Second issue.</p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Twenty Cent Piece</span>,
-  Rejected. <span class="smcap">Half Cent, 1793.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Cent, 1849.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Cent, 1885.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Three Cent Nickel, 1885.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Half Cent, 1849.</span> <span class="smcap">Three
-  Cent Piece, 1885.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate24" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <p class="caption">PLATE XXIV.</p>
-  <img class="w100" src="images/plate24.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus VII.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Addera.</span> <span class="smcap">Prusias.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus VIII. Epiphanes.</span>
-  <span class="smcap">Panormus.</span> <span class="smcap">Alexander
-  the Great.</span></p>
-  <p class="caption">Grecian Coins about 300 years <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Coins_issued_at_the_United_States_Mint_at_Philadelphia"><span class="smcap">Coins issued at the United States Mint at Philadelphia,
-from its establishment in 1792 to 1888.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Gold.</span></h3>
-
-<h4><i>Double Eagle.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 516 grains;
-fineness, 900; size, 21.</p>
-
-<p>1850 to 1865, inclusive. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair
-tied behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars
-and date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with shield upon its breast, and an olive branch and
-three arrows in its talons; in its beak, an elaborate scroll, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E
-PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Above, a circle of thirteen stars and a curved line of
-rays extending from wing to wing. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>”
-“<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY D.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1866 to 1876, inclusive. No. 2, same, with the motto “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>”
-inscribed within the circle of stars on the reverse.</p>
-
-<p>1877. No. 3. Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY DOLLARS</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY D</span>.”</p>
-
-<h4><i>Eagle.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 270 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 258 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed,
-Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p>
-
-<p>1795. Obverse: Liberty head, wearing a cap, facing right. Fifteen
-stars. Above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, “1795;” size, 21.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, standing on a palm branch;
-in beak, a laurel wreath. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same, with sixteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 2. Obverse: Same, with sixteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, a
-bundle of arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left; in its
-beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Around the head are sixteen
-stars; above, is a curved line of clouds extending from wing to wing.
-“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1798 to 1801, inclusive. Same, with thirteen stars on the obverse. Of
-1798, two varieties with four stars facing.</p>
-
-<p>1802. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1803 and 1804. Same as No. 2 of 1797. Thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1805 to 1837, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1838 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, hair tied
-behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars, and
-date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, and
-an olive branch and three arrows in the talons. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.</span>” Size, 17.</p>
-
-<p>1866. Same, with a scroll above the eagle inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE
-TRUST</span>.”</p>
-
-<h4><i>Half Eagle.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 135 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 129 grains.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span>
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed,
-Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p>
-
-<p>1795. No. 1. Same type as the Eagle; size, 16.</p>
-
-<p>1795. No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle, wings extended upwards, with the United States shield
-upon its breast, a bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive
-branch in the left. In its beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.”
-Around the head are sixteen stars, and above is a curved line of clouds
-extending from wing to wing. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same as No. 1 of 1795; fifteen stars on obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars on obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, sixteen stars around the eagle.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1799 and 1800. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on the obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1801. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1802 to 1806, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on
-the obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1807. No. 1. Obverse: Same as No. 1, 1795, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2, 1795.</p>
-
-<p>1807. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left; bust, draped, wearing
-a kind of turban with a band in front inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars,
-and date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle, with the United States shield upon its breast, an
-olive branch and three arrows in the talons. Above, a scroll, inscribed
-“<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” United States of America “5. D.”</p>
-
-<p>1808 to 1812 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1813 to 1815, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, wearing a
-kind of turban, a band in front inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Thirteen stars and
-date. No shoulders.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1816 and 1817, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1818 to 1828, inclusive. Same as 1813.</p>
-
-<p>1829. No. 1. Same as 1813; size, 16.</p>
-
-<p>1829. No. 2. Same, but smaller; size, 15.</p>
-
-<p>1830 to 1833, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1829.</p>
-
-<p>1834. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1829.</p>
-
-<p>1834. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined by a band
-inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807, without the motto “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>”
-omitted; size, 14.</p>
-
-<p>1835 to 1838, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.</p>
-
-<p>1839 to 1865, inclusive. Same type as the Eagle of 1838.</p>
-
-<p>1866. Same type as Eagle of same date.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Three-Dollar Piece.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1853. Weight, 77.4
-grains; fineness, 900.</p>
-
-<p>1854. Obverse: An Indian head, wearing a crown of eagle feathers, on
-band of which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”—“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “3 dollars 1854” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and
-tobacco. Size, 13.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p>
-
-<h4><i>Quarter-Eagle.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 67.5 grains;
-fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 64.5 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed,
-Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p>
-
-<p>1796. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, above “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”—sixteen
-stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1795, size 13.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Same, with no stars on obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1797-1798. Same as No. 1 of 1796, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1799-1801, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1802. Same as 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1803. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same as 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1808. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807, with “2½ D.”</p>
-
-<p>1809 to 1820, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1821. Obverse: Same type as the half-eagle of 1813, size 12.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1822 and 1823. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1824-1827, inclusive. Same as 1821.</p>
-
-<p>1828. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1829 to 1833, inclusive. Same as 1821.</p>
-
-<p>1834. No. 1. Same as 1821. No. 2. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of
-1834, size 11.</p>
-
-<p>1835 to 1839, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.</p>
-
-<p>1840 to 1865. Same type as the eagle of 1834.</p>
-
-<p>1866. Same type as eagle of 1866.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Dollar.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 25.8 grains;
-fineness, 900.</p>
-
-<p>1849 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the eagle, without date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">1 DOLLAR 1849</span>” within a laurel wreath, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA</span>.” Size 8.</p>
-
-<p>1854. No. 1, Same. No. 2. Same type as the three-dollar piece,
-size 9.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Silver.</span></h3>
-
-<h4><i>Dollar.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Coinage discontinued,
-Act of February 12, 1873. Coinage reauthorized, Act of February 28, 1878.</p>
-
-<p>1794. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair, fifteen stars;
-above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, “1794.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, encircled by branches of laurel
-crossed; “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” On the edge, “<span class="allsmcap">HUNDRED CENTS,
-ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT</span>.” Size, 24.</p>
-
-<p>1795. No. 1. Same.</p>
-
-<p>1795. No. 2. Bust of Liberty, facing right, hair bound by a ribbon,
-shoulders draped, fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds, within a
-wreath of palm and laurel, which is crossed and tied. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same as No. 2, of 1795.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with sixteen stars, six of which
-are facing.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 2. Same, with seven stars facing.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, bearing the United States shield
-upon its breast, in beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” A
-bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the
-left. Above, are clouds, and thirteen stars. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”
-Size, 25.</p>
-
-<p>1799 to 1804, inclusive. Same as No. 3, of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1805 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1840 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a rock, supporting
-with her right hand the United States shield, across which floats a scroll
-inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” and with her left the staff and liberty cap; beneath,
-the date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, bearing the United States shield
-upon its breast, and an olive branch and three arrows in its talons. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DOLL.</span>” Reeded edge; size, 24.</p>
-
-<p>1866 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with a scroll above the eagle, inscribed,
-“<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1874 to 1877, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1878. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, upon which is a cap, a wheat
-and cotton wreath, and a band inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” above, “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS
-UNUM</span>;” beneath, the date. Thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing upwards; in right talon
-an olive branch with nine leaves; in the left, three arrows. In the field
-above, “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>;” beneath, a semi-wreath, tied and crossed,
-reaching upwards to the wings; “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Some
-pieces of the above date (1878) were coined with eight feathers in the tail
-during the year, but seven have been adopted.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Trade Dollar.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 12, 1873. Weight, 420 grains;
-fineness, 900.</p>
-
-<p>1873. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a cotton bale, facing left; in her extended
-right hand an olive branch; in her left a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;”
-behind her a sheaf of wheat; beneath, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE
-TRUST</span>;” thirteen stars; “1873.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings; in talons three arrows and an
-olive branch; above, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>;” beneath, on
-field, “420 grains;” “900 fine.” “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 24.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Half Dollar.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 208 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 206¼ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act
-of February 21, 1853, to 192 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12,
-1873, to 12½ grammes, or 192.9 grains.</p>
-
-<p>1794 and 1795. Same type as the dollar of 1794. On the edge, “<span class="smcap">Fifty
-cents or half a dollar</span>.” Size, 21.</p>
-
-<p>1796. No. 1. Same type as No. 2, dollar of 1795, with the denomination,
-“½,” inscribed on the base of the reverse. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars
-on the obverse.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p>
-
-<p>1797. Same as No. 2, of 1796.</p>
-
-<p>1798 to 1800, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1801 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3, dollar of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1804. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1805 and 1806. Same as No. 3, dollar of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1807. No. 1. Same.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, wearing a kind of turban, with
-“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” inscribed upon the band. Thirteen stars and date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, bearing
-upon its breast, the U. S. Shield, an olive branch and three arrows in its
-talons; above, in the field, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>;” beneath
-<span class="allsmcap">50 C.</span> “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1808 to 1835 inclusive, same as No. 2 of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1836. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, the U. S.
-shield upon its breast, an olive branch and three arrows in its talons,
-“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>,” reeded edge.</p>
-
-<p>1837. Same as No. 2 of 1836.</p>
-
-<p>1838. Obverse: Same as No. 2 of 1836.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same; “<span class="allsmcap">HALF DOL.</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">50 C.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1839. No. 1. Same as 1838.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Same type as dollar of 1840.</p>
-
-<p>1840 to 1852 inclusive, same.</p>
-
-<p>1853. Obverse: Same with an arrow head on each side of the date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same, with a halo of rays around the edge.</p>
-
-<p>1854. Same, without the rays.</p>
-
-<p>1855. Same.</p>
-
-<p>1856 to 1865 inclusive, same, without the arrow heads.</p>
-
-<p>1866 to 1872 inclusive, same, with scroll above the eagle inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN
-GOD WE TRUST</span>.” (Some have been occasionally met with, which have been
-issued by the San Francisco Mint, <i>without</i> this legend in 1866.)</p>
-
-<p>1873. No. 1. Same.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of the date.</p>
-
-<p>1874. Same.</p>
-
-<p>1875. Same, without the arrow heads.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Quarter Dollar.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 104 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 103½ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed,
-Act of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. Weight changed, Act of February
-12, 1873, to 6¼ grammes, or 96.45 grains.</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795, with reeded edge; size, 18;
-fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1797 to 1803. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, beneath,
-“25c.”</p>
-
-<p>1808 to 1814, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1815. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1816 and 1817. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1818 to 1825, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807, size 17.</p>
-
-<p>1826. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1827 and 1828. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.</p>
-
-<p>1829 and 1830. None issued.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p>
-
-<p>1831 to 1837, inclusive. Same type as half dollar of 1807, with the
-diameter reduced from size 17 to size 15, and a corresponding increase in
-thickness and decrease of the size of devices, and the omission of the
-scroll, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1838. No. 1. Same as 1837. No. 2. Same type as the dollar of 1840,
-with “<span class="allsmcap">QUAR. DOL.</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DOLL.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.</p>
-
-<p>1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of
-date, and a halo of rays around the edge.</p>
-
-<p>1854 and 1855. Same, without the rays.</p>
-
-<p>1856 to 1865. Same, without the arrow heads.</p>
-
-<p>1866 to 1872, inclusive. Same, with the scroll above the eagle, inscribed
-“<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side
-of the date.</p>
-
-<p>1874. Same.</p>
-
-<p>1875. Same, without the arrow head.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Twenty-Cent Piece.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1875. Weight, 5 grammes,
-or 77.16 grains; fineness, 900. Coinage discontinued, Act of May 2, 1878.</p>
-
-<p>1875 to 1878, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the dollar of 1840.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, three arrows, and an olive
-branch, two of the leaves of which nearest the stem, together with those
-drooping from the centre, overlap; the terminating leaves on the end of
-the branch, however, do not. On each side a star. Plain edge. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA.</span>” “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY CENTS.</span>” Size, 14.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Dime.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 41.6 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 41¼ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed,
-Act of February 21, 1853, to 38.4 grains. Weight changed, Act of February
-12, 1873, to 2½ grammes, or 38.58 grains.</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same type as the No. 2 dollar of 1795; size 13; fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars on the obverse. No. 2. Same,
-with thirteen stars on the obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1798. No. 1. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, with sixteen stars. No.
-2. With thirteen stars on the obverse.</p>
-
-<p>1799. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1800 to 1805, inclusive. Same as No. 3 of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1806. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1807. Same as No. 2 of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1808. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1809. Same type as No. 2 half-dollar of 1807; size, 12.</p>
-
-<p>1810. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1811. Same as 1809.</p>
-
-<p>1812 to 1813, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1814. Same as 1809.</p>
-
-<p>1815 to 1819, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1820 to 1825, inclusive. Same as 1809.</p>
-
-<p>1826. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1827 to 1836, inclusive. Same as 1809.</p>
-
-<p>1837. No. 1. Same as 1809. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty seated. No stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DIME</span>” within a wreath of laurel. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.</span>” Size, 11.</p>
-
-<p>1838. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1837. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p>
-
-<p>1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of
-the date.</p>
-
-<p>1854 and 1855. Same as No. 2 of 1853.</p>
-
-<p>1856 to 1859, inclusive. Same, without arrow heads.</p>
-
-<p>1860 to 1872, inclusive. Obverse: Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA</span>” instead of stars.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DIME</span>” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and
-tobacco.</p>
-
-<p>1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of
-the date.</p>
-
-<p>1874. Same as No. 2 of 1873.</p>
-
-<p>1875. Same, without arrow heads.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Half Dime.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 20.8 grains;
-fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 20⅝ grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act
-of February 21, 1853, to 19.2 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February
-12, 1873.</p>
-
-<p>1794 and 1795. Same type as the half dollar; size, 10.</p>
-
-<p>1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795; fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with fifteen stars. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars.
-No. 3. Same, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1798 and 1799. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1800 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798.</p>
-
-<p>1804. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1805. Same as 1800.</p>
-
-<p>1806 to 1828, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1829 to 1873. See dime.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Three Cent Piece.</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1851. Weight, 12⅜ grains;
-fineness, 750. Weight changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 11.52 grains.
-Fineness changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 900. Coinage discontinued,
-Act of February 12, 1873.</p>
-
-<p>1851 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: A star bearing the United States
-shield. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An ornamented “<span class="allsmcap">C</span>,” within which is the denomination “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>,”
-around the border, thirteen stars; size, 9.</p>
-
-<p>1854 to 1858. Obverse: Same, with two lines around the star.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: An olive branch above the “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>,” and three arrows below, all
-within the “<span class="allsmcap">C</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>1858 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with one line around the star.</p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Minor Coins.</span></h3>
-
-<h4><i>Five cent piece. (Nickle.)</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of May 16, 1866. Weight, 77.16 grains;
-composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.</p>
-
-<p>1866. Obverse: A United States shield surmounted by a cross, an olive
-branch pendent at each side, back of the base of the shield are two arrows,
-the heads and feathers are only visible; beneath, “1866;” above, in the
-field, “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “5” within a circle of thirteen stars, and rays, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 13.</p>
-
-<p>1867. Same. No. 2. Same, without the rays.</p>
-
-<p>1868. Same as No. 2 of 1867.</p>
-
-<p>1869 to 1882. Same as No. 2 of 1867.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p>
-
-<p>1883. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head wearing a coronet
-which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars, and date, “1883.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A “V” within a wreath of corn and cotton. Legend, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue, “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” No. 3, Obverse:
-Same as No. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">CENTS</span>” as the exergue, and “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>”
-above the wreath.</p>
-
-<p>1884. Same as No. 3 of the preceding.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Three cent piece. (Nickle.)</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 3, 1865. Weight, 30 grains;
-composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.</p>
-
-<p>1865. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair bound by a ribbon, on the
-forehead a coronet inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, the date, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED
-STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>” within a laurel wreath.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Two Cent Piece (bronze).</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 96 grains,
-composed of ninety-five per cent. copper and five per cent. of tin and zinc.
-Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.</p>
-
-<p>1864 to 1873, inclusive. Obverse: The United States shield, behind
-which are two arrows, crossed, on each side a branch of laurel; above, a
-scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>”; beneath, the date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">2 CENTS</span>” within a wreath of wheat. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.</span>” Size, 14.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Cent (copper).</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1792. Weight, 264 grains.
-Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 208 grains. Weight changed
-by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with an
-Act of March 3, 1795, to 168 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February
-21, 1857.</p>
-
-<p>1793. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair. Above,
-“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”: beneath, “1793.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: A chain of fifteen links, within which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>”
-and the fraction “⅟₁₀₀.” United States of America; reeded edge; size, 17.</p>
-
-<p>No. 2. Same, with the abbreviation “<span class="allsmcap">AMERI.</span>” in the Legend.</p>
-
-<p>No. 3. Obverse: Same as No. 1, with a sprig beneath.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>” within a wreath of laurel. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.</span>” Reeded edge.</p>
-
-<p>No. 4. Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing right, with pole and liberty
-cap. Above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”; beneath, “1793.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as No. 3; on the edge, “<span class="allsmcap">ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR</span>.”
-Size, 18.</p>
-
-<p>1794 and 1795. Same as No. 4 of 1793.</p>
-
-<p>1796. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with hair bound by a ribbon, and
-without pole and liberty cap on the obverse. Plain edge.</p>
-
-<p>1797 to 1807 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1796.</p>
-
-<p>1808 to 1814, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined
-by a band, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Thirteen stars and date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within a laurel wreath. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF
-AMERICA.</span>” The fraction “⅟₁₀₀” is omitted.</p>
-
-<p>1815. None issued.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p>
-
-<p>1816. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, the hair is confined by a roll,
-and tied by a cord, while the forehead is bedecked with a tiara, inscribed
-“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: Same as 1808.</p>
-
-<p>1817. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with fifteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1818 to 1836. Same as No. 1 of 1817.</p>
-
-<p>1837. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with the hair tied by a string of beads
-instead of a cord.</p>
-
-<p>1838 to 1857, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1837.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Cent (Nickle).</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1857. Weight 72 grains;
-composed of 88 per cent. copper and 12 per cent. nickle. Coinage discontinued,
-Act of April 22, 1864.</p>
-
-<p>1857 and 1858, Obverse: An eagle flying to the left. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES
-OF AMERICA.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco.
-Size, 11.</p>
-
-<p>1859. Obverse: An Indian-head, facing left, bedecked with eagle plumes,
-confined. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>” Beneath, the date.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT.</span>” within a wreath of laurel.</p>
-
-<p>1860 to 1864, inclusive. Obverse: Same.</p>
-
-<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within an oak wreath and shield.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Cent (Bronze).</i></h4>
-
-<p>Coinage authorized, Act of April 22, 1857. Weight, 48 grains; composed
-of 95 per cent. copper and 5 per cent. of tin and zinc.</p>
-
-<p>1864. Same type as nickle cent of 1860. Size, 12.</p>
-
-<h4><i>Half Cent (Copper).</i></h4>
-
-<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 132 grains.
-Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. Weight changed
-by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with
-Act of March 3, 1795, to 84 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February
-21, 1857.</p>
-
-<p>1793. Same type as cent No. 4, 1793, with head facing left. On the
-edge, “<span class="allsmcap">TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR</span>.” Size, 14.</p>
-
-<p>1794. Same type as the cent of 1794.</p>
-
-<p>1795 to 1797, inclusive. Same, with plain edge.</p>
-
-<p>1798 and 1799. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1800. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1796, with the fraction “⅟₂₀₀” on the
-base of the reverse.</p>
-
-<p>1801. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1802 to 1808, inclusive. Same as 1800. From 1808, the fraction “⅟₂₀₀”
-omitted.</p>
-
-<p>1809 to 1811, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.</p>
-
-<p>1812 to 1824, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1825 and 1826. Same type as cent of 1808.</p>
-
-<p>1827. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1828. No. 1. Same type as cent 1808, with thirteen stars. No. 2.
-Same, with twelve stars.</p>
-
-<p>1829. Same, with thirteen stars.</p>
-
-<p>1830. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1831 to 1836, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.</p>
-
-<p>1837 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.</p>
-
-<p>1840 to 1857, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1837; size, 14.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="THOMAS_JEFFERSON">THOMAS JEFFERSON,</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">an eminent American Statesman, and third President of the
-United States, was born April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia,
-near the spot which afterwards became his residence,
-with the name of Monticello. He was the oldest son in a
-family of eight children. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a
-man of great force of character and of extraordinary physical
-strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland, was
-descended from an English family of great note and respectability.
-Young Jefferson began his classical studies at the age
-of nine, and at seventeen he entered an advance class at William
-and Mary College; on his way thither, he formed the acquaintance
-of Patrick Henry, who was then a bankrupt merchant,
-but who afterwards became the great orator of the Revolution.
-At college, Jefferson was distinguished by his close application,
-and devoted, it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours per day to
-study, and we are told became well versed in Latin, Greek,
-Italian, French, and Spanish, at the same time proficient in his
-mathematical studies. After a few years course of law under
-Judge Wythe, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success
-in the legal profession was remarkable; his fees during the
-first year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In 1769,
-Jefferson commenced his public career as a member of the
-Virginia House of Burgesses, in which he had while a student
-of law, listened to Patrick Henry’s great speech on the Stamp
-Act. In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry and other revolutionary
-patriots in devising the celebrated committee of correspondence
-for disseminating intelligence between the Colonies,
-of which Jefferson was one of the most active and influential
-members. He was elected in 1774 to a convention to choose
-delegates to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia,
-and introduced at that convention his famous “Summary view
-of the rights of British America.” On the 21st of June, 1775,
-Jefferson took his seat in the Continental Congress. His
-reputation as a Statesman and accomplished writer at once
-placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He
-served on the most important committees, and among other
-papers drew up the reply of Congress to the proposal of Lord
-North, and assisted in preparing in behalf of the Colonies, a
-declaration of the cause of taking up arms against the Mother
-Country. The rejection of a final petition to King George,
-destroyed all hope of an honorable reconciliation with England.
-Congress, early in 1776, appointed a committee to draw up a
-Declaration of Independence, of which Jefferson was made
-Chairman; in this capacity he drafted, at the request of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span>
-other members of the committee, (Franklin, Adams, Sherman,
-and Livingston), and reported to Congress, June 28, the great
-Charter of Freedom, known as the “Declaration of American
-Independence,” which, on July 4, was unanimously adopted,
-and signed by every member present, with a single exception.
-“The Declaration of Independence,” says Edward Everett,
-“is equal to anything ever borne on parchment, or expressed
-in the visible signs of thought.” “The heart of Jefferson in
-writing it,” adds Bancroft, “and of Congress in adopting it,
-<i>beat for all humanity</i>.” After resigning his seat in Congress,
-Jefferson revised the laws of Virginia; among other reforms,
-he procured the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of
-primogeniture, and the restoration of the rights of conscience,
-a reform which he believed would abolish “every fibre of
-ancient or future aristocracy;” he also originated a complete
-system of elementary and collegiate education for Virginia.
-In 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Governor of
-Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of
-the Revolution, and declined a re-election in 1781. In 1783,
-he returned to Congress, and reported the treaty of peace,
-concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783, acknowledging the
-independence of the United States. He also proposed and
-carried through Congress a bill establishing the present Federal
-system of coinage, which took the place of the English pounds,
-shillings, pence, etc., and also introduced measures for establishing
-a Mint in Philadelphia, (the first public building built
-by the general Government, still standing on Seventh street,
-east side, near Filbert). In 1785, he succeeded Dr. Franklin
-as resident Minister at Paris. In organizing the Government
-after the adoption of the Constitution, he accepted the position
-of Secretary of State, tendered him by President Washington
-during his first term. Jefferson was Vice-President of the
-United States from 1797 to 1801, and President for the two
-consecutive terms following. After participating in the inauguration
-of his friend and successor, James Madison, Jefferson
-returned to Monticello, where he passed the remainder of his
-life in directing the educational and industrial institutions of
-his native State and entertaining his many visitors and friends.
-His death occurred on the same day with that of John Adams,
-July 4, 1826.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="ALEXANDER_HAMILTON">ALEXANDER HAMILTON,</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Statesman, orator, and financier, born in the West Indian
-island of Nevis, 11th of January, 1757. His father was a Scotch
-merchant, and his mother was the daughter of a French Huguenot.
-He was educated at King’s College, N. Y. When he was 18
-years of age he surprised the people by his public speeches and
-pamphlets in favor of American independence. He was commissioned
-Captain of a Company of Artillery in March, 1776,
-and served with distinction at the battles of Long Island, White
-Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, and was appointed Aid-de-camp
-and Private Secretary to General Washington in March,
-1777, and gained his special favor and confidence in planning
-campaigns and devising means to support the army. In 1782
-he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and
-Washington expressed the opinion that no one excelled him in
-probity and sterling virtue. He was an active member of an
-anti-slavery party in New York, and offered a resolution in
-1784, that every member of that society should liberate his own
-slaves. He was a delegate to the convention which met in
-Philadelphia in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution and
-to promote the Union of the States, and it appears was the
-principal author of the movement. Hamilton was appointed
-Secretary of the Treasury in 1789, at the time the nation was
-burdened with a heavy debt, almost destitute of credit, and
-on the verge of bankruptcy. The results of his financial policy
-were the restoration of public credit, protection to American
-industry, and a rapid revival of trade and commerce. He resigned
-his office to resume his practice of law, January 31,
-1795. He declined the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme
-Court of the United States previously tendered him. Washington
-testified his great esteem for Hamilton by consulting
-him in the preparation of his Farewell Address, as well as
-in many other acts of his noble career.</p>
-
-<p>In 1804, Aaron Burr, presenting himself as a candidate for
-Governor of New York, but Hamilton opposed his election
-expressing the opinion that “Burr was a dangerous man and
-unfit to be trusted with power.” The election of Gen. Lewis
-blasted the ambitious projects of Burr, who insolently demanded
-an explanation of Hamilton, and finally challenged
-him, Hamilton accepted the challenge, was mortally wounded
-at Weehawken, and died July 12, 1804. His death was profoundly
-lamented throughout the country.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—His eldest son had been killed in a duel by a political adversary about 1802.
-Mr. Hamilton was the principal author of the Federalist, and the real father of our
-financial system. Immediately after adopting the constitution, he strongly advocated
-the establishment of a Mint, so that the New World would not be dependant on the Old
-for a circulating medium.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="HON_JAMES_PUTNAM_KIMBALL">HON. JAMES PUTNAM KIMBALL,<br />
-<span class="smcap">President Director of all the Mints</span>,</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">was born in Salem, Mass., April 26, 1836. After graduating
-at the High School of his native town in 1854, he entered
-the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. In
-the summer of the following year he went to Germany, and
-matriculated at the University of Frederick Wilhelm, Berlin,
-in the Fall of the same year, and was graduated at the University
-of George Augusta, at Gottingen, in the Autumn of
-1857, with the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of
-Philosophy. Upon his graduation he entered upon a practical
-course in Mining and Metallurgy, at the Mining School
-of Freiburg, in Saxony.</p>
-
-<p>After making a tour of the Continent and England, he returned
-home and engaged as the Assistant of Prof. J. D.
-Whitney, now of Harvard University, in the State Geological
-Surveys of the States of Wisconsin and Illinois, embracing
-the Upper Mississippi lead region. He continued with Prof.
-Whitney during the survey, comprising the southeastern part
-of Iowa.</p>
-
-<p>On the establishment of the New York State Agricultural
-College at Ovid, the foundation of which was subsequently
-merged with that of Cornell University, Dr. Kimball was
-appointed to the Chair of Professor of Chemistry and Economic
-Geology. Upon the appointment of the President of
-the college, Gen. Patrick, as Brigadier-General of Volunteers,
-Dr. Kimball became that officer’s Chief of Staff, with a commission
-from the President of the United States, as Assistant
-Adjutant-General of Volunteers, with the rank of Captain.
-This was in 1862. His first service in the field was with the
-Army of the Rappahannock, under Gen. McDowell. He took
-part in numerous engagements, notably, those of Groveton,
-Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg,
-Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. General Patrick having
-been assigned to duty as Provost-Marshal of the Army
-of the Potomac, Capt. Kimball accompanied him, and served
-on the General Staff of that army under Generals McClellan,
-Burnside, Hooker, and Meade, successively.</p>
-
-<p>When the army went into winter quarters, Capt. Kimball,
-whose health had become impaired, resigned from the army,
-and settled in New York. He resumed the practice of his
-profession as Mining Engineer and Metallurgist. Upon his
-marriage, in 1874, he accepted an honorary Professorship in
-Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., removing from New York
-to one of the houses in the beautiful park and grounds of that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span>
-institution, though retaining his office and business in New
-York City.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Kimball has been largely identified with the mineral
-development of Bedford County, Pa., and at the time of his
-appointment as Director of the Mints, was President of the
-Everett Iron Company, whose blast furnace, built in 1883-84,
-is one of the largest and finest in this country. As a scientist
-he is a contributor to various scientific journals at home and
-abroad, and among others the <i>American Journal of Science</i>,
-published at New Haven. Several of his papers have appeared
-in the proceedings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
-of which he has been Vice President. Dr. Kimball has
-traveled extensively in the United States, Mexico, and the
-West Indies, in prosecuting his professional practice, and as a
-man of scientific accomplishments and of affairs, bears a deservedly
-high reputation.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Kimball comes of Revolutionary stock. His paternal
-great-grandfather, William Russell, of Boston, was associated
-with the Sons of Liberty, and the leaders in public affairs in
-the times that tried men’s souls. He was present, disguised as
-an Indian, and assisted in the famous Tea Party in Boston
-harbor on the memorable 16th of December, 1773. Later,
-Mr. Russell was adjutant of the Massachusetts Artillery, raised
-for the defense of Boston, and which served in the Rhode
-Island campaign of 1777-78. Still later, while serving as
-Secretary to Commander John Manley, of the U. S. war vessel
-Jason, Russell was captured by the British frigate Surprise,
-and confined in Mill prison till June 24, 1782, when he was
-exchanged. But so sturdy a patriot could not rest unemployed,
-and twenty days after his liberation, found him again in the
-naval service. He was again made prisoner by the British, in
-November following, and consigned to the notorious British
-prison ship, Jersey, lying off New York.</p>
-
-<p>An anecdote is related by Mr. James Kimball, father of the
-subject of this sketch, in a memoir on the Tea Party in Boston
-harbor furnished the Essex Institute Historical collections
-(1874), which illustrates the temper of Mr. Russell as a patriot.
-Returning to his home after the destruction of the tea, he took
-off his shoes, and carefully dusted them over the fire; he then
-took the tea canister and emptied its contents. Next morning
-he had printed on one side of the canister, “Coffee,” and on
-the other, “No Tea.” This was the brief decree of banishment
-promulgated by the Tea Destroyers, and the prohibited
-luxury disappeared from their tables.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="HON_JOHN_JAY_KNOX">HON. JOHN JAY KNOX.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="hanging">Late Comptroller of the Currency, now President of the National
-Bank of the Republic, New York City, we are
-indebted to <i>The Financier, August, 1885</i>, for the following
-biographical sketch:</p>
-
-<p>Hon. John Jay Knox was Comptroller or Deputy Comptroller
-of the National currency for seventeen years. He was
-born in Oneida county, New York, March 19, 1828. His ancestors
-were Scotch Irish, and came originally from Strabane,
-County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1759. He received his early education
-at the Augusta Academy and the Watertown Classical
-Institute, and was graduated from Hamilton College in the Class
-of 1849. Among those in college with him were Senator Hawley
-of Connecticut, and Chas. Dudley Warner. After leaving college
-he became teller in a bank at Vernon, of which his father
-was President, at a salary of $300 a year, where he remained
-from 1850 to 1852. He spent some time in the Burnet Bank
-at Syracuse, and was afterwards cashier of the Susquehanna
-Valley Bank at Binghampton. He and his brother, Henry
-M. Knox, established a banking house at St. Paul, Minnesota,
-in 1857, shortly before that State was admitted into the Union.</p>
-
-<p>The first steamboat launched on the Red River of the North,
-establishing a most important communication for the business
-interests of Minnesota, was transported in the dead of winter
-across country on runners, from Sauk Rapids to Breckenridge,
-and Mr. Knox was one of the few who paid the expenses of
-the enterprise.</p>
-
-<p>In the financial discussions which preceded the establishment
-of the National banks, Mr. Knox took a prominent part,
-and made many valuable suggestions on the currency question.
-He advocated a safe and convertible currency, the issue of a
-uniform series of circulating notes to all the banks, and the
-guarantee by the Government of circulation secured by its
-own bonds.</p>
-
-<p>In 1862 he was introduced to Secretary Chase and the Hon.
-Hugh McCulloch, then Comptroller of the currency. The attention
-of the Secretary had previously been attracted to the
-financial articles of Mr. Knox, published in <i>Hunt’s Merchants’
-Magazine</i>.</p>
-
-<p>He was shortly afterward appointed to a clerkship under
-Treasurer Spinner, and was subsequently transferred to the
-office of Mr. Chase, as disbursing clerk, at a salary of $2,000
-a year. After three years in this position he became cashier
-of the Exchange National Bank at Norfolk, Va., but finding<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span>
-the southern climate uncongenial, after a year he returned to
-Washington. He was commissioned by Secretary McCulloch
-to examine the mint at San Francisco, and to select a site there
-for a new one. His report upon the Mint service of the
-Pacific Coast was printed in the Finance Report of 1866, with
-a complimentary notice by the Secretary. The site selected
-was purchased from Eugene Kelly of New York for $100,000.</p>
-
-<p>He subsequently visited New Orleans and discovered a deficiency
-of $1,100,000 in the office of the Assistant Treasurer.
-He took possession of that office, and for some weeks acted as
-Assistant Treasurer of the United States.</p>
-
-<p>The promotion of Mr. Knox to the office in which he was
-able to do himself the most credit, and perform those services
-to the country which are part and parcel of its financial progress,
-occurred in 1867. At this time a vacancy was brought
-about in the Deputy-Comptrollership of the Currency, and
-Secretary McCulloch appointed him to fill it. Until May 1,
-1884, he remained as Deputy or head of the Bureau, his terms
-of office being as follows: Five years as Deputy-Comptroller,
-from 1867 to 1872; five years as Comptroller, from 1872 to
-1877, appointed by General Grant; five years, second term
-as Comptroller, from 1877 to 1882, by President Hayes, on
-the recommendation of Secretary Sherman—the reappointment
-being made without his knowledge, before the expiration
-of the preceding term, and confirmed by the Senate without
-reference to any committee. He was again reappointed, by
-President Arthur, April 12, 1882.</p>
-
-<p>In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate
-Mis. Doc., No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification
-of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments,
-which was highly commended. The bill which accompanied
-the report comprised, within the compass of twelve
-pages of the Revised Statutes, every important provision contained
-in more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint
-and Coinage of the United States—the result of eighty years
-of legislation. This bill, with slight amendments, was subsequently
-passed, and is known as “The Coinage Act of 1873;”
-and the Senate Finance Committee, in recognition of his services,
-by an amendment, made the Comptroller of the Currency
-an <i>ex-officio</i> member of the Assay Commission, which
-meets annually at the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of
-testing the weight and fineness of the coinage of the year.</p>
-
-<p>Through his official reports, twelve in number, and his
-addresses on the currency question, Mr. Knox has indirectly
-exercised great influence in financial legislation, and he took<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span>
-an active, though quiet and unassuming part, in the great
-financial <i>coup d’etat</i> of the resumption of specie payment.</p>
-
-<p>In April, 1878, he accompanied Secretary Sherman and
-Attorney-General Devens to New York, and arranged a meeting
-between these two members of the Cabinet and the officers
-of ten of the principal banks of the city at the National Bank of
-Commerce, with the view of negotiating the sale of $50,000,000
-of 4½ per cent. bonds, the avails of which were to be used for
-resumption purposes. The Presidents of the banks, who were
-present, gave Secretary Sherman no encouragement as to the
-purchase of the bonds at the rates proposed by him. Upon
-the return of the Secretary and Comptroller to the Fifth
-Avenue Hotel, in the evening, they were met by August Belmont,
-who had a cable dispatch from the Rothschilds, authorizing
-a purchase of the whole amount at a premium of one and
-one-half per cent. for the account of the syndicate. Upon the
-following day the Secretary and the Comptroller returned to
-Washington, after an absence of three days, and the success
-of the negotiation was announced, much to the chagrin of some
-members of the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives,
-who were then bitterly opposing the scheme proposed
-by the Secretary for the resumption of specie payments.
-This negotiation was the first of a series of brilliant financial
-transactions preceding and following resumption on January
-1, 1879.</p>
-
-<p>Subsequently he arranged a conference, which was held in
-the Treasury at Washington, in the evening, between leading
-bank officials of New York and Secretaries Sherman and
-Evarts, which resulted in the admission of the Assistant
-Treasurer as a member of the clearing house, and the receipt
-by the banks of legal tender notes on a par with gold; and in
-1881, by request of President Garfield, he attended a conference
-in New York between the leading financial men of the
-city and Secretary Windom and Attorney-General McVeagh,
-which resulted in the issue and successful negotiation of three
-and one-half per cent. bonds.</p>
-
-<p>At the time of his resignation, Mr. Knox was the oldest
-officer in term of service in the department. One of the leading
-financial writers in the country, in noticing his retirement,
-in the <i>Nation</i> said:</p>
-
-<p>“The retirement of Mr. John Jay Knox from the office of
-Comptroller of the Currency is a loss to the public service of
-no common kind. The intelligence which he has brought to
-the complicated duties of his office has never been surpassed
-in any similar station, and has not been equalled in the particular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span>
-station which he has so long filled. The National
-banking system owes much of its present carefulness in detail
-management to his mastery of all the facts and principles of
-sound finance. His annual reports embrace perhaps the most
-complete and satisfactory arrangement of information needful
-to the business-man, the student, and the legislator that has
-ever been furnished in this country on any economical subject.
-Mr. Knox resigns the Comptrollership to take the Presidency
-of the National Bank of the Republic of New York City.”</p>
-
-<p>In a speech before the Merchants’ Club of Boston, in February,
-1885, Mr. Knox alluded to the subjects of civil service
-reform and the coinage of silver in the following trenchant
-language:</p>
-
-<p>“The platforms of both parties in the late campaign contained
-nothing but platitudes upon the silver question, which
-should have been the burning issue. The candidate of the
-Republicans seemed to avoid the issue in his letter of acceptance,
-rather than to express the sentiments of the best men in
-his party. The candidate of the Democrats said nothing.
-Yet I am told by good authority that Governor Cleveland is
-earnest in his desire to stop the coinage, and that nothing
-would please him more than to have a clause inserted in an
-appropriation bill which would repeal the law which was passed
-in the interest of silver miners when the whole production is
-not equal, according to Edward Atkinson, who is an authority
-upon such subjects, to the production of eggs by the hens of
-this country! If Governor Cleveland has the bottom and
-pluck to carry out these two reforms, his administration will
-be one of the most memorable in the annals of the country.
-It will elevate not only every branch of the civil service, but
-will greatly improve the character of the representatives sent
-to Congress from every State of the Union, and will serve to
-lift the depression which now burdens every industrial interest.
-It will require some intellect to work out these reforms. But
-it will require more bottom than brains, and if he has the grit
-to stand by his pledges, he will have the united support of all
-intelligent, upright, and honest men everywhere without distinction
-of party.”</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Knox has written a valuable book, which is justly popular,
-entitled “United States Notes.” It is published by the
-Scribners, and republished in London, and is a history of the
-various issues of paper money by the Government, and is said
-by George Bancroft to be “a clear, thorough, able, accurate
-and impartial work on United States Notes.”</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Coinage_Act_of_1873"><span class="smcap">The Coinage Act of 1873.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The enactment of the Mint Law of 1873 marks an era in
-the Mint Service of the United States. Prior to this, the
-Director of the Mint at Philadelphia was the Director of all
-the Mints—the institution at Philadelphia being regarded as
-the “Mother Mint,” and the others, at San Francisco, New
-Orleans, etc., were called Branch Mints. Each branch had
-its Superintendent, reporting direct to Philadelphia. But the
-authors of the Act of 1873 regarded the Mint Service as so
-large and important a part of the Government, that it should
-be constituted a separate Bureau of the Treasury, with the
-Director located at Washington. One of the promoters of this
-Act was the Hon. John Jay Knox, late Comptroller of the
-Currency, and now President of the National Bank of the
-Republic, New York. The following sketch of the origin and
-history of the new law may prove of interest. It was originally
-published in Rhodes’ Journal of Banking, July, 1884.
-Referring to Mr. Knox, the author says:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>“In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate
-Mis. Doc. No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification
-of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments,
-which was highly commended. The method adopted
-in this codification was, first, to arrange in as concise a form
-as possible the coinage laws then in existence, with such additional
-sections and suggestions as seemed valuable. The
-proposed bill was then printed upon paper having a wide
-margin, and transmitted to the officers of the different Mints
-and Assay offices, and to such other gentlemen as were known
-to be conversant and intelligent upon the subject of the coinage,
-with the request that the printed bill should be returned
-with such notes as experience and education should dictate.
-In this way the views of many gentlemen who were conversant
-with these subjects were obtained, with but little inconvenience
-to such correspondents. This correspondence was subsequently
-published by order of Congress, in H. R. Ex. Doc. No. 307,
-XLI. Cong., 2d Sess. Having received these suggestions, the
-bill, which comprised within the compass of eight or ten pages
-of the Revised Statutes every important provision contained in
-more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage
-of the United States—the result of eighty years of legislation—was
-prepared and submitted to Congress. This bill,
-with but slight amendments, was subsequently passed, and was
-known as ‘The Coinage Act of 1873;’ and the Senate Finance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span>
-Committee, in recognition of the services of the Comptroller of
-the Currency, by an amendment, made that officer an <i>ex-officio</i>
-member of the Assay Commission, which meets annually at
-the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight
-and fineness of the coinage of the year. Upon his suggestion
-the coinage of the silver dollar was discontinued, and the paragraph
-in the report upon this subject was as follows:</p>
-
-<p>“The coinage of the silver dollar-piece, the history of which
-is here given, is discontinued in the proposed bill. It is by
-law the dollar unit; and, assuming the value of gold to be
-fifteen and one-half times that of silver, being about the mean
-ratio for the past six years, is worth in gold a premium of
-about three per cent., its value being $1.03.12, and intrinsically
-more than seven per cent. premium in our other silver coins,
-its value thus being $1.07.42. The present laws consequently
-authorize both a gold dollar unit and a silver dollar unit, differing
-from each other in intrinsic value. The present gold
-dollar-piece is made the dollar unit in the proposed bill, and
-the silver piece is discontinued.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The first Director of the Mint under this new law, was the
-Hon. Henry R. Linderman. The title of the chief officer at
-Philadelphia being changed to Superintendent—the first incumbent
-with that title was the Hon. James Pollock.</p>
-
-<p>Biographical notices of these officers will be found in their
-appropriate place in this volume.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="DIRECTORS_OF_THE_MINT">DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3>DAVID RITTENHOUSE,<br />
-<span class="smcap">First Director of the Mint</span>.</h3>
-
-<p>Entering the Cabinet, the portraits of the different Directors
-attract attention. That of David Rittenhouse is the
-copy of a painting by Charles Willson Peale. Mr. Rittenhouse
-was appointed by Washington, April 14, 1792, and remained
-in charge of the Mint until June, 1795, when his
-declining health compelled him to resign.</p>
-
-<p>At an early age he indicated mechanical talent of a high
-order in the construction of a clock, and his studies from that
-time were principally mathematical. His genius soon attracted
-attention, and he was appointed by the colonial governor
-a surveyor, and in that capacity determined the famous
-Mason and Dixon line. He succeeded Benjamin Franklin as
-President of the American Philosophical Society. Mr.
-Barber, late Engraver of the Mint, executed a bronze medal
-of Dr. Rittenhouse. Possibly, excepting Duvivier’s head of
-Washington after Houdon, it cannot be surpassed in the Cabinet.
-The engraver had a very fine subject, and treated it in
-the highest style of art. On the obverse is “David Rittenhouse,”
-with date of birth and death. On the reverse, inscription,
-“He belonged to the whole human race.”—“Wm. Barber.”
-This beautiful memento is highly prized.</p>
-
-<h3>HENRY WILLIAM DESAUSSURE,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Second Director of the Mint</span>.</h3>
-
-<p>The portrait of Henry William Desaussure, now in the cabinet,
-was painted by Samuel Du Bois, from a daguerreotype
-taken from a family picture. This Director was distinguished
-for his legal ability, as well as his strict integrity. He entered
-upon his duties with a protest, as he claimed no knowledge of
-the requirements of the position, having long been a practicing
-lawyer; but he was reassured by Alex. Hamilton, then Secretary
-of the Treasury, and proved himself a fine officer for the
-short term of his service. He was appointed by Washington,
-July 8, 1795, but resigned in the following October. Washington
-not only expressed regret at losing so valuable an officer,
-but consulted him as to the selection of a successor.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p>
-
-<h3>ELIAS BOUDINOT,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Third Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was appointed October 28, 1795, and remained in office eleven
-years. In the summer and autumn of 1797 and the two following
-years, and also of 1802 and 1803, the Mint was closed
-on account of the ravages of the yellow fever. Mr. Boudinot
-resigned in 1805, and devoted the remainder of his life to
-benevolent and literary pursuits. He died on the 24th of
-October, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-two. The fine
-portrait of this venerable Director seen in the Cabinet was
-presented by a relative, and is a good copy of a painting by
-Waldo and Jewett.</p>
-
-<h3>ROBERT PATTERSON, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Fourth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was appointed by President Jefferson, January 17, 1806. He
-was a native of Ireland, distinguished for his acquirements
-and ability. He held the office of Director for an exceptionally
-long term of service. His portrait, which hangs in the
-Cabinet, is a copy of a fine original by Rembrandt Peale.</p>
-
-<h3>SAMUEL MOORE, M. D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Fifth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was appointed by President James Monroe, July 15, 1824.
-He was a native of New Jersey, and the son of a distinguished
-Revolutionary officer. He was one of the first graduates of
-the Penn University, in 1791, and was afterwards a tutor in
-that institution. During his directorship the Mint was removed
-to the present building. His portrait was painted from
-life by B. Samuel Du Bois, now in the Cabinet.</p>
-
-<h3>ROBERT MASKELL PATTERSON, M. D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Sixth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">son of a former Director, was appointed by President Andrew
-Jackson, May 26, 1835. His term of office was marked by
-an entire revolution in the coinage, and the ready acceptance
-of those improvements which followed so rapidly upon the introduction
-of steam. Dr. Patterson possessed the advantage
-of foreign travel; and having become familiar with the discoveries
-which had been adopted in the French Mint, he inaugurated
-and perfected them, also introducing improvements,
-which are still in use, in the machinery of the Mint. His
-portrait is in the Cabinet.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p>
-
-<h3>GEORGE N. ECKERT, M. D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Seventh Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was appointed by President Fillmore, July 1, 1851. He
-served nearly two years, and, resigning, was followed by</p>
-
-<h3>THOMAS M. PETTIT,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Eighth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">who was appointed by President Pierce, April 4, 1853. He
-died a few weeks after his appointment. No portrait of him
-in the Cabinet. He was succeeded by</p>
-
-<h3>HON. JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Ninth Director of the Mint.</span></h3>
-
-<p>Mr. Snowden, who was appointed by President Pierce, June
-3, 1853, was formerly a member of the State Legislature, and
-served two terms as Speaker; was afterwards elected for two
-terms as State Treasurer. During his official term the building
-was made fire-proof, the large collection of minerals was
-added, and nickel was first coined.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Snowden has placed the numismatic world under many
-obligations, by directing the publication of two valuable quarto
-volumes,—one of them a description of the coins in the Cabinet,
-under the title of “The Mint Manual of Coins of all
-Nations,” the other “The Medallic Memorials of Washington,”
-being mainly a description of a special collection made by
-himself. In the preface to the former work he gives due
-credit to the literary labors of Mr. George Bull, then Curator,
-and also to a reprint of the account of the ancient collection,
-by Mr. Du Bois, who also furnished other valuable material.
-These books are valuable as authority, and by reason of the
-national character of the last mentioned.</p>
-
-<h3>JAMES POLLOCK, A.M., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Tenth Director and First Superintendent</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was appointed by Abraham Lincoln in 1861, and was re-appointed
-by President Grant to succeed Dr. Linderman in 1869
-to 1873. Born in Pennsylvania in 1810; graduated at Princeton
-College, New Jersey, in 1831, and commenced the practice
-of the law in 1833; he served in Congress three terms; was
-elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1854, and in 1860 was a
-peace delegate to Washington from his State to counsel with
-representatives from different parts of the Union as to the possibility
-of amicably adjusting our unhappy national troubles.
-His portrait, by Winner, hangs in the eastern section of the
-Cabinet.<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p>
-
-<h3>HON. HENRY RICHARD LINDERMAN, M. D.,<br />
-<span class="allsmcap">DIRECTOR OF THE MINTS AND ASSAY OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES,</span></h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was the eldest son of John Jordan Linderman, M. D., and
-Rachel Brodhead. He was born in Pike county, Pennsylvania,
-the 25th of December, 1825. The elder Dr. Linderman
-was one of the most noted physicians in northeastern Pennsylvania,
-and practiced medicine for nearly half a century in
-the valley of the Delaware, in this State, and New Jersey.
-He was a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
-of New York, where he had studied under the famous Dr.
-Valentine Mott. Dr. Linderman’s grandfather, Jacob von
-Linderman, came to this country during the disturbed period
-of the Austrian War of Succession, during the first half of
-the last century, and settled in Orange county, where he purchased
-a tract of land. The property is still in the possession
-of the family. Jacob von Linderman was the cadet of an
-ancient and honorable family of Saxony, which had been distinguished
-for two centuries in the law and medicine, several
-of his ancestors having been counsellors and physicians to the
-Elector. He was a descendant of the same family as Margaretta
-Linderman, the mother of the great Reformer, Martin
-Luther. Of this paternal stock, Dr. Henry R. Linderman
-was, by his mother, a nephew of the late Hon. Richard Brodhead,
-Senator of the United States from Pennsylvania; grandson
-of Richard Brodhead, one of the Judges of Pike county,
-and great-grandson of Garrett Brodhead, an officer of the
-Revolution, and a great-nephew of Luke Brodhead, a Captain
-in Col. Miles’ Regiment, and of Daniel Brodhead, Colonel of
-the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment of the Continental Line; the
-latter was afterwards a Brigadier-General, was one of the
-original members of the Cincinnati of this State, and Surveyor-General
-of the Commonwealth when the war closed.
-His only son Daniel was a First Lieutenant in Colonel Shee’s
-Battalion, was taken prisoner by the British, and died after
-two years’ captivity. General Brodhead married Governor
-Mifflin’s widow, and died in Milford, Pike county, in 1803.
-The nephew of these three brothers, Charles Wessel Brodhead,
-of New York, was also in the Revolutionary army, a Captain
-of Grenadiers. They all descended from Daniel Brodhead, a
-Captain of King Charles II.’s Grenadiers, who had a command
-in Nichol’s expedition, which captured New York from
-the Dutch in 1664. Captain Brodhead was of the family of
-that name in Yorkshire, which terminated in England so recently
-as 1840 in the person of Sir Henry T. L. Brodhead,
-baronet.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p>
-
-<p>Dr. Henry R. Linderman, after receiving an academic
-education, entered the New York College of Physicians and
-Surgeons. When barely of age he graduated, returned to
-Pike county and began practice with his father, and earned a
-reputation as a skillful and rising physician.</p>
-
-<p>In 1855 his uncle, Richard Brodhead (United States
-Senator), procured his appointment as chief clerk of the
-Philadelphia Mint. He held this position until 1864, when
-he resigned and engaged in business as a banker and broker
-in Philadelphia. In 1867 he was appointed Director of the
-Mint by President Johnson. In 1869 he resigned. In 1870
-he was a commissioner of the Government to the Pacific coast
-to investigate the San Francisco and Carson Mints, and to
-adjust some intricate bullion questions. In 1871 he was
-a commissioner to Europe, to examine the coinage systems
-of the Great Powers. In 1872 he was a commissioner, with
-the late Dr. Robert E. Rogers, of the University of Pennsylvania,
-for fitting up the Government refinery at the San Francisco
-Mint. In the same year he wrote an elaborate report
-on the condition of the gold and silver market of the world.
-“In this report he called attention to the disadvantages arising
-from the computation and quotation of exchange with Great
-Britain on the old and complicated Colonial basis, and from the
-undervaluation of foreign coins in computing the value of foreign
-invoices and levying and collecting duties at the United
-States Custom Houses.” He was the author of the Act of
-March 9th, 1873, which corrected the defects above referred
-to. His predictions in this report on the decline in the value
-of silver as compared to gold were fulfilled to the letter.</p>
-
-<p>He was thoroughly familiar with the practice, science, and
-finance of the Coinage Department of the Government, and
-about this time he wrote the Coinage Act of 1873, and
-secured its passage through Congress. General Grant, then
-President, considered him as the fittest man to organize the
-new Bureau, and, though a Democrat, appointed him first
-Director under the new Act; the Director being at the head
-of all the Mints and Assay Offices in the United States.</p>
-
-<p>For the remainder of his life until his last illness, which
-began in the fall of 1878, he worked incessantly. Under his
-hands the Bureau of the Mints and the entire Coinage and
-Assay service were shaped in their present form. Much is due
-to his official subordinates, but his was the master mind, his the
-skillful and methodical direction, the studious and laborious
-devotion to the duties and obligations of his high position at
-the head of the Coinage Department of this great nation,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span>
-which have given the United States the best coinage system in
-the world. It was Dr. Linderman who projected the “trade
-dollar,” solely for commerce, and not intended to enter into
-circulation here. It was a successful means of finding a
-market for our great surplus of silver, which Dr. Linderman
-sought to send to Oriental countries rather than flood our own
-and depreciate its fickle value. The old silver dollar by the
-Coinage Act of 1873 was abolished. The codification of all
-the legislation of Congress since the foundation of the Mint in
-1792 was thus accomplished. Other needed legislative enactments
-were passed by Congress on his recommendations.</p>
-
-<p>In 1877 Dr. Linderman wrote, and Putnam published,
-“Money and Legal Tender in the United States,” a valuable
-and interesting contribution to the science of finance, which
-was favorably received abroad as well as here. The same year
-his official report presented one of the most exhaustive, profound,
-and able efforts which has ever emanated from the
-Government press. The fact that several of his reports were
-in use as text books of technical information in some of the
-technical schools (notably that at Harvard University), will
-serve to show the estimation in which the late Dr. Linderman
-was held as an authority upon coinage, mining, and finance.
-When the Japanese established their mint, that government
-made him the liberal offer of $50,000 to stay in their country
-one year and organize their mint service.</p>
-
-<p>When M. Henri Cernuschi, the eminent financier and the
-Director of the French Mint, was in this country in 1878, he
-said, “Dr. Linderman’s name is as celebrated on the continent
-of Europe in connection with his opinions on the double standard
-of metallic currency, as that of Garibaldi in connection
-with the Italian revolution.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1877 Dr. Linderman was appointed a commissioner, with
-power to name two others, to investigate abuses in the San
-Francisco Mint and Custom House. He appointed ex-Governor
-Low, of California, and Mr. Henry Dodge, and this
-commission sat as a court of inquiry in San Francisco in 1877.
-He returned to Washington in the autumn of that year. His
-report of the commission was duly approved, and all the changes
-it advised were made by the Government authorities.</p>
-
-<p>In 1853 Dr. Linderman married Miss Emily Davis, a highly
-accomplished and talented lady, daughter of George H. Davis,
-one of the pioneer coal operators of the Wyoming and Carbon
-districts. Dr. Linderman died at his residence in Washington
-in January, 1879, after a long illness superinduced by his
-self-sacrificing care and solicitude for public interests. His<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span>
-conscientious and valuable aid and advice in counsel, his conception
-of public duty, which so entirely guided his conduct
-in all his official relations connected with our present monetary
-system, established through his efforts, justly entitle him to
-be held in grateful remembrance for the benefits he conferred
-upon his fellow countrymen.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
-
-<h3>COL. A. LOUDON SNOWDEN,<br />
-<span class="smcap">Second Superintendent</span>,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and descends
-from one of the old families of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<p>He was educated at the Jefferson College in Washington,
-Pennsylvania. On the completion of his collegiate course he
-studied law, but on May 7, 1857, just before being admitted
-to the bar, accepted the position of Register, tendered him by
-his uncle, the late Hon. James Ross Snowden, then Director
-of the United States Mint.</p>
-
-<p>In 1866, a vacancy having occurred in the office of Coiner
-of the Mint, he was appointed by the President, and entered
-upon the duties of this office October 1, 1866.</p>
-
-<p>At the request of President Grant, in 1876, he was induced
-to accept the Postmastership of Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<p>He assumed the duties of that office January 1, 1877, with
-much reluctance, but soon manifested as Postmaster the same
-capacity for thorough discipline and organization which had distinguished
-him in the Mint. President Hayes, in December,
-1878, tendered him the position of Director of all the Mints
-of the United States, made vacant by the expiration of the
-commission of Dr. Linderman. After the death of Dr. Linderman
-the President again sent for him and urged his acceptance
-of the place, which he was believed to have declined previous
-to Dr. Linderman’s death from motives of delicacy,
-having long been the friend of the late Director.</p>
-
-<p>This offer he again declined, as the acceptance of it would
-necessitate his removal from Philadelphia to Washington.</p>
-
-<p>In the following February the President again made a tender
-of office. This time it was the superintendency of the
-Philadelphia Mint, and, as its acceptance of it restored him
-to a service agreeable to him in every particular, and permitted
-him to remain among his friends in Philadelphia, he promptly
-accepted, and assumed control of the Mint on the 1st of March,
-1879, and continued in charge of the “Parent Mint” of the
-United States until June, 1885, when he resigned his commission.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p>
-
-<p>In January, 1873, he was elected vice-president of the Fire
-Association, one of the oldest and largest fire insurance companies
-of the United States. In 1868 he was elected its president.
-In October, 1880, he was elected president of the
-“United Fire Underwriters of America,” an organization
-embracing the officers of more than one hundred and fifty of
-the leading American and foreign companies doing business in
-the United States, representing a capital of over $118,000,000.</p>
-
-<h3>DANIEL M. FOX.</h3>
-
-<p>Hon. Daniel M. Fox, the new Superintendent of the United
-States Mint, was born in this city on the 16th of June, 1819.
-His ancestors, both on his father’s and mother’s side, are not
-without fame, many of them having figured more or less conspicuously
-in the early history of the country. Daniel Miller,
-his maternal grandfather, took quite a prominent part in the
-Revolutionary war, being present with Washington at Germantown,
-Pa., New Brunswick, N. J., the Highlands, N. Y., Valley
-Forge, Pa., the siege of Yorktown, and witnessed the surrender
-of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. During the campaign
-in New Jersey he was taken by the British as a spy and
-brought to Philadelphia, but effected his escape and rejoined
-the army. At the termination of the war he finally settled
-with his family in the old Northern Liberties, where Mr. Fox’s
-grandfather, by the father’s side, John Fox, resided. Here
-Daniel’s father and mother were born, and here he himself
-first saw the light, and was reared and educated.</p>
-
-<p>His parents were possessed of very little of this world’s
-goods, but that did not prevent them from giving their son a
-liberal education, which he was not backward in taking advantage
-of. After leaving school the first two years were employed
-as clerk in a store, after which he turned his attention
-to conveyancing, as he intended to make that his permanent
-profession. He devoted the next five years to the close study
-of all its intricate details in the office of the late Jacob F.
-Hoeckley, who at that period stood at the head of the profession
-in this city, and graduating with eminent credit he commenced
-practice for himself.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus21" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus21.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption"><i>Daniel M. Fox</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The profession is one affording many temptations to men
-who are not well grounded in strict integrity, and sustained in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span>
-the paths of rectitude and virtue by a conscientious regard for
-the <i>meum</i> and <i>tuum</i> of a well-ordered business life; but Mr.
-Fox, looking upon his profession as one of dignity and trust,
-soon commanded and permanently secured the confidence of
-the public, by avoiding those speculative ventures which have
-brought so much disrepute upon it, and by a scrupulous regard
-for the interests of those who placed their property in his
-keeping. In consequence, the business entrusted to him has
-increased to such an extent from year to year that it is said he
-has more estates in his charge for settlement, as administrator,
-executor, or trustee, than any other single individual in Philadelphia.
-His practice constantly increasing as time rolled on,
-the laws touching real estate operations becoming more complicated
-year by year, and appreciating the necessity in many
-cases for court proceedings to secure perfection of title, he
-submitted himself to a legal examination, and was admitted to
-the Philadelphia bar in November, 1878.</p>
-
-<h4><span class="smcap">His Public Career.</span></h4>
-
-<p>His first step in public life was at the age of twenty-one,
-when he was elected a member of the Board of School Directors
-of the district in which he then lived, and for many years
-prior to 1854, when the city was consolidated, and the law in
-that regard changed, he was President of the Board. For
-many years he had taken an active interest in the public
-schools, and was a pioneer in the night-school system for
-adults. He was chosen two consecutive terms by the City
-Councils as a Director of Girard College, and also represented
-the Northern Liberties in the Board of Health, having charge
-of the sanitary matters and the quarantine regulations of the
-city, and was quite active and efficient in the abatement of the
-cholera, which was epidemic here twice during the nine years
-he served in that Board.</p>
-
-<p>For three years he represented his ward in the Select
-Council of Philadelphia with credit and ability. In 1861 he
-retired from Councils, and in the year following was unanimously
-nominated for the Mayoralty by the Democratic party.
-The city at that time was strongly Republican, and he was
-defeated by Hon. Alexander Henry, although he ran largely
-ahead of his ticket. In 1865 he again received a unanimous
-nomination for the same office, and ran against Hon. Morton
-McMichael and with the same result. His personal popularity,
-however, was in the ascendant, and when he was placed in
-nomination in 1868 against General Hector Tyndale, he was
-duly elected.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p>
-
-<p>On January 1, 1869, he was inaugurated, and his first
-official duty as Mayor was to formally receive on behalf of the
-city authorities General Grant as President-elect. The reception
-took place in Independence Hall, in the presence of
-Councils and a large number of prominent citizens, and was
-conducted on the part of the new Mayor with ease, grace, and
-elegance. His municipal administration was marked by many
-reformatory and sanitary measures, especially in those portions
-of the city where the impurity of the denizens hazarded the
-health of more respectable neighborhoods. It was during his
-official term that the Volunteer Fire Department ceased to
-exist. It had been his practice during its closing days to attend
-all conflagrations for the double purpose of holding a
-moral check on the lawless and to stimulate the police in their
-duties of keeping the streets clear for the free exercise of those
-whose business it was to extinguish the flames. The passage
-by Councils of the ordinance establishing a Paid Fire Department
-created a profound sensation in the city, arousing the
-bitter feelings of many of the volunteer firemen, and kindling
-an intense anxiety on the part of the people generally as to
-the fate of the bill when it reached the hands of the Mayor.
-He retained it for a fortnight, unsigned, evidently desiring to
-soften the feeling engendered by its passage, and also to perfect
-such arrangements as would be necessary to meet any
-emergency in carrying the act into effect. The latter being
-accomplished, he formally approved the ordinance and it became
-a law. This course was very unpalatable to the riotous
-element of the volunteers, who manifested their feelings in
-various ways, such as suspending the effigy of the Mayor in
-several engine houses, but no other violent demonstrations of
-any moment occurred, as the steps taken by his officers proved
-effective and rigorous; these, coupled with the co-operation of
-many of the discreet firemen, enabled the new “Paid Department”
-to go into operation without any disturbance whatever,
-and the city has ever since rejoiced in an efficient system without
-any of the former accompaniments of noise, riot, and
-public disturbance.</p>
-
-<p>A startling attempt at assassination occurred during Mayor
-Fox’s incumbency, in the shooting of United States Revenue
-Detective James Brooks, in open day, in a Front street store,
-by some miscreants. The case was at once taken in hand by
-the Mayor, who by stimulating the police and offering heavy
-rewards caused the arrest of the parties. Their conviction
-soon followed. Whenever any question of grave public importance
-presented itself, it was his practice to invite conferences<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span>
-with the most prominent citizens at his office, as to
-the best course to be pursued; thus, while showing a true devotion
-to the public interests, he was enabled to act with great
-sagacity; he also brought to his support the power of eloquence,
-which he possesses in an eminent degree; this added much to his
-popularity. He did not hesitate to use the veto whenever he
-differed with Councils, and during his term he transmitted to
-these bodies thirty-two messages of this character, the majority
-of which were sustained. His official term ended in a most
-gratifying manner, both chambers of Councils unanimously
-passing resolutions of thanks for his able and energetic administration
-of the city’s affairs. This was followed by a grand
-banquet at the Academy of Music, tendered to him by our
-most distinguished citizens, irrespective of party. In two successive
-State conventions he received complimentary votes for
-the Gubernatorial nominations.</p>
-
-<p>The great International Exposition in commemoration of the
-centennial anniversary of the birth of our nation was held in
-this city in 1876. In the preparation for this grand demonstration,
-in its opening and down to its close, in the autumn of
-that year, Mr. Fox took a leading part, the incipient step having
-been taken in the Mayor’s Office during his administration,
-in a consultation with a committee from the Franklin
-Institute, who waited upon him for that purpose. As an active
-and earnest member of the Centennial Board of Finance,
-which had charge of all the funds for the Exposition, Mr. Fox
-contributed his time, his means, and his voice greatly to its
-promotion and final success.</p>
-
-<p>Once more Mr. Fox was called to the discharge of an important
-public duty. For a number of years a controversy
-had existed between the general Government and the railroad
-corporations with reference to the transportation of the United
-States mails, the former complaining that the service was not
-satisfactorily rendered, and the latter that they were not adequately
-compensated.</p>
-
-<p>On the 12th of July, 1876, Congress passed a bill authorizing
-the President to appoint a Commission of three civilians to investigate
-the subject and make report upon it. Mr. Fox was
-one of the appointees, his colleagues being selected from other
-States. The Commission, in the exercise of its functions,
-visited every section of the country, embracing a distance of
-travel of over twenty-eight thousand miles. Sessions were
-held in all the principal cities, much testimony taken, and
-when its labors were completed a report of great value was
-prepared and presented, which went far towards a satisfactory
-settlement of the controversy.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p class="center">[From The History of the Philadelphia Police.]</p>
-
-<p>One of the most important occurrences during Mr. Fox’s
-term as Mayor was the abolition of the old Volunteer Fire
-Department. The ordinance for the erection of a Paid Fire
-department was passed December 29, 1870, after a series of
-hot debates. The old volunteers were a power in politics, but
-their acts of violence and incendiarism made it imperative in
-the opinion of a majority of citizens that they should be
-superseded. The passage of the ordinance caused a sensation
-because it was not believed that Councils would dare to abolish
-the volunteers. Feeling ran high. The firemen held
-meeting after meeting in their engine-houses. All attention
-was directed towards the Mayor. Would he sign the ordinance
-and make it a law? He had ten days in which to consider
-the bill. He was known to favor it; but day after day
-passed and he took no action. Meanwhile he was not asleep.
-He had perfected police arrangements whereby the whole force
-could be called out at once on the outbreak of any violence,
-and the excitement was so great that the rowdy element and
-the firemen were expected to sally forth at any moment.
-There were two or three isolated outrages, but no general
-riot. The ten days drew towards a close and the excitement
-became less intense every day. It was with this object in
-view that the Mayor delayed signing the ordinance. He
-waited until the last day before putting his signature to the
-bill. The volunteers had become in a degree reconciled to the
-measure, and some of them hoped to resume work with engine
-and hook-and-ladder under the new system.</p>
-
-<p>The old volunteer firemen now hold Mr. Fox in high esteem.
-At the great fire in Newhall, Borie &amp; Co.’s sugar refinery,
-which stood at the corner of Race and Crown streets, the
-lives of a number of the volunteers were endangered through
-their own stubbornness, and only saved through determined
-action on the part of the Mayor. The engine-house of the
-refinery was a single story building facing on Crown street;
-over it was a projection five or six stories in height containing
-the hoisting apparatus and other machinery of great weight.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">His Watchful Care Saves Many Lives.</span></p>
-
-<p>About a score of the firemen took up a position on the roof
-of the engine-house and directed a stream of water against
-the main building. Unknown to them the flames were rapidly
-eating their way to the machinery in the projection over
-them. The Mayor made it a point to attend all important
-fires, and frequently his vigilance at great conflagrations resulted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span>
-in the detection of gangs of thieves who operated in
-the uniform of firemen. On this occasion he observed the
-danger which threatened the men. It was evident to him
-that the machinery would soon be reached, and the projection
-fall. A serious disaster would be the consequence unless the
-men removed. The Mayor sent the Chief of Police to inform
-them of their danger, and endeavored to induce them to retire
-from their perilous position. They angrily declared they
-would occupy whatever place they pleased, and said the Mayor
-should mind his own business as he had no authority over
-them. The Mayor saw that prompt and decisive action was
-necessary if the lives of the men were not to be sacrificed.
-He ordered Chief Mulholland to drive the headstrong fellows
-from the roof by force. All the policemen in the neighborhood
-of the fire were collected and they charged the volunteers,
-who were routed with some difficulty and came clamoring
-around the Mayor, demanding to know by what authority
-he had interfered with them, execrating and threatening him
-with personal violence.</p>
-
-<p>“Wait five minutes and I will give you an answer,” said
-Mr. Fox, quietly.</p>
-
-<p>A moment later the projection with all the heavy machinery
-fell, crushing the engine-house. The men who a moment
-before had reviled the Mayor were silent for a moment, then
-they gathered around him and gave three prolonged and hearty
-cheers for Daniel M. Fox.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Mr. Fox was the first Mayor who directed the roping off
-the streets during large conflagrations, thereby keeping away
-not only the crowds who drawn by idle curiosity went simply
-to look on but also those persons who may have been attracted
-for purposes of theft. It aided considerably, too, in giving
-the Fire Department a clean working space, thus adding to
-their efficiency, and also avoiding the chance of accidents from
-falling embers or walls. This plan so wisely begun has been
-followed with advantage by every successive Mayor.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Fox’s participation in the philanthropic and benevolent
-movements of the city has always been unlimited. As President
-of the Pennsylvania Society for the Protection of Children
-from Cruelty, Trustee of the Pennsylvania Institution for
-the Deaf and Dumb, and in his connection with many other
-charitable works, his constant aim has been the alleviation of
-the sufferings and the general welfare of his fellow men.</p>
-
-<p>Personally, Mr. Fox is of dignified and distinguished presence,
-yet in manner affable, courteous, and kind. Always<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span>
-interested in his fellow men, he draws men towards him and
-impresses them with the sincerity of his nature and the unselfishness
-of his purpose. Love of justice is one of the strong
-characteristics of the man, and his life has been singularly free
-from the petty strifes which disfigure the lives of so many who
-have had to fight their battle against odds. His selection for
-the Superintendency of the Mint, being unsought, was a just
-tribute to his unquestioned integrity and his eminent abilities
-as a public man. The country is fortunate in his preferment,
-and his administration of the affairs of the Mint will fitly
-crown an honored career.</p>
-
-<p>Superintendent Fox has greatly improved the immediate
-surroundings of the Mint since his entrance upon duty. The
-areas have been cleared of rubbish, temporary wooden structures
-demolished, where it is possible to dispense with them,
-and a systematic policing of the premises has been adopted.
-But perhaps the most notable of the improvements which
-Superintendent Fox has made is the removal of the old steam
-plant from the body of the basement and the creation of a new
-and much more efficient plant in vaults prepared outside of the
-walls. This has had the effect to render the atmosphere of the
-building cool and pure, and at the same time has actually increased
-the working space nearly forty per cent. Another
-story has also been added to the adjusting room, with appliances
-for cooking and toilet, thus increasing the comfort of
-the ladies employed in that department. The plots on either
-hand of the entrance on Chestnut street show some happy
-efforts to please the eye, in a renewal of the sward and landscape
-gardening in colors. The fine specimens of American
-cypress in the centre of these plots seem to have borrowed fresh
-attractions from their new and beautiful setting, and their
-foliage contrasts pleasingly with the clumps of foliage plants
-and exotics beneath. Throughout the premises the supervision
-of a thorough business man is apparent; nothing seems
-to escape the eyes of the vigilant Superintendent.</p>
-
-<h3>COINERS.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Henry Voigt</span>, the first Chief Coiner, was appointed by
-President Washington, January 29, 1793. He was selected
-on account of his mechanical knowledge and skill, being a
-clockmaker by trade. Many of our old families bear witness
-to the skill of Mr. Voigt in the affection they have for many
-an “old clock on the stairs,” for the manufacture of which
-timekeepers he was quite famous. Mr. Voigt held office until
-removed by death in February, 1814.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Adam Eckfeldt</span> was born in Philadelphia, June 15, 1769.
-He was trained to mechanical pursuits by his father, who was
-a large manufacturer of edge-tools and implements. On the
-establishment of the Mint he was engaged to construct some
-of the machinery for it. He built the first screw-coining
-presses. The contrivance for ejecting the piece from the
-collar, together with some other mechanical appliances, were
-his invention.</p>
-
-<p>In an old pay-roll of 1795 (see page 12), we find the name
-of “Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner.” His official
-connection dates from January 1, 1796, when he was appointed
-Assistant Coiner by Director Boudinot, with the
-consent of President Washington. Upon the death of Henry
-Voigt, Mr. Eckfeldt was appointed to succeed him as Chief
-Coiner, and remained in that position until he resigned, in
-1839. He continued to visit the Mint for some years after;
-and he is yet remembered as a hard worker in the Mint,
-without compensation. For half a century he was one of the
-central figures of the Mint service. His mechanical skill, his
-zeal, energy, and uprightness, brought him many distinctions,
-both as an officer and a citizen.</p>
-
-<p>In his letter of resignation he warmly recommends the
-appointment of Franklin Peale, in the following terms:
-“I feel it my duty, in leaving office, to recommend that my
-place be filled by Mr. Franklin Peale, the present Melter and
-Refiner. Our close association as fellow-officers has made me
-acquainted with his peculiar qualifications, and I therefore
-know him to be fitted for the situation; and I do not know any
-other person that is.” He had a high ideal of what a chief
-coiner should be.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Eckfeldt died February 6, 1852, in his 83d year.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Franklin Peale</span> was the son of Charles Willson Peale, the
-eminent artist and founder of Peale’s Museum. Born in the
-Hall of the American Philosophical Society, October 15, 1795,
-he was presented to the society by his father, when four months
-old, as “the first child born in the Philosophical Hall,” and
-with a request that the society should name him. He was accordingly
-named after the chief founder and first President of
-the Society—Franklin.</p>
-
-<p>Young Peale early showed a taste for mechanics, and his
-father gave him every facility to improve himself in any direction
-in which nature seemed to lead him. Part of his general
-education was received at the University of Pennsylvania and
-part at the Germantown Academy. At the age of seventeen
-he entered the machine shop of Hodgson &amp; Bro., Delaware.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span>
-He soon grew to be a skilled mechanic and draughtsman.
-Some time after he became manager of his father’s Museum.
-He assisted Baldwin in the construction of the first locomotive
-built in this country. In 1833 Mr. Peale entered the Mint
-service, and was sent to Europe by Director Moore to examine
-into foreign Mint methods. He brought with him valuable
-apparatus for the Assay Department, together with other important
-improvements and suggestions. He was appointed
-Melter and Refiner in 1836 and Chief Coiner in 1839. He
-introduced the first steam coining press, the milling machine
-and some other of our more modern forms of Mint machinery.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Peale’s administration as Chief Coiner may be said to
-mark an era in the mechanic arts of Minting. Being specially
-fitted, by natural genius as well as education, for the position
-which he adorned, his mildness, integrity, gentlemanly bearing
-and high moral and mental culture constituted him a model
-officer. His connection with the service lasted until 1854.
-He died on the 5th of May, 1870.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">George K. Childs</span>, appointed December 12, 1854.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lewis R. Broomall</span>, appointed June 30, 1861.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">John G. Butler</span>, appointed November 30, 1863.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">A. Loudon Snowden</span>, appointed October 1, 1866.</p>
-
-<p>(For sketch of A. Loudon Snowden, see list of Directors
-and Superintendents, page 92.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Colonel O. C. Bosbyshell.</span> On the 4th of May, 1869,
-Ex-Governor Pollock, then Director of the Mint, appointed
-Col. Bosbyshell Register of Deposits. His course in the Mint
-was so satisfactory that, without solicitation, he was made
-assistant coiner by Col. A. L. Snowden, the then coiner, on
-the 1st of October, 1872. Upon Col. Snowden’s appointment
-as Postmaster of Philadelphia, Col. Bosbyshell was appointed
-Coiner of the Mint by President Grant, on the 15th of December,
-1876, and remained in that capacity until January,
-1885, when, to the regret of all parties having business relations
-with him, he tendered his resignation to accept a responsible
-position in the Controller’s Office, tendered him by his
-friend, Col. Robert P. Dechert.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">William S. Steel</span> was born in the City of Philadelphia,
-on the 1st of March, 1841. He received a good common
-school education, and in 1856 entered the office of David
-Cooper &amp; Co., at Girard’s wharves, remaining engaged in mercantile
-pursuits till 1861. At 19 years of age he was appointed
-by Colonel James Ross Snowden, then Director of the United
-States Mint, First Assistant Weigh Clerk. In this position<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span>
-he served continuously through Colonel J. Ross Snowden, ex-Governor
-Pollock, and Colonel A. Loudon Snowden’s administrations.
-In September, 1862, just before the battle of
-Antietam, Mr. Steele entered the State service, and served
-with the Thirty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers,
-until discharged by expiration of term. When Colonel A.
-Loudon Snowden was transferred to the Post Office, January,
-1877, Mr. Steele, upon the recommendation of the then
-Coiner, Colonel O. C. Bosbyshell, became Assistant Coiner, a
-position he filled in a most acceptable manner, until Colonel
-Bosbyshell’s retirement in February, 1885, when he was made
-Coiner.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Harry A. Chester</span>, Assistant Coiner, was born in Philadelphia
-(Northern Liberties), September 10, 1852, and educated
-in the North East School, Sixth Section. He was an
-attachee of the National House of Representatives from 1876
-to 1882, clerk in Register of Wills’ Office from January 1,
-1883, until May, 1885, when he was appointed by Colonel A.
-Loudon Snowden as Assistant Weigh Clerk, and promoted by
-Hon. Daniel M. Fox in October, 1886.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Henry Leffmann</span> was appointed Chief Coiner at the
-Philadelphia Mint January 10, 1888, by President Cleveland.
-Dr. Leffmann was born in Philadelphia September 9, 1847,
-and was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, including
-four years at the Central High School. He devoted
-three years in practical study in the laboratory of Dr. Charles
-M. Cresson, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College in
-1869, having been for some years assistant to the Professor of
-Chemistry at the College, and in 1875 was elected Lecturer
-on Toxicology, which position he held for a number of years.
-In 1876 he was elected to take charge of the laboratory of the
-Central High School, and remained in that position for four
-years. In 1883 he was elected Professor of Chemistry and
-Metallurgy in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, a
-position which he still holds; and he has been for a number
-of years Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the Wagner
-Free Institute of Science. Dr. Leffmann has been engaged
-as chemical expert in patent and criminal cases, notably in
-the Goerson poisoning case and the chrome-yellow poisoning
-cases. He is a member of several American and foreign
-scientific societies, has contributed papers to current scientific
-literature, and has for the past five years been editor of <i>The
-Polyclinic</i>, a monthly medical journal. In 1880 he was a
-candidate for Coroner on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span>
-and in 1884 was appointed Port Physician for Philadelphia
-by Governor Pattison, and held that position until
-October, 1887.</p>
-
-<h3>ASSAYERS.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Jacob R. Eckfeldt</span>, Sixth Assayer, was born in Philadelphia,
-1846. He entered the Assay Department as Second
-Weigher, in 1865. By regular promotions he reached the
-position of Assistant Assayer, in 1872, and upon the death of
-his superior he was appointed and confirmed as Assayer, December
-21, 1881. The position of Assayer is one of great
-responsibility, and demands not only scientific training but
-wide and special knowledge and experience upon subjects relating
-to the history and arts of Coinage. Since the foundation
-of the Mint there have been but six official heads of this
-department.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">William McIntire</span> was born in Delaware in 1831. He
-entered the Assay Department of the Mint as an assistant in
-September, 1853, which position he held, with the exception
-of a short interim while he was engaged in mercantile business,
-until October, 1887, when by regular promotion he was
-appointed Assistant Assayer.</p>
-
-<h3>JACOB R. ECKFELDT.</h3>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Extract from an Obituary Notice by Mr. Du Bois.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">(<i>Read before the American Philosophical Society, Oct. 4th, 1872.</i>)</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Jacob R. Eckfeldt, late Assayer of the Mint, was the son of Adam and
-Margaretta Eckfeldt, and was born in Philadelphia, March —, 1803. He
-was, therefore, in his seventieth year, at the time of decease, August 9th,
-1872.</p>
-
-<p>In the Spring of 1832, Mr. John Richardson, who had been Assayer
-about one year, and did not find the employment congenial to his tastes,
-informed Mr. Eckfeldt that he intended to resign, and wished him to prepare
-to take the place. Mr. E. shrank from this responsibility, and declined.
-But some of his friends who had influence with President Jackson, presented
-his name with a strong recommendation and he was appointed without
-being asked as to his party preferences. This occurred on the 30th of
-April, 1832. He therefore held the office <i>over forty years</i>.</p>
-
-<p>When he entered upon the work, he had to encounter some embarrassments.
-The apparatus was old-fashioned, and not calculated for nice
-results. The silver assay had been well performed, without going to a
-close figure, for many years; but gold was little known in the country or
-at the Mint, and it is not surprising that its assay was incorrectly performed.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span>
-Add to this, there was the coarse and cumbrous nomenclature,
-brought from the old country, of carats and grains for gold fineness, and
-so many grains to the pound for silver fineness.</p>
-
-<p>Close upon all this, that is to say, in June, 1834, came the celebrated
-reduction in the standards of our gold coin, one of the chief measures of
-the Jackson administration. This changed gold from a curiosity to a
-currency; bullion and foreign coin flowed to the mint, and accuracy of
-assay was more than ever needful. Mr. Eckfeldt was equal to the emergency,
-and resolutely introduced reforms, which, at first, made the older
-officers stand in doubt.</p>
-
-<p>In those days, about the time the new mint edifice on Chestnut street
-was finishing, Mr. Peale was sent to London and Paris to observe the
-methods of assaying and refining, and to procure a new apparatus. We
-were thus supplied with French beams, weights, and cupel furnaces, and
-with the appliances of Gay-Lussac’s humid assay, and the printed details
-of the process. Soon after, Mr. Saxton, famous for his skill in constructing
-balances and other delicate instruments, returned from a long schooling
-in that line in London, and was employed in the Mint. Thus furnished,
-Mr. Eckfeldt felt himself “set up,” and able to compete with the foreign
-assayers, and if he was ever more precise, it was because he disregarded
-certain allowances which had become a time-honored custom.</p>
-
-<p>A large importation of fine gold bars from France, known as the French
-Indemnity, and which came because President Jackson declared he “would
-submit to nothing that was wrong,” gave a fine opportunity for testing and
-comparing foreign assays; and it was generally found that these bars were
-somewhat below the alleged fineness. A still more important discovery,
-was the fact that British Sovereigns ran below their standard of fineness.
-This happened when he had been in office less than three years, and the
-Director was unwilling to set the finding of young Eckfeldt against the
-experience of Old England. The Assayer being assured and re-assured of
-the accuracy of his results, Director Moore consented to notify the British
-Government of their error. The result was a closer scrutiny in the London
-Mint, and a final acknowledgement that they were wrong. This was no
-less a triumph for Mr. Eckfeldt, than it was a contribution to exact science,
-and an honor to the American Government.</p>
-
-<p>It is not surprising, that he felt at first the inconvenience of passing from
-one form of nomenclature to another, though to a better one. A friend
-remarks, “I recall conversations with Mr. Eckfeldt, showing how seriously
-he felt the revolution. He would <i>think</i> in carats, and <i>report</i> in decimals.
-And I often recur to this as illustrating the kind of difficulties which would
-arise in case of a decimalising of weights and measures.”</p>
-
-<p>For some years prior to 1842, Mr. Eckfeldt and his Assistant, in addition
-to their ordinary duties, engaged in the preparation of an original and
-comprehensive work on the Coins of all Nations; on the Varieties of Gold
-and Silver Bullion; on Counterfeit Coins, and on other subjects related
-thereto. This was published in 1842, and has long been regarded as a
-standard authority. In 1850, they issued a supplementary smaller work,
-and again in 1852.</p>
-
-<p>As the United States increased in commerce, wealth and population, the
-Mint of course increased in work. In particular, Mexican dollars came in
-great quantities for recoinage. Not only were our vaults full, but our entries
-and corridors were at times crowded with rows of kegs. Every day, for
-years, we had the constant task of sixteen melts of silver ingots to melt and
-assay; and it was a great advantage and satisfaction to be supplied with
-the <i>humid</i> apparatus.</p>
-
-<p>The success of gold mining in our Southern States, and the increasing commerce
-of New Orleans, gave rise to the establishment of three branch mints
-at the South, in 1837; and it devolved upon Mr. Eckfeldt to become schoolmaster,
-and educate the three assayers appointed for those places. The same
-had to be done again at a later date for other mints and assay offices.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p>
-
-<p>In December, 1848, came the first lot of gold grains from California;
-and with the opening of the next year the tide set in most powerfully. I
-shall not here speak of this great turning-point in metallic currency any
-further than as it affected the mint, or rather the labor which it laid upon
-Mr. Eckfeldt and his department. As is well known, the lots were
-numerous, and the aggregate amount was enormous. Instead of making
-gold assays by dozens, we had to go through with hundreds every day,
-following the arrival of each steamer. We procured young men as operators
-in the weigh-room and additional workmen in the laboratory; and
-in spite all the help we were overworked. Here let me say that the
-persons who have been educated by Mr. Eckfeldt to this profession have
-done credit to the selection that was made, not only by skill, diligence, and
-good character while here, but wherever they are now scattered to other
-mints and assay offices, or to different pursuits.</p>
-
-<p>The gold pressure continued for about five years, when it was relieved
-by the creation of a Government assay office in New York, and a branch
-mint at San Francisco. But directly sequent to this came the change of
-standard in silver coin, causing an immense recoinage in small pieces.
-Thus our daily assays continued to count by hundreds. This lasted for
-some years. When it began to slacken off, a law was passed for calling in
-the large copper coins and issuing in their stead pieces of copper-nickel
-alloy of much smaller size.</p>
-
-<p>The analysis of Nickel alloys was not well laid down in the books, and
-the European or other assays which came with purchased lots showed an
-incorrect determination. Mr. Eckfeldt was therefore obliged to study out
-and perfect this assay, which is more tedious and laborious, though of less
-consequence, than the assay of the precious metals.</p>
-
-<p>But it was his habit to be as scrupulous in minor matters as in major;
-and after the routine was well settled it went on with the same clockwork
-regularity as the other branches of assaying. I need not say that
-this nickel coinage imposed another heavy pressure upon the mint for
-years.</p>
-
-<p>After this came the substitution of the Bronze alloy; and this called for
-another process of assay, and brought us a great deal of work.</p>
-
-<p>I thus hastily review this sequence of gold, silver, nickel, and bronze,
-not only as an interesting part of Mint History, but to show the varied and
-abundant services of the untiring, energetic Principal Assayer, and the
-masterly skill with which he met every obligation.</p>
-
-<p>His skill and success as an Assayer and Analyst largely consisted in his
-power of finding out what was defective or erroneous, and in applying the
-proper remedy. It often seemed that what was a puzzle to others was to
-him a matter of quick insight.</p>
-
-<p>In the assays of certain complex alloys, and of low grades of gold and
-silver, he contrived various methods which are not in print, but which are
-of great use in the daily manipulations.</p>
-
-<p>And here I may state that he not only introduced great accuracy and
-precision in the assays, but carried special investigations to a delicacy
-almost incredible. Thus, much interest was excited by a publication some
-years ago, both in this country and across the Atlantic, of his experiment
-upon the brick-clay which underlies our city. Taking two samples from
-the center of the town and the suburbs he found they contained gold at the
-rate of nearly 12 grains (say fifty cents) to the ton of clay in its ordinary
-moisture. Other experiments went to prove the very general diffusion of
-gold, in infinitesimal proportions.</p>
-
-<p>Some analysts, through want of exactitude, or for the pleasure of making
-a sensation, may produce very curious results; but Mr. Eckfeldt was conscientious,
-I may say, nervously scrupulous, about stating anything he was
-not sure of. Partly for that reason, partly for the very love of work, he
-was laborious to a fault, all his life long.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">United States Mint Officers.</span></h3>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington, D. C., James P. Kimball, Director of the Mint</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Philadelphia, Pa., Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Boise City, Idaho, Norman H. Camp</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Carson City, Nevada, James Crawford, Superintendent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Charlotte, N. C., Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Denver, Colorado, Herman Silver, Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Helena, Montana, Russell B. Harrison, Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Orleans, La., Andrew W. Smyth, Superintendent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New York, N. Y., Andrew Mason, Superintendent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>San Francisco, Cal., Edw. F. Burton, Superintendent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>St. Louis, Mo., Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<h3>WILLIAM E. DU BOIS.</h3>
-
-<p class="center">Extract from an obituary notice by Robert Patterson.</p>
-
-<p class="center">(Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 18, 1881.)</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>William Ewing Du Bois was born at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, December
-15, 1810. Through his father, Rev. Uriah Du Bois, he was descended
-from Louis Du Bois, a French Huguenot of honorable extraction, who emigrated
-to America in 1660, seeking freedom of religious worship, and, in
-connection with others of his countrymen, formed the settlement of New
-Paltz, Ulster County, New York. Through his mother, Martha Patterson,
-daughter of Professor Robert Patterson, of the University of Pennsylvania,
-he inherited the Scotch-Irish element which has exerted so marked an
-influence in the development of our country.</p>
-
-<p>The father of Mr. Du Bois was a Presbyterian clergyman, in charge of
-churches in and near Doylestown, and was principal of the Union Academy
-at that place, a classical school then and afterwards of high reputation. He
-was greatly respected, both as preacher and teacher.</p>
-
-<p>The bright and studious mind of Mr. Du Bois gathered every advantage
-from his opportunities, and he was well furnished in the classics and mathematics,
-and in English literature. While yet a boy he developed a freedom
-and capacity as a writer quite remarkable.</p>
-
-<p>His oldest brother was an eminent member of the bar, and it seemed
-fitting that Mr. Du Bois should, under his guidance, adopt the law as his
-profession. He accordingly pursued the usual course, in the meantime
-aiding to support himself by literary work and conveyancing, and was
-admitted to practice in September, 1832. But his health failing him on
-account of a bronchial affection, he accepted an appointment in the Mint
-at Philadelphia, and thus began the life-work by which his reputation was
-established.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Du Bois entered the Mint in September, 1833, and was first employed
-in the office of the Director, Dr. Moore. In 1835, at the request of the
-Assayer, Mr. Jacob R. Eckfeldt, he was transferred to a more congenial
-position in the assay department. Here he continued for the remainder of
-his life. In 1836 he was appointed Assistant Assayer. In September, 1872,
-he succeeded Mr. Eckfeldt as Assayer, and remained at the head of the department
-until his death, July 14, 1881, thus completing nearly forty-eight
-years of Mint service.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Du Bois early took rank as an accomplished assayer, and long before
-his death had reached the head of his profession.</p>
-
-<p>The close intimacy between Mr. Du Bois and Mr. Eckfeldt developed
-into warm friendship. The tie was made closer by the marriage of Mr.
-Du Bois, in 1840, to Susanna Eckfeldt, the sister of his chief. I shall have
-to speak of published works and scientific communications appearing under
-the names of Eckfeldt and Du Bois. Although it was understood that Mr.
-Du Bois was the sole literary author, yet no separate claim of authorship
-was made by either. Whatever of reputation was earned, each was contented
-that it might be shared by the other, and jealousy never for a
-moment weakened a union that bound them for life.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the year 1834 a change took place in the ratio of gold to silver in the
-standard of U. S. coins, the effect of which was to bring large deposits of
-gold to the Mint. The coinage previously had been chiefly of silver. The
-more equal supply of the precious metals gave active employment in the
-assay of each of them, and was, of course, most valuable as an experience
-to Mr. Du Bois, who about this time became connected with the assay department.</p>
-
-<p>In 1837, on revision of the Mint laws and standards brought about by
-Dr. Robert M. Patterson, then Director, a reform was effected in the
-method of reporting assays, the millesimal system taking the place of the
-time-honored but cumbrous method of carats and grains. About this time,
-also, the older plan of assaying silver was abandoned, the humid assay
-being substituted, and largely worked under the direct supervision of Mr.
-Du Bois.</p>
-
-<p>About 1838 branch mints were organized in the States of Louisiana,
-Georgia, and North Carolina. The labors and responsibilities of the Philadelphia
-assay department were increased by this development, partly from
-the necessity of instructing assayers for the new branches, and partly in
-testing the correctness of the assays made there.</p>
-
-<p>In 1848 the great discovery of gold in California was made known. This
-brought a tremendous pressure on every department of the Mint, and not
-the least on the assayers. The gold coinage was, in three years, raised from
-a little over three million dollars to more than sixty-two millions. The
-assays were often counted by hundreds in a day. But whatever the pressure
-in the office, accuracy ruled, and the correctness of the assays was never
-impeached.</p>
-
-<p>In 1853 a change was effected in the law for providing subordinate silver
-coins. This brought about, for some years succeeding, an unprecedented
-coinage of that metal, and still further increased the labors of the assay
-department.</p>
-
-<p>He instituted the Cabinet of coins which now adorns the Mint. This
-was commenced in 1838. A small annual appropriation was procured from
-Congress for this purpose, and the work of collection committed entirely
-to Mr. Du Bois. He brought to it all the enthusiasm which animates most
-numismatists, sobered, however, by good judgment. His expenditures were
-always judicious. Some of the best of the specimens were culled from the
-Mint deposits for the bullion value, merely, of the pieces. After the collection
-had taken good shape, and been well classified, he wrote and published,
-in 1846, a description of it, under the title “Pledges of History,”
-etc. The title thus selected intimated his opinion as to the real value of
-such collections. He thought that a coin should be prized for its historical
-teaching, or artistic merit, and discouraged the rage to possess a piece simply
-because of its rarity. Mr. Du Bois acted as curator of the Cabinet
-until his death.</p>
-
-<p>Another important labor undertaken by Mr. Du Bois (in connection
-with Mr. Eckfeldt) was the preparation and publication, in 1842, of a
-“Manual of the Gold and Silver Coins of all nations, struck within the
-past century.” This was a work of very great labor, and, from its expense,
-of some risk also to the authors. It is admirably arranged, the information
-clear, and it embraced every subject of interest at that date as to coins,
-bullion, counterfeits, etc. Subsequently, in 1850 and 1851, supplements
-were published covering later topics, made prominent in consequence of
-the California gold discoveries.</p>
-
-<p>The writings of Mr. Du Bois were numerous, and continued up to the
-year of his death. His papers on numismatics were frequent and always
-attractive, his last appearance in print being in April of this year, in an
-article on the “Coinage of the Popes.” To the “American Philosophical
-Society,” of which he was elected a member in 1844, he made various communications
-on behalf of Mr. Eckfeldt and himself, mostly on topics suggested<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span>
-by experiences in the assay department. Among the most curious
-was one on “The Natural Dissemination of Gold,” by which we were astonished
-to learn that this precious metal is found in appreciable quantity in
-the clays underlying our city.</p>
-
-<p>In 1869 he wrote for the “Bankers’ Magazine,” “Propositions for a Revised
-System of Weights, and a Restoration of Silver Currency.” The
-development of his views on these subjects is a model of clear exposition,
-and the conclusions reached were such as might be expected from a mind
-aiming to attain practical results rather than to impose visionary theories.</p>
-
-<p>From the beginning he was highly esteemed at the Mint. It was his
-ambition to acquire a knowledge of every branch of the service, and with
-his capacity and opportunities this end was attained. He early became the
-trusted friend and counsellor of his colleagues, and was able to serve them
-in many ways, perhaps most of all with his ready pen. As time passed,
-and forty-eight years of experience was given to him, he was recognized by
-all as the Nestor of the Mint service. And here I pause to draw a lesson,
-from the example of Mr. Du Bois’s life, as to the value of a properly organized
-civil service. In the department with which he was connected,
-political tests were never obtruded, and permanence of tenure followed on
-merit. On no other basis could his services have been claimed or retained.
-They would have been transferred to a private sphere, probably to his
-pecuniary gain, certainly to the public loss. He was very accessible, and
-ever ready to lend aid from the stores of his knowledge, but in particular
-did he delight to instruct and bring forward his younger friends.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Du Bois was able to fulfill his official duties until within a few months
-of his death. He was fully conscious of his approaching end, preserving
-his intelligence to the last, and the faith which had comforted him in this
-life supported him at its close.</p>
-
-<p>The following minute was adopted at a meeting of the officers and employees
-after his decease:</p>
-
-<p>“The remarkably close conformity of the United States coins to the
-standard assigned them by law, has been recognized by the highest Mint
-authorities of the world to be unsurpassed, if quite equalled, in its uniform
-exactness. The founding of such a reputation and its continuance during
-the last half-century, are largely due to the joint labors of the late Jacob
-R. Eckfeldt and William E. Du Bois.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<h3>MELTERS AND REFINERS.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Cloud</span>, appointed January, 1797; served until January,
-1836 (39 years).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Franklin Peale</span>, appointed January 5, 1836.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Jonas R. McClintock</span>, appointed February 19, 1840.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Richard S. McCulloch</span>, appointed in April, 1846; served
-until April 1, 1849.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">James Curtis Booth</span>, Melter and Refiner, was born in
-Philadelphia in 1810, educated in the same place, and graduated
-in the University of Pennsylvania 1829. After study
-and field practice in the Rensselaer School, at Troy, N. Y., in
-1831-32, under the late Professor A. Eaton, Mr. Booth
-studied Practical Chemistry in Germany, in 1833-34-35, in
-the laboratories of Professors F. Wohler and G. Magnus, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span>
-in visiting accessible manufacturing establishments in Germany
-and England having relation to chemistry. The late
-Prof. J. F. Frazer and Mr. Booth were the two Assistants on
-the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania in its first year, 1836.
-Mr. Booth next had charge of the Geological Survey of Delaware
-in 1837-38 (being often assisted by Prof. Frazer), and
-published his report on the survey in 1839-40.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Booth, observing the great deficiency in the knowledge
-of Applied Chemistry in his native place, opened a laboratory
-for teaching the same, by chemical analysis and by operating,
-in 1836, and the same laboratory has been continued successfully
-to the present time by Dr. T. H. Garrett and Mr. A.
-Blair.</p>
-
-<p>With the same object in view, Mr. Booth lectured at the
-Franklin Institute for nine successive winters, giving three
-full courses of lectures, each of three winters’ duration (1836-1845).</p>
-
-<p>Prior to 1850 Mr. Booth published the Encyclopædia of
-Chemistry, being the author of the majority of the articles
-contained in it, with valuable contributions by Prof. R. S.
-McCulloch and others. It was a valuable adjunct to the study
-of chemistry for many years.</p>
-
-<p>The Director and officers of the Mint unsuccessfully solicited
-the appointment of Mr. Booth as Melter and Refiner of the
-Mint in 1838-40, but in 1849 Mr. Booth obtained, through
-his friend, Mr. Meredith, the appointment, over the signature
-of President Z. Taylor, and has continued in the same position
-from that date to 1887, a period of more than thirty-six years.
-He resigned his office at the close of the year 1887.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dr. David K. Tuttle</span>, of the Carson City Mint, appointed
-Melter and Refiner January 10, 1888.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel B. Boyd</span>, Assistant Melter and Refiner, was
-born in Philadelphia, January, 1832. Twenty years later, he
-was graduated with honors at Burlington College. After
-leaving College he studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia
-Bar in 1854. In 1869 he accepted an appointment
-in the National Mint, tendered him by Director Pollock. In
-1873 he was appointed Assistant Melter and Refiner, a position
-which he still occupies (1885).</p>
-
-<h3>THE MINT ENGRAVERS.</h3>
-
-<p class="center">(Extract from Patterson Du Bois’ Biographical Sketch of “Our Mint Engravers.”)</p>
-
-<p>Whatever may be said concerning the peculiar responsibilities
-of the officers of the Mint, who are occupied with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span>
-various operations of turning bullion into coin, it must be
-conceded that none of them occupies a position so dubious
-and, in some ways, so unenviable as the Engraver. In the
-general transactions of the Mint, he is the most retired—the
-most obscure—of its officers; yet his card is in every one’s
-pocket.</p>
-
-<p>As to the types of coinage, the standards are as numerous
-as the eyes that water for them, and there is no piece but may
-be said to be outside of <i>somebody’s</i> tolerance. No other artist
-undergoes such an ordeal, for those who do not admire this
-painting or that statue are not compelled to hug and hoard
-it, much less to toil for its possession. The engraver who can,
-from his retired window, see the critical millions clutching for
-his little <i>relievos</i>, is in some sort a hero <i>ex-officio</i>, and it has
-been well suggested that we look briefly upon the uneventful
-lives of this worthy line of officers.</p>
-
-<p>I. Robert Scot received his appointment as the first Engraver
-of the Mint, November 23, 1793. Information is
-wanting as to his nativity, but at the time of his appointment
-he seems to have been turning the down-hill of life. He is
-remembered as rather under size, and as an honorable and
-agreeable gentleman.</p>
-
-<p>According to Loubat, Joseph Wright was “appointed first a
-draughtsman and die-sinker to the United States Mint, and
-made the dies of a medal, the bust on the obverse of which
-was considered to be the best medallic profile likeness of Washington.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
-He also made the medal voted by Congress to Major
-Lee.” Wright died in 1793.</p>
-
-<p>II. William Kneass, second of the line, was born in Lancaster,
-Pa., September, 1781, and was appointed Engraver
-January 29, 1824. Mr. Kneass had been chiefly a plate
-engraver for book-work. There were some changes in the
-coinage during his term, notably in 1834 and 1838, for gold,
-and 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1840, for silver. But some of
-this work was done by Gobrecht as assistant. Kneass appears
-upon a pattern half dollar of 1838; but the silver dollar of
-1836, as well as a pattern half of 1838, were the work of his
-assistant. Prior to his appointment he had an engraving
-office on Fourth above Chestnut street, Philadelphia, which
-was a well-known rendezvous for the leading wits and men of
-culture, for which Philadelphia was then eminent.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Kneass died in office, August 27, 1840. A good engraving
-of him hangs in the Assayer’s Office, inscribed “to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span>
-his friend Adam Eckfeldt, Chief Coiner,”—who had been
-chiefly instrumental in securing his appointment.</p>
-
-<p>III. Christian Gobrecht was appointed December 21, 1840,
-to fill the vacancy made by the death of Kneass. He was
-born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., December 23, 1785. In
-1811 he went to Philadelphia, and became an engraver of
-bank notes, seals, calico printers’ rolls, bookbinders’ dies, etc.
-In 1836 he received an appointment as assistant to Mr.
-Kneass at the Mint, in which capacity he executed some important
-work. Among other similar performances he was
-highly commended for his Franklin Institute Medal.</p>
-
-<p>Christian Gobrecht continued in office until his death, July
-23, 1844.</p>
-
-<p>IV. James B. Longacre was born August 11, 1794, in
-Delaware Co., Pa. He served an apprenticeship as a line
-engraver with George Murray, Philadelphia, and did some
-high class plate-work before he was free, in 1819. He was
-one of the originators of the <i>National Portrait Gallery of
-Distinguished Americans</i>, the first volume of which appeared
-in 1834. Longacre drew from life and engraved many of the
-portraits entire.</p>
-
-<p>Like his predecessors, he died in office—January 1, 1869.
-During his term Mr. Longacre was variously assisted by P. F.
-Cross, William Barber, Anthony C. Paquet, and William H.
-Key. Cross was born in Sheffield, England, served several
-years in the Mint here, and died in 1856. He engraved the
-obverse of the Ingraham medal. Paquet was born in Hamburg,
-1814, emigrated 1848, served as assistant 1857 to 1864,
-died, 1882. He engraved the medals of Grant, Johnson,
-Buchanan, Everett, and the Life Saving Medals, with some
-others. Key is a native of Brooklyn, was appointed an
-assistant, 1864, and is still in the service. He executed the
-Kane Expedition and Archbishop Wood Medals. The changes
-and additions during the Longacre term were numerous and
-important, both as to alloys and denominations. The pattern
-pieces also record various experiments in the art of coining.</p>
-
-<p>V. William Barber, fifth Engraver of the Mint, was born
-in London, May 2, 1807. He learned his profession from his
-father, John Barber, and was employed on silver-plate work,
-after his emigration to this country.</p>
-
-<p>He resided in Boston ten years, and was variously employed
-in his line of work. His skill in this way came to the knowledge
-of Mr. Longacre, then Engraver of the Mint, and he
-secured his services as an assistant in 1865.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p>
-
-<p>In January, 1869, upon the death of Mr. Longacre, he was
-appointed as his successor, and continued in that position for
-the remainder of his life. His death, which resulted from
-severe chills, brought on by bathing at the seashore, occurred
-in Philadelphia, August 31, 1879.</p>
-
-<p>Besides much original work on pattern coins, he also produced
-over forty medals, public and private. The work on all
-of them was creditable, but we may specify those of Agassiz,
-Rittenhouse, and Henry, as very superior specimens of art.
-Mr. Barber was assisted by Mr. William H. Key, Mr. Charles
-E. Barber, and Mr. George T. Morgan.</p>
-
-<p>VI. Charles E. Barber, sixth Engraver, is a son of the
-preceding, and was born in London in 1840. He was appointed
-an assistant in 1869, and became the official head by
-promotion in 1880, to fill the vacancy caused by his father’s
-death. The appointment was not unmerited. One of Mr.
-Barber’s latest cards to the public is the new five-cent piece—a
-successful venture in very low relief. But his handiwork is
-more or less visible in all the principal medals executed since
-1869. Since his appointment as Chief Engraver, the work
-of his department has been enormously increased by the
-number of medal dies demanded for the War Department and
-from other Government sources. Mr. Barber’s best work is
-seen in the medals of Presidents Garfield, Arthur, Indian
-Peace, Army Marksmanship, and Great Seal. He is particularly
-happy in “catching a likeness.” The head of
-Superintendent Snowden is a rare specimen of medallic portraiture.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
-
-<p>Messrs. Key and Morgan are the Engraver’s assistants.
-The former has already received notice; the latter, Mr. George
-T. Morgan, was born in Birmingham, England, in 1845; he
-studied at the Art School there, and won a National Scholarship
-at the South Kensington, where he was a student two
-years. He is best known to the country by the so-called
-“Bland dollar,” which is his design and execution.</p>
-
-<p>We have reason to congratulate both the Government and
-the people that the engraving service is well and judiciously
-furnished.</p>
-
-<h3>BENJAMIN RUSH,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">An eminent physician and philanthropist, was born near Philadelphia,
-December 24, 1745; he graduated from Princeton
-College in 1760; he afterwards studied medicine in Edinburgh,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span>
-London, and Paris; returning to this country, he was elected
-Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Philadelphia
-in 1769. In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress,
-and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence
-in the same year; he was afterwards appointed Surgeon-General
-of Revolutionary Army, and voted for the adoption
-of the Constitution of the United States in 1787. Dr. Rush
-was a popular lecturer, and eminently qualified as a teacher
-of medicine. When the yellow fever scourged the City, and
-the public buildings were closed in 1799 and 1800, he was
-very successful in his treatment of the victims of that epidemic.
-It is said that he visited and prescribed for one
-hundred patients in a single day. He was treasurer of the
-first United States Mint during the last fourteen years of his
-life. Dr. Rush died in Philadelphia in April, 1813. Among
-his nine children was Richard Rush, the statesman.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Dr. Rush was the author of the first pamphlet on temperance published in
-this country, showing the injurious effects of alcoholic drinks on the human system,
-and is justly regarded as the father of the temperance movement, the Centennial of
-which has lately been celebrated throughout the United States, September, 1885.</p>
-
-<h3>CASHIER.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mark H. Cobb</span>, the Cashier of the Mint from 1871 until the
-present time (1885), was born in Colebrook, Connecticut, in
-1828. In 1861, Hon. Simon Cameron, then Secretary of War,
-appointed him Chief Clerk in the War Department, he having
-previously been his private secretary. After Mr. Cameron’s
-resignation as Secretary, Mr. Cobb, at the solicitation of the
-late Col. John W. Forney, accepted the position of Enrolling
-Clerk of the United States Senate in 1862. In 1871 he was
-appointed to the responsible position of Cashier in the United
-States Mint.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Albion Cox</span>, first assayer of the Mint was appointed April
-4, 1794. His commission, signed by Washington, until
-recently, hung upon the walls of the assay office. But little is
-known of Mr. Cox, save that he was an Englishman by birth,
-and a good officer, as appears from the following report to the
-Secretary of the Treasury made by Director Boudinot, under
-date, December 3, 1795. He says: “The sudden and unexpected
-death of the assayer, Mr. Albion Cox, on Fryday
-last by an apoplectic fit, deprived the Mint of an intelligent
-officer, essentially necessary to the future progress in the coinage
-of the precious metals. Until this officer is replaced, the
-business at the Mint must be confined to striking cents only.”</p>
-
-<p>He therefore held office about a year and eight months.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span></p>
-
-<p>Joseph Richardson, second assayer, was appointed December
-12, 1795. He belonged to an old Quaker family distinguished
-for ability and character. Mr. Richardson fulfilled the duties
-of his office with credit and honor. He died in March, 1831.
-A water color portrait of him, dressed in plain Quaker garb,
-hangs in the assayers’ room. He held office over thirty-five
-years.</p>
-
-<p>John Richardson, son of the preceding, was appointed
-assayer March 31, 1831. Finding the office not congenial with
-his tastes, and so subjecting him to undue responsibilities, he
-resigned April, 1832, holding office only a little over a year.</p>
-
-<h3>CURATOR.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">R. A. McClure</span>, a gentleman skilled in the science of
-numismatics, was appointed Assistant Curator of the Coin
-Cabinet in 1868, and, upon the death of the Assayer and
-Chief Curator in 1881, the responsibilities of the Curatorship
-fell upon Mr. McClure.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Standard_Weights"><span class="smcap">Standard Weights.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The earliest series of standard weights now known, are two
-sets discovered by Mr. Layard in the ruins of Nineveh. They
-are now in the British Museum. William the Conqueror
-decreed the continuance, as the legal standard, of the pound
-in use by the Saxons. This and other standards of weight
-and measure were removed by the King from the City of
-Winchester to the Exchequer at Westminster, and placed in
-a consecrated building in charge of his chamberlains. The
-place of deposit is said to have been the crypt chapel of Edward
-the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey. In 1866 the
-office of Exchequer was abolished, and the Standards Department
-of the Board of Trade was established in London, assuming
-charge of the standards—an arrangement still in force.</p>
-
-<p>The old Saxon pound was the earliest standard of England.
-It was identical in weight with the old apothecaries’ pound of
-Germany, and equal to 5,400 of our later Troy grains. The
-pound sterling was determined from this weight in silver.
-Henry III., in 1266, decreed the following standards: The
-sterling, or penny, to weigh equal to thirty-two wheat corns,
-taken from the middle of the ear; twenty pence, one ounce;
-twelve ounces, one pound; eight pounds, one gallon of wine,
-which is the eighth part of a quarter. The idea of the grain
-was borrowed by the English from the French, and the Black
-Prince brought back with him from France the pound Troye,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span>
-which was derived from the commercial town of that name.
-The use of the Troy standard was adopted by the druggists
-and jewelers, on account of its convenient reduction into
-grains.</p>
-
-<p>The pound avoirdupois, weighing 7,000 grains Troy, (Fr.
-<i>Avoir-du-poids</i>, “to have weight”), first appears in use during
-the reign of Edward III., and it, as well as the Troy pound,
-has been employed without change ever since. In the year
-1834 the English standards of weight and measure, consisting
-of a yard and pound Troy of brass, were destroyed by fire
-at the burning of the Houses of Parliament. A few years
-later a commission of scientific men was appointed to determine
-upon the restoration of the standards. This resulted in
-a succession of difficult problems resultant upon the oxidation
-to a greater or less extent of duplicates of the standard still
-existing, as also of the variation of the cubic inch of water, as
-in use in different lands. A cubic inch of distilled water,
-weighed in air against brass weights, at a temperature of 62
-degrees Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches, had been determined
-by scientific men to be equal to 252.458 grains, of
-which the standard Troy pound contained 5,760.</p>
-
-<p>As the unit of length was also lost, a series of experiments
-was made in the vibration of a pendulum in a vacuum, marking
-seconds of mean time in the latitude of London at the level
-of the sea. These deductions, however, failed to be satisfactory,
-and the commission was compelled to fall back upon the best
-preserved of the duplicate standards existent. The Imperial
-Standard Pound is declared to be the true weight of an avoirdupois
-pound in a vacuum. It is a curious fact that the Imperial
-standards of platinum (which metal is not subject to
-oxidation), although balancing brass weights in a vacuum,
-weigh in air more than one-half a grain heavier than the latter.
-This is due to their greater displacement of space.</p>
-
-<p>The unit of weight in the United States is a Troy pound
-weight obtained from England, a duplicate of the original
-standard fixed by the commission of 1758, and reasserted by
-the commission of 1838. It is a bronze weight of 5,760 grains
-Troy. It is kept in a strong safe at the United States Mint,
-in Philadelphia. The President appoints an assay commission,
-whose members meet at Philadelphia annually, upon the second
-Wednesday in February, open the safe, and compare the copies,
-or the working weights, with the original upon the most delicately
-poised balances. Working standards of weights and
-measures are supplied by the Secretary of State to the State
-governments, which in turn supply them to the sealers of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span>
-weights and measures of the various countries, who must compare
-with the State standard
-once a year.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus22" style="max-width: 20.3125em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus22.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">TROY STANDARD POUND WEIGHT.</p>
-  <p class="caption">Fac-simile, exact size.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>All of the scales and delicate
-test instruments in use
-by the government, not only
-in Philadelphia Mint, but at
-the several branch mints, are
-manufactured in this country,
-and as examples of wonderful
-mechanical machines of
-minute accuracy they lead
-the world. Some of them
-are the work of Mr. Henry
-Troemner, of Philadelphia,
-to whom, it is proper to say,
-the writer is largely indebted
-for the facts given in this
-article. Mr. Troemner, in
-the capacity of government
-expert, makes frequent visits
-to the most distant points in
-the Union for the verification
-of national standards.
-The Treasury Department made an especial request of him to
-exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition, a line of his fine
-balances.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">EXTRACT FROM CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span>, Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power ... to coin money,
-regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of
-weights and measures, ... to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting
-the securities and current coin of the United States.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> Sect. 2. No State shall ... coin money, emit bills of credit,
-make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, ...</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p class="table-title">Coinage, fiscal year 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Description.</th>
-    <th>Pieces.</th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,724,720</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$22,393,279.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">44,231,288</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,366,483.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Minor Coins</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50,166,509</td>
-    <td class="tdr">943,650.65</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1 bt">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">98,122,517</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$57,703,413.40</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Total number of Coinage Dies made during the year 1887.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold coinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">120</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver coinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">359</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Minor coinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">684</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Proof coinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Bullion for the Silver Dollar Coinage, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Mode of acquisition.</th>
-    <th>Standard ounces.</th>
-    <th>Cost.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Purchases, Treasury Department, Bureau of the Mint</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29,018,932.12</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$25,624,487.37</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Purchases by mint officers</td>
-    <td class="tdr">282,626.95</td>
-    <td class="tdr">249,150.73</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Partings, bar charges and fractions</td>
-    <td class="tdr">131,783.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">114,982.36</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Total delivered on purchases</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">29,433,342.27</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$25,988,620.46</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Balance on hand July 1, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,258,495.66</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,960,969.02</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Available for coinage of silver dollars during the fiscal year 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">32,691,837.93</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$28,949,589.48</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Value of the Gold and Silver (not including re-deposits) received at the
-Mints and Assay Offices during the fiscal years 1880-1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Fiscal years.</th>
-    <th>Gold.</th>
-    <th>Silver.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1880</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$ 98,835,096</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$34,640,522</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$133,475,618</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1881</td>
-    <td class="tdr">130,833,102</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,791,146</td>
-    <td class="tdr">161,624,248</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1882</td>
-    <td class="tdr">66,756,652</td>
-    <td class="tdr">33,720,491</td>
-    <td class="tdr">100,477,143</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1883</td>
-    <td class="tdr">46,347,106</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36,869,834</td>
-    <td class="tdr">83,216,940</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1884</td>
-    <td class="tdr">46,326,678</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36,520,290</td>
-    <td class="tdr">82,846,968</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">52,894,075</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36,789,774</td>
-    <td class="tdr">89,683,849</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">44,909,749</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,494,183</td>
-    <td class="tdr">80,403,932</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">68,223,072</td>
-    <td class="tdr">47,756,918</td>
-    <td class="tdr">115,979,990</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Silver Coins of the United States.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Denominations.</th>
-    <th>Coinage commenced.</th>
-    <th>Coinage ceased.</th>
-    <th>Amount coined to June 30, 1884.</th>
-    <th>Standard weight, grains.</th>
-    <th>Amount for which a legal tender.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Standard dollars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1878</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$175,355,829.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">412.5</td>
-    <td>Unlimited.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Trade dollars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1873</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1878</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,959,360.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">420.</td>
-    <td class="nw">Not a legal tender.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dollars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1793</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1873</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,045,838.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">412.5</td>
-    <td>Unlimited.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Half dollars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1793</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">122,765,735.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">192.9</td>
-    <td>Ten dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Quarter dollars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1796</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">38,495,918.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">96.45</td>
-    <td>Ten dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Twenty cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1875</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1878</td>
-    <td class="tdr">271,000.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">77.16</td>
-    <td>Five dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dimes</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1796</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">18,293,172.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">38.58</td>
-    <td>Ten dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Half dimes</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1793</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1873</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,906,946.90</td>
-    <td class="tdr">19.29</td>
-    <td>Five dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Three cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1851</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1873</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,281,850.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11.52</td>
-    <td>Five dollars.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="illus23" style="max-width: 29.6875em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/illus23.jpg" alt="" />
-  <p class="caption">FAC-SIMILE REPRODUCTIONS OF CONTINENTAL CURRENCY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Trade-Dollars Coined, Exported, Imported, Melted, and Redeemed
-(Act of March 3, 1887).</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Coined:</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at Philadelphia</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$5,107,024</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at San Francisco</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">26,647,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at Carson</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,211,400</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$35,965,924</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Exported</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">28,778,862</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Imported</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,706,020</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1" colspan="2">Net export</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">27,072,842</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">8,893,082</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Melted:</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1 valign" rowspan="2">As bullion.</td>
-    <td class="nw">{ Previous to Redemption Act</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$915,346</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>{ Excluded from redemption (mutilated pieces, etc.)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,113</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">919,459</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1 valign" rowspan="4">Redeemed.</td>
-    <td>{ Mint at Philadelphia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,427,369</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>{ Mint at San Francisco</td>
-    <td class="tdr">764,263</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>{ Mint at New Orleans</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,871</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>{ Assay office at New York</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,495,533</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="in2">Total redeemed</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,689,036</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="in2">Total melted</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,608,495</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4">Not accounted for and not presented for redemption;
-   employed in the arts; specimen pieces in the hands of coin
-   collectors, carried out by emigrants, and in miscellaneous
-   deposits of coin remelted at mints, etc.</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$284,587</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Gross Profits on Silver Coinage in 1887.</span></p>
-
-<p>The seignorage or immediate gross profit on the coinage of
-silver dollars—that is, the difference between the cost of the
-bullion and the nominal value of the coins—during the fiscal
-year 1887, was $7,923,558.61.</p>
-
-<p>The seignorage on subsidiary coin manufactured during the
-year was $31,704.94, of which $1,130.65 was gained from the
-recoinage of old subsidiary coins in the Treasury.</p>
-
-<p>The total seignorage on the silver coinage during the fiscal
-year was $7,955,263.55.</p>
-
-<p>As stated in last fiscal report, the balance of silver profits
-remaining in the coinage mints on the 1st July, 1886,
-amounted to $553,201.44.</p>
-
-<p>Adding to this the seignorage of the year, the total gross
-silver profits to be accounted for by the mints is $8,508,464.99.</p>
-
-<p>Of this there was paid for expenses of distributing silver
-coin $35,059.03, and reimbursed for wastage and loss on sale
-of sweeps $20,294.88.</p>
-
-<p>The seignorage on the coinage of silver at the mints of the
-United States from July 1, 1878, to the close of the fiscal year
-ended June 30, 1887, has amounted to $39,057,566.90.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Tabulated Statement of Expenditures of the Mint at Philadelphia, for the
-Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Items.</th>
-    <th>Amount.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Acids</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$7,149.28</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Belting</td>
-    <td class="tdr">315.07</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Charcoal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,873.42</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Chemicals</td>
-    <td class="tdr">832.58</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Coal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,332.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Copper</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13,585.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Crucibles, covers, stirrers, and dippers</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,712.72</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dry goods</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,198.97</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Fluxes</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,560.91</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Freight and drayage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">252.12</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gas</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,098.78</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gloves and gauntlets</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,930.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Hardware</td>
-    <td class="tdr">957.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ice</td>
-    <td class="tdr">613.45</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Iron and steel</td>
-    <td class="tdr">205.91</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Labor and repairs</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,417.82</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Loss on sale of sweeps</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,301.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lumber</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,109.74</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Machinery and appliances</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,617.49</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Metal work and castings</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,697.61</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Oil</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,047.12</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Salt</td>
-    <td class="tdr">117.56</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Stationery, printing and binding</td>
-    <td class="tdr">773.42</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sundries</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,230.61</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Telegraphing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">28.87</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42.67</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Wood</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,432.62</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Zinc</td>
-    <td class="tdr">935.57</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Steam-power plant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,464.27</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Manufacture of 5-cent nickel blank</td>
-    <td class="tdr">19,498.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">117,332.84</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Salaries</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40,665.69</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Wages of workmen</td>
-    <td class="tdr">426,593.93</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Aggregate</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">581,597.46</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Value of the Foreign Gold Coins Deposited at the United States Assay
-Office at New York during the Year ended June 30, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Countries of Coinage.</th>
-    <th>Denominations  of coin.</th>
-    <th>Total of each denomination of coin.</th>
-    <th>Total by countries of coinage.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Costa Rica</td>
-    <td>Mixed</td>
-    <td class="tdr">257.56</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$257.56</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>France</td>
-    <td>20 francs</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,219,351.02</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,219,351.02</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Germany</td>
-    <td>20 marks</td>
-    <td class="tdr">179,121.67</td>
-    <td class="tdr">179,121.67</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Great Britain</td>
-    <td>Sovereigns</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,018,036.21</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,018,036.21</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Japan</td>
-    <td>Yens</td>
-    <td class="tdr">18,608.37</td>
-    <td class="tdr">18,608.37</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Mexico</td>
-    <td>20 pesos</td>
-    <td class="tdr">388,668.88</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>10 pesos</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,341.64</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>Doubloons</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,178.60</td>
-    <td class="tdr">391,189.12</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Russia</td>
-    <td>5 roubles</td>
-    <td class="tdr">155,237.39</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>Roubles</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,596.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>½ imperials</td>
-    <td class="tdr">577,223.34</td>
-    <td class="tdr">735,057.53</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Peru</td>
-    <td>20 soles</td>
-    <td class="tdr">999.82</td>
-    <td class="tdr">999.82</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Spain</td>
-    <td>Doubloons</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,101,388.08</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>Isabellines</td>
-    <td class="tdr">98,151.58</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>25 pesetas</td>
-    <td class="tdr">957,276.17</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td>Mixed</td>
-    <td class="tdr">179,863.62</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,336,679.45</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">U. S. Colombia</td>
-    <td>Cinco pesos</td>
-    <td class="tdr">709.76</td>
-    <td class="tdr">709.76</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$7,900,010.51</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$7,900,010.51</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The total value of both gold and silver deposited and purchased
-at the mints of the United States during the fiscal year
-1887, not including redeposits, was $115,979,991.62, and
-including redeposits, $131,635,811.34.</p>
-
-<p>The value of the gold and silver received at the mints and
-assay offices during the fiscal year 1887, was greater than any
-previous year since 1881.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Improvements made at the Philadelphia Mint in 1887,
-under the Supervision of Hon. Daniel M. Fox.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Impairment of the foundation of the old engine, together
-with the requirement of increased power, at the mint at Philadelphia
-led to a special appropriation by Act of Congress of
-$54,639.20, in accordance with specifications for the renewal
-of the steam motive plant and for its transfer from the centre
-of the building to space newly provided near the northern
-outer wall. The work, undertaken in July, was, by extraordinary
-exertions on the part of all engaged, completed early
-in September, with an interruption of less than two months
-to the regular course of complete operations. Two new 150-horse-power
-duplex steam-engines and one of 50-horse-power
-have been erected in the north basement, along with three
-tubular boilers, coal bunkers, etc.</p>
-
-<p>By this important improvement in plant valuable space has
-been secured in the centre basement and ground floor for
-vaults and other necessities.</p>
-
-<p>The number of assays made during the year was some
-66,000, of which 48,000 were silver and 18,000 gold.</p>
-
-<p>The melter and refiner of the mint operated upon a larger
-quantity of bullion than in any previous year in the history of
-the institution. The operations by this officer may be stated
-as follows:</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>Ounces.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold deposits</td>
-    <td class="tdr">409,326</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver deposits</td>
-    <td class="tdr">44,239,881</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Parted and refined</td>
-    <td class="tdr">721,765</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>As this bullion is handled more than sixteen times in the
-processes of melting and preparation for coinage or for manufacture
-of fine bars, the combined operations represent a
-single handling of nearly 25,000 tons.</p>
-
-<p>The operations of the coiner’s department may be stated as
-follows:</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>Ounces.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13,574</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42,924,485</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Minor coinage metal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,588,897</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">48,526,956</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The total coinage was $23,277,600.80, the total number of
-pieces being 81,532,391.</p>
-
-<p>In addition to the coinage executed during the year, gold
-and silver bars were manufactured as follows:</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$58,188,953.66</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,481,611.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$64,670,564.91</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Gold and Silver Bullion in the Mints and Assay Offices July 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Metal.</th>
-    <th>Cost.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,455,650</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$95,967,920</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Total Metallic Stock in the United States July 1, 1887, Coin and Bullion
-included.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$654,520,335</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">352,993,566</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$1,007,513,901</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>At the beginning of the fiscal year 1887 there was on hand
-at the mints at Philadelphia, New Orleans and San Francisco,
-silver bullion purchased for the silver dollar coinage amounting
-to $2,960,969.02. There was delivered at the mints on
-purchases of all kinds during the year, as above, 29,433,342.27
-standard ounces, at a cost of $25,988,620.46, making the
-total amount of silver available during the fiscal year for the
-silver dollar coinage 32,691,837.93 standard ounces, costing
-$28,949,589.48.</p>
-
-<p>The price paid by this Bureau on November 1, 1887, for
-silver purchases for the silver dollar coinage was $0.9580.80
-per ounce fine.</p>
-
-<p>The production of silver, notwithstanding the large depreciation
-in the market value of that metal, has steadily increased
-from $115,000,000 in 1883 to $130,000,000 in 1886.
-The production of the world for the calendar years 1883,
-1884, 1885 and 1886 is exhibited in the following table:</p>
-
-<p class="table-title">World’s Production of Gold and Silver.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th rowspan="2">Calendar Years.</th>
-    <th colspan="2">Gold.</th>
-    <th colspan="2">Silver.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Kilograms.</th>
-    <th>Value.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></th>
-    <th>Kilograms.</th>
-    <th>Value.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1883</td>
-    <td class="tdr">143,533</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$95,392,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,769,197</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$115,088,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1884</td>
-    <td class="tdr">153,017</td>
-    <td class="tdr">101,694,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,804,725</td>
-    <td class="tdr">116,564,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">154,942</td>
-    <td class="tdr">102,975,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,062,009</td>
-    <td class="tdr">127,257,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">147,097</td>
-    <td class="tdr">97,761,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,137,175</td>
-    <td class="tdr">130,383,000</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The United States still maintains first rank among the
-nations of the world as the largest producer of the precious
-metals, having produced during the calendar year 1886 gold
-and silver of the coining value of $86,000,000. Mexico
-retains second rank, with a production of $33,614,000, of
-which $33,000,000 was silver. Australia has a production of
-$27,647,000, of which $26,425,000 was gold. Russia is
-credited with a production of $21,046,000, of which $20,518,000
-was gold.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Circulation of Standard Silver Dollars at the end of each six months, from
-July 1, 1885, to July 1, 1887, and on October 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th rowspan="2">Period.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2">Total coinage.</th>
-    <th colspan="2">In the Treasury.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2" class="bl">In circulation.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Held for payments of certificates outstanding.</th>
-    <th>Held in excess of certificates outstanding.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">July 1, 1885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$203,884,381</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$101,530,946</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$63,882,166</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$38,471,269</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">January 1, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">218,259,761</td>
-    <td class="tdr">93,179,465</td>
-    <td class="tdr">72,538,725</td>
-    <td class="tdr">52,541,571</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">July 1, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">233,723,286</td>
-    <td class="tdr">88,116,225</td>
-    <td class="tdr">93,137,341</td>
-    <td class="tdr">52,469,720</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">January 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">249,683,647</td>
-    <td class="tdr">117,246,670</td>
-    <td class="tdr">71,259,568</td>
-    <td class="tdr">61,177,409</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">July 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">266,990,117</td>
-    <td class="tdr">142,118,017</td>
-    <td class="tdr">69,365,953</td>
-    <td class="tdr">55,506,147</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">October 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">273,660,157</td>
-    <td class="tdr">154,354,826</td>
-    <td class="tdr">58,688,970</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60,616,361</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Appropriations for the support of Mints and Assay Offices for the fiscal
-year 1888.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Institutions.</th>
-    <th>Salaries.</th>
-    <th>Wages of workmen.</th>
-    <th>Contingent expenses.</th>
-    <th>Repairs of buildings.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc nw"><i>Coinage mints.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Philadelphia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$41,550</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$293,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$100,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$434,550</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>San Francisco</td>
-    <td class="tdr">41,900</td>
-    <td class="tdr">170,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">251,900</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Carson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29,550</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">114,550</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Orleans</td>
-    <td class="tdr">31,950</td>
-    <td class="tdr">74,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">140,950</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>Assay offices.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New York</td>
-    <td class="tdr">39,250</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">74,250</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Denver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,950</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">32,950</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Helena</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,700</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">25,700</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Boise City</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Charlotte</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,750</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,750</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Saint Louis</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,400</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,900</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$212,100</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$648,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$231,400</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$3,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$1,094,500</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Comparison of expenditures, years 1886 and 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Appropriations.</th>
-    <th>1886.</th>
-    <th>1887.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Salaries</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$  189,331.48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$192,907.13</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Wages of workmen</td>
-    <td class="tdr">593,865.07</td>
-    <td class="tdr">601,787.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Contingent expenses</td>
-    <td class="tdr">164,183.47</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>193,704.93</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Standard silver dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">119,976.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200,189.02</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$1,067,356.02</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$1,188,588.33</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Production in round numbers of precious metals in United States for 1886.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>State or Territory.</th>
-    <th>Gold.</th>
-    <th>Silver.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Alaska</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$446,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$448,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Arizona</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,110,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,400,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,510,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>California</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,725,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,400,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,125,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colorado</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,450,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20,450,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dakota</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,700,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">425,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,125,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Georgia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">152,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">153,500</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Idaho</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,600,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,400,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Montana</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,425,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,400,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,825,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nevada</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,090,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,090,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Mexico</td>
-    <td class="tdr">400,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,300,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,700,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>North Carolina</td>
-    <td class="tdr">175,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">178,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Oregon</td>
-    <td class="tdr">990,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">995,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>South Carolina</td>
-    <td class="tdr">37,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td class="tdr">38,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Utah</td>
-    <td class="tdr">216,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,500,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,716,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington</td>
-    <td class="tdr">147,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">80,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">227,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Texas</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Michigan, and Wyoming</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$34,869,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$51,321,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$86,190,500</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Production of the United States from 1880 to 1886.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Calendar Years.</th>
-    <th>Gold.</th>
-    <th>Silver.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1880</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$36,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$39,200,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$75,200,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1881</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,700,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">43,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">77,700,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1882</td>
-    <td class="tdr">32,500,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">46,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">79,300,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1883</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">46,200,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">76,200,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1884</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">79,600,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">31,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">51,600,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">83,400,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">51,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">86,000,000</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Gold and silver product in the United States and amount coined in 1886.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3" class="allsmcap">GOLD.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Value of the product of the mines, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$98,000,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Coinage executed in 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$92,650,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Recoinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9,600,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Net coinage 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">83,050,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Leaving new gold for employment in the arts</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$14,950,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3" class="allsmcap">SILVER.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Value of the product of the mines, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$130,000,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Coinage executed in 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$124,670,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Recoinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13,950,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Net coinage 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">110,720,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Leaving new silver for employment in the arts</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$19,280,000</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Minor Coins Shipped to the Different States and Territories from the Mint
-at Philadelphia during the Fiscal Year 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>State or Territory.</th>
-    <th>1-cent bronze.</th>
-    <th>5-cent nickel.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Alabama</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$5,375.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Arkansas</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">890.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Arizona</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>California</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,215.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,585.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colorado</td>
-    <td class="tdr">105.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,090.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Connecticut</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,230.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,010.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Delaware</td>
-    <td class="tdr">385.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">950.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>District of Columbia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">300.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dakota</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,590.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,640.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Florida</td>
-    <td class="tdr">190.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">840.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Georgia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">490.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,020.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Indiana</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,669.37</td>
-    <td class="tdr">18,710.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Iowa</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,330.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,970.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Illinois</td>
-    <td class="tdr">51,831.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">68,355.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Idaho</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">80.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Kentucky</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,775.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,950.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Kansas</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,440.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,720.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Louisiana</td>
-    <td class="tdr">400.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,510.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Michigan</td>
-    <td class="tdr">17,840.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,786.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Massachusetts</td>
-    <td class="tdr">38,815.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">39,210.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Minnesota</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,405.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13,615.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Maine</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,325.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,215.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Mississippi</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">250.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Montana</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,020.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Maryland</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,270.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">22,070.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Missouri</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,650.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$49,490.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New York</td>
-    <td class="tdr">128,125.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">73,870.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>North Carolina</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,035.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,290.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Jersey</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,965.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,835.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Hampshire</td>
-    <td class="tdr">800.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,600.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Mexico</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">400.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nebraska</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,710.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,865.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ohio</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29,015.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,990.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Oregon</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,510.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Pennsylvania</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25,509.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45,045.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Rhode Island</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,951.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,100.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>South Carolina</td>
-    <td class="tdr">800.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,865.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Texas</td>
-    <td class="tdr">150.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,320.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Tennessee</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,280.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15,890.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Utah</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,320.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Virginia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,080.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,540.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Vermont</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,370.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">900.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>West Virginia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,235.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,380.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Wisconsin</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,230.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,755.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington Territory</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">500.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Wyoming</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">260.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$400,510.37</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$544,686.00</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Minor Coins Struck and Remelted from the Organization of the Mint, and
-the Amount Outstanding June 30, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Denomination.</th>
-    <th>Coined.</th>
-    <th>Remelted.</th>
-    <th>Outstanding,<br />June 30, 1887.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Copper cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1,562,887.44</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$372,741.70</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1,190,145.74</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Copper half cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">399,926.11</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Copper nickel cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,007,720.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">735,616.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,272,103.70</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Bronze cents</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,319,275.48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">24,517.11</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,294,758.37</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Bronze 2-cent pieces</td>
-    <td class="tdr">912,020.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">292,128.08</td>
-    <td class="tdr">619,891.92</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nickel 3-cent pieces</td>
-    <td class="tdr">903,705.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">175,541.44</td>
-    <td class="tdr">728,163.56</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nickel 5-cent pieces</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,691,671.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">61,934.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,629,737.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$18,437,205.78</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$1,662,478.63</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$16,734,801.04</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>On the 30th June, 1886, the amount of minor coin in the
-Treasury was $377,814. Of this amount over $160,000
-proved to be in 3-cent nickel pieces, for which there was no
-demand, and over $60,000 in uncurrent minor coins of former
-issues was transferred for recoinage, confined to 1-cent bronze
-and 5-cent nickel pieces. The demand for 1-cent bronze and
-5-cent nickel pieces, at first sudden, has since been urgent and
-continuous; at times largely beyond the ability of the mint to
-promptly meet.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Operations Fiscal Year, 1887.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th class="tdl">Bars manufactured:</th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$58,188,953.66</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,481,611.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">64,670,564.91</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th class="tdl">Coinage executed:</th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$22,393,279.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,366,483.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Minor</td>
-    <td class="tdr">943,650.65</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">57,703,413.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Refinery earnings</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$143,258.52</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Summary of the Operations of the Mints and Assay
-Offices.</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The value of the gold and silver deposited at the mints and
-assay offices of the United States during the fiscal year 1887
-was $131,635,811.34. This aggregate, however, but partially
-measures the successive operations upon the bullion
-represented by this value. For example, it may be interesting
-to show the operations by the melters and refiners of the
-four mints and of the assay office at New York, as measured
-by the value of the bullion successively operated upon.
-These may be stated as follows:</p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Bullion Operated upon by the Melters and Refiners, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Metal.</th>
-    <th>Standard ounces.</th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,919,878</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$110,137,265</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">70,764,794</td>
-    <td class="tdr">82,344,487</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total value</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$192,481,752</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The operations of the coinage departments of the mints
-were as follows:</p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Operations of Coinage Departments, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Metal.</th>
-    <th>Standard ounces.</th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,632,005</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$48,967,440</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td class="tdr">61,896,692</td>
-    <td class="tdr">72,025,241</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total value</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$120,992,681</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The 1-cent and 2-cent bronze pieces were recoined into
-1-cent bronze pieces, and the copper nickel 1-cent, and the
-3-cent and 5-cent nickel pieces were used in the coinage of
-new 5-cent nickel pieces.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Form and Location of the Moneys of the United States and the Bullion
-awaiting Coinage in the Mints July 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<p class="center">[Exclusive of Minor Coin and Minor-Coinage Metal.]</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>In Treasury.</th>
-    <th>In National Banks.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></th>
-    <th>In other Banks and General Circulation.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc allsmcap">METALLIC.</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold bullion</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver bullion</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,091,414</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,091,414</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver bullion (melted trade dollars)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,364,236</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,364,236</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold coin</td>
-    <td class="tdr">192,368,915</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>$98,137,439</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$278,501,711</td>
-    <td class="tdr">569,008,065</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">211,483,970</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,343,213</td>
-    <td class="tdr">49,162,934</td>
-    <td class="tdr">266,990,117</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Subsidiary silver coin</td>
-    <td class="tdr">26,977,493</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,813,138</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45,757,168</td>
-    <td class="tdr">75,547,799</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$526,798,298</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$107,293,790</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$373,421,813</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$1,007,513,901</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc allsmcap">REPRESENTATIVE.</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Legal-tender notes</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>$28,783,796</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$74,477,342</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$243,419,878</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$346,681,016</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Old demand notes</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">57,130</td>
-    <td class="tdr">57,130</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Certificates of deposit</td>
-    <td class="tdr">310,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7,810,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">960,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9,080,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gold certificates</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,261,380</td>
-    <td class="tdr">54,274,940</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36,950,497</td>
-    <td class="tdr">121,486,817</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Silver certificates</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,425,133</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,535,479</td>
-    <td class="tdr">138,582,538</td>
-    <td class="tdr">145,543,150</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>National bank notes</td>
-    <td class="tdr">197,046</td>
-    <td class="tdr">22,962,737</td>
-    <td class="tdr">256,058,005</td>
-    <td class="tdr">279,217,788</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Fractional paper currency</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,366</td>
-    <td class="tdr">564,266</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,380,332</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,946,964</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$62,979,721</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$163,624,764</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$682,408,380</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$909,012,865</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Gold and Silver Coin in the United States November 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th rowspan="2">Date.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2">Gold Coin.</th>
-    <th colspan="3">Silver Coin.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2" class="bl">Total Gold and Silver Coin.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Full Legal Tender.</th>
-    <th>Subsidiary.</th>
-    <th>Total Silver.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Last official statement July 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$569,008,065</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$266,990,117</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$75,547,799</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$342,537,916</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$911,545,981</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Gain subsequent to above statement (estimate)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,919,808</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,120,040</td>
-    <td class="tdr">210,387</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10,330,427</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,250,235</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw in1">Estimate for November 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$574,927,873</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$277,110,157</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$75,758,186</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$352,868,343</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$927,796,216</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Estimate of Coin Circulation July 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Items.</th>
-    <th>Gold.</th>
-    <th>Silver.</th>
-    <th>Total.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Estimated circulation July 1, 1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$548,320,031</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$308,784,223</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$857,104,254</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Coinage for fiscal year 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">22,393,279</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,366,483</td>
-    <td class="tdr">56,759,762</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Net imports</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,311,739</td>
-    <td class="tdr">409,151</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,720,890</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$573,025,049</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$343,559,857</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">$916,584,906</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Less deposits of United States coin</td>
-    <td class="tdr">516,984</td>
-    <td class="tdr">821,941</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,338,925</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Used in the arts</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,500,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,700,000</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1">Total</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">4,016,984</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">1,021,941</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt bb2">5,038,925</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Estimated circulation July 1, 1887</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$569,008,065</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$342,537,916</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$911,545,981</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Table showing the Total Paper and Specie Circulation in each of the
-Principal Countries of the World, and the Amount of Specie in Bank
-and National Treasuries, and the Amount of Active Circulation.</p>
-
-<p class="center">(Officially Reported in 1884.)</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Countries.</th>
-    <th>Population.</th>
-    <th>Total metallic and paper circulation.</th>
-    <th>Amount of specie in national treasuries and banks.</th>
-    <th>Active circulation.</th>
-    <th>Per capita of active circulation.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>United States</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50,155,783</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1,745,926,755</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$534,033,074</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1,211,893,681</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$24.16</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Great Britain and Ireland</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,246,562</td>
-    <td class="tdr">876,318,139</td>
-    <td class="tdr">154,182,691</td>
-    <td class="tdr">722,135,448</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.49</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dominion of Canada, including Manitoba and Newfoundland</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,506,563</td>
-    <td class="tdr">59,596,084</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9,111,148</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50,484,936</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11.22</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>British India</td>
-    <td class="tdr">252,541,210</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,099,383,126</td>
-    <td class="tdr">78,358,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,021,025,126</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.05</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ceylon</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,758,166</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,335,300</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,273,800</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,061,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.38</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,798,898</td>
-    <td class="tdr">96,010,722</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48,737,837</td>
-    <td class="tdr">47,272,885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16.90</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cape of Good Hope</td>
-    <td class="tdr">780,757</td>
-    <td class="tdr">38,078,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,092,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29,986,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">38.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>France</td>
-    <td class="tdr">37,321,186</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,990,961,912</td>
-    <td class="tdr">402,939,754</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,588,022,158</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42.55</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Algiers</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,867,626</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27,567,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,564,476</td>
-    <td class="tdr">22,002,524</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.67</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Guadeloupe</td>
-    <td class="tdr">185,460</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,627,750</td>
-    <td class="tdr">564,935</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,062,815</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.73</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Belgium</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,536,654</td>
-    <td class="tdr">186,326,515</td>
-    <td class="tdr">17,991,450</td>
-    <td class="tdr">168,335,065</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Switzerland</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,846,102</td>
-    <td class="tdr">53,180,731</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,609,618</td>
-    <td class="tdr">41,571,113</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Italy</td>
-    <td class="tdr">28,452,639</td>
-    <td class="tdr">533,548,521</td>
-    <td class="tdr">69,357,358</td>
-    <td class="tdr">464,191,163</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16.31</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Greece</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,979,423</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29,143,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,800,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27,343,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.81</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Spain</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16,625,860</td>
-    <td class="tdr">270,812,440</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27,223,959</td>
-    <td class="tdr">243,588,481</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.65</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cuba</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,394,516</td>
-    <td class="tdr">73,043,543</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,181,243</td>
-    <td class="tdr">58,862,300</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42.21</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Luzon</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,450,191</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,198,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,765,677</td>
-    <td class="tdr">432,323</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Portugal, including Azores and Madeira</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,550,699</td>
-    <td class="tdr">46,367,680</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,718,874</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34,648,806</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.61</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Germany</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45,234,061</td>
-    <td class="tdr">825,473,023</td>
-    <td class="tdr">181,706,674</td>
-    <td class="tdr">643,766,349</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.23</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Austria-Hungary</td>
-    <td class="tdr">35,839,428</td>
-    <td class="tdr">431,646,314</td>
-    <td class="tdr">98,131,401</td>
-    <td class="tdr">333,514,913</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9.31</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sweden and Norway</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,479,168</td>
-    <td class="tdr">43,058,443</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,740,975</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,317,468</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.68</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Danish Kingdom</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,096,400</td>
-    <td class="tdr">39,228,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,070,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25,158,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Netherlands</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,061,580</td>
-    <td class="tdr">163,847,949</td>
-    <td class="tdr">55,114,112</td>
-    <td class="tdr">108,733,837</td>
-    <td class="tdr">26.77</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Russia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">98,323,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">646,431,794</td>
-    <td class="tdr">124,008,153</td>
-    <td class="tdr">522,423,641</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.31</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Turkey</td>
-    <td class="tdr">24,987,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">83,315,976</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,520,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">68,795,976</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Roumania</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,376,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27,372,383</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,995,298</td>
-    <td class="tdr">23,377,085</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Mexico</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9,557,279</td>
-    <td class="tdr">52,048,529</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,763,008</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50,285,521</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.26</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Central America</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,891,600</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,701,861</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,701,861</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.62</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Argentine Republic</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,540,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">71,371,850</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,196,461</td>
-    <td class="tdr">57,175,389</td>
-    <td class="tdr">22.51</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colombia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5,097,830</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,897,830</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.63</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Brazil</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,108,291</td>
-    <td class="tdr">139,871,255</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">139,871,255</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.59</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Peru</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,050,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,980,820</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,882,018</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13,098,802</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.29</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Venezuela</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,675,245</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,682,700</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,682,700</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Chili</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,420,500</td>
-    <td class="tdr">32,555,341</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,398,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30,157,341</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.45</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Bolivia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,325,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,908,533</td>
-    <td class="tdr">443,597</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,464,936</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.78</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Uruguay</td>
-    <td class="tdr">438,245</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,587,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,601,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,986,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.94</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Hayti</td>
-    <td class="tdr">572,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,780,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,780,000</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Japan</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36,700,110</td>
-    <td class="tdr">248,744,805</td>
-    <td class="tdr">28,486,973</td>
-    <td class="tdr">220,257,832</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Hawaiian Islands</td>
-    <td class="tdr">66,895</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,834,900</td>
-    <td class="tdr">808,200</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,026,700</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">9,991,964,524</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">1,959,571,764</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">8,032,392,760</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt"></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">World’s Coinage.</span></p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Calendar years.</th>
-    <th>Gold.</th>
-    <th>Silver.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1884</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$99,432,795</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$95,832,084</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1885</td>
-    <td class="tdr">94,728,008</td>
-    <td class="tdr">105,105,299</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1886</td>
-    <td class="tdr">92,653,400</td>
-    <td class="tdr">124,678,678</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span></p>
-
-<p>The value of the United States gold coin deposited for recoinage,
-principally by the Treasurer of the United States,
-was $516,984.63, against $393,545.28 in the preceding year.</p>
-
-<p>In addition to the gold bullion both of domestic and foreign
-production, and the foreign and domestic gold coin deposited,
-old material in the form of jewelry, bars, old plate, etc., was
-received containing gold of the value of $2,265,219.85.</p>
-
-<p>The marked increase in the deposits of gold was at the
-assay office at New York, the value of the foreign gold bullion
-and coin deposited at that institution during the year being
-$30,621,006.95, exclusive of fine bars of its own manufacture,
-of the value of $7,933,743.98, imported and re-deposited.</p>
-
-<p>The value of the foreign gold bullion deposited was
-$22,571,328.70, against $4,317,068.27 in 1886.</p>
-
-<p>The value of the foreign gold coin received and melted was
-$9,896,512.28, against $5,673,565.04 in the year preceding.</p>
-
-<p>The value of the total deposits of gold during the fiscal
-year 1887, including all re-deposits as above cited, was
-$83,416,779.40, against $49,606,534.65 in 1886, an excess
-in the year 1887 of $33,810,244.75.</p>
-
-<p>The value of silver bullion of foreign extraction deposited
-at the mints during the year 1887 was $1,457,406.01.</p>
-
-<p>The value of foreign silver coin deposited during the year
-was $350,598.86, against $812,664.50 in the preceding year.</p>
-
-<p>The value of the United States silver coin deposited (calculated
-at the coining rate in silver dollars), not including trade-dollars,
-was $768,739.32, most of which consisted of worn
-and uncurrent silver coins transferred from the Treasury of
-the United States for recoinage.</p>
-
-<p>Trade-dollars were received mostly by transfer from the
-Treasury of the United States and melted. The bullion contained
-5,837,791.87 standard ounces, of the coinage value in
-standard silver dollars of $6,793,066.89.</p>
-
-<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Earnings and Expenditures of the Mints and Assay
-Offices.</span></p>
-
-<p>The total earnings amounted to $8,842,819.70, and the
-total expenditures and losses of all kinds to $1,437,442.95.
-The profits from operations on bullion during the past year
-amounted to the large sum of $7,405,386.75.</p>
-
-<p>A large portion of these earnings consisted of seignorage or
-profits on the manufacture of silver and minor coins.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Highest and lowest prices of Gold in New York.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Each month in 1862-1878.</p>
-
-<table class="borders-2col">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Month.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1862.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1863.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1864.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1865.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1866.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1867.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc"></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>January</td>
-    <td>103¾</td>
-    <td>101¾</td>
-    <td>160¾</td>
-    <td>133⅝</td>
-    <td>159⅜</td>
-    <td>151½</td>
-    <td>234⅜</td>
-    <td>197¼</td>
-    <td>144¼</td>
-    <td>136¾</td>
-    <td>137⅞</td>
-    <td>132⅛</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>February</td>
-    <td>104¾</td>
-    <td>102⅛</td>
-    <td>172½</td>
-    <td>152½</td>
-    <td>161</td>
-    <td>157⅛</td>
-    <td>216¾</td>
-    <td>196⅜</td>
-    <td>140⅝</td>
-    <td>135¾</td>
-    <td>140⅜</td>
-    <td>135⅛</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>March</td>
-    <td>102½</td>
-    <td>101⅛</td>
-    <td>171¾</td>
-    <td>139</td>
-    <td>169¾</td>
-    <td>159</td>
-    <td>201</td>
-    <td>148⅛</td>
-    <td>136½</td>
-    <td>124⅞</td>
-    <td>140⅜</td>
-    <td>133⅝</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>April</td>
-    <td>102¼</td>
-    <td>101½</td>
-    <td>157⅞</td>
-    <td>145½</td>
-    <td>184¾</td>
-    <td>166¼</td>
-    <td>154½</td>
-    <td>143½</td>
-    <td>129½</td>
-    <td>125¼</td>
-    <td>141⅝</td>
-    <td>132⅝</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>May</td>
-    <td>104⅛</td>
-    <td>102⅛</td>
-    <td>154¾</td>
-    <td>143½</td>
-    <td>190</td>
-    <td>168</td>
-    <td>145⅛</td>
-    <td>128½</td>
-    <td>141½</td>
-    <td>125⅛</td>
-    <td>138⅞</td>
-    <td>135</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>June</td>
-    <td>109½</td>
-    <td>103½</td>
-    <td>148⅜</td>
-    <td>140½</td>
-    <td>250</td>
-    <td>193</td>
-    <td>147⅝</td>
-    <td>135¼</td>
-    <td>167¾</td>
-    <td>137½</td>
-    <td>138¾</td>
-    <td>136⅜</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>July</td>
-    <td>120⅛</td>
-    <td>108¾</td>
-    <td>145</td>
-    <td>123¼</td>
-    <td>285</td>
-    <td>222</td>
-    <td>146⅛</td>
-    <td>138⅝</td>
-    <td>155¾</td>
-    <td>147</td>
-    <td>140⅝</td>
-    <td>138</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>August</td>
-    <td>116¼</td>
-    <td>112½</td>
-    <td>129¾</td>
-    <td>122⅛</td>
-    <td>261¾</td>
-    <td>231½</td>
-    <td>145⅛</td>
-    <td>140¼</td>
-    <td>152⅛</td>
-    <td>146½</td>
-    <td>142½</td>
-    <td>139⅞</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>September</td>
-    <td>124</td>
-    <td>116½</td>
-    <td>143⅛</td>
-    <td>126⅞</td>
-    <td>254½</td>
-    <td>191</td>
-    <td>145</td>
-    <td>142⅝</td>
-    <td>147⅛</td>
-    <td>143½</td>
-    <td>146⅜</td>
-    <td>141</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>October</td>
-    <td>133½</td>
-    <td>122</td>
-    <td>153¾</td>
-    <td>140⅜</td>
-    <td>227¾</td>
-    <td>189</td>
-    <td>149</td>
-    <td>144⅛</td>
-    <td>154⅜</td>
-    <td>145½</td>
-    <td>145⅝</td>
-    <td>140¼</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>November</td>
-    <td>133¼</td>
-    <td>129</td>
-    <td>154</td>
-    <td>143</td>
-    <td>260</td>
-    <td>210</td>
-    <td>148¾</td>
-    <td>145½</td>
-    <td>148⅝</td>
-    <td>137½</td>
-    <td>141½</td>
-    <td>138½</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>December</td>
-    <td>134</td>
-    <td>128½</td>
-    <td>152¾</td>
-    <td>148½</td>
-    <td>243</td>
-    <td>212¾</td>
-    <td>148½</td>
-    <td>144½</td>
-    <td>141¾</td>
-    <td>131¼</td>
-    <td>137⅞</td>
-    <td>133</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Year</td>
-    <td class="bt">134</td>
-    <td class="bt">101⅛</td>
-    <td class="bt">172½</td>
-    <td class="bt">122⅛</td>
-    <td class="bt">285</td>
-    <td class="bt">151½</td>
-    <td class="bt">234⅜</td>
-    <td class="bt">128½</td>
-    <td class="bt">167¾</td>
-    <td class="bt">125⅛</td>
-    <td class="bt">146⅜</td>
-    <td class="bt">132⅛</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Month.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1868.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1869.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1870.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1871.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1872.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1873.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc"></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>January</td>
-    <td>142¼</td>
-    <td>133¼</td>
-    <td>136⅝</td>
-    <td>134⅝</td>
-    <td>123¼</td>
-    <td>119⅜</td>
-    <td>111¼</td>
-    <td>110½</td>
-    <td>110⅛</td>
-    <td>108½</td>
-    <td>114¼</td>
-    <td>111⅝</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>February</td>
-    <td>144</td>
-    <td>139¾</td>
-    <td>136¼</td>
-    <td>130⅞</td>
-    <td>121½</td>
-    <td>115⅛</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>110¾</td>
-    <td>111</td>
-    <td>109½</td>
-    <td>115⅛</td>
-    <td>112⅞</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>March</td>
-    <td>141¼</td>
-    <td>137⅞</td>
-    <td>132½</td>
-    <td>130⅜</td>
-    <td>116⅜</td>
-    <td>110¼</td>
-    <td>111⅝</td>
-    <td>110⅛</td>
-    <td>110⅝</td>
-    <td>109¾</td>
-    <td>118½</td>
-    <td>114⅝</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>April</td>
-    <td>140⅜</td>
-    <td>137¾</td>
-    <td>134⅝</td>
-    <td>131⅜</td>
-    <td>115⅜</td>
-    <td>111½</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>110⅛</td>
-    <td>113¼</td>
-    <td>109⅞</td>
-    <td>119⅛</td>
-    <td>116¾</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>May</td>
-    <td>140½</td>
-    <td>139⅛</td>
-    <td>144¾</td>
-    <td>134½</td>
-    <td>115½</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>111</td>
-    <td>114⅜</td>
-    <td>112⅛</td>
-    <td>118⅝</td>
-    <td>116⅝</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>June</td>
-    <td>141¼</td>
-    <td>139⅜</td>
-    <td>139⅝</td>
-    <td>136½</td>
-    <td>114¾</td>
-    <td>110⅞</td>
-    <td>113⅛</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>114¾</td>
-    <td>113</td>
-    <td>118¼</td>
-    <td>115</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>July</td>
-    <td>145¼</td>
-    <td>143⅛</td>
-    <td>137¾</td>
-    <td>134¼</td>
-    <td>122¾</td>
-    <td>111⅛</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>115¼</td>
-    <td>113½</td>
-    <td>116⅜</td>
-    <td>115</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>August</td>
-    <td>150</td>
-    <td>143½</td>
-    <td>136½</td>
-    <td>131⅜</td>
-    <td>122</td>
-    <td>114¾</td>
-    <td>113⅛</td>
-    <td>111⅝</td>
-    <td>115⅝</td>
-    <td>112⅛</td>
-    <td>116¼</td>
-    <td>114⅜</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>September</td>
-    <td>145⅛</td>
-    <td>141⅛</td>
-    <td>162½</td>
-    <td>129¾</td>
-    <td>116¾</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>115⅜</td>
-    <td>112¾</td>
-    <td>115⅛</td>
-    <td>112⅝</td>
-    <td>116⅛</td>
-    <td>110⅞</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>October</td>
-    <td>140½</td>
-    <td>133¾</td>
-    <td>132</td>
-    <td>128¼</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>111⅛</td>
-    <td>115</td>
-    <td>111½</td>
-    <td>115¼</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>111¼</td>
-    <td>107¾</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>November</td>
-    <td>137</td>
-    <td>132</td>
-    <td>128⅜</td>
-    <td>121⅛</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>110</td>
-    <td>112⅜</td>
-    <td>110⅜</td>
-    <td>114¼</td>
-    <td>111⅜</td>
-    <td>110½</td>
-    <td>106⅛</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>December</td>
-    <td>136¾</td>
-    <td>134⅜</td>
-    <td>124</td>
-    <td>119½</td>
-    <td>111⅜</td>
-    <td>110⅜</td>
-    <td>110¼</td>
-    <td>108⅜</td>
-    <td>113½</td>
-    <td>111⅜</td>
-    <td>112⅝</td>
-    <td>108⅜</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Year</td>
-    <td class="bt">150</td>
-    <td class="bt">132</td>
-    <td class="bt">162½</td>
-    <td class="bt">119½</td>
-    <td class="bt">123¼</td>
-    <td class="bt">110</td>
-    <td class="bt">115⅜</td>
-    <td class="bt">108⅜</td>
-    <td class="bt">115⅝</td>
-    <td class="bt">108½</td>
-    <td class="bt">119</td>
-    <td class="bt">106⅛</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Month.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1874.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1875.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1876.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1877.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl">1878.</th>
-    <th colspan="2" class="bl"></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc"></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td>
-    <td class="tdc"></td>
-    <td class="tdc"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>January</td>
-    <td>112⅛</td>
-    <td>110⅛</td>
-    <td>113⅜</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>113¼</td>
-    <td>112⅜</td>
-    <td>107⅛</td>
-    <td>105¼</td>
-    <td>102⅞</td>
-    <td>101¼</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>February</td>
-    <td>113</td>
-    <td>111⅜</td>
-    <td>115⅜</td>
-    <td>113¼</td>
-    <td>114⅛</td>
-    <td>112¾</td>
-    <td>106⅛</td>
-    <td>104⅝</td>
-    <td>102⅜</td>
-    <td>101⅝</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>March</td>
-    <td>113⅞</td>
-    <td>111¼</td>
-    <td>117</td>
-    <td>114⅜</td>
-    <td>115</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>105⅜</td>
-    <td>104¼</td>
-    <td>102</td>
-    <td>100¾</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>April</td>
-    <td>114⅜</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>115½</td>
-    <td>114</td>
-    <td>113⅞</td>
-    <td>112½</td>
-    <td>107⅞</td>
-    <td>104¾</td>
-    <td>101¼</td>
-    <td>100⅛</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>May</td>
-    <td>113⅛</td>
-    <td>111⅞</td>
-    <td>116⅜</td>
-    <td>115</td>
-    <td>113¼</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>107⅜</td>
-    <td>106¼</td>
-    <td>101¼</td>
-    <td>100⅜</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>June</td>
-    <td>112¼</td>
-    <td>110½</td>
-    <td>117½</td>
-    <td>116¼</td>
-    <td>113</td>
-    <td>111⅞</td>
-    <td>106⅜</td>
-    <td>104¾</td>
-    <td>101</td>
-    <td>100⅝</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>July</td>
-    <td>110⅞</td>
-    <td>109</td>
-    <td>117¼</td>
-    <td>111¾</td>
-    <td>112⅜</td>
-    <td>111⅜</td>
-    <td>106⅛</td>
-    <td>105⅛</td>
-    <td>100¾</td>
-    <td>100⅜</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>August</td>
-    <td>110¼</td>
-    <td>109¼</td>
-    <td>114¾</td>
-    <td>112⅝</td>
-    <td>112⅛</td>
-    <td>109¾</td>
-    <td>105½</td>
-    <td>103⅞</td>
-    <td>100¾</td>
-    <td>100½</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>September</td>
-    <td>110¼</td>
-    <td>109⅜</td>
-    <td>117⅜</td>
-    <td>113¾</td>
-    <td>110⅜</td>
-    <td>109¼</td>
-    <td>104</td>
-    <td>102⅞</td>
-    <td>100½</td>
-    <td>100⅛</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>October</td>
-    <td>110⅜</td>
-    <td>109¾</td>
-    <td>117⅝</td>
-    <td>114½</td>
-    <td>113¼</td>
-    <td>108⅞</td>
-    <td>103⅜</td>
-    <td>102½</td>
-    <td>100⅜</td>
-    <td>100¼</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>November</td>
-    <td>112⅜</td>
-    <td>110</td>
-    <td>116⅜</td>
-    <td>114⅛</td>
-    <td>110⅛</td>
-    <td>108⅛</td>
-    <td>103⅜</td>
-    <td>102½</td>
-    <td>100½</td>
-    <td>100⅛</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>December</td>
-    <td>112⅜</td>
-    <td>110½</td>
-    <td>115¼</td>
-    <td>112⅝</td>
-    <td>109</td>
-    <td>107</td>
-    <td>103⅜</td>
-    <td>102½</td>
-    <td>100½</td>
-    <td>100</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in2">Year</td>
-    <td class="bt">114⅜</td>
-    <td class="bt">109</td>
-    <td class="bt">117⅝</td>
-    <td class="bt">111¾</td>
-    <td class="bt">115</td>
-    <td class="bt">107</td>
-    <td class="bt">107⅞</td>
-    <td class="bt">102½</td>
-    <td class="bt">102⅞</td>
-    <td class="bt">100</td>
-    <td class="bt"></td>
-    <td class="bt"></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Specie payment resumed January 1, 1879, after a suspension of nearly 18 years.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Latest official estimate of the values of foreign coins in the United States, January, 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th><span class="smcap">Country.</span></th>
-    <th>Standard.</th>
-    <th>Monetary Unit.</th>
-    <th>Standard.</th>
-    <th>Value in U. S. Money.</th>
-    <th>Standard Coin.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Argentine Republic</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Peso</td>
-    <td class="nw">Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>96.5</td>
-    <td>⅟₂₀, ⅒, ⅕, ½ and 1 peso, ½ argentine.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Austria</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Florin</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>35.9</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Belgium</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Franc</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10 and 20 francs.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Bolivia</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Boliviano</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>72.7</td>
-    <td>Boliviano.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Brazil</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Milreis of 1000 reis</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>54.6</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>British Possessions in N. A.</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Dollar</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>$1.00</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Chili</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Peso</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>91.2</td>
-    <td>Condor, doubloon and escudo.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cuba</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Peso</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>93.2</td>
-    <td>⅟₁₆, ⅛, ¼, ½ and 1 doubloon.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Denmark</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Crown</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>26.8</td>
-    <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ecuador</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Peso</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>72.7</td>
-    <td>Peso.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Egypt</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Piaster</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>04.943</td>
-    <td>5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 piasters.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>France</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Franc</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5,10 and 20 francs.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>German Empire</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Marc</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>23.8</td>
-    <td>5, 10 and 20 marks.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Great Britain</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Pound sterling</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>4.86.6½</td>
-    <td>½ sovereign and sovereign.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Greece</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Drachma</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 drachmas.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Hayti</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Gourde</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>96.5</td>
-    <td>1, 2, 5 and 10 gourdes.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>India</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Rupee of 16 annas</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>34.6</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Italy</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Lira</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Japan</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Yen</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>78.4</td>
-    <td>1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen, gold and silver yen.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Liberia</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Dollar</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>1.00</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Mexico</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Dollar</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>07.9</td>
-    <td>Peso or dollar, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Netherlands</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Florin</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>40.2</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Norway</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Crown</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>26.8</td>
-    <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Peru</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Sol</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>72.7</td>
-    <td>Sol.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Portugal</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Milreis of 1000 reis</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>1.08</td>
-    <td>2, 5 and 10 milreis.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Russia</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Rouble of 100 copecks</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>58.2</td>
-    <td>¼, ½ and 1 rouble.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Spain</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Peseta of 100 centimes</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesetas.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sweden</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Crown.</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>26.8</td>
-    <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Switzerland</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Franc.</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10 and 20 francs.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Tripoli</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Mahbub of 20 piasters</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>65.6</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Turkey</td>
-    <td>S. gold</td>
-    <td>Piaster.</td>
-    <td>Gold</td>
-    <td>04.4</td>
-    <td>25, 50, 100, 250, 500 piasters.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>United States of Colombia</td>
-    <td>S. silver</td>
-    <td>Peso.</td>
-    <td>Silver</td>
-    <td>72.7</td>
-    <td>Peso.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Venezuela</td>
-    <td>Double</td>
-    <td>Bolivar.</td>
-    <td>Gold and silver</td>
-    <td>19.3</td>
-    <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 bolivar.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The “standard” of a given country is indicated as follows,
-namely: <i>Double</i>, where its standard silver coins are unlimited
-legal tender, the same as its gold coins; <i>S. gold</i> or <i>S.
-silver</i>, as its standard coins of one or the other metal are unlimited
-legal tender. The par of exchange of the monetary unit of a country with
-a single gold, or a double, standard is fixed at the value of the gold
-unit as compared with the United States gold unit. In the case of a
-country with a single silver standard, the par of exchange is computed
-at the mean price of silver in the London market for a period commencing
-October 1 and ending December 26, 1886, as per daily cable dispatches to
-the Bureau of the Mint.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span></p>
-
-<h3>TREASURY DEPARTMENT.</h3>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington, D. C., January 1, 1887.</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Values of Foreign Coins.</span></p>
-
-<p>In accordance with the provisions of section 3564 of the
-Revised Statutes of the United States, the value of the standard
-coins of the various nations of the world were estimated
-by the Mint Bureau and proclaimed by the Department on
-January 1, 1887.</p>
-
-<p>These estimates, to be followed at the custom-houses of the
-United States on and after January 1, 1887, in determining
-the values of invoices expressed in terms of foreign units of
-account, are shown in the following table (see opposite page):</p>
-
-<p>The average price of silver in London for the period embraced
-between October 1 and December 26, 1886, was
-45.862 pence per ounce, British standard, equivalent at the
-par of exchange to $1.00535 per ounce fine.</p>
-
-<p>The corresponding value of silver for the three months ending
-December 24, 1885, was $1.038141 per ounce fine, a decline
-of $0.03279, a little over three cents a fine ounce.</p>
-
-<p>The depression in the price of silver occasioned a change in
-the estimated values given the following coins:</p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Changes in Values of Foreign Coins from 1886 to 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th>Coins.</th>
-    <th>Value, Jan. 1, 1886.</th>
-    <th>Value, Jan. 1, 1887.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Florin of Austria</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.371</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.359</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Boliviano of Bolivia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.751</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.727</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sucre of Ecuador</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.751</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.727</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Rupee of India</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.357</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.346</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Yen of Japan</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.810</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.784</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dollar of Mexico</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.816</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.790</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Sol of Peru</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.751</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.727</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Rouble of Russia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.601</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.582</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Mahbub of Tripoli</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.677</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.656</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">Peso of United States of Colombia</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.751</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.727</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The monetary unit of Egypt has been nominally changed
-from the piaster to the pound containing one hundred
-piasters.</p>
-
-<p>The monetary unit of Ecuador also has been nominally
-changed from the peso to the sucre, but with no change as to
-weight or fineness.</p>
-
-<p>In regard to Japan, in the table for 1887 the values of the
-gold and silver yen were estimated separately, for the reason
-that while by law the standard of Japan is gold, silver is practically
-the standard of value, and invoices of merchandise
-from Japan are generally in terms of the silver yen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span></p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Aggregate Issues of Paper Money in War times.</p>
-
-<p>The following table exhibits the amount per capita issued of the Continental money,
-the French assignats, the Confederate currency, and the legal-tender greenbacks and
-National bank notes of the United States.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>Population.</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Continental money.</td>
-    <td>3,000,000 in 1780</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$119.84</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>French assignats.</td>
-    <td>26,500,000 (France in 1790)</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">343.98</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Confederate curr’cy.</td>
-    <td>9,103,332 (11 Confederate States, 1860)</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">71.89</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Greenbacks and national bank notes.</td>
-    <td>31,443,321 (United States in 1860).</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$750,820,228</td>
-    <td class="tdr">23.87</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Refining (by acids), fiscal year 1887.</p>
-
-<table class="borders">
-  <tr>
-    <th rowspan="2">Mint or Assay Office.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2">Gross ounces.</th>
-    <th colspan="2">Gold.</th>
-    <th colspan="2">Silver.</th>
-    <th rowspan="2" class="bl">Total value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Standard ounces.</th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-    <th>Standard ounces.</th>
-    <th>Value.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Philadelphia.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">721,765</td>
-    <td class="tdr">190,539</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$3,554,912</td>
-    <td class="tdr">553,437</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$643,999</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4,188,911</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="nw">San Francisco.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,506,217</td>
-    <td class="tdr">365,970</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6,808,744</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,248,071</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,452,300</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8,261,044</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Carson.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45,447</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,606</td>
-    <td class="tdr">67,088</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45,665</td>
-    <td class="tdr">53,137</td>
-    <td class="tdr">120,225</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New Orleans.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15,544</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4,840</td>
-    <td class="tdr">90,046</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11,167</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12,994</td>
-    <td class="tdr">103,040</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>New York.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,822,148</td>
-    <td class="tdr">764,676</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14,226,530</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,005,812</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3,497,672</td>
-    <td class="tdr">17,724,202</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="in1 bt">Total.</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">6,111,121</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">1,329,631</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$24,737,320</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">4,864,152</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$5,660,102</td>
-    <td class="tdr bt">$30,397,422</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="table-title">Value in United States Money, of One Ounce Troy of Gold, at different
-Degrees of Fineness.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td>Fine</td>
-    <td>$10.33.6</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">510</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>10.54.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">520</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>10.74.9</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">530</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>10.95.6</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">540</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>11.16.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">550</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>11.36.9</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">560</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>11.57.6</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">570</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>11.78.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">580</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>11.99.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">590</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.19.6</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">600</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.40.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">610</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.61.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">620</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.81.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">630</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.02.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">640</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.23.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">650</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.43.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">660</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.64.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">670</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.85.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">680</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.05.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">690</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.26.3</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">700</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.47.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">710</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.67.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">720</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.88.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">730</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.09.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">740</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.28.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">750</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.50.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">760</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.71.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">770</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.91.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">780</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.12.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">790</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.33.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">800</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.53.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">810</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.74.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">820</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.95.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">830</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.15.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">840</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.36.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">850</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.57.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">860</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.77.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">870</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.98.4</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">880</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.19.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">890</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.39.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">900</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.60.5</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">910</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.81.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">920</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.01.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">930</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.22.5</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">940</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.43.1</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">950</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.63.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">960</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.84.5</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">970</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.05.2</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">980</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.25.8</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">990</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.46.5</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">1000</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.67.2</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>N. B.—When there is an intermediate degree of fineness, a short calculation is necessary.
-For every one-thousandth, add 2.07 cents per ounce for gold. Thus, one ounce of
-gold at 992 fine—$20.50.6</p>
-
-<p class="table-title">Comparison of Expressing the Fineness of Gold in Thousandths, and in
-Carats.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">500</td>
-    <td>Fine</td>
-    <td>12.00</td>
-    <td>Carats</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">510</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.08</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">520</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.15</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">530</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.23</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">540</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>12.31</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">550</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.07</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">560</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.14</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">570</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.22</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">580</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>13.29</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">590</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.05</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">600</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.13</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">610</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.20</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">620</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>14.28</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">630</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.04</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">640</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.11</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">650</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.19</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">660</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>15.27</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">670</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.03</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">680</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.10</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">690</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.18</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">700</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>16.25</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">710</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.01</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">720</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.09</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">730</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.17</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">740</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>17.24</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">750</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.00</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">760</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.08</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">770</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.15</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">780</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.23</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">790</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>18.31</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">800</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.07</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">810</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.14</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">820</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.22</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">830</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>19.29</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">840</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.05</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">850</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.13</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">860</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.20</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">870</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>20.28</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">880</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>21.04</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">890</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>21.11</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">900</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>21.19</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">910</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>21.27</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">920</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>22.02</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">930</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>22.10</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">940</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>22.18</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">950</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>22.25</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">960</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>23.01</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">970</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>23.09</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">980</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>23.17</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">990</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>23.24</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">1000</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td>24.00</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="U_S_Mint_Test_for_Gold_and_Silver">U. S. Mint Test for Gold and Silver.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The following is a test for determining whether coin is good or bad. Use the liquids
-as near the edge of suspected coin as possible, as that is the part most worn. A drop of
-the preparation will have no effect on genuine coin, while it can be plainly seen on the
-counterfeit. Coins should be scraped slightly before using:</p>
-
-<h3>TEST FOR GOLD.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Strong Nitric Acid (36°), 39 parts.</li>
-<li>Muriatic Acid, 1 part.</li>
-<li>Water, 20 parts.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>TEST FOR SILVER.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>24 grains Nitre of Silver.</li>
-<li>30 drops Nitric Acid.</li>
-<li> 1 ounce Water.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>The above tests should be taken in conjunction with <i>Diameter</i>, <i>Thickness</i>, and <i>Weight</i>,
-the tests used at the Mint.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="GLOSSARY">GLOSSARY.<br />
-<i>Terms used in treating of Bullion, Mints, Coinage, and Money.</i></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Assaying.</span>—Chemical analysis of metals or ores. This term is employed
-in reference to mints and coinage, refers particularly to the process
-for determining the component parts and relative proportions of a mixed
-alloy of gold and silver, or the various alloys used for the manufacture of
-minor coins.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Refining.</span>—Extract of base from precious metals; usually performed
-by the aid of heat and oxidizing fluxes.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Parting.</span>—The separation of gold and silver when the two metals compose
-an alloy, either native or artificial, for the purpose of obtaining the
-metals, respectively, in the form of fine bars. This is accomplished, first, by
-dissolving the silver with acids and subsequently precipitating; or, second,
-by converting silver into chloride by heat and chlorine gas, and then
-reducing the chloride to a metallic state.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Alloying.</span>—Compounding two or more metals together in suitable or
-legal proportions for coinage. Gold and silver are alloyed with copper for
-standard coins, and alloys are variously made of nickel and copper, or of
-copper, tin, and zinc for minor coins.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Fine Bars.</span>—Gold and silver bars resulting from the operations of parting
-and refining. Bars containing 99 per cent. of pure metal are generally
-considered as fine bars.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Unparted Bullion.</span>—Gold containing silver or silver containing gold
-which has not been subjected to the parting operation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Amalgam.</span>—Gold and silver extracted from ores or other substances by
-the use of mercury and left in a porous or spongy condition, when the
-mercury is removed by distillation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Fineness.</span>—A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contained
-in a piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed in thousandths; that
-is, pure metal is 1000. United States coin is ⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀ fine, or decimally .900
-fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious metals
-by “carats,” pure metal being 24 carats. Thus 22 carats, the British
-standard for gold coins, is ²²⁄₂₄, or decimally, 916⅔ fine.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Deposit—Melting.</span>—The operation of melting a deposit of gold or
-silver at the Mint to secure a homogeneity of metals, preliminary to taking
-a sample for assaying.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Remedy of the Mint.</span>—The legal variation allowed from the fineness
-and weight prescribed by law for the coins.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Trial of the Pyx.</span>—The annual test made by special commissioners
-of the fineness and weight of coins reserved from each delivery of coin by
-the coiner to the superintendent. These coins are known as Pyx coins,
-because kept in a pyx or chest.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Refractory Bullion.</span>—Gold or silver bullion which contains a small
-percentage of lead, tin, or antimony, and which is therefore too hard or
-brittle to roll, cut, or stamp with facility.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wastage.</span>—The amount of gold and silver lost in the processes which
-these metals undergo preparatory to striking the coins. This “wastage”
-by law must not exceed a certain percentage of the gross amount of metals
-worked.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sweepings.</span>—The ashes, fluxes, crucibles, sweepings, and all other refuse
-materials from rooms in which the metals are worked, containing a small
-amount of gold and silver.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Standard.</span>—The weight and fineness fixed by law for the coins; hence
-the term “standard weight” or “standard fineness.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Base Bullion.</span>—Gold or silver bullion not fit for coinage purposes, by
-reason of the presence of base metals, until refined.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mint Mark.</span>—The letter or mark on the coin, designating the mint at
-which it was struck; as “S” for San Francisco, “C C” for Carson City,
-“O” for New Orleans.<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Money of Account.</span>—The ideal unit, or money term, in which accounts
-are stated or transactions made, as the <i>pound sterling</i> of Great Britain, the
-<i>dollar</i> of the United States, the <i>franc</i> of France, and the <i>reichsmark</i> of the
-German Empire.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Coins of Standard Value.</span>—In modern times a government first
-establishes a money of account or ideal unit, and then fixes by law the
-quantity of gold or silver which shall, in the form of a coin with unlimited
-legal-tender power, represent that ideal unit. Such coins, with their multiples
-and divisions, are termed “coins of standard value” or “standard
-coins.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Subsidiary Coins.</span>—In the United States silver coins of less denomination
-than the dollar, which have a nominal value exceeding their intrinsic
-or bullion value, and limited as legal tender to sums not exceeding five
-dollars.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Minor Coins.</span>—Coins of small denominations used for change, and
-struck from other metals than gold or silver.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mint Prices of Gold and Silver (Coining Value).</span>—The rate per
-standard ounce at which the mint converts bullion into legal-tender coins.
-The coining rate of an ounce of standard gold bullion, <i>i. e.</i>, bullion ⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀
-fine in the United States is $18,604+. The coining rate of the silver
-dollar of 412½ grains, discontinued by law April 1, 1873, was $1.16⁴⁄₁₁ per
-standard ounce.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The Basis of the Money System</span> of all civilized nations is gold or
-silver, or both, in a ratio fixed by law. The relative valuation of the two
-metals in the coins of nations using the double standard, is about one of
-gold to <i>fifteen and a half of silver</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="table-title"><i>Partial List of Medals in Copper-Bronzed, also, in Gold and
-Silver, which may be obtained at the Mint.</i></p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>Size.</th>
-    <th>Price.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">ARMY.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington before Boston</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colonel William Washington, for Cowpens</td>
-    <td class="tdr">28</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Harrison, for the Thames</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Scott, for Chippewa and Niagara</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Gaines, for Fort Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Porter, for Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Macomb, Battle of Plattsburgh</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Jackson, Battle of New Orleans</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Taylor, Palo Alto</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Taylor, for Monterey</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Taylor, for Buena Vista</td>
-    <td class="tdr">56</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Scott, for Battles in Mexico</td>
-    <td class="tdr">56</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Grant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">64</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colonel Lee, “Light-Horse Harry”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Count DeFleury, for Stony Point</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">NAVY.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Paul Jones, for Serapis</td>
-    <td class="tdr">36</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Hull, for Capture of Guerriere</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Jacob Jones, for Capture of the Frolic</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Decatur, for Capture of the Macedonian</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Bainbridge, for Capture of the Java</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Lawrence, for Capture of the Peacock</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Burrows, for Capture of the Boxer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Perry, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Elliott, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Warrington, for Capture of the Epervier</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Blakely, for Capture of the Reindeer</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain MacDonough, for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Henley, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lieut. Cassin, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Biddle, for Capture of the Penguin</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Stewart, for Capture of the Cyane and Levant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Edw. Preble before Tripoli</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">PRESIDENTIAL.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Adams</td>
-    <td class="tdr">32</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Thomas Jefferson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">47</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James Madison</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James Monroe</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Q. Adams</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Andrew Jackson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Martin Van Buren</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Tyler</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James K. Polk</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Zachary Taylor</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Millard Fillmore</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Franklin Pierce</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James Buchanan</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Abraham Lincoln</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Andrew Johnson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ulysses S. Grant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Rutherford B. Hayes</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James A. Garfield</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Chester A. Arthur</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">SUB-NATIONAL MEDALS.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captain Perry (State of Pennsylvania), for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Pennsylvania Volunteers, Action on Lake Erie</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Major-General Scott (Commonwealth of Virginia)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">56</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Professor Agassiz Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Colonel Armstrong, for Destruction of the Indian Village of Kittanning</td>
-    <td class="tdr">27</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco</td>
-    <td class="tdr">47</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco, by Congress</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cornelius Vanderbilt, by Congress</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>First Steam Coinage</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Commodore M. C. Perry, from Merchants of Boston</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Pacific Railroad Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Emancipation Proclamation Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cyrus W. Field, Atlantic Cable Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">64</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dr. Joseph Pancoast</td>
-    <td class="tdr">48</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Grant Indian Peace Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Garfield Indian Peace Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">(oblong)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Arthur Indian Peace Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdc">”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>“Let Us Have Peace”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Metis (Shipwreck) Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>John Horn (Life Saving) Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>U. S. Diplomatic Medal, July 4, 1776</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Valley Forge Centennial</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Great Seal Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">39</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>David Rittenhouse</td>
-    <td class="tdr">28</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Robert M. Patterson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">42</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James Ross Snowden</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James Pollock</td>
-    <td class="tdr">29</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>H. R. Linderman</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James P. Kimball</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">SUPERINTENDENTS.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>A. Loudon Snowden</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Daniel M. Fox</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">FINE GOLD MEDALS. (<i>See Rule 3.</i>)</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Time Increases His Fame</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James A. Garfield</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Commencement of Cabinet</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington and Jackson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lincoln and Garfield</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="3">FINE SILVER MEDALS. (<i>See Rule 3.</i>)</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cabinet Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">37</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Presidency Relinquished</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Allegiance Medal</td>
-    <td class="tdr">18</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Time Increases His Fame</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>James A. Garfield</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Pennsylvania Bi-Centennial</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Commencement of Cabinet</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington and Jackson</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington and Lincoln</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington and Grant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Washington Wreath</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lincoln and Grant</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lincoln Broken Column</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Lincoln and Garfield</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Valley Forge Centennial</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The diameter of the medals is expressed by numbers, each of which
-indicates the sixteenth of an inch.</p>
-
-<p>Medals struck to order in gold, silver, or bronze, from dies of public
-institutions.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="MEDALS_AND_CABINET_COINS">MEDALS AND CABINET COINS.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States.</span></p>
-
-<p class="right">Philadelphia, January, 1888.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Regulations.</i></p>
-
-<p>1. The price of Medals, Proof Coins, Pattern Pieces, &amp;c., shall be fixed
-by the Superintendent of the Mint, with the approval of the Director.</p>
-
-<p>2. No Coin or Pattern Piece shall be struck after the year of its date,
-nor in any other metal or alloy than that in which the Coin was issued or
-intended to be issued, except experimental pieces in Copper or other soft
-metal to prove the dies, under the direction of the Superintendent. The
-dies shall be defaced at the end of each year, and such impressions as the
-Engraver may find necessary to take while preparing the dies shall be
-destroyed in the presence of the Superintendent when the dies are finished.</p>
-
-<p>3. When a Pattern Piece is adopted and used in the regular coinage in
-the same year it shall then be issued as a proof, at a price near its current
-value; or if it comes out early in the year, it will be placed in the regular
-Proof Set. The Superintendent will furnish, without charge, on application
-therefor, a Pattern Piece to any incorporated Numismatic Society in
-the United States. In such cases, if the pattern is in Gold or Silver, the
-value of the metal will be required.</p>
-
-<p>4. The price of the regular Proof Set of Gold Coins will be Forty-three
-Dollars; the Proof Set of Silver and Minor Coins, Three Dollars. Single
-Gold Pieces, in proof, are sold at Twenty-five Cents each above their intrinsic
-value. Silver Sets are not separated. Proof sets are furnished of the
-current year only. The Mint has no Coins or Sets of back dates for sale.</p>
-
-<p>5. The Coins of the United States are:—</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th><span class="smcap">Gold.</span></th>
-    <th><span class="smcap">Silver.</span></th>
-    <th><span class="smcap">Copper-Nickel.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Double-Eagle,</td>
-    <td>Dollar,</td>
-    <td>Five Cents.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Eagle,</td>
-    <td>Half-Dollar,</td>
-    <td>Three Cents.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Half-Eagle,</td>
-    <td>Quarter-Dollar,</td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Three-Dollar,</td>
-    <td>Dime.</td>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Bronze.</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Quarter-Eagle,</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>One Cent.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Dollar.</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The coinage of the Silver Dollar of 412½ grains, the Five and Three-Cent
-Silver Pieces and Bronze Two-Cent Pieces was discontinued in 1873,
-but the Silver Dollar was restored by the Act of February 28, 1878.</p>
-
-<p>All orders must be sent to Superintendent of the Mint at Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<p class="right">DANIEL M. FOX,<br />
-<i>Superintendent</i>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="PORTRAIT_OF_WASHINGTON">PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The frontispiece in the bound volume of this book, is an exact reproduction,
-by the Gutekunst phototype process, of the obverse of the Washington
-medal executed by Charles C. Wright, about the year 1850, and particularly
-described on page 34 of the “Medallic Portraits of Washington,” by
-W. S. Baker, lately published (the price of which is five dollars). The bust
-was modeled by Wright, after the original by the celebrated French
-sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, executed from a cast taken from the face
-of Washington at Mount Vernon, in October, 1785, and is considered by
-good judges to be the best medallic portrait of Washington yet produced.
-An impression of the medal is in the Washington Cabinet of the Mint;
-the reverse presents an excellent copy of Trumbull’s well known picture
-of the Declaration of Independence.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="JANUARY_1888">JANUARY 1888.<br />
-<span class="smaller">COIN (APPROXIMATE) PRICE CURRENT.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="center">Prepared by Mason &amp; Co., Coin Dealers, 175 Washington St., Boston. Mass.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<table id="pricing">
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Colonial Coins.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>FINE.</th>
-    <th>GOOD.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$600.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$500.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Sun-eagle, “Nova Eboraca”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">300.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">150.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Colonials.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td>N. E. XII, New-England shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$35.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$25.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> VI, <span class="ditto3">”</span> sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> III, <span class="ditto3">”</span> threepence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1650,</td>
-    <td>Pinetree XII, “Masathusets” shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">45.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Massachusets” <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> Smaller and thicker <span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> XII, “Masatusets” variety shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> VI, “Masachusets” sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> III, <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> II, <span class="ditto2">”</span> twopence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td>Oaktree XII, <span class="ditto2">”</span> shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> VI, <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1652,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> III, <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1662,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> II, <span class="ditto2">”</span> twopence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1662,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> I, <span class="ditto2">”</span> penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1659,</td>
-    <td>head, shield, Lord Baltimore shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1659,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1659,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> fourpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1760,</td>
-    <td>Charles III. rose, Florida half dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1773,</td>
-    <td>George III. shield, Virginia shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td>U. S. 1000-eye, “Nova Constellatio”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">200.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 500-eye, <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">150.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> Justice-eye, “Nova Constellatio” quarter dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td>hands clasped, Annapolis shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1790,</td>
-    <td>head “Standish Barry” <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>female head, “Castorland” half dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Tin Colonial.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1690,</td>
-    <td>horseman-shields, James II. tin piece</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1776,</td>
-    <td>Sun-dial, “Continental Currency”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Colonial Copper Coins.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1616,</td>
-    <td>hog-ship, “Summer Islands” shilling</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$300.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1616,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr">400.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1694,</td>
-    <td>Elephant, “God preserve Carolina,” half dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “God preserve New England”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">150.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “God preserve London”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1721,</td>
-    <td>2 L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” Louisiana</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1722,</td>
-    <td>2 L’s, <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1667,</td>
-    <td>L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” stamped R. F., Louisiana ha’penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1767,</td>
-    <td>L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” without R. F., Louisiana ha’penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1766,</td>
-    <td>head ship, no stamps, Pitt halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1773,</td>
-    <td>George III. shield, Virginia halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1773,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> smaller size, Virginia halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>U. S. A., 13 bars, Bar cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1722,</td>
-    <td>George I. rose, “Rosa Americana” penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1722,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1722,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> farthing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1722,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> farthing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1723,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> not crowned, “Rosa Americana” farthing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>George I. rose, “Rosa sine spina,” halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1723,</td>
-    <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1723,</td>
-    <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1724,</td>
-    <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1723,</td>
-    <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” farthing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1723,</td>
-    <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1733,</td>
-    <td>George II. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana” penny</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1737,</td>
-    <td>Three hammers, “Connecticut” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1737,</td>
-    <td>“I am good copper,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1739,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> Granby cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1737,</td>
-    <td>“Connecticut,” Granby cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1737,</td>
-    <td>Axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>No date,</td>
-    <td>axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1778,</td>
-    <td>Head Indian, “Non dependens,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td>U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1783,</td>
-    <td>Liberty caged, “Georgius Triumpho,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Indian stars, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> in circle, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td>Scroll-triangle, Kentucky cent, plain edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> lettered edge, Kentucky cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>Britannia-children, British settlements</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Indian-eagle, Massachusetts cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> half-cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> half-cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Sun-dial links, “We are one,” Franklin cent</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">New York Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Head, Justice; “Non vi virtute vici,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$75.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$40.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Indian-eagle, “Neo Eboracus,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>George Clinton arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Eagle, arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">60.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Justice-eagle, “Immunis Columbia,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Head, Liberty to right, “Nova Eborac,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Head, Liberty to left, “Nova Eborac,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Vermont Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>Head Justice, “Immune Columbia”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>Sun-eye, “Vermontis Respublica”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “Vermontes-Res-Publica”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “Vermontensium Respublica”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.60</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Baby head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Head, Britannia “Vermon,” “Et lib Inde”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “Britannia,”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> George III., “rex Inde et lib”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">New Jersey Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Horse head, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786,</td>
-    <td>Horse head, shield (date under beam), “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Horse head, shield, large size, “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.60</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> smaller, “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “E pluribs,” “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> Fox type, “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1788,</td>
-    <td>Horse head to left, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Justice-shield, “Immunis Columbia”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787,</td>
-    <td>Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785-6-8,</td>
-    <td>Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>(Negro head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>(Laughing head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1785,</td>
-    <td>Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786-7-8,</td>
-    <td>Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1786-7,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Et lib Inde Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1787-8,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Auctori Connec”</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>There are many more minor types of the Connecticut and New Jersey 5 cents to 25 cents, etc.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Dollars.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1794,</td>
-    <td>flowing hair</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$125.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$50.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>6 stars facing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>7 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span> small eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span> large eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1799,</td>
-    <td>5 <span class="ditto1">”</span> facing</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1799,</td>
-    <td>6 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800,</td>
-    <td>spread eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1000.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">500.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1836,</td>
-    <td>name in field</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">23.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1836,</td>
-    <td>flying eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1838,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1839,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1840,</td>
-    <td>Liberty seated</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1841</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1842</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1843</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1844</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1845</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1846</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1847</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1848</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1849</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1850</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1851</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1852</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1853</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1854</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1855</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1856</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1857</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1858</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1859</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1860</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1861</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1862</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1863</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1864</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1865</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1866</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.80</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1868</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1869</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1870</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1871</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1872</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873,</td>
-    <td>trade dollar</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1874,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1876,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1877,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1878,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1879-1884,</td>
-    <td>proof</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Dollars.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1794,</td>
-    <td>flowing hair</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>15 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">60.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1808</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1809</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1810</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1811</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1812</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1813</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1814</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1815</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>Half dollars from 1817 to 1885, inclusive (excepting 1851 and 1852, worth from $2.50 to $5.00), from 75c. to $1.00.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Quarter Dollars.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1815,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1818</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1819</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1820</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">0.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1821</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1822</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1823</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">75.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1824</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1825</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1827</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>Quarter dollars, from 1827 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1853, without arrow heads, worth from $6.00 to $10.00), worth 30c. to 50c.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Twenty-cent Pieces.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875,</td>
-    <td>Liberty seated</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1876,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.60</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1877,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1878,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Dimes.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>13 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1809,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1811</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>Dimes, from 1811 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1846, worth $1.00 to $2.50), from 20c. to 35c.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Dimes.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1794,</td>
-    <td>flowing hair</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>15 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">125.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">80.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>Half dimes, from 1805 to 1873, inclusive (excepting 1846, worth from $1.00 to $2.50), from 10 to 30 cents.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Three-Cent Pieces.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>From 1851 to 1872, inclusive, worth from 5 to 50 cents, according to condition.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel Five-Cent Pieces.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>PROOFS.</th>
-    <th>FINE.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1866</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867,</td>
-    <td>with rays</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867,</td>
-    <td>without rays</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1868</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1869</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1870</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1871</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1872</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1874</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1876</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1877</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1878</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1879</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.12</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel Three-Cent Pieces.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1865</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1866</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1868</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1869</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1870</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1871</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1872</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1874</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1876</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1877</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1878</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1879-1888,</td>
-    <td>proofs</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Two-Cent Pieces.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1864</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$0.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1865</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1866</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1868</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1869</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1870</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.08</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1871</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1872</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Copper Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th>FINE.</th>
-    <th>GOOD.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td>chain America</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td>wreath</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td>lettered edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td>liberty cap</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1794,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td>liberty, thin die</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1799</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">35.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1808,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1809</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="4"><p>From 1810 to 1857, inclusive, worth from 2c. to $3, according to condition.</p></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel and Bronze Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1856,</td>
-    <td>eagle nickel</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$3.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1857</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1858</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1859,</td>
-    <td>Indian head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1860</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1861</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1862</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1863</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1864</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1864,</td>
-    <td>bronze</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1865</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1866</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1867</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1868</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1869</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1870</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1871</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1872</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1873</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1874</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1876</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1877</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1878</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1879-1887</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.05</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.01</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Cents.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1793,</td>
-    <td>liberty cap</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1794,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td>liberty, thin die</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> cap</td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800,</td>
-    <td>fillet head</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1808</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1809,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1810</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1811</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1825</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1826</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1828,</td>
-    <td>12 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1828,</td>
-    <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1829</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1831</td>
-    <td>(proof)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1832</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1833</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1834</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1835</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1836</td>
-    <td>(proof)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1840</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1841</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1842</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1843</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1844</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1845</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1846</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1847</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1848</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1849</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> small date</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1849,</td>
-    <td>large date</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1850</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1851</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1852</td>
-    <td>(proof)</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1853</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.10</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1854</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1855</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1856</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.20</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.15</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1857</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">.30</td>
-    <td class="tdr">.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Double Eagles.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1849</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1000.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1850,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1851</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1852</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1853</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">21.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1854</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">21.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1855-79,</td>
-    <td>consecutive</td>
-    <td class="tdr">21.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Eagles.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>16 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>16 spread eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>13 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">16.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1799,</td>
-    <td>13 spread eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">14.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1838,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">13.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1839</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1840-68,</td>
-    <td>only proofs worth premium.</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Half Eagles.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1795,</td>
-    <td>head to right</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>16 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>16 spread eagle</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>13 stars, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1799,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1800</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1801</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">30.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">20.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1803</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1808,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1809</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1810</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1811</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1812</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1813</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1814</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1815</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">100.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">50.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1818</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1819</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1820</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1821</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1822</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1823-54,</td>
-    <td>consecutive.</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1855-79,</td>
-    <td>only proofs worth premium.</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Three Dollars.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1854,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$3.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1855</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.75</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1856</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.75</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1857-87,</td>
-    <td>consecutive</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1875</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">40.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">25.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Quarter Eagles.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>without stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1796,</td>
-    <td>16 stars</td>
-    <td class="tdr">10.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1797,</td>
-    <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">7.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1798,</td>
-    <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1802</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1804</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1805</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1806</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1807</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1808,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1821</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1824</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1825</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">5.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1826</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">8.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1827-49,</td>
-    <td>consecutive</td>
-    <td class="tdr">4.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1850</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1851</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1852</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.25</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1853-87,</td>
-    <td>consecutive</td>
-    <td class="tdr">3.00</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Dollars.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1848,</td>
-    <td>head to left</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$1.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1850</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.50</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.30</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1851</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1852</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>1853-87,</td>
-    <td>consecutive</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.40</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">California Gold.</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">$50 1851, octagon and round</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">$65.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">$20 (Territorial), varieties</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">30.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Eagle, <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Half eagle, <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">10.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Quarter ” <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">5.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Dollar (California), octagon</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Dollar (California), circular</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.25</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Half doll., octagon, diff. dates</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.55</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> circular, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.55</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Quar. <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> octagon, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.35</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Bechtler dollar (N. Carolina)</td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td colspan="2">Bechtler ¼ eagle <span class="ditto2">”</span></td>
-    <td colspan="2" class="tdr">3.50</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Persons who wish to buy or sell rare coins, or to ascertain their present
-value are recommended to write to Mason &amp; Co., coin dealers, 175 Washington street,
-Boston, Mass.—<span class="smcap">Editor Mint Book.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">NOTE TO THE VISITORS<br />
-<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br />
-PHILADELPHIA MINT.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>As there are many places of interest in “<b>Penn’s Favorite City</b>,” the publisher
-of this work would respectfully suggest that visitors, who have the leisure, should see
-some of the well-known institutions of “The City of Brotherly Love.” Among the rare
-places of interest, after the United States Mint, is 1st.—<b>THE NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS</b>
-(in same square), known as the <b>NEW CITY HALL, the Largest and Finest in the World</b>,
-surpassing even the <b>Capitol at Washington</b>. 2d.—<b>FAIRMOUNT PARK</b>, the largest and
-most beautiful public pleasure ground in the United States, embracing nearly three
-thousand acres, on both sides of the Schuylkill River, from Fairmount Water Works to
-Indian Rock, on the romantic Wissahickon. 3d.—<b>GIRARD COLLEGE</b>, where eleven
-hundred and fifty Orphan Boys are maintained, clothed and educated through the
-bountiful munificence of Philadelphia’s great benefactor, <span class="smcap">Stephen Girard</span>. 4th.—<b>WANAMAKER’S
-GREAT STORE</b>, East of and almost adjoining the Mint. This
-immense establishment (the largest of the kind in the World) has grown to such vast
-proportions during the past decade that we feel compelled to give it a brief notice, as
-it has become one of the features of our city, and an object of interest to our visitors.
-The building itself is unique; it occupies an entire square, viz:—from Thirteenth to
-Juniper and from Market to Chestnut Streets—entrance on each of the four streets.
-The flooring space occupied in the interior, including first floor, basement and galleries,
-embraces more than twelve acres, and all this immense space is occupied with such
-goods as everybody, at some time in life, feels the necessity of purchasing. The general
-arrangement and classification of goods from all nations (there being over fifty separate
-and distinct departments), suggests a reproduction of the <b>Main Building of our late
-great Centennial Exposition</b>, with the <b>Department of Public Comfort</b> added. One of
-the great features of this Mammoth Bazaar is that visitors are made to feel at home,
-every provision being made for their convenience. There are commodious Retiring
-and Reading Rooms on either floor. One’s Satchel and Parcels are checked without cost,
-and no one is importuned to purchase. Visitors will find it hard to resist the <b>Tempting
-Offers</b> and <b>Low Prices</b> marked on the goods. 5th.—<b>INDEPENDENCE HALL</b>,
-(The Nation’s Birth-place) Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets; <b>National
-Museum</b>, in same building, containing many interesting relics of the Revolution and
-of Washington’s Camp Life; The <b>Old Liberty Bell</b> hanging in the hallway leading
-to <b>Independence Square</b>, where the Declaration of Independence was read to the
-people, July 4th, 1776. 6th.—<b>ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS</b>, Broad Street (west side)
-between Arch and Race Streets, should be visited by all lovers of the Fine Arts.
-7th.—The <b>NEW MASONIC TEMPLE</b>, Northeast corner Broad and Filbert Streets.
-Visiting days every Thursday. 8th.—The <b>NEW POST OFFICE</b> and <b>U. S. COURT
-BUILDING</b>. This is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the country, and well
-worthy of a visit; also, the <b>NEW “RECORD” BUILDING</b>, adjoining. 9th.—The
-<b>BURIAL PLACES OF BENJAMIN and DEBORA FRANKLIN</b> can be seen at South-east
-corner Fifth and Arch Streets. 10th.—There are other notable places of interest
-in the City Of “Brotherly Love,” among which may be mentioned <b>CARPENTERS’
-HALL, UNION LEAGUE, DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND ASYLUMS, LAUREL
-HILL CEMETERY, PENNSYLVANIA AND WILL’S HOSPITALS</b>, and the hundred
-and one other benevolent institutions for which Philadelphia is justly celebrated.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="rubbings" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/rubbings.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Collectors estimate the loss to numismatography as very great by reason of the temptation
-the gold possesses for hoarding, and they are possibly the only class of people who
-have any apology to offer for the miser. Yet the world is debtor to this despised habit
-for some of its most invaluable specimens of art, and important corroborative history of
-the old world.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Robert Morris was born in England, and came to America when he was thirteen
-years old, (Sparks’ life of Governeur Morris.)</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> During the Confederation the different States had the unquestioned right to coin
-money, but only according to the standard of fineness, weight, and value, prescribed
-by the central government.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> The following, from the Morris Papers, serve to illustrate this subject:</p>
-
-<p class="center">“1.—<span class="smcap">Robt. Morris to Richard Yates.</span></p>
-
-<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span>, Jan. 23, 1782.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p>“At the request of a very honest Man who seems much distressed for the welfare of
-his wife, now in London, I beg to trouble you with the enclosed Letter, praying that
-you will forward it, and if in consequence thereof Mrs. Dudley should come to New
-York, I beg of you to procure Liberty for her to come to her Husband at this place.
-The money for her Passage and reasonable expenses in New York, which must be
-reasonable as possible, she may draw upon her Husband, Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and
-I engage that the Draft shall be paid. I shall thank you for your attention to this
-poor Lady when she arrives, and remain Sir,</p>
-
-<p class="center">“your most obedient and humble servant</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p>
-
-<p class="center">“2.—<span class="smcap">Robt. Morris to the Commissary General of Prisoners.</span></p>
-
-<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span>, Jan. 23, 1782.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p>“I send herewith an open letter for Mr. Richard Yates containing one for Mrs. Dudley
-in London, from her Husband now here. I wish these may be safely delivered to
-Mr. Yates, and therefore pray you to send them into New York, by some person that
-will not only promise, but perform the delivery of them. I am Sir,</p>
-
-<p class="center">“your most obedient and humble servant</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> This letter will illustrate this subject:</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris to the Rev. William Gordon, D. D.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">[From the Morris Papers.]</p>
-
-<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span> 20th July, 1782.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p>“In consequence of your Letter of the nineteenth of June, I sent for Mr. Dudley,
-told him the information you had so kindly given to me, and assured him of my desire
-to make him easy and happy. The business in which he is intended to be employed,
-is like many other important matters, retarded by the tediousness of the States in
-supplying the Continental Treasury.</p>
-
-<p>“The Hon’ble Secretary at War has commenced a correspondence with General Gates
-at my request, which I think, will produce what he wishes. Be assured that I take
-particular pleasure in promoting the interest and happiness of worthy men, and that
-I am with great esteem Sir,</p>
-
-<p class="center">your most obedient and humble Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> This letter will illustrate this matter:</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris to Benjamin Dudley.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">[From the Morris Papers.]</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office of Finance</span>, 29 Novr., 1782.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p>“You will herewith receive the Form for making a particular kind of Paper—You
-are to proceed to the Paper Mill of Mr. Mark Wilcox, in Ash Town Chester County,
-who has the Stuff prepared, and there to superintend the making of sundry reams of
-Paper upon this Form—in doing of which you are to be particularly careful not to
-leave it in the power of any person or persons to make any paper upon this Form
-without your immediate Inspection.</p>
-
-<p>“You are to attend the Workmen constantly whilst they are at work, and when you
-retire from the Mill upon any occasion, you are to take the Form with you. You are
-to count the Paper as it is made sheet by sheet and when you have finished the whole,
-you are to bring it to me together with the Form. I am Sir,</p>
-
-<p class="center">“Your most obedient servant,</p>
-
-<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The building is still standing (March, 1888) Nos. 37 and 39 North Seventh street, and
-is occupied for various purposes.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> For the various duties of the Mint there are over three hundred persons employed
-as clerks, workmen, etc.—say about two-thirds men and one-third women—the number
-depending, of course, upon the amount of work to be done.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Adam Eckfeldt’s portrait, by Samuel Du Bois, hangs in the Cabinet. A short sketch
-of him will be found in the list of Coiners.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The exchange at the present time (1885) is made at the Sub-Treasury in the Custom
-House.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Horace says that Alexander the Great ordained that no one should take his portrait
-on <i>gems</i> but Pyrgoteles; no one should paint him but Apelles; and no one should stamp
-his head on <i>coins</i> but Lysippus.—<i>American Bibliopolist.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> “In box, three pictures (miniatures), <i>two half joes</i>, two small pieces of gold.” Dec.
-26, 1780.—Martha Washington. These were sent to be used in the manufacture of the
-miniature cases for the above pictures. This letter is in the possession of K. Coulton
-Davis, Ph. G., of this city.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> This issue being made at Sommer Islands, gave the name of “Sommer money.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> The old story of the weighing of John Hall’s daughter on her marriage-day is recalled
-in seeing these coins. Her dowry was her weight in “pine-tree” shillings; and
-the suggestion is allowable that these specimens formed a part of the portion of the
-blushing bride two centuries ago.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> This is the coin which caused such excitement and so much feeling in Ireland, and
-which Dean Swift attacked from the pulpit.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> From Chapman’s Collection Catalogue, May 14-15, pp. 24-25.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> From the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, reported by Wm. E.
-Du Bois, in October, 1845.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Considered unique, one recently sold for $640.00 at a public sale in New York.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> After the resignation of ex-Governor Pollock the title of Director was changed to
-Superintendent. The Director of all the Mints is now located at Washington.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> Dr. Linderman’s widow and only son, Henry R. Linderman (named for him), a
-prominent lawyer of Stroudsburg, Penna., are the only survivors of his family.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> The Phototype of Washington’s Profile likeness in the bound edition of this book,
-is from this Medal, known as the Houdon Medal.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Mr. Barber has lately completed a large and very fine medallic likeness of President
-Cleveland.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> Kilogram of gold valued at $634.60.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Kilogram of silver valued at $41.56.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Includes $11,464.27 expended from appropriation for renewal of steam-power plant
-at Philadelphia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> The statement of the amounts in National Banks is of date August 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> Includes $24,044,000 Clearing-house gold certificates.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> Includes $8,770,000 held for the redemption of certificates of deposit for legal-tender
-notes under Act June 8, 1872.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> The Carat is sub-divided into thirty-two parts.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> The coins struck at the parent mint in Philadelphia bear no mint mark.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="ads">
-
-<p class="center larger">THE REAL ESTATE TRUST COMPANY<br />
-<span class="smaller">OF PHILADELPHIA</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">1340 Chestnut Street.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="ad01" style="max-width: 18.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad01.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">Capital,—$500,000.</p>
-
-<p class="center">OFFICERS:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>FRANK K. HIPPLE, President.</li>
-<li>WILLIAM R. PHILLER, Secretary.</li>
-<li>WILLIAM F. NORTH, Treasurer.</li>
-<li>THOMAS B. PROSSER, Real Estate Officer.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center">DIRECTORS:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>FRANK K. HIPPLE,</li>
-<li>HENRY C. GIBSON,</li>
-<li>LEMUEL COFFIN,</li>
-<li>BEAUVEAU BORIE,</li>
-<li>WILLIAM M. SINGERLY,</li>
-<li>JOHN WANAMAKER,</li>
-<li>GEORGE PHILLER,</li>
-<li>EDWARD T. STEEL,</li>
-<li>CHARLES W. HENRY,</li>
-<li>JOHN F. BETZ,</li>
-<li>THOMAS DOLAN,</li>
-<li>R. DALE BENSON.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul>
-<li class="ifrst">GEORGE JUNKIN, Solicitor.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>This Company transacts a general Real Estate business, acting as agent or attorney
-for buying, holding, leasing and selling property in the City of Philadelphia and
-its vicinity. Negotiates Mortgages and places Ground Rents.</p>
-
-<p>Gives especial attention to the Renting of Properties and the Collection of Rents, to
-the payment of Taxes and Water Rents, and to the making of needful repairs on
-such properties; in all respects taking the same charge and management of, and giving
-the same attention to, Real Estate as the owner could do.</p>
-
-<p>Collects Ground Rents, Interest on Mortgages, Dividends and Income of all kinds
-whatsoever.</p>
-
-<p>Receives Deposits of Money, payable by Check on demand, and allows Interest
-thereon. Issues Negotiable Certificates of Special Deposits bearing Interest.</p>
-
-<p>Acts as Trustee, Guardian, Executor, Administrator, Assignee, Receiver, Committee,
-Attorney, etc.</p>
-
-<p>Receives and executes Trusts of every description, under the appointment of
-Courts, Corporations and Individuals.</p>
-
-<p>Becomes surety for the faithful performance of any Trust or Office; acts as Transfer
-Agent or Registrar of Stocks and Bonds of Corporations or Municipalities.</p>
-
-<p>All Trust Funds and Investments are kept separate and apart from those of the
-Company.</p>
-
-<p>Issues Policies of Title Insurance to Real Estate and Real Estate Securities, in Philadelphia
-and adjoining counties, thereby affording absolute security to Purchasers
-and their Heirs, at a nominal cost.</p>
-
-<p>Also issues Policies of Special Insurance against Decedents’ Debts, Mechanics’ Liens,
-Judgments, Old Ground Rents, etc.</p>
-
-<p>Receives for safe-keeping Securities, Plate, Jewelry, Deeds, Mortgages, and other
-Valuables, at reasonable rates.</p>
-
-<p>Rents Safe Deposit Boxes in the Company’s Burglar-proof Vaults, affording security
-against loss by Robbery, Fire or Accident. These Boxes are rented according to size
-and location, at from Five to Fifty Dollars per annum.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 2em;">Agents for the sale of the reliable Six Per Cent. Mortgages and Debentures of “The
-New England Loan and Trust Co. of Des Moines, Iowa;” and of “The New England
-Trust Co. of Kansas City, Missouri;” both Principal and Interest guaranteed, and
-Interest payable semi-annually, by coupon, in either New York or Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center smaller">WILLIAM GROVES. ALEXANDER WILSON. WILLIAM GROVES, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center larger">GROVES, WILSON &amp; GROVES,</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap smaller">Importers, Manufacturers and Retailers of</span><br />
-<span class="larger">CABINET FURNITURE,</span><br />
-UPHOLSTERY AND BEDDING,<br />
-Furniture and Decorations,<br />
-LACE CURTAINS AND DRAPERIES.</p>
-
-<p class="center">☞ <i>VERANDA AND WINDOW AWNINGS A SPECIALTY.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><b>Nos. 1022-24 Market Street,</b><br />
-PHILADELPHIA, PA.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">THE<br />
-<span class="larger">Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company</span><br />
-OF PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Assets,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$12,750,000.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Surplus to Members,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2,500,000.00</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p class="center"><b>A PURELY MUTUAL COMPANY</b> conducted solely in the interest of members, and
-with the object of furnishing the <b>Best</b> Life Insurance at the <b>Least</b> cost.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><b>40 YEARS’ SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS.</b></p>
-
-<p class="center">All approved forms of Life and Endowment Policies issued, which become
-<b>INCONTESTABLE</b> after two years, and are absolutely
-<b>NON-FORFEITABLE</b> for “reserve” value.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Members who discontinue their payments, have the option of an <b>Extension</b>
-of the original sum insured or a <b>Paid-up</b> policy.</p>
-
-<p class="center">HOME OFFICE—No. 921 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>EDWARD M. NEEDLES, President.</li>
-<li>HORATIO S. STEPHENS, Vice-Pres’t.</li>
-<li>HENRY C. BROWN, Sec’y and Treas.</li>
-<li>JESSE J. BARKER, Actuary.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center larger"><span class="smaller">SPRINGFIELD</span><br />
-GAS MACHINE</p>
-
-<p class="center">Improved under twenty years’ manufacture and
-experience—maintains the lead.</p>
-
-<p><b>FOR COUNTRY RESIDENCES</b> it has proved to be a necessity and a
-luxury.</p>
-
-<p><b>FOR HOTELS</b> and other buildings, in connection with our Mixing Regulator,
-it produces gas of uniform quality, free from smoke, used through plain open burners.</p>
-
-<p><b>FOR MECHANICAL ARTS</b> it furnishes gas for heating purposes, at 40
-to 50 cents per thousand feet.</p>
-
-<p>Best quality GASOLINE, for Gas Machines, constantly on hand. Send for quotations.</p>
-
-<p>Among the Hotels lighted by the Springfield Gas Machine, with Mixing Regulator
-attached, would mention the following: Glen Summit Hotel, Glen Summit, Pa;
-Devon Inn, Devon, Pa.; Engleside, Beach Haven, N. J.; Avon Inn,
-Key East, N. J.; Luray Inn, Luray, Va.</p>
-
-<p class="center">For further particulars, address,</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">George W. Hulme</span>,<br />
-12 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Cooking Stoves for use with Gas Machines.<br />
-SEND FOR CATALOGUE.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center larger">FURNITURE AND DECORATIONS</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad02" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad02.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<ul class="larger">
-<li><i><span class="smcap">Curtains and Upholstery</span>,</i></li>
-<li class="isub1"><i><span class="smcap">Fine Cabinet Work</span>,</i></li>
-<li class="isub2"><i><span class="smcap">Interior Wood Work</span>.</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="center">ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND ESTIMATES SUBMITTED.</p>
-
-<p class="center larger">TRYMBY, HUNT &amp; CO.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><b>IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS,</b><br />
-<span class="smcap">Nos. 1217 to 1221</span> MARKET STREET,<br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad03" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad03.jpg" alt="TENTH EDITION OF EVANS’ ILLUSTRATED" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center larger">HISTORY OF THE U. S. MINT</p>
-
-<p class="center">EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>DAILY HERALD.</i></p>
-
-<p>A very interesting History of the United States Mint is published by
-the author, George G. Evans, of this city. The introduction gives an
-account of the money of the past and the present, showing what formed
-the circulatory medium in ancient times and in all countries. This is followed
-by a history of coinage in this country, with biographical sketches of
-the past and present officers of our Mint. The whole process of melting,
-assaying, refining and coining gold and silver is very lucidly explained; it
-is also fully illustrated with engravings as a further explanation of the text.
-There are a large number of phototypes of ancient and modern coins, Continental
-money, etc., etc., the whole forming a very readable book, and one
-which fills a gap in our country’s history.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>PHILADELPHIA TIMES.</i></p>
-
-<p>It is the only complete and authentic History of the Mint and Coinage
-Manual that is to be had, and is a valuable contribution to our national as
-well as our local history. It embraces everything that one could expect
-to find in such a volume, and a good deal which agreeably surprises the
-reader.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>EVENING TELEGRAPH.</i></p>
-
-<p>Mr. Evans’ book gives a complete history of American coinage, describing
-the obverse and reverse of each piece struck at the Mint since its
-establishment in 1792. The work is finely gotten up in every respect.</p>
-
-<p>Copies of the above sent post-paid on receipt of price. <i>A Handsome
-Gift</i> will accompany each book.</p>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Paper Covered Edition, price</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$ .50</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Cloth, Gold Side Stamp</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Half Morocco, Marbled Edge</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.00</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>N. B.—Any book published, the retail price of which is 50 cents or
-more, will be promptly sent post-paid, with a gift, on receipt of the advertised
-price.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Address, <b>GEO. G. EVANS, Publisher</b>,<br />
-<i>1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</i></p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">Established 1860.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="larger">MASON &amp; CO., COIN DEALERS,</span><br />
-175 Washington St., Boston, Mass.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Just out, “Coin Price Book,” showing our buying and selling prices for all
-Coins. Mailed for 25 cents. Send Stamp for information.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">DAVID F. CONOVER. B. FRANK WILLIAMS.</p>
-
-<p class="center">WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR<br />
-ROGERS &amp; BROS.’ FLAT <i>and</i> HOLLOW WARE</p>
-
-<p class="center">WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR<br />
-T. A. WILLSON &amp; CO.’S OPTICAL GOODS</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="ad04" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad04.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center larger">DAVID F. CONOVER &amp; CO.</p>
-
-<p class="center">(Successors to WM. B. WARNE &amp; CO.)</p>
-
-<p class="center">Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad05" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad05.jpg" alt="WATCHES and JEWELRY," />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">American Watch Wholesale Salesroom:</p>
-
-<p class="center">Corner Chestnut and Seventh Streets,<br />
-<span class="smaller">(FIRST FLOOR,)</span><br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center larger">MRS. M. C. CASSIDY,</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad06" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad06.jpg" alt="AGENT DEALER IN Human Hair," />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">AND EVERY ARTICLE BELONGING TO THE TRADE,</p>
-
-<p class="center">No. 9 South Eighth Street,<br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">E. O. THOMPSON,</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad07" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/ad07.jpg" alt="Merchant Tailor" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">AND IMPORTER OF</span><br />
-ENGLISH CLOTHING,</p>
-
-<p class="center">1338 Chestnut Street<br />
-<span class="smaller">(Opposite the U. S. MINT,)</span><br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><i>Thirty-three years experience in</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">“Finest Merchant Tailoring,”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><i>has won for us a “national reputation,” and our customers extend from
-Maine to California</i>.</p>
-
-<p><i>In addition to the finest Merchant Tailoring, we are now introducing
-an entirely new idea, viz.</i>:</p>
-
-<p class="center">“London Ready-Made Clothing,”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><i>which every visitor to the Mint is invited to call at our store and examine</i>.</p>
-
-<p><i><b>Our Claim is</b>: They are <b>equal</b> in <b>style</b>, <b>fit</b>, <b>make</b> and <b>appearance</b> to
-the finest “made to order” garments, and at half the cost of the same.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>Should you not be ready to purchase now, we shall be pleased to take your
-measure for reference, and will send you samples and prices on request <b>FREE
-OF CHARGE</b>.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>Our “MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENT” offers special advantages
-for obtaining our clothing without calling at our store, and our Self-Measuring
-System secures a fit.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>Write for particulars and samples.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Address all Mail Orders</i>,</p>
-
-<p class="center">E. O. THOMPSON,<br />
-P. O. Box 418,<br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><b>OUR STORES:</b></p>
-
-<p class="center">No. 1338 Chestnut Street,<br />
-(Opposite the Mint,)</p>
-
-<p class="center">No. 908 Walnut Street,<br />
-PHILADELPHIA.</p>
-
-<p class="center">No. 245 Broadway,<br />
-NEW YORK.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MINT ***</div>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-21 19:17:41 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-21 19:17:41 -0800
commit	604e21a3484b967e1dfc3f911ccc843c94aeecb2 (patch)
tree	1acee4a9f72a86b549eeb469a1c33529d7b9c269
parent	38cf88d6dc564a77557880c3e388868991f01774 (diff)