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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Illustrated history of the United States mint, by George G. Evans</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Illustrated history of the United States mint</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: George G. Evans</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 21, 2022 [eBook #68369]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MINT ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus1" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<h1><span class="smaller">ILLUSTRATED HISTORY<br /> -<span class="smaller">OF THE</span></span><br /> -<span class="smcap">United States Mint</span></h1> - -<p class="center smaller">WITH A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF</p> - -<p class="center">AMERICAN COINAGE,</p> - -<p class="center">From the earliest period to the present time. The<br /> -Process of Melting, Refining, Assaying, and<br /> -Coining Gold and Silver fully described:</p> - -<p class="center smaller">WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF</p> - -<p class="center">Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush,<br /> -John Jay Knox, James P. Kimball, Daniel M. Fox, and the Mint<br /> -Officers from its foundation to the present time.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">TO WHICH ARE ADDED</p> - -<p class="center">A GLOSSARY OF MINT TERMS</p> - -<p class="center smaller">AND THE</p> - -<p class="center larger">LATEST OFFICIAL TABLES</p> - -<p class="center smaller">OF THE</p> - -<p class="center">Annual Products of Gold and Silver in the different<br /> -States, and Foreign Countries, with Monetary<br /> -Statistics of all Nations.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED with PHOTOTYPES, STEEL PLATE PORTRAITS and WOOD ENGRAVINGS,<br /> -with NUMEROUS PLATES of Photographic Reproductions of RARE AMERICAN<br /> -COINS, and Price List of their numismatic value.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>New Revised Edition, Edited by the Publisher.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">PHILADELPHIA:<br /> -GEORGE G. EVANS, <span class="smcap">Publisher</span>.<br /> -<span class="smaller">1888.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyrighted by<br /> -<span class="smcap">George G. Evans</span>.<br /> -1885.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Recopyrighted, 1888.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">DUNLAP & CLARKE,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Printers and Book Binders</span>.<br /> -<span class="smcap">819-21 Filbert Street,</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Philadelphia.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2> - -</div> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="indx">Adjusting room, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">American coinage, history of from 1792 to 1888</li> -<li class="isub1">gold coins, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> -<li class="isub1">silver coins, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amount coined in fiscal year, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of coin in the United States, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ancient coining, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Greek coins, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Persian coins, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Roman coins, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Annealing furnaces, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Architecture indebted to coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Assay, process of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Assayers of Mint, list of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Assaying gold, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> -<li class="isub1">silver, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> -<li class="isub1">rooms, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Barber, Charles E., Mint Engraver, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> -<li class="isub1">William, <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bars manufactured at Mints during fiscal year, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bland dollar, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bond of indemnity signed by employees of first Mint, 1799, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Booth, James C., Melter and Refiner, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boudinot, Elias, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosbyshell, Col. O. C., Coiner, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boyd, N. B., Assistant Melter and Refiner, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brazilian coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bullion deposit and purchase of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> -<li class="isub1">for the silver dollar coinage, 1887, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> -<li class="isub1">on hand at the Mints, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brief explanation of terms commonly used in treating of bullion, Mint coinage and money (see <a href="#GLOSSARY">glossary</a>), <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cabinet of coins and relics, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cashiers of the Mint, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Childs, George H., Coiner, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chinese coins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Circulation of gold and silver in the United States, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of silver dollars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloud, Joseph, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cobb, Mark H., Cashier, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coinage Act of 1873, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">and milling rooms, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> -<li class="isub1">fiscal year 1887, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of first silver dollar, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coiners of Mint, <a href="#Page_114">114-118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coins, classification of, <a href="#Page_48">48-68</a></li> -<li class="isub1">English, of the Commonwealth and Cromwell, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1">issued at the Philadelphia Mint from its establishment in 1792 to 1888, <a href="#Page_81">81-89</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Athens, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of China, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Egypt, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Ferdinand and Isabella, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Siam, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> -<li class="isub1">prices current, <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Switzerland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Syria, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colonial coins, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> -<li class="isub1">paper money, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> -<li class="isub1">pine tree money, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Comparison of expressing the fineness of Gold in thousandths and in carats, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Confederate coins (C. S. A.), <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copy of paper laid in corner stone of the Mint, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> -<li class="isub1">old pay roll, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costumes on coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cox, Albion, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curator of the Mint, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span>Curiosities and minerals, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Deposit melting room, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">weighing room, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">DeSaussure, Henry William, Director, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Directors and Superintendents of Mints, <a href="#Page_101">101-111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dollar of 1804, history of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1">standard, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> -<li class="isub1">trade, history of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Donations of old coins, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Double eagle of 1849, history of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Du Bois, William E., Assayer, <a href="#Page_121">121-123</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Earnings of Mint and Assay Offices, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eckfeldt, Adam, Coiner, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> -<li class="isub1">George N., M. D., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jacob B., Assayer, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">English coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1">silver tokens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Engravers and die-sinkers at the Mint, <a href="#Page_124">124-128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Engraving dies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egyptian coins, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Establishment of the Mint, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Estimated value of foreign coins (official table of), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Extract from Constitution of the United States relating to coining, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">from expenditures of the Mint, fiscal year, 1887, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> -<li class="isub1">from resolution of Congress relating to Mint, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Family coins (Grecian), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">First silver dollar coined, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">First U. S. money coined, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foreign coins, value of in United States money (table of), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fox, Hon. Daniel M., Superintendent, <a href="#Page_105">105-109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">French coins, Marie Antoinette, etc., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">German coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glossary of Mint terms, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gobrecht, Christian, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gold and silver productions of the world, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> -<li class="isub1">coins of Oliver Cromwell, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1">and silver coins manufactured at the Philadelphia Mint since its establishment in 1792, <a href="#Page_81">81-89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gold Medallic ducat, head of Luther, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden daric, of Persia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grecian coins, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greek Republic, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gun money of James II, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Horatio C. Burchard, second director, extracts from the director’s last report, (Transcriber’s Note: No number was printed here, and it’s not at all clear what this refers to. Possibly the entry should have been edited out.)</li> - -<li class="indx">Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Head of Jupiter Ammon (a specimen of), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of Minerva, with Greek helmet, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heraldic emblems, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Historical sketch of first U. S. Mint, <a href="#Page_7">7-10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">History of coinage, ancient and modern, <a href="#Page_1">1-6</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of present U. S. Mint, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humor pictured in medals and coins, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Incidents of history on coins, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Introduction, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Japanese coins, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Joe” and half “Joe”, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kimball, James Putnam, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Key, William H., Assistant Engraver, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kneass, William, Engraver, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knox, John Jay, <a href="#Page_95">95-98</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Language upon coins and medals, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Linderman, Henry Richard, M. D., <a href="#Page_104">104-107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Longacre, James B., Engraver, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">McClure, R. A., Curator, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">McCullough, Richard S., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Medals and Cabinet Coins, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> -<li class="isub1">partial list of, for sale at the Mint, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Melter and refiner’s office, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Melters and refiners of the Mint, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span>Melting rooms, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Metallic money in Colonial times, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mexican coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Money of Great Britain, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of the Chinese Empire, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub2">French <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub2">German <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Grecian <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub2">past and present, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Roman Empire, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub2">time of Moses, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Turkish Empire, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub2">United States, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moore, Samuel, M. D., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morgan, George T., Assistant Engraver, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morris, Robert, diary of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">National medals, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New York doubloon, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Note to visitors of the Philadelphia Mint, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Notes on the early history of the Mint, <a href="#Page_7">7-10</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Oak tree money, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oliver Cromwell, cast of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oriental coins, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pacific coast coins, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paper money, aggregate issue in war times, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parting and refining, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Patterson, Robert, LL. D., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Robert M., Director, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pay roll of first Mint, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peale, Franklin, Coiner and Assayer, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penny of William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Persian coins, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Peter,” the Eagle (Mint bird), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pettit, Thomas M., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pine tree money, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pollock, James, A. M., LL. D., Director, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portraiture upon coins, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portuguese and Spanish coins, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pound sterling, Charles First, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Presidential medals, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Profits on silver coinage, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Progress in coining, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rare coins, price list (approximate value), <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Refining by acids, fiscal year 1887, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Relics, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Resolution of Congress establishing the Mint, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richardson, John, Assayer, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Joseph, <span class="ditto2">”</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rittenhouse, David, First Director, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rolling gold and silver, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rolling room, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roman coins, imperial, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rules and regulations of first Mint, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rush, Benjamin, Treasurer, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russian coins, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub1">double rouble, head of Peter the Great, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ryal or royal, of Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Scot, Robert, Engraver, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotch groat, of Robert Bruce, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1">pennies, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Selections of rare coins, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Separating room, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver bullion purchased and coined (see table), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siamese coins, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver coins of the United States (see table), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver, first American, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Snowden, Col. A. Loudon, Coiner, Superintendent, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">James Ross, LL.D., Superintendent, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sovereign of Oliver Cromwell, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Specie and paper circulation of the United States (table of), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of the World (see table), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Standard weights, <a href="#Page_129">129-131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steel, William S., Coiner, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span>Subsidiary coinage, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Table of circulation of gold and silver, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Table showing where the precious metals in the U. S. come from, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“The temple sweepers,” Grecian coin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trade dollar, history of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trade dollars coined, exported, imported, melted and redeemed, Act of March 3, 1887, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twenty dollar gold piece of 1849, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkish coins, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">United States, coins, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mint first established, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mint test for gold and silver, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Valuable and rare coins, price-list of, <a href="#Page_154">154-160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Value, in United States money, of one ounce Troy of gold, at different degrees of fineness, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Value of gold and silver received at the Mints and Assay Offices, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Value of foreign gold coins deposited at the New York Assay Office in 1887, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Value of foreign gold and silver coins in United States money, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Visiting the Mint, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Voigt, Henry, Coiner, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Washington coins and medals, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Widow’s mite,” history of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">World’s coinage (table of), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wright, Joseph, Engraver, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.<br /> -<span class="smaller">MONEY OF THE PAST AND PRESENT.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The need of a circulating medium of exchange has been -acknowledged since the earliest ages of man. In the primeval -days, bartering was the foundation of commercial intercourse -between the various races; but this gave way in time, as exchanges -increased. In the different ages many commodities -have been made to serve as money,—tin was used in ancient -Syracuse and Britain; iron, in Sparta; cattle, in Rome -and Germany; platinum, in Russia; lead, in Burmah; nails, -in Scotland; silk, in China; cubes of pressed tea, in Tartary; -salt, in Abyssinia; slaves, amongst the Anglo Saxons; -tobacco, in the earliest settlements of Virginia; codfish, in -New Foundland; bullets and wampum, in Massachusetts; -logwood, in Campeachy; sugar, in the West Indies; and -soap, in Mexico. Money of leather and wood was in circulation -in the early days of Rome; and the natives of Siam, -Bengal, and some parts of Africa used the brilliantly-colored -cowry shell to represent value, and some travelers allege that it -is still in use in the remote portions of the last-named country. -But the moneys of all civilized nations have been, for the greater -part, made of gold, silver, copper, and bronze. Shekels of silver -are mentioned in the Bible as having existed in the days of -Abraham, but the metals are believed to have been in bars, from -which proportionate weights were chipped to suit convenience. -The necessity for some convenient medium having an intrinsic -value of its own led to coinage, but the exact date of its introduction -is a question history has not yet determined. It is -supposed the Lydians stamped metal to be used as money twelve -hundred years before Christ, but the oldest coins extant were -made 800 B. C., though it is alleged that the Chinese circulated -a square bronze coin as early as 1120 B. C. All of -these coins were rude and shapeless, and generally engraved with -representations of animals, deities, nymphs, and the like; but -the Greeks issued coins, about 300 B. C., which were fine -specimens of workmanship, and which are not even surpassed -in boldness and beauty of design by the products of the coiners -of these modern times. Even while these coins were in circulation -spits and skewers were accepted by the Greeks in exchange -for products, just as wooden and metal coins were circulated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -simultaneously in Rome, 700 B. C., and leather and -metal coins in France, as late as 1360 A. D. The earliest coins -bearing portraits are believed to have been issued about 480 -B. C., and these were profiles. In the third century, coins -stamped with Gothic front faces were issued, and after that date -a profusion of coins were brought into the world, as every self-governing -city issued money of its own. The earliest money -of America was coined of brass, in 1612, and the earliest colonial -coins were stamped in Massachusetts, forty years later.</p> - -<p>Ancient and extensive as the use of money has been in all its -numerous forms and varied materials, it merely represented a -property value which had been created by manual labor and preserved -by the organic action of society. In a primitive state, -herds of cattle and crops of grain were almost the only forms of -wealth; the natural tendency and disposition of men to accumulate -riches led them to fix a special value upon the metals, as a -durable and always available kind of property. When their value -in this way was generally recognized, the taxes and other revenues, -created by kings and other potentates, was collected in part or -wholly in that form of money. The government, to facilitate -public business, stamped the various pieces of metal with their -weight and quality, as they were received at the Treasury; and -according to these stamps and marks, the same pieces were paid -out of the Treasury, and circulated among the people at an authorized -and fixed value. The next step was to reduce current -prices of metal to a uniform size, shape, and quality, value and -denomination, and make them, by special enactment, a legal -tender for the payment of all taxes or public dues.</p> - -<p>Thus, a legalized currency of coined money was created, and -the exchangeable value of the various metals used for that purpose -fully established, to the great convenience of the world at -large.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Ancient Coining.</span></h3> - -<p>The die for the obverse of the piece to be struck having been -engraved, so as to properly present the religious or national -symbol used for a device and whatever else was to be impressed -upon the coin, was fixed immovably in an anvil or pedestal, face -upwards. The lumps or balls of metal to be coined, having -been made of a fixed and uniform weight and nearly of an -oblate sphere in form, were grasped in a peculiarly constructed -pair of tongs and laid upon the upturned die. A second operative -then placed a punch squarely upon the ball of metal; -heavy blows from a large hammer forced the punch down until -the metal beneath it had been forced into every part of the die, -and a good impress secured. In the meantime the punch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -would be imbedded in the lump of metal, and on being withdrawn -the reverse of the coin would show a rough depression -corresponding to the shape given the end of the punch, thereby -making an uneven surface and disfiguring the piece; punch -marks gradually developed into forms, and these forms combined -with figures wrought into artistic design, until, by degrees, the -punch itself became a die, making the reverse of each piece -upon which it was used equal in every respect to the obverse -of which it was the opposite. This perfection of the reverse -was, however, secured at the expense of the effectiveness of the -punch for its original purpose.</p> - -<p>The striking of coin between two dies, which were required to -accurately oppose each other, was an operation requiring great -dexterity, and the results were not at all certain. The artisans -at this stage of the work, hit upon the expedient of using both -the obverse and reverse die in a ring of such a size and depth, -as to be a guide to each of them. The balls or disks of metal -being struck inside the ring, between the dies, were forced to -assume an even thickness, and a circular form corresponding -with the inside of the ring. After the ring had been used in -this way for some time, it was engraved upon the inside, and -the coins produced were not only circular in shape, but stamped -upon their edges. Thus was produced the perfect coin, and -through the introduction of machinery has secured uniformity -in the result and saved an immense amount of labor in striking -vast sums of money; the artistic beauty of some of the antique -specimens has not been surpassed in modern times.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Portraiture upon Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>It is said that no human head was ever stamped upon coins -until after the death of Alexander the Great; he being regarded -as somewhat of a divinity, his effigy was impressed upon money, -like that of other gods.</p> - -<p>The knowledge of coins and medals, through the inscriptions -and devices thereon, is, to an extent, a history of the world -from that date in which metals were applied to such uses. -Events engraven upon these, remain hidden in tombs or buried -in the bosom of the earth, deposited there in ages long past, by -careful and miserly hands, only awaiting the research of the patient -investigator to tell the story of their origin. Numismatic -treasures are scanned as evidence of facts to substantiate statements -upon papyrus or stone, and dates are often supplied to define -the border line between asserted tradition and positive history. -Gibbon remarks: “If there were no other record of -Hadrian, his career would be found written upon the coins of -his reign.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<p>The rudeness or perfection of coins and medals furnish testimony -of the character and culture of the periods of their production. -This is equally true of that rarest specimen of antiquity, -the Syracusan silver medal—the oldest known to collectors—and -the latest triumph of the graver’s art in gold, the Metis medal.</p> - -<p>It is not generally known that the rarest portraits of famous -heroes are found upon coins and medals. The historian, especially -the historic artist, is indebted to this source alone for -the portraits of Alexander, Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, -Cæsar, and many other celebrities. Perhaps the valuation of -a rare coin or medal may be estimated by reference to one piece -in the Philadelphia Mint. It is an Egyptian coin as large as -a half-eagle, and has on the obverse the head of the wife of -Ptolemy—Arsinoe—the only portrait of her yet discovered.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Incidents of History</span></h3> - -<p>Are not alone recorded; and as an example of a very different -nature may be cited the medals commemorating the destruction -of Jerusalem, and the whole series marking that episode, especially -those classed “Judæa capta.” They tell sadly of a -people’s humiliation: the tied or chained captive; the mocking -goddess of victory, all made more real by reason of the introduction, -on the reverse of each piece, of a Jewess weeping -bitterly, and though she sits under a palm-tree, the national -lament of another captivity is forcibly recalled.</p> - -<p>An interesting specimen of the series above mentioned was -recently found in the south of France called, “Judæa Navillas,” -valuable particularly because it strengthens Josephus’s -assertion which had provoked some comment, viz.: the fact of -the escape of a large number of Jews from the Romans, by -means of ships, at Joppa.</p> - -<p>Coins and medals mark the introduction of laws; for -example, an old Porcian coin gives the date of the “law of -appeal,” under which, two centuries and a half later, Paul -appealed to Cæsar. Another relic dates the introduction of -the ballot-box; and a fact interesting to the agriculturist is -established by an old silver coin of Ptolemy, upon which a -man is represented cutting millet (a variety of Indian corn) -with a scythe. Religions have been promulgated by coins. -Islamism says upon a gold coin, “No God but God. Mohammed -is the Prophet and God’s chosen apostle.”</p> - -<p>Persian coins, in mystic characters, symbolize the dreadful -sacrifices of the Fire-Worshippers. Henry VIII, with characteristic -egotism, upon a medal announces in Hebrew, Greek, -and Latin: “Henry Eighth, King of England, France, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -Ireland; Defender of the Faith, and in the land of England -and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the Church.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Costumes on Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>We also find stamped upon coins and medals the costumes -of all ages, from the golden net confining the soft tresses of the -“sorceress of the Nile,” and the gemmed robe of Queen Irene, -to the broidered stomacher of Queen Anne, and the stately ruff -of Elizabeth of England.</p> - -<p>In this connection may be mentioned the “bonnet piece” of -Scotland, a coin of the reign of James VI., which is extremely -rare, one of them having been sold for £41. The coin received -its name from a representation of the king upon it, with a -curiously plaited hat or bonnet which this monarch wore, a -fashion that gave occasion for the ballad, “Blue Bonnets over -the Border.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Heraldic Emblems</span></h3> - -<p>Are faithfully preserved through this medium; in truth, -medalic honors may be claimed as the very foundation of -heraldic art. We discover medals perpetuating revolutions, -sieges, plots, and murders, etc. We prefer directing attention -to the fact that coins and medals are not only the land-marks -of history, but a favorite medium of the poetry of all nations. -Epics are thus preserved by the graver’s art in exceedingly -small space. Poets turn with confidence to old coins for symbol -as well as fact.</p> - -<p>One of the most graceful historical allusions is conveyed in -the great seal of Queen Anne, after the union of Scotland with -England. A rose and a thistle are growing on one stem, while, -from above, the crown of England sheds effulgence upon the -tender young plant.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Humor Pictured on Medals.</span></h3> - -<p>The medal of George I., on the reverse, boastfully presents -“the horse of Brunswick” flying over the northwest of Europe, -symbolizing the Hanoverian succession. The overthrow of the -“Invincible Armada” was the occasion of a Dutch medal, -showing the Hollanders richer in faith than in art culture, for -the obverse of this medal presents the church upon a rock, in -mid-ocean, while the reverse suggests the thought that the -luckless Spanish mariner was driving against the walls of the -actual building.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Architecture indebted to Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>Architecture is largely indebted to coins, medals, and seals -for accuracy and data. We learn from the medal of Septimus<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -Severus the faultless beauty of the triumphal arch erected to -celebrate his victory over Arabs and Parthians. This medal -was produced two centuries before the Christian era, and is a -marvel of art, for its perspective is wrought in bas-relief—an -achievement which was not again attained before the execution -of the celebrated Bronze Gates by Ghiberti, for the Baptistery -at Florence, A. D. 1425. This exhumed arch was excavated -long after its form and structure were familiar to men of letters -through the medals.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Language upon Coins and Medals.</span></h3> - -<p>The effect of coin on language is direct, and many words -may be found whose origin was a coin, such as Daric, a pure -gold coin; Talent, mental ability; Sterling, genuine, pure; -while Guinea represents the aristocratic element, and, though -out of circulation long ago, “no one who pretends to gentility -in England would think of subscribing to any charity or fashionable -object by contributing the vulgar <i>pound</i>. An extra -shilling added to the <i>pound</i> makes the <i>guinea</i>, and lifts the -subscriber at once into the aristocratic world.”</p> - -<p>Copper is much preferred to gold for medals. Its firm, unchanging -surface accepts and retains finer lines than have yet -been produced upon gold and silver, and it offers no temptation -to be thrown into the crucible.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>In the preparation of this work, I am much indebted to -several gentlemen connected with the United States Mint; -also, to Messrs. R. Coulton Davis, Ph.G., and E. Locke Mason, -who are acknowledged authority on the subject of numismatics.</p> - -<p>If it shall be found useful to the public, and especially to -visitors of the Mint, it will be a source of satisfaction, and more -than repay the labor bestowed in its preparation.</p> - -<p class="right"> -G. G. E.</p> - -<p><i>Philadelphia, March 1, 1888.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_UNITED_STATES_MINT">THE UNITED STATES MINT.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The subject of a National Mint for the United States was -first introduced by Robert Morris,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the patriot and financier -of the revolution; as head of the Finance Department, Mr. -Morris was instructed by Congress to prepare a report on the -foreign coins, then in circulation in the United States. On the -15th of January, 1782, he laid before Congress an exposition of -the whole subject. Accompanying this report was a plan for -American coinage. But it was mainly through his efforts, in -connection with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, -that a mint was established in the early history of the Union -of the States. On the 15th of April, 1790, Congress instructed -the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, -to prepare and report a proper plan for the establishment of a -National Mint, and Mr. Hamilton presented his report at the -next session. An act was framed establishing the mint, which -finally passed both Houses and received President Washington’s -approval April 2, 1792.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<h3>NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE MINT.<br /> -<span class="smcap">From Robert Morris’s Diary.</span></h3> - -<p>1781. July 16th. Wrote to Mr. Dudley at Boston inviting him hither -in consequence of the Continental Agent Mr. Bradford’s Letter respecting -him referred to me by Congress.</p> - -<p>July 17th. Wrote Mr. Bradford respecting Mr. Dudley.</p> - -<p>Nov. 10th. Ordered some money on application of Mr. Dudley to pay -his expences.</p> - -<p>Nov. 12th. Sent for Mr Dudley to consult him respecting the quantity -of Alloy Silver will bear without being discoloured, he says he can put 6 -drops into an ounce. Desired him to assay some Spanish Dollars and -French Crowns, in order to know the quantity of pure Silver in each.</p> - -<p>Nov. 16th. Mr. Dudley assayed a number of Crowns and dollars for our -information respecting the Mint.</p> - -<p>1782. Jan. 2d. Mr. Benjamin Dudley applied for money to pay his -Board which I directed to be paid by Mr. Swanwick, this gentleman is detained -at the public expence as a person absolutely necessary in the Mint, -which I hope soon to see established. My propositions on that subject are -to be submitted to Congress so soon as I can get the proper assays made on -Silver coins &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<p>Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley applies about getting his wife from England. I -promised him every assistance in my power.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<p>Jan. 18th. I went to Mr. Gouvr. Morris’s Lodging to examine the plan -we had agreed on, and which we had drawn up respecting the Establishment -of a Mint, we made some alterations and amendments to my satisfaction -and from a belief that this is a necessary and salutary measure. I -have ordered it copied to be sent into Congress.</p> - -<p>Jan. 26th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Lodgings &c. I -ordered Mr. Swanwick to supply him with fifty dollars, informed him that -the Plan of a Mint is before Congress, and when passed, that he shall be -directly employed, if not agreed to by Congress, I shall compensate him -for his time &c.</p> - -<p>Feb. 26th. Mr. Benjamin Dudley brought me the rough drafts or plan -for the rooms of a Mint &c. I desired him to go to Mr. Whitehead Humphreys -to consult him about Screws, Smithwork &c. that will be wanted for -the Mint, and to bring me a list thereof with an estimate of the Cost.</p> - -<p>Feb 28th. Mr. Dudley informs me that a Mr. Wheeler, a Smith in the -Country, can make the Screws, Rollers &c. for the Mint. Mr. Dudley proposes -the Dutch Church, that which is now unoccupied, as a place suitable -for the Mint, I sent him to view it, & he returns satisfied that it will answer, -wherefore I must enquire about it.</p> - -<p>March 22d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wheeler came and brought with them -some Models of the Screws and Rollers necessary for the Mint. I found -Mr. Wheeler entertained some doubts respecting one of these Machines -which Mr. Dudley insists will answer the purposes and says he will be -responsible for it. I agreed with Mr. Wheeler that he should perform the -work; and, as neither he or I could judge of the value that ought to be -paid for it, he is to perform the same agreeable to Mr. Dudley’s directions, -and when finished, we are to have it valued by some Honest Man, judges -of such work, he mentioned Philip Syng, Edwd. Duffield, William Rush -and —— all of whom I believe are good judges and very honest men, -therefore I readily agreed to this proposition. And I desired Mr. Dudley -to consult Mr. Rittenhouse and Francis Hopkinson Esquire, as to the -Machine or Wheel in dispute, and let me have their opinion.</p> - -<p>March 23d. Mr. Dudley called to inform me that Mr. Rittenhouse & -Mr. Hopkinson agree to his plan of the Machine &c.</p> - -<p>April 12th. Mr. Dudley wants a horse to go up to Mr. Wheelers &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<p>May 20th. Mr. Dudley wrote me a Letter this day and wanted money. -I directed Mr. Swanwick to supply him, and then disired him to view the -Mason’s Lodge to see if it would Answer for a Mint, which he thinks it -will, I desired him to go up to Mr. Wheelers to see how he goes on with -the Rollers &c.</p> - -<p>June 17th. Mr. Dudley applied for money to pay his Bill. I directed -Mr. Swanwick to supply him.</p> - -<p>June 18th. Issued a warrant in favor of B. Dudley £7.11.6.</p> - -<p>July 15th. Mr. B. Dudley applied for money, he is very uneasy for want -of employment, and the Mint in which he is to be employed and for -which I have engaged him, goes on so slowly that I am also uneasy at -having this gentleman on pay and no work for him. He offered to go and -assist Mr. Byers to establish the Brass Cannon Foundry at Springfield. I -advised to make that proposal to Genl. Lincoln and inform me the result -to-morrow.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<p>July 16th. Mr. B. Dudley to whom I gave an order on Mr. Swanwick -for fifty dollars, and desired him to seek after Mr. Wheeler to know whether -the Rollers &c. are ready for him to go to work on rolling the copper for -the Mint.</p> - -<p>August 22d. Mr. Saml. Wheeler who made the Rollers for the Mint, -applies for money. I had a good deal of conversation with this ingenious -gentleman.</p> - -<p>August 26th. Mr. Dudley called and pressed very much to be set at work.</p> - -<p>Sept 3d. Mr. B. Dudley applied for a passage for his Friend Mr. -Sprague, pr. the Washington to France & for Mrs. Dudley back. Mr. -Wheeler applied for money which I promised in a short time.</p> - -<p>Sept. 4th. Mr. Wheeler for money. I desired him to leave his claim -with Mr. McCall Secretary in this office, and I will enable the discharge -of his notes in the Bank when due.</p> - -<p>Novr. 8th. Mr. Dudley applies for the amount of his Bill for Lodgings -and Diet &c. and I directed Mr. Swanwick to pay him, but am very uneasy -that the Mint is not going on.</p> - -<p>Dec. 23d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wilcox brought the subsistance paper, -and I desired Mr. Dudley to deliver 4000 sheets to Hall and Sellers.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<p>Decr. 26th. Mr. Hall the printer brought 100 Sheets of the subsistence -notes this day, and desired that more paper might be sent to his Printing -Office, accordingly I sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to deliver the -same from time to time, until the whole shall amount to 4000 Sheets.</p> - -<p>1783. April 2d. I sent for Mr. Dudley who delivered me a piece of -Silver Coin, being the first that has been struck as an American Coin.</p> - -<p>April 16th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and urged him to produce the Coins -to lay before Congress to establish a Mint.</p> - -<p>April 17th. Sent for Mr. Dudley to urge the preparing of Coins &c. for -Establishing a Mint.</p> - -<p>April 22d. Mr. Dudley sent in several Pieces of Money as patterns of -the intended American Coins.</p> - -<p>May 6th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to go down to Mr. Mark -Wilcox’s, to see 15,000 Sheets of paper made fit to print my Notes on.</p> - -<p>May 7th. This day delivered Mr. Dudley the paper Mold for making -paper, mark’d United States, and dispatched him to Mr. Wilcok’s, but was -obliged to advance him 20 dollars.</p> - -<p>May 27th. I sent for Mr. Dudley to know if he has compleated the paper -at Mr. Wilcock’s paper mill for the Certificates intended for the pay of the -Army. He says it is made, but not yet sufficiently dry for the printers use. -I desired him to repair down to the Mill and bring it up as soon as possible.</p> - -<p>May 28th. Mr. Whitehead Humphreys to offer his lot and buildings for -erecting a Mint.</p> - -<p>July 5th. Mr. Benjn. Dudley gave notice that he has received back -from Messrs. Hall and Sellers the Printers, three thousand sheets of the -last paper made by Mr. Wilcocks. I desired him to bring it to this office. -He also informs of a Minting Press being in New York for sale, and urges -me to purchase it for the use of the American Mint.</p> - -<p>July 7th. Mr. Dudley respecting the Minting Press, but I had not -time to see him.</p> - -<p>August 19th. I sent for Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and informed him of -my doubts about the establishment of a Mint, and desired him to think of -some employment in private service, in which I am willing to assist him -all in my power. I told him to make out an account for the services he -had performed for the public, and submit at the Treasury office for inspection -and settlement.</p> - -<p>August 30th. Mr. Dudley brought the dies for Coining in the American -Mint.</p> - -<p>Sept. 3d. Mr. Dudley applies for money for his expenses which I agree -to supply, but urge his going into private business.</p> - -<p>Sept. 4th. Mr. Dudley for money, which is granted. Directed him to -make three models for constructing Dry——</p> - -<p>Nov. 21st. Mr. Dudley applies for money. He says he was at half a -guinea a week and his expenses borne when he left Boston to come about the -Mint, and he thinks the public ought to make that good to him. I desired -him to write me and I will state his claims to Congress.</p> - -<p>Nov. 26th. Mr. Dudley for money, which was granted.</p> - -<p>Dec. 17th. Mr. Dudley with his account for final settlement. I referred -him to Mr. Milligan.</p> - -<p>1784. Jan. 5th. Mr. Dudley applies for a Certificate of the Time -which he was detained in the public service. I granted him one accordingly.</p> - -<p>Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley after the settlement of his account, which I compleated -by signing a warrant.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus2" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <p class="caption">[Fac simile of original, photo-engraved by Levytype Company.]</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus2.jpg" alt="" /> - -<p class="center">Congress of the United States:</p> - -<p class="center">AT THE THIRD SESSION,</p> - -<p class="center">Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on<br /> -Monday the sixth of December, one thousand<br /> -seven hundred and ninety.</p> - -<p><i><span class="smcap">Resolved</span> by the <span class="smcap">Senate</span> and <span class="smcap">House</span> of <span class="smcap">Representatives</span> of -the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That a mint -shall be established under such regulations as shall be directed by law.</p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be, and he is -hereby authorized to cause to be engaged, such principal artists as -shall be necessary to carry the preceeding resolution into effect, and to -stipulate the terms and conditions of their service, and also to cause to -be procured such apparatus as shall be requisite for the same purpose.</p> - -<p class="right">FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, <i>Speaker of the House of Representatives</i>.</p> - -<p class="right">JOHN ADAMS, <i>Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Approved</span>, March the third, 1791.</p> - -<p class="right">GEORGE WASHINGTON, <i>President of the United States</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deposited</span> among the <span class="smcap">Rolls</span> in the <span class="smcap">Office</span> of the <span class="smcap">Secretary</span> -of <span class="smcap">State</span>.</p> - -<p class="right"><i>Th. Jefferson Secretary of State.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>The following is a copy of an old pay roll, framed and hanging upon the wall of -the Cabinet.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerks, and Workmen -Employed at the Mint the 10th October, 1795.</span></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Henry Wm. DeSaussure, Director</td> - <td class="tdr">@ 2,000</td> - <td>Drs.</td> - <td>per Ann.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nicholas Way, Treasurer</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Henry Voigt, Chief Coiner</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Albion Cox, Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Robert Scott, Engraver</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>David Ott, Melter and Refiner pro tem.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nathaniel Thomas, Clerk to the Treasurer</td> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Isaac Hough, ditto to Director and Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lodewyk Sharp, ditto to Chief Coiner</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John S. Gardiner, Assistant Engraver</td> - <td class="tdr">936</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> - <tr> - <th colspan="3"><i>Workmen Employed in Chief Coiner’s Department.</i></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="tdr">Wages per day.</th> - <th>Doll.</th> - <th>Cts.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Schreiner, Chief Pressman</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Cope, Chief Adjuster</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>William Hayley, Roller</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nicholas Sinderling, Annealer</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Ward, Miller</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Joseph Germon, Drawer</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lewis Laurenger, Brusher</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Henry Voigt, Junr, Adjuster</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sarah Waldrake, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rachael Summers, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lewis Bitting, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lawrence Ford, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Christopher Baum, Pressman</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Keyser, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frederick Bauck, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barney Miers, Cleaner</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Martin Summers, Doorkeeper</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adam Seyfert, Hostler</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Bay, Boy.</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3"><i>Workmen Employed at the Furnace of the Mint.</i></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Peter LaChase, Melter</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>George Myers, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Eberhart Klumback, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Patrick Ryan, Filer</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Valentine Flegler, Labourer</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Andrew Brunet, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>William Ryan, ditto</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Endorsed in two places, “Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerks and -Workmen employed in the Mint the 10th Oct. 1795.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PHILADELPHIA_MINT">THE PHILADELPHIA MINT.</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus3" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus3.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">THE FIRST MINT IN THE UNITED STATES, ERECTED IN 1792.</p> -</div> - -<p>The popular estimation in which the Mint is held in the -United States, is, for obvious reasons, more distinctively -marked than that entertained for other public institutions. -Its position, in a financial point of view, is so important, its use -so apparent, and its integrity of management so generally conceded, -that it enjoys a pre-eminence and dignity beyond that -accorded to general governmental departments. Party mutations -usually effect changes in its directorship, with but slight -interference, however, with the other officials, as those of attainments, -skill, and long experience in the professional -branches, required to intelligently perform the various duties -assigned, are few in all countries. Those occupying positions -are chosen for their proficiency in the various departments, -their characters being always above question. The confidence -reposed in the officials of the United States Mint has never -been violated, as, for nearly a century of its operations, no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -shadow of suspicion has marred the fair name of any identified -with its history.</p> - -<p>The need of a mint in the Colonies was keenly felt to be a -serious grievance against England for years before the Revolution, -and as soon as practicable after the establishment of Independence, -the <i>United States Mint</i> was authorized by an Act -of Congress—April 2, 1792.</p> - -<p>A lot of ground was purchased on Seventh Street near -Arch, and appropriations were made for erecting the requisite -buildings. An old still-house, which stood on the lot, had -first to be removed. In an account book of that time we find -an entry on the 31st of July, 1792, of the sale of some old -materials of the still-house for seven shillings and sixpence, -which “Mr. Rittenhouse directed <i>should be laid out for punch</i> -in laying the foundation stone.”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<p>The first building erected in the United States for public -use, under the authority of the Federal Government, was a -structure for the United States Mint. This was a plain brick -edifice, on the east side of Seventh street, near Arch, the -corner-stone of which was laid by David Rittenhouse, Director -of the Mint, on July 31, 1792. In the following October -operations of coining commenced. It was occupied for about -forty years. On the 19th of May, 1829, an Act was passed by -Congress locating the United States Mint on its present site.</p> - -<p>The first coinage of the United States, was silver half-dimes -in October, 1792, of which Washington makes mention in his -address to Congress, on November 6, 1792, as follows; “There -has been a small beginning in the coinage of half-dimes; the -want of small coins in circulation, calling the first attention to -them.” The first metal purchased for coinage was six pounds -of old copper at one shilling and three pence per pound, which -was coined and delivered to the Treasurer, in 1793. The first -deposit of silver bullion was made on July 18, 1794, by the Bank -of Maryland. It consisted of “coins of France,” amounting -to $80,715.73½. The first returns of silver coins to the Treasurer, -was made on October 15, 1794. The first deposit of gold -bullion for coinage, was made by Moses Brown, merchant, of -Boston, on February 12, 1795; it was of gold ingots, worth -$2,276.72, which was paid for in silver coins.</p> - -<p>The first return of gold coinage, was on July 31, 1795, and -consisted of 744 half eagles. The first delivery of eagles was -in September 22, same year, and consisted of four hundred -pieces.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p>Previous to the coinage of silver dollars, at the Philadelphia -Mint, in 1794, the following amusing incidents occurred in -Congress, while the emblems and devices proposed for the -reverse field of that coin were being discussed.</p> - -<p>A member of the House from the South bitterly opposed -the choice of the eagle, on the ground of its being the “king -of birds,” and hence neither proper nor suitable to represent -a nation whose institutions and interests were wholly inimical -to monarchical forms of government. Judge Thatcher playfully, -in reply, suggested that perhaps a goose might suit the -gentleman, as it was a rather humble and republican bird, and -would also be serviceable in other respects, as the goslings -would answer to place upon the dimes. This answer created -considerable merriment, and the irate Southerner, conceiving -the humorous rejoinder as an insult, sent a challenge to the -Judge, who promptly declined it. The bearer, rather astonished, -asked, “Will you be branded as a coward?” “Certainly, -if he pleases,” replied Thatcher; “I always was one -and he knew it, or he would never have risked a challenge.” -The affair occasioned much mirth, and, in due time, former existing -cordial relations were restored between the parties; the -irritable Southerner concluding there was nothing to be gained -in fighting with one who fired nothing but jokes.</p> - -<h3>EXTRACT FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED -FOR THE MINT, JANUARY 1, 1825.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>The operations of the Mint throughout the year, are to commence at 5 -o’clock in the morning, under the superintendence of an officer, and continue -until 4 o’clock in the afternoon, except on Saturdays, when the business -of the day will close at 2 o’clock, unless on special occasions it may -be otherwise directed by an officer. Extra work will be paid for in proportion, -on a statement being made of it through the proper officer, at the -end of each month. A strict account is to be kept by one of the officers, -as they may agree of the absentees from duty, if the absence be voluntary, -the full wages for the time will be deducted, if it arise from sickness a -deduction will be made at the discretion of the proper officer. A statement -of these deductions will be rendered at the end of the month, and -the several accounts made out accordingly.</p> - -<p>The allowance under the name of <i>drink money</i> is hereafter to be discontinued, -and in place of it <i>three dollars extra wages</i> per month will be allowed -for the three summer months to those workmen who continue in the Mint -through that season. No workman can be permitted to bring spirituous -liquors into the Mint. Any workman who shall be found intoxicated -within the Mint must be reported to the Director, in order that he may be -discharged. No profane or indecent language can be tolerated in the -Mint. Smoking within the Mint is inadmissible. The practice is of dangerous -tendency; experience proves that this indulgence in public institutions, -ends at last in disaster. Visitors may be admitted by permission of -an officer, to see the various operations of the Mint on all working days -except Saturdays and rainy days; they are to be attended by an officer, or -some person designated by him. The new coins must not be given in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -exchange for others to accommodate visitors, without the consent of the -Chief Coiner. Christmas day and the Fourth of July, and no other days, -are established holidays at the Mint. The pressmen will carefully lock -the several coining presses when the work for the day is finished, and -leave the keys in such places as the Chief Coiner shall designate. When -light is necessary to be carried from one part of the Mint to the other, the -watchman will use a dark lanthorn but not an open candle. He will keep -in a proper arm chest securely locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols -and a sword. The arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected -by an officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and -charged anew.</p> - -<p>The watchman of the Mint must attend from 6 o’clock in the evening to -5 o’clock in the morning, and until relieved by the permission of an officer, -or until the arrival of the door-keeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely -every hour by the Mint clock, from 10 o’clock until relieved by the -door-keeper, or an officer, or the workmen on working days, and will send -the watch dog through the yard immediately after ringing the bell. He -will particularly examine the departments of the engine and all the rooms -where fire has been on the preceding day, conformably to his secret -instructions. For this purpose he will have keys of access to such rooms -as he cannot examine without entering them.</p> - -<p>If an attempt be made on the Mint he will act conformably to his secret -instructions on that subject. In case of fire occurring in or near the -Mint, he will ring the Alarm Bell if one has been provided, or sound the -alarm with his rattle, and thus as soon as possible bring some one to him -who can be dispatched to call an officer, and in other particulars will -follow his secret instructions. The secret instructions given him from -time to time he must be careful not to disclose. The delicate trust reposed -in all persons employed in the Mint, presupposes that their character -is free from all suspicion, but the director feels it his duty nevertheless, -in order that none may plead ignorance on the subject, to warn them -of the danger of violating so high a trust. Such a crime as the embezzlement -of any of the coins struck at the Mint, or of any of the metals -brought to the Mint for coinage, would be punished under the laws of -Pennsylvania, by a fine and penitentiary imprisonment at hard labor. -The punishment annexed to this crime by the laws of the United States, -enacted for the special protection of deposits made at the Mint, is <span class="allsmcap">DEATH</span>. -The 19th Section of the Act of Congress, establishing the Mint, passed -April 12, 1792, is in the following words: Section 19, <i>and</i> be it further -enacted, That if any of the gold or silver coins, which shall be struck or -coined at the said Mint, shall be debased or made worse as to the proportion -of fine gold or fine silver, therein contained, or shall be of less weight -or value than the same ought to be, pursuant to the directions of this act, -through the default or with the connivance of any of the officers or persons -who shall be employed at said Mint, for the purpose of profit or gain, -or otherwise, with a fraudulent intent, and if any of the said officers or -persons shall embezzle any of the metal which shall at any time be committed -to their charge, for the purpose of being coined, or any of the coins -which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint, every such officer or -person who shall commit any or either of the said offences, shall be -deemed guilty of Felony, and shall suffer death. Printed copies of the -Rules here recited are to be kept in convenient places for the inspection of -the workmen, but as all may not be capable of reading them, it shall be -the duty of the proper officer of the several departments, or such person -as he may appoint, to read them in the hearing of the workmen, at least -once a year, and especially to read them to every person newly employed -in the Mint.</p> - -<p class="right">SAMUEL MOORE, <i>Director</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p>Up to 1836 the work at the Mint was done entirely by hand -or horse power. In that year steam was introduced. At different -periods during the years 1797, 1798, 1799, 1802, and -1803, the operations of the Mint were suspended on account -of the prevalence of yellow fever.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Bond of Indemnity or Agreement</span> of Operatives to return to the -service of the Mint.” Dated August, 1799.</p> - -<p>“We, the subscribers, do hereby promise and engage to return to the service -of the Mint as soon as the same shall be again opened, after the prevailing -fever is over, on the penalty of twenty pounds.”</p> - -<p>“As witness our hands this 31st day of August, 1799.</p> - -<ul> -<li>“GEORGE WATT’N,</li> -<li>JOHN COPE,</li> -<li>LEWIS BITTING,</li> -<li>GEO. BOEMING,</li> -<li>JAMES ANDERSON,</li> -<li>JOHN SCHREINER,</li> -<li>JOHN BIRNBAUM,</li> -<li>GEORGE MYERS,</li> -<li>CHARLES BENJ. K——,</li> -<li>GEORGE BAILY,</li> -<li>JOHN MANN,</li> -<li>(In German) JOHANNES ——,</li> -<li>SAML. THOMPSON,</li> -<li>MARTIN SUMMERS.”</li> -</ul> - -</div> - -<p>The above are the signatures of the parties agreeing, written on old hand-made -unruled foolscap paper.</p> - -<p>This is part of the Mint records, which has been framed for convenience -and protection. It hangs in the Cabinet.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Mint Established.</span></h3> - -<p>The Mint was established by Act of Congress the second of -April, 1792, and a few half-dimes were issued towards the close -of that year. The general operations of the institution commenced -in 1793. The coinage effected from the commencement -of the establishment to the end of the year 1800 may be stated -in round numbers at $2,534,000; the coinage of the decade -ending 1810 amounted to $6,971,000, and within the ten years -ending with 1820—$9,328,000. The amount within the ten -years ending with 1830 is stated at $18,000,000, and the -whole coinage from the commencement of the institution at -$37,000,000. On the second of March, 1829, provisions were -made by Congress for extending the Mint establishment, the -supply of bullion for coinage having increased beyond the -capacity of the existing accommodations. The Mint edifice, -erected under this provision, stands on a lot purchased for the -object at the northwest corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets, -fronting 150 feet on Chestnut street and extending 204 feet to -Penn Square, (the central and formerly the largest public -square in the city). The corner-stone of the new edifice was -laid on the fourth of July, 1829; the building is of marble and -of the Grecian style of architecture, the roof being covered with -copper. It presents on Chestnut street and Penn Square a -front of 123 feet, each front being ornamented with a portico<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -of 60 feet, containing six Ionic columns. In the centre of the -structure there was formerly a court-yard (now built up) extending -85 by 84 feet, surrounded by a piazza to each story, affording -an easy access to all parts of the edifice. Present officers of -the Mint: Hon. Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent; William S. -Steel, Coiner; Jacob B. Eckfeldt, Assayer; Patterson Du Bois, -Assistant Assayer, James C. Booth, Melter and Refiner; N. -B. Boyd, Assistant Melter and Refiner; Charles E. Barber, -Engraver; George T. Morgan and William H. Key, Assistant -Engravers; M. H. Cobb, Cashier; George W. Brown, Doorkeeper.</p> - -<p>On July 4, 1829, Samuel Moore, then Director, laid the -corner stone of the present building, located at the northwest -corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets. It is of white marble, -and of the Grecian style of architecture, and was finished, and -commenced operations, in 1833. Subsequent to that date -necessary changes in the interior arrangements, to accommodate -the increase in business, have been introduced at various times, -and it was made more secure as a depository for the great -amount of bullion contained within its vaults, by having been -rendered fire-proof in 1856.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Copy of the Paper laid in the Corner Stone of the -Mint, July 4, 1829.</span></h3> - -<p>This corner stone of the Mint of the United States of -America, laid on the 4th day of July, 1829, being the fifty-third -anniversary of our independence, in the presence of the -Officers thereof, Members of Congress of the adjacent districts, -architect, and artificers employed in the building, and a -number of citizens of Philadelphia, in the which with this instrument -are deposited specimens of the Coins of our Country -struck in the present year. The Mint of the United States -commenced operations in the year A. D., 1793, increasing -constantly in utility, until its locality and convenience required -extension and enlargement, which was ordered by the passage -of a bill appropriating $120,000 for the erection of new and -convenient buildings, to accommodate its operations, vesting -the disbursement in the judgment and taste of the Director and -President of the United States. In pursuance of the above bill, -passed during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams, arrangements -were made and designs adopted; William Strickland -appointed architect; John Struthers, marble mason; Daniel -Groves, bricklayer; Robert O’Neil, master carpenter, and in -the first year of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson, this corner -stone was placed in southeast corner of the edifice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p> - -<p>The names of the officers of the Mint of the United States -at this time, are as follows:</p> - -<ul> -<li><span class="smcap">Doctor Samuel Moore</span>, Director,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Adam Eckfeldt</span>, Coiner,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Joseph Cloud</span>, Melter and Refiner,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Joseph Richardson</span>, Assayer,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Doctor James Rush</span>, Treasurer,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Wm. Kneass</span>, Engraver,</li> -<li><span class="smcap">George Ehrenzelder</span>, Clerk.</li> -</ul> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States</span>,<br /> -<i>Philadelphia, March 20, 1838</i>.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To Hon. Levi Woodbury</span>, -Secretary of the Treasury.</p> - -<p>Sir:—I had the honor to receive your letter asking my -attention to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the -United States, passed March 5, 1838, as follows:</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Extract from Resolution of Congress relating to Mint.</span></p> - -<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the Secretary of the Treasury report to -this House the cost of erecting the principal Mint and its -branches, including buildings, fixtures, and apparatus; the -salaries and expenses of the different officers; the amount expended -in the purchase of bullion; the loss arising from wastage, -and all other expenses; and the average length of time it -requires to coin at the principal Mint all the bullion with which -it can be furnished; and further, what amount of coin has been -struck at the several branch mints, since their organization.”</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States, Philadelphia.</span></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>The cost of the edifice, machinery, and fixtures, was</td> - <td class="tdr">$173,390</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ground, enclosure, paving, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">35,840</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total cost of buildings, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$209,230</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This amount does not include expenditures made under special -appropriations for the years 1836 and 1837, for milling -and coining by steam power; and for extensive improvements -in the assaying, melting, and parting rooms, and machine shops, -amounting to $28,270.</p> - -<p>It may be proper to mention that the Mint building is on -the best street in the city, is of large dimensions, with the -whole exterior of marble, and two Ionic porticos; and that the -machinery and apparatus are of the best construction. The -cost must therefore be considered as very moderate. The new -Mint lately erected by the British India Government at Calcutta, -cost 24 lacs of rupees, or about $1,138,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>The</td> - <td>Director receives per annum</td> - <td class="tdr">$3,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Treasurer</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Chief Coiner</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Melter and Refiner</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Engraver</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Second Engraver</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Assistant Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">1,300</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Treasurer’s Clerk</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Bookkeeper</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Clerk of the weighing room</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Director’s Clerk</td> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="in1">Total for salaries</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$20,400</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>No expenses are allowed, beyond the above sums, to any -officer, assistant, or clerk, for the performance of his duties.</p> - -<p>As all the gold and silver brought to the Mint is purchased -at the nett Mint price, there is no expense, properly so called, -incurred on this account.</p> - -<p class="right">R. M. PATTERSON, <i>Director of the Mint</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Previous to the passage of the law by the Federal government -for regulating the coins of the United States, much perplexity -arose from the use of no less than four different currencies or -rates, at which one species of coin was recoined, in the different -parts of the Union. Thus, in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, -Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Virginia and Kentucky, -the dollar was recoined at six shillings; in New York -and North Carolina at eight shillings; in New Jersey, Pennsylvania -and Maryland at seven shillings and six pence; in -Georgia and South Carolina at four shillings and eight pence. -The subject had engaged the attention of the Congress of the old -confederation, and the present system of the coins is formed -upon the principles laid down in their resolution of 1786, by -which the denominations of money of account were required to -be dollars (the dollar being the unit), dismes or tenths, cents or -hundredths, and mills or thousandths of a dollar. Nothing can -be more simple or convenient than this decimal subdivision. -The terms are proper because they express the proportions -which they are intended to designate. The dollar was wisely -chosen, as it corresponded with the Spanish coin, with which -we had been long familiar.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Visiting the Mint.</span></h3> - -<p>The Mint, on Chestnut street near Broad, is open to the public -daily, excepting Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 12 A. M. -Visitors are met by the courteous ushers, who attend them through<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -the various departments. It is estimated that over forty thousand -persons have visited the institution in the course of a single year. -Owing to the immense amount of the precious metals which is -always in course of transition, and the watchful care necessary -to a correct transaction of business, the public are necessarily -excluded from some of the departments. These, however, are -of but little interest to the many and are described under their -proper heads. The system adopted in the Mint is so precise and -the weighing so accurate, that the abstraction of the smallest -particle of metal would lead to almost immediate detection.</p> - -<p>On entering the rotunda, the offices of the Treasurer and -Cashier are to the right and left. Farther in, in the hall, to -the rear, on the right, is the room of the Treasurer’s clerks; -a part of this was formerly used by the Adams Express -Company, who transport to and from the Mint millions of -dollars worth of metal, coin, etc.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Deposit or Weighing-room.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="illus4" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus4.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">SCALES.</p> -</div> - -<p>On the left is the Deposit or Weighing-room, where all the -gold and silver for coining is received and first weighed. The -largest weight used in this room is five hundred ounces, the -smallest, is the thousandth part of an ounce. The scales are -wonderfully delicate, and are examined and adjusted on alternate -days. On the right of this room is one of the twelve<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -vaults in the building. Of solid masonry, several of them are -iron-lined, with double doors of the same metal and most complicated -and burglar-proof locks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp91" id="illus5" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus5.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">AUTOMATIC WEIGHING SCALES.</p> -</div> - -<p>It is estimated that about fifteen hundred million dollars -worth of gold has been received and weighed in this room; -probably nine-tenths of this amount was from California, since -its discovery there in the year 1848. Previous to that time -the supplies of gold came principally from Virginia, North -Carolina, and Georgia. During the past ten years considerable -quantities have been received from Nova Scotia, but most of -the gold that reaches the Mint, at the present time, comes -from California, Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, -Oregon, Dakota, Virginia, South Carolina, and New Mexico.</p> - -<p>Formerly the silver used by the Mint came principally from -Mexico and South America, but since the discovery of the -immense veins of that metal in the territories of the United -States the supply is furnished from the great West.</p> - -<p>The copper used comes principally from the mines of Lake -Superior, the finest from Minnesota. The nickel is chiefly from -Lancaster County, Pa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Deposit Melting Room.</span></h3> - -<p>After the metal has been carefully weighed in the presence -of the depositor and the proper officials, it is locked in iron -boxes and taken to the melting room, where it is opened by -two men, each provided with a key to one of the separate -locks. There are four furnaces in this room, and the first -process of melting takes place here. The gold and silver, -being mixed with borax and other fluxing material, is placed in -pots, melted and placed in iron moulds, and when cooled is -again taken to the deposit room in bars, where it is reweighed, -and a small piece cut from each lot by the Assayer. From -this the fineness of the whole is ascertained, the value calculated, -and the depositor paid. The metal in its rough state is -then transferred to the Melter and Refiner.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Office of the Melter and Refiner.</span></h3> - -<p>Adjoining the Deposit Melting Room are the Melter and -Refiner and assistants. This is the general business office of -the head of this department, and is also used for weighing the -necessary quantities of the metals used in alloying coin.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Process of Assay.</span></h3> - -<p>The two essential things regarding every piece of metal -offered in payment of any dues were, first, the weight or quantity, -next, the fineness or purity of the same. The process of -weighing even the baser metals used in coining must be conducted -by the careful use of accurate scales, with precise notes -of the results. In precious metals, gold, silver, and their high -grade alloys, a very small variation in the fineness makes a -great difference in the value. Nothing is more essential than -the accurate determination of the weight of the sample and of -the metal obtained from it. It requires keen sight and most -delicate adjustment in the hand which manipulates the Lilliputian -scales of an Assayer’s table. The smallest weight used -in the Mint is found in the Assay Room; it is the thirteen-hundredth -part of a grain, and can scarcely be seen with the -naked eye, unless on a white ground. The Assay Department -is strictly a technical and scientific branch of the service. It -has been practically under one regime, for the last fifty years. -There have been but three Chief Assayers in that time, the -only removals being by death, the only appointments by promotion. -Its workmen are all picked men, selected from other -parts of the Mint for special fitness and good character.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Assaying Rooms.</span></h3> - -<p>These are on the second floor, in the southwest corner of -the building. In one of these are fires, stills, and other appliances -used in the delicate and complicated process of assay, -by which the specific standard of the fineness and purity of -the various metals are established and declared.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Assaying Gold.</span></h3> - -<p>The gold is melted down and stirred, by which a complete -mixture is effected, so that an assay piece may be -taken from any part of the bar after it is cast. The piece -taken for this purpose is rolled out for the convenience of -cutting. It is then taken to an assay balance (sensible to the -ten-thousandth of a half gramme or less), and from it is -weighed a half gramme, which is the normal assay weight for -gold, being about 7.7 grains troy. This weight is stamped -1000; and all the lesser weights (afterwards brought into -requisition) are decimal divisions of this weight, down to one -ten-thousandth part.</p> - -<p>Silver is next weighed out for the quartation (alloying), and -as the assay piece, if standard, should contain 900-thousandths -of gold, there must be three times this weight, or 2700-thousandths -of silver; and this is the quantity used. The lead -used for the cupellation is kept prepared in thin sheets, cut in -square pieces, which should each weigh about ten times as -much as the gold under assay. The lead is now rolled into -the form of a hollow cone; and into this are introduced the -assay gold and the quartation silver, when the lead is closed -around them and pressed into a ball. The furnace having been -properly heated, and the cupels placed in it and brought to -the same temperature, the leaden ball, with its contents, is put -into a cupel (a small cup made of burned bones, capable of -absorbing base metals), the furnace closed, and the operation -allowed to proceed, until all agitation is ceased to be observed -in the melted metal, and its surface has become bright. This -is an indication that the whole of the base metals have been -converted into oxides, and absorbed by the cupel.</p> - -<p>The cupellation being thus finished, the metal is allowed to -cool slowly, and the disc or button which it forms is taken -from the cupel. The button is then flattened by a hammer; -is annealed by bringing it to a red heat; is laminated by -passing it between the rollers; is again annealed; and is rolled -loosely into a spiral or coil called a <i>cornet</i>. It is now ready -for the process of quartation. This was formerly effected in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -a glass matrass, and that mode is still used occasionally, when -there are few assays. But a great improvement, first introduced -into this country by the Assayer in 1867, was the—“platinum -apparatus,” invented in England. It consists of a platinum -vessel in which to boil the nitric acid, which is to dissolve -out the silver, and a small tray containing a set of platinum -thimbles with fine slits in the bottom. In these the silver is -taken out, by successive supplies of nitric acid, without any decanting -as in the case of glass vessels. The cornets are also -annealed in the thimbles; in fact there is no shifting from the -coiling to the final weighing, which determines the fineness of -the original sample by proportionate weights in thousandths. -In this process extra care has to be taken in adding the proportions -of silver, as the “shaking” of any one cornet, might -damage the others.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Assaying Silver.</span></h3> - -<p>The process of assaying silver differs from that of gold. To -obtain the assay sample, a little of the metals is dipped from -the pot and poured quickly into water, producing a granulation, -from portions of which that needed for assay is taken. -In the case of silver alloyed with copper there is separation, to -a greater or less degree, between the two metals in the act of -solidification. Thus an ingot or bar, cooled in a mould, or any -single piece cut from either, though really 900-thousandths -fine on the average, will show such variations, according to the -place of cutting, as might exceed the limits allowed by law. -But the sudden chill produced by throwing the liquid metal -into water, yields a granulation of entirely homogeneous -mixture that the same fineness results, whether by assaying a -single granule, or part of one, or a number.</p> - -<p>From this sample the weight of 1115 thousandths is taken; -this is dissolved in a glass bottle with nitric acid. The standard -solution of salt is introduced and chloride of silver is the result, -which contains of the metallic silver 1000 parts; this is repeated -until the addition of the salt water shows but a faint trace of -chloride below the upper surface of the liquid. For instance: -if three measures of the decimal solution have been used with -effect, the result will show that the 1115 parts of the piece contained -1003 of pure silver; and thus the proportion of pure -silver in the whole alloyed metal is ascertained. Extensive -knowledge and experience are required in such matters as -making the bone-ash cupels, fine proof gold and silver, testing -acids, and other special examinations and operations. The -Assayer must, himself, be familiar with all the operations of -minting, as critical questions are naturally carried to him.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -The rendering of decisions upon counterfeit or suspicious coins -has long been a specialty in this department. Once a year the -President appoints a scientific commission to examine the coins -of the preceding year. There has never yet been a Philadelphia -coin found outside of the tolerance of fineness.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Separating Room.</span></h3> - -<p>This department occupies the largest part of the west side of -the building, on the second floor. Here the gold and silver -used by the Mint in the manufacture of coin and fine bars are -separated from each other, or whatever other metals may be -mixed with them, and purified. It goes to this room after -having been once melted and assayed. In separating and purifying -gold, it is always necessary to add to it a certain quantity -of pure silver. The whole is then immersed in nitric acid, -which dissolves the silver into a liquid which looks like pure -water. The acid does not dissolve the gold, but leaves it pure. -The silver solution is then drawn off, leaving the gold at the -bottom of the tub. It is then gathered up into pans and -washed.</p> - -<p>The silver in the condition in which it is received from the hands -of the depositor, and generally filled with foreign impurities, is -melted and then granulated, after which the whole mass is dissolved -with nitric acid. The acid dissolves the base metals as -well as the silver. The liquid metals are then run into tubs prepared -for it, and precipitated, or rendered into a partially hard -state, by being mixed with common salt water. After being -precipitated it is called “chloride,” and resembles very closely -new slacked lime. By putting spelter or zinc on the precipitated -chloride, it becomes metallic silver, and only needs washing -and melting to make the purest virgin metal. The base -metals remain in a liquid state, and being of little value are -generally thrown away. The process of refining silver is of -two kinds; that of melting it with saltpetre, etc., which was -known some thousands of years since, and the modern process -of dissolving it in nitric acid, like the method of extracting it -from gold in the above described operation.</p> - -<p>After the separating process has been completed, the gold -or silver is conveyed to the Drying Cellar, where it is put -under pressure of some eighty tons, and all the water pressed -out. It is then dried with heat, and afterwards conveyed in -large cakes to the furnaces.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Melting Rooms</span></h3> - -<p>are on the first floor, in the west side of the building. Here -all the metal used in coining is alloyed, melted and poured into<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -narrow moulds. These castings are called ingots; they are -about twelve inches long, a half-inch thick, and vary from one -to two a half-inches in breadth, according to the coin for which -they are used, one end being wedge-shaped to allow its being -passed through the rollers. The value of gold ingots is from -$600 to $1,400; those of silver, about $60. The fine gold -and silver bars used in the arts and for commercial purposes, -are also cast in this department.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus6" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus6.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">CASTING INGOTS.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus7" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus7.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">INGOTS.</p> -</div> - -<p>These are stamped with their weight and value in the deposit -room. The floors that cover the melting rooms are made of -iron in honey-comb pattern, divided into small sections, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -that they can be readily taken up to save the dust; their -roughness acting as a scraper, preventing any metallic particles -from clinging to the soles of the shoes of those who pass through -the department, the sweepings of which, and including the -entire building, averages $23,000 per annum, for the last five -years.</p> - -<p>The copper and nickel melting rooms, wherein all the base -metals used are melted and mixed, is on the same side and -adjoining to the gold and silver department. Up to the year -1856, the base coin of the United States was exclusively -copper. In this year the coinage of what was called the -nickel cents was commenced. These pieces, although called -nickel, were composed of one-eighth nickel; the balance was -copper.</p> - -<p>The composition of the five and three cent pieces is one-fourth -nickel; the balance copper. The bronze pieces were -changed in 1859, and are a mixture of copper, zinc and tin, -about equal parts of each of the two last; the former contributing -about 95 per cent. There are seven furnaces in this room, -each capable of melting five hundred pounds of metal per day. -When the metal is heated and sufficiently mixed, it is poured -into iron moulds, and when cool, and the rough ends clipped -off, is ready to be conveyed to the rolling room.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Rolling Room.</span></h3> - -<p>From the melting rooms through the corridor we reach the -rolling room. The upright engine, on the right, of one hundred -and sixty horse power, supplies the motive force to the rolling -machines, four in number. Those on the left, are massive -and substantial in their frame-work, with rollers of steel, -polished by service in reducing the ingots to planchets for -coining. The first process or rolling is termed breaking down; -after that it requires to be passed through the machine until it -is reduced to the required thinness—ten times if gold, eight if -silver, being annealed in the intervals to prevent breaking. -The rollers are adjustable and the space between them can be -increased or diminished at pleasure, by the operator. About -two hundred ingots are run through per hour on each pair of -rollers.</p> - -<p>The pressure applied is so intense that half a day’s rolling -heats, not only the strips and rollers, but even the huge iron -stanchions, weighing several tons, so hot that you can hardly -hold your hand on them.</p> - -<p>When the rolling is completed the strip is about six feet long, -or six times as long as the ingot.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p> - -<p>It is impossible to roll perfectly true. At times there will be -a lump of hard gold, which will not be quite so much compressed -as the rest. If the planchets were cut from this place, it -would be heavier and more valuable than one cut from a thinner -portion of the strip. It is, therefore, necessary to “draw” the -strips, after being softened by annealing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus8" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus8.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rolling Machine.</span></p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Annealing Furnaces.</span></h3> - -<p>These are in the same room, to the right facing the rollers. The -gold and strips are placed in copper canisters, and then -placed in the furnaces and heated to a red heat; silver strips -being laid loosely in the furnace. When they become soft and -pliable, they are taken out and allowed to cool slowly.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Drawing Benches.</span></h3> - -<p>These machines resemble long tables, with a bench on either -side, at one end of which is an iron box secured to the table. -In this are fastened two perpendicular steel cylinders, firmly -supported in a bed, to prevent their bending or turning around, -and presenting but a small portion of their circumference to -the strip. These are exactly at the same distance apart that -the thickness of the strip is required to be. One end of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -strip is somewhat thinner than the rest, to allow it to pass -easily between the cylinders. When through, this end is put -between the jaws of a powerful pair of tongs, or pincers, -fastened to a little carriage running on the table. The carriage -to the further bench is up close to the cylinders, ready to receive -a strip, which is inserted edgewise. When the end is between -the pincers, the operator touches a foot pedal which closes the -pincers firmly on the strip, and pressing another pedal, forces -down a strong hook at the left end of the carriage, which -catches in a link of the moving chain. This draws the -carriage away from the cylinders, and the strip being connected -with it has to follow. It is drawn between the cylinders, -which operating on the thick part of the strip with greater power -than upon the thin, reduces the whole to an equal thickness. -When the strip is through, the strain on the tongs instantly -ceases, which allows a spring to open them and drop the strip. -At the same time another spring raises the hook and disengages -the carriage from the chain. A cord fastened to the carriage -runs back over the wheel near the head of the table, and then -up to a couple of combination weights on the wall beyond, -which draw the carriage back to the starting place, ready for -another strip.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus9" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus9.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">DRAWING BENCH.</p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Cutting Machines.</span></h3> - -<p>After being thoroughly washed, the strips are consigned to -the cutting machines. These are in the rear of the rolling mills,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -and are several in number, each when in active operation -cutting two hundred and twenty-five planchets per minute. -The press now used, consists of a vertical steel punch, which -works in a round hole or matrix, cut in a solid steel plate. -The action of the punch is obtained by an eccentric wheel. -For instance, in an ordinary carriage wheel, the axis is in the -centre, and the wheel revolves evenly around it. But if the -axis is placed, say four inches from the centre, then it would -revolve with a kind of hobble. From this peculiar motion -its name is derived. Suppose the tire of the wheel is arranged, -not to revolve with, but to slip easily around the wheel, and a -rod is fastened to one side of the tire which prevents its turning. -Now as the wheel revolves and brings the <i>long side nearest -the rod</i>, it will push forward the rod, and when the long -side of the wheel is <i>away from the rod</i>, it draws the rod with it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="illus10" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">CUTTING MACHINE.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus11" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">STRIP FROM WHICH PLANCHETS ARE CUT.</p> -</div> - -<p>The upper shaft, on which are seen the three large wheels, -has also fastened to it, over each press, an eccentric wheel. In<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -the first illustration will be seen three upright rods running -from near the table to the top. The middle one is connected -with a tire around the eccentric wheel, and rises and falls with -each revolution. The eccentric power gives great rapidity of -motion with but little jerking.</p> - -<p>The operator places one end of a strip of metal in the immense -jaws of the press, and cuts out a couple of planchets, -which are a fraction larger than the coin to be struck. As the -strips are of uniform thickness, if these two are of the right -weight, all cut from that strip will be the same. They are -therefore weighed accurately. If right, or a little heavy, they -are allowed to pass, as the extra weight can be filed off. If too -light, the whole strip has to be re-melted. As fast as cut the -planchets fall into a box below, and the perforated strips are folded -into convenient lengths to be re-melted. From a strip -worth say eleven hundred dollars, eight hundred dollars of -planchets will be cut.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Adjusting Room.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp77" id="illus12" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">DELICATE SCALES.</p> -</div> - -<p>The planchets are then removed to the adjusting room, where -they are adjusted. This work is performed by ladies. After -inspection they are weighed on very accurate scales. If a -planchet is too heavy, but near the weight, it is filed off at the -edges; if too heavy for filing, it is thrown aside with the light<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -ones, to be re-melted. To adjust coin so accurately requires -great delicacy and skill, as a too free use of the file would -make it too light. Yet by long practice, so accustomed do -the operators become, that they work with apparent unconcern, -scarce glancing at either planchets or scales, and guided as it -were by unerring touch.</p> - -<p>The exceedingly delicate scales were made under the direction -of Mr. Peale, who greatly improved on the old ones in -use. So precise and sensitive are they that the slightest breath -of air affects their accuracy, rendering it necessary to exclude -every draft from the room.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Progress in Coining.</span></h3> - -<p>The methods of coining money have varied with the progress -in mechanic arts, and are but indefinitely traced from the -beginning; the primitive mode, being by the casting of -the piece in sand, the impression being made with a hammer -and punch. In the middle ages the metal was hammered into -sheets of the required thickness, cut with shears into shape, -and then stamped by hand with the design. The mill and -screw, by which greater increase in power, with finer finish was -gained, dates back to the Sixteenth Century. This process, -with various modifications and improvements, continued in use -in the Philadelphia Mint until 1836.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus13" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">ANCIENT COINING PRESS.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<p>The first steam coining press was invented by M. Thonnelier, -of France, in 1833, and was first used in the United States -Mint in 1836. It was remodeled and rebuilt in 1858, but in -1874 was superseded by the one now in operation, the very -perfection of mechanism, in which the vibration and unsteady -bearing of the former press were entirely obviated, and precision -attained by the solid stroke with a saving of over seventy-five -per cent. in the wearing and breaking of the dies.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp75" id="illus14" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">STEAM COINING PRESS.</p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Dies.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus15" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">DIES.</p> -</div> - -<p>The dies for coining are prepared by engravers, especially -employed at the Mint for that purpose. The process of engraving -them consists in cutting the devices and legends in -soft steel, those parts being depressed which, in the coin, appear -in relief. This, having been finished -and hardened, constitutes an “<i>original -die</i>,” which, being the result of -a tedious and difficult task, is deemed -too precious to be directly employed -in striking coins; but it is used for -multiplying dies. It is first used to -impress another piece of soft steel, -which then presents the appearance of a coin, and is called a -<i>hub</i>. This hub, being hardened, is used to impress other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -pieces of steel in like manner which, being like the original -die, are hardened and used for striking the coins. A pair of -these will, on an average, perform two weeks’ work.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Transfer Lathe.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp69" id="illus16" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The transfer lathe, a very complicated piece of machinery, is -used in making dies, for coins and medals. By it, from a large -cast, the design can be transferred and engraved in smaller -size, in perfect proportion to the original.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Coining and Milling Rooms.</span></h3> - -<p>This department, the most interesting to the general visitor, -occupies the larger portion of the first floor on the east side of -the building. The rooms are divided by an iron railing, which -separates the visitors, on either side, from the machinery, etc., -but allows everything to be seen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="illus17" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">MILLING MACHINE.</p> -</div> - -<p>The planchets, after being adjusted, are received here, and, -in order to protect the surface of the coin, are passed through -the milling-machine. The planchets are fed to this machine -through an upright tube, and, as they descend from the lower -aperture, they are caught upon the edge of a revolving wheel<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -and carried about a quarter of a revolution, during which the -edge is compressed and forced up—the space between the wheel -and the rim being a little less than the diameter of the planchet. -This apparatus moves so nimbly that five hundred and -sixty half-dimes can be milled in a minute; but, for large -pieces, the average is about one hundred and twenty. In this -room are the milling machines, and the massive, but delicate, -coining presses, ten in number. Each of these is capable of -coining from eighty to one hundred pieces a minute. Only -the largest are used in making coins of large denominations.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus18" style="max-width: 32.8125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">PERFECTED COINING PRESS.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp58" id="illus19" style="max-width: 34.375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">COINING PRESS.</p> -</div> - -<p>The arch is a solid piece of cast iron, weighing several tons, -and unites with its beauty great strength. The table is also<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -of iron, brightly polished and very heavy. In the interior of -the arch is a nearly round plate of brass, called a triangle. It -is fastened to a lever above by two steel bands, termed stirrups, -one of which can be seen to the right of the arch. The stout -arm above it, looking so dark in the picture, is also connected -with the triangle by a ball-and-socket joint, and it is this arm -which forces down the triangle. The arm is connected with -the end of the lever above by a joint somewhat like that of the -knee. One end of the lever can be seen reaching behind the -arch to a crank near the large fly-wheel. When the triangle<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -is <i>raised</i>, the arm and near end of the lever extends outward. -When the crank lifts the further end of the lever it draws in -the knee and forces down the arm until it is perfectly straight. -By that time the crank has revolved and is lowering the lever, -which forces out the knee again and raises the arm. As the triangle -is fastened to the arm it has to follow all its movements.</p> - -<p>Under the triangle, buried in the lower part of the arch, is a -steel cup, or, technically, a “die stake.” Into this is fastened -the reverse die. The die stake is arranged to rise one-eighth -of an inch; when down it rests firmly on the solid foundation -of the arch. Over the die stake is a steel collar or plate, in -which is a hole large enough to allow a planchet to drop upon -the die. In the triangle above, the obverse die is fastened, which -moves with the triangle; when the knee is straightened the die -fits into the collar and presses down upon the reverse die.</p> - -<p>Just in front of the triangle will be seen an upright tube made -of brass, and of the size to hold the planchets to be coined. -These are placed in this tube. As they reach the bottom they -are seized singly by a pair of steel feeders, in motion as similar -to that of the finger and thumb as is possible in machinery, -and carried over the collar and deposited between the dies, -and, while the fingers are expanding and returning for another -planchet, the dies close on the one within the collar, and by a -rotary motion are made to impress it silently but powerfully. -The fingers, as they again close upon a planchet at the mouth -of the tube, also seize the coin, and, while conveying a second -planchet on to the die, carry the coin off, dropping it into a -box provided for that purpose, and the operation is continued -<i>ad infinitum</i>. These presses are attended by ladies, and do -their work in a perfect manner. The engine that drives the -machinery is of one hundred and sixty horse-power.</p> - -<p>After being stamped the coins are taken to the Coiner’s room, -and placed on a long table—the double eagles in piles of ten each. -It will be remembered that, in the Adjusting Room, a difference -of one-half a grain was made in the weight of some of the double -eagles. The light and heavy ones are kept separate in coining, -and when delivered to the treasurer, they are mixed together in -such proportions as to give him full weight in every delivery. -By law the deviation from the standard weight, in delivering to -him, must not exceed three pennyweights in one thousand double -eagles. The gold coins—as small as quarter eagles being counted -and weighed to verify the count—are put up in bags of $5,000 -each. The three-dollar pieces are put up in bags of $3,000, -and one-dollar pieces in $1,000 bags. The silver pieces, and -sometimes small gold, are counted on a very ingenious contrivance -called a “counting-board.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="illus20" style="max-width: 35.9375em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">COUNTING BOARD.</p> -</div> - -<p>By this process twenty-five dollars in five-cent pieces can be -counted in less than a minute. The “boards” are a simple flat -surface of wood, with copper partitions, the height and size of the -coin to be counted, rising from the surface at regular intervals, -and running parallel with each other from top to bottom. They -somewhat resemble a common household “washing board,” with -the grooves running parallel with the sides but much larger. -The boards are worked by hand, over a box, and as the pieces -are counted they slide into a drawer prepared to receive them. -They are then put into bags and are ready for shipment.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CABINET">THE CABINET.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The room in the Mint used for the Cabinet is on the second -floor. It was formerly a suite of three apartments connected -by folding-doors, but the doors have been removed, and it is -now a pleasant saloon fifty-four feet long by sixteen wide. -The eastern and western sections are of the same proportions, -each with a broad window. The central section is lighted -from the dome, which is supported by four columns. There is -an open space immediately under the dome, to give light to -the hall below, which is the main entrance to the Mint. -Around this space is a railing and a circular case for coins. -The Cabinet of Coins was established in 1838, by Dr. R. M. -Patterson, then Director of the Mint. Anticipating such a -demand, reserves had been made for many years by Adam -Eckfeldt,<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> the Coiner, of the “master coins” of the Mint; a -term used to signify first pieces from new dies, bearing a high -polish and struck with extra care. These are now more commonly -called “proof pieces.” With this nucleus, and a few -other valuable pieces from Mr. Eckfeldt, the business was -committed to the Assay Department, and especially to Mr. -Du Bois, Assistant Assayer. The collection grew, year by -year, by making exchanges to supply deficiencies, by purchases, -by adding our own coin, and by saving foreign coins -from the melting-pot—a large part in this way, at a cost of -not more than their bullion value, though demanding great -care, appreciation, and study. Valuable donations were also -made by travelers, consuls, and missionaries. In 1839, Congress -appropriated the sum of $1,000 for the purchase of -“specimens of ores and coins to be preserved at the Mint.” -Annually, since, the sum of $300 has been appropriated by the -Government for this object. More has not been asked or desired, -for the officers of the Mint have not sought to vie with -the long established collections of the national cabinets of the -old world, or even to equal the extravagance of some private -numismatists; but they have admirably succeeded in their -purpose to secure such coins as would interest all, from the -schoolboy to the most enthusiastic archæologist. The economic -principle upon which the collection has been gathered is a -lesson to all governmental departments in frugality, as well as -a restraint upon the natural tendency to extravagance which -has heretofore distinguished those who have a passion for old -coins. There are thousands of coin collectors in the United<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -States, and fortunes have been accumulated in this strange -way. More than one authenticated instance has been known -in this country where a man has lived in penury, and died -from want, yet possessed of affluence in time-defaced coins.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Relics.</span></h3> - -<p>Having referred to the portraits of the Directors of the -Mint, we will cite other interesting subjects of observation, -before describing the coins.</p> - -<p>The first object in the Cabinet attracting attention is a -framed copy of the law of Congress establishing the Mint, -with its quaint phraseology with the signature of Thomas -Jefferson. (<a href="#illus2">See fac simile on page 11.</a>)</p> - -<p>In the first section, near the western window, is the assorting -machine, the invention of a Frenchman, Baron Seguier, -and which is now in use in the Mint at Paris.</p> - -<p>The planchets for coinage are liable to be a little too heavy -or too light; it is therefore necessary, at least in the case of -gold, to assort them by weighing. This machine is designed -to enable one person to do the work of many. “The planchets -are thrown into the hopper at the rear, and, being arranged -by the action of the wheel, slide down balances. By machinery -beneath they are carried one by one to the nearest -platforms to be weighed. If too heavy, the tall needle of the -beam leans to the right and lifts a pallet-wire, which connects -with an apparatus under the table by which the planchet is -pushed off and slides into one of the brass pans in front. If -the piece be light, the needle is drawn over to the left, and -touches the other pallet, which makes a passage to another -brass pan. If the piece be of true weight, or near enough, -the needle stands perpendicular between the pallets, and the -piece finds its way into the third brass pan.”</p> - -<p>On the opposite wall is a fine cast of Cromwell, a duplicate -of one taken shortly after his death. It was placed here by -Mr. W. E. Du Bois, who received it from H. W. Field, Esq., -late Assayer of the Royal Mint, London, who is a descendant -of the great Protector. Below the cast of Cromwell is a case -showing progressive “alloys of gold.” The plates comprise -gold alloyed with copper, gold alloyed with silver, and gold -fine.</p> - -<p>In the eastern section are the Standard Test Scales, used to -test the weights sent to all the mints and assay offices in the -United States, and are so delicate as to weigh the <i>twenty-thousandth</i> -part of an ounce. These scales were manufactured -by employees of the Mint, and have been in use more than a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -quarter of a century. The beam is hollow, and filled with -Spanish cedar to guard against the effect of dampness; the -bearings are edges of knife-blades, which impinge on a surface -of agate plate. These scales are tested by the Annual Assay -Committee, which meets on the second Tuesday in February of -every year.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Curiosities and Minerals.</span></h3> - -<p>The most interesting objects of this curious display are -three golden images from graves in the Island of Chiriqui, off -Central America. They were dug up in 1858, and sent to -the Mint as bullion, to be melted. They are of pure gold, -but the workmanship is very crude. The images are in the -forms of a reptile, a bird, and a man with symbols of power in -his hands, not unlike those designating Jupiter. There are -also, in the first section, two large cases with choice selections -of mineral specimens, carefully classified and labeled. These -are from well selected results of years of patient collecting, and -are deserving of more study than can be devoted to them by -casual visitors. They are chiefly from different parts of the -United States, and are an “index book” to the vast mineral -wealth of the nation.</p> - -<p>Near the exit door of the Cabinet, in a large glass case, is a -magnificent American eagle, which is worthy of the visitor’s -attention. It is superbly mounted, with grand breadth of -wing and wondrous piercing eyes. The portrait of this “pet” -can be recognized on Reverse of the “Pattern” Silver Dollars -of 1836, 1838, and 1839, and on the Obverse of the first -nickel cent pieces coined in 1856.</p> - -<h3>“<span class="smcap">Peter</span>,”</h3> - -<p class="noindent">the name which the noble bird recognized, was an inhabitant of -the Mint six years. He would fly about the city, but no one -interfered with the going or coming of the “Mint bird,” and -he never failed to return from his daily exercise before the -time for closing the building. In an evil hour he unfortunately -perched upon a large fly wheel, and getting caught in the -machinery, received a fatal injury to his wing, and this ended -rather an unusual career for an eagle.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Eastern Corridor.</span></h3> - -<p>Opening into the eastern corridor are the rooms of the -Superintendent, the Chief Clerk, and the library of Historical -and Scientific Works, including many valuable books upon -the art of coinage. Passing out upon the gallery, we enter<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> -the Machinists’ and Engravers’ rooms. Here are engraved -and finished the dies used in this Mint and in all the branch -mints. Visitors are not ordinarily allowed access to these -rooms, or to the assay office, or to the cellar. (In the latter are -a number of immense vaults, and in the main cellar are engines, -which supply the power and light used throughout the -building.) Here are also blacksmith, carpenter, and paint -shops; and in the rear, west side, is the medal-striking room, -where medals are struck by a screw press, worked by hand. -The cellar also contains the “sweep” grinding rooms. Near -this room are the wells, which are receptacles for the water -used in washing the precious metals. These wells are cleaned -out every few years and the deposit is then treated in the -same way as the sweepings.</p> - -<p>The little wooden building in the court was formerly the -cent-room, where copper cents were exchanged for nickels;<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> -it is now the office of the agent of the Adams Express Company, -who brings to the Philadelphia Mint millions of dollars worth -of precious metals in the shape of bullion from the far west, -to be converted into American Coin, when it is again transported -by the same company to various points to be put into -circulation.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>The ancient coins are chiefly arranged in upright cases -against the walls in the doorways and the middle section of -the saloon. The modern coins are placed in nearly level -cases at either end of the room and in the circular or central -cases. Of antique coins the portion labeled Cabinet Nos. -97, 98, 99, “Massilia,” are interesting as belonging to a -Greek colony which settled about six hundred years before -Christ upon the coast of Gaul, on the spot now known as -Marseilles. This little colony fled their native country and -the rule of a governor placed over it by a Persian monarch. -They were distinguished for their civilization, and the work -upon these small coins is the most palpable witness of that -fact in existence to-day.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Greek Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>Their surfaces, of gold, silver, and bronze, bristle with lance -and spear, helmet and shield. On one of these coins Jove is -seated and bearing an eagle, defying Alexander of Macedon, -while on the obverse the same mighty conqueror impersonates -Hercules. The oldest coin here is supposed to date back -to 550 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> It is well to mention the fact that coins were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -never dated until the fifteenth century; and previous to that -time the ages of coins can only be determined by the legends -upon them, as answering to the page of corroborative history -and the art era to which they belonged. No. 9 bears on -the obverse the Macedonian horse, a favorite animal, which -the then war-loving Greeks are said to have deified. At this -period the haughty royal families began to chronicle in coin -their line of descent. The kings of Macedon claimed Hercules -for an ancestor, and in proof thereof the lion’s skin was -a royal insignia. An old historian says, “The kings of Macedon, -instead of the crown, the diadem, the purple, bear upon -their effigy the skin of a lion.” Several pieces of money in -this case, upon which are heads of Alexander, have rings in -them, and were worn by gracious dames as ornaments. The -value of this series of coins is priceless, as furnishing portraits of -the heroes of that period which can be received without -question as accurate, for the art patronage of the kingdom was -regulated by the strictest laws. Alexander was especially -jealous of how the future nations should regard his physique, -allowing only three artists, during his reign, the privilege of -drawing, painting, or modeling his head.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> To such royal -guardianship may be attributed the perfection to which Greek -art attained; and it may well be a matter of regret that the -same firmness in this regard was not universal. The last coin -of this series is a small bronze coin, and was issued by Perseus, -the last king of Macedon.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Persian.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case is a collection of Persian coins, very choice, -and of no mean workmanship, and, of course, portraying the -faith and rites of the fire-worshippers. One era is distinctly -Greek in style, and marks the period of Greek supremacy. -The oldest gold coin known to the collector is the gold Daric -of King Darius, with the head of the king in bold relief; and -all Persian coins are so called in remembrance of this monarch. -Their money was very fine, so the word <i>Daric</i> has become -incorporated into numismatic terminology to designate -any pure gold coin. Nos. 58 to 67, inclusive, of this series, -are silver coins of the Sassanian kings.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Egypt</span></h3> - -<p class="noindent">is also represented in this case, as is proper, for that nation had -no coinage until it was taught the art when conquered by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -Alexander. Here are some very attractive data of Egyptian -history, and from these coins are obtained the only portraits -of Arsinoe, Cleopatra, and others.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Syrian Coins</span></h3> - -<p class="noindent">are embraced in the division called “Greek monarchies,” and -in them are found many coins not only important in history, -but of the very finest Greek art, from the third to the first -century <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> In this period the Syriac and Hebrew coins -become intermingled, a fact abundantly sustained by the Jewish -shekel of Simon Maccabees. The legend of this interesting -relic is in the language of Samaria; on one side the -budding rod of Aaron, legend, “Jerusalem the Holy;” on -the other, a cup of incense or pot of manna, and the inscription, -“Shekel of Israel.” This shekel is well preserved, and -is one of the most prized coins known. (See Plate and Case -XV., marked “<i>Selections</i>.”) In this collection are some coins -from Bactria, considered priceless by savans. These are trophies -of recent British explorations, and are judged to be of -sufficient importance to call forth from an English professor -an extended treatise on the “Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan.” -They are exceedingly rude in workmanship, and -nearly all of baser metal, the most important being a small, -square, brass coin, in the case marked “<i>Selections</i>.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Roman Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>The collection of Roman coins in this Cabinet numbers -nearly one thousand, and an acquaintance with it is invaluable -for object teaching, as in it is the condensed history, not only -of the glory of Rome, “Mistress of the World,” but of her customs, -faith, conquests, wealth, culture, divisions, and <i>downfall</i>. -Through this entire section of time—one-third of the known -history of the world—Roman art, though high, never reached -the exalted purity of Greek lines. In their finest coins we see -no Phidias, no Myron, no Praxiteles, but they deteriorate and -fluctuate visibly when in or out of contact with the influence -of the Grecian mind.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Greek Republic</span></h3> - -<p class="noindent">will be first in interest, both historic and artistic. It is conceded -that to the Greeks the world owes the introduction of -the art of coinage, and though centuries numbered by tens -have passed, some of the old Greek coins equal many modern -productions in purity of lines, and surpass nearly all in poetic<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -sentiment. On the first coins no earthly potentate was -allowed to be pictured, no deed of heroism portrayed. The -glory of the gods was considered the only appropriate theme -for impressions on the surface of bronze, silver, and gold. -The coins of the republic embrace a large variety, as nearly a -thousand towns were allowed the privilege of coinage. Upon -this varied issue are preserved nearly all the legends of Greek -mythology. Upon the coins are the heads of Jupiter, Juno, -Minerva, Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana, with many sacred -animals, and the work is to-day the standard of artistic perfection. -Of course, the collection of this ancient period cannot -be extensive. In this case there are, however, more than -one hundred and fifty specimens, and these present a study -so attractive and so intense that it is almost impossible to -imagine what classic poetry would be without it.</p> - -<p>Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are silver coins of Ægina, which have on -the obverse, for a device, the tortoise, emblematic of the security -of the island amid the waves, and the protection of the -gods of the sea. On the reverse are the marks of the punches -only, probably denoting the value of the coins. These are -claimed to belong to an era seven hundred years before Christ. -No. 28 is a silver coin of Athens, with a head of Minerva -splendidly drawn upon the obverse, while the reverse presents -a large owl, the bird sacred to the goddess of Wisdom. The -devices upon this coin indicate its age to be from twenty-one -to twenty-three centuries. The Greek proverb of “taking -owls to Athens” referred to this coin, which was necessarily -of great importance to the tradespeople of that city.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Family Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>These comprise about one hundred and seventy-five, of -which one hundred and twenty-six are in the collection. -They were struck to record the heroic deeds which first introduced -any notable ancestor to fame, and hence are to-day -family charts of respectability for many of the patricians of -Rome, albeit some of them have plebeian roots. Be that as -it may, they are as much the trusted patents of aristocracy as -is the “Book of the Peerage” of England. Here are found -the same distinctions between patrician and plebeian which -mark all countries, the patricians being always designated by -a symbol of warfare, while the plebeians were indicated by -the tools and instruments of common trade. The more noticeable -of the coins are as follows: No. 16, Acilia; the reverse -a female leaning against a pillar, with a serpent -clutched in her right hand, indicating the wisdom or courage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -of some ancestor. No. 20, Æmilia; on the obverse of this -curious coin is a figure kneeling by the side of a camel, presenting -an olive branch, from which depends a fillet or ancient -diadem; on the reverse, a figure guiding a triumphal chariot, -a scorpion in the field. Josephus tells us of an invasion of -Arabia, and that Aretus, the king of the country, purchased -peace of the Romans for five hundred talents. The diadem -hanging from the olive branch chronicles the entire humiliation -of Aretus, and the scorpion doubtless indicates the month -of the Roman triumph. No. 30, Aquillia, a small silver -coin; the reverse shows a woman kneeling before a soldier. -The motto below the figures (or in the <i>exergue</i> of the coin, as -is the art term) is “<i>Sicil</i>.” This commemorates the suppression -of a revolt of slaves in Sicily, which was achieved by -Manlius Aquillia. No. 41, Calpurnia, the family of Cæsar’s -noble wife; reverse, a horseman riding at full speed, a head -of wheat above him; legend, L. Piso-Trugi. The coin recalls -the fact that in the year 507 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> there was a famine in -Rome, and Calpurnius Piso was dispatched to Africa to buy -corn. This seemingly small service is magnified upon a large number -of coins. Nos. 95 and 96, Hostilia, a coin with a -sacrifice to <i>Pallor</i> and <i>Pavor</i> (fear and trembling), offered by -Tullus Hostilius in some great emergency. No. 97, Julia; -obverse, a helmeted head; legend, Cæsar; reverse, a warrior -in a chariot drawn by two horses.</p> - -<p>No. 98, Junia; obverse, head of Liberty; reverse, Junius -Brutus guarded by lictors, and preceded by a herald, showing -that an ancestor of Junius Brutus was the first consul of -Rome. Nos. 181, 182, Tituria. The reverse shows two soldiers -throwing their shields upon a prostrate female, illustrating -the famous story of the “Tarpeian Rock.” Reverse represents -the Romans carrying off Sabine women—a witness in -coin of the fact that the family of Tituria trace their ancestry -from the Sabines. To do justice to this case is impossible, for -here are coins relating to the ancestors of Antonia, Aurelia, -Cornelia, Fulvia, Horatio, Lucretia, Lucilla, Sempronia, Titia -Valeria, and many others familiar to the readers of history.</p> - -<p>This era of coins terminated about the time of the birth of -Christ, when the</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Imperial Coins</span></h3> - -<p class="noindent">were introduced. In noticing these, little save the labels on -the case can be given.</p> - -<h4><i>Division II.</i></h4> - -<p>Julius Cæsar to Trajan, inclusive. Beginning 49 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, and -ending 117 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> A simple catalogue of the illustrious names<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -on these coins would convey an idea of their importance. All -the victories of Cæsar are marked by coinage; but out of the -two hundred belonging to this case reference need only be -made to No. 24, a beautiful gold coin, with the undraped head -of Augustus, exquisitely severe, the interest attaching chiefly -to the legend, “The Son of God,” referring to the deification -of Cæsar.</p> - -<h4><i>Division III.</i></h4> - -<p class="noindent">embraces from Hadrian to Elagabalus, 117-222. In the reign -of Hadrian much coin was issued, though it did not bear marks -of the disasters and revolts that signalized the foregoing. That -he was a merciful ruler is indicated by the coins, especially -one—Hispania; the reverse showing the emperor raising -Spain—a female figure—from the ground. His travels are -also illustrated in coin.</p> - -<h4><i>Division IV.</i></h4> - -<p>From Severus Alexander to Claudius Gothicus, 222-270. -These coins indicate the vicious effect of the rulers immediately -preceding.</p> - -<h4><i>Division V.</i></h4> - -<p>From Aurelian to the end of the Western Empire; includes -270-475. A brilliant succession; Aurelian’s busy reign, -ending in assassination; the war-like Probus, the slave-emperor; -Diocletian’s despotism and vindictive persecution of -Christians; the usurpation of Carausius; the happy reign of -Constantine the Great, Julian, Theodosius, down to Julius -Nepos. These are a few of the historic names and events -presented in this division.</p> - -<h4><i>Division VI.</i></h4> - -<p class="noindent">covers the period of the Byzantine or Eastern Empire, and a -lapse of eight centuries; but the coinage is not comparable -with that of other eras, nor were events of so stirring and -heroic a character. A general decay, painful to contemplate, -marked this long lapse of time, which began near the acceptance -of Christianity, and extended through the dark ages.</p> - -<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Temple Sweepers.</span>”</h3> - -<p>A small case attracts no little attention, because it contains -a single coin; and the interest does not decrease when the inscription -is read: “Struck in the Philadelphia Mint, at least -two thousand years ago.” The late Assayer of the Philadelphia<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -Mint, Mr. W. E. Du Bois, under title of “The Temple Sweepers,” -wrote, not long since, a valuable sketch of this coin, made -in the City of Attalus Philadelphus, Asia Minor, and for which -William Penn called his city, because the ancient one was a -monument of “brotherly love.” Diana was the patroness of -Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>“On one side, then, we have a head; not a king’s nor an -emperor’s; as yet the free city had a pride and a privilege -above that. It is a female head, an ideal, representing the -city itself; or rather the dwellers in it, the <i>Demos</i>. Here in -this head and title, we have the radix of Democracy.</p> - -<p>“This is all we can gather from the obverse. On the other -side we have a larger variety: a running female figure; a dog -also on the trot; a legend of some length and of more significance.</p> - -<p>“The half-clad figure is that of the goddess known to the -Greeks as Artemis, to the Latins as Diana; and otherwise -called Selene, Phœbe, Delia, or Cynthia.</p> - -<p>“She was the favorite divinity of the cities of Asia Minor. -Once the patroness of chastity and purity. Goddess of the -chase.”</p> - -<p>The legend on the obverse of this coin explains its name: -“Friends of Philadelphia’s [her] Temple Sweepers.”</p> - -<h3>ORIENTAL.</h3> - -<p>Oriental coins are not as attractive as other varieties, though -there are special coins among them which have no rival in historic -importance. Antique coins from the East were usually -without device, and, their legends being rudely inscribed in a -dead language, proved frequently to be sealed fountains to the -thirsting antiquarian. Therefore in cases marked “Oriental” -the visitor is undetermined where to begin to study, and often -decides to give it but little time.</p> - -<p>Those having for device the sacred peacock are from Burmah; -there is, however, in the division marked “Selections” -a very curious coin belonging to that country, which certainly -formed a part of its earliest currency. It is a common gravel-stone, -encased in a circling band of brass.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Coins of Siam.</span></h4> - -<p>The coins of Siam are much sought for. Some of them, known -to European travelers as “bullet money,” are lumps of gold or -silver, hammered by rude implements into a doubtful roundness, -and a few Siamese characters stamped irregularly upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> -them. The sacred elephant is found on a large proportion of -their money. A Siamese coin in the Cabinet, of modern date, -is quite handsome in both workmanship and design. On the -obverse is the sacred elephant in ponderous proportion, which -delights the eyes of the devout, and the reverse presents a -group of three pagodas, finely drawn. In the case marked -“Selections” is a Siamese coin of gold, comparatively modern, -called “Tecal,” corresponding in some respects to the “Shekel,” -or “Oxen,” of biblical fame.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Chinese Coins.</span></h4> - -<p>On the south side of the first section is a case of seven hundred -coins of the Celestial Empire. With but few exceptions -these coins are bronzed. Dynasty succeeds dynasty; usurpation, -insurrection, are all writ in bronze. The Chinese assert -an uninterrupted coinage for forty-one centuries. The manuscript -attesting this is in the case, and was prepared under authority. -Large numbers of their coins were considered charms, -sufficient to protect the owner against fever, or even the more -dreaded horrors of spiritual menace. In this connection it -may be said that the Chinese had an exalted reverence for the -coin-charm, and a small coin was often placed in the mouth of -the dead (now, if a Chinaman dies in California, a small silver -United States coin is placed on his tongue). These coins -were covered with cabalistic characters, symbolic animals, -birds, etc. Two worthy of notice in this regard, and said to -be of the oldest issue, are Nos. 1 and 2. The first might be -mistaken for an iron safe-key; the second is known as the -“razor coin,” its form and almost its size being that of a -razor.</p> - -<p>In another case, appropriately labeled, is the Chinese porcelain -money. They are the only people who have made -porcelain a “legal tender,” though it would appear that almost -every part of the three kingdoms of nature has been laid under -contribution. The specimen here may be mistaken for the -popular Chinese sleeve-button, bought in any bazaar for a few -cents. The Chinese, as did also the Africans, utilized the -small sea-shells for trade. In the same case are some of the -variety legalized. Ten small shells made one “cash.” This -is a small, round, copper-bronzed coin, with a square hole in -the centre. The Chinese dames of high degree wore such -strung around their throats. One thousand of them are equal -to our dollar. The Japanese, however, <i>outcount</i> their neighbors, -as they have a bronze coin called the “One-hundredth,” -of which just seven thousand make one Spanish dollar.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<p>Shell money of pure gold, “or gold beaten into small solid -shells, was made by those natives who supplied the Portuguese -slave-traders with slaves,” and was called by the traders -“Spondylus Macutus,” from which, some contend, came the -<i>slang</i> term “spondulics.” Forty of those small coins, each -worth about a dollar of Spanish money, was a high price for -a slave.</p> - -<p>There is also in the Cabinet a valuable collection of African -ring money. These ornaments are very massive and pure, -comprised of elaborately carved “signet-rings, armlets, anklets,” -etc. One article, more novel and valuable than the -others, is a pipe of fine gold, bowl and handle of curious bas-relief -figures, and a heavy, square-linked chain attaching a large -medallion, on which is the head of a monarch poorly drawn.</p> - -<p>The Chinese government, like all despotisms, is very jealous -of its coining prerogatives; yet it does not fail to appreciate -an advantage when offered, as is evident to us by the following:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">Proclamation for general information:</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The foreign silver (coin) in daily use among -the people of the Kwang Tung Provinces has long been in -circulation, and is moreover admitted to be advantageous and -convenient. In the 5th and 11th years of Tung Chih (1866 -and 1872) the Hong Kong Mint coined a new Dollar which, -upon comparison with pure silver, bore a proportion of fully -ninety per cent., and as the Records will prove. Proclamations -were issued notifying the people that it might come into -general circulation. There has lately come to Hong Kong a -newly coined American Eagle Dollar, called the “Trade -Dollar,” and Sir Brooke Robinson, the British Consul, having -requested that officers might be appointed to assay it, the -Viceroy and Haikwan thereupon appointed officers to melt it -down and assay it, in concert with (an officer from the British -Consulate), when, taking the Haikwan Tael of pure silver as -the standard, an outturn was obtained of fully 89.61—or -Taels 111.6 of this new Eagle Dollar are equal to 100 -Haikwan Taels of pure silver. Minutes of the assay were -drawn up in proof thereof.</p> - -<p>“For the convenience of Traders and people, therefore, this -coin should be allowed to be tendered in payment of duties at -the rate of touch obtained at the assay, and to come into daily -circulation. It becomes the duty then of the Viceroy and his -colleagues to issue a Proclamation on the subject for general -information.</p> - -<p>“This Proclamation, therefore, is for the information of -you merchants, traders, soldiers, and people of every district.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -You must know that the ‘Eagle Trade Dollar’ that has lately -come to Hong Kong has been jointly assayed by officers -specially appointed for the purpose, and it can be taken in -payment of duties, and come into general circulation. <i>You -must not look upon it with suspicion.</i> At the same time -rogues, sharpers, and the like, are hereby strictly forbidden to -fabricate spurious imitations of this new Eagle Dollar, with a -view to their own profit.</p> - -<p>“And should they dare to set this prohibition at defiance, -and fabricate false coin, they shall, upon discovery, most -assuredly be arrested and punished. Let every one obey with -trembling! Let there be no disobedience!</p> - -<p>“A Special Proclamation. Tung Chih 12th year, 9th -moon—day (October, 1873.)</p> - -<p>“Translated by</p> - -<p class="right">“(Signed) WALTER C. HILLIER.”</p> - -</div> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Japan.</span></h4> - -<p>Perhaps the peculiar adaptability of the Japanese character -cannot be better illustrated than by their late monetary revolution, -especially as their coinage is hedged around with laws, -with penal attachments of no doubtful character. In the -small morocco case marked “Japan” are a few specimens of -their original coin. Of this series the large gold plate, four -inches by three and a half, is known as the “Gold Oban,” -their most valuable coin, worth about seventy-five dollars. -This coin is of perfectly smooth surface, with an elaborate -black inscription of Japanese text, burnt in by a chemical -process. To take the “Gold Oban” out of the kingdom is -<i>punishable with death</i>; to remove it by mistake, subjects the -offender to imprisonment for life. The other coins in this case -are, in their composition and shape, as distinctive as the Japanese -are peculiar as a people. The progressive character of the -Japanese is exemplified by their recent acceptance of the -United States system of coinage.</p> - -<p>The mind of the Japanese proletaire has been much troubled -in recent years with regard to the coinage of his country; not -that he ever has much of the currency in question, but the -Japanese proletaire has no pockets, and he finds it awkward to -carry in his hands such coins as he contrives to possess. In -ancient times his rulers were more considerate. They punched -square holes in the centre of the coins, through which he -passed a string, and was thus able to carry about his available -capital tied around his neck or to his waistband, which in those<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -days was his sole garment. The coins were not large in amount; -it took a thousand of them to make a few shillings, while a -cart was required to convey five dollars worth. But with -civilization came an improved coinage, larger in value, and -with no holes, and the pocketless proletaire naturally grumbled -that civilization treated him hardly in this respect. Paper -currency for small amounts partially satisfied him for a time; -but at last his cries have been heard, and the Japanese Government -has promised to issue a new coin specially for his behoof. -Its value is rather less than one cent, and is to possess the indispensable -hole, by which he can string it as a child strings -beads, and he is probably content.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Turkey.</span></h3> - -<p>Turkish coins often bear texts from the Koran on either -side, so it may be said the tenets of their religion are their -circulating medium. The piastres in this collection are generally -those now in circulation.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Egypt.</span></h3> - -<p>Egypt’s antique coins were of Greek or Roman workmanship, -of which the very finest is in the case marked “Selections,” -and has not its superior for interest or beauty in the -world. It was the work of some Greek artist, and presents -the head of Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy. It was found in 1868, -and bought by the United States Government at a high price; -but as only three had been found, its market value may be -named by thousands, though its metal value is not more than -twenty dollars.</p> - -<p>This notice of Oriental coins may conclude with suggestive -reference to the “Cufic coins,” of which there are some valuable -specimens. The first is the silver dirhem of Walid, the -eccentric caliph of Damascus, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 713. There is also in case -XV. a coin of the reign of Haroun Alraschid.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">French Coinage.</span></h3> - -<p>The French have the credit of making the greatest improvements -in modern coinage. The French coins are a history of -that nation, from the small coin issued in the reign of Louis -“the Meek” to the last currency of the republic of France, -spanning a period of one thousand years.</p> - -<p>In design and execution the French coins bear the impress -of the national character, and also give assurance of the art -patronage in which her rulers, failing in much, have never -wavered, but brought all their power and cunning to bear on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -securing the best artists, as in the instance of Francis I. beguiling -from the holy father that exquisite artist Benvenuto -Cellini, or the later <i>enterprise</i> of Napoleon Bonaparte. No. -83,—a medalet of the unhappy Mario Antoinette,—which is -in itself very beautiful, and from its tragic association attracts -general interest.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Germany.</span></h3> - -<p>The collection of Germany is very large and divided and -sub-divided by its kingdoms and principalities.</p> - -<p>One of the most interesting coins of any age, and excelling -in beauty as well, is the gold medallic ducat on which are the -heads of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. This coin -is very generally admired by visitors to the Cabinet.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Coins of Switzerland.</span></h3> - -<p>Switzerland is modestly represented in all her cantons, each, -like the classic Greek town, enjoying the coining privilege. -There are several pieces of commemorative and artistic worth, -especially the two issues of the republic of 1796.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Russian Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>The double rouble, with a magnificent draped head of Peter -the Great, is unexcelled for strength of outline, and valuable -as a correct portrait of one of the very greatest and most self-reliant -of modern rulers. Turning to another rouble, the -features of Elizabeth II. are recognized. It may be assumed, -with all due deference to royalty, that this portrayal is the -most laughter-provoking figure ever stamped on metal. She -is so fat as to have the effect of “spreading herself” all over -the coin. Another rouble presents the majestic Catherine II.</p> - -<p>Of the coins marked Denmark, Norway, Sweden, there -can be only the copper half-daler of Sweden mentioned. This -coin is four inches square, weighs about twelve ounces, and is -equivalent to a United States silver half-dollar. The daler of -Sweden, thaler of Germany, dollar of Spain and America, are -all synonymous terms.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">England.</span></h3> - -<p>The first coins of Great Britain were of tin, according to -Cæsar’s authority, who mentions the “tin money of Britain,” -which has lately been sustained by the discovery, in some work -of excavation, of coins of that metal in antique design. These -coins are, however, of little use, by reason of the obscure inscription, -or rather the frequent absence of all device.</p> - -<p>The English collection in the Cabinet begins with a coin -made after the stater of Greece, presenting the head of Minerva,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -with Greek helmet on obverse, while the reverse gives the -figure of a woman most crudely drawn. It is supposed this -rude attempt at art was coined about the time of the Roman -invasion. Note the contrast presented in placing this relic by -the side of the Victorian sovereign, where, on the obverse, is -the queen’s head superbly cut; on the reverse, Wyon’s inimitable -figure of Una and the Lion. These two coins are the -Alpha and the Omega of British coinage, while the thousands -issued between them are progressive links to civilization.</p> - -<p>Two small coins are placed here, thought to be contemporary -with the Christian era, having no device, but an attempt -to portray the sun on one side. No. 2 is the skeattae of -Ethelbert I, king of Saxony, and is the first Saxon coin which -has yet been appropriated. It bears upon the obverse the -head of the king; on the reverse is the figure of a bird.</p> - -<p>Next in interest is No. 6, the penny of William the Conqueror. -The bust of that famous monarch is attempted; -1068 is about the year it is supposed to have been made. -During the three centuries following, the condition of England, -whether she was at peace or war, is plainly indicated by her coinage. -Every added province is memorialized in coin. The -rose, thistle, and fleur-de-lis, all tell in strange language for -flowers of bloody battles, long sieges, perils by the sea and -land; at last all resistance bowing before the ever-increasing -power of Great Britain.</p> - -<p>The first coin of English issue was dated in 1553, being -either the close of Edward VI.’s or the beginning of Queen -Mary’s reign. This is claimed by many to be the first coin -dated, though old medals of the preceding century have been -found with date.</p> - -<p>In 1558, the ryal or royal of Queen Elizabeth was issued. -On the obverse the queen is grandly enthroned, while the -reverse is a large rose, in the centre of which are the Danish -arms of Britain, and the arms of Anjou quartered. This -coin and the pound sterling of Charles I. are in Case XV., -“Selections.”</p> - -<p>This pound sterling is one of the famous “siege pieces” -of that unhappy king,—which were often made on the field -with hammer and anvil out of the family plate brought to the -closely-pressed Stuart by his faithful followers. It is to be -regretted that so much valuable family plate of no mean workmanship -was thus sacrificed. This “siege piece” is the -largest silver coin known. The legend upon it, rudely inscribed, -is, “Let God arise; let his enemies be scattered;” -above are three fleurs-de-lis, with date, “1642.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<p>In 1684-88, during the short reign of James II., several -varieties of new coins were introduced, notably, “Maundy -Money,” a small coin made to be distributed by the king -on “Maundy Thursday.” Beggars, on that day, received -from his majesty bags containing as many maundy pieces as -the king had lived years.</p> - -<p>King James II. also had issued “gun money.” This -variety was made out of old cannon, after the suppression of -an Irish rebellion. Though not even giving a glance towards -the interesting series of Queen Anne, it is impossible to pass -unnoticed the beautiful bust of George IV., by Chantrey, -upon a pattern five-sovereign piece. This well-executed bust -of “the handsomest man in Europe,” was said to be the -means of Sir Francis Chantrey being knighted. That vain -monarch was as careful about how his face would appear to -future generations as was Alexander of Macedon; and Chantrey -well knew if he placed upon the shoulders of sixty years -the head of forty years, he had given the cabalistic words -which would be the “open sesame” to royal favor.</p> - -<p>The gold sovereign of Victoria, Nos. 183-184, has, on the -reverse, an evidence of coins as a deposit of law archives. -The shield surrounded by a crown, and bearing the arms of -Great Britain quartered; but the arms of Hanover <i>are omitted</i>. -Although Victoria was next heir to William IV., she was prevented -by the Salic law from assuming the sceptre of Hanover. -On this coin, it may be remembered, are very beautifully presented -the rose, the thistle, and the shamrock.</p> - -<p>A recent addition has been made to the Mint Cabinet of a -very fine sovereign of the times of Oliver Cromwell, purchased -at the coin sale of May 14 and 15, 1885.</p> - -<p>Scotch moneys of any variety, are very much prized by -collectors (see, in Case XV., “Selections,” “Groat of Robert -Bruce, 1602.”) A very rare coin is the penny of Robert II. -of Scotland, said to be the only specimen in existence of that -monarch’s reign. In the seventeenth century the coinage of -Scotland merged into that of England.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">English Silver Tokens</span>,</h4> - -<p class="noindent">issued in England, Scotland, and Ireland. During the long -suspension of specie payments, occasioned by the wars with -Napoleon, the minor currency of England was supplied, not -with small paper notes, but with silver tokens, issued by banks -and traders, and made redeemable in bank notes. They -were of reduced weight, to keep within the premium, and to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -prevent hoarding. They continued to circulate until the return -of better times and of regular silver coinage. There -were many varieties, most of which are here.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Portugal and Spain.</span></h3> - -<p>The coinage of Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth century, -held greater sway than that of other countries. Of their coins, -there are many fine specimens in the Mint Cabinet. The “joe -and half-joe<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>” of Portugal are known of all nations, while the -Spanish dollar, with its pretentious two globes under a crown, -did not claim too much, and only tells the almost limitless rule -of the great Philip. The coins of these nations became, through -their possessions in the New World, the circulating medium of -that portion of the earth. Spanish and Mexican dollars were -almost synonymous, while the real and joe of South America -was patterned after that of Portugal, which fact can be learned -in this Cabinet. As nations decay it will be seen their coins -become inevitably less trustworthy; even a glance at the cases -marked “Portugal,” “Spain,” will give this lesson. In the -Mexican collection there are issues which seem to contradict -this assertion, for the “Mexican dollar” has, for generations, -had a position in the monetary world of almost unchallenged -credit, yet not by reason of the recognition given Mexico, but -because of the <i>United States using it so extensively</i>; for, until -the introduction of the “trade dollar,” this country had <i>no -currency</i> that would meet the demand of the Oriental market.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Mexico.</span></h3> - -<p>The Mexicans use only gold and silver, and their national -series is full of tragic interest, embracing, as it does, three and -a half centuries of Mexican history, from Cortez to Maximilian. -The “pillar dollar,” “windmill dollar,” “cast dollar” (the -Mexicans are the only nation that cast money), and the “cob -money” (a series so called by reason of its clumsiness), are all -to be seen in this collection.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Coins of Brazil.</span></h3> - -<p>One coin, a gold “half-joe,” issued in 1832, with the infant -head of Dom Pedro, is very beautiful. By the side of this, in -every way a contrast to it, is a series of copper coins of a late -issue with the head of the “child” now seated on the throne.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -The coins of Bolivia proudly present the bust of Simon -Bolivar. Among the West Indies are many samples of “cut -money.” The law permitting money to be quartered had to -be repealed, because the traders of the West Indies made the -wonderful mathematical discovery that <i>five quarters</i> make a -whole!</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Leaving both the eastern and the western world and their -coins, there is a single piece, of small commercial value, which -is yet a light-house in mid-ocean. This is the one cent of the -Sandwich Islands, the only venture of that kind made by the -enterprising little kingdom. The inscription is “Kamehameha -III., one hundredth, Hawaii.” The name of the king being -interpreted signifies “the solitary one,” which is singularly -well adapted to the coin.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Colonial Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>In 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company -was revoked, and the governor recalled; one of the alleged -grievances by the crown was a colonial law concerning the -Mint. The currency used by the colonies was chiefly from -England, Spain, and Portugal, but the supply was limited from -these sources, and the mother-country was jealous of any infringement -of her prerogative of coinage. There are various -specimens of the “pine-tree” money of Massachusetts in the -Cabinet. Some doubt has arisen as to the species of tree -intended, but it is generally accepted as the emblematic pine. -This is claimed to be about the second colonial issue, a kind of -semi-official coin. The first was from the Bermudas.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> It is -a shilling piece, stamped by one John Hall, silversmith, of -the city of Boston, 1652, who made a very good speculation of -the privilege. There has lately been added to the Cabinet a sixpence -of this rare money. The work on this species of coins is so -exceedingly simple as to present little save a planchet. On the -obverse, a double ring around a pine-tree; legend, “Massachusetts -in;” and on the reverse, a double ring also, containing -the legend, “New England An Dom.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>”</p> - -<p>Charles II., it appears, was easily deceived in regard to the -significance of the “pine-tree shilling.” Sir Thomas Temple, -a friend of the colonies, adroitly presented one of these obnoxious -coins to the irate monarch, explaining that the tree<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span> -was the “royal oak” which had saved his majesty’s life. -Whereupon the king, laughing, denominated his trans-Atlantic -subjects “honest dogs,” and allowed the coinage to proceed.</p> - -<p>During the reign of George I. a new species of coin was -issued from the English Mint, denomination half penny, -and it is asserted upon good authority that this was the only -issue ever authorized by the home government for general circulation -in the colonies. It was a coin of mixed metal, resembling -brass. The head of the king was on the obverse; -inscription, “Georgius Rex.” The reverse, a large double -rose under a crown; legend, “Rosa Americana.” Upon a -scroll, “Utile Dulci.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>”</p> - -<p>“Peltry,” we learn, was one of the principal articles of -currency, and was known as “pelt,” or Massachusetts currency, -and was extensively used in trading between Indians -and whites, sometimes called “Beaver Money,” “Corne, -Wheate, Barley, and Rye;” and a still more quaint currency -was established, as will be found in an old Massachusetts court -order, as follows: “<i>It is likewise ordered that muskett balletts -of a full boare shall passe current for a farthing a peece, provided -that noe man be compelled to take above 12d. att a -tyme of them.</i>”</p> - -<p>In Maryland, not only cattle, tobacco, and other produce -was accepted as currency, but powder and shot were also included. -Lord Baltimore, in 1660, sent over to Maryland the -“Baltimore” shilling. In the colonial case there is a series -of these exceedingly rare coins. They were a shilling, sixpence, -groats, and are all of the same design, differing only -in denomination. They were coined in London, and compare -favorably with any minting of that age. The bust of Lord -Baltimore on the obverse is very well cut; his name “Cecil,” -is the legend. On the reverse, the coat of arms of Cecil, -Lord Baltimore, is given; this device has been re-adopted by -the State of Maryland. The substitution of any legal tender -seems to be fraught with danger, and at best is jealously -scanned by the people; and there was trouble to put this coin -into circulation. The people, though demanding coin, did -not yield their old currency of “<i>wheat, corn, tobacco, powder, -and shot</i>,” without a demonstration. The Carolinas, Virginia, -and New Hampshire all followed Maryland in the introduction -of a colonial coinage.</p> - -<p>In the interval of the Revolution, known as the Confederacy, -the growth of the spirit of independence in the people<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -is plainly written on their coins, especially upon their tokens -or individual coins. We notice one inscription attributed to -Franklin, “<i>Mind your business</i>;” and others, such as “<i>Good -copper</i>,” “<i>Cut your way through</i>,” and like characteristic expressions. -The “New York Doubloon” was coined in 1787, -value sixteen dollars. This coin is highly esteemed by reason -of its rarity, and its market value to-day is about five hundred -dollars, as only three or four are known to be in existence.</p> - -<p>The Washington cent of 1791 (so-called) was not a coin of -the United States, but was struck at a private mint in Birmingham, -England, (Boulton’s), partly, no doubt, to bespeak -the “job,” and partly to <i>please Americans</i> generally.</p> - -<p>It has been said that Washington objected to putting his -head on the coins, and it may be true; but it was also objected -that no man’s head should appear on the coin of a republic, -which, whether good doctrine or not, is still the prevailing -idea. The “cent of 1791” is of two types, one very rare -and costly, with a small eagle. The other, with a large eagle, -is more common, and perhaps sells for about five dollars at -a public coin sale.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">United States Coins.</span></h3> - -<p>The first copper coins made by the United States Mint were -one cent and one-half cent issues, of which there were four -designs: 1st, the “chain cent;” 2d, the “wreath cent;” 3d, -the “flowing hair;” and 4th, the “liberty cap,” which was -used for a number of years. The “chain” device was not -acceptable to the sensitive American mind, and of consequence -the accidental breaking of the die was not a subject of -regret, but “quite the contrary.” The pattern sections of -United States coins are very beautiful and varied, especially -those in gold.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">The Trade Dollar.</span></h4> - -<p>This coin bears on the obverse a female figure seated on -bales of merchandise, holding in her left hand a scroll on -which is the word “liberty.” At her back is a sheaf of -wheat; this and the bales of goods indicate the commercial -character of the coin. Her right hand, extended, offers the -olive branch. On a scroll beneath the figure are the words -“In God we trust,” and the date below, “1873.” The reverse -has a circling inscription, “United States of America, -Trade Dollar.” In the centre is an eagle, in his claws three -arrows and a sprig of olive. On a label above are the words -“E Pluribus Unum.” Below, “420 grains fine,” very beautiful -in design.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">History of the Trade Dollar.</span></h4> - -<p>The coinage of the Trade Dollar was authorized by act of -February 12, 1873, and was not intended for circulation in -the United States, but for export to China.</p> - -<p>It was designed to compete with the Spanish and Mexican -dollar. That empire, having no mint for the coinage of gold -or silver, depended upon foreign coin for its domestic circulation, -and until the institution of the Trade Dollar the principal -shipments of coin to China were in the form of Mexican -dollars.</p> - -<p>The Trade Dollar was made a trifle more valuable than the -American and Mexican dollar, thus not only affording a -market for the surplus silver of the mines of the Pacific Coast, -but furnishing merchants and importers from China with silver -in a convenient form for payment for commodities, instead of -their being obliged to purchase Mexican dollars for that -purpose.</p> - -<p>When its coinage was authorized it was inadvertently made -a legal tender to amount of five dollars, but this was repealed -by section 2, Act of July 22, 1876.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Brief History of the Standard Silver Dollar.</span></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, -416 grains, standard silver; fineness, 892.4; equivalent to -371¼ grains of fine silver, with 44¾ grains alloy of pure -copper.</p> - -<p>Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains, -and fineness changed to 900, preserving the same amount of -pure silver = 371¼ grains, with ⅒ alloy.</p> - -<p>Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.</p> - -<p>Total amount coined, from 1792 to 1873, $8,045,838.</p> - -<p>Coinage revived, two million dollars per month required to -be coined, and issue made legal tender for all debts, public and -private, Act of February 28, 1878.</p> - -<p>Total amount coined, February 28, 1878, to November 1, -1884, $184,730,829.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Pacific Coast.</span></h4> - -<p>The semi-official coins of the Pacific coast present quite a -glittering array of monetary enterprise, and signify the great -wealth and daring spirit of that part of the world. The fifty-dollar -octagon gold piece, issued in 1851, is a very beautiful -coin. “Gold slugs” are novelties; are oblong gold pieces,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span> -and are valued at sixteen dollars. The Utah coins also attract -attention. They are of gold, fine. The device is an “all-seeing -eye” and two clasped hands; reverse, “a bee-hive,” -with inscription, “Holiness to the Lord.” Some have for -legend, “G. S. L. C. P. G.,” which the initiated receive as -“Great Salt Lake City, Pure Gold.”</p> - -<p>The series of the United States coins is complete, and can -be readily examined. The changes have been very gradual. -The motto, “In God we trust,” was introduced in 1866.</p> - -<p>There is one specimen which illustrates how a coin may become -famous without the least premonition, and also is a witness -of the positive law which protects and governs coinage. A law -passed Congress in 1849 ordering twenty-dollar gold pieces to -be issued. One piece was struck. Something intervened to -delay the work, and the year closed; then, of course, the dies -had to be destroyed, as no more could be lawfully issued of -1849. The coin just beside this, marked 1850, of same value, -is not worth the collector’s consideration, while “1849” cannot -to be purchased. It is marked “unique,” and is really -the only one in gold. One specimen exists in brass.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Coins of the Southern Confederacy.</span></h4> - -<p>It has been said and repeated as a historical fact that the -Southern Confederacy had no metallic currency. After a -lapse of eighteen years the following official document from -the Confederate archives explains itself, and substantiates the -fact that silver to a limited extent was coined at the New Orleans -Mint by order of the Confederate Government, in the -early days of the rebellion, and only suspended operations on -account of the difficulty in obtaining bullion for coinage.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, Washington</span>, <i>March 27, 1879</i>.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dr. B. F. Taylor</span>, <i>New Orleans, La.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—The enclosed circular will explain to you the nature of the -duties upon which I am now engaged; I would like to have from you, -from file with confederate archives, a letter stating when you were appointed -Chief Coiner of the Confederate States Mint, instructions received -copies of the originals of any official papers, sketches, descriptions, etc., -of all the coins made, etc. This will make a valuable addition to Confederate -history, and I know no one but you can give it.</p> - -<p class="center">Very truly yours,</p> - -<p class="right">MARCUS J. WRIGHT.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">New Orleans, La.</span>, <i>April 7, 1879</i>.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">To Hon. Marcus J. Wright.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—Your favor requesting a statement of the history of the -New Orleans Mint, in reference to the coinage under the Confederate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -Government, is received. That institution was turned over by the State -of Louisiana, the last of February, 1861, to the Confederate States of -America, the old officers being retained and confirmed by the government, -viz.: Wm. A. Elmore, Superintendent; A. J. Guyrot, Treasurer; M. F. -Bonzano, M. D., Melter and Refiner; and Howard Millspaugh, Assayer. -In the month of April, orders were issued by Mr. Memminger, Secretary of -the Treasury, to the effect that designs for half-dollars should be submitted -to him for approval. Among several sent, the one approved bore on the -obverse of the coin a representation of the Goddess of Liberty, surrounded -by thirteen stars, denoting the thirteen States from whence the Confederacy -sprung, and on the lower rim the figures, 1861. On the reverse -there is a shield with seven stars, representing the seceding States; above -the shield is a liberty-cap, and entwined around it stalks of sugar cane and -cotton, “Confederate States of America.” The dies were engraved by A. -H. M. Peterson, Engraver and Die Sinker, who is now living in Commercial -Place. They were prepared for the coining press by Conrad Schmidt, -foreman of the coining room (who is still living), from which <i>four pieces -only</i> were struck. About this period an order came from the secretary -suspending operations on account of the difficulty of obtaining bullion, -and the Mint was closed April 30, 1861.</p> - -<p>Of the four pieces mentioned, one was sent to the Government, one presented -to Prof. Biddle, of the University of Louisiana, one sent to Dr. E. -Ames of New Orleans, the remaining one being retained by myself. -Upon diligent inquiry I am unable to find but one piece besides my own, -that being in the possession of a Confederate officer of this city, who transmitted -it to his son as a souvenir of his father’s in the Confederate cause.</p> - -<p>So soon as copies are made I will take pleasure in sending you a specimen -for the archives you represent.</p> - -<p class="center">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="right">B. F. TAYLOR, M. D.<br /> -<i>Formerly Chief Coiner C. S. A.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>The most notable and valuable silver coin is the dollar of -1804. It is said that the scarcity of this dollar was owing to -the sinking of a China-bound vessel having on board almost the -entire mintage of the 1804 dollars in lieu of the Spanish milled -dollars. It is believed that there are not more than seven, possibly -eight, genuine 1804 dollars extant. The rarity of the -piece and the almost fabulous prices offered for it are patent -facts.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Sketch of the 1804 Dollar.</span><a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></h4> - -<p>This coin among collectors is known as the “king of American -rarities.” But seven or eight pieces are known to exist. -The 1804 dollars are of two classes, to wit: first, originals, -which are from but one obverse and one reverse die,—draped -bust of Liberty facing right; the head bound with a fillet; hair -flowing; 6 stars before and 7 behind the bust above LIBERTY, -upper right hand star almost touching letter y; reverse heraldic -eagle bearing on his breast a broad shield, in his beak a -scroll, inscribed <span class="smcap">E Pluribus Unum</span>; 12 arrows in right talon, -a branch of olive in left; above, an arc of clouds from wing to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -wing of eagle; in field beneath 13 stars; UNITED STATES -OF AMERICA; edge lettered ONE HUNDRED CENTS, -ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT, which are lightly struck in some -parts. The first specimen in the Mint Cabinet weighs 415.2 -grs.; second, Mr. M. A. Stickney procured from the Mint in -1843 in exchange for other coins; third, W. S. Appleton -bought, at an advance of $750, in 1868, from E. Cogan, who -purchased it from W. A. Lilliendahl, who bought it at a sale -of collection of J. J. Mickley, 1867, for $750; fourth, L. G. -Parmelee bought, at sale of E. H. Sandford’s collection, 1874, -for $700, who obtained it in 1868 from an aged lady, who got -it at the Mint many years before; fifth, W. B. Wetmore -bought of Mr. Parmelee, 1868, for $600, from sale of H. S. -Adams’ collection, 1876, at $500, from sale of M. J. Cohen’s -collection, 1875, at $325 (in fair condition); sixth, present -owner unknown to us, formerly in possession of collection of -Mr. Robert C. Davis, of Philadelphia, and recently sold for -$1200; seventh, S. H. and H. Chapman purchased October, -1884, at a sale in Berlin, and resold to a Mr. Scott, a dealer in -coins, for $1000 at their Philadelphia sale, in May, 1885.</p> - -<p><i>Restrikes.</i> There were struck at the Mint in 1858 restrikes -with plain edges, of which three were recovered after diligent -search; two of these were destroyed in the Mint, and the other -placed in the Cabinet, where it remains. The difference between -these and the originals are as follows: obverse, the -original die was re-cut in the word <span class="smcap">Liberty</span>, the stars and date, -which made them larger and deeper, especially noticeable in -the stars, which are broadened; also in the date, it making -the outline sharp and square, whereas in the originals they are -somewhat rounded; reverse, not having the original die, they -used another, which differs in many respects, most easily noticeable -in that the A touches the eagle’s claw, the OF much -nearer of the end of eagle’s wing than S in States (in the -original it is equally spaced); edge, plain; weight, 381.5 -grains. One specimen is in the Mint and another in England,—struck -between 1860 and 1869, as in the latter year all dies -remaining were destroyed, same as the above, but endeavors -were made to letter the edges in the absence of a complete -collar by using pieces of collars which did not contain all the -letters, but repeated some of them several times. There was -one of these pieces sold in the Berg collection in 1883 for -$740, and showed all the peculiarities mentioned, and its -weight was said to be inaccurate. The dies were destroyed in -the winter of 1868-69. No counterfeit dies of the 1804 dollar -were ever made. After the close of each year all dies are -now destroyed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Double Eagle.</span></h4> - -<p>Among the rare coins in the Cabinet at the Mint is a Double -Eagle. The dies for this piece were made in 1849, and only -one was struck. “<span class="smcap">Unique</span>” and beyond price. There is also -a Quarter Eagle of 1842, and the only one known extant at -the Mint.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SELECTIONS">SELECTIONS.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Having referred many times to this case, it may be as well -to append the entire list of its contents, as they, almost without -exception, are rare, spanning the world from remotest -antiquity to the present day, beginning with the gold Daric of -Darius, and ending with the twenty-mark piece of Kaiser -William.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Greece.</span></h3> - -<p>1. Four drachma, Athens, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 500; 2. Oboloi of Athens; -3. One-half obolos, 1⅓ of a cent; 4. Daric, Darius, of Persia, -<span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 520, value, five dollars and fifty cents; 5. Silver Daric; -6. Brass Ob. Berenice, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 284; 7. Ptolemy and Berenice, -copy; 8. Maneh of Ptolemy Philadelphus, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 284, value, -$17.70; 9. Drachma, Cyrene, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 322; 10. Coin of Syracuse, -copy, about <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 300; 11. Silver coin, Bactria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> -126; 12. Brass of Bactria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 180; 13. Cleopatra, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> -30; 13<i>a</i>. Denarius of Cleopatra and Mark Antony; 14. Alexander -the Great, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 36; 15. Philip, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 323; 16. Stater -of Seleucus; 17. Alexander Balas, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 150; 18. Antiochus -VI; 19. Philip, King of Syria, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 93.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Rome.</span></h3> - -<p>20. Roman aes, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> 500; 21. Denarius of Augustus, <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span> -31; 22. Tiberius, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 14; 23. Simon, Bar Cochab, false -Christ, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 133; 24. Vespasian, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 49; 25. Gold bezants, -<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 610; 26. Justinian, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 527; 26<i>a</i>. Kingdom of Cyprus -and Jerusalem, Peter 1, 1361 to 1372, testoon, Kingdom of -Jerusalem; 26<i>b</i>. Amaury II., 1194 to 1205.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">English.</span></h3> - -<p>27. Gold of Britain; 28. Carausius, Roman Emperor of -Britain, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 287; 29. Penny of Ethelbert, King of Kent, 858<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> -<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>; 30. Harold the Dane, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1036; 31. William the -Conqueror, 1066, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span>; 32. Edward the Confessor, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> -1041; 33. Robert the Bruce, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1306; 34. Elizabeth, -Double Ryal, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1558; 35. James I, 1603, Ryal (30 shillings) -and sovereign; 36. Charles I, sovereign; 37. Siege -pound of Charles I, 1642; 37<i>a</i>. Gold sovereign of Oliver -Cromwell; 38. Crown, and half crown and shilling, Oliver -Cromwell, 1658; 38<i>a</i>. Farthing, Queen Anne; 39. George -IV; 40. Coins of Australia.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">France.</span></h3> - -<p>41. Deniers of Charlemagne, 806; 42. Medalet, Marie Antoinette; -43. Five francs, Napoleon I; 44. Gold, Napoleon I, -1851; 45. Five francs, Paris Commune.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Germany.</span></h3> - -<p>46. Bracteats; 47. German Crown, Ob. St. Stephen; 48. -Ducat, Ob. Luther and Melanchthon, 1730; 49. Crown, Maximilian, -<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1615; 50. Ducat, Nuremburg; 51. Ducat Hamburg; -52. Monument, Bavaria; 53. King’s family, Bavaria; -54. Coins of Prussia; 55. Silver piece, Frederick William -and Augusta.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Spain.</span></h3> - -<p>56. Ferdinand and Isabella; 57. Charles II., Spain; 58. -Alphonso, Spain.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Italy.</span></h3> - -<p>59. Silver of Venice under the Doges, twelfth century; -60. Ducat of Venice; 61. Copper of San Marino; 62. Silver -piece of Lombardy; 63. Gold twenty lira piece; 64. Swiss -crown, ob. St. Vincent; 65. African shell money; 66. African -ring money.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Oriental.</span></h3> - -<p>67. Siamese coins; 68. Chinese tael; 69. Widow’s mite; -70. Jewish shekel; 70<i>a</i>. Herod the Great, 37 <span class="allsmcap">B C.</span>; 70<i>b</i>. -Herod Archelaus, 4 <span class="allsmcap">B. C.</span>; 71. Glass coin, Egypt; 72. Gold -of Alnaser, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1222; 73. Dirhem of Mahomet V., <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> -854; 74. Dirhem of Walid, Caliph of Damascus, <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 713;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -75. Haroun Alraschid, Koran text, 806; 76. Fire Worshippers, -<span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 300; 77. Gold of Japan, 1634; 78. Gravel stone -of Burmah; 79. Late coin of Turkey; 80. Mexican dollar -used in China; 81. Coin of Cochin China.</p> - -<p>The most notable coin in this case, and perhaps the most -celebrated coin in the world, is the “Widow’s Mite.” Its -name bespeaks its commercial insignificance. Yet visitors every -day, upon entering the Cabinet of the Mint, ask first to see the -“Widow’s Mite.”</p> - -<p>The following letter from Wm. E. Du Bois, will be found of -interest to the reader.</p> - -<h3>THE WIDOW’S MITE.</h3> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The curators of the mint cabinet do not consent to the intimation -in a statement recently made that their widow’s mite is not the real coin.</p> - -<p>The expression of a doubt as to any received fact is thought to be a sign -of superior insight. Hence we have so much “destructive criticism,” a -good deal of it being fatal to the critic himself.</p> - -<p>The widow’s mite in our showcase of specialties, always attracting much -attention, is precisely what the Scriptures speak of—a <i>lepton</i>, the smallest -of Greek and Syriac coins. The name comes from <i>leptos</i>, very small. The -word “mite” is English, and was formerly a weight representing the -twentieth part of a grain, but has long fallen into disuse. It was employed -in the translation of the New Testament to represent the word <i>lepton</i>, simply -because it was so very small.</p> - -<p>It is pretty certain that there was no Jewish or Hebrew coin so small as -the <i>lepton</i>; that people depended very much upon outside coins for their -circulation. Even their money terms had changed to those of the Syrian-Greek -Empire and of Rome, as we see from all the instances in the New -Testament. What few copper or bronze pieces they had, struck by local -princes for a limited time, and now very rare, were large enough to bear a -show of devices and inscriptions, for which the <i>lepton</i> was too minute. The -one in our cabinet has a diameter of only three-tenths of an inch, and -weighs but ten grains. On one side nothing is discernible, on the other a -mint monogram, such as were common in that era, occupies the space. It -is much like the letter x, with a line crossing it near the top. Whether it -is Samaritan, or Syriac, or Greek, we cannot be sure; nor is it of any consequence. -It is enough to show that it is a coin, and belongs to the age -shortly before and after the advent of Christ, and its size proves it to be a -<i>lepton</i>.</p> - -<p>It is an interesting and confirmatory fact, that this piece was found -among the rubbish of the Temple grounds, by Dr. Barclay, long resident -in Jerusalem, and author of “The City of the Great King.” By him it was -presented to the mint cabinet. The objector may soberly doubt whether -this was one of the identical mites offered by the widow; for the rest of his -doubts they are of no value.</p> - -<p>We are often asked how much this famous offering amounted to? There -is some obscurity and confusion about their coin-tables, and, therefore, some -variety in the estimation. We may say, however, that the current value -of the <i>lepton</i>, or mite, was about one-fifth of a cent in our money; being -eighty to the drachma or denarius, which was 16 or 15 cents.</p> - -<p>But as the purchasing or paying power of a drachma was probably as -great in that day and country as a dollar is in ours, we may say that the -value of a lepton, judged by our ideas, was about one cent. As the treasurer -would not take a less gift than two <i>lepta</i>, it follows that the poor but very -liberal woman contributed fully two cents, which is more than some -persons—neither poor nor in widowhood—throw into the church basket.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<p>It is worth while to add that a visitor at the mint saw a similar piece in -Jerusalem, and tried to obtain one, but on account of its rarity did not -succeed.</p> - -<p class="right">W. E. D.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>DONATIONS OF OLD COINS.</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Extract from the American Journal of Numismatics, April, 1884.</i></p> - -<p>Under the head of donations, we have from Quartermaster General Meigs, -a half-dollar and pistareen of Carolus and Johana of Spain. These pieces -were presented to General Meigs at Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1870. The -special interest attached to them, is their having been found on the beach -of Padre Island, off the southerly coast of Texas. The supposition is that -they were washed up from a sunken treasure ship wrecked on the coast, -while carrying funds to the Army of Cortez, who entered the City of Mexico -in 1519. Their good condition may warrant our accepting this briny -romance <i>Cum grano salis</i>. Antiquarian stories must expect to stand the -test of the chemist, as well as of the historian. This reminds me, however, -of some specimens of the Mint Cabinet, from the wreck of the San Pedro, -some account of which may not be uninteresting here.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> “Early in 1815, a -naval armament was fitted out in Spain, by Ferdinand VII., for the purpose -of reducing the Rebellious Colonies in South America. The military force -of this expedition amounted to ten thousand men, of whom two thousand -were on board the flag ship “San Pedro.” The vessel was also freighted to -a large amount with gunpowder, cannon balls and specie.”</p> - -<p>The account then goes on to state that the fleet touched at the Island of -Marguerita near the coast of Venezuela. After leaving the island, the vessel -took fire, burnt four hours until the magazine caught and exploded, and -the wreck went down with four hundred men. The right of working the -wreck, was granted about thirty years after, to a Baltimore Company, known -as the “San Pedro Company.” Divers were set to work, and the wreck -found in sixty feet of water on a hard bed of coral. Over this there was a -deposit of mud, and again over this a layer of coral, which had to be pierced -to arrive at the treasure.</p> - -<p>The Spanish dollars recovered were sent to Philadelphia, and (up to -September, 1848) about seventy-five thousand dollars had been recovered -and re-coined. The dollars were much corroded and encrusted, the coating -having first to be removed, to bring the pieces into fit condition for minting; -the loss from corrosion was considerable; one dollar with the impression -still visible, being reduced to thirty-four cents in value. In the light -of these and other facts, it is difficult to conceive how the pieces found in -Texas, could have come so clean from their reputed berth, of over three -hundred years, but they are worth keeping for all that, and General Meigs -has the thanks of the Republic for them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLONIAL_COINAGES">COLONIAL COINAGES.</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate01" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE I.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate01.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio “Quint.”</span> - 1783. <span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio “Mark.”</span> 1783. <span - class="smcap">Nova Constellatio, Immune Columbia.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Sommer Island Shilling. - “Hoggie.”</span> <span class="smcap">New Jersey Immunis.</span> - <span class="smcap">Confederatio Inimica, etc.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate02" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE II.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate02.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cent</span>, 1787. - <span class="smcap">New England Elephant Token. Very Rare.</span> 1694. - <span class="smcap">Good Samaritan Shilling, Mass.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent.</span> - 1787. <span class="smcap">Massachusetts Cent.</span> <span class="smcap">New - York.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Nova Constellatio.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: An eye, the center of a glory, thirteen points -cross, equidistant; a circle of as many stars. Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “U. S. 500” inscribed in two lines, a wreath -surrounding. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783</span>.” Border, -beaded; edge, leaf work. Known as the “Quint.”</p> - -<p>No. 2.—Obverse: An eye, around which a narrow, plain, -circular field; outside a glory, thirteen points cross, equidistant; -a circle of as many stars. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “U. S. 1000” inscribed in two lines, a wreath -surrounding. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783</span>.” Border, -a wreath of leaves; edge, leaf work; silver; size, 21; weight, -270 grains. Known as the “Mark.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Immune Columbia.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: An eye, on a small, plain, circular field; from the -outside of the field radiates a glory of thirteen blunt points, -crossing, equidistant, the spaces between as many stars in a -circular constellation. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NOVA CONSTELLATIO</span>.” -Border, serrated.</p> - -<p>Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a paneled -cubic pedestal, facing right; her left hand is well extended and -balances the scales of justice. A short liberty staff, crowned -with a cap and bearing a flag, rests against her right shoulder, -and is supported by the right hand. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNE -COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: the date 1785. Border, serrated; -edge, plain or milled; size, 17; weight, gold, 128.8 grains; -silver, 92 grains; copper 148 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Bermuda Shilling—(“Hogge-Penny”).</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Device—A hog, standing, facing left, above -which are displayed the Roman numerals “XII.,” the whole -surrounded by a beaded circle. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">SOMMER ISLANDS</span>” -around which is a beaded circle like that enclosing the device.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Device—A full-rigged ship under sail to the left, -a flag flying from each of her four masts—enclosed in a beaded -circle, the beads larger than on the obverse. Copper; size, -19; weight, 177 grains.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New Jersey Immunis.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing -right; in her extended left hand the scales of justice; right -hand staff of liberty bearing a flag and crowned with a cap. -Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNIS COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: “1786.” Border, -serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains.</p> - -<p>Reverse: A shield argent, six pales gules, a chief azure. -Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Border, serrated; edge, -plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Confederatio and Inimica Tyrannis.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A circular central field, size 6, covered with a -cluster of thirteen small stars; around this device a glory of -fine rays, presenting a corrugated outline of sixteen points. -Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">CONFEDERATIO 1785</span>.” Border, serrated.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An Indian, standing beside an altar or pedestal, -his right foot upon a crown, an arrow in his right hand, a bow -in his left; at his back a quiver full of arrows. Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">INIMICA TYRANNIS AMERICA</span>.” Border, serrated; edge, -plain; size, 18; weight, 112 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cent, 1788.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Identical with one of 1787.</p> - -<p>Reverse: The same as one of the coins of Vermont. Another -Connecticut coin of this year, has the same reverse as the -“<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIVS III REX</span>” issue of Machin & Co., from the mint -established by them in the State of New York.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The obverse and reverse dies of the Connecticut cents are too -numerous to mention, there being no less than one hundred and sixty-four -of the first, and eighty-four of the latter.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New England Token.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Same as that of the common type of the Carolina -Token of 1694, and from the same die as that and the “London -Halfpenny.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: An inscription, in five lines, occupying the whole -field, “<span class="allsmcap">GOD PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND 1694</span>.” Borders, -milled; edge, plain; copper; size, 18½; weight, 133 and 236 -grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Good Samaritan Shillings.</span></h3> - -<p>The same general type and variety as the Pine Tree Shilling, -but bearing upon the obverse a well-executed device, -illustrating the parable of the Good Samaritan; but two or -three specimens of this coin have been known, two of which -are in existence and of unique varieties; they are supposed to -have been pattern pieces, struck at the origin of the Mint of -Massachusetts Colony.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate03" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE III.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate03.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Large Pattern Cent. Not Issued.</span> - <span class="smcap">Bar Cent. Very Rare.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fugio. “Mind Your Business.” - First.</span> <span class="smcap">Inimica Tyrannis Americana.</span> - <span class="smcap">Fugio. “Mind Your Business.” Second.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate04" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE IV.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate04.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1836. <span - class="smcap">Confederate C. S. A. Half Dollar.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1840.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1845. - <span class="smcap">“Jefferson Head” Cent.</span> <span class="smcap">Half - Cent.</span> 1846.</p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent, 1787.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Same general description as the Cent of 1787.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same in general as the Cent of 1787, except that -the shield upon some specimens, bears only “<span class="allsmcap">HALF CENT</span>.” -Borders, milled; edge plain; size, 15 to 15½; weight, 75 to -83 grains.</p> - -<p>The “Cent,” 1788. Twelve Types. Thirteen Varieties.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Cent, 1788.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A clothed Indian, standing, facing left, in his -right hand a bow, in his left an arrow. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">COMMONWEALTH</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A spread eagle, a broad shield upon his breast, six -pales gules (upright), a chief azure (open or plain). Upon the -chief, or upper part of the shield, the word “<span class="allsmcap">CENT</span>,” in bold -Roman lettering. In exergue, beneath a heavy horizontal bar, -the date 1787. Borders, milled; edge, plain; size, 16½ to -19; weight, 146 to 165 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Fugios or Franklin Cents.</span></h3> - -<p>The Fugios or Franklin Cents are the earliest coins issued -by authority of the United States. They being all dated 1787, -and made in conformity with resolution of Congress, dated -July 6, 1787:</p> - -<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the Board of Treasury direct the contractor -for the copper coinage to stamp on one side of each -piece the following devices, viz.: Thirteen circles linked together, -a small circle in the middle, with the words ‘<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES</span>’ round it, and in the centre the words, ‘<span class="allsmcap">WE ARE ONE</span>’; -on the other side of the same piece the following device, viz.: -a dial with the hours expressed on the face of it; a meridian -sun above, on one side of which is to be the word ‘<span class="allsmcap">FUGIO</span>,’ and -on the other the year in figures ‘1787’; below the dial the -words ‘<span class="allsmcap">MIND YOUR BUSINESS</span>.’”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Bar Cent, or U S A Copper.</span></h3> - -<p>This coin, presumed to have belonged to the same issue as -the Nova Constellatio Coppers, was probably made in Birmingham,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -England, by Thomas Wyon, for circulation in -America. The “U S A” Copper was first passed as money -in the City of New York, in November, 1785. The device -was taken from an old Continental button, to which fact and -the light weight of the piece, has been attributed the disfavor -shown the coinage and the limited circulation given the same.</p> - -<p>Obverse: Large Roman “U S A” in a monogram, on a -plain field.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Thirteen horizontal bars. Border, serrated; Edge, -plain; size, 15½; weight, 85 grains. Two pairs of dies.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Maryland Penny.</span></h3> - -<p>The Maryland Penny. One Type. One Variety. Unique.</p> - -<p>Obverse: Similar to that of the sixpence.</p> - -<p>Reverse: A Ducal Coronet, upon which are erected two -masts, each bearing a flying pennant. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">DENARIVM -TERRE-MARIÆ</span>.” Copper; size, 13.</p> - -<p>The only specimen of this piece extant was imported into -America from England, at a cost of £75, and was sold for -$370 with the collection of J. J. Mickley, Esq., of Philadelphia.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Rosa Americana Half-Penny, 1722.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Laureated head of King George I, facing right. -Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A full double rose; from this project five barbed -points. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">ROSA AMERICANA UTILE DULCI 1722</span>” -which encircles the piece. Border, beaded; edge, plain; -“Bath Metal;” size, 16 to 18; weight, 139 grains.</p> - -<p>Devices: Same as those of the Penny of this coinage. Legends: -Same import as those upon the Penny, but varied by -abbreviations and in punctuation. Border, beaded; edge, -plain; “Bath Metal;” size, 13 to 14; weight, 75 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libertatem Defendo</span>—<i>First</i>.</h3> - -<p>Reverse: Arms of the State of New York. Upon an oval -shield at the center is shown the sun rising from behind a -range of hills, the sea in the foreground; left of the shield, -Justice, with sword and scales; right, Liberty, with staff and -cap. Upon a hemisphere, above the shield, stands an eagle, -wings outspread, facing right. Exergue: 1787; beneath this, -next the border, “<span class="allsmcap">EXCELSIOR</span>.” Border, serrated; edge, -plain; size, 17; weight, 157 grains.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate05" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE V.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate05.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Maryland Penny.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1847. <span class="smcap">Rosa - Americana Half Penny.</span> 1722.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libernatum Defendo. - First.</span> <span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Token.</span> 1737. - <span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libernatum Defendo. Second.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate06" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE VI.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate06.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783. - <span class="smcap">Washington Liverpool Half Penny.</span> 1793. - <span class="smcap">“Naked Bust.” Washington Cent.</span> 1792.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Non Dependens Status.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1842. <span class="smcap">Pattern - Cent.</span> 1792.</p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Liber Natus Libertatem Defendo.</span>—<i>Second.</i></h3> - -<p>Obverse: An Indian, standing, crowned with feathers, and -facing left; in his right hand he wields a tomahawk, his left -supports a bow, the end of which rests on the ground near -his feet; over his right shoulder appears the top of a quiver -of arrows, which is borne upon his back. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBER -NATUS LIBERATEM DEFENDO</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A hemisphere of the globe, marked by longitudinal -and meridianal lines; upon this stands a large heavy-bodied -eagle, wings spread, somewhat drooping, beak toward -the right. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO-EBORACUS 1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.” -Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 17; weight, 153 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Token, 1737.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A deer, standing, facing left, occupying the whole -field. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">VALVE ME AS YOU PLEASE</span>.” Exergue: The -Roman numerals III upon a small scroll; a little crescent is -shown below.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Three hammers, each bearing a crown upon the -head. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">I AM GOOD COPPER 1737</span>.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Cent, 1783.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Large laureated bust of Washington, draped, -facing left. Legend: “<span class="smcap">WASHINGTON & INDEPENDENCE 1783</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A figure of a female, facing left, seated upon a -rock; right hand holds an olive branch; left, staff of liberty, -with cap. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES</span>.” Exergue: <span class="allsmcap">T. W. I. -E. S.</span> Border, beaded; edge, plain; size, 17½; weight, 120 -grains. Two obverse and three reverse dies.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Liverpool Half-Penny.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Bust of Washington, in uniform, facing left, hair -in a queue. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON PRESIDENT</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A ship, under sail, to the right: Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">HALFPENNY</span>” under the ship, waves, and in the foreground, -on a panel, the date 1793. Border, milled; edge, lettered: -“<span class="allsmcap">PAYABLE IN ANGLESEY LONDON OR LIVERPOOL</span>.” Size, 19; -weight, 163 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Washington Naked Bust Cent, 1792.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A classical bust of Washington, undraped, facing -right; the head is encircled by a fillet, confining the hair, -which is cut short and is curly; the fillet is tied at the back -of the head by a bow knot with long pendent ends. Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON PRESIDENT 1792</span>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> - -<p>Reverse: A small eagle, displayed, wings upraised; on his -breast a shield argent, six pales gules; right talon, an olive -branch, fourteen leaves, six berries; left talon, thirteen arrows; -about the head of the eagle are six mullets, and above is the -word “<span class="allsmcap">CENT</span>.” Border, milled; edge, plain, or inscribed: -“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 19; weight, 198 -grains. Some six or eight specimens only are known.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Non Dependens Status.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A full bust, facing right; flowing hair to the -shoulders. Upon the drapery of the bust a small oval shield -as an epaulet, emblazoned with a staff bearing a flag; across -the staff, saltierwise, rests a naked sword. In each angle of -this device is displayed a fleur de lis. Upon the breast of the -bust is a head with spreading wings. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NON-DEPENDENS -STATUS</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: An Indian, seated upon a globe, facing left; nude, -except a cap or bandeau upon his head, and a feather tunic -around the lower part of the body. In his extended right -hand he holds a bunch of tobacco; the left reaches behind -him and rests upon a shield, bearing the same emblems displayed -upon the epaulets upon the bust on the obverse. Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">AMER ICA</span>,” divided by the figure of the Indian. -Exergue: 1778. Border, plain; edge plain; size, 19.</p> - -<p>Some coin dealers advertise the Non Dependens Status as -“a rare copper, worth $100.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Pattern Cent, 1792.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing to right, the hair confined -by a fillet. Above is inscribed the word “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” -and beneath the date “1792.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A portion of a globe, on which stands an eagle, -with raised wings. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” -This cent has a grained edge, like the cents of 1793. Some -numismatists give it the preference as the first cent.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">George Clinton Copper, 1787.</span></h3> - -<p>The George Clinton Copper has the bust of Governor Clinton -facing right, with legend “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGE CLINTON</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: The State arms of New York, and in the exergue, -“<span class="allsmcap">1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.” This last reverse is found also combined -with the Liber Natus, which has an Indian standing, facing -left, with tomahawk in the right hand and bow in the left, a -bundle of arrows also at his back. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBER NATUS -LIBERTATEM DEFENDO</span>.” This latter obverse is also found -combined with another reverse, as follows: An eagle stands -upon a section of the globe. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO EBORACUS -1787 EXCELSIOR</span>.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate07" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE VII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate07.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George Clinton Copper.</span> 1787. - <span class="smcap">Kentucky Token.</span> <span class="smcap">Immunis - Columbia.</span> 1787.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Pine Tree - Shilling.</span> 1652. <span class="smcap">Chain Cent.</span> 1793. - <span class="smcap">Myddelton Token.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate08" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE VIII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate08.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Egyptian Coin. Ptolemæus - Soter. 285-300 B. C.</span> <span class="smcap">Roman Coin. Faustina, - Daughter of Antoninus Pius, Wife of Marcus Aurelius. Died, 175 A. D.</span> - <span class="smcap">Macedonian Silver Coin. Alexander the Great. 300 Years - B. C.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Silver Shekel of Judea. Simon Maccabees. - 145 B. C.</span> <span class="smcap">Persian Silver Coin. Vologeses III. - 148-190 A. D.</span> <span class="smcap">Judean Copper Coin. Simon Maccabees. - 145 B. C.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Kentucky Token or Cent</span></h3> - -<p>Has a hand holding a scroll inscribed “Our Cause is Just.” -Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNANIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY</span>.” Reverse: -A radiant pyramid, triangular in shape, of fifteen stars -united by rings, each star having placed in it the initial of a -State, Kentucky being at the top. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS -UNUM</span>.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Shekel (Simon Maccabees).</span></h3> - -<p>The Shekel was originally a weight. The first form in -which money was used by the Jews, and by all other nations -of which we have any knowledge, was the pieces without any -regular shape or any marks or devices upon them. Precious -metals passed by weight. Thus it is said of the purchase -made by Abraham of the cave and field of Machpelah, “And -Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to -Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the -sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current with the -merchant.” Gen. xxiii. 16.</p> - -<p>The weight of a shekel was a little less than one-half an -ounce troy. The term “current with the merchant,” probably -refers to the purity of the silver, which was about ninety-five -per cent. fine, and the value in our money was fifty-eight -cents. It first appeared as a coin in the time of the Maccabees, -who lived about 140 B. C. The amount of silver in the coin -is the same as was contained in the piece of silver denominated -a shekel. It will be seen that on one side is the golden -cup that had manna (see Exod. xvi. 33, and Heb. ix. 4), with -the inscription in old Hebrew character, “<span class="allsmcap">SHEKEL OF ISRAEL</span>;” -on the other side appears Aaron’s rod that budded with the -legend in the same character, “<span class="allsmcap">JERUSALEM THE HOLY</span>.” This -specimen is in the Mint cabinet; one of the most rare and -interesting coins in the collection.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Immunis Columbia, 1787.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, -facing right; in her fully extended left hand she balances the -scales of justice; the right hand supports a liberty staff, -bearing a flag and crowned with a cap. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">IMMUNIS -COLUMBIA</span>.” Exergue: 1787.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle, displayed; right talon, an olive branch, -thirteen leaves; left talon, thirteen arrows. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">E -PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Borders, serrated; edge, plain; size, 16½; -weight, 135 grains.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts Pine Tree Shilling.</span></h3> - -<p>“John Hull and Robert Saunderson were equal officers in -the ‘gainful business’ of the Mint. How much they coined in -all for the colony, or the exact amount of their profits under -the contract they carried out, cannot be determined.” The -coinage was certainly large in amount, and they, as was well -understood, became men of wealth and substance. When the -daughter of John Hull was married to Judge Samuel Sewall, -the founder of the town of Newbury, Mass., the prosperous -mint-master gave the bride a dowery of her weight in silver. -At the conclusion of the wedding ceremony, a large steel-yard -was brought into the room, and the blushing bride placed upon -one of the platforms of the same, while into a tub upon the -other side were poured the Pine Tree Shillings, until the -steel-yard balanced.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Chain Cents.</span></h3> - -<p>These have a bust with flowing hair, looking right, with the -date below and word “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” above it; on the reverse side, -in the centre, is “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” with “⅟₁₀₀” below it, enclosed in -an endless chain of fifteen links, typifying the number of -States then in the Union. The legend is “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA</span>” in all excepting one die, which reads “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERI</span>,” the engraver evidently not having room -to complete the word.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Myddelton Tokens.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A figure, representing Hope, beside an anchor; -she presents two children to a female, the last extending her -right hand in reception of the charge; the left hand supports -a liberty staff, which is crowned with a cap; in front of the -figure with the staff is an olive branch and a wreath, to the -rear a cornucopia. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">BRITISH SETTLEMENT KENTUCKY</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: Britannia, seated disconsolate amid the down-cast -emblems of her power, and facing left; her head is bowed; she -holds in her right hand an inverted spear, the head of which -penetrates the ground; at her right side a bundle of fasces or -lictors’ rods have fallen near the cap of Liberty; upon the -ground, before the figure, are the scales of justice, upon which -Britannia has set her left foot and the sword of justice, with -broken blade; the left arm of the figure rests upon a large -shield, bearing the cross of the British ensigns. Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">PAYABLE BY P. P. P. MYDDELTON</span>.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate09" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE IX.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate09.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1802. - <span class="smcap">Wreath Cent.</span> 1793. <span class="smcap">Half - Cent.</span> 1794.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Medal.</span> 1789. - <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1847. <span class="smcap">New - York Cent.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate10" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE X.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate10.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Egyptian Coin. Ptolemy.</span> - <span class="smcap">Widow’s Mite. Copper Coin.</span> <span class="smcap">Roman - Bronze Coin. Trajan Augustus. 98-117 A. D.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus Epiphanes.</span> <span - class="smcap">Counterfeit Judean Shekel. Dating about the Time of - Christ.</span> <span class="smcap">Macedonian Coin. Philip III. - 317-324 B. C.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Small Pattern Cent.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A head, facing right, hair unconfined, floating -backward in flowing locks. Legend: “<span class="smcap">LIBERTY PARENT OF -SCIENCE & INDUST.</span>” Exergue: Beneath the head the date -1792.</p> - -<p>Reverse: A wreath, two olive branches crossed at the lower -ends and tied with a ribbon; within the wreath a field bearing -an inscription “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>” in two lines. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.” Border, milled; edge, -reeded; size, 14; weight, 65 grains. Extremely rare.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Double Head Washington.</span></h3> - -<p>A small head on both obverse and reverse. The former -has the legend, “<span class="allsmcap">WASHINGTON</span>;” the latter the legend “<span class="allsmcap">ONE -CENT</span>.” No date.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New York Washington Cent.</span></h3> - -<p>Bust of Washington with a wig, and with military draping, -face right. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NON VI VIRTUTE VICI</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated, with liberty pole -and scales of justice. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">NEO EBORACENSIS</span>.” Date, -1786.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Carolina Elephant (Token.)</span></h3> - -<p>A token much prized by collectors is known as the Carolina -Elephant. The obverse is from a rather common English -token known now as the London Elephant. The animal is -standing with his head down. There is no legend.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PROPRIETERS</span> -1694.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Copper Half-Cent of 1794.</span></h3> - -<p>In 1794 and 1795 similar device to that of 1793; but face -Liberty facing to the right. Weight, 104 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Cent, 1799.</span></h3> - -<p>The liberty cap is omitted, as is the lettering on the edge, -not to reappear on the American cent. Liberty Cap Cents -are very rare.</p> - -<p>In the year 1798 a slight change was made in the obverse -of the cent, giving some of the curls a different termination -from those of 1796, 1797, and the early part of 1798. The -latter device was continued each year, until and including -1807. The reverse remained unchanged during the same time, -excepting some slight variations, probably unintentional, if -not positive mistakes. For instance, in 1797 and 1802 we -find some without stems to the wreaths, and in one case only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> -one stem. In 1801 and 1802 some have ⅟₀₀₀ instead of the -fraction ⅟₁₀₀. In addition to this error, a variety of the cent of -1802 has “Iinited,” instead of “United.” In 1796 we have -in one instance “Liherty,” instead of “Liberty.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Liberty Cent, 1809.</span></h3> - -<p>In 1809 an obverse head of Liberty; forehead encircled by -a band, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” inscribed upon it, surrounded by thirteen -stars. Exergue: “1809.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: Wreath in a circular garland inclosing the words -“<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>.” No change took place during the issues of 1808 -to 1814, inclusive.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Half-Cent of 1793.</span></h3> - -<p>The first half-cent was issued in 1793, having on obverse: -Bust of Liberty, facing to the left; staff surmounted by -liberty-cap over right shoulder. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Exergue: -“1793.”</p> - -<p>Reverse; Inscription, “<span class="allsmcap">HALF CENT</span>,” surrounded by a -wreath, tied with a ribbon. Weight, 132 grains.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Wreath Cent.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: Bust of Liberty, hair flowing. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” -Exergue: “1793.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A wreath with berries, the stems of wreath tied in -a bow with a ribbon. Inscription: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>.” Legend: -“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue: “⅟₁₀₀.”</p> - -<p>Third. Known as the “Liberty Cap Cent.”</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Liberty and Security Washington Coin.</span></h3> - -<p>Obverse: A bust of Washington, in uniform, facing right, -hair in a queue. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGE WASHINGTON</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A shield with sixteen argent and gules impaling -argent, fifteen mullets; above the shield an eagle, left talon, -an olive branch, right talon, six arrows. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY -AND SECURITY</span>.” Exergue: “17 95,” divided by the point -of the shield. Border: A plain circle, and outside of the -same, milled edge, lettered “<span class="allsmcap">AN ASYLUM FOR ALL NATIONS</span>.” -Size, 20½; weight, 310 grains. This piece is extremely rare.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Virginia Half-Penny.</span></h3> - -<p>The well-known Virginia half-pennies seem to have been -very plentiful. A number of different dies were used. A laureated -bust of George the Third is surrounded, as on the English -half-penny, with his title, “<span class="allsmcap">GEORGIVS</span> III. <span class="allsmcap">REX</span>.” The -reverse has an ornamental and crowned shield, emblazoned -quarterly: 1, England empaling Scotland; 2, France; 3, Ireland; -4, the electoral dominions. Legend: “<span class="allsmcap">VIRGINIA</span>.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate11" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XI.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate11.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Cent.</span> 1809. - <span class="smcap">Half Cent.</span> 1793. <span class="smcap">Chain - Cent.</span> 1793.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern “Two Cent” Piece.</span> - <span class="smcap">Cent.</span> 1799. <span class="smcap">Small - Pattern Cent.</span> 1792.</p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate12" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate12.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Double Head Washington.</span> - <span class="smcap">Liberty and Security Washington Medal.</span> 1795. - <span class="smcap">Granby or Higley Copper Token.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">N. Y. Colonial Cent.</span> 1787. - <span class="smcap">Carolina Elephant Token.</span> 1694. - <span class="smcap">Virginia Half Cent.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate13" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XIII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate13.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Medal of 1776, Commemorative of the - Nation’s Independence.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">“Kittanning Medal,” one of the - earliest Medals executed in America.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate14" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XIV.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate14.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1795 Silver Dollar. Obverse - and Reverse.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1798 Silver Dollar. Obverse - and Reverse.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate15" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XV.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate15.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rosa Americana.</span> - <span class="smcap">Massachusetts Half Cent.</span> - <span class="smcap">Rhode Island Medal.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pitt Medal.</span> - <span class="smcap">Immunis Columbia.</span> - <span class="smcap">New York Token.</span></p> - <p class="caption">See description.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate16" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XVI.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate16.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Half Dollar.</span> 1859. - <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent.</span> 1854. <span class="smcap">Liberty - Cent.</span> 1793.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liberty Half Cent.</span> 1795. - <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent, Copper and Silver.</span> 1850. - <span class="smcap">Pattern Cent.</span> 1855.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate17" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XVII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate17.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rare Colonial Cent, of New - Jersey.</span><a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> - <span class="smcap">Washington Half Dollar.</span> 1792. - <span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1783. - <span class="smcap">Washington Cent. Very Rare.</span> 1792. - <span class="smcap">Washington Cent.</span> 1791.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate18" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XVIII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate18.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Tribute Money.</span> - <span class="smcap">Constantine the Great.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Counterfeit Shekel, of European - Manufacture.</span> <span class="smcap">Jewish. Lepton, B. C.</span> - <span class="smcap">Jewish. Lepton, A. D.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Syrian.</span> - <span class="smcap">Grecian.</span> <span class="smcap">Maximus - Phillipus.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate19" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XIX.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate19.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Double Eagle, 1849.</span> - “Unique,” beyond price. <span class="smcap">Gold Dollar, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Double Eagle.</span> 1885.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Ten Dollar Eagle, 1795.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1885.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Eagle, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Eagle, 1795.</span> - <span class="smcap">Eagle, 1885.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Three Dollars.</span> - Gold Piece, 1885. <span class="smcap">Quarter Eagle, 1847.</span> - <span class="smcap">Quarter Eagle, 1885.</span> <span class="smcap">Gold - Dollar, 1885.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate20" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XX.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate20.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Rhodes.</span> - <span class="smcap">Antiochus VII.</span> - <span class="smcap">Sybaris.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Greek Coin. Alexander the - Great.</span> 300 B.C. <span class="smcap">Athens.</span> - <span class="smcap">Heroclea.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate21" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XXI.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate21.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">1804 Dollar</span>, “The King - among Rarities.” <span class="smcap">Pattern Dollar</span>, None issued.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Dollar of 1871</span>, - Rejected. <span class="smcap">Pattern Piece known as the Barber - Dollar</span>, Rejected.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate22" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XXII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate22.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Silver Dollar, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Standard Dollar, 1885.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dollar, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Dime, 1849.</span> <span class="smcap">Half - Dollar, 1885.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dollar, 1794.</span> - <span class="smcap">Quarter Dollar, 1885.</span> - <span class="smcap">Quarter Dollar, 1849.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Half Dime, 1849.</span> - <span class="smcap">Dime, 1885.</span> <span class="smcap">Half - Dime, 1794.</span> <span class="smcap">Dime, 1796.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate23" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XXIII.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate23.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Liberty Cap Cent, 1793.</span> - <span class="smcap">Chain Cent, 1793.</span> First issue. - <span class="smcap">Chain Cent, 1793.</span> Second issue.</p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Pattern Twenty Cent Piece</span>, - Rejected. <span class="smcap">Half Cent, 1793.</span> - <span class="smcap">Cent, 1849.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Cent, 1885.</span> - <span class="smcap">Three Cent Nickel, 1885.</span> - <span class="smcap">Half Cent, 1849.</span> <span class="smcap">Three - Cent Piece, 1885.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="plate24" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <p class="caption">PLATE XXIV.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/plate24.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus VII.</span> - <span class="smcap">Addera.</span> <span class="smcap">Prusias.</span></p> - <p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Antiochus VIII. Epiphanes.</span> - <span class="smcap">Panormus.</span> <span class="smcap">Alexander - the Great.</span></p> - <p class="caption">Grecian Coins about 300 years <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Coins_issued_at_the_United_States_Mint_at_Philadelphia"><span class="smcap">Coins issued at the United States Mint at Philadelphia, -from its establishment in 1792 to 1888.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Gold.</span></h3> - -<h4><i>Double Eagle.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 516 grains; -fineness, 900; size, 21.</p> - -<p>1850 to 1865, inclusive. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair -tied behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars -and date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with shield upon its breast, and an olive branch and -three arrows in its talons; in its beak, an elaborate scroll, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E -PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Above, a circle of thirteen stars and a curved line of -rays extending from wing to wing. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>” -“<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY D.</span>”</p> - -<p>1866 to 1876, inclusive. No. 2, same, with the motto “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>” -inscribed within the circle of stars on the reverse.</p> - -<p>1877. No. 3. Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY DOLLARS</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY D</span>.”</p> - -<h4><i>Eagle.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 270 grains; -fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 258 grains. -Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, -Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p> - -<p>1795. Obverse: Liberty head, wearing a cap, facing right. Fifteen -stars. Above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, “1795;” size, 21.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, standing on a palm branch; -in beak, a laurel wreath. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>”</p> - -<p>1796. Same, with sixteen stars.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 2. Obverse: Same, with sixteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, a -bundle of arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left; in its -beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” Around the head are sixteen -stars; above, is a curved line of clouds extending from wing to wing. -“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>”</p> - -<p>1798 to 1801, inclusive. Same, with thirteen stars on the obverse. Of -1798, two varieties with four stars facing.</p> - -<p>1802. None issued.</p> - -<p>1803 and 1804. Same as No. 2 of 1797. Thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1805 to 1837, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1838 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, hair tied -behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars, and -date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, and -an olive branch and three arrows in the talons. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA.</span>” Size, 17.</p> - -<p>1866. Same, with a scroll above the eagle inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE -TRUST</span>.”</p> - -<h4><i>Half Eagle.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 135 grains; -fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 129 grains.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> -Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, -Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p> - -<p>1795. No. 1. Same type as the Eagle; size, 16.</p> - -<p>1795. No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle, wings extended upwards, with the United States shield -upon its breast, a bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive -branch in the left. In its beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” -Around the head are sixteen stars, and above is a curved line of clouds -extending from wing to wing. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>1796. Same as No. 1 of 1795; fifteen stars on obverse.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars on obverse.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, sixteen stars around the eagle.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1799 and 1800. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on the obverse.</p> - -<p>1801. None issued.</p> - -<p>1802 to 1806, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on -the obverse.</p> - -<p>1807. No. 1. Obverse: Same as No. 1, 1795, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2, 1795.</p> - -<p>1807. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left; bust, draped, wearing -a kind of turban with a band in front inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars, -and date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle, with the United States shield upon its breast, an -olive branch and three arrows in the talons. Above, a scroll, inscribed -“<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” United States of America “5. D.”</p> - -<p>1808 to 1812 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p> - -<p>1813 to 1815, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, wearing a -kind of turban, a band in front inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Thirteen stars and -date. No shoulders.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p> - -<p>1816 and 1817, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1818 to 1828, inclusive. Same as 1813.</p> - -<p>1829. No. 1. Same as 1813; size, 16.</p> - -<p>1829. No. 2. Same, but smaller; size, 15.</p> - -<p>1830 to 1833, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1829.</p> - -<p>1834. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1829.</p> - -<p>1834. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined by a band -inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1807, without the motto “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>” -omitted; size, 14.</p> - -<p>1835 to 1838, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.</p> - -<p>1839 to 1865, inclusive. Same type as the Eagle of 1838.</p> - -<p>1866. Same type as Eagle of same date.</p> - -<h4><i>Three-Dollar Piece.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1853. Weight, 77.4 -grains; fineness, 900.</p> - -<p>1854. Obverse: An Indian head, wearing a crown of eagle feathers, on -band of which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”—“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “3 dollars 1854” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and -tobacco. Size, 13.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - -<h4><i>Quarter-Eagle.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 67.5 grains; -fineness, 916⅔. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 64.5 grains. -Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, -Act of January 18, 1837, to 900.</p> - -<p>1796. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, above “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”—sixteen -stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1795, size 13.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Same, with no stars on obverse.</p> - -<p>1797-1798. Same as No. 1 of 1796, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1799-1801, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1802. Same as 1798.</p> - -<p>1803. None issued.</p> - -<p>1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same as 1798.</p> - -<p>1808. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807, with “2½ D.”</p> - -<p>1809 to 1820, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1821. Obverse: Same type as the half-eagle of 1813, size 12.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807.</p> - -<p>1822 and 1823. None issued.</p> - -<p>1824-1827, inclusive. Same as 1821.</p> - -<p>1828. None issued.</p> - -<p>1829 to 1833, inclusive. Same as 1821.</p> - -<p>1834. No. 1. Same as 1821. No. 2. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of -1834, size 11.</p> - -<p>1835 to 1839, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834.</p> - -<p>1840 to 1865. Same type as the eagle of 1834.</p> - -<p>1866. Same type as eagle of 1866.</p> - -<h4><i>Dollar.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 25.8 grains; -fineness, 900.</p> - -<p>1849 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the eagle, without date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">1 DOLLAR 1849</span>” within a laurel wreath, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES -OF AMERICA</span>.” Size 8.</p> - -<p>1854. No. 1, Same. No. 2. Same type as the three-dollar piece, -size 9.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Silver.</span></h3> - -<h4><i>Dollar.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains; -fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains. -Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Coinage discontinued, -Act of February 12, 1873. Coinage reauthorized, Act of February 28, 1878.</p> - -<p>1794. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair, fifteen stars; -above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, “1794.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, encircled by branches of laurel -crossed; “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” On the edge, “<span class="allsmcap">HUNDRED CENTS, -ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT</span>.” Size, 24.</p> - -<p>1795. No. 1. Same.</p> - -<p>1795. No. 2. Bust of Liberty, facing right, hair bound by a ribbon, -shoulders draped, fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds, within a -wreath of palm and laurel, which is crossed and tied. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES -OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>1796. Same as No. 2, of 1795.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p> - -<p>1797. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with sixteen stars, six of which -are facing.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 2. Same, with seven stars facing.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, bearing the United States shield -upon its breast, in beak, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” A -bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the -left. Above, are clouds, and thirteen stars. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” -Size, 25.</p> - -<p>1799 to 1804, inclusive. Same as No. 3, of 1798.</p> - -<p>1805 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1840 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a rock, supporting -with her right hand the United States shield, across which floats a scroll -inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” and with her left the staff and liberty cap; beneath, -the date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, bearing the United States shield -upon its breast, and an olive branch and three arrows in its talons. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DOLL.</span>” Reeded edge; size, 24.</p> - -<p>1866 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with a scroll above the eagle, inscribed, -“<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p> - -<p>1874 to 1877, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1878. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, upon which is a cap, a wheat -and cotton wreath, and a band inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” above, “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS -UNUM</span>;” beneath, the date. Thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing upwards; in right talon -an olive branch with nine leaves; in the left, three arrows. In the field -above, “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>;” beneath, a semi-wreath, tied and crossed, -reaching upwards to the wings; “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Some -pieces of the above date (1878) were coined with eight feathers in the tail -during the year, but seven have been adopted.</p> - -<h4><i>Trade Dollar.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 12, 1873. Weight, 420 grains; -fineness, 900.</p> - -<p>1873. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a cotton bale, facing left; in her extended -right hand an olive branch; in her left a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” -behind her a sheaf of wheat; beneath, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE -TRUST</span>;” thirteen stars; “1873.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings; in talons three arrows and an -olive branch; above, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>;” beneath, on -field, “420 grains;” “900 fine.” “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 24.</p> - -<h4><i>Half Dollar.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 208 grains; -fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 206¼ grains. -Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act -of February 21, 1853, to 192 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12, -1873, to 12½ grammes, or 192.9 grains.</p> - -<p>1794 and 1795. Same type as the dollar of 1794. On the edge, “<span class="smcap">Fifty -cents or half a dollar</span>.” Size, 21.</p> - -<p>1796. No. 1. Same type as No. 2, dollar of 1795, with the denomination, -“½,” inscribed on the base of the reverse. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars -on the obverse.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> - -<p>1797. Same as No. 2, of 1796.</p> - -<p>1798 to 1800, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1801 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3, dollar of 1798.</p> - -<p>1804. None issued.</p> - -<p>1805 and 1806. Same as No. 3, dollar of 1798.</p> - -<p>1807. No. 1. Same.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, wearing a kind of turban, with -“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>” inscribed upon the band. Thirteen stars and date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, bearing -upon its breast, the U. S. Shield, an olive branch and three arrows in its -talons; above, in the field, a scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>;” beneath -<span class="allsmcap">50 C.</span> “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>1808 to 1835 inclusive, same as No. 2 of 1807.</p> - -<p>1836. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1807.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Obverse: Same.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, the U. S. -shield upon its breast, an olive branch and three arrows in its talons, -“<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>,” reeded edge.</p> - -<p>1837. Same as No. 2 of 1836.</p> - -<p>1838. Obverse: Same as No. 2 of 1836.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same; “<span class="allsmcap">HALF DOL.</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">50 C.</span>”</p> - -<p>1839. No. 1. Same as 1838.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Same type as dollar of 1840.</p> - -<p>1840 to 1852 inclusive, same.</p> - -<p>1853. Obverse: Same with an arrow head on each side of the date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same, with a halo of rays around the edge.</p> - -<p>1854. Same, without the rays.</p> - -<p>1855. Same.</p> - -<p>1856 to 1865 inclusive, same, without the arrow heads.</p> - -<p>1866 to 1872 inclusive, same, with scroll above the eagle inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN -GOD WE TRUST</span>.” (Some have been occasionally met with, which have been -issued by the San Francisco Mint, <i>without</i> this legend in 1866.)</p> - -<p>1873. No. 1. Same.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of the date.</p> - -<p>1874. Same.</p> - -<p>1875. Same, without the arrow heads.</p> - -<h4><i>Quarter Dollar.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 104 grains; -fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 103½ grains. -Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, -Act of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. Weight changed, Act of February -12, 1873, to 6¼ grammes, or 96.45 grains.</p> - -<p>1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795, with reeded edge; size, 18; -fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>1797 to 1803. None issued.</p> - -<p>1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, beneath, -“25c.”</p> - -<p>1808 to 1814, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1815. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.</p> - -<p>1816 and 1817. None issued.</p> - -<p>1818 to 1825, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807, size 17.</p> - -<p>1826. None issued.</p> - -<p>1827 and 1828. Same type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807.</p> - -<p>1829 and 1830. None issued.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> - -<p>1831 to 1837, inclusive. Same type as half dollar of 1807, with the -diameter reduced from size 17 to size 15, and a corresponding increase in -thickness and decrease of the size of devices, and the omission of the -scroll, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM.</span>”</p> - -<p>1838. No. 1. Same as 1837. No. 2. Same type as the dollar of 1840, -with “<span class="allsmcap">QUAR. DOL.</span>” for “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DOLL.</span>”</p> - -<p>1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.</p> - -<p>1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of -date, and a halo of rays around the edge.</p> - -<p>1854 and 1855. Same, without the rays.</p> - -<p>1856 to 1865. Same, without the arrow heads.</p> - -<p>1866 to 1872, inclusive. Same, with the scroll above the eagle, inscribed -“<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p> - -<p>1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side -of the date.</p> - -<p>1874. Same.</p> - -<p>1875. Same, without the arrow head.</p> - -<h4><i>Twenty-Cent Piece.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1875. Weight, 5 grammes, -or 77.16 grains; fineness, 900. Coinage discontinued, Act of May 2, 1878.</p> - -<p>1875 to 1878, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the dollar of 1840.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, three arrows, and an olive -branch, two of the leaves of which nearest the stem, together with those -drooping from the centre, overlap; the terminating leaves on the end of -the branch, however, do not. On each side a star. Plain edge. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERICA.</span>” “<span class="allsmcap">TWENTY CENTS.</span>” Size, 14.</p> - -<h4><i>Dime.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 41.6 grains; -fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 41¼ grains. -Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, -Act of February 21, 1853, to 38.4 grains. Weight changed, Act of February -12, 1873, to 2½ grammes, or 38.58 grains.</p> - -<p>1796. Same type as the No. 2 dollar of 1795; size 13; fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars on the obverse. No. 2. Same, -with thirteen stars on the obverse.</p> - -<p>1798. No. 1. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, with sixteen stars. No. -2. With thirteen stars on the obverse.</p> - -<p>1799. None issued.</p> - -<p>1800 to 1805, inclusive. Same as No. 3 of 1798.</p> - -<p>1806. None issued.</p> - -<p>1807. Same as No. 2 of 1798.</p> - -<p>1808. None issued.</p> - -<p>1809. Same type as No. 2 half-dollar of 1807; size, 12.</p> - -<p>1810. None issued.</p> - -<p>1811. Same as 1809.</p> - -<p>1812 to 1813, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1814. Same as 1809.</p> - -<p>1815 to 1819, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1820 to 1825, inclusive. Same as 1809.</p> - -<p>1826. None issued.</p> - -<p>1827 to 1836, inclusive. Same as 1809.</p> - -<p>1837. No. 1. Same as 1809. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty seated. No stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DIME</span>” within a wreath of laurel. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA.</span>” Size, 11.</p> - -<p>1838. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1837. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<p>1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of -the date.</p> - -<p>1854 and 1855. Same as No. 2 of 1853.</p> - -<p>1856 to 1859, inclusive. Same, without arrow heads.</p> - -<p>1860 to 1872, inclusive. Obverse: Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA</span>” instead of stars.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE DIME</span>” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and -tobacco.</p> - -<p>1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of -the date.</p> - -<p>1874. Same as No. 2 of 1873.</p> - -<p>1875. Same, without arrow heads.</p> - -<h4><i>Half Dime.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 20.8 grains; -fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 20⅝ grains. -Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act -of February 21, 1853, to 19.2 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February -12, 1873.</p> - -<p>1794 and 1795. Same type as the half dollar; size, 10.</p> - -<p>1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795; fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>1797. No. 1. Same, with fifteen stars. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars. -No. 3. Same, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1798 and 1799. None issued.</p> - -<p>1800 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798.</p> - -<p>1804. None issued.</p> - -<p>1805. Same as 1800.</p> - -<p>1806 to 1828, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1829 to 1873. See dime.</p> - -<h4><i>Three Cent Piece.</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1851. Weight, 12⅜ grains; -fineness, 750. Weight changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 11.52 grains. -Fineness changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 900. Coinage discontinued, -Act of February 12, 1873.</p> - -<p>1851 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: A star bearing the United States -shield. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: An ornamented “<span class="allsmcap">C</span>,” within which is the denomination “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>,” -around the border, thirteen stars; size, 9.</p> - -<p>1854 to 1858. Obverse: Same, with two lines around the star.</p> - -<p>Reverse: An olive branch above the “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>,” and three arrows below, all -within the “<span class="allsmcap">C</span>.”</p> - -<p>1858 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with one line around the star.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Minor Coins.</span></h3> - -<h4><i>Five cent piece. (Nickle.)</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of May 16, 1866. Weight, 77.16 grains; -composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.</p> - -<p>1866. Obverse: A United States shield surmounted by a cross, an olive -branch pendent at each side, back of the base of the shield are two arrows, -the heads and feathers are only visible; beneath, “1866;” above, in the -field, “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “5” within a circle of thirteen stars, and rays, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES -OF AMERICA</span>.” Size, 13.</p> - -<p>1867. Same. No. 2. Same, without the rays.</p> - -<p>1868. Same as No. 2 of 1867.</p> - -<p>1869 to 1882. Same as No. 2 of 1867.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<p>1883. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head wearing a coronet -which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>,” thirteen stars, and date, “1883.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A “V” within a wreath of corn and cotton. Legend, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERICA</span>.” Exergue, “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>.” No. 3, Obverse: -Same as No. 2.</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same, with “<span class="allsmcap">CENTS</span>” as the exergue, and “<span class="allsmcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>” -above the wreath.</p> - -<p>1884. Same as No. 3 of the preceding.</p> - -<h4><i>Three cent piece. (Nickle.)</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 3, 1865. Weight, 30 grains; -composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle.</p> - -<p>1865. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair bound by a ribbon, on the -forehead a coronet inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>;” beneath, the date, “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED -STATES OF AMERICA</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">III</span>” within a laurel wreath.</p> - -<h4><i>Two Cent Piece (bronze).</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 96 grains, -composed of ninety-five per cent. copper and five per cent. of tin and zinc. -Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873.</p> - -<p>1864 to 1873, inclusive. Obverse: The United States shield, behind -which are two arrows, crossed, on each side a branch of laurel; above, a -scroll inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">IN GOD WE TRUST</span>”; beneath, the date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">2 CENTS</span>” within a wreath of wheat. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA.</span>” Size, 14.</p> - -<h4><i>Cent (copper).</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1792. Weight, 264 grains. -Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 208 grains. Weight changed -by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with an -Act of March 3, 1795, to 168 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February -21, 1857.</p> - -<p>1793. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair. Above, -“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”: beneath, “1793.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: A chain of fifteen links, within which is inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>” -and the fraction “⅟₁₀₀.” United States of America; reeded edge; size, 17.</p> - -<p>No. 2. Same, with the abbreviation “<span class="allsmcap">AMERI.</span>” in the Legend.</p> - -<p>No. 3. Obverse: Same as No. 1, with a sprig beneath.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>” within a wreath of laurel. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA.</span>” Reeded edge.</p> - -<p>No. 4. Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing right, with pole and liberty -cap. Above, “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>”; beneath, “1793.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as No. 3; on the edge, “<span class="allsmcap">ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR</span>.” -Size, 18.</p> - -<p>1794 and 1795. Same as No. 4 of 1793.</p> - -<p>1796. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with hair bound by a ribbon, and -without pole and liberty cap on the obverse. Plain edge.</p> - -<p>1797 to 1807 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1796.</p> - -<p>1808 to 1814, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined -by a band, inscribed “<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.” Thirteen stars and date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within a laurel wreath. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF -AMERICA.</span>” The fraction “⅟₁₀₀” is omitted.</p> - -<p>1815. None issued.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> - -<p>1816. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, the hair is confined by a roll, -and tied by a cord, while the forehead is bedecked with a tiara, inscribed -“<span class="allsmcap">LIBERTY</span>.”</p> - -<p>Reverse: Same as 1808.</p> - -<p>1817. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with fifteen stars.</p> - -<p>1818 to 1836. Same as No. 1 of 1817.</p> - -<p>1837. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with the hair tied by a string of beads -instead of a cord.</p> - -<p>1838 to 1857, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1837.</p> - -<h4><i>Cent (Nickle).</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1857. Weight 72 grains; -composed of 88 per cent. copper and 12 per cent. nickle. Coinage discontinued, -Act of April 22, 1864.</p> - -<p>1857 and 1858, Obverse: An eagle flying to the left. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES -OF AMERICA.</span>”</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. -Size, 11.</p> - -<p>1859. Obverse: An Indian-head, facing left, bedecked with eagle plumes, -confined. “<span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</span>” Beneath, the date.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT.</span>” within a wreath of laurel.</p> - -<p>1860 to 1864, inclusive. Obverse: Same.</p> - -<p>Reverse: “<span class="allsmcap">ONE CENT</span>,” within an oak wreath and shield.</p> - -<h4><i>Cent (Bronze).</i></h4> - -<p>Coinage authorized, Act of April 22, 1857. Weight, 48 grains; composed -of 95 per cent. copper and 5 per cent. of tin and zinc.</p> - -<p>1864. Same type as nickle cent of 1860. Size, 12.</p> - -<h4><i>Half Cent (Copper).</i></h4> - -<p>Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 132 grains. -Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. Weight changed -by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with -Act of March 3, 1795, to 84 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February -21, 1857.</p> - -<p>1793. Same type as cent No. 4, 1793, with head facing left. On the -edge, “<span class="allsmcap">TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR</span>.” Size, 14.</p> - -<p>1794. Same type as the cent of 1794.</p> - -<p>1795 to 1797, inclusive. Same, with plain edge.</p> - -<p>1798 and 1799. None issued.</p> - -<p>1800. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1796, with the fraction “⅟₂₀₀” on the -base of the reverse.</p> - -<p>1801. None issued.</p> - -<p>1802 to 1808, inclusive. Same as 1800. From 1808, the fraction “⅟₂₀₀” -omitted.</p> - -<p>1809 to 1811, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.</p> - -<p>1812 to 1824, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1825 and 1826. Same type as cent of 1808.</p> - -<p>1827. None issued.</p> - -<p>1828. No. 1. Same type as cent 1808, with thirteen stars. No. 2. -Same, with twelve stars.</p> - -<p>1829. Same, with thirteen stars.</p> - -<p>1830. None issued.</p> - -<p>1831 to 1836, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808.</p> - -<p>1837 to 1839, inclusive. None issued.</p> - -<p>1840 to 1857, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1837; size, 14.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THOMAS_JEFFERSON">THOMAS JEFFERSON,</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="noindent">an eminent American Statesman, and third President of the -United States, was born April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, -near the spot which afterwards became his residence, -with the name of Monticello. He was the oldest son in a -family of eight children. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a -man of great force of character and of extraordinary physical -strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland, was -descended from an English family of great note and respectability. -Young Jefferson began his classical studies at the age -of nine, and at seventeen he entered an advance class at William -and Mary College; on his way thither, he formed the acquaintance -of Patrick Henry, who was then a bankrupt merchant, -but who afterwards became the great orator of the Revolution. -At college, Jefferson was distinguished by his close application, -and devoted, it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours per day to -study, and we are told became well versed in Latin, Greek, -Italian, French, and Spanish, at the same time proficient in his -mathematical studies. After a few years course of law under -Judge Wythe, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success -in the legal profession was remarkable; his fees during the -first year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In 1769, -Jefferson commenced his public career as a member of the -Virginia House of Burgesses, in which he had while a student -of law, listened to Patrick Henry’s great speech on the Stamp -Act. In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry and other revolutionary -patriots in devising the celebrated committee of correspondence -for disseminating intelligence between the Colonies, -of which Jefferson was one of the most active and influential -members. He was elected in 1774 to a convention to choose -delegates to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, -and introduced at that convention his famous “Summary view -of the rights of British America.” On the 21st of June, 1775, -Jefferson took his seat in the Continental Congress. His -reputation as a Statesman and accomplished writer at once -placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He -served on the most important committees, and among other -papers drew up the reply of Congress to the proposal of Lord -North, and assisted in preparing in behalf of the Colonies, a -declaration of the cause of taking up arms against the Mother -Country. The rejection of a final petition to King George, -destroyed all hope of an honorable reconciliation with England. -Congress, early in 1776, appointed a committee to draw up a -Declaration of Independence, of which Jefferson was made -Chairman; in this capacity he drafted, at the request of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -other members of the committee, (Franklin, Adams, Sherman, -and Livingston), and reported to Congress, June 28, the great -Charter of Freedom, known as the “Declaration of American -Independence,” which, on July 4, was unanimously adopted, -and signed by every member present, with a single exception. -“The Declaration of Independence,” says Edward Everett, -“is equal to anything ever borne on parchment, or expressed -in the visible signs of thought.” “The heart of Jefferson in -writing it,” adds Bancroft, “and of Congress in adopting it, -<i>beat for all humanity</i>.” After resigning his seat in Congress, -Jefferson revised the laws of Virginia; among other reforms, -he procured the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of -primogeniture, and the restoration of the rights of conscience, -a reform which he believed would abolish “every fibre of -ancient or future aristocracy;” he also originated a complete -system of elementary and collegiate education for Virginia. -In 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Governor of -Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of -the Revolution, and declined a re-election in 1781. In 1783, -he returned to Congress, and reported the treaty of peace, -concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783, acknowledging the -independence of the United States. He also proposed and -carried through Congress a bill establishing the present Federal -system of coinage, which took the place of the English pounds, -shillings, pence, etc., and also introduced measures for establishing -a Mint in Philadelphia, (the first public building built -by the general Government, still standing on Seventh street, -east side, near Filbert). In 1785, he succeeded Dr. Franklin -as resident Minister at Paris. In organizing the Government -after the adoption of the Constitution, he accepted the position -of Secretary of State, tendered him by President Washington -during his first term. Jefferson was Vice-President of the -United States from 1797 to 1801, and President for the two -consecutive terms following. After participating in the inauguration -of his friend and successor, James Madison, Jefferson -returned to Monticello, where he passed the remainder of his -life in directing the educational and industrial institutions of -his native State and entertaining his many visitors and friends. -His death occurred on the same day with that of John Adams, -July 4, 1826.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ALEXANDER_HAMILTON">ALEXANDER HAMILTON,</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="noindent">Statesman, orator, and financier, born in the West Indian -island of Nevis, 11th of January, 1757. His father was a Scotch -merchant, and his mother was the daughter of a French Huguenot. -He was educated at King’s College, N. Y. When he was 18 -years of age he surprised the people by his public speeches and -pamphlets in favor of American independence. He was commissioned -Captain of a Company of Artillery in March, 1776, -and served with distinction at the battles of Long Island, White -Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, and was appointed Aid-de-camp -and Private Secretary to General Washington in March, -1777, and gained his special favor and confidence in planning -campaigns and devising means to support the army. In 1782 -he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and -Washington expressed the opinion that no one excelled him in -probity and sterling virtue. He was an active member of an -anti-slavery party in New York, and offered a resolution in -1784, that every member of that society should liberate his own -slaves. He was a delegate to the convention which met in -Philadelphia in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution and -to promote the Union of the States, and it appears was the -principal author of the movement. Hamilton was appointed -Secretary of the Treasury in 1789, at the time the nation was -burdened with a heavy debt, almost destitute of credit, and -on the verge of bankruptcy. The results of his financial policy -were the restoration of public credit, protection to American -industry, and a rapid revival of trade and commerce. He resigned -his office to resume his practice of law, January 31, -1795. He declined the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme -Court of the United States previously tendered him. Washington -testified his great esteem for Hamilton by consulting -him in the preparation of his Farewell Address, as well as -in many other acts of his noble career.</p> - -<p>In 1804, Aaron Burr, presenting himself as a candidate for -Governor of New York, but Hamilton opposed his election -expressing the opinion that “Burr was a dangerous man and -unfit to be trusted with power.” The election of Gen. Lewis -blasted the ambitious projects of Burr, who insolently demanded -an explanation of Hamilton, and finally challenged -him, Hamilton accepted the challenge, was mortally wounded -at Weehawken, and died July 12, 1804. His death was profoundly -lamented throughout the country.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—His eldest son had been killed in a duel by a political adversary about 1802. -Mr. Hamilton was the principal author of the Federalist, and the real father of our -financial system. Immediately after adopting the constitution, he strongly advocated -the establishment of a Mint, so that the New World would not be dependant on the Old -for a circulating medium.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HON_JAMES_PUTNAM_KIMBALL">HON. JAMES PUTNAM KIMBALL,<br /> -<span class="smcap">President Director of all the Mints</span>,</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="noindent">was born in Salem, Mass., April 26, 1836. After graduating -at the High School of his native town in 1854, he entered -the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. In -the summer of the following year he went to Germany, and -matriculated at the University of Frederick Wilhelm, Berlin, -in the Fall of the same year, and was graduated at the University -of George Augusta, at Gottingen, in the Autumn of -1857, with the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of -Philosophy. Upon his graduation he entered upon a practical -course in Mining and Metallurgy, at the Mining School -of Freiburg, in Saxony.</p> - -<p>After making a tour of the Continent and England, he returned -home and engaged as the Assistant of Prof. J. D. -Whitney, now of Harvard University, in the State Geological -Surveys of the States of Wisconsin and Illinois, embracing -the Upper Mississippi lead region. He continued with Prof. -Whitney during the survey, comprising the southeastern part -of Iowa.</p> - -<p>On the establishment of the New York State Agricultural -College at Ovid, the foundation of which was subsequently -merged with that of Cornell University, Dr. Kimball was -appointed to the Chair of Professor of Chemistry and Economic -Geology. Upon the appointment of the President of -the college, Gen. Patrick, as Brigadier-General of Volunteers, -Dr. Kimball became that officer’s Chief of Staff, with a commission -from the President of the United States, as Assistant -Adjutant-General of Volunteers, with the rank of Captain. -This was in 1862. His first service in the field was with the -Army of the Rappahannock, under Gen. McDowell. He took -part in numerous engagements, notably, those of Groveton, -Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, -Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. General Patrick having -been assigned to duty as Provost-Marshal of the Army -of the Potomac, Capt. Kimball accompanied him, and served -on the General Staff of that army under Generals McClellan, -Burnside, Hooker, and Meade, successively.</p> - -<p>When the army went into winter quarters, Capt. Kimball, -whose health had become impaired, resigned from the army, -and settled in New York. He resumed the practice of his -profession as Mining Engineer and Metallurgist. Upon his -marriage, in 1874, he accepted an honorary Professorship in -Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., removing from New York -to one of the houses in the beautiful park and grounds of that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span> -institution, though retaining his office and business in New -York City.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kimball has been largely identified with the mineral -development of Bedford County, Pa., and at the time of his -appointment as Director of the Mints, was President of the -Everett Iron Company, whose blast furnace, built in 1883-84, -is one of the largest and finest in this country. As a scientist -he is a contributor to various scientific journals at home and -abroad, and among others the <i>American Journal of Science</i>, -published at New Haven. Several of his papers have appeared -in the proceedings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, -of which he has been Vice President. Dr. Kimball has -traveled extensively in the United States, Mexico, and the -West Indies, in prosecuting his professional practice, and as a -man of scientific accomplishments and of affairs, bears a deservedly -high reputation.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kimball comes of Revolutionary stock. His paternal -great-grandfather, William Russell, of Boston, was associated -with the Sons of Liberty, and the leaders in public affairs in -the times that tried men’s souls. He was present, disguised as -an Indian, and assisted in the famous Tea Party in Boston -harbor on the memorable 16th of December, 1773. Later, -Mr. Russell was adjutant of the Massachusetts Artillery, raised -for the defense of Boston, and which served in the Rhode -Island campaign of 1777-78. Still later, while serving as -Secretary to Commander John Manley, of the U. S. war vessel -Jason, Russell was captured by the British frigate Surprise, -and confined in Mill prison till June 24, 1782, when he was -exchanged. But so sturdy a patriot could not rest unemployed, -and twenty days after his liberation, found him again in the -naval service. He was again made prisoner by the British, in -November following, and consigned to the notorious British -prison ship, Jersey, lying off New York.</p> - -<p>An anecdote is related by Mr. James Kimball, father of the -subject of this sketch, in a memoir on the Tea Party in Boston -harbor furnished the Essex Institute Historical collections -(1874), which illustrates the temper of Mr. Russell as a patriot. -Returning to his home after the destruction of the tea, he took -off his shoes, and carefully dusted them over the fire; he then -took the tea canister and emptied its contents. Next morning -he had printed on one side of the canister, “Coffee,” and on -the other, “No Tea.” This was the brief decree of banishment -promulgated by the Tea Destroyers, and the prohibited -luxury disappeared from their tables.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HON_JOHN_JAY_KNOX">HON. JOHN JAY KNOX.</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="hanging">Late Comptroller of the Currency, now President of the National -Bank of the Republic, New York City, we are -indebted to <i>The Financier, August, 1885</i>, for the following -biographical sketch:</p> - -<p>Hon. John Jay Knox was Comptroller or Deputy Comptroller -of the National currency for seventeen years. He was -born in Oneida county, New York, March 19, 1828. His ancestors -were Scotch Irish, and came originally from Strabane, -County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1759. He received his early education -at the Augusta Academy and the Watertown Classical -Institute, and was graduated from Hamilton College in the Class -of 1849. Among those in college with him were Senator Hawley -of Connecticut, and Chas. Dudley Warner. After leaving college -he became teller in a bank at Vernon, of which his father -was President, at a salary of $300 a year, where he remained -from 1850 to 1852. He spent some time in the Burnet Bank -at Syracuse, and was afterwards cashier of the Susquehanna -Valley Bank at Binghampton. He and his brother, Henry -M. Knox, established a banking house at St. Paul, Minnesota, -in 1857, shortly before that State was admitted into the Union.</p> - -<p>The first steamboat launched on the Red River of the North, -establishing a most important communication for the business -interests of Minnesota, was transported in the dead of winter -across country on runners, from Sauk Rapids to Breckenridge, -and Mr. Knox was one of the few who paid the expenses of -the enterprise.</p> - -<p>In the financial discussions which preceded the establishment -of the National banks, Mr. Knox took a prominent part, -and made many valuable suggestions on the currency question. -He advocated a safe and convertible currency, the issue of a -uniform series of circulating notes to all the banks, and the -guarantee by the Government of circulation secured by its -own bonds.</p> - -<p>In 1862 he was introduced to Secretary Chase and the Hon. -Hugh McCulloch, then Comptroller of the currency. The attention -of the Secretary had previously been attracted to the -financial articles of Mr. Knox, published in <i>Hunt’s Merchants’ -Magazine</i>.</p> - -<p>He was shortly afterward appointed to a clerkship under -Treasurer Spinner, and was subsequently transferred to the -office of Mr. Chase, as disbursing clerk, at a salary of $2,000 -a year. After three years in this position he became cashier -of the Exchange National Bank at Norfolk, Va., but finding<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span> -the southern climate uncongenial, after a year he returned to -Washington. He was commissioned by Secretary McCulloch -to examine the mint at San Francisco, and to select a site there -for a new one. His report upon the Mint service of the -Pacific Coast was printed in the Finance Report of 1866, with -a complimentary notice by the Secretary. The site selected -was purchased from Eugene Kelly of New York for $100,000.</p> - -<p>He subsequently visited New Orleans and discovered a deficiency -of $1,100,000 in the office of the Assistant Treasurer. -He took possession of that office, and for some weeks acted as -Assistant Treasurer of the United States.</p> - -<p>The promotion of Mr. Knox to the office in which he was -able to do himself the most credit, and perform those services -to the country which are part and parcel of its financial progress, -occurred in 1867. At this time a vacancy was brought -about in the Deputy-Comptrollership of the Currency, and -Secretary McCulloch appointed him to fill it. Until May 1, -1884, he remained as Deputy or head of the Bureau, his terms -of office being as follows: Five years as Deputy-Comptroller, -from 1867 to 1872; five years as Comptroller, from 1872 to -1877, appointed by General Grant; five years, second term -as Comptroller, from 1877 to 1882, by President Hayes, on -the recommendation of Secretary Sherman—the reappointment -being made without his knowledge, before the expiration -of the preceding term, and confirmed by the Senate without -reference to any committee. He was again reappointed, by -President Arthur, April 12, 1882.</p> - -<p>In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate -Mis. Doc., No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification -of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments, -which was highly commended. The bill which accompanied -the report comprised, within the compass of twelve -pages of the Revised Statutes, every important provision contained -in more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint -and Coinage of the United States—the result of eighty years -of legislation. This bill, with slight amendments, was subsequently -passed, and is known as “The Coinage Act of 1873;” -and the Senate Finance Committee, in recognition of his services, -by an amendment, made the Comptroller of the Currency -an <i>ex-officio</i> member of the Assay Commission, which -meets annually at the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of -testing the weight and fineness of the coinage of the year.</p> - -<p>Through his official reports, twelve in number, and his -addresses on the currency question, Mr. Knox has indirectly -exercised great influence in financial legislation, and he took<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span> -an active, though quiet and unassuming part, in the great -financial <i>coup d’etat</i> of the resumption of specie payment.</p> - -<p>In April, 1878, he accompanied Secretary Sherman and -Attorney-General Devens to New York, and arranged a meeting -between these two members of the Cabinet and the officers -of ten of the principal banks of the city at the National Bank of -Commerce, with the view of negotiating the sale of $50,000,000 -of 4½ per cent. bonds, the avails of which were to be used for -resumption purposes. The Presidents of the banks, who were -present, gave Secretary Sherman no encouragement as to the -purchase of the bonds at the rates proposed by him. Upon -the return of the Secretary and Comptroller to the Fifth -Avenue Hotel, in the evening, they were met by August Belmont, -who had a cable dispatch from the Rothschilds, authorizing -a purchase of the whole amount at a premium of one and -one-half per cent. for the account of the syndicate. Upon the -following day the Secretary and the Comptroller returned to -Washington, after an absence of three days, and the success -of the negotiation was announced, much to the chagrin of some -members of the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives, -who were then bitterly opposing the scheme proposed -by the Secretary for the resumption of specie payments. -This negotiation was the first of a series of brilliant financial -transactions preceding and following resumption on January -1, 1879.</p> - -<p>Subsequently he arranged a conference, which was held in -the Treasury at Washington, in the evening, between leading -bank officials of New York and Secretaries Sherman and -Evarts, which resulted in the admission of the Assistant -Treasurer as a member of the clearing house, and the receipt -by the banks of legal tender notes on a par with gold; and in -1881, by request of President Garfield, he attended a conference -in New York between the leading financial men of the -city and Secretary Windom and Attorney-General McVeagh, -which resulted in the issue and successful negotiation of three -and one-half per cent. bonds.</p> - -<p>At the time of his resignation, Mr. Knox was the oldest -officer in term of service in the department. One of the leading -financial writers in the country, in noticing his retirement, -in the <i>Nation</i> said:</p> - -<p>“The retirement of Mr. John Jay Knox from the office of -Comptroller of the Currency is a loss to the public service of -no common kind. The intelligence which he has brought to -the complicated duties of his office has never been surpassed -in any similar station, and has not been equalled in the particular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span> -station which he has so long filled. The National -banking system owes much of its present carefulness in detail -management to his mastery of all the facts and principles of -sound finance. His annual reports embrace perhaps the most -complete and satisfactory arrangement of information needful -to the business-man, the student, and the legislator that has -ever been furnished in this country on any economical subject. -Mr. Knox resigns the Comptrollership to take the Presidency -of the National Bank of the Republic of New York City.”</p> - -<p>In a speech before the Merchants’ Club of Boston, in February, -1885, Mr. Knox alluded to the subjects of civil service -reform and the coinage of silver in the following trenchant -language:</p> - -<p>“The platforms of both parties in the late campaign contained -nothing but platitudes upon the silver question, which -should have been the burning issue. The candidate of the -Republicans seemed to avoid the issue in his letter of acceptance, -rather than to express the sentiments of the best men in -his party. The candidate of the Democrats said nothing. -Yet I am told by good authority that Governor Cleveland is -earnest in his desire to stop the coinage, and that nothing -would please him more than to have a clause inserted in an -appropriation bill which would repeal the law which was passed -in the interest of silver miners when the whole production is -not equal, according to Edward Atkinson, who is an authority -upon such subjects, to the production of eggs by the hens of -this country! If Governor Cleveland has the bottom and -pluck to carry out these two reforms, his administration will -be one of the most memorable in the annals of the country. -It will elevate not only every branch of the civil service, but -will greatly improve the character of the representatives sent -to Congress from every State of the Union, and will serve to -lift the depression which now burdens every industrial interest. -It will require some intellect to work out these reforms. But -it will require more bottom than brains, and if he has the grit -to stand by his pledges, he will have the united support of all -intelligent, upright, and honest men everywhere without distinction -of party.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Knox has written a valuable book, which is justly popular, -entitled “United States Notes.” It is published by the -Scribners, and republished in London, and is a history of the -various issues of paper money by the Government, and is said -by George Bancroft to be “a clear, thorough, able, accurate -and impartial work on United States Notes.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_Coinage_Act_of_1873"><span class="smcap">The Coinage Act of 1873.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The enactment of the Mint Law of 1873 marks an era in -the Mint Service of the United States. Prior to this, the -Director of the Mint at Philadelphia was the Director of all -the Mints—the institution at Philadelphia being regarded as -the “Mother Mint,” and the others, at San Francisco, New -Orleans, etc., were called Branch Mints. Each branch had -its Superintendent, reporting direct to Philadelphia. But the -authors of the Act of 1873 regarded the Mint Service as so -large and important a part of the Government, that it should -be constituted a separate Bureau of the Treasury, with the -Director located at Washington. One of the promoters of this -Act was the Hon. John Jay Knox, late Comptroller of the -Currency, and now President of the National Bank of the -Republic, New York. The following sketch of the origin and -history of the new law may prove of interest. It was originally -published in Rhodes’ Journal of Banking, July, 1884. -Referring to Mr. Knox, the author says:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate -Mis. Doc. No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification -of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments, -which was highly commended. The method adopted -in this codification was, first, to arrange in as concise a form -as possible the coinage laws then in existence, with such additional -sections and suggestions as seemed valuable. The -proposed bill was then printed upon paper having a wide -margin, and transmitted to the officers of the different Mints -and Assay offices, and to such other gentlemen as were known -to be conversant and intelligent upon the subject of the coinage, -with the request that the printed bill should be returned -with such notes as experience and education should dictate. -In this way the views of many gentlemen who were conversant -with these subjects were obtained, with but little inconvenience -to such correspondents. This correspondence was subsequently -published by order of Congress, in H. R. Ex. Doc. No. 307, -XLI. Cong., 2d Sess. Having received these suggestions, the -bill, which comprised within the compass of eight or ten pages -of the Revised Statutes every important provision contained in -more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage -of the United States—the result of eighty years of legislation—was -prepared and submitted to Congress. This bill, -with but slight amendments, was subsequently passed, and was -known as ‘The Coinage Act of 1873;’ and the Senate Finance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span> -Committee, in recognition of the services of the Comptroller of -the Currency, by an amendment, made that officer an <i>ex-officio</i> -member of the Assay Commission, which meets annually at -the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight -and fineness of the coinage of the year. Upon his suggestion -the coinage of the silver dollar was discontinued, and the paragraph -in the report upon this subject was as follows:</p> - -<p>“The coinage of the silver dollar-piece, the history of which -is here given, is discontinued in the proposed bill. It is by -law the dollar unit; and, assuming the value of gold to be -fifteen and one-half times that of silver, being about the mean -ratio for the past six years, is worth in gold a premium of -about three per cent., its value being $1.03.12, and intrinsically -more than seven per cent. premium in our other silver coins, -its value thus being $1.07.42. The present laws consequently -authorize both a gold dollar unit and a silver dollar unit, differing -from each other in intrinsic value. The present gold -dollar-piece is made the dollar unit in the proposed bill, and -the silver piece is discontinued.”</p> -</div> - -<p>The first Director of the Mint under this new law, was the -Hon. Henry R. Linderman. The title of the chief officer at -Philadelphia being changed to Superintendent—the first incumbent -with that title was the Hon. James Pollock.</p> - -<p>Biographical notices of these officers will be found in their -appropriate place in this volume.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DIRECTORS_OF_THE_MINT">DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.</h2> - -</div> - -<h3>DAVID RITTENHOUSE,<br /> -<span class="smcap">First Director of the Mint</span>.</h3> - -<p>Entering the Cabinet, the portraits of the different Directors -attract attention. That of David Rittenhouse is the -copy of a painting by Charles Willson Peale. Mr. Rittenhouse -was appointed by Washington, April 14, 1792, and remained -in charge of the Mint until June, 1795, when his -declining health compelled him to resign.</p> - -<p>At an early age he indicated mechanical talent of a high -order in the construction of a clock, and his studies from that -time were principally mathematical. His genius soon attracted -attention, and he was appointed by the colonial governor -a surveyor, and in that capacity determined the famous -Mason and Dixon line. He succeeded Benjamin Franklin as -President of the American Philosophical Society. Mr. -Barber, late Engraver of the Mint, executed a bronze medal -of Dr. Rittenhouse. Possibly, excepting Duvivier’s head of -Washington after Houdon, it cannot be surpassed in the Cabinet. -The engraver had a very fine subject, and treated it in -the highest style of art. On the obverse is “David Rittenhouse,” -with date of birth and death. On the reverse, inscription, -“He belonged to the whole human race.”—“Wm. Barber.” -This beautiful memento is highly prized.</p> - -<h3>HENRY WILLIAM DESAUSSURE,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Second Director of the Mint</span>.</h3> - -<p>The portrait of Henry William Desaussure, now in the cabinet, -was painted by Samuel Du Bois, from a daguerreotype -taken from a family picture. This Director was distinguished -for his legal ability, as well as his strict integrity. He entered -upon his duties with a protest, as he claimed no knowledge of -the requirements of the position, having long been a practicing -lawyer; but he was reassured by Alex. Hamilton, then Secretary -of the Treasury, and proved himself a fine officer for the -short term of his service. He was appointed by Washington, -July 8, 1795, but resigned in the following October. Washington -not only expressed regret at losing so valuable an officer, -but consulted him as to the selection of a successor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p> - -<h3>ELIAS BOUDINOT,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Third Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was appointed October 28, 1795, and remained in office eleven -years. In the summer and autumn of 1797 and the two following -years, and also of 1802 and 1803, the Mint was closed -on account of the ravages of the yellow fever. Mr. Boudinot -resigned in 1805, and devoted the remainder of his life to -benevolent and literary pursuits. He died on the 24th of -October, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-two. The fine -portrait of this venerable Director seen in the Cabinet was -presented by a relative, and is a good copy of a painting by -Waldo and Jewett.</p> - -<h3>ROBERT PATTERSON, LL.D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Fourth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was appointed by President Jefferson, January 17, 1806. He -was a native of Ireland, distinguished for his acquirements -and ability. He held the office of Director for an exceptionally -long term of service. His portrait, which hangs in the -Cabinet, is a copy of a fine original by Rembrandt Peale.</p> - -<h3>SAMUEL MOORE, M. D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Fifth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was appointed by President James Monroe, July 15, 1824. -He was a native of New Jersey, and the son of a distinguished -Revolutionary officer. He was one of the first graduates of -the Penn University, in 1791, and was afterwards a tutor in -that institution. During his directorship the Mint was removed -to the present building. His portrait was painted from -life by B. Samuel Du Bois, now in the Cabinet.</p> - -<h3>ROBERT MASKELL PATTERSON, M. D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Sixth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">son of a former Director, was appointed by President Andrew -Jackson, May 26, 1835. His term of office was marked by -an entire revolution in the coinage, and the ready acceptance -of those improvements which followed so rapidly upon the introduction -of steam. Dr. Patterson possessed the advantage -of foreign travel; and having become familiar with the discoveries -which had been adopted in the French Mint, he inaugurated -and perfected them, also introducing improvements, -which are still in use, in the machinery of the Mint. His -portrait is in the Cabinet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p> - -<h3>GEORGE N. ECKERT, M. D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Seventh Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was appointed by President Fillmore, July 1, 1851. He -served nearly two years, and, resigning, was followed by</p> - -<h3>THOMAS M. PETTIT,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Eighth Director of the Mint</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">who was appointed by President Pierce, April 4, 1853. He -died a few weeks after his appointment. No portrait of him -in the Cabinet. He was succeeded by</p> - -<h3>HON. JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN, LL.D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Ninth Director of the Mint.</span></h3> - -<p>Mr. Snowden, who was appointed by President Pierce, June -3, 1853, was formerly a member of the State Legislature, and -served two terms as Speaker; was afterwards elected for two -terms as State Treasurer. During his official term the building -was made fire-proof, the large collection of minerals was -added, and nickel was first coined.</p> - -<p>Mr. Snowden has placed the numismatic world under many -obligations, by directing the publication of two valuable quarto -volumes,—one of them a description of the coins in the Cabinet, -under the title of “The Mint Manual of Coins of all -Nations,” the other “The Medallic Memorials of Washington,” -being mainly a description of a special collection made by -himself. In the preface to the former work he gives due -credit to the literary labors of Mr. George Bull, then Curator, -and also to a reprint of the account of the ancient collection, -by Mr. Du Bois, who also furnished other valuable material. -These books are valuable as authority, and by reason of the -national character of the last mentioned.</p> - -<h3>JAMES POLLOCK, A.M., LL.D.,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Tenth Director and First Superintendent</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was appointed by Abraham Lincoln in 1861, and was re-appointed -by President Grant to succeed Dr. Linderman in 1869 -to 1873. Born in Pennsylvania in 1810; graduated at Princeton -College, New Jersey, in 1831, and commenced the practice -of the law in 1833; he served in Congress three terms; was -elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1854, and in 1860 was a -peace delegate to Washington from his State to counsel with -representatives from different parts of the Union as to the possibility -of amicably adjusting our unhappy national troubles. -His portrait, by Winner, hangs in the eastern section of the -Cabinet.<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p> - -<h3>HON. HENRY RICHARD LINDERMAN, M. D.,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap">DIRECTOR OF THE MINTS AND ASSAY OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES,</span></h3> - -<p class="noindent">was the eldest son of John Jordan Linderman, M. D., and -Rachel Brodhead. He was born in Pike county, Pennsylvania, -the 25th of December, 1825. The elder Dr. Linderman -was one of the most noted physicians in northeastern Pennsylvania, -and practiced medicine for nearly half a century in -the valley of the Delaware, in this State, and New Jersey. -He was a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, -of New York, where he had studied under the famous Dr. -Valentine Mott. Dr. Linderman’s grandfather, Jacob von -Linderman, came to this country during the disturbed period -of the Austrian War of Succession, during the first half of -the last century, and settled in Orange county, where he purchased -a tract of land. The property is still in the possession -of the family. Jacob von Linderman was the cadet of an -ancient and honorable family of Saxony, which had been distinguished -for two centuries in the law and medicine, several -of his ancestors having been counsellors and physicians to the -Elector. He was a descendant of the same family as Margaretta -Linderman, the mother of the great Reformer, Martin -Luther. Of this paternal stock, Dr. Henry R. Linderman -was, by his mother, a nephew of the late Hon. Richard Brodhead, -Senator of the United States from Pennsylvania; grandson -of Richard Brodhead, one of the Judges of Pike county, -and great-grandson of Garrett Brodhead, an officer of the -Revolution, and a great-nephew of Luke Brodhead, a Captain -in Col. Miles’ Regiment, and of Daniel Brodhead, Colonel of -the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment of the Continental Line; the -latter was afterwards a Brigadier-General, was one of the -original members of the Cincinnati of this State, and Surveyor-General -of the Commonwealth when the war closed. -His only son Daniel was a First Lieutenant in Colonel Shee’s -Battalion, was taken prisoner by the British, and died after -two years’ captivity. General Brodhead married Governor -Mifflin’s widow, and died in Milford, Pike county, in 1803. -The nephew of these three brothers, Charles Wessel Brodhead, -of New York, was also in the Revolutionary army, a Captain -of Grenadiers. They all descended from Daniel Brodhead, a -Captain of King Charles II.’s Grenadiers, who had a command -in Nichol’s expedition, which captured New York from -the Dutch in 1664. Captain Brodhead was of the family of -that name in Yorkshire, which terminated in England so recently -as 1840 in the person of Sir Henry T. L. Brodhead, -baronet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p> - -<p>Dr. Henry R. Linderman, after receiving an academic -education, entered the New York College of Physicians and -Surgeons. When barely of age he graduated, returned to -Pike county and began practice with his father, and earned a -reputation as a skillful and rising physician.</p> - -<p>In 1855 his uncle, Richard Brodhead (United States -Senator), procured his appointment as chief clerk of the -Philadelphia Mint. He held this position until 1864, when -he resigned and engaged in business as a banker and broker -in Philadelphia. In 1867 he was appointed Director of the -Mint by President Johnson. In 1869 he resigned. In 1870 -he was a commissioner of the Government to the Pacific coast -to investigate the San Francisco and Carson Mints, and to -adjust some intricate bullion questions. In 1871 he was -a commissioner to Europe, to examine the coinage systems -of the Great Powers. In 1872 he was a commissioner, with -the late Dr. Robert E. Rogers, of the University of Pennsylvania, -for fitting up the Government refinery at the San Francisco -Mint. In the same year he wrote an elaborate report -on the condition of the gold and silver market of the world. -“In this report he called attention to the disadvantages arising -from the computation and quotation of exchange with Great -Britain on the old and complicated Colonial basis, and from the -undervaluation of foreign coins in computing the value of foreign -invoices and levying and collecting duties at the United -States Custom Houses.” He was the author of the Act of -March 9th, 1873, which corrected the defects above referred -to. His predictions in this report on the decline in the value -of silver as compared to gold were fulfilled to the letter.</p> - -<p>He was thoroughly familiar with the practice, science, and -finance of the Coinage Department of the Government, and -about this time he wrote the Coinage Act of 1873, and -secured its passage through Congress. General Grant, then -President, considered him as the fittest man to organize the -new Bureau, and, though a Democrat, appointed him first -Director under the new Act; the Director being at the head -of all the Mints and Assay Offices in the United States.</p> - -<p>For the remainder of his life until his last illness, which -began in the fall of 1878, he worked incessantly. Under his -hands the Bureau of the Mints and the entire Coinage and -Assay service were shaped in their present form. Much is due -to his official subordinates, but his was the master mind, his the -skillful and methodical direction, the studious and laborious -devotion to the duties and obligations of his high position at -the head of the Coinage Department of this great nation,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span> -which have given the United States the best coinage system in -the world. It was Dr. Linderman who projected the “trade -dollar,” solely for commerce, and not intended to enter into -circulation here. It was a successful means of finding a -market for our great surplus of silver, which Dr. Linderman -sought to send to Oriental countries rather than flood our own -and depreciate its fickle value. The old silver dollar by the -Coinage Act of 1873 was abolished. The codification of all -the legislation of Congress since the foundation of the Mint in -1792 was thus accomplished. Other needed legislative enactments -were passed by Congress on his recommendations.</p> - -<p>In 1877 Dr. Linderman wrote, and Putnam published, -“Money and Legal Tender in the United States,” a valuable -and interesting contribution to the science of finance, which -was favorably received abroad as well as here. The same year -his official report presented one of the most exhaustive, profound, -and able efforts which has ever emanated from the -Government press. The fact that several of his reports were -in use as text books of technical information in some of the -technical schools (notably that at Harvard University), will -serve to show the estimation in which the late Dr. Linderman -was held as an authority upon coinage, mining, and finance. -When the Japanese established their mint, that government -made him the liberal offer of $50,000 to stay in their country -one year and organize their mint service.</p> - -<p>When M. Henri Cernuschi, the eminent financier and the -Director of the French Mint, was in this country in 1878, he -said, “Dr. Linderman’s name is as celebrated on the continent -of Europe in connection with his opinions on the double standard -of metallic currency, as that of Garibaldi in connection -with the Italian revolution.”</p> - -<p>In 1877 Dr. Linderman was appointed a commissioner, with -power to name two others, to investigate abuses in the San -Francisco Mint and Custom House. He appointed ex-Governor -Low, of California, and Mr. Henry Dodge, and this -commission sat as a court of inquiry in San Francisco in 1877. -He returned to Washington in the autumn of that year. His -report of the commission was duly approved, and all the changes -it advised were made by the Government authorities.</p> - -<p>In 1853 Dr. Linderman married Miss Emily Davis, a highly -accomplished and talented lady, daughter of George H. Davis, -one of the pioneer coal operators of the Wyoming and Carbon -districts. Dr. Linderman died at his residence in Washington -in January, 1879, after a long illness superinduced by his -self-sacrificing care and solicitude for public interests. His<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span> -conscientious and valuable aid and advice in counsel, his conception -of public duty, which so entirely guided his conduct -in all his official relations connected with our present monetary -system, established through his efforts, justly entitle him to -be held in grateful remembrance for the benefits he conferred -upon his fellow countrymen.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> - -<h3>COL. A. LOUDON SNOWDEN,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Second Superintendent</span>,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and descends -from one of the old families of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>He was educated at the Jefferson College in Washington, -Pennsylvania. On the completion of his collegiate course he -studied law, but on May 7, 1857, just before being admitted -to the bar, accepted the position of Register, tendered him by -his uncle, the late Hon. James Ross Snowden, then Director -of the United States Mint.</p> - -<p>In 1866, a vacancy having occurred in the office of Coiner -of the Mint, he was appointed by the President, and entered -upon the duties of this office October 1, 1866.</p> - -<p>At the request of President Grant, in 1876, he was induced -to accept the Postmastership of Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>He assumed the duties of that office January 1, 1877, with -much reluctance, but soon manifested as Postmaster the same -capacity for thorough discipline and organization which had distinguished -him in the Mint. President Hayes, in December, -1878, tendered him the position of Director of all the Mints -of the United States, made vacant by the expiration of the -commission of Dr. Linderman. After the death of Dr. Linderman -the President again sent for him and urged his acceptance -of the place, which he was believed to have declined previous -to Dr. Linderman’s death from motives of delicacy, -having long been the friend of the late Director.</p> - -<p>This offer he again declined, as the acceptance of it would -necessitate his removal from Philadelphia to Washington.</p> - -<p>In the following February the President again made a tender -of office. This time it was the superintendency of the -Philadelphia Mint, and, as its acceptance of it restored him -to a service agreeable to him in every particular, and permitted -him to remain among his friends in Philadelphia, he promptly -accepted, and assumed control of the Mint on the 1st of March, -1879, and continued in charge of the “Parent Mint” of the -United States until June, 1885, when he resigned his commission.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p> - -<p>In January, 1873, he was elected vice-president of the Fire -Association, one of the oldest and largest fire insurance companies -of the United States. In 1868 he was elected its president. -In October, 1880, he was elected president of the -“United Fire Underwriters of America,” an organization -embracing the officers of more than one hundred and fifty of -the leading American and foreign companies doing business in -the United States, representing a capital of over $118,000,000.</p> - -<h3>DANIEL M. FOX.</h3> - -<p>Hon. Daniel M. Fox, the new Superintendent of the United -States Mint, was born in this city on the 16th of June, 1819. -His ancestors, both on his father’s and mother’s side, are not -without fame, many of them having figured more or less conspicuously -in the early history of the country. Daniel Miller, -his maternal grandfather, took quite a prominent part in the -Revolutionary war, being present with Washington at Germantown, -Pa., New Brunswick, N. J., the Highlands, N. Y., Valley -Forge, Pa., the siege of Yorktown, and witnessed the surrender -of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. During the campaign -in New Jersey he was taken by the British as a spy and -brought to Philadelphia, but effected his escape and rejoined -the army. At the termination of the war he finally settled -with his family in the old Northern Liberties, where Mr. Fox’s -grandfather, by the father’s side, John Fox, resided. Here -Daniel’s father and mother were born, and here he himself -first saw the light, and was reared and educated.</p> - -<p>His parents were possessed of very little of this world’s -goods, but that did not prevent them from giving their son a -liberal education, which he was not backward in taking advantage -of. After leaving school the first two years were employed -as clerk in a store, after which he turned his attention -to conveyancing, as he intended to make that his permanent -profession. He devoted the next five years to the close study -of all its intricate details in the office of the late Jacob F. -Hoeckley, who at that period stood at the head of the profession -in this city, and graduating with eminent credit he commenced -practice for himself.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus21" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus21.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption"><i>Daniel M. Fox</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The profession is one affording many temptations to men -who are not well grounded in strict integrity, and sustained in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span> -the paths of rectitude and virtue by a conscientious regard for -the <i>meum</i> and <i>tuum</i> of a well-ordered business life; but Mr. -Fox, looking upon his profession as one of dignity and trust, -soon commanded and permanently secured the confidence of -the public, by avoiding those speculative ventures which have -brought so much disrepute upon it, and by a scrupulous regard -for the interests of those who placed their property in his -keeping. In consequence, the business entrusted to him has -increased to such an extent from year to year that it is said he -has more estates in his charge for settlement, as administrator, -executor, or trustee, than any other single individual in Philadelphia. -His practice constantly increasing as time rolled on, -the laws touching real estate operations becoming more complicated -year by year, and appreciating the necessity in many -cases for court proceedings to secure perfection of title, he -submitted himself to a legal examination, and was admitted to -the Philadelphia bar in November, 1878.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">His Public Career.</span></h4> - -<p>His first step in public life was at the age of twenty-one, -when he was elected a member of the Board of School Directors -of the district in which he then lived, and for many years -prior to 1854, when the city was consolidated, and the law in -that regard changed, he was President of the Board. For -many years he had taken an active interest in the public -schools, and was a pioneer in the night-school system for -adults. He was chosen two consecutive terms by the City -Councils as a Director of Girard College, and also represented -the Northern Liberties in the Board of Health, having charge -of the sanitary matters and the quarantine regulations of the -city, and was quite active and efficient in the abatement of the -cholera, which was epidemic here twice during the nine years -he served in that Board.</p> - -<p>For three years he represented his ward in the Select -Council of Philadelphia with credit and ability. In 1861 he -retired from Councils, and in the year following was unanimously -nominated for the Mayoralty by the Democratic party. -The city at that time was strongly Republican, and he was -defeated by Hon. Alexander Henry, although he ran largely -ahead of his ticket. In 1865 he again received a unanimous -nomination for the same office, and ran against Hon. Morton -McMichael and with the same result. His personal popularity, -however, was in the ascendant, and when he was placed in -nomination in 1868 against General Hector Tyndale, he was -duly elected.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p> - -<p>On January 1, 1869, he was inaugurated, and his first -official duty as Mayor was to formally receive on behalf of the -city authorities General Grant as President-elect. The reception -took place in Independence Hall, in the presence of -Councils and a large number of prominent citizens, and was -conducted on the part of the new Mayor with ease, grace, and -elegance. His municipal administration was marked by many -reformatory and sanitary measures, especially in those portions -of the city where the impurity of the denizens hazarded the -health of more respectable neighborhoods. It was during his -official term that the Volunteer Fire Department ceased to -exist. It had been his practice during its closing days to attend -all conflagrations for the double purpose of holding a -moral check on the lawless and to stimulate the police in their -duties of keeping the streets clear for the free exercise of those -whose business it was to extinguish the flames. The passage -by Councils of the ordinance establishing a Paid Fire Department -created a profound sensation in the city, arousing the -bitter feelings of many of the volunteer firemen, and kindling -an intense anxiety on the part of the people generally as to -the fate of the bill when it reached the hands of the Mayor. -He retained it for a fortnight, unsigned, evidently desiring to -soften the feeling engendered by its passage, and also to perfect -such arrangements as would be necessary to meet any -emergency in carrying the act into effect. The latter being -accomplished, he formally approved the ordinance and it became -a law. This course was very unpalatable to the riotous -element of the volunteers, who manifested their feelings in -various ways, such as suspending the effigy of the Mayor in -several engine houses, but no other violent demonstrations of -any moment occurred, as the steps taken by his officers proved -effective and rigorous; these, coupled with the co-operation of -many of the discreet firemen, enabled the new “Paid Department” -to go into operation without any disturbance whatever, -and the city has ever since rejoiced in an efficient system without -any of the former accompaniments of noise, riot, and -public disturbance.</p> - -<p>A startling attempt at assassination occurred during Mayor -Fox’s incumbency, in the shooting of United States Revenue -Detective James Brooks, in open day, in a Front street store, -by some miscreants. The case was at once taken in hand by -the Mayor, who by stimulating the police and offering heavy -rewards caused the arrest of the parties. Their conviction -soon followed. Whenever any question of grave public importance -presented itself, it was his practice to invite conferences<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span> -with the most prominent citizens at his office, as to -the best course to be pursued; thus, while showing a true devotion -to the public interests, he was enabled to act with great -sagacity; he also brought to his support the power of eloquence, -which he possesses in an eminent degree; this added much to his -popularity. He did not hesitate to use the veto whenever he -differed with Councils, and during his term he transmitted to -these bodies thirty-two messages of this character, the majority -of which were sustained. His official term ended in a most -gratifying manner, both chambers of Councils unanimously -passing resolutions of thanks for his able and energetic administration -of the city’s affairs. This was followed by a grand -banquet at the Academy of Music, tendered to him by our -most distinguished citizens, irrespective of party. In two successive -State conventions he received complimentary votes for -the Gubernatorial nominations.</p> - -<p>The great International Exposition in commemoration of the -centennial anniversary of the birth of our nation was held in -this city in 1876. In the preparation for this grand demonstration, -in its opening and down to its close, in the autumn of -that year, Mr. Fox took a leading part, the incipient step having -been taken in the Mayor’s Office during his administration, -in a consultation with a committee from the Franklin -Institute, who waited upon him for that purpose. As an active -and earnest member of the Centennial Board of Finance, -which had charge of all the funds for the Exposition, Mr. Fox -contributed his time, his means, and his voice greatly to its -promotion and final success.</p> - -<p>Once more Mr. Fox was called to the discharge of an important -public duty. For a number of years a controversy -had existed between the general Government and the railroad -corporations with reference to the transportation of the United -States mails, the former complaining that the service was not -satisfactorily rendered, and the latter that they were not adequately -compensated.</p> - -<p>On the 12th of July, 1876, Congress passed a bill authorizing -the President to appoint a Commission of three civilians to investigate -the subject and make report upon it. Mr. Fox was -one of the appointees, his colleagues being selected from other -States. The Commission, in the exercise of its functions, -visited every section of the country, embracing a distance of -travel of over twenty-eight thousand miles. Sessions were -held in all the principal cities, much testimony taken, and -when its labors were completed a report of great value was -prepared and presented, which went far towards a satisfactory -settlement of the controversy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">[From The History of the Philadelphia Police.]</p> - -<p>One of the most important occurrences during Mr. Fox’s -term as Mayor was the abolition of the old Volunteer Fire -Department. The ordinance for the erection of a Paid Fire -department was passed December 29, 1870, after a series of -hot debates. The old volunteers were a power in politics, but -their acts of violence and incendiarism made it imperative in -the opinion of a majority of citizens that they should be -superseded. The passage of the ordinance caused a sensation -because it was not believed that Councils would dare to abolish -the volunteers. Feeling ran high. The firemen held -meeting after meeting in their engine-houses. All attention -was directed towards the Mayor. Would he sign the ordinance -and make it a law? He had ten days in which to consider -the bill. He was known to favor it; but day after day -passed and he took no action. Meanwhile he was not asleep. -He had perfected police arrangements whereby the whole force -could be called out at once on the outbreak of any violence, -and the excitement was so great that the rowdy element and -the firemen were expected to sally forth at any moment. -There were two or three isolated outrages, but no general -riot. The ten days drew towards a close and the excitement -became less intense every day. It was with this object in -view that the Mayor delayed signing the ordinance. He -waited until the last day before putting his signature to the -bill. The volunteers had become in a degree reconciled to the -measure, and some of them hoped to resume work with engine -and hook-and-ladder under the new system.</p> - -<p>The old volunteer firemen now hold Mr. Fox in high esteem. -At the great fire in Newhall, Borie & Co.’s sugar refinery, -which stood at the corner of Race and Crown streets, the -lives of a number of the volunteers were endangered through -their own stubbornness, and only saved through determined -action on the part of the Mayor. The engine-house of the -refinery was a single story building facing on Crown street; -over it was a projection five or six stories in height containing -the hoisting apparatus and other machinery of great weight.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">His Watchful Care Saves Many Lives.</span></p> - -<p>About a score of the firemen took up a position on the roof -of the engine-house and directed a stream of water against -the main building. Unknown to them the flames were rapidly -eating their way to the machinery in the projection over -them. The Mayor made it a point to attend all important -fires, and frequently his vigilance at great conflagrations resulted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span> -in the detection of gangs of thieves who operated in -the uniform of firemen. On this occasion he observed the -danger which threatened the men. It was evident to him -that the machinery would soon be reached, and the projection -fall. A serious disaster would be the consequence unless the -men removed. The Mayor sent the Chief of Police to inform -them of their danger, and endeavored to induce them to retire -from their perilous position. They angrily declared they -would occupy whatever place they pleased, and said the Mayor -should mind his own business as he had no authority over -them. The Mayor saw that prompt and decisive action was -necessary if the lives of the men were not to be sacrificed. -He ordered Chief Mulholland to drive the headstrong fellows -from the roof by force. All the policemen in the neighborhood -of the fire were collected and they charged the volunteers, -who were routed with some difficulty and came clamoring -around the Mayor, demanding to know by what authority -he had interfered with them, execrating and threatening him -with personal violence.</p> - -<p>“Wait five minutes and I will give you an answer,” said -Mr. Fox, quietly.</p> - -<p>A moment later the projection with all the heavy machinery -fell, crushing the engine-house. The men who a moment -before had reviled the Mayor were silent for a moment, then -they gathered around him and gave three prolonged and hearty -cheers for Daniel M. Fox.</p> -</div> - -<p>Mr. Fox was the first Mayor who directed the roping off -the streets during large conflagrations, thereby keeping away -not only the crowds who drawn by idle curiosity went simply -to look on but also those persons who may have been attracted -for purposes of theft. It aided considerably, too, in giving -the Fire Department a clean working space, thus adding to -their efficiency, and also avoiding the chance of accidents from -falling embers or walls. This plan so wisely begun has been -followed with advantage by every successive Mayor.</p> - -<p>Mr. Fox’s participation in the philanthropic and benevolent -movements of the city has always been unlimited. As President -of the Pennsylvania Society for the Protection of Children -from Cruelty, Trustee of the Pennsylvania Institution for -the Deaf and Dumb, and in his connection with many other -charitable works, his constant aim has been the alleviation of -the sufferings and the general welfare of his fellow men.</p> - -<p>Personally, Mr. Fox is of dignified and distinguished presence, -yet in manner affable, courteous, and kind. Always<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span> -interested in his fellow men, he draws men towards him and -impresses them with the sincerity of his nature and the unselfishness -of his purpose. Love of justice is one of the strong -characteristics of the man, and his life has been singularly free -from the petty strifes which disfigure the lives of so many who -have had to fight their battle against odds. His selection for -the Superintendency of the Mint, being unsought, was a just -tribute to his unquestioned integrity and his eminent abilities -as a public man. The country is fortunate in his preferment, -and his administration of the affairs of the Mint will fitly -crown an honored career.</p> - -<p>Superintendent Fox has greatly improved the immediate -surroundings of the Mint since his entrance upon duty. The -areas have been cleared of rubbish, temporary wooden structures -demolished, where it is possible to dispense with them, -and a systematic policing of the premises has been adopted. -But perhaps the most notable of the improvements which -Superintendent Fox has made is the removal of the old steam -plant from the body of the basement and the creation of a new -and much more efficient plant in vaults prepared outside of the -walls. This has had the effect to render the atmosphere of the -building cool and pure, and at the same time has actually increased -the working space nearly forty per cent. Another -story has also been added to the adjusting room, with appliances -for cooking and toilet, thus increasing the comfort of -the ladies employed in that department. The plots on either -hand of the entrance on Chestnut street show some happy -efforts to please the eye, in a renewal of the sward and landscape -gardening in colors. The fine specimens of American -cypress in the centre of these plots seem to have borrowed fresh -attractions from their new and beautiful setting, and their -foliage contrasts pleasingly with the clumps of foliage plants -and exotics beneath. Throughout the premises the supervision -of a thorough business man is apparent; nothing seems -to escape the eyes of the vigilant Superintendent.</p> - -<h3>COINERS.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry Voigt</span>, the first Chief Coiner, was appointed by -President Washington, January 29, 1793. He was selected -on account of his mechanical knowledge and skill, being a -clockmaker by trade. Many of our old families bear witness -to the skill of Mr. Voigt in the affection they have for many -an “old clock on the stairs,” for the manufacture of which -timekeepers he was quite famous. Mr. Voigt held office until -removed by death in February, 1814.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Adam Eckfeldt</span> was born in Philadelphia, June 15, 1769. -He was trained to mechanical pursuits by his father, who was -a large manufacturer of edge-tools and implements. On the -establishment of the Mint he was engaged to construct some -of the machinery for it. He built the first screw-coining -presses. The contrivance for ejecting the piece from the -collar, together with some other mechanical appliances, were -his invention.</p> - -<p>In an old pay-roll of 1795 (see page 12), we find the name -of “Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner.” His official -connection dates from January 1, 1796, when he was appointed -Assistant Coiner by Director Boudinot, with the -consent of President Washington. Upon the death of Henry -Voigt, Mr. Eckfeldt was appointed to succeed him as Chief -Coiner, and remained in that position until he resigned, in -1839. He continued to visit the Mint for some years after; -and he is yet remembered as a hard worker in the Mint, -without compensation. For half a century he was one of the -central figures of the Mint service. His mechanical skill, his -zeal, energy, and uprightness, brought him many distinctions, -both as an officer and a citizen.</p> - -<p>In his letter of resignation he warmly recommends the -appointment of Franklin Peale, in the following terms: -“I feel it my duty, in leaving office, to recommend that my -place be filled by Mr. Franklin Peale, the present Melter and -Refiner. Our close association as fellow-officers has made me -acquainted with his peculiar qualifications, and I therefore -know him to be fitted for the situation; and I do not know any -other person that is.” He had a high ideal of what a chief -coiner should be.</p> - -<p>Mr. Eckfeldt died February 6, 1852, in his 83d year.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Franklin Peale</span> was the son of Charles Willson Peale, the -eminent artist and founder of Peale’s Museum. Born in the -Hall of the American Philosophical Society, October 15, 1795, -he was presented to the society by his father, when four months -old, as “the first child born in the Philosophical Hall,” and -with a request that the society should name him. He was accordingly -named after the chief founder and first President of -the Society—Franklin.</p> - -<p>Young Peale early showed a taste for mechanics, and his -father gave him every facility to improve himself in any direction -in which nature seemed to lead him. Part of his general -education was received at the University of Pennsylvania and -part at the Germantown Academy. At the age of seventeen -he entered the machine shop of Hodgson & Bro., Delaware.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span> -He soon grew to be a skilled mechanic and draughtsman. -Some time after he became manager of his father’s Museum. -He assisted Baldwin in the construction of the first locomotive -built in this country. In 1833 Mr. Peale entered the Mint -service, and was sent to Europe by Director Moore to examine -into foreign Mint methods. He brought with him valuable -apparatus for the Assay Department, together with other important -improvements and suggestions. He was appointed -Melter and Refiner in 1836 and Chief Coiner in 1839. He -introduced the first steam coining press, the milling machine -and some other of our more modern forms of Mint machinery.</p> - -<p>Mr. Peale’s administration as Chief Coiner may be said to -mark an era in the mechanic arts of Minting. Being specially -fitted, by natural genius as well as education, for the position -which he adorned, his mildness, integrity, gentlemanly bearing -and high moral and mental culture constituted him a model -officer. His connection with the service lasted until 1854. -He died on the 5th of May, 1870.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">George K. Childs</span>, appointed December 12, 1854.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lewis R. Broomall</span>, appointed June 30, 1861.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">John G. Butler</span>, appointed November 30, 1863.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">A. Loudon Snowden</span>, appointed October 1, 1866.</p> - -<p>(For sketch of A. Loudon Snowden, see list of Directors -and Superintendents, page 92.)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Colonel O. C. Bosbyshell.</span> On the 4th of May, 1869, -Ex-Governor Pollock, then Director of the Mint, appointed -Col. Bosbyshell Register of Deposits. His course in the Mint -was so satisfactory that, without solicitation, he was made -assistant coiner by Col. A. L. Snowden, the then coiner, on -the 1st of October, 1872. Upon Col. Snowden’s appointment -as Postmaster of Philadelphia, Col. Bosbyshell was appointed -Coiner of the Mint by President Grant, on the 15th of December, -1876, and remained in that capacity until January, -1885, when, to the regret of all parties having business relations -with him, he tendered his resignation to accept a responsible -position in the Controller’s Office, tendered him by his -friend, Col. Robert P. Dechert.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William S. Steel</span> was born in the City of Philadelphia, -on the 1st of March, 1841. He received a good common -school education, and in 1856 entered the office of David -Cooper & Co., at Girard’s wharves, remaining engaged in mercantile -pursuits till 1861. At 19 years of age he was appointed -by Colonel James Ross Snowden, then Director of the United -States Mint, First Assistant Weigh Clerk. In this position<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span> -he served continuously through Colonel J. Ross Snowden, ex-Governor -Pollock, and Colonel A. Loudon Snowden’s administrations. -In September, 1862, just before the battle of -Antietam, Mr. Steele entered the State service, and served -with the Thirty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, -until discharged by expiration of term. When Colonel A. -Loudon Snowden was transferred to the Post Office, January, -1877, Mr. Steele, upon the recommendation of the then -Coiner, Colonel O. C. Bosbyshell, became Assistant Coiner, a -position he filled in a most acceptable manner, until Colonel -Bosbyshell’s retirement in February, 1885, when he was made -Coiner.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Harry A. Chester</span>, Assistant Coiner, was born in Philadelphia -(Northern Liberties), September 10, 1852, and educated -in the North East School, Sixth Section. He was an -attachee of the National House of Representatives from 1876 -to 1882, clerk in Register of Wills’ Office from January 1, -1883, until May, 1885, when he was appointed by Colonel A. -Loudon Snowden as Assistant Weigh Clerk, and promoted by -Hon. Daniel M. Fox in October, 1886.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Henry Leffmann</span> was appointed Chief Coiner at the -Philadelphia Mint January 10, 1888, by President Cleveland. -Dr. Leffmann was born in Philadelphia September 9, 1847, -and was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, including -four years at the Central High School. He devoted -three years in practical study in the laboratory of Dr. Charles -M. Cresson, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College in -1869, having been for some years assistant to the Professor of -Chemistry at the College, and in 1875 was elected Lecturer -on Toxicology, which position he held for a number of years. -In 1876 he was elected to take charge of the laboratory of the -Central High School, and remained in that position for four -years. In 1883 he was elected Professor of Chemistry and -Metallurgy in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, a -position which he still holds; and he has been for a number -of years Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the Wagner -Free Institute of Science. Dr. Leffmann has been engaged -as chemical expert in patent and criminal cases, notably in -the Goerson poisoning case and the chrome-yellow poisoning -cases. He is a member of several American and foreign -scientific societies, has contributed papers to current scientific -literature, and has for the past five years been editor of <i>The -Polyclinic</i>, a monthly medical journal. In 1880 he was a -candidate for Coroner on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span> -and in 1884 was appointed Port Physician for Philadelphia -by Governor Pattison, and held that position until -October, 1887.</p> - -<h3>ASSAYERS.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Jacob R. Eckfeldt</span>, Sixth Assayer, was born in Philadelphia, -1846. He entered the Assay Department as Second -Weigher, in 1865. By regular promotions he reached the -position of Assistant Assayer, in 1872, and upon the death of -his superior he was appointed and confirmed as Assayer, December -21, 1881. The position of Assayer is one of great -responsibility, and demands not only scientific training but -wide and special knowledge and experience upon subjects relating -to the history and arts of Coinage. Since the foundation -of the Mint there have been but six official heads of this -department.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William McIntire</span> was born in Delaware in 1831. He -entered the Assay Department of the Mint as an assistant in -September, 1853, which position he held, with the exception -of a short interim while he was engaged in mercantile business, -until October, 1887, when by regular promotion he was -appointed Assistant Assayer.</p> - -<h3>JACOB R. ECKFELDT.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Extract from an Obituary Notice by Mr. Du Bois.</span></p> - -<p class="center">(<i>Read before the American Philosophical Society, Oct. 4th, 1872.</i>)</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Jacob R. Eckfeldt, late Assayer of the Mint, was the son of Adam and -Margaretta Eckfeldt, and was born in Philadelphia, March —, 1803. He -was, therefore, in his seventieth year, at the time of decease, August 9th, -1872.</p> - -<p>In the Spring of 1832, Mr. John Richardson, who had been Assayer -about one year, and did not find the employment congenial to his tastes, -informed Mr. Eckfeldt that he intended to resign, and wished him to prepare -to take the place. Mr. E. shrank from this responsibility, and declined. -But some of his friends who had influence with President Jackson, presented -his name with a strong recommendation and he was appointed without -being asked as to his party preferences. This occurred on the 30th of -April, 1832. He therefore held the office <i>over forty years</i>.</p> - -<p>When he entered upon the work, he had to encounter some embarrassments. -The apparatus was old-fashioned, and not calculated for nice -results. The silver assay had been well performed, without going to a -close figure, for many years; but gold was little known in the country or -at the Mint, and it is not surprising that its assay was incorrectly performed.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span> -Add to this, there was the coarse and cumbrous nomenclature, -brought from the old country, of carats and grains for gold fineness, and -so many grains to the pound for silver fineness.</p> - -<p>Close upon all this, that is to say, in June, 1834, came the celebrated -reduction in the standards of our gold coin, one of the chief measures of -the Jackson administration. This changed gold from a curiosity to a -currency; bullion and foreign coin flowed to the mint, and accuracy of -assay was more than ever needful. Mr. Eckfeldt was equal to the emergency, -and resolutely introduced reforms, which, at first, made the older -officers stand in doubt.</p> - -<p>In those days, about the time the new mint edifice on Chestnut street -was finishing, Mr. Peale was sent to London and Paris to observe the -methods of assaying and refining, and to procure a new apparatus. We -were thus supplied with French beams, weights, and cupel furnaces, and -with the appliances of Gay-Lussac’s humid assay, and the printed details -of the process. Soon after, Mr. Saxton, famous for his skill in constructing -balances and other delicate instruments, returned from a long schooling -in that line in London, and was employed in the Mint. Thus furnished, -Mr. Eckfeldt felt himself “set up,” and able to compete with the foreign -assayers, and if he was ever more precise, it was because he disregarded -certain allowances which had become a time-honored custom.</p> - -<p>A large importation of fine gold bars from France, known as the French -Indemnity, and which came because President Jackson declared he “would -submit to nothing that was wrong,” gave a fine opportunity for testing and -comparing foreign assays; and it was generally found that these bars were -somewhat below the alleged fineness. A still more important discovery, -was the fact that British Sovereigns ran below their standard of fineness. -This happened when he had been in office less than three years, and the -Director was unwilling to set the finding of young Eckfeldt against the -experience of Old England. The Assayer being assured and re-assured of -the accuracy of his results, Director Moore consented to notify the British -Government of their error. The result was a closer scrutiny in the London -Mint, and a final acknowledgement that they were wrong. This was no -less a triumph for Mr. Eckfeldt, than it was a contribution to exact science, -and an honor to the American Government.</p> - -<p>It is not surprising, that he felt at first the inconvenience of passing from -one form of nomenclature to another, though to a better one. A friend -remarks, “I recall conversations with Mr. Eckfeldt, showing how seriously -he felt the revolution. He would <i>think</i> in carats, and <i>report</i> in decimals. -And I often recur to this as illustrating the kind of difficulties which would -arise in case of a decimalising of weights and measures.”</p> - -<p>For some years prior to 1842, Mr. Eckfeldt and his Assistant, in addition -to their ordinary duties, engaged in the preparation of an original and -comprehensive work on the Coins of all Nations; on the Varieties of Gold -and Silver Bullion; on Counterfeit Coins, and on other subjects related -thereto. This was published in 1842, and has long been regarded as a -standard authority. In 1850, they issued a supplementary smaller work, -and again in 1852.</p> - -<p>As the United States increased in commerce, wealth and population, the -Mint of course increased in work. In particular, Mexican dollars came in -great quantities for recoinage. Not only were our vaults full, but our entries -and corridors were at times crowded with rows of kegs. Every day, for -years, we had the constant task of sixteen melts of silver ingots to melt and -assay; and it was a great advantage and satisfaction to be supplied with -the <i>humid</i> apparatus.</p> - -<p>The success of gold mining in our Southern States, and the increasing commerce -of New Orleans, gave rise to the establishment of three branch mints -at the South, in 1837; and it devolved upon Mr. Eckfeldt to become schoolmaster, -and educate the three assayers appointed for those places. The same -had to be done again at a later date for other mints and assay offices.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p> - -<p>In December, 1848, came the first lot of gold grains from California; -and with the opening of the next year the tide set in most powerfully. I -shall not here speak of this great turning-point in metallic currency any -further than as it affected the mint, or rather the labor which it laid upon -Mr. Eckfeldt and his department. As is well known, the lots were -numerous, and the aggregate amount was enormous. Instead of making -gold assays by dozens, we had to go through with hundreds every day, -following the arrival of each steamer. We procured young men as operators -in the weigh-room and additional workmen in the laboratory; and -in spite all the help we were overworked. Here let me say that the -persons who have been educated by Mr. Eckfeldt to this profession have -done credit to the selection that was made, not only by skill, diligence, and -good character while here, but wherever they are now scattered to other -mints and assay offices, or to different pursuits.</p> - -<p>The gold pressure continued for about five years, when it was relieved -by the creation of a Government assay office in New York, and a branch -mint at San Francisco. But directly sequent to this came the change of -standard in silver coin, causing an immense recoinage in small pieces. -Thus our daily assays continued to count by hundreds. This lasted for -some years. When it began to slacken off, a law was passed for calling in -the large copper coins and issuing in their stead pieces of copper-nickel -alloy of much smaller size.</p> - -<p>The analysis of Nickel alloys was not well laid down in the books, and -the European or other assays which came with purchased lots showed an -incorrect determination. Mr. Eckfeldt was therefore obliged to study out -and perfect this assay, which is more tedious and laborious, though of less -consequence, than the assay of the precious metals.</p> - -<p>But it was his habit to be as scrupulous in minor matters as in major; -and after the routine was well settled it went on with the same clockwork -regularity as the other branches of assaying. I need not say that -this nickel coinage imposed another heavy pressure upon the mint for -years.</p> - -<p>After this came the substitution of the Bronze alloy; and this called for -another process of assay, and brought us a great deal of work.</p> - -<p>I thus hastily review this sequence of gold, silver, nickel, and bronze, -not only as an interesting part of Mint History, but to show the varied and -abundant services of the untiring, energetic Principal Assayer, and the -masterly skill with which he met every obligation.</p> - -<p>His skill and success as an Assayer and Analyst largely consisted in his -power of finding out what was defective or erroneous, and in applying the -proper remedy. It often seemed that what was a puzzle to others was to -him a matter of quick insight.</p> - -<p>In the assays of certain complex alloys, and of low grades of gold and -silver, he contrived various methods which are not in print, but which are -of great use in the daily manipulations.</p> - -<p>And here I may state that he not only introduced great accuracy and -precision in the assays, but carried special investigations to a delicacy -almost incredible. Thus, much interest was excited by a publication some -years ago, both in this country and across the Atlantic, of his experiment -upon the brick-clay which underlies our city. Taking two samples from -the center of the town and the suburbs he found they contained gold at the -rate of nearly 12 grains (say fifty cents) to the ton of clay in its ordinary -moisture. Other experiments went to prove the very general diffusion of -gold, in infinitesimal proportions.</p> - -<p>Some analysts, through want of exactitude, or for the pleasure of making -a sensation, may produce very curious results; but Mr. Eckfeldt was conscientious, -I may say, nervously scrupulous, about stating anything he was -not sure of. Partly for that reason, partly for the very love of work, he -was laborious to a fault, all his life long.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">United States Mint Officers.</span></h3> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Washington, D. C., James P. Kimball, Director of the Mint</td> - <td class="tdr">$4,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Philadelphia, Pa., Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent</td> - <td class="tdr">4,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Boise City, Idaho, Norman H. Camp</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carson City, Nevada, James Crawford, Superintendent</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charlotte, N. C., Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Denver, Colorado, Herman Silver, Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Helena, Montana, Russell B. Harrison, Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Orleans, La., Andrew W. Smyth, Superintendent</td> - <td class="tdr">3,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New York, N. Y., Andrew Mason, Superintendent</td> - <td class="tdr">4,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>San Francisco, Cal., Edw. F. Burton, Superintendent</td> - <td class="tdr">4,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Louis, Mo., Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3>WILLIAM E. DU BOIS.</h3> - -<p class="center">Extract from an obituary notice by Robert Patterson.</p> - -<p class="center">(Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 18, 1881.)</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>William Ewing Du Bois was born at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, December -15, 1810. Through his father, Rev. Uriah Du Bois, he was descended -from Louis Du Bois, a French Huguenot of honorable extraction, who emigrated -to America in 1660, seeking freedom of religious worship, and, in -connection with others of his countrymen, formed the settlement of New -Paltz, Ulster County, New York. Through his mother, Martha Patterson, -daughter of Professor Robert Patterson, of the University of Pennsylvania, -he inherited the Scotch-Irish element which has exerted so marked an -influence in the development of our country.</p> - -<p>The father of Mr. Du Bois was a Presbyterian clergyman, in charge of -churches in and near Doylestown, and was principal of the Union Academy -at that place, a classical school then and afterwards of high reputation. He -was greatly respected, both as preacher and teacher.</p> - -<p>The bright and studious mind of Mr. Du Bois gathered every advantage -from his opportunities, and he was well furnished in the classics and mathematics, -and in English literature. While yet a boy he developed a freedom -and capacity as a writer quite remarkable.</p> - -<p>His oldest brother was an eminent member of the bar, and it seemed -fitting that Mr. Du Bois should, under his guidance, adopt the law as his -profession. He accordingly pursued the usual course, in the meantime -aiding to support himself by literary work and conveyancing, and was -admitted to practice in September, 1832. But his health failing him on -account of a bronchial affection, he accepted an appointment in the Mint -at Philadelphia, and thus began the life-work by which his reputation was -established.</p> - -<p>Mr. Du Bois entered the Mint in September, 1833, and was first employed -in the office of the Director, Dr. Moore. In 1835, at the request of the -Assayer, Mr. Jacob R. Eckfeldt, he was transferred to a more congenial -position in the assay department. Here he continued for the remainder of -his life. In 1836 he was appointed Assistant Assayer. In September, 1872, -he succeeded Mr. Eckfeldt as Assayer, and remained at the head of the department -until his death, July 14, 1881, thus completing nearly forty-eight -years of Mint service.</p> - -<p>Mr. Du Bois early took rank as an accomplished assayer, and long before -his death had reached the head of his profession.</p> - -<p>The close intimacy between Mr. Du Bois and Mr. Eckfeldt developed -into warm friendship. The tie was made closer by the marriage of Mr. -Du Bois, in 1840, to Susanna Eckfeldt, the sister of his chief. I shall have -to speak of published works and scientific communications appearing under -the names of Eckfeldt and Du Bois. Although it was understood that Mr. -Du Bois was the sole literary author, yet no separate claim of authorship -was made by either. Whatever of reputation was earned, each was contented -that it might be shared by the other, and jealousy never for a -moment weakened a union that bound them for life.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span></p> - -<p>In the year 1834 a change took place in the ratio of gold to silver in the -standard of U. S. coins, the effect of which was to bring large deposits of -gold to the Mint. The coinage previously had been chiefly of silver. The -more equal supply of the precious metals gave active employment in the -assay of each of them, and was, of course, most valuable as an experience -to Mr. Du Bois, who about this time became connected with the assay department.</p> - -<p>In 1837, on revision of the Mint laws and standards brought about by -Dr. Robert M. Patterson, then Director, a reform was effected in the -method of reporting assays, the millesimal system taking the place of the -time-honored but cumbrous method of carats and grains. About this time, -also, the older plan of assaying silver was abandoned, the humid assay -being substituted, and largely worked under the direct supervision of Mr. -Du Bois.</p> - -<p>About 1838 branch mints were organized in the States of Louisiana, -Georgia, and North Carolina. The labors and responsibilities of the Philadelphia -assay department were increased by this development, partly from -the necessity of instructing assayers for the new branches, and partly in -testing the correctness of the assays made there.</p> - -<p>In 1848 the great discovery of gold in California was made known. This -brought a tremendous pressure on every department of the Mint, and not -the least on the assayers. The gold coinage was, in three years, raised from -a little over three million dollars to more than sixty-two millions. The -assays were often counted by hundreds in a day. But whatever the pressure -in the office, accuracy ruled, and the correctness of the assays was never -impeached.</p> - -<p>In 1853 a change was effected in the law for providing subordinate silver -coins. This brought about, for some years succeeding, an unprecedented -coinage of that metal, and still further increased the labors of the assay -department.</p> - -<p>He instituted the Cabinet of coins which now adorns the Mint. This -was commenced in 1838. A small annual appropriation was procured from -Congress for this purpose, and the work of collection committed entirely -to Mr. Du Bois. He brought to it all the enthusiasm which animates most -numismatists, sobered, however, by good judgment. His expenditures were -always judicious. Some of the best of the specimens were culled from the -Mint deposits for the bullion value, merely, of the pieces. After the collection -had taken good shape, and been well classified, he wrote and published, -in 1846, a description of it, under the title “Pledges of History,” -etc. The title thus selected intimated his opinion as to the real value of -such collections. He thought that a coin should be prized for its historical -teaching, or artistic merit, and discouraged the rage to possess a piece simply -because of its rarity. Mr. Du Bois acted as curator of the Cabinet -until his death.</p> - -<p>Another important labor undertaken by Mr. Du Bois (in connection -with Mr. Eckfeldt) was the preparation and publication, in 1842, of a -“Manual of the Gold and Silver Coins of all nations, struck within the -past century.” This was a work of very great labor, and, from its expense, -of some risk also to the authors. It is admirably arranged, the information -clear, and it embraced every subject of interest at that date as to coins, -bullion, counterfeits, etc. Subsequently, in 1850 and 1851, supplements -were published covering later topics, made prominent in consequence of -the California gold discoveries.</p> - -<p>The writings of Mr. Du Bois were numerous, and continued up to the -year of his death. His papers on numismatics were frequent and always -attractive, his last appearance in print being in April of this year, in an -article on the “Coinage of the Popes.” To the “American Philosophical -Society,” of which he was elected a member in 1844, he made various communications -on behalf of Mr. Eckfeldt and himself, mostly on topics suggested<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span> -by experiences in the assay department. Among the most curious -was one on “The Natural Dissemination of Gold,” by which we were astonished -to learn that this precious metal is found in appreciable quantity in -the clays underlying our city.</p> - -<p>In 1869 he wrote for the “Bankers’ Magazine,” “Propositions for a Revised -System of Weights, and a Restoration of Silver Currency.” The -development of his views on these subjects is a model of clear exposition, -and the conclusions reached were such as might be expected from a mind -aiming to attain practical results rather than to impose visionary theories.</p> - -<p>From the beginning he was highly esteemed at the Mint. It was his -ambition to acquire a knowledge of every branch of the service, and with -his capacity and opportunities this end was attained. He early became the -trusted friend and counsellor of his colleagues, and was able to serve them -in many ways, perhaps most of all with his ready pen. As time passed, -and forty-eight years of experience was given to him, he was recognized by -all as the Nestor of the Mint service. And here I pause to draw a lesson, -from the example of Mr. Du Bois’s life, as to the value of a properly organized -civil service. In the department with which he was connected, -political tests were never obtruded, and permanence of tenure followed on -merit. On no other basis could his services have been claimed or retained. -They would have been transferred to a private sphere, probably to his -pecuniary gain, certainly to the public loss. He was very accessible, and -ever ready to lend aid from the stores of his knowledge, but in particular -did he delight to instruct and bring forward his younger friends.</p> - -<p>Mr. Du Bois was able to fulfill his official duties until within a few months -of his death. He was fully conscious of his approaching end, preserving -his intelligence to the last, and the faith which had comforted him in this -life supported him at its close.</p> - -<p>The following minute was adopted at a meeting of the officers and employees -after his decease:</p> - -<p>“The remarkably close conformity of the United States coins to the -standard assigned them by law, has been recognized by the highest Mint -authorities of the world to be unsurpassed, if quite equalled, in its uniform -exactness. The founding of such a reputation and its continuance during -the last half-century, are largely due to the joint labors of the late Jacob -R. Eckfeldt and William E. Du Bois.”</p> - -</div> - -<h3>MELTERS AND REFINERS.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Cloud</span>, appointed January, 1797; served until January, -1836 (39 years).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Franklin Peale</span>, appointed January 5, 1836.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Jonas R. McClintock</span>, appointed February 19, 1840.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard S. McCulloch</span>, appointed in April, 1846; served -until April 1, 1849.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">James Curtis Booth</span>, Melter and Refiner, was born in -Philadelphia in 1810, educated in the same place, and graduated -in the University of Pennsylvania 1829. After study -and field practice in the Rensselaer School, at Troy, N. Y., in -1831-32, under the late Professor A. Eaton, Mr. Booth -studied Practical Chemistry in Germany, in 1833-34-35, in -the laboratories of Professors F. Wohler and G. Magnus, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span> -in visiting accessible manufacturing establishments in Germany -and England having relation to chemistry. The late -Prof. J. F. Frazer and Mr. Booth were the two Assistants on -the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania in its first year, 1836. -Mr. Booth next had charge of the Geological Survey of Delaware -in 1837-38 (being often assisted by Prof. Frazer), and -published his report on the survey in 1839-40.</p> - -<p>Mr. Booth, observing the great deficiency in the knowledge -of Applied Chemistry in his native place, opened a laboratory -for teaching the same, by chemical analysis and by operating, -in 1836, and the same laboratory has been continued successfully -to the present time by Dr. T. H. Garrett and Mr. A. -Blair.</p> - -<p>With the same object in view, Mr. Booth lectured at the -Franklin Institute for nine successive winters, giving three -full courses of lectures, each of three winters’ duration (1836-1845).</p> - -<p>Prior to 1850 Mr. Booth published the Encyclopædia of -Chemistry, being the author of the majority of the articles -contained in it, with valuable contributions by Prof. R. S. -McCulloch and others. It was a valuable adjunct to the study -of chemistry for many years.</p> - -<p>The Director and officers of the Mint unsuccessfully solicited -the appointment of Mr. Booth as Melter and Refiner of the -Mint in 1838-40, but in 1849 Mr. Booth obtained, through -his friend, Mr. Meredith, the appointment, over the signature -of President Z. Taylor, and has continued in the same position -from that date to 1887, a period of more than thirty-six years. -He resigned his office at the close of the year 1887.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. David K. Tuttle</span>, of the Carson City Mint, appointed -Melter and Refiner January 10, 1888.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel B. Boyd</span>, Assistant Melter and Refiner, was -born in Philadelphia, January, 1832. Twenty years later, he -was graduated with honors at Burlington College. After -leaving College he studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia -Bar in 1854. In 1869 he accepted an appointment -in the National Mint, tendered him by Director Pollock. In -1873 he was appointed Assistant Melter and Refiner, a position -which he still occupies (1885).</p> - -<h3>THE MINT ENGRAVERS.</h3> - -<p class="center">(Extract from Patterson Du Bois’ Biographical Sketch of “Our Mint Engravers.”)</p> - -<p>Whatever may be said concerning the peculiar responsibilities -of the officers of the Mint, who are occupied with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span> -various operations of turning bullion into coin, it must be -conceded that none of them occupies a position so dubious -and, in some ways, so unenviable as the Engraver. In the -general transactions of the Mint, he is the most retired—the -most obscure—of its officers; yet his card is in every one’s -pocket.</p> - -<p>As to the types of coinage, the standards are as numerous -as the eyes that water for them, and there is no piece but may -be said to be outside of <i>somebody’s</i> tolerance. No other artist -undergoes such an ordeal, for those who do not admire this -painting or that statue are not compelled to hug and hoard -it, much less to toil for its possession. The engraver who can, -from his retired window, see the critical millions clutching for -his little <i>relievos</i>, is in some sort a hero <i>ex-officio</i>, and it has -been well suggested that we look briefly upon the uneventful -lives of this worthy line of officers.</p> - -<p>I. Robert Scot received his appointment as the first Engraver -of the Mint, November 23, 1793. Information is -wanting as to his nativity, but at the time of his appointment -he seems to have been turning the down-hill of life. He is -remembered as rather under size, and as an honorable and -agreeable gentleman.</p> - -<p>According to Loubat, Joseph Wright was “appointed first a -draughtsman and die-sinker to the United States Mint, and -made the dies of a medal, the bust on the obverse of which -was considered to be the best medallic profile likeness of Washington.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> -He also made the medal voted by Congress to Major -Lee.” Wright died in 1793.</p> - -<p>II. William Kneass, second of the line, was born in Lancaster, -Pa., September, 1781, and was appointed Engraver -January 29, 1824. Mr. Kneass had been chiefly a plate -engraver for book-work. There were some changes in the -coinage during his term, notably in 1834 and 1838, for gold, -and 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1840, for silver. But some of -this work was done by Gobrecht as assistant. Kneass appears -upon a pattern half dollar of 1838; but the silver dollar of -1836, as well as a pattern half of 1838, were the work of his -assistant. Prior to his appointment he had an engraving -office on Fourth above Chestnut street, Philadelphia, which -was a well-known rendezvous for the leading wits and men of -culture, for which Philadelphia was then eminent.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kneass died in office, August 27, 1840. A good engraving -of him hangs in the Assayer’s Office, inscribed “to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span> -his friend Adam Eckfeldt, Chief Coiner,”—who had been -chiefly instrumental in securing his appointment.</p> - -<p>III. Christian Gobrecht was appointed December 21, 1840, -to fill the vacancy made by the death of Kneass. He was -born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., December 23, 1785. In -1811 he went to Philadelphia, and became an engraver of -bank notes, seals, calico printers’ rolls, bookbinders’ dies, etc. -In 1836 he received an appointment as assistant to Mr. -Kneass at the Mint, in which capacity he executed some important -work. Among other similar performances he was -highly commended for his Franklin Institute Medal.</p> - -<p>Christian Gobrecht continued in office until his death, July -23, 1844.</p> - -<p>IV. James B. Longacre was born August 11, 1794, in -Delaware Co., Pa. He served an apprenticeship as a line -engraver with George Murray, Philadelphia, and did some -high class plate-work before he was free, in 1819. He was -one of the originators of the <i>National Portrait Gallery of -Distinguished Americans</i>, the first volume of which appeared -in 1834. Longacre drew from life and engraved many of the -portraits entire.</p> - -<p>Like his predecessors, he died in office—January 1, 1869. -During his term Mr. Longacre was variously assisted by P. F. -Cross, William Barber, Anthony C. Paquet, and William H. -Key. Cross was born in Sheffield, England, served several -years in the Mint here, and died in 1856. He engraved the -obverse of the Ingraham medal. Paquet was born in Hamburg, -1814, emigrated 1848, served as assistant 1857 to 1864, -died, 1882. He engraved the medals of Grant, Johnson, -Buchanan, Everett, and the Life Saving Medals, with some -others. Key is a native of Brooklyn, was appointed an -assistant, 1864, and is still in the service. He executed the -Kane Expedition and Archbishop Wood Medals. The changes -and additions during the Longacre term were numerous and -important, both as to alloys and denominations. The pattern -pieces also record various experiments in the art of coining.</p> - -<p>V. William Barber, fifth Engraver of the Mint, was born -in London, May 2, 1807. He learned his profession from his -father, John Barber, and was employed on silver-plate work, -after his emigration to this country.</p> - -<p>He resided in Boston ten years, and was variously employed -in his line of work. His skill in this way came to the knowledge -of Mr. Longacre, then Engraver of the Mint, and he -secured his services as an assistant in 1865.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p> - -<p>In January, 1869, upon the death of Mr. Longacre, he was -appointed as his successor, and continued in that position for -the remainder of his life. His death, which resulted from -severe chills, brought on by bathing at the seashore, occurred -in Philadelphia, August 31, 1879.</p> - -<p>Besides much original work on pattern coins, he also produced -over forty medals, public and private. The work on all -of them was creditable, but we may specify those of Agassiz, -Rittenhouse, and Henry, as very superior specimens of art. -Mr. Barber was assisted by Mr. William H. Key, Mr. Charles -E. Barber, and Mr. George T. Morgan.</p> - -<p>VI. Charles E. Barber, sixth Engraver, is a son of the -preceding, and was born in London in 1840. He was appointed -an assistant in 1869, and became the official head by -promotion in 1880, to fill the vacancy caused by his father’s -death. The appointment was not unmerited. One of Mr. -Barber’s latest cards to the public is the new five-cent piece—a -successful venture in very low relief. But his handiwork is -more or less visible in all the principal medals executed since -1869. Since his appointment as Chief Engraver, the work -of his department has been enormously increased by the -number of medal dies demanded for the War Department and -from other Government sources. Mr. Barber’s best work is -seen in the medals of Presidents Garfield, Arthur, Indian -Peace, Army Marksmanship, and Great Seal. He is particularly -happy in “catching a likeness.” The head of -Superintendent Snowden is a rare specimen of medallic portraiture.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> - -<p>Messrs. Key and Morgan are the Engraver’s assistants. -The former has already received notice; the latter, Mr. George -T. Morgan, was born in Birmingham, England, in 1845; he -studied at the Art School there, and won a National Scholarship -at the South Kensington, where he was a student two -years. He is best known to the country by the so-called -“Bland dollar,” which is his design and execution.</p> - -<p>We have reason to congratulate both the Government and -the people that the engraving service is well and judiciously -furnished.</p> - -<h3>BENJAMIN RUSH,</h3> - -<p class="noindent">An eminent physician and philanthropist, was born near Philadelphia, -December 24, 1745; he graduated from Princeton -College in 1760; he afterwards studied medicine in Edinburgh,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span> -London, and Paris; returning to this country, he was elected -Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Philadelphia -in 1769. In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress, -and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence -in the same year; he was afterwards appointed Surgeon-General -of Revolutionary Army, and voted for the adoption -of the Constitution of the United States in 1787. Dr. Rush -was a popular lecturer, and eminently qualified as a teacher -of medicine. When the yellow fever scourged the City, and -the public buildings were closed in 1799 and 1800, he was -very successful in his treatment of the victims of that epidemic. -It is said that he visited and prescribed for one -hundred patients in a single day. He was treasurer of the -first United States Mint during the last fourteen years of his -life. Dr. Rush died in Philadelphia in April, 1813. Among -his nine children was Richard Rush, the statesman.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Dr. Rush was the author of the first pamphlet on temperance published in -this country, showing the injurious effects of alcoholic drinks on the human system, -and is justly regarded as the father of the temperance movement, the Centennial of -which has lately been celebrated throughout the United States, September, 1885.</p> - -<h3>CASHIER.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mark H. Cobb</span>, the Cashier of the Mint from 1871 until the -present time (1885), was born in Colebrook, Connecticut, in -1828. In 1861, Hon. Simon Cameron, then Secretary of War, -appointed him Chief Clerk in the War Department, he having -previously been his private secretary. After Mr. Cameron’s -resignation as Secretary, Mr. Cobb, at the solicitation of the -late Col. John W. Forney, accepted the position of Enrolling -Clerk of the United States Senate in 1862. In 1871 he was -appointed to the responsible position of Cashier in the United -States Mint.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Albion Cox</span>, first assayer of the Mint was appointed April -4, 1794. His commission, signed by Washington, until -recently, hung upon the walls of the assay office. But little is -known of Mr. Cox, save that he was an Englishman by birth, -and a good officer, as appears from the following report to the -Secretary of the Treasury made by Director Boudinot, under -date, December 3, 1795. He says: “The sudden and unexpected -death of the assayer, Mr. Albion Cox, on Fryday -last by an apoplectic fit, deprived the Mint of an intelligent -officer, essentially necessary to the future progress in the coinage -of the precious metals. Until this officer is replaced, the -business at the Mint must be confined to striking cents only.”</p> - -<p>He therefore held office about a year and eight months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span></p> - -<p>Joseph Richardson, second assayer, was appointed December -12, 1795. He belonged to an old Quaker family distinguished -for ability and character. Mr. Richardson fulfilled the duties -of his office with credit and honor. He died in March, 1831. -A water color portrait of him, dressed in plain Quaker garb, -hangs in the assayers’ room. He held office over thirty-five -years.</p> - -<p>John Richardson, son of the preceding, was appointed -assayer March 31, 1831. Finding the office not congenial with -his tastes, and so subjecting him to undue responsibilities, he -resigned April, 1832, holding office only a little over a year.</p> - -<h3>CURATOR.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">R. A. McClure</span>, a gentleman skilled in the science of -numismatics, was appointed Assistant Curator of the Coin -Cabinet in 1868, and, upon the death of the Assayer and -Chief Curator in 1881, the responsibilities of the Curatorship -fell upon Mr. McClure.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Standard_Weights"><span class="smcap">Standard Weights.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The earliest series of standard weights now known, are two -sets discovered by Mr. Layard in the ruins of Nineveh. They -are now in the British Museum. William the Conqueror -decreed the continuance, as the legal standard, of the pound -in use by the Saxons. This and other standards of weight -and measure were removed by the King from the City of -Winchester to the Exchequer at Westminster, and placed in -a consecrated building in charge of his chamberlains. The -place of deposit is said to have been the crypt chapel of Edward -the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey. In 1866 the -office of Exchequer was abolished, and the Standards Department -of the Board of Trade was established in London, assuming -charge of the standards—an arrangement still in force.</p> - -<p>The old Saxon pound was the earliest standard of England. -It was identical in weight with the old apothecaries’ pound of -Germany, and equal to 5,400 of our later Troy grains. The -pound sterling was determined from this weight in silver. -Henry III., in 1266, decreed the following standards: The -sterling, or penny, to weigh equal to thirty-two wheat corns, -taken from the middle of the ear; twenty pence, one ounce; -twelve ounces, one pound; eight pounds, one gallon of wine, -which is the eighth part of a quarter. The idea of the grain -was borrowed by the English from the French, and the Black -Prince brought back with him from France the pound Troye,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span> -which was derived from the commercial town of that name. -The use of the Troy standard was adopted by the druggists -and jewelers, on account of its convenient reduction into -grains.</p> - -<p>The pound avoirdupois, weighing 7,000 grains Troy, (Fr. -<i>Avoir-du-poids</i>, “to have weight”), first appears in use during -the reign of Edward III., and it, as well as the Troy pound, -has been employed without change ever since. In the year -1834 the English standards of weight and measure, consisting -of a yard and pound Troy of brass, were destroyed by fire -at the burning of the Houses of Parliament. A few years -later a commission of scientific men was appointed to determine -upon the restoration of the standards. This resulted in -a succession of difficult problems resultant upon the oxidation -to a greater or less extent of duplicates of the standard still -existing, as also of the variation of the cubic inch of water, as -in use in different lands. A cubic inch of distilled water, -weighed in air against brass weights, at a temperature of 62 -degrees Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches, had been determined -by scientific men to be equal to 252.458 grains, of -which the standard Troy pound contained 5,760.</p> - -<p>As the unit of length was also lost, a series of experiments -was made in the vibration of a pendulum in a vacuum, marking -seconds of mean time in the latitude of London at the level -of the sea. These deductions, however, failed to be satisfactory, -and the commission was compelled to fall back upon the best -preserved of the duplicate standards existent. The Imperial -Standard Pound is declared to be the true weight of an avoirdupois -pound in a vacuum. It is a curious fact that the Imperial -standards of platinum (which metal is not subject to -oxidation), although balancing brass weights in a vacuum, -weigh in air more than one-half a grain heavier than the latter. -This is due to their greater displacement of space.</p> - -<p>The unit of weight in the United States is a Troy pound -weight obtained from England, a duplicate of the original -standard fixed by the commission of 1758, and reasserted by -the commission of 1838. It is a bronze weight of 5,760 grains -Troy. It is kept in a strong safe at the United States Mint, -in Philadelphia. The President appoints an assay commission, -whose members meet at Philadelphia annually, upon the second -Wednesday in February, open the safe, and compare the copies, -or the working weights, with the original upon the most delicately -poised balances. Working standards of weights and -measures are supplied by the Secretary of State to the State -governments, which in turn supply them to the sealers of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span> -weights and measures of the various countries, who must compare -with the State standard -once a year.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus22" style="max-width: 20.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus22.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">TROY STANDARD POUND WEIGHT.</p> - <p class="caption">Fac-simile, exact size.</p> -</div> - -<p>All of the scales and delicate -test instruments in use -by the government, not only -in Philadelphia Mint, but at -the several branch mints, are -manufactured in this country, -and as examples of wonderful -mechanical machines of -minute accuracy they lead -the world. Some of them -are the work of Mr. Henry -Troemner, of Philadelphia, -to whom, it is proper to say, -the writer is largely indebted -for the facts given in this -article. Mr. Troemner, in -the capacity of government -expert, makes frequent visits -to the most distant points in -the Union for the verification -of national standards. -The Treasury Department made an especial request of him to -exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition, a line of his fine -balances.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">EXTRACT FROM CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span>, Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power ... to coin money, -regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of -weights and measures, ... to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting -the securities and current coin of the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> Sect. 2. No State shall ... coin money, emit bills of credit, -make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, ...</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="table-title">Coinage, fiscal year 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Description.</th> - <th>Pieces.</th> - <th>Value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">3,724,720</td> - <td class="tdr">$22,393,279.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">44,231,288</td> - <td class="tdr">34,366,483.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minor Coins</td> - <td class="tdr">50,166,509</td> - <td class="tdr">943,650.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1 bt">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">98,122,517</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$57,703,413.40</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Total number of Coinage Dies made during the year 1887.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Gold coinage</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver coinage</td> - <td class="tdr">359</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minor coinage</td> - <td class="tdr">684</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Proof coinage</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Bullion for the Silver Dollar Coinage, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Mode of acquisition.</th> - <th>Standard ounces.</th> - <th>Cost.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Purchases, Treasury Department, Bureau of the Mint</td> - <td class="tdr">29,018,932.12</td> - <td class="tdr">$25,624,487.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Purchases by mint officers</td> - <td class="tdr">282,626.95</td> - <td class="tdr">249,150.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Partings, bar charges and fractions</td> - <td class="tdr">131,783.20</td> - <td class="tdr">114,982.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total delivered on purchases</td> - <td class="tdr bt">29,433,342.27</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$25,988,620.46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Balance on hand July 1, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">3,258,495.66</td> - <td class="tdr">2,960,969.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Available for coinage of silver dollars during the fiscal year 1887</td> - <td class="tdr bt">32,691,837.93</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$28,949,589.48</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Value of the Gold and Silver (not including re-deposits) received at the -Mints and Assay Offices during the fiscal years 1880-1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Fiscal years.</th> - <th>Gold.</th> - <th>Silver.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1880</td> - <td class="tdr">$ 98,835,096</td> - <td class="tdr">$34,640,522</td> - <td class="tdr">$133,475,618</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1881</td> - <td class="tdr">130,833,102</td> - <td class="tdr">30,791,146</td> - <td class="tdr">161,624,248</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1882</td> - <td class="tdr">66,756,652</td> - <td class="tdr">33,720,491</td> - <td class="tdr">100,477,143</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1883</td> - <td class="tdr">46,347,106</td> - <td class="tdr">36,869,834</td> - <td class="tdr">83,216,940</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1884</td> - <td class="tdr">46,326,678</td> - <td class="tdr">36,520,290</td> - <td class="tdr">82,846,968</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1885</td> - <td class="tdr">52,894,075</td> - <td class="tdr">36,789,774</td> - <td class="tdr">89,683,849</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1886</td> - <td class="tdr">44,909,749</td> - <td class="tdr">35,494,183</td> - <td class="tdr">80,403,932</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1887</td> - <td class="tdr">68,223,072</td> - <td class="tdr">47,756,918</td> - <td class="tdr">115,979,990</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Silver Coins of the United States.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Denominations.</th> - <th>Coinage commenced.</th> - <th>Coinage ceased.</th> - <th>Amount coined to June 30, 1884.</th> - <th>Standard weight, grains.</th> - <th>Amount for which a legal tender.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Standard dollars</td> - <td class="tdr">1878</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$175,355,829.00</td> - <td class="tdr">412.5</td> - <td>Unlimited.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Trade dollars</td> - <td class="tdr">1873</td> - <td class="tdr">1878</td> - <td class="tdr">35,959,360.00</td> - <td class="tdr">420.</td> - <td class="nw">Not a legal tender.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dollars</td> - <td class="tdr">1793</td> - <td class="tdr">1873</td> - <td class="tdr">8,045,838.00</td> - <td class="tdr">412.5</td> - <td>Unlimited.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Half dollars</td> - <td class="tdr">1793</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">122,765,735.00</td> - <td class="tdr">192.9</td> - <td>Ten dollars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quarter dollars</td> - <td class="tdr">1796</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">38,495,918.75</td> - <td class="tdr">96.45</td> - <td>Ten dollars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Twenty cents</td> - <td class="tdr">1875</td> - <td class="tdr">1878</td> - <td class="tdr">271,000.00</td> - <td class="tdr">77.16</td> - <td>Five dollars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dimes</td> - <td class="tdr">1796</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">18,293,172.50</td> - <td class="tdr">38.58</td> - <td>Ten dollars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Half dimes</td> - <td class="tdr">1793</td> - <td class="tdr">1873</td> - <td class="tdr">4,906,946.90</td> - <td class="tdr">19.29</td> - <td>Five dollars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Three cents</td> - <td class="tdr">1851</td> - <td class="tdr">1873</td> - <td class="tdr">1,281,850.20</td> - <td class="tdr">11.52</td> - <td>Five dollars.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="illus23" style="max-width: 29.6875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus23.jpg" alt="" /> - <p class="caption">FAC-SIMILE REPRODUCTIONS OF CONTINENTAL CURRENCY.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Trade-Dollars Coined, Exported, Imported, Melted, and Redeemed -(Act of March 3, 1887).</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Coined:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at Philadelphia</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$5,107,024</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at San Francisco</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">26,647,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1" colspan="2">Mint at Carson</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">4,211,400</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr">$35,965,924</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Exported</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">28,778,862</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Imported</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">1,706,020</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1" colspan="2">Net export</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr">27,072,842</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt">8,893,082</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Melted:</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1 valign" rowspan="2">As bullion.</td> - <td class="nw">{ Previous to Redemption Act</td> - <td class="tdr">$915,346</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{ Excluded from redemption (mutilated pieces, etc.)</td> - <td class="tdr">4,113</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr">919,459</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1 valign" rowspan="4">Redeemed.</td> - <td>{ Mint at Philadelphia</td> - <td class="tdr">3,427,369</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{ Mint at San Francisco</td> - <td class="tdr">764,263</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{ Mint at New Orleans</td> - <td class="tdr">1,871</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{ Assay office at New York</td> - <td class="tdr">3,495,533</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="in2">Total redeemed</td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr">7,689,036</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="in2">Total melted</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr">8,608,495</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Not accounted for and not presented for redemption; - employed in the arts; specimen pieces in the hands of coin - collectors, carried out by emigrants, and in miscellaneous - deposits of coin remelted at mints, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$284,587</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Gross Profits on Silver Coinage in 1887.</span></p> - -<p>The seignorage or immediate gross profit on the coinage of -silver dollars—that is, the difference between the cost of the -bullion and the nominal value of the coins—during the fiscal -year 1887, was $7,923,558.61.</p> - -<p>The seignorage on subsidiary coin manufactured during the -year was $31,704.94, of which $1,130.65 was gained from the -recoinage of old subsidiary coins in the Treasury.</p> - -<p>The total seignorage on the silver coinage during the fiscal -year was $7,955,263.55.</p> - -<p>As stated in last fiscal report, the balance of silver profits -remaining in the coinage mints on the 1st July, 1886, -amounted to $553,201.44.</p> - -<p>Adding to this the seignorage of the year, the total gross -silver profits to be accounted for by the mints is $8,508,464.99.</p> - -<p>Of this there was paid for expenses of distributing silver -coin $35,059.03, and reimbursed for wastage and loss on sale -of sweeps $20,294.88.</p> - -<p>The seignorage on the coinage of silver at the mints of the -United States from July 1, 1878, to the close of the fiscal year -ended June 30, 1887, has amounted to $39,057,566.90.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Tabulated Statement of Expenditures of the Mint at Philadelphia, for the -Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Items.</th> - <th>Amount.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Acids</td> - <td class="tdr">$7,149.28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Belting</td> - <td class="tdr">315.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charcoal</td> - <td class="tdr">1,873.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chemicals</td> - <td class="tdr">832.58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coal</td> - <td class="tdr">16,332.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">13,585.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Crucibles, covers, stirrers, and dippers</td> - <td class="tdr">3,712.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry goods</td> - <td class="tdr">1,198.97</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fluxes</td> - <td class="tdr">3,560.91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Freight and drayage</td> - <td class="tdr">252.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gas</td> - <td class="tdr">4,098.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gloves and gauntlets</td> - <td class="tdr">5,930.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hardware</td> - <td class="tdr">957.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ice</td> - <td class="tdr">613.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Iron and steel</td> - <td class="tdr">205.91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Labor and repairs</td> - <td class="tdr">3,417.82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Loss on sale of sweeps</td> - <td class="tdr">1,301.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lumber</td> - <td class="tdr">2,109.74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Machinery and appliances</td> - <td class="tdr">2,617.49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Metal work and castings</td> - <td class="tdr">1,697.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oil</td> - <td class="tdr">1,047.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Salt</td> - <td class="tdr">117.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stationery, printing and binding</td> - <td class="tdr">773.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sundries</td> - <td class="tdr">6,230.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Telegraphing</td> - <td class="tdr">28.87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washing</td> - <td class="tdr">42.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wood</td> - <td class="tdr">5,432.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Zinc</td> - <td class="tdr">935.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Steam-power plant</td> - <td class="tdr">11,464.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Manufacture of 5-cent nickel blank</td> - <td class="tdr">19,498.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">117,332.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Salaries</td> - <td class="tdr">40,665.69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wages of workmen</td> - <td class="tdr">426,593.93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Aggregate</td> - <td class="tdr bt">581,597.46</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Value of the Foreign Gold Coins Deposited at the United States Assay -Office at New York during the Year ended June 30, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Countries of Coinage.</th> - <th>Denominations of coin.</th> - <th>Total of each denomination of coin.</th> - <th>Total by countries of coinage.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Costa Rica</td> - <td>Mixed</td> - <td class="tdr">257.56</td> - <td class="tdr">$257.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>France</td> - <td>20 francs</td> - <td class="tdr">1,219,351.02</td> - <td class="tdr">1,219,351.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Germany</td> - <td>20 marks</td> - <td class="tdr">179,121.67</td> - <td class="tdr">179,121.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Great Britain</td> - <td>Sovereigns</td> - <td class="tdr">1,018,036.21</td> - <td class="tdr">1,018,036.21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Japan</td> - <td>Yens</td> - <td class="tdr">18,608.37</td> - <td class="tdr">18,608.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mexico</td> - <td>20 pesos</td> - <td class="tdr">388,668.88</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>10 pesos</td> - <td class="tdr">1,341.64</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>Doubloons</td> - <td class="tdr">1,178.60</td> - <td class="tdr">391,189.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Russia</td> - <td>5 roubles</td> - <td class="tdr">155,237.39</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>Roubles</td> - <td class="tdr">2,596.80</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>½ imperials</td> - <td class="tdr">577,223.34</td> - <td class="tdr">735,057.53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Peru</td> - <td>20 soles</td> - <td class="tdr">999.82</td> - <td class="tdr">999.82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Spain</td> - <td>Doubloons</td> - <td class="tdr">3,101,388.08</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>Isabellines</td> - <td class="tdr">98,151.58</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>25 pesetas</td> - <td class="tdr">957,276.17</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td>Mixed</td> - <td class="tdr">179,863.62</td> - <td class="tdr">4,336,679.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">U. S. Colombia</td> - <td>Cinco pesos</td> - <td class="tdr">709.76</td> - <td class="tdr">709.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bt">$7,900,010.51</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$7,900,010.51</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The total value of both gold and silver deposited and purchased -at the mints of the United States during the fiscal year -1887, not including redeposits, was $115,979,991.62, and -including redeposits, $131,635,811.34.</p> - -<p>The value of the gold and silver received at the mints and -assay offices during the fiscal year 1887, was greater than any -previous year since 1881.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Improvements made at the Philadelphia Mint in 1887, -under the Supervision of Hon. Daniel M. Fox.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Impairment of the foundation of the old engine, together -with the requirement of increased power, at the mint at Philadelphia -led to a special appropriation by Act of Congress of -$54,639.20, in accordance with specifications for the renewal -of the steam motive plant and for its transfer from the centre -of the building to space newly provided near the northern -outer wall. The work, undertaken in July, was, by extraordinary -exertions on the part of all engaged, completed early -in September, with an interruption of less than two months -to the regular course of complete operations. Two new 150-horse-power -duplex steam-engines and one of 50-horse-power -have been erected in the north basement, along with three -tubular boilers, coal bunkers, etc.</p> - -<p>By this important improvement in plant valuable space has -been secured in the centre basement and ground floor for -vaults and other necessities.</p> - -<p>The number of assays made during the year was some -66,000, of which 48,000 were silver and 18,000 gold.</p> - -<p>The melter and refiner of the mint operated upon a larger -quantity of bullion than in any previous year in the history of -the institution. The operations by this officer may be stated -as follows:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Ounces.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold deposits</td> - <td class="tdr">409,326</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver deposits</td> - <td class="tdr">44,239,881</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Parted and refined</td> - <td class="tdr">721,765</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>As this bullion is handled more than sixteen times in the -processes of melting and preparation for coinage or for manufacture -of fine bars, the combined operations represent a -single handling of nearly 25,000 tons.</p> - -<p>The operations of the coiner’s department may be stated as -follows:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Ounces.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">13,574</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">42,924,485</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minor coinage metal</td> - <td class="tdr">5,588,897</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">48,526,956</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The total coinage was $23,277,600.80, the total number of -pieces being 81,532,391.</p> - -<p>In addition to the coinage executed during the year, gold -and silver bars were manufactured as follows:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">$58,188,953.66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">6,481,611.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$64,670,564.91</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Gold and Silver Bullion in the Mints and Assay Offices July 1, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Metal.</th> - <th>Cost.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">10,455,650</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$95,967,920</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Total Metallic Stock in the United States July 1, 1887, Coin and Bullion -included.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">$654,520,335</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">352,993,566</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$1,007,513,901</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>At the beginning of the fiscal year 1887 there was on hand -at the mints at Philadelphia, New Orleans and San Francisco, -silver bullion purchased for the silver dollar coinage amounting -to $2,960,969.02. There was delivered at the mints on -purchases of all kinds during the year, as above, 29,433,342.27 -standard ounces, at a cost of $25,988,620.46, making the -total amount of silver available during the fiscal year for the -silver dollar coinage 32,691,837.93 standard ounces, costing -$28,949,589.48.</p> - -<p>The price paid by this Bureau on November 1, 1887, for -silver purchases for the silver dollar coinage was $0.9580.80 -per ounce fine.</p> - -<p>The production of silver, notwithstanding the large depreciation -in the market value of that metal, has steadily increased -from $115,000,000 in 1883 to $130,000,000 in 1886. -The production of the world for the calendar years 1883, -1884, 1885 and 1886 is exhibited in the following table:</p> - -<p class="table-title">World’s Production of Gold and Silver.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Calendar Years.</th> - <th colspan="2">Gold.</th> - <th colspan="2">Silver.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Kilograms.</th> - <th>Value.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></th> - <th>Kilograms.</th> - <th>Value.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1883</td> - <td class="tdr">143,533</td> - <td class="tdr">$95,392,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,769,197</td> - <td class="tdr">$115,088,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1884</td> - <td class="tdr">153,017</td> - <td class="tdr">101,694,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,804,725</td> - <td class="tdr">116,564,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1885</td> - <td class="tdr">154,942</td> - <td class="tdr">102,975,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,062,009</td> - <td class="tdr">127,257,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1886</td> - <td class="tdr">147,097</td> - <td class="tdr">97,761,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,137,175</td> - <td class="tdr">130,383,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The United States still maintains first rank among the -nations of the world as the largest producer of the precious -metals, having produced during the calendar year 1886 gold -and silver of the coining value of $86,000,000. Mexico -retains second rank, with a production of $33,614,000, of -which $33,000,000 was silver. Australia has a production of -$27,647,000, of which $26,425,000 was gold. Russia is -credited with a production of $21,046,000, of which $20,518,000 -was gold.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Circulation of Standard Silver Dollars at the end of each six months, from -July 1, 1885, to July 1, 1887, and on October 1, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Period.</th> - <th rowspan="2">Total coinage.</th> - <th colspan="2">In the Treasury.</th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bl">In circulation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Held for payments of certificates outstanding.</th> - <th>Held in excess of certificates outstanding.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">July 1, 1885</td> - <td class="tdr">$203,884,381</td> - <td class="tdr">$101,530,946</td> - <td class="tdr">$63,882,166</td> - <td class="tdr">$38,471,269</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">January 1, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">218,259,761</td> - <td class="tdr">93,179,465</td> - <td class="tdr">72,538,725</td> - <td class="tdr">52,541,571</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">July 1, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">233,723,286</td> - <td class="tdr">88,116,225</td> - <td class="tdr">93,137,341</td> - <td class="tdr">52,469,720</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">January 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">249,683,647</td> - <td class="tdr">117,246,670</td> - <td class="tdr">71,259,568</td> - <td class="tdr">61,177,409</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">July 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">266,990,117</td> - <td class="tdr">142,118,017</td> - <td class="tdr">69,365,953</td> - <td class="tdr">55,506,147</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">October 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">273,660,157</td> - <td class="tdr">154,354,826</td> - <td class="tdr">58,688,970</td> - <td class="tdr">60,616,361</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Appropriations for the support of Mints and Assay Offices for the fiscal -year 1888.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Institutions.</th> - <th>Salaries.</th> - <th>Wages of workmen.</th> - <th>Contingent expenses.</th> - <th>Repairs of buildings.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc nw"><i>Coinage mints.</i></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Philadelphia</td> - <td class="tdr">$41,550</td> - <td class="tdr">$293,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$100,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$434,550</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>San Francisco</td> - <td class="tdr">41,900</td> - <td class="tdr">170,000</td> - <td class="tdr">40,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">251,900</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carson</td> - <td class="tdr">29,550</td> - <td class="tdr">60,000</td> - <td class="tdr">25,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">114,550</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Orleans</td> - <td class="tdr">31,950</td> - <td class="tdr">74,000</td> - <td class="tdr">35,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">140,950</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><i>Assay offices.</i></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New York</td> - <td class="tdr">39,250</td> - <td class="tdr">25,000</td> - <td class="tdr">10,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">74,250</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Denver</td> - <td class="tdr">10,950</td> - <td class="tdr">14,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">32,950</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Helena</td> - <td class="tdr">7,700</td> - <td class="tdr">12,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">25,700</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Boise City</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdr">9,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charlotte</td> - <td class="tdr">2,750</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">4,750</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saint Louis</td> - <td class="tdr">3,500</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">2,400</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">5,900</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$212,100</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$648,000</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$231,400</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$3,000</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$1,094,500</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Comparison of expenditures, years 1886 and 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Appropriations.</th> - <th>1886.</th> - <th>1887.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Salaries</td> - <td class="tdr">$ 189,331.48</td> - <td class="tdr">$192,907.13</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wages of workmen</td> - <td class="tdr">593,865.07</td> - <td class="tdr">601,787.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Contingent expenses</td> - <td class="tdr">164,183.47</td> - <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>193,704.93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Standard silver dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">119,976.00</td> - <td class="tdr">200,189.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$1,067,356.02</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$1,188,588.33</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Production in round numbers of precious metals in United States for 1886.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>State or Territory.</th> - <th>Gold.</th> - <th>Silver.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">$446,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$448,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arizona</td> - <td class="tdr">1,110,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,400,000</td> - <td class="tdr">4,510,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>California</td> - <td class="tdr">14,725,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,400,000</td> - <td class="tdr">16,125,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colorado</td> - <td class="tdr">4,450,000</td> - <td class="tdr">16,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">20,450,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dakota</td> - <td class="tdr">2,700,000</td> - <td class="tdr">425,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,125,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Georgia</td> - <td class="tdr">152,500</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdr">153,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Idaho</td> - <td class="tdr">1,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,600,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,400,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Montana</td> - <td class="tdr">4,425,000</td> - <td class="tdr">12,400,000</td> - <td class="tdr">16,825,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nevada</td> - <td class="tdr">3,090,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">8,090,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr">400,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,300,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,700,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td class="tdr">175,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdr">178,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oregon</td> - <td class="tdr">990,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdr">995,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td class="tdr">37,500</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdr">38,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Utah</td> - <td class="tdr">216,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,500,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,716,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington</td> - <td class="tdr">147,000</td> - <td class="tdr">80,000</td> - <td class="tdr">227,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Texas</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">200,000</td> - <td class="tdr">200,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Michigan, and Wyoming</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,000</td> - <td class="tdr">10,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$34,869,000</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$51,321,500</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$86,190,500</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Production of the United States from 1880 to 1886.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Calendar Years.</th> - <th>Gold.</th> - <th>Silver.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1880</td> - <td class="tdr">$36,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$39,200,000</td> - <td class="tdr">$75,200,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1881</td> - <td class="tdr">34,700,000</td> - <td class="tdr">43,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">77,700,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1882</td> - <td class="tdr">32,500,000</td> - <td class="tdr">46,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">79,300,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1883</td> - <td class="tdr">30,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">46,200,000</td> - <td class="tdr">76,200,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1884</td> - <td class="tdr">30,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">48,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">79,600,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1885</td> - <td class="tdr">31,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">51,600,000</td> - <td class="tdr">83,400,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1886</td> - <td class="tdr">35,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">51,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">86,000,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Gold and silver product in the United States and amount coined in 1886.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th colspan="3" class="allsmcap">GOLD.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Value of the product of the mines, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$98,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coinage executed in 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">$92,650,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Recoinage</td> - <td class="tdr">9,600,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Net coinage 1886</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">83,050,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Leaving new gold for employment in the arts</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$14,950,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3" class="allsmcap">SILVER.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Value of the product of the mines, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$130,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coinage executed in 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">$124,670,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Recoinage</td> - <td class="tdr">13,950,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Net coinage 1886</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">110,720,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Leaving new silver for employment in the arts</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$19,280,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Minor Coins Shipped to the Different States and Territories from the Mint -at Philadelphia during the Fiscal Year 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>State or Territory.</th> - <th>1-cent bronze.</th> - <th>5-cent nickel.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alabama</td> - <td class="tdr">$25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$5,375.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">890.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arizona</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>California</td> - <td class="tdr">1,215.00</td> - <td class="tdr">11,585.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colorado</td> - <td class="tdr">105.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6,090.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Connecticut</td> - <td class="tdr">6,230.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6,010.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Delaware</td> - <td class="tdr">385.00</td> - <td class="tdr">950.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>District of Columbia</td> - <td class="tdr">200.00</td> - <td class="tdr">300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dakota</td> - <td class="tdr">1,590.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3,640.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida</td> - <td class="tdr">190.00</td> - <td class="tdr">840.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Georgia</td> - <td class="tdr">490.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3,020.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indiana</td> - <td class="tdr">10,669.37</td> - <td class="tdr">18,710.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Iowa</td> - <td class="tdr">8,330.00</td> - <td class="tdr">11,970.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Illinois</td> - <td class="tdr">51,831.00</td> - <td class="tdr">68,355.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Idaho</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky</td> - <td class="tdr">1,775.00</td> - <td class="tdr">12,950.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kansas</td> - <td class="tdr">4,440.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8,720.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana</td> - <td class="tdr">400.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6,510.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Michigan</td> - <td class="tdr">17,840.00</td> - <td class="tdr">11,786.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Massachusetts</td> - <td class="tdr">38,815.00</td> - <td class="tdr">39,210.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minnesota</td> - <td class="tdr">10,405.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13,615.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maine</td> - <td class="tdr">1,325.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1,215.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mississippi</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">250.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Montana</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">2,020.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maryland</td> - <td class="tdr">14,270.00</td> - <td class="tdr">22,070.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Missouri</td> - <td class="tdr">7,650.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$49,490.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New York</td> - <td class="tdr">128,125.00</td> - <td class="tdr">73,870.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td class="tdr">1,035.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1,290.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Jersey</td> - <td class="tdr">12,965.00</td> - <td class="tdr">11,835.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Hampshire</td> - <td class="tdr">800.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2,600.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nebraska</td> - <td class="tdr">2,710.00</td> - <td class="tdr">14,865.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ohio</td> - <td class="tdr">29,015.00</td> - <td class="tdr">34,990.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oregon</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3,510.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pennsylvania</td> - <td class="tdr">25,509.00</td> - <td class="tdr">45,045.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rhode Island</td> - <td class="tdr">6,951.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3,100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td class="tdr">800.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2,865.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Texas</td> - <td class="tdr">150.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7,320.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tennessee</td> - <td class="tdr">1,280.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15,890.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Utah</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">1,320.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Virginia</td> - <td class="tdr">3,080.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5,540.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vermont</td> - <td class="tdr">1,370.00</td> - <td class="tdr">900.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>West Virginia</td> - <td class="tdr">1,235.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2,380.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wisconsin</td> - <td class="tdr">7,230.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10,755.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington Territory</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">500.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wyoming</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">260.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$400,510.37</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$544,686.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Minor Coins Struck and Remelted from the Organization of the Mint, and -the Amount Outstanding June 30, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Denomination.</th> - <th>Coined.</th> - <th>Remelted.</th> - <th>Outstanding,<br />June 30, 1887.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Copper cents</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,562,887.44</td> - <td class="tdr">$372,741.70</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,190,145.74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Copper half cents</td> - <td class="tdr">399,926.11</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Copper nickel cents</td> - <td class="tdr">2,007,720.00</td> - <td class="tdr">735,616.30</td> - <td class="tdr">1,272,103.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bronze cents</td> - <td class="tdr">4,319,275.48</td> - <td class="tdr">24,517.11</td> - <td class="tdr">4,294,758.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bronze 2-cent pieces</td> - <td class="tdr">912,020.00</td> - <td class="tdr">292,128.08</td> - <td class="tdr">619,891.92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nickel 3-cent pieces</td> - <td class="tdr">903,705.00</td> - <td class="tdr">175,541.44</td> - <td class="tdr">728,163.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nickel 5-cent pieces</td> - <td class="tdr">8,691,671.75</td> - <td class="tdr">61,934.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8,629,737.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$18,437,205.78</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$1,662,478.63</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$16,734,801.04</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>On the 30th June, 1886, the amount of minor coin in the -Treasury was $377,814. Of this amount over $160,000 -proved to be in 3-cent nickel pieces, for which there was no -demand, and over $60,000 in uncurrent minor coins of former -issues was transferred for recoinage, confined to 1-cent bronze -and 5-cent nickel pieces. The demand for 1-cent bronze and -5-cent nickel pieces, at first sudden, has since been urgent and -continuous; at times largely beyond the ability of the mint to -promptly meet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Operations Fiscal Year, 1887.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th class="tdl">Bars manufactured:</th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">$58,188,953.66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">6,481,611.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">64,670,564.91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="tdl">Coinage executed:</th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">$22,393,279.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">34,366,483.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Minor</td> - <td class="tdr">943,650.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">57,703,413.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Refinery earnings</td> - <td class="tdr">$143,258.52</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Summary of the Operations of the Mints and Assay -Offices.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The value of the gold and silver deposited at the mints and -assay offices of the United States during the fiscal year 1887 -was $131,635,811.34. This aggregate, however, but partially -measures the successive operations upon the bullion -represented by this value. For example, it may be interesting -to show the operations by the melters and refiners of the -four mints and of the assay office at New York, as measured -by the value of the bullion successively operated upon. -These may be stated as follows:</p> - -<p class="table-title">Bullion Operated upon by the Melters and Refiners, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Metal.</th> - <th>Standard ounces.</th> - <th>Value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">5,919,878</td> - <td class="tdr">$110,137,265</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">70,764,794</td> - <td class="tdr">82,344,487</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total value</td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr bt">$192,481,752</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The operations of the coinage departments of the mints -were as follows:</p> - -<p class="table-title">Operations of Coinage Departments, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Metal.</th> - <th>Standard ounces.</th> - <th>Value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold</td> - <td class="tdr">2,632,005</td> - <td class="tdr">$48,967,440</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver</td> - <td class="tdr">61,896,692</td> - <td class="tdr">72,025,241</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total value</td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr bt">$120,992,681</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The 1-cent and 2-cent bronze pieces were recoined into -1-cent bronze pieces, and the copper nickel 1-cent, and the -3-cent and 5-cent nickel pieces were used in the coinage of -new 5-cent nickel pieces.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Form and Location of the Moneys of the United States and the Bullion -awaiting Coinage in the Mints July 1, 1887.</p> - -<p class="center">[Exclusive of Minor Coin and Minor-Coinage Metal.]</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>In Treasury.</th> - <th>In National Banks.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></th> - <th>In other Banks and General Circulation.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc allsmcap">METALLIC.</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold bullion</td> - <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$85,512,270</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver bullion</td> - <td class="tdr">4,091,414</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">4,091,414</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver bullion (melted trade dollars)</td> - <td class="tdr">6,364,236</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">6,364,236</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold coin</td> - <td class="tdr">192,368,915</td> - <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>$98,137,439</td> - <td class="tdr">$278,501,711</td> - <td class="tdr">569,008,065</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">211,483,970</td> - <td class="tdr">6,343,213</td> - <td class="tdr">49,162,934</td> - <td class="tdr">266,990,117</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Subsidiary silver coin</td> - <td class="tdr">26,977,493</td> - <td class="tdr">2,813,138</td> - <td class="tdr">45,757,168</td> - <td class="tdr">75,547,799</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$526,798,298</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$107,293,790</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$373,421,813</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$1,007,513,901</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc allsmcap">REPRESENTATIVE.</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Legal-tender notes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>$28,783,796</td> - <td class="tdr">$74,477,342</td> - <td class="tdr">$243,419,878</td> - <td class="tdr">$346,681,016</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Old demand notes</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">57,130</td> - <td class="tdr">57,130</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Certificates of deposit</td> - <td class="tdr">310,000</td> - <td class="tdr">7,810,000</td> - <td class="tdr">960,000</td> - <td class="tdr">9,080,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gold certificates</td> - <td class="tdr">30,261,380</td> - <td class="tdr">54,274,940</td> - <td class="tdr">36,950,497</td> - <td class="tdr">121,486,817</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Silver certificates</td> - <td class="tdr">3,425,133</td> - <td class="tdr">3,535,479</td> - <td class="tdr">138,582,538</td> - <td class="tdr">145,543,150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>National bank notes</td> - <td class="tdr">197,046</td> - <td class="tdr">22,962,737</td> - <td class="tdr">256,058,005</td> - <td class="tdr">279,217,788</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Fractional paper currency</td> - <td class="tdr">2,366</td> - <td class="tdr">564,266</td> - <td class="tdr">6,380,332</td> - <td class="tdr">6,946,964</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$62,979,721</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$163,624,764</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$682,408,380</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$909,012,865</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Gold and Silver Coin in the United States November 1, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Date.</th> - <th rowspan="2">Gold Coin.</th> - <th colspan="3">Silver Coin.</th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bl">Total Gold and Silver Coin.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Full Legal Tender.</th> - <th>Subsidiary.</th> - <th>Total Silver.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Last official statement July 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">$569,008,065</td> - <td class="tdr">$266,990,117</td> - <td class="tdr">$75,547,799</td> - <td class="tdr">$342,537,916</td> - <td class="tdr">$911,545,981</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gain subsequent to above statement (estimate)</td> - <td class="tdr">5,919,808</td> - <td class="tdr">10,120,040</td> - <td class="tdr">210,387</td> - <td class="tdr">10,330,427</td> - <td class="tdr">16,250,235</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw in1">Estimate for November 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$574,927,873</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$277,110,157</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$75,758,186</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$352,868,343</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$927,796,216</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Estimate of Coin Circulation July 1, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Items.</th> - <th>Gold.</th> - <th>Silver.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Estimated circulation July 1, 1886</td> - <td class="tdr">$548,320,031</td> - <td class="tdr">$308,784,223</td> - <td class="tdr">$857,104,254</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coinage for fiscal year 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">22,393,279</td> - <td class="tdr">34,366,483</td> - <td class="tdr">56,759,762</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Net imports</td> - <td class="tdr">2,311,739</td> - <td class="tdr">409,151</td> - <td class="tdr">2,720,890</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$573,025,049</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$343,559,857</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">$916,584,906</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Less deposits of United States coin</td> - <td class="tdr">516,984</td> - <td class="tdr">821,941</td> - <td class="tdr">1,338,925</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Used in the arts</td> - <td class="tdr">3,500,000</td> - <td class="tdr">200,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,700,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">4,016,984</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">1,021,941</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb2">5,038,925</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Estimated circulation July 1, 1887</td> - <td class="tdr">$569,008,065</td> - <td class="tdr">$342,537,916</td> - <td class="tdr">$911,545,981</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Table showing the Total Paper and Specie Circulation in each of the -Principal Countries of the World, and the Amount of Specie in Bank -and National Treasuries, and the Amount of Active Circulation.</p> - -<p class="center">(Officially Reported in 1884.)</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Countries.</th> - <th>Population.</th> - <th>Total metallic and paper circulation.</th> - <th>Amount of specie in national treasuries and banks.</th> - <th>Active circulation.</th> - <th>Per capita of active circulation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States</td> - <td class="tdr">50,155,783</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,745,926,755</td> - <td class="tdr">$534,033,074</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,211,893,681</td> - <td class="tdr">$24.16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Great Britain and Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr">35,246,562</td> - <td class="tdr">876,318,139</td> - <td class="tdr">154,182,691</td> - <td class="tdr">722,135,448</td> - <td class="tdr">20.49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dominion of Canada, including Manitoba and Newfoundland</td> - <td class="tdr">4,506,563</td> - <td class="tdr">59,596,084</td> - <td class="tdr">9,111,148</td> - <td class="tdr">50,484,936</td> - <td class="tdr">11.22</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>British India</td> - <td class="tdr">252,541,210</td> - <td class="tdr">1,099,383,126</td> - <td class="tdr">78,358,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,021,025,126</td> - <td class="tdr">4.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ceylon</td> - <td class="tdr">2,758,166</td> - <td class="tdr">2,335,300</td> - <td class="tdr">1,273,800</td> - <td class="tdr">1,061,500</td> - <td class="tdr">.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand</td> - <td class="tdr">2,798,898</td> - <td class="tdr">96,010,722</td> - <td class="tdr">48,737,837</td> - <td class="tdr">47,272,885</td> - <td class="tdr">16.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape of Good Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">780,757</td> - <td class="tdr">38,078,000</td> - <td class="tdr">8,092,000</td> - <td class="tdr">29,986,000</td> - <td class="tdr">38.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>France</td> - <td class="tdr">37,321,186</td> - <td class="tdr">1,990,961,912</td> - <td class="tdr">402,939,754</td> - <td class="tdr">1,588,022,158</td> - <td class="tdr">42.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Algiers</td> - <td class="tdr">2,867,626</td> - <td class="tdr">27,567,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,564,476</td> - <td class="tdr">22,002,524</td> - <td class="tdr">7.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Guadeloupe</td> - <td class="tdr">185,460</td> - <td class="tdr">1,627,750</td> - <td class="tdr">564,935</td> - <td class="tdr">1,062,815</td> - <td class="tdr">5.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Belgium</td> - <td class="tdr">5,536,654</td> - <td class="tdr">186,326,515</td> - <td class="tdr">17,991,450</td> - <td class="tdr">168,335,065</td> - <td class="tdr">30.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Switzerland</td> - <td class="tdr">2,846,102</td> - <td class="tdr">53,180,731</td> - <td class="tdr">11,609,618</td> - <td class="tdr">41,571,113</td> - <td class="tdr">14.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Italy</td> - <td class="tdr">28,452,639</td> - <td class="tdr">533,548,521</td> - <td class="tdr">69,357,358</td> - <td class="tdr">464,191,163</td> - <td class="tdr">16.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greece</td> - <td class="tdr">1,979,423</td> - <td class="tdr">29,143,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,800,000</td> - <td class="tdr">27,343,000</td> - <td class="tdr">13.81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Spain</td> - <td class="tdr">16,625,860</td> - <td class="tdr">270,812,440</td> - <td class="tdr">27,223,959</td> - <td class="tdr">243,588,481</td> - <td class="tdr">14.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cuba</td> - <td class="tdr">1,394,516</td> - <td class="tdr">73,043,543</td> - <td class="tdr">14,181,243</td> - <td class="tdr">58,862,300</td> - <td class="tdr">42.21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Luzon</td> - <td class="tdr">4,450,191</td> - <td class="tdr">4,198,000</td> - <td class="tdr">3,765,677</td> - <td class="tdr">432,323</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Portugal, including Azores and Madeira</td> - <td class="tdr">4,550,699</td> - <td class="tdr">46,367,680</td> - <td class="tdr">11,718,874</td> - <td class="tdr">34,648,806</td> - <td class="tdr">7.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Germany</td> - <td class="tdr">45,234,061</td> - <td class="tdr">825,473,023</td> - <td class="tdr">181,706,674</td> - <td class="tdr">643,766,349</td> - <td class="tdr">14.23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Austria-Hungary</td> - <td class="tdr">35,839,428</td> - <td class="tdr">431,646,314</td> - <td class="tdr">98,131,401</td> - <td class="tdr">333,514,913</td> - <td class="tdr">9.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sweden and Norway</td> - <td class="tdr">6,479,168</td> - <td class="tdr">43,058,443</td> - <td class="tdr">12,740,975</td> - <td class="tdr">30,317,468</td> - <td class="tdr">4.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Danish Kingdom</td> - <td class="tdr">2,096,400</td> - <td class="tdr">39,228,000</td> - <td class="tdr">14,070,000</td> - <td class="tdr">25,158,000</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Netherlands</td> - <td class="tdr">4,061,580</td> - <td class="tdr">163,847,949</td> - <td class="tdr">55,114,112</td> - <td class="tdr">108,733,837</td> - <td class="tdr">26.77</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Russia</td> - <td class="tdr">98,323,000</td> - <td class="tdr">646,431,794</td> - <td class="tdr">124,008,153</td> - <td class="tdr">522,423,641</td> - <td class="tdr">5.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Turkey</td> - <td class="tdr">24,987,000</td> - <td class="tdr">83,315,976</td> - <td class="tdr">14,520,000</td> - <td class="tdr">68,795,976</td> - <td class="tdr">2.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Roumania</td> - <td class="tdr">5,376,000</td> - <td class="tdr">27,372,383</td> - <td class="tdr">3,995,298</td> - <td class="tdr">23,377,085</td> - <td class="tdr">4.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr">9,557,279</td> - <td class="tdr">52,048,529</td> - <td class="tdr">1,763,008</td> - <td class="tdr">50,285,521</td> - <td class="tdr">5.26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Central America</td> - <td class="tdr">2,891,600</td> - <td class="tdr">4,701,861</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">4,701,861</td> - <td class="tdr">1.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Argentine Republic</td> - <td class="tdr">2,540,000</td> - <td class="tdr">71,371,850</td> - <td class="tdr">14,196,461</td> - <td class="tdr">57,175,389</td> - <td class="tdr">22.51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colombia</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td> - <td class="tdr">5,097,830</td> - <td class="tdr">200,000</td> - <td class="tdr">4,897,830</td> - <td class="tdr">1.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Brazil</td> - <td class="tdr">11,108,291</td> - <td class="tdr">139,871,255</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">139,871,255</td> - <td class="tdr">12.59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Peru</td> - <td class="tdr">3,050,000</td> - <td class="tdr">14,980,820</td> - <td class="tdr">1,882,018</td> - <td class="tdr">13,098,802</td> - <td class="tdr">4.29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Venezuela</td> - <td class="tdr">2,675,245</td> - <td class="tdr">2,682,700</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">2,682,700</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chili</td> - <td class="tdr">2,420,500</td> - <td class="tdr">32,555,341</td> - <td class="tdr">2,398,000</td> - <td class="tdr">30,157,341</td> - <td class="tdr">12.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bolivia</td> - <td class="tdr">2,325,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,908,533</td> - <td class="tdr">443,597</td> - <td class="tdr">6,464,936</td> - <td class="tdr">2.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Uruguay</td> - <td class="tdr">438,245</td> - <td class="tdr">11,587,000</td> - <td class="tdr">4,601,000</td> - <td class="tdr">6,986,000</td> - <td class="tdr">15.94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hayti</td> - <td class="tdr">572,000</td> - <td class="tdr">4,780,000</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">4,780,000</td> - <td class="tdr">8.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Japan</td> - <td class="tdr">36,700,110</td> - <td class="tdr">248,744,805</td> - <td class="tdr">28,486,973</td> - <td class="tdr">220,257,832</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hawaiian Islands</td> - <td class="tdr">66,895</td> - <td class="tdr">1,834,900</td> - <td class="tdr">808,200</td> - <td class="tdr">1,026,700</td> - <td class="tdr">15.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - <td class="tdr bt">9,991,964,524</td> - <td class="tdr bt">1,959,571,764</td> - <td class="tdr bt">8,032,392,760</td> - <td class="tdr bt"></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">World’s Coinage.</span></p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Calendar years.</th> - <th>Gold.</th> - <th>Silver.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1884</td> - <td class="tdr">$99,432,795</td> - <td class="tdr">$95,832,084</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1885</td> - <td class="tdr">94,728,008</td> - <td class="tdr">105,105,299</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1886</td> - <td class="tdr">92,653,400</td> - <td class="tdr">124,678,678</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span></p> - -<p>The value of the United States gold coin deposited for recoinage, -principally by the Treasurer of the United States, -was $516,984.63, against $393,545.28 in the preceding year.</p> - -<p>In addition to the gold bullion both of domestic and foreign -production, and the foreign and domestic gold coin deposited, -old material in the form of jewelry, bars, old plate, etc., was -received containing gold of the value of $2,265,219.85.</p> - -<p>The marked increase in the deposits of gold was at the -assay office at New York, the value of the foreign gold bullion -and coin deposited at that institution during the year being -$30,621,006.95, exclusive of fine bars of its own manufacture, -of the value of $7,933,743.98, imported and re-deposited.</p> - -<p>The value of the foreign gold bullion deposited was -$22,571,328.70, against $4,317,068.27 in 1886.</p> - -<p>The value of the foreign gold coin received and melted was -$9,896,512.28, against $5,673,565.04 in the year preceding.</p> - -<p>The value of the total deposits of gold during the fiscal -year 1887, including all re-deposits as above cited, was -$83,416,779.40, against $49,606,534.65 in 1886, an excess -in the year 1887 of $33,810,244.75.</p> - -<p>The value of silver bullion of foreign extraction deposited -at the mints during the year 1887 was $1,457,406.01.</p> - -<p>The value of foreign silver coin deposited during the year -was $350,598.86, against $812,664.50 in the preceding year.</p> - -<p>The value of the United States silver coin deposited (calculated -at the coining rate in silver dollars), not including trade-dollars, -was $768,739.32, most of which consisted of worn -and uncurrent silver coins transferred from the Treasury of -the United States for recoinage.</p> - -<p>Trade-dollars were received mostly by transfer from the -Treasury of the United States and melted. The bullion contained -5,837,791.87 standard ounces, of the coinage value in -standard silver dollars of $6,793,066.89.</p> - -<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Earnings and Expenditures of the Mints and Assay -Offices.</span></p> - -<p>The total earnings amounted to $8,842,819.70, and the -total expenditures and losses of all kinds to $1,437,442.95. -The profits from operations on bullion during the past year -amounted to the large sum of $7,405,386.75.</p> - -<p>A large portion of these earnings consisted of seignorage or -profits on the manufacture of silver and minor coins.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Highest and lowest prices of Gold in New York.</p> - -<p class="center">Each month in 1862-1878.</p> - -<table class="borders-2col"> - <tr> - <th>Month.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1862.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1863.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1864.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1865.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1866.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1867.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>January</td> - <td>103¾</td> - <td>101¾</td> - <td>160¾</td> - <td>133⅝</td> - <td>159⅜</td> - <td>151½</td> - <td>234⅜</td> - <td>197¼</td> - <td>144¼</td> - <td>136¾</td> - <td>137⅞</td> - <td>132⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>February</td> - <td>104¾</td> - <td>102⅛</td> - <td>172½</td> - <td>152½</td> - <td>161</td> - <td>157⅛</td> - <td>216¾</td> - <td>196⅜</td> - <td>140⅝</td> - <td>135¾</td> - <td>140⅜</td> - <td>135⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>March</td> - <td>102½</td> - <td>101⅛</td> - <td>171¾</td> - <td>139</td> - <td>169¾</td> - <td>159</td> - <td>201</td> - <td>148⅛</td> - <td>136½</td> - <td>124⅞</td> - <td>140⅜</td> - <td>133⅝</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>April</td> - <td>102¼</td> - <td>101½</td> - <td>157⅞</td> - <td>145½</td> - <td>184¾</td> - <td>166¼</td> - <td>154½</td> - <td>143½</td> - <td>129½</td> - <td>125¼</td> - <td>141⅝</td> - <td>132⅝</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>May</td> - <td>104⅛</td> - <td>102⅛</td> - <td>154¾</td> - <td>143½</td> - <td>190</td> - <td>168</td> - <td>145⅛</td> - <td>128½</td> - <td>141½</td> - <td>125⅛</td> - <td>138⅞</td> - <td>135</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>June</td> - <td>109½</td> - <td>103½</td> - <td>148⅜</td> - <td>140½</td> - <td>250</td> - <td>193</td> - <td>147⅝</td> - <td>135¼</td> - <td>167¾</td> - <td>137½</td> - <td>138¾</td> - <td>136⅜</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>July</td> - <td>120⅛</td> - <td>108¾</td> - <td>145</td> - <td>123¼</td> - <td>285</td> - <td>222</td> - <td>146⅛</td> - <td>138⅝</td> - <td>155¾</td> - <td>147</td> - <td>140⅝</td> - <td>138</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>August</td> - <td>116¼</td> - <td>112½</td> - <td>129¾</td> - <td>122⅛</td> - <td>261¾</td> - <td>231½</td> - <td>145⅛</td> - <td>140¼</td> - <td>152⅛</td> - <td>146½</td> - <td>142½</td> - <td>139⅞</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>September</td> - <td>124</td> - <td>116½</td> - <td>143⅛</td> - <td>126⅞</td> - <td>254½</td> - <td>191</td> - <td>145</td> - <td>142⅝</td> - <td>147⅛</td> - <td>143½</td> - <td>146⅜</td> - <td>141</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>October</td> - <td>133½</td> - <td>122</td> - <td>153¾</td> - <td>140⅜</td> - <td>227¾</td> - <td>189</td> - <td>149</td> - <td>144⅛</td> - <td>154⅜</td> - <td>145½</td> - <td>145⅝</td> - <td>140¼</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>November</td> - <td>133¼</td> - <td>129</td> - <td>154</td> - <td>143</td> - <td>260</td> - <td>210</td> - <td>148¾</td> - <td>145½</td> - <td>148⅝</td> - <td>137½</td> - <td>141½</td> - <td>138½</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>December</td> - <td>134</td> - <td>128½</td> - <td>152¾</td> - <td>148½</td> - <td>243</td> - <td>212¾</td> - <td>148½</td> - <td>144½</td> - <td>141¾</td> - <td>131¼</td> - <td>137⅞</td> - <td>133</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Year</td> - <td class="bt">134</td> - <td class="bt">101⅛</td> - <td class="bt">172½</td> - <td class="bt">122⅛</td> - <td class="bt">285</td> - <td class="bt">151½</td> - <td class="bt">234⅜</td> - <td class="bt">128½</td> - <td class="bt">167¾</td> - <td class="bt">125⅛</td> - <td class="bt">146⅜</td> - <td class="bt">132⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Month.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1868.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1869.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1870.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1871.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1872.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1873.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>January</td> - <td>142¼</td> - <td>133¼</td> - <td>136⅝</td> - <td>134⅝</td> - <td>123¼</td> - <td>119⅜</td> - <td>111¼</td> - <td>110½</td> - <td>110⅛</td> - <td>108½</td> - <td>114¼</td> - <td>111⅝</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>February</td> - <td>144</td> - <td>139¾</td> - <td>136¼</td> - <td>130⅞</td> - <td>121½</td> - <td>115⅛</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>110¾</td> - <td>111</td> - <td>109½</td> - <td>115⅛</td> - <td>112⅞</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>March</td> - <td>141¼</td> - <td>137⅞</td> - <td>132½</td> - <td>130⅜</td> - <td>116⅜</td> - <td>110¼</td> - <td>111⅝</td> - <td>110⅛</td> - <td>110⅝</td> - <td>109¾</td> - <td>118½</td> - <td>114⅝</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>April</td> - <td>140⅜</td> - <td>137¾</td> - <td>134⅝</td> - <td>131⅜</td> - <td>115⅜</td> - <td>111½</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>110⅛</td> - <td>113¼</td> - <td>109⅞</td> - <td>119⅛</td> - <td>116¾</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>May</td> - <td>140½</td> - <td>139⅛</td> - <td>144¾</td> - <td>134½</td> - <td>115½</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>111</td> - <td>114⅜</td> - <td>112⅛</td> - <td>118⅝</td> - <td>116⅝</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>June</td> - <td>141¼</td> - <td>139⅜</td> - <td>139⅝</td> - <td>136½</td> - <td>114¾</td> - <td>110⅞</td> - <td>113⅛</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>114¾</td> - <td>113</td> - <td>118¼</td> - <td>115</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>July</td> - <td>145¼</td> - <td>143⅛</td> - <td>137¾</td> - <td>134¼</td> - <td>122¾</td> - <td>111⅛</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>115¼</td> - <td>113½</td> - <td>116⅜</td> - <td>115</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>August</td> - <td>150</td> - <td>143½</td> - <td>136½</td> - <td>131⅜</td> - <td>122</td> - <td>114¾</td> - <td>113⅛</td> - <td>111⅝</td> - <td>115⅝</td> - <td>112⅛</td> - <td>116¼</td> - <td>114⅜</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>September</td> - <td>145⅛</td> - <td>141⅛</td> - <td>162½</td> - <td>129¾</td> - <td>116¾</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>115⅜</td> - <td>112¾</td> - <td>115⅛</td> - <td>112⅝</td> - <td>116⅛</td> - <td>110⅞</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>October</td> - <td>140½</td> - <td>133¾</td> - <td>132</td> - <td>128¼</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>111⅛</td> - <td>115</td> - <td>111½</td> - <td>115¼</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>111¼</td> - <td>107¾</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>November</td> - <td>137</td> - <td>132</td> - <td>128⅜</td> - <td>121⅛</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>110</td> - <td>112⅜</td> - <td>110⅜</td> - <td>114¼</td> - <td>111⅜</td> - <td>110½</td> - <td>106⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>December</td> - <td>136¾</td> - <td>134⅜</td> - <td>124</td> - <td>119½</td> - <td>111⅜</td> - <td>110⅜</td> - <td>110¼</td> - <td>108⅜</td> - <td>113½</td> - <td>111⅜</td> - <td>112⅝</td> - <td>108⅜</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Year</td> - <td class="bt">150</td> - <td class="bt">132</td> - <td class="bt">162½</td> - <td class="bt">119½</td> - <td class="bt">123¼</td> - <td class="bt">110</td> - <td class="bt">115⅜</td> - <td class="bt">108⅜</td> - <td class="bt">115⅝</td> - <td class="bt">108½</td> - <td class="bt">119</td> - <td class="bt">106⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Month.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1874.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1875.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1876.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1877.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">1878.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl"></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>H.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>L.</i></td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>January</td> - <td>112⅛</td> - <td>110⅛</td> - <td>113⅜</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>113¼</td> - <td>112⅜</td> - <td>107⅛</td> - <td>105¼</td> - <td>102⅞</td> - <td>101¼</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>February</td> - <td>113</td> - <td>111⅜</td> - <td>115⅜</td> - <td>113¼</td> - <td>114⅛</td> - <td>112¾</td> - <td>106⅛</td> - <td>104⅝</td> - <td>102⅜</td> - <td>101⅝</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>March</td> - <td>113⅞</td> - <td>111¼</td> - <td>117</td> - <td>114⅜</td> - <td>115</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>105⅜</td> - <td>104¼</td> - <td>102</td> - <td>100¾</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>April</td> - <td>114⅜</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>115½</td> - <td>114</td> - <td>113⅞</td> - <td>112½</td> - <td>107⅞</td> - <td>104¾</td> - <td>101¼</td> - <td>100⅛</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>May</td> - <td>113⅛</td> - <td>111⅞</td> - <td>116⅜</td> - <td>115</td> - <td>113¼</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>107⅜</td> - <td>106¼</td> - <td>101¼</td> - <td>100⅜</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>June</td> - <td>112¼</td> - <td>110½</td> - <td>117½</td> - <td>116¼</td> - <td>113</td> - <td>111⅞</td> - <td>106⅜</td> - <td>104¾</td> - <td>101</td> - <td>100⅝</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>July</td> - <td>110⅞</td> - <td>109</td> - <td>117¼</td> - <td>111¾</td> - <td>112⅜</td> - <td>111⅜</td> - <td>106⅛</td> - <td>105⅛</td> - <td>100¾</td> - <td>100⅜</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>August</td> - <td>110¼</td> - <td>109¼</td> - <td>114¾</td> - <td>112⅝</td> - <td>112⅛</td> - <td>109¾</td> - <td>105½</td> - <td>103⅞</td> - <td>100¾</td> - <td>100½</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>September</td> - <td>110¼</td> - <td>109⅜</td> - <td>117⅜</td> - <td>113¾</td> - <td>110⅜</td> - <td>109¼</td> - <td>104</td> - <td>102⅞</td> - <td>100½</td> - <td>100⅛</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>October</td> - <td>110⅜</td> - <td>109¾</td> - <td>117⅝</td> - <td>114½</td> - <td>113¼</td> - <td>108⅞</td> - <td>103⅜</td> - <td>102½</td> - <td>100⅜</td> - <td>100¼</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>November</td> - <td>112⅜</td> - <td>110</td> - <td>116⅜</td> - <td>114⅛</td> - <td>110⅛</td> - <td>108⅛</td> - <td>103⅜</td> - <td>102½</td> - <td>100½</td> - <td>100⅛</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>December</td> - <td>112⅜</td> - <td>110½</td> - <td>115¼</td> - <td>112⅝</td> - <td>109</td> - <td>107</td> - <td>103⅜</td> - <td>102½</td> - <td>100½</td> - <td>100</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in2">Year</td> - <td class="bt">114⅜</td> - <td class="bt">109</td> - <td class="bt">117⅝</td> - <td class="bt">111¾</td> - <td class="bt">115</td> - <td class="bt">107</td> - <td class="bt">107⅞</td> - <td class="bt">102½</td> - <td class="bt">102⅞</td> - <td class="bt">100</td> - <td class="bt"></td> - <td class="bt"></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Specie payment resumed January 1, 1879, after a suspension of nearly 18 years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Latest official estimate of the values of foreign coins in the United States, January, 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Country.</span></th> - <th>Standard.</th> - <th>Monetary Unit.</th> - <th>Standard.</th> - <th>Value in U. S. Money.</th> - <th>Standard Coin.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Argentine Republic</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Peso</td> - <td class="nw">Gold and silver</td> - <td>96.5</td> - <td>⅟₂₀, ⅒, ⅕, ½ and 1 peso, ½ argentine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Austria</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Florin</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>35.9</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Belgium</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Franc</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10 and 20 francs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bolivia</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Boliviano</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>72.7</td> - <td>Boliviano.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Brazil</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Milreis of 1000 reis</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>54.6</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>British Possessions in N. A.</td> - <td></td> - <td>Dollar</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>$1.00</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chili</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Peso</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>91.2</td> - <td>Condor, doubloon and escudo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cuba</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Peso</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>93.2</td> - <td>⅟₁₆, ⅛, ¼, ½ and 1 doubloon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Denmark</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Crown</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>26.8</td> - <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ecuador</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Peso</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>72.7</td> - <td>Peso.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Egypt</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Piaster</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>04.943</td> - <td>5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 piasters.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>France</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Franc</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5,10 and 20 francs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>German Empire</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Marc</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>23.8</td> - <td>5, 10 and 20 marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Great Britain</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Pound sterling</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>4.86.6½</td> - <td>½ sovereign and sovereign.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greece</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Drachma</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 drachmas.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hayti</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Gourde</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>96.5</td> - <td>1, 2, 5 and 10 gourdes.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>India</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Rupee of 16 annas</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>34.6</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Italy</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Lira</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Japan</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Yen</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>78.4</td> - <td>1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen, gold and silver yen.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Liberia</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Dollar</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>1.00</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mexico</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Dollar</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>07.9</td> - <td>Peso or dollar, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Netherlands</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Florin</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>40.2</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Norway</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Crown</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>26.8</td> - <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Peru</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Sol</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>72.7</td> - <td>Sol.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Portugal</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Milreis of 1000 reis</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>1.08</td> - <td>2, 5 and 10 milreis.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Russia</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Rouble of 100 copecks</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>58.2</td> - <td>¼, ½ and 1 rouble.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Spain</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Peseta of 100 centimes</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesetas.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sweden</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Crown.</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>26.8</td> - <td>10 and 20 crowns.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Switzerland</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Franc.</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10 and 20 francs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tripoli</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Mahbub of 20 piasters</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>65.6</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Turkey</td> - <td>S. gold</td> - <td>Piaster.</td> - <td>Gold</td> - <td>04.4</td> - <td>25, 50, 100, 250, 500 piasters.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States of Colombia</td> - <td>S. silver</td> - <td>Peso.</td> - <td>Silver</td> - <td>72.7</td> - <td>Peso.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Venezuela</td> - <td>Double</td> - <td>Bolivar.</td> - <td>Gold and silver</td> - <td>19.3</td> - <td>5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 bolivar.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The “standard” of a given country is indicated as follows, -namely: <i>Double</i>, where its standard silver coins are unlimited -legal tender, the same as its gold coins; <i>S. gold</i> or <i>S. -silver</i>, as its standard coins of one or the other metal are unlimited -legal tender. The par of exchange of the monetary unit of a country with -a single gold, or a double, standard is fixed at the value of the gold -unit as compared with the United States gold unit. In the case of a -country with a single silver standard, the par of exchange is computed -at the mean price of silver in the London market for a period commencing -October 1 and ending December 26, 1886, as per daily cable dispatches to -the Bureau of the Mint.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span></p> - -<h3>TREASURY DEPARTMENT.</h3> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington, D. C., January 1, 1887.</span></p> - -<p class="table-title"><span class="smcap">Values of Foreign Coins.</span></p> - -<p>In accordance with the provisions of section 3564 of the -Revised Statutes of the United States, the value of the standard -coins of the various nations of the world were estimated -by the Mint Bureau and proclaimed by the Department on -January 1, 1887.</p> - -<p>These estimates, to be followed at the custom-houses of the -United States on and after January 1, 1887, in determining -the values of invoices expressed in terms of foreign units of -account, are shown in the following table (see opposite page):</p> - -<p>The average price of silver in London for the period embraced -between October 1 and December 26, 1886, was -45.862 pence per ounce, British standard, equivalent at the -par of exchange to $1.00535 per ounce fine.</p> - -<p>The corresponding value of silver for the three months ending -December 24, 1885, was $1.038141 per ounce fine, a decline -of $0.03279, a little over three cents a fine ounce.</p> - -<p>The depression in the price of silver occasioned a change in -the estimated values given the following coins:</p> - -<p class="table-title">Changes in Values of Foreign Coins from 1886 to 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th>Coins.</th> - <th>Value, Jan. 1, 1886.</th> - <th>Value, Jan. 1, 1887.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florin of Austria</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.371</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.359</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Boliviano of Bolivia</td> - <td class="tdr">.751</td> - <td class="tdr">.727</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sucre of Ecuador</td> - <td class="tdr">.751</td> - <td class="tdr">.727</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rupee of India</td> - <td class="tdr">.357</td> - <td class="tdr">.346</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yen of Japan</td> - <td class="tdr">.810</td> - <td class="tdr">.784</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dollar of Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr">.816</td> - <td class="tdr">.790</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sol of Peru</td> - <td class="tdr">.751</td> - <td class="tdr">.727</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rouble of Russia</td> - <td class="tdr">.601</td> - <td class="tdr">.582</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mahbub of Tripoli</td> - <td class="tdr">.677</td> - <td class="tdr">.656</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">Peso of United States of Colombia</td> - <td class="tdr">.751</td> - <td class="tdr">.727</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The monetary unit of Egypt has been nominally changed -from the piaster to the pound containing one hundred -piasters.</p> - -<p>The monetary unit of Ecuador also has been nominally -changed from the peso to the sucre, but with no change as to -weight or fineness.</p> - -<p>In regard to Japan, in the table for 1887 the values of the -gold and silver yen were estimated separately, for the reason -that while by law the standard of Japan is gold, silver is practically -the standard of value, and invoices of merchandise -from Japan are generally in terms of the silver yen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span></p> - -<p class="table-title">Aggregate Issues of Paper Money in War times.</p> - -<p>The following table exhibits the amount per capita issued of the Continental money, -the French assignats, the Confederate currency, and the legal-tender greenbacks and -National bank notes of the United States.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Population.</th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Continental money.</td> - <td>3,000,000 in 1780</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$119.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>French assignats.</td> - <td>26,500,000 (France in 1790)</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">343.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Confederate curr’cy.</td> - <td>9,103,332 (11 Confederate States, 1860)</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">71.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenbacks and national bank notes.</td> - <td>31,443,321 (United States in 1860).</td> - <td class="tdr">$750,820,228</td> - <td class="tdr">23.87</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Refining (by acids), fiscal year 1887.</p> - -<table class="borders"> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Mint or Assay Office.</th> - <th rowspan="2">Gross ounces.</th> - <th colspan="2">Gold.</th> - <th colspan="2">Silver.</th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bl">Total value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Standard ounces.</th> - <th>Value.</th> - <th>Standard ounces.</th> - <th>Value.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Philadelphia.</td> - <td class="tdr">721,765</td> - <td class="tdr">190,539</td> - <td class="tdr">$3,554,912</td> - <td class="tdr">553,437</td> - <td class="tdr">$643,999</td> - <td class="tdr">$4,188,911</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nw">San Francisco.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,506,217</td> - <td class="tdr">365,970</td> - <td class="tdr">6,808,744</td> - <td class="tdr">1,248,071</td> - <td class="tdr">1,452,300</td> - <td class="tdr">8,261,044</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Carson.</td> - <td class="tdr">45,447</td> - <td class="tdr">3,606</td> - <td class="tdr">67,088</td> - <td class="tdr">45,665</td> - <td class="tdr">53,137</td> - <td class="tdr">120,225</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Orleans.</td> - <td class="tdr">15,544</td> - <td class="tdr">4,840</td> - <td class="tdr">90,046</td> - <td class="tdr">11,167</td> - <td class="tdr">12,994</td> - <td class="tdr">103,040</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New York.</td> - <td class="tdr">3,822,148</td> - <td class="tdr">764,676</td> - <td class="tdr">14,226,530</td> - <td class="tdr">3,005,812</td> - <td class="tdr">3,497,672</td> - <td class="tdr">17,724,202</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="in1 bt">Total.</td> - <td class="tdr bt">6,111,121</td> - <td class="tdr bt">1,329,631</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$24,737,320</td> - <td class="tdr bt">4,864,152</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$5,660,102</td> - <td class="tdr bt">$30,397,422</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="table-title">Value in United States Money, of One Ounce Troy of Gold, at different -Degrees of Fineness.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td>Fine</td> - <td>$10.33.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">510</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>10.54.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">520</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>10.74.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">530</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>10.95.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">540</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>11.16.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">550</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>11.36.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">560</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>11.57.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">570</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>11.78.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">580</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>11.99.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">590</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.19.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.40.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">610</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.61.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">620</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.81.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">630</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.02.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">640</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.23.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">650</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.43.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">660</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.64.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">670</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.85.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">680</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.05.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">690</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.26.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.47.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">710</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.67.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">720</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.88.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">730</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.09.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">740</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.28.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">750</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.50.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.71.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">770</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.91.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">780</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.12.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">790</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.33.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.53.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">810</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.74.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">820</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.95.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">830</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.15.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">840</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.36.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">850</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.57.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">860</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.77.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">870</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.98.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">880</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.19.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">890</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.39.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">900</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.60.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">910</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.81.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">920</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.01.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">930</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.22.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">940</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.43.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">950</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.63.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">960</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.84.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">970</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.05.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">980</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.25.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">990</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.46.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.67.2</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>N. B.—When there is an intermediate degree of fineness, a short calculation is necessary. -For every one-thousandth, add 2.07 cents per ounce for gold. Thus, one ounce of -gold at 992 fine—$20.50.6</p> - -<p class="table-title">Comparison of Expressing the Fineness of Gold in Thousandths, and in -Carats.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td>Fine</td> - <td>12.00</td> - <td>Carats</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">510</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.08</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">520</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.15</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">530</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.23</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">540</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>12.31</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">550</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.07</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">560</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.14</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">570</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.22</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">580</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>13.29</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">590</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.05</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.13</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">610</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.20</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">620</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>14.28</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">630</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.04</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">640</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.11</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">650</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.19</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">660</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>15.27</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">670</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.03</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">680</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.10</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">690</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.18</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">700</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>16.25</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">710</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.01</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">720</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.09</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">730</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.17</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">740</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>17.24</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">750</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.08</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">770</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.15</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">780</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.23</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">790</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>18.31</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">800</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.07</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">810</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.14</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">820</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.22</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">830</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>19.29</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">840</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.05</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">850</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.13</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">860</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.20</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">870</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>20.28</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">880</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>21.04</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">890</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>21.11</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">900</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>21.19</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">910</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>21.27</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">920</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>22.02</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">930</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>22.10</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">940</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>22.18</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">950</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>22.25</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">960</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>23.01</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">970</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>23.09</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">980</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>23.17</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">990</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>23.24</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1000</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>24.00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="U_S_Mint_Test_for_Gold_and_Silver">U. S. Mint Test for Gold and Silver.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The following is a test for determining whether coin is good or bad. Use the liquids -as near the edge of suspected coin as possible, as that is the part most worn. A drop of -the preparation will have no effect on genuine coin, while it can be plainly seen on the -counterfeit. Coins should be scraped slightly before using:</p> - -<h3>TEST FOR GOLD.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>Strong Nitric Acid (36°), 39 parts.</li> -<li>Muriatic Acid, 1 part.</li> -<li>Water, 20 parts.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>TEST FOR SILVER.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>24 grains Nitre of Silver.</li> -<li>30 drops Nitric Acid.</li> -<li> 1 ounce Water.</li> -</ul> - -<p>The above tests should be taken in conjunction with <i>Diameter</i>, <i>Thickness</i>, and <i>Weight</i>, -the tests used at the Mint.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GLOSSARY">GLOSSARY.<br /> -<i>Terms used in treating of Bullion, Mints, Coinage, and Money.</i></h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Assaying.</span>—Chemical analysis of metals or ores. This term is employed -in reference to mints and coinage, refers particularly to the process -for determining the component parts and relative proportions of a mixed -alloy of gold and silver, or the various alloys used for the manufacture of -minor coins.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Refining.</span>—Extract of base from precious metals; usually performed -by the aid of heat and oxidizing fluxes.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Parting.</span>—The separation of gold and silver when the two metals compose -an alloy, either native or artificial, for the purpose of obtaining the -metals, respectively, in the form of fine bars. This is accomplished, first, by -dissolving the silver with acids and subsequently precipitating; or, second, -by converting silver into chloride by heat and chlorine gas, and then -reducing the chloride to a metallic state.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Alloying.</span>—Compounding two or more metals together in suitable or -legal proportions for coinage. Gold and silver are alloyed with copper for -standard coins, and alloys are variously made of nickel and copper, or of -copper, tin, and zinc for minor coins.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fine Bars.</span>—Gold and silver bars resulting from the operations of parting -and refining. Bars containing 99 per cent. of pure metal are generally -considered as fine bars.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Unparted Bullion.</span>—Gold containing silver or silver containing gold -which has not been subjected to the parting operation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Amalgam.</span>—Gold and silver extracted from ores or other substances by -the use of mercury and left in a porous or spongy condition, when the -mercury is removed by distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fineness.</span>—A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contained -in a piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed in thousandths; that -is, pure metal is 1000. United States coin is ⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀ fine, or decimally .900 -fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious metals -by “carats,” pure metal being 24 carats. Thus 22 carats, the British -standard for gold coins, is ²²⁄₂₄, or decimally, 916⅔ fine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deposit—Melting.</span>—The operation of melting a deposit of gold or -silver at the Mint to secure a homogeneity of metals, preliminary to taking -a sample for assaying.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remedy of the Mint.</span>—The legal variation allowed from the fineness -and weight prescribed by law for the coins.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Trial of the Pyx.</span>—The annual test made by special commissioners -of the fineness and weight of coins reserved from each delivery of coin by -the coiner to the superintendent. These coins are known as Pyx coins, -because kept in a pyx or chest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Refractory Bullion.</span>—Gold or silver bullion which contains a small -percentage of lead, tin, or antimony, and which is therefore too hard or -brittle to roll, cut, or stamp with facility.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Wastage.</span>—The amount of gold and silver lost in the processes which -these metals undergo preparatory to striking the coins. This “wastage” -by law must not exceed a certain percentage of the gross amount of metals -worked.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sweepings.</span>—The ashes, fluxes, crucibles, sweepings, and all other refuse -materials from rooms in which the metals are worked, containing a small -amount of gold and silver.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Standard.</span>—The weight and fineness fixed by law for the coins; hence -the term “standard weight” or “standard fineness.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Base Bullion.</span>—Gold or silver bullion not fit for coinage purposes, by -reason of the presence of base metals, until refined.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mint Mark.</span>—The letter or mark on the coin, designating the mint at -which it was struck; as “S” for San Francisco, “C C” for Carson City, -“O” for New Orleans.<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Money of Account.</span>—The ideal unit, or money term, in which accounts -are stated or transactions made, as the <i>pound sterling</i> of Great Britain, the -<i>dollar</i> of the United States, the <i>franc</i> of France, and the <i>reichsmark</i> of the -German Empire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Coins of Standard Value.</span>—In modern times a government first -establishes a money of account or ideal unit, and then fixes by law the -quantity of gold or silver which shall, in the form of a coin with unlimited -legal-tender power, represent that ideal unit. Such coins, with their multiples -and divisions, are termed “coins of standard value” or “standard -coins.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Subsidiary Coins.</span>—In the United States silver coins of less denomination -than the dollar, which have a nominal value exceeding their intrinsic -or bullion value, and limited as legal tender to sums not exceeding five -dollars.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Minor Coins.</span>—Coins of small denominations used for change, and -struck from other metals than gold or silver.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mint Prices of Gold and Silver (Coining Value).</span>—The rate per -standard ounce at which the mint converts bullion into legal-tender coins. -The coining rate of an ounce of standard gold bullion, <i>i. e.</i>, bullion ⁹⁰⁰⁄₁₀₀₀ -fine in the United States is $18,604+. The coining rate of the silver -dollar of 412½ grains, discontinued by law April 1, 1873, was $1.16⁴⁄₁₁ per -standard ounce.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Basis of the Money System</span> of all civilized nations is gold or -silver, or both, in a ratio fixed by law. The relative valuation of the two -metals in the coins of nations using the double standard, is about one of -gold to <i>fifteen and a half of silver</i>.</p> - -<p class="table-title"><i>Partial List of Medals in Copper-Bronzed, also, in Gold and -Silver, which may be obtained at the Mint.</i></p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Size.</th> - <th>Price.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">ARMY.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington before Boston</td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - <td class="tdr">$2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colonel William Washington, for Cowpens</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Harrison, for the Thames</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Scott, for Chippewa and Niagara</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Gaines, for Fort Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Porter, for Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Macomb, Battle of Plattsburgh</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Jackson, Battle of New Orleans</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Taylor, Palo Alto</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Taylor, for Monterey</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Taylor, for Buena Vista</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Scott, for Battles in Mexico</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Grant</td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colonel Lee, “Light-Horse Harry”</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Count DeFleury, for Stony Point</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">NAVY.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Paul Jones, for Serapis</td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Hull, for Capture of Guerriere</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Jacob Jones, for Capture of the Frolic</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Decatur, for Capture of the Macedonian</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Bainbridge, for Capture of the Java</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Lawrence, for Capture of the Peacock</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Burrows, for Capture of the Boxer</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Perry, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Elliott, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Warrington, for Capture of the Epervier</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Blakely, for Capture of the Reindeer</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain MacDonough, for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Henley, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lieut. Cassin, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Biddle, for Capture of the Penguin</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Stewart, for Capture of the Cyane and Levant</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Edw. Preble before Tripoli</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">PRESIDENTIAL.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Adams</td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Thomas Jefferson</td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James Madison</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James Monroe</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Q. Adams</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Andrew Jackson</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Martin Van Buren</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Tyler</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James K. Polk</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Zachary Taylor</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Millard Fillmore</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Franklin Pierce</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James Buchanan</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Abraham Lincoln</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Andrew Johnson</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ulysses S. Grant</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rutherford B. Hayes</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James A. Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chester A. Arthur</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">SUB-NATIONAL MEDALS.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captain Perry (State of Pennsylvania), for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pennsylvania Volunteers, Action on Lake Erie</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major-General Scott (Commonwealth of Virginia)</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Professor Agassiz Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colonel Armstrong, for Destruction of the Indian Village of Kittanning</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco</td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco, by Congress</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cornelius Vanderbilt, by Congress</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First Steam Coinage</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Commodore M. C. Perry, from Merchants of Boston</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pacific Railroad Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Emancipation Proclamation Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cyrus W. Field, Atlantic Cable Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dr. Joseph Pancoast</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Grant Indian Peace Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Garfield Indian Peace Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">(oblong)</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arthur Indian Peace Medal</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“Let Us Have Peace”</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Metis (Shipwreck) Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John Horn (Life Saving) Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>U. S. Diplomatic Medal, July 4, 1776</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Valley Forge Centennial</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Great Seal Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">39</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">DIRECTORS OF THE MINT.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>David Rittenhouse</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Robert M. Patterson</td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James Ross Snowden</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James Pollock</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>H. R. Linderman</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James P. Kimball</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">SUPERINTENDENTS.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A. Loudon Snowden</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Daniel M. Fox</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">FINE GOLD MEDALS. (<i>See Rule 3.</i>)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time Increases His Fame</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James A. Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">9.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Commencement of Cabinet</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">6.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington and Jackson</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">4.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lincoln and Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">4.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3">FINE SILVER MEDALS. (<i>See Rule 3.</i>)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cabinet Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Presidency Relinquished</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Allegiance Medal</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time Increases His Fame</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>James A. Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pennsylvania Bi-Centennial</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Commencement of Cabinet</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington and Jackson</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington and Lincoln</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington and Grant</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Washington Wreath</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lincoln and Grant</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lincoln Broken Column</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lincoln and Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Valley Forge Centennial</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The diameter of the medals is expressed by numbers, each of which -indicates the sixteenth of an inch.</p> - -<p>Medals struck to order in gold, silver, or bronze, from dies of public -institutions.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MEDALS_AND_CABINET_COINS">MEDALS AND CABINET COINS.</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Mint of the United States.</span></p> - -<p class="right">Philadelphia, January, 1888.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Regulations.</i></p> - -<p>1. The price of Medals, Proof Coins, Pattern Pieces, &c., shall be fixed -by the Superintendent of the Mint, with the approval of the Director.</p> - -<p>2. No Coin or Pattern Piece shall be struck after the year of its date, -nor in any other metal or alloy than that in which the Coin was issued or -intended to be issued, except experimental pieces in Copper or other soft -metal to prove the dies, under the direction of the Superintendent. The -dies shall be defaced at the end of each year, and such impressions as the -Engraver may find necessary to take while preparing the dies shall be -destroyed in the presence of the Superintendent when the dies are finished.</p> - -<p>3. When a Pattern Piece is adopted and used in the regular coinage in -the same year it shall then be issued as a proof, at a price near its current -value; or if it comes out early in the year, it will be placed in the regular -Proof Set. The Superintendent will furnish, without charge, on application -therefor, a Pattern Piece to any incorporated Numismatic Society in -the United States. In such cases, if the pattern is in Gold or Silver, the -value of the metal will be required.</p> - -<p>4. The price of the regular Proof Set of Gold Coins will be Forty-three -Dollars; the Proof Set of Silver and Minor Coins, Three Dollars. Single -Gold Pieces, in proof, are sold at Twenty-five Cents each above their intrinsic -value. Silver Sets are not separated. Proof sets are furnished of the -current year only. The Mint has no Coins or Sets of back dates for sale.</p> - -<p>5. The Coins of the United States are:—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Gold.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Silver.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Copper-Nickel.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Double-Eagle,</td> - <td>Dollar,</td> - <td>Five Cents.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Eagle,</td> - <td>Half-Dollar,</td> - <td>Three Cents.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Half-Eagle,</td> - <td>Quarter-Dollar,</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Three-Dollar,</td> - <td>Dime.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Bronze.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quarter-Eagle,</td> - <td></td> - <td>One Cent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dollar.</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The coinage of the Silver Dollar of 412½ grains, the Five and Three-Cent -Silver Pieces and Bronze Two-Cent Pieces was discontinued in 1873, -but the Silver Dollar was restored by the Act of February 28, 1878.</p> - -<p>All orders must be sent to Superintendent of the Mint at Philadelphia.</p> - -<p class="right">DANIEL M. FOX,<br /> -<i>Superintendent</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PORTRAIT_OF_WASHINGTON">PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The frontispiece in the bound volume of this book, is an exact reproduction, -by the Gutekunst phototype process, of the obverse of the Washington -medal executed by Charles C. Wright, about the year 1850, and particularly -described on page 34 of the “Medallic Portraits of Washington,” by -W. S. Baker, lately published (the price of which is five dollars). The bust -was modeled by Wright, after the original by the celebrated French -sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, executed from a cast taken from the face -of Washington at Mount Vernon, in October, 1785, and is considered by -good judges to be the best medallic portrait of Washington yet produced. -An impression of the medal is in the Washington Cabinet of the Mint; -the reverse presents an excellent copy of Trumbull’s well known picture -of the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="JANUARY_1888">JANUARY 1888.<br /> -<span class="smaller">COIN (APPROXIMATE) PRICE CURRENT.</span></h2> - -<p class="center">Prepared by Mason & Co., Coin Dealers, 175 Washington St., Boston. Mass.</p> - -</div> - -<table id="pricing"> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Colonial Coins.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th>FINE.</th> - <th>GOOD.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”</td> - <td class="tdr">$600.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$500.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Sun-eagle, “Nova Eboraca”</td> - <td class="tdr">300.00</td> - <td class="tdr">150.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Colonials.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td>N. E. XII, New-England shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">$35.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> VI, <span class="ditto3">”</span> sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> III, <span class="ditto3">”</span> threepence</td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1650,</td> - <td>Pinetree XII, “Masathusets” shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">45.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Massachusets” <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> Smaller and thicker <span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> XII, “Masatusets” variety shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> VI, “Masachusets” sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> III, <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> II, <span class="ditto2">”</span> twopence</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td>Oaktree XII, <span class="ditto2">”</span> shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> VI, <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1652,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> III, <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1662,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> II, <span class="ditto2">”</span> twopence</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1662,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> I, <span class="ditto2">”</span> penny</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1659,</td> - <td>head, shield, Lord Baltimore shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1659,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1659,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> fourpence</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1760,</td> - <td>Charles III. rose, Florida half dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1773,</td> - <td>George III. shield, Virginia shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td>U. S. 1000-eye, “Nova Constellatio”</td> - <td class="tdr">200.00</td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> 500-eye, <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">150.00</td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> Justice-eye, “Nova Constellatio” quarter dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td>hands clasped, Annapolis shilling</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> threepence</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1790,</td> - <td>head “Standish Barry” <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>female head, “Castorland” half dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Tin Colonial.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1690,</td> - <td>horseman-shields, James II. tin piece</td> - <td class="tdr">$3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1776,</td> - <td>Sun-dial, “Continental Currency”</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Colonial Copper Coins.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1616,</td> - <td>hog-ship, “Summer Islands” shilling</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">$300.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1616,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> sixpence</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">400.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1694,</td> - <td>Elephant, “God preserve Carolina,” half dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">$40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “God preserve New England”</td> - <td class="tdr">150.00</td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “God preserve London”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1721,</td> - <td>2 L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” Louisiana</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1722,</td> - <td>2 L’s, <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1667,</td> - <td>L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” stamped R. F., Louisiana ha’penny</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1767,</td> - <td>L’s, “Col’s Francoises,” without R. F., Louisiana ha’penny</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1766,</td> - <td>head ship, no stamps, Pitt halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1773,</td> - <td>George III. shield, Virginia halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1773,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> smaller size, Virginia halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>U. S. A., 13 bars, Bar cent</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1722,</td> - <td>George I. rose, “Rosa Americana” penny</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1722,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1722,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> farthing</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1722,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> farthing</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1723,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> not crowned, “Rosa Americana” farthing</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>George I. rose, “Rosa sine spina,” halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1723,</td> - <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” penny</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1723,</td> - <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1724,</td> - <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1723,</td> - <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” farthing</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1723,</td> - <td>George I. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana,” halfpenny</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1733,</td> - <td>George II. crowned rose, “Rosa Americana” penny</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1737,</td> - <td>Three hammers, “Connecticut” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1737,</td> - <td>“I am good copper,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1739,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> Granby cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1737,</td> - <td>“Connecticut,” Granby cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1737,</td> - <td>Axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No date,</td> - <td>axe, “I cut my way through,” Granby cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1778,</td> - <td>Head Indian, “Non dependens,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td>U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>U. S. eye, “Nova Constellatio,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1783,</td> - <td>Liberty caged, “Georgius Triumpho,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Indian stars, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> in circle, “Inimica Tyrannis,” cent</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Scroll-triangle, Kentucky cent, plain edge</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> lettered edge, Kentucky cent</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>Britannia-children, British settlements</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Indian-eagle, Massachusetts cent</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> half-cent</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> cent</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span> half-cent</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Sun-dial links, “We are one,” Franklin cent</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">New York Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Head, Justice; “Non vi virtute vici,”</td> - <td class="tdr">$75.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Indian-eagle, “Neo Eboracus,”</td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto3">”</span> arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>George Clinton arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Eagle, arms of New York, “Excelsior,”</td> - <td class="tdr">60.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Justice-eagle, “Immunis Columbia,”</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Head, Liberty to right, “Nova Eborac,”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Head, Liberty to left, “Nova Eborac,”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Vermont Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>Head Justice, “Immune Columbia”</td> - <td class="tdr">$15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>Justice-eye, “Immune Columbia”</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>Sun-eye, “Vermontis Respublica”</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “Vermontes-Res-Publica”</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> “Vermontensium Respublica”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”</td> - <td class="tdr">.60</td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Baby head, Britannia “Vermon Auctori”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Head, Britannia “Vermon,” “Et lib Inde”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “Britannia,”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> George III., “rex Inde et lib”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">New Jersey Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Horse head, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786,</td> - <td>Horse head, shield (date under beam), “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Horse head, shield, large size, “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">.60</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> smaller, “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “E pluribs,” “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span> Fox type, “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1788,</td> - <td>Horse head to left, shield, “Nova Cæsarea”</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Justice-shield, “Immunis Columbia”</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Connecticut Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787,</td> - <td>Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.25</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785-6-8,</td> - <td>Head to right, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>(Negro head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>(Laughing head) Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1785,</td> - <td>Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786-7-8,</td> - <td>Head to left, Britannia “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1786-7,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Et lib Inde Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1787-8,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> “Auctori Connec”</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>There are many more minor types of the Connecticut and New Jersey 5 cents to 25 cents, etc.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Dollars.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794,</td> - <td>flowing hair</td> - <td class="tdr">$125.50</td> - <td class="tdr">$50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>6 stars facing</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>7 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span> small eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span> large eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1799,</td> - <td>5 <span class="ditto1">”</span> facing</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1799,</td> - <td>6 <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800,</td> - <td>spread eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1000.00</td> - <td class="tdr">500.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1836,</td> - <td>name in field</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">23.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1836,</td> - <td>flying eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1838,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1839,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1840,</td> - <td>Liberty seated</td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1841</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1842</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1843</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1844</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1845</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1846</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1847</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1848</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1849</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1850</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1851</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1852</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1853</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1854</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1855</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1856</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1857</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1858</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1859</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1860</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1861</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1862</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1863</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1864</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1865</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1866</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1868</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1869</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1870</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1871</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.30</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873,</td> - <td>trade dollar</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1874,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1876,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.20</td> - <td class="tdr">1.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1877,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.20</td> - <td class="tdr">1.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1878,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.20</td> - <td class="tdr">1.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1879-1884,</td> - <td>proof</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Dollars.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794,</td> - <td>flowing hair</td> - <td class="tdr">$8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>15 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - <td class="tdr">60.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1808</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1809</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1810</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1811</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1812</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1813</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1814</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1815</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>Half dollars from 1817 to 1885, inclusive (excepting 1851 and 1852, worth from $2.50 to $5.00), from 75c. to $1.00.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Quarter Dollars.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">$8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1815,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1818</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1819</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1820</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">0.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1821</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1822</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1823</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">75.00</td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1824</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1825</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1827</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>Quarter dollars, from 1827 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1853, without arrow heads, worth from $6.00 to $10.00), worth 30c. to 50c.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Twenty-cent Pieces.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875,</td> - <td>Liberty seated</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.40</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1876,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">.60</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1877,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1878,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Dimes.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">$4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>13 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1809,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1811</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>Dimes, from 1811 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1846, worth $1.00 to $2.50), from 20c. to 35c.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Dimes.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794,</td> - <td>flowing hair</td> - <td class="tdr">$6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>15 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>15 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">125.00</td> - <td class="tdr">80.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>Half dimes, from 1805 to 1873, inclusive (excepting 1846, worth from $1.00 to $2.50), from 10 to 30 cents.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Silver Three-Cent Pieces.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>From 1851 to 1872, inclusive, worth from 5 to 50 cents, according to condition.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">$2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel Five-Cent Pieces.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th>PROOFS.</th> - <th>FINE.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1866</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">$0.15</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867,</td> - <td>with rays</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867,</td> - <td>without rays</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1868</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1869</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1870</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1871</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1874</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1876</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1877</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1878</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1879</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.12</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel Three-Cent Pieces.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1865</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">$0.15</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1866</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1868</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1869</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1870</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1871</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1874</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1876</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1877</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1878</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1879-1888,</td> - <td>proofs</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Two-Cent Pieces.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1864</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">$0.40</td> - <td class="tdr">$0.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1865</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1866</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1868</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1869</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1870</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1871</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Copper Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th>FINE.</th> - <th>GOOD.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td>chain America</td> - <td class="tdr">$20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td>wreath</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td>lettered edge</td> - <td class="tdr">9.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td>liberty cap</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td> - <td class="tdr">4.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td>liberty, thin die</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1799</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">35.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.50</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1808,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1809</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"><p>From 1810 to 1857, inclusive, worth from 2c. to $3, according to condition.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Nickel and Bronze Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1856,</td> - <td>eagle nickel</td> - <td class="tdr">$5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$3.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1857</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1858</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1859,</td> - <td>Indian head</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1860</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1861</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1862</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1863</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1864</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1864,</td> - <td>bronze</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1865</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1866</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1867</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1868</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1869</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1870</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1871</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1872</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1873</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1874</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1876</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1877</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1878</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1879-1887</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.05</td> - <td class="tdr">.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Half Cents.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1793,</td> - <td>liberty cap</td> - <td class="tdr">$5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1794,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td>liberty, thin die</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> cap</td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> lettered edge</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800,</td> - <td>fillet head</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1808</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.50</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1809,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1810</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1811</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1825</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1826</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1828,</td> - <td>12 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1828,</td> - <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1829</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1831</td> - <td>(proof)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1832</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1833</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1834</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1835</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1836</td> - <td>(proof)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1840</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1841</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1842</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1843</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1844</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1845</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1846</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1847</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1848</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1849</td> - <td><span class="ditto1">”</span> small date</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1849,</td> - <td>large date</td> - <td class="tdr">.40</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1850</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1851</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1852</td> - <td>(proof)</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1853</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - <td class="tdr">.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1854</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1855</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1856</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.20</td> - <td class="tdr">.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1857</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">.30</td> - <td class="tdr">.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Double Eagles.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1849</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">$1000.00</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1850,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1851</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1852</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1853</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">21.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1854</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">21.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1855-79,</td> - <td>consecutive</td> - <td class="tdr">21.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Eagles.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">$15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>16 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>16 spread eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>13 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">16.00</td> - <td class="tdr">14.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1799,</td> - <td>13 spread eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">14.00</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1838,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">13.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1839</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1840-68,</td> - <td>only proofs worth premium.</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Half Eagles.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1795,</td> - <td>head to right</td> - <td class="tdr">$10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>16 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">15.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>16 spread eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">12.00</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>13 stars, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1799,</td> - <td><span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1800</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1801</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">30.00</td> - <td class="tdr">20.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1803</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1808,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1809</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1810</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1811</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1812</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1813</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1814</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1815</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">100.00</td> - <td class="tdr">50.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1818</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1819</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1820</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1821</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1822</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1823-54,</td> - <td>consecutive.</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1855-79,</td> - <td>only proofs worth premium.</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Three Dollars.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1854,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">$4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$3.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1855</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1856</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1857-87,</td> - <td>consecutive</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1875</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">40.00</td> - <td class="tdr">25.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Quarter Eagles.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>without stars</td> - <td class="tdr">$8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">$6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1796,</td> - <td>16 stars</td> - <td class="tdr">10.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1797,</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">7.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1798,</td> - <td>13 <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1802</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1804</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1805</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1806</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1807</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1808,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1821</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1824</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1825</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.00</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1826</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.00</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1827-49,</td> - <td>consecutive</td> - <td class="tdr">4.00</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1850</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1851</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1852</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1853-87,</td> - <td>consecutive</td> - <td class="tdr">3.00</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gold Dollars.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1848,</td> - <td>head to left</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">$1.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1850</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.50</td> - <td class="tdr">1.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1851</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1852</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1853-87,</td> - <td>consecutive</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">California Gold.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">$50 1851, octagon and round</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">$65.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">$20 (Territorial), varieties</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">30.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Eagle, <span class="ditto2">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">15.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Half eagle, <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">10.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Quarter ” <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">5.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Dollar (California), octagon</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Dollar (California), circular</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Half doll., octagon, diff. dates</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> circular, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Quar. <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto3">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><span class="ditto1">”</span> <span class="ditto1">”</span> octagon, <span class="ditto1">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Bechtler dollar (N. Carolina)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Bechtler ¼ eagle <span class="ditto2">”</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdr">3.50</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Persons who wish to buy or sell rare coins, or to ascertain their present -value are recommended to write to Mason & Co., coin dealers, 175 Washington street, -Boston, Mass.—<span class="smcap">Editor Mint Book.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">NOTE TO THE VISITORS<br /> -<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br /> -PHILADELPHIA MINT.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>As there are many places of interest in “<b>Penn’s Favorite City</b>,” the publisher -of this work would respectfully suggest that visitors, who have the leisure, should see -some of the well-known institutions of “The City of Brotherly Love.” Among the rare -places of interest, after the United States Mint, is 1st.—<b>THE NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS</b> -(in same square), known as the <b>NEW CITY HALL, the Largest and Finest in the World</b>, -surpassing even the <b>Capitol at Washington</b>. 2d.—<b>FAIRMOUNT PARK</b>, the largest and -most beautiful public pleasure ground in the United States, embracing nearly three -thousand acres, on both sides of the Schuylkill River, from Fairmount Water Works to -Indian Rock, on the romantic Wissahickon. 3d.—<b>GIRARD COLLEGE</b>, where eleven -hundred and fifty Orphan Boys are maintained, clothed and educated through the -bountiful munificence of Philadelphia’s great benefactor, <span class="smcap">Stephen Girard</span>. 4th.—<b>WANAMAKER’S -GREAT STORE</b>, East of and almost adjoining the Mint. This -immense establishment (the largest of the kind in the World) has grown to such vast -proportions during the past decade that we feel compelled to give it a brief notice, as -it has become one of the features of our city, and an object of interest to our visitors. -The building itself is unique; it occupies an entire square, viz:—from Thirteenth to -Juniper and from Market to Chestnut Streets—entrance on each of the four streets. -The flooring space occupied in the interior, including first floor, basement and galleries, -embraces more than twelve acres, and all this immense space is occupied with such -goods as everybody, at some time in life, feels the necessity of purchasing. The general -arrangement and classification of goods from all nations (there being over fifty separate -and distinct departments), suggests a reproduction of the <b>Main Building of our late -great Centennial Exposition</b>, with the <b>Department of Public Comfort</b> added. One of -the great features of this Mammoth Bazaar is that visitors are made to feel at home, -every provision being made for their convenience. There are commodious Retiring -and Reading Rooms on either floor. One’s Satchel and Parcels are checked without cost, -and no one is importuned to purchase. Visitors will find it hard to resist the <b>Tempting -Offers</b> and <b>Low Prices</b> marked on the goods. 5th.—<b>INDEPENDENCE HALL</b>, -(The Nation’s Birth-place) Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets; <b>National -Museum</b>, in same building, containing many interesting relics of the Revolution and -of Washington’s Camp Life; The <b>Old Liberty Bell</b> hanging in the hallway leading -to <b>Independence Square</b>, where the Declaration of Independence was read to the -people, July 4th, 1776. 6th.—<b>ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS</b>, Broad Street (west side) -between Arch and Race Streets, should be visited by all lovers of the Fine Arts. -7th.—The <b>NEW MASONIC TEMPLE</b>, Northeast corner Broad and Filbert Streets. -Visiting days every Thursday. 8th.—The <b>NEW POST OFFICE</b> and <b>U. S. COURT -BUILDING</b>. This is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the country, and well -worthy of a visit; also, the <b>NEW “RECORD” BUILDING</b>, adjoining. 9th.—The -<b>BURIAL PLACES OF BENJAMIN and DEBORA FRANKLIN</b> can be seen at South-east -corner Fifth and Arch Streets. 10th.—There are other notable places of interest -in the City Of “Brotherly Love,” among which may be mentioned <b>CARPENTERS’ -HALL, UNION LEAGUE, DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND ASYLUMS, LAUREL -HILL CEMETERY, PENNSYLVANIA AND WILL’S HOSPITALS</b>, and the hundred -and one other benevolent institutions for which Philadelphia is justly celebrated.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="rubbings" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/rubbings.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Collectors estimate the loss to numismatography as very great by reason of the temptation -the gold possesses for hoarding, and they are possibly the only class of people who -have any apology to offer for the miser. Yet the world is debtor to this despised habit -for some of its most invaluable specimens of art, and important corroborative history of -the old world.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Robert Morris was born in England, and came to America when he was thirteen -years old, (Sparks’ life of Governeur Morris.)</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> During the Confederation the different States had the unquestioned right to coin -money, but only according to the standard of fineness, weight, and value, prescribed -by the central government.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> The following, from the Morris Papers, serve to illustrate this subject:</p> - -<p class="center">“1.—<span class="smcap">Robt. Morris to Richard Yates.</span></p> - -<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span>, Jan. 23, 1782.</p> - -<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>“At the request of a very honest Man who seems much distressed for the welfare of -his wife, now in London, I beg to trouble you with the enclosed Letter, praying that -you will forward it, and if in consequence thereof Mrs. Dudley should come to New -York, I beg of you to procure Liberty for her to come to her Husband at this place. -The money for her Passage and reasonable expenses in New York, which must be -reasonable as possible, she may draw upon her Husband, Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and -I engage that the Draft shall be paid. I shall thank you for your attention to this -poor Lady when she arrives, and remain Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">“your most obedient and humble servant</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p> - -<p class="center">“2.—<span class="smcap">Robt. Morris to the Commissary General of Prisoners.</span></p> - -<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span>, Jan. 23, 1782.</p> - -<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>“I send herewith an open letter for Mr. Richard Yates containing one for Mrs. Dudley -in London, from her Husband now here. I wish these may be safely delivered to -Mr. Yates, and therefore pray you to send them into New York, by some person that -will not only promise, but perform the delivery of them. I am Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">“your most obedient and humble servant</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> This letter will illustrate this subject:</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris to the Rev. William Gordon, D. D.</span></p> - -<p class="center">[From the Morris Papers.]</p> - -<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Philad’a</span> 20th July, 1782.</p> - -<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>“In consequence of your Letter of the nineteenth of June, I sent for Mr. Dudley, -told him the information you had so kindly given to me, and assured him of my desire -to make him easy and happy. The business in which he is intended to be employed, -is like many other important matters, retarded by the tediousness of the States in -supplying the Continental Treasury.</p> - -<p>“The Hon’ble Secretary at War has commenced a correspondence with General Gates -at my request, which I think, will produce what he wishes. Be assured that I take -particular pleasure in promoting the interest and happiness of worthy men, and that -I am with great esteem Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">your most obedient and humble Servant,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> This letter will illustrate this matter:</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris to Benjamin Dudley.</span></p> - -<p class="center">[From the Morris Papers.]</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office of Finance</span>, 29 Novr., 1782.</p> - -<p class="noindent">“<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>“You will herewith receive the Form for making a particular kind of Paper—You -are to proceed to the Paper Mill of Mr. Mark Wilcox, in Ash Town Chester County, -who has the Stuff prepared, and there to superintend the making of sundry reams of -Paper upon this Form—in doing of which you are to be particularly careful not to -leave it in the power of any person or persons to make any paper upon this Form -without your immediate Inspection.</p> - -<p>“You are to attend the Workmen constantly whilst they are at work, and when you -retire from the Mill upon any occasion, you are to take the Form with you. You are -to count the Paper as it is made sheet by sheet and when you have finished the whole, -you are to bring it to me together with the Form. I am Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">“Your most obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The building is still standing (March, 1888) Nos. 37 and 39 North Seventh street, and -is occupied for various purposes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> For the various duties of the Mint there are over three hundred persons employed -as clerks, workmen, etc.—say about two-thirds men and one-third women—the number -depending, of course, upon the amount of work to be done.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Adam Eckfeldt’s portrait, by Samuel Du Bois, hangs in the Cabinet. A short sketch -of him will be found in the list of Coiners.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The exchange at the present time (1885) is made at the Sub-Treasury in the Custom -House.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Horace says that Alexander the Great ordained that no one should take his portrait -on <i>gems</i> but Pyrgoteles; no one should paint him but Apelles; and no one should stamp -his head on <i>coins</i> but Lysippus.—<i>American Bibliopolist.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> “In box, three pictures (miniatures), <i>two half joes</i>, two small pieces of gold.” Dec. -26, 1780.—Martha Washington. These were sent to be used in the manufacture of the -miniature cases for the above pictures. This letter is in the possession of K. Coulton -Davis, Ph. G., of this city.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> This issue being made at Sommer Islands, gave the name of “Sommer money.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> The old story of the weighing of John Hall’s daughter on her marriage-day is recalled -in seeing these coins. Her dowry was her weight in “pine-tree” shillings; and -the suggestion is allowable that these specimens formed a part of the portion of the -blushing bride two centuries ago.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> This is the coin which caused such excitement and so much feeling in Ireland, and -which Dean Swift attacked from the pulpit.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> From Chapman’s Collection Catalogue, May 14-15, pp. 24-25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> From the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, reported by Wm. E. -Du Bois, in October, 1845.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Considered unique, one recently sold for $640.00 at a public sale in New York.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> After the resignation of ex-Governor Pollock the title of Director was changed to -Superintendent. The Director of all the Mints is now located at Washington.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> Dr. Linderman’s widow and only son, Henry R. Linderman (named for him), a -prominent lawyer of Stroudsburg, Penna., are the only survivors of his family.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> The Phototype of Washington’s Profile likeness in the bound edition of this book, -is from this Medal, known as the Houdon Medal.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Mr. Barber has lately completed a large and very fine medallic likeness of President -Cleveland.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> Kilogram of gold valued at $634.60.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Kilogram of silver valued at $41.56.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Includes $11,464.27 expended from appropriation for renewal of steam-power plant -at Philadelphia.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> The statement of the amounts in National Banks is of date August 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> Includes $24,044,000 Clearing-house gold certificates.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> Includes $8,770,000 held for the redemption of certificates of deposit for legal-tender -notes under Act June 8, 1872.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> The Carat is sub-divided into thirty-two parts.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> The coins struck at the parent mint in Philadelphia bear no mint mark.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="ads"> - -<p class="center larger">THE REAL ESTATE TRUST COMPANY<br /> -<span class="smaller">OF PHILADELPHIA</span></p> - -<p class="center">1340 Chestnut Street.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp45" id="ad01" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad01.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">Capital,—$500,000.</p> - -<p class="center">OFFICERS:</p> - -<ul> -<li>FRANK K. HIPPLE, President.</li> -<li>WILLIAM R. PHILLER, Secretary.</li> -<li>WILLIAM F. NORTH, Treasurer.</li> -<li>THOMAS B. PROSSER, Real Estate Officer.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">DIRECTORS:</p> - -<ul> -<li>FRANK K. HIPPLE,</li> -<li>HENRY C. GIBSON,</li> -<li>LEMUEL COFFIN,</li> -<li>BEAUVEAU BORIE,</li> -<li>WILLIAM M. SINGERLY,</li> -<li>JOHN WANAMAKER,</li> -<li>GEORGE PHILLER,</li> -<li>EDWARD T. STEEL,</li> -<li>CHARLES W. HENRY,</li> -<li>JOHN F. BETZ,</li> -<li>THOMAS DOLAN,</li> -<li>R. DALE BENSON.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> -<li class="ifrst">GEORGE JUNKIN, Solicitor.</li> -</ul> - -<p>This Company transacts a general Real Estate business, acting as agent or attorney -for buying, holding, leasing and selling property in the City of Philadelphia and -its vicinity. Negotiates Mortgages and places Ground Rents.</p> - -<p>Gives especial attention to the Renting of Properties and the Collection of Rents, to -the payment of Taxes and Water Rents, and to the making of needful repairs on -such properties; in all respects taking the same charge and management of, and giving -the same attention to, Real Estate as the owner could do.</p> - -<p>Collects Ground Rents, Interest on Mortgages, Dividends and Income of all kinds -whatsoever.</p> - -<p>Receives Deposits of Money, payable by Check on demand, and allows Interest -thereon. Issues Negotiable Certificates of Special Deposits bearing Interest.</p> - -<p>Acts as Trustee, Guardian, Executor, Administrator, Assignee, Receiver, Committee, -Attorney, etc.</p> - -<p>Receives and executes Trusts of every description, under the appointment of -Courts, Corporations and Individuals.</p> - -<p>Becomes surety for the faithful performance of any Trust or Office; acts as Transfer -Agent or Registrar of Stocks and Bonds of Corporations or Municipalities.</p> - -<p>All Trust Funds and Investments are kept separate and apart from those of the -Company.</p> - -<p>Issues Policies of Title Insurance to Real Estate and Real Estate Securities, in Philadelphia -and adjoining counties, thereby affording absolute security to Purchasers -and their Heirs, at a nominal cost.</p> - -<p>Also issues Policies of Special Insurance against Decedents’ Debts, Mechanics’ Liens, -Judgments, Old Ground Rents, etc.</p> - -<p>Receives for safe-keeping Securities, Plate, Jewelry, Deeds, Mortgages, and other -Valuables, at reasonable rates.</p> - -<p>Rents Safe Deposit Boxes in the Company’s Burglar-proof Vaults, affording security -against loss by Robbery, Fire or Accident. These Boxes are rented according to size -and location, at from Five to Fifty Dollars per annum.</p> - -<p style="margin-top: 2em;">Agents for the sale of the reliable Six Per Cent. Mortgages and Debentures of “The -New England Loan and Trust Co. of Des Moines, Iowa;” and of “The New England -Trust Co. of Kansas City, Missouri;” both Principal and Interest guaranteed, and -Interest payable semi-annually, by coupon, in either New York or Philadelphia.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center smaller">WILLIAM GROVES. ALEXANDER WILSON. WILLIAM GROVES, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span></p> - -<p class="center larger">GROVES, WILSON & GROVES,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap smaller">Importers, Manufacturers and Retailers of</span><br /> -<span class="larger">CABINET FURNITURE,</span><br /> -UPHOLSTERY AND BEDDING,<br /> -Furniture and Decorations,<br /> -LACE CURTAINS AND DRAPERIES.</p> - -<p class="center">☞ <i>VERANDA AND WINDOW AWNINGS A SPECIALTY.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><b>Nos. 1022-24 Market Street,</b><br /> -PHILADELPHIA, PA.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">THE<br /> -<span class="larger">Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company</span><br /> -OF PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Assets,</td> - <td class="tdr">$12,750,000.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Surplus to Members,</td> - <td class="tdr">2,500,000.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><b>A PURELY MUTUAL COMPANY</b> conducted solely in the interest of members, and -with the object of furnishing the <b>Best</b> Life Insurance at the <b>Least</b> cost.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>40 YEARS’ SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS.</b></p> - -<p class="center">All approved forms of Life and Endowment Policies issued, which become -<b>INCONTESTABLE</b> after two years, and are absolutely -<b>NON-FORFEITABLE</b> for “reserve” value.</p> - -<p class="center">Members who discontinue their payments, have the option of an <b>Extension</b> -of the original sum insured or a <b>Paid-up</b> policy.</p> - -<p class="center">HOME OFFICE—No. 921 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<ul> -<li>EDWARD M. NEEDLES, President.</li> -<li>HORATIO S. STEPHENS, Vice-Pres’t.</li> -<li>HENRY C. BROWN, Sec’y and Treas.</li> -<li>JESSE J. BARKER, Actuary.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="smaller">SPRINGFIELD</span><br /> -GAS MACHINE</p> - -<p class="center">Improved under twenty years’ manufacture and -experience—maintains the lead.</p> - -<p><b>FOR COUNTRY RESIDENCES</b> it has proved to be a necessity and a -luxury.</p> - -<p><b>FOR HOTELS</b> and other buildings, in connection with our Mixing Regulator, -it produces gas of uniform quality, free from smoke, used through plain open burners.</p> - -<p><b>FOR MECHANICAL ARTS</b> it furnishes gas for heating purposes, at 40 -to 50 cents per thousand feet.</p> - -<p>Best quality GASOLINE, for Gas Machines, constantly on hand. Send for quotations.</p> - -<p>Among the Hotels lighted by the Springfield Gas Machine, with Mixing Regulator -attached, would mention the following: Glen Summit Hotel, Glen Summit, Pa; -Devon Inn, Devon, Pa.; Engleside, Beach Haven, N. J.; Avon Inn, -Key East, N. J.; Luray Inn, Luray, Va.</p> - -<p class="center">For further particulars, address,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">George W. Hulme</span>,<br /> -12 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> - -<p class="center">Cooking Stoves for use with Gas Machines.<br /> -SEND FOR CATALOGUE.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center larger">FURNITURE AND DECORATIONS</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad02" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad02.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<ul class="larger"> -<li><i><span class="smcap">Curtains and Upholstery</span>,</i></li> -<li class="isub1"><i><span class="smcap">Fine Cabinet Work</span>,</i></li> -<li class="isub2"><i><span class="smcap">Interior Wood Work</span>.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND ESTIMATES SUBMITTED.</p> - -<p class="center larger">TRYMBY, HUNT & CO.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS,</b><br /> -<span class="smcap">Nos. 1217 to 1221</span> MARKET STREET,<br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad03" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad03.jpg" alt="TENTH EDITION OF EVANS’ ILLUSTRATED" /> -</div> - -<p class="center larger">HISTORY OF THE U. S. MINT</p> - -<p class="center">EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>DAILY HERALD.</i></p> - -<p>A very interesting History of the United States Mint is published by -the author, George G. Evans, of this city. The introduction gives an -account of the money of the past and the present, showing what formed -the circulatory medium in ancient times and in all countries. This is followed -by a history of coinage in this country, with biographical sketches of -the past and present officers of our Mint. The whole process of melting, -assaying, refining and coining gold and silver is very lucidly explained; it -is also fully illustrated with engravings as a further explanation of the text. -There are a large number of phototypes of ancient and modern coins, Continental -money, etc., etc., the whole forming a very readable book, and one -which fills a gap in our country’s history.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>PHILADELPHIA TIMES.</i></p> - -<p>It is the only complete and authentic History of the Mint and Coinage -Manual that is to be had, and is a valuable contribution to our national as -well as our local history. It embraces everything that one could expect -to find in such a volume, and a good deal which agreeably surprises the -reader.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>EVENING TELEGRAPH.</i></p> - -<p>Mr. Evans’ book gives a complete history of American coinage, describing -the obverse and reverse of each piece struck at the Mint since its -establishment in 1792. The work is finely gotten up in every respect.</p> - -<p>Copies of the above sent post-paid on receipt of price. <i>A Handsome -Gift</i> will accompany each book.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Paper Covered Edition, price</td> - <td class="tdr">$ .50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cloth, Gold Side Stamp</td> - <td class="tdr">1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Half Morocco, Marbled Edge</td> - <td class="tdr">2.00</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>N. B.—Any book published, the retail price of which is 50 cents or -more, will be promptly sent post-paid, with a gift, on receipt of the advertised -price.</p> - -<p class="center">Address, <b>GEO. G. EVANS, Publisher</b>,<br /> -<i>1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</i></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">Established 1860.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="larger">MASON & CO., COIN DEALERS,</span><br /> -175 Washington St., Boston, Mass.</p> - -<p class="center">Just out, “Coin Price Book,” showing our buying and selling prices for all -Coins. Mailed for 25 cents. Send Stamp for information.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">DAVID F. CONOVER. B. FRANK WILLIAMS.</p> - -<p class="center">WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR<br /> -ROGERS & BROS.’ FLAT <i>and</i> HOLLOW WARE</p> - -<p class="center">WHOLESALE AGENTS FOR<br /> -T. A. WILLSON & CO.’S OPTICAL GOODS</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="ad04" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad04.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center larger">DAVID F. CONOVER & CO.</p> - -<p class="center">(Successors to WM. B. WARNE & CO.)</p> - -<p class="center">Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad05" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad05.jpg" alt="WATCHES and JEWELRY," /> -</div> - -<p class="center">American Watch Wholesale Salesroom:</p> - -<p class="center">Corner Chestnut and Seventh Streets,<br /> -<span class="smaller">(FIRST FLOOR,)</span><br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center larger">MRS. M. C. CASSIDY,</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad06" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad06.jpg" alt="AGENT DEALER IN Human Hair," /> -</div> - -<p class="center">AND EVERY ARTICLE BELONGING TO THE TRADE,</p> - -<p class="center">No. 9 South Eighth Street,<br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">E. O. THOMPSON,</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ad07" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ad07.jpg" alt="Merchant Tailor" /> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">AND IMPORTER OF</span><br /> -ENGLISH CLOTHING,</p> - -<p class="center">1338 Chestnut Street<br /> -<span class="smaller">(Opposite the U. S. MINT,)</span><br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Thirty-three years experience in</i></p> - -<p class="center">“Finest Merchant Tailoring,”</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>has won for us a “national reputation,” and our customers extend from -Maine to California</i>.</p> - -<p><i>In addition to the finest Merchant Tailoring, we are now introducing -an entirely new idea, viz.</i>:</p> - -<p class="center">“London Ready-Made Clothing,”</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>which every visitor to the Mint is invited to call at our store and examine</i>.</p> - -<p><i><b>Our Claim is</b>: They are <b>equal</b> in <b>style</b>, <b>fit</b>, <b>make</b> and <b>appearance</b> to -the finest “made to order” garments, and at half the cost of the same.</i></p> - -<p><i>Should you not be ready to purchase now, we shall be pleased to take your -measure for reference, and will send you samples and prices on request <b>FREE -OF CHARGE</b>.</i></p> - -<p><i>Our “MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENT” offers special advantages -for obtaining our clothing without calling at our store, and our Self-Measuring -System secures a fit.</i></p> - -<p><i>Write for particulars and samples.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Address all Mail Orders</i>,</p> - -<p class="center">E. O. THOMPSON,<br /> -P. O. Box 418,<br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><b>OUR STORES:</b></p> - -<p class="center">No. 1338 Chestnut Street,<br /> -(Opposite the Mint,)</p> - -<p class="center">No. 908 Walnut Street,<br /> -PHILADELPHIA.</p> - -<p class="center">No. 245 Broadway,<br /> -NEW YORK.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MINT ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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