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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #66012 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66012)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites,
-by Clair A. Brown
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites
-       Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15
-
-Author: Clair A. Brown
-        Harold E. Grelen
-
-Release Date: August 8, 2021 [eBook #66012]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON
-PINE SITES ***
-
-
-
-
-                             Clair A. Brown
-                            Harold E. Grelen
-
-
-
-
-              IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON PINE SITES
-
-
-                   Southern Forest Experiment Station
-                    U.S. Department of Agriculture,
-                             Forest Service
-                     General Technical Report SO-15
-
-
-
-
-                            Acknowledgments
-
-
-The authors thank Bryan A. Jowers, Glendale, California, for the
-excellent winter silhouettes. For help in obtaining specimens or
-photographs of species not easily accessible to us, we thank the
-following: Roger W. Barbour, University of Kentucky; William Harlow,
-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New
-York; Richard Johnson, Caroline Dormon Nature Preserve; Betty E. Lemon,
-University of Southwestern Louisiana; R. Dale Thomas, Northeast
-Louisiana University; and Lino Della-Bianca and Edwin R. Lawson of the
-U.S. Forest Service.
-
-
-
-
-                                Summary
-
-
-This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood species or
-varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with photographs of leaves,
-bark, buds, flowers, and fruits. Line drawings feature the winter
-silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in
-identification.
-
-
-
-
-                     US. Department of Agriculture
-             Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15
-
-
-
-
-              Identifying Hardwoods Growing On Pine Sites
-
-
-                            _CLAIR A. BROWN_
-                          Professor Emeritus,
-                          Department of Botany
-                       Louisiana State University
-                         Baton Rouge, Louisiana
-
-                           _HAROLD E. GRELEN_
-                       Principal Range Scientist
-                   Southern Forest Experiment Station
-                          Forest Service—USDA
-                          Pineville, Louisiana
-
-
-                                  1977
-
- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
-                     Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
-
-
-
-
-                                Contents
-
-
-                                                                    Page
-  Overview of Southern Hardwoods                                       1
-  Key to Hardwoods                                                     6
-  Species Described and Illustrated
-      Mockernut hickory                                               10
-      Pignut hickory                                                  12
-      Shagbark hickory                                                14
-      Bitternut hickory                                               16
-      Southern red oak                                                18
-      Cherrybark oak                                                  20
-      Black oak                                                       22
-      Scarlet oak                                                     24
-      Northern red oak                                                26
-      Shumard oak                                                     28
-      Blackjack oak                                                   30
-      Laurel oak                                                      32
-      Water oak                                                       34
-      White oak                                                       36
-      Post oak                                                        38
-      Chestnut oak                                                    40
-      Winged elm                                                      42
-      American elm                                                    44
-      Sugarberry                                                      46
-      Yellow-poplar                                                   48
-      Sweetbay                                                        50
-      Sweetgum                                                        52
-      Red maple                                                       54
-      Black tupelo                                                    56
-      White ash                                                       58
-      Green ash                                                       60
-  Selected References                                                 63
-  Glossary                                                            65
-  Index                                                               69
-
-
-
-
-                     Overview of Southern Hardwoods
-
-
-Throughout the South some 49 billion cubic feet of small, low-quality
-hardwoods are growing on southern pine sites[1] (Staff, For. Resour.
-Res. Work Unit 1976). This material is usually wasted; if the site is
-prepared for regeneration to pine, the hardwoods there are destroyed.
-Research is underway to find economical methods of harvesting and
-utilizing these hardwoods. The descriptions, key, and illustrations in
-this book should help wood utilization researchers, especially those new
-to the South, to identify the most prevalent hardwood species on
-southern pine sites (Table 1).
-
-
-Table 1.—_Important hardwoods on southern pine sites, ranked according
-to percentage of total hardwood volume_
-
-  Percentages were derived from Staff, For. Resour. Res. Work Unit
-  (1976).
-
-  Nomenclature used herein follows Little (1953).
-
-                           _Species_                           _Percent_
-
-  Sweetgum         _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.                     13.2
-  White oak        _Quercus alba_ L.                                12.3
-  Hickory          _Carya_ spp.                                      8.5
-  Southern red oak _Quercus falcata_ Michx.                          8.1
-  Post oak         _Quercus stellata_ Wangenh.                       7.0
-  Yellow-poplar    _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.                      7.0
-  Black tupelo     _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.                          5.5
-  Water oak        _Quercus nigra_ L.                                4.7
-  Black oak        _Quercus velutina_ Lam.                           4.0
-  Scarlet oak      _Quercus coccinea_ Muenchh.                       3.6
-  Red maple        _Acer rubrum_ L.                                  3.6
-  Chestnut oak     _Quercus prinus_ L.                               2.9
-  Northern red oak _Quercus rubra_ L.                                2.4
-  Laurel oak       _Quercus laurifolia_ Michx.                       1.4
-  Elm              _Ulmus_ spp.                                      1.4
-  Cherrybark oak   _Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell.        1.2
-  Ash              _Fraxinus_ spp.                                    .9
-  Sweetbay         _Magnolia virginiana_ L.                           .6
-  Shumard oak      _Quercus shumardii_ Buckl.                         .2
-  Hackberry        _Celtis_ spp.                                      .1
-  Other hardwoods  including blackjack oak (_Quercus                11.4
-                   marilandica_ Muenchh.)
-  Total hardwoods                                                  100.0
-
-
-Hickories have alternate compound leaves with 5 to 13 leaflets. They are
-monoecious; that is, the stamens and pistil are borne in separate
-flowers on the same plant. Flowers generally develop after the leaves
-are three-fourths to full grown. Staminate flowers are in catkins, which
-occur on last year’s wood and usually have three branches. The stalkless
-pistillate flowers are in several-flowered spikes at the apex of the
-current season’s growth. Catkins last from 10 days to 3 weeks and are
-usually not useful in distinguishing the species. The fruit, however, is
-widely used for identification. The husk may be very thin (about 1 mm),
-moderately thick (3 to 5 mm), or very thick (more than 5 mm). Similarly,
-the shell may be thin, moderately thick, or very thick. The meat varies
-from sweet to bitter. Upon drying, the husk usually separates along
-sutures and frees the nut. In some species the husk partly splits at the
-sutures but still encloses the nut when it falls. Such nuts are usually
-sterile, because the meat is seldom filled out.
-
-For identification purposes use nuts from the ground with caution; if
-more than one species grows in the vicinity, the fruits could be mixed.
-Also some trees shed defective or sterile fruits early, and these fruits
-are often different in shape and size from typical fruit.
-
-Hickories are generally divided into true hickories, which have
-overlapping (imbricate) bud scales, and pecan hickories, which have
-valvate bud scales. True hickories are divided into those with tight
-bark and those with loose bark. Mockernut Hickory, _Carya tomentosa_
-Nutt., a tight bark species, has very pubescent leaves, large buds, and
-a thick husk over a large nut. Pignut Hickory, _C. glabra_ (Mill.)
-Sweet, also a tight bark hickory, has three to nine glabrous leaflets
-and a tardily dehiscing husk about 3 mm thick. Shagbark Hickory, _C.
-ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch, is one of the few species with bark in thin,
-loose plates. It has small buds and usually has five leaflets. Bitternut
-Hickory, _C. cordiformis_ (Wangenh.) K. Koch, belongs to the pecan
-hickory group and has yellow buds with valvate scales. It also has tight
-bark, thin four-winged husks, thin shells, and bitter meat.
-
-Oaks are also monoecious, and staminate flowers are in drooping catkins,
-which consist of a central, flexible axis with sessile, apetalous and
-pubescent flowers. They are most abundant on the developing new twigs.
-Although catkins vary among oaks, they are usually not used as
-distinguishing characteristics because they last only 2 to 3 weeks.
-Pistillate flowers occur on wood of the previous season and in leaf
-axils of twigs. In red oaks, however, pistillate flowers on current
-twigs do not mature until the second fall.
-
-The fruit, a nut or acorn, consists of the seed enclosed in a shell. The
-nut is seated in a cup consisting of many scales. At maturity nuts are
-shed from the tree by shrinkage of the cup (dehydration). Considerable
-variation in mature acorn size occurs among trees of a species, notably
-in water oak, willow oak, and white oak.
-
-Differences in foliage within a species also complicate identification.
-Apparently because lower leaves receive less sunlight they differ in
-size and appearance from those in the middle or upper crown. Most
-taxonomists prefer a specimen from the upper half of the crown because
-they consider leaves from this area typical for the species. To get such
-specimens easily, use a tree pruner and take leaves from at least 20 to
-30 feet off the ground or collect them from freshly felled trees.
-Moreover, foliage of seedlings and small saplings often differs from
-that of mature trees, and spring and summer growth flushes on the same
-branch often appear markedly different. This seasonal variation has been
-noted for many oaks, including laurel, post, blackjack, and especially
-water oak. For example, by late March or April, water oak leaves reach
-their normal size and shape—obovate with a wavy apex; the second flush
-of growth, which starts in late April or May, produces lobed leaves.
-
-Identification is further complicated because hybrids commonly occur
-among the oaks.
-
-The oaks are divided into two main groups: the white oaks and the red
-(or black) oaks. The white oaks have leaves with rounded lobes and no
-bristles; acorns mature the first fall, and the inner surface of the
-shell is glabrous. White oak, chestnut oak, and post oak belong to this
-group. The red oak group is characterized by bristle-tipped leaf lobes
-in such species as Shumard, southern red, northern red, cherrybark, and
-black oak. The red oak group also includes non-lobed species such as
-water, laurel, and willow oak, which usually have entire margins.
-Blackjack oak leaves usually lack lobes and bristles, but leaves with
-terminal lobes occasionally occur and may have one bristle per lobe.
-Acorns mature the second fall, and the inner surface of the shell is
-pubescent.
-
-Southern Red Oak, _Quercus falcata_ Michx., and its variety Cherrybark
-Oak, _Q. falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell., have almost identical
-acorns, but they can be distinguished by other characteristics. The leaf
-base of southern red oak is somewhat bell-shaped, but that of cherrybark
-is not. Southern red oak forms heavy ridges of bark; cherrybark does
-not.
-
-The distinctive feature of Black Oak, _Q. velutina_ Lam., is its
-yellow-orange inner bark. Its leaves take three forms. Seedlings to
-small saplings have a “bear-paw” leaf with only a suggestion of lobing.
-Lower leaves on large trees also have little lobing, but leaves from the
-middle and upper crown are clearly lobed. The uppermost leaves, which
-have seven lobes and deep sinuses, are usually illustrated as typical.
-
-Scarlet, _Q. coccinea_ Muenchh., Northern Red, _Q. rubra_ L., and
-Shumard Oak, _Q. shumardii_ Buckl., are difficult to distinguish.
-Northern red oak leaves have shallow sinuses and a dull-green upper
-surface with little or no pubescence in the vein axils on the underside.
-Shumard oak leaves have a glossier surface, shallow to deep sinuses that
-are usually wider than the adjacent lobes, and definite hairiness at the
-vein axils. The sinuses of scarlet oak are also usually wider than their
-adjacent lobes, which are usually toothed. Both Shumard and scarlet oak
-have outstanding fall coloration.
-
-Blackjack Oak, _Q. marilandica_ Muenchh., can be recognized by its
-leathery, usually entire, broadly obovate leaf, which has a rusty
-undersurface. The branches are stout, irregular, gnarled, drooping to
-horizontal.
-
-Laurel Oak, _Q. laurifolia_ Michx., and Water Oak, _Q. nigra_ L., are
-similar in size and shape, but water oak has oblong-obovate or
-spatula-shaped leaves gradually narrowed to a wedge-shaped base. Laurel
-oak leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate. Laurel oaks tend to shed leaves
-late and thus may retain about 30 to 50 percent of their lower leaves
-after water oaks are bare. Some recent authors separate the laurel oaks
-into two species, upland laurel oak, _Q. hemisphaerica_ Bartr., and
-swamp laurel oak, _Q. laurifolia_ Michx.
-
-White Oak, _Q. alba_ L., has a thin, light green leaf with a light
-glaucous bloom at maturity; it is oblong or ovate, with rounded lobes
-and three to five narrow sinuses extending nearly to the mid-rib. The
-cup scales of the acorn-cup are heavy and distinct.
-
-Post Oak, _Q. stellata_ Wangenh., has stout, irregular branches. The
-leathery leaves are usually five-lobed; usually the two side lobes are
-at right angles to the central axis, thus forming a cross-shaped leaf.
-
-Chestnut Oak, _Q. prinus_ L., resembles swamp chestnut oak, _Q.
-michauxii_ Nutt., a commercially important tree southwide. Chestnut oak
-is primarily a northeastern tree, extending into the South along the
-Appalachian highlands into northern Georgia and Alabama where its range
-overlaps that of swamp chestnut oak, and its leaves lack the dense
-pubescence found on those of swamp chestnut oak.
-
-Common elms include American Elm, _Ulmus americana_ L., and Winged Elm,
-_U. alata_ Michx. Both bloom after a freeze breaks dormancy. For
-example, if a killing frost occurs in the last week of November or the
-first week of December, American elm will bloom the first week of
-January. If no killing frost occurs by early December. American elm may
-not bloom until the third week of January. Winged elm usually blooms 10
-days to 2 weeks later than American elm. Small winged elm trees
-frequently have a corky outgrowth on opposite sides of twigs at least 3
-years old. Mature trees often lack this characteristic. The American elm
-leaf has unequal basal lobing and pubescent or ciliate samaras about 12
-mm in diameter; winged elm has a smaller leaf with round to acute leaf
-bases and a very ciliate samara about 8 mm long.
-
-Young Sugarberry, _Celtis laevigata_ Willd., and Hackberry, _C.
-occidentalis_ L., trees are readily recognized by a whitish to light
-gray bark dotted with small corky warts. Older trees often have
-relatively smooth, light to medium gray bark. Leaf margins of sugarberry
-are usually entire or indistinctly toothed; the upper half of hackberry
-leaves are usually conspicuously serrate. Both species produce tiny
-flowers on the new growth when the leaves are about half normal size.
-The fruit of sugarberry is orange-red to black; that of hackberry is
-dark red to nearly black at maturity.
-
-Yellow-poplar, _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L., or tulip tree, has
-alternate, four- to six-lobed leaves with truncate to distinctly notched
-apices, a unique feature among American trees. The flowers are
-tulip-like with red markings on a greenish-yellow background. The fruit
-is a cone-like aggregate of samaras.
-
-Sweetbay, _Magnolia virginiana_ L., produces moderate-sized trunks on
-uplands or numerous pole-like suckers in branch bottoms. It is evergreen
-in the southern part of its range and deciduous in the northern portion.
-A wind blowing in the crown will expose the silvery underside of the
-leaves. The white flowers, about 5 to 10 cm in diameter, open for the
-first time about 3 p.m. and close about 9 p.m. They reopen the next
-morning and shed their stamens. The fruit is a green pickle-like
-aggregate of follicles that splits open to reveal red seeds. Sweetbay
-and yellow-poplar, both members of the Magnolia family, have stipule
-scars circling the twigs.
-
-Sweetgum, _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L., or redgum, is easily recognized
-by its alternate, star-shaped, palmately lobed leaves. Some trees have
-corky outgrowths on the small branches. Its flower consists of several
-round clusters of stamens arranged in a raceme and a stalked pistillate
-head that develops into a spiny, woody fruit containing many seeds.
-
-Red Maple, _Acer rubrum_ L., has simple, opposite leaves that are
-usually glaucous and pubescent. The flowers appear in early February and
-the fruit is a double samara. The variety _A. rubrum_ var. _drummondii_
-(Hook. and Arn.) Sarg., which has densely matted white hairs on the
-undersides of young leaves, grows in swamps throughout the South. Leaves
-may have three to five lobes, but southern trees are predominantly
-three-lobed. For this reason, some authors recognize the southern form
-as _A. rubrum_ var. _tridens_ Woods.
-
-The leaves of Black Tupelo (blackgum) _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh., are
-alternate, elliptical to obovate, and become spotted early in their
-development, turning purplish in September before their early shedding.
-The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and produce a blue-black fruit.
-
-Two of the most common ashes are White Ash, _Fraxinus americana_ L., and
-Green Ash, _F. pennsylvanica_ Marsh. The most reliable distinction
-between the two species appears to be samara differences. White ash has
-a plump, short seed end with the wing practically terminal, whereas
-green ash has a slender seed end and the wing extends more than halfway
-down the seed end. White ash usually has a rounded leaflet base, but
-green ash has wedge-shaped leaflet bases. The undersurfaces of fresh
-white ash leaves are white, but the color is difficult to detect on dry
-specimens. Green ash leaves are green on both surfaces, although
-somewhat paler on undersurfaces.
-
-
-
-
-                            Key To Hardwoods
-
-
-The key is composed of paired statements, one true and one false for any
-given specimen. The guide numbers at the end of statements are used to
-locate the next pair. Follow the true statements until you come to a
-common name. If you have made no mistake in interpreting the paired
-statements, you should arrive at the correct identity of the specimen.
-Then check the text and illustration.
-
-  1. Leaves compound, with blades divided into leaflets                2
-  1. Leaves simple, blades not divided into leaflets                   7
-    2. Leaves with opposite arrangement on twigs                       3
-    2. Leaves with alternate arrangement on twigs                      4
-  3. Leaflets with rounded bases, conspicuously whitish below when
-      fresh; seed end of samara thickened, wing terminal only  White Ash
-  3. Leaflets with wedge-shaped bases, green below; wing terminal and
-      extending about half the length of the seed              Green Ash
-    4. Buds valvate; buds, fruits, and lower surface of leaflets covered
-        with yellow glandular scales; fruit winged on upper half of husk
-        suture, husk thin, shell thin, meat bitter     Bitternut Hickory
-    4. Buds imbricate, composed of overlapping scales                  5
-  5. Leaflets typically 5, glabrous except for a few hairs on rachis and
-      midribs; bark shaggy                              Shagbark Hickory
-  5. Leaflets 7                                                        6
-    6. Leaflets densely tomentose; bark tight, in diamond-shaped
-        pattern; husk very thick, shell thick, meat sweet
-                                                       Mockernut Hickory
-    6. Leaflets usually glabrous; bark tight, in diamond-shaped pattern;
-        husk moderately thick, shell thick, meat sweet, husk tardily
-        dehiscent                                         Pignut Hickory
-  7. Leaves essentially evergreen, large percentage staying on trees
-      until bud expansion, dark green above, silky white pubescent
-      below; flowers white, about 5 to 8 cm in diameter         Sweetbay
-  7. Leaves typically deciduous, or trees retaining some dead leaves to
-      bud expansion                                                    8
-    8. Leaf margins entire                                             9
-    8. Leaf margins lobed or toothed                                  12
-  9. Leaves with rusty pubescence below, broadly obovate, leathery bases
-      tapering to cordate or cuneate                       Blackjack Oak
-  9. Leaves essentially glabrous or with a few hairs in vein axils    10
-    10. Leaves shiny below, elliptic or rhombic to spatulate  Laurel Oak
-    10. Leaves dull green below                                       11
-  11. Leaves elliptic to obovate, strongly veined with purple spots and
-      discoloration in summer; fruit a drupe                Black Tupelo
-  11. Leaves abruptly obovate, bases wedge-shaped, few lateral veins;
-      fruit an acorn                                           Water Oak
-    12. Leaf margins toothed                                          13
-    12. Leaf margins lobed                                            16
-  13. Margins indistinctly toothed, blades narrowly to broadly ovate,
-      base unequal, apex long acuminate                       Sugarberry
-  13. Margins distinctly toothed                                      14
-    14. Teeth obtuse or rounded, leaf base wedge-shaped, stellate
-        pubescent below                                     Chestnut Oak
-    14. Teeth sharp                                                   15
-  15. Leaves normally elliptic, veins prominent below, bases rounded;
-      corky outgrowths on older branches, often lacking on large trees
-                                                              Winged Elm
-  15. Leaves broadly oval, pinnate veins distinct, margins doubly
-      toothed, bases oblique, unequally rounded             American Elm
-    16. Leaves palmately lobed                                        17
-    16. Leaves pinnately or apically lobed                            18
-  17. Leaves opposite, more or less glaucous and pubescent below; fruit
-      a double samara                                          Red Maple
-  17. Leaves alternate, glabrous below; fruit spherical, woody with
-      spine-like projections; corky outgrowths on branches frequent
-                                                                Sweetgum
-    18. Blades truncate to notched at apex, 4-lobed; fruit an aggregate
-        of samaras; flower conspicuous, greenish-yellow with red
-        markings                                           Yellow-poplar
-    18. Blades with acute to obtuse apices                            19
-  19. Blades apically 3-lobed                                         20
-  19. Blades pinnately lobed                                          21
-    20. Blades broadly obovate, base rounded, rusty pubescent below
-                                                           Blackjack Oak
-    20. Blades narrowly obovate, base wedge-shaped, mostly glabrous
-                                                               Water Oak
-  21. Leaves with rounded lobes                                       22
-  21. Leaves with bristle tips to lobes and lateral teeth             23
-    22. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, divided nearly to the midrib, whitish
-        below                                                  White Oak
-    22. Leaves with 5 unequal lobes, upper lateral pair larger,
-        squarish, at right angles to midrib, crosslike in appearance,
-        pubescent below                                         Post Oak
-  23. Leaves pubescent below, whitish to tawny                        24
-  23. Leaves glabrous below or with a few hairs on midrib and in vein
-      axils                                                           26
-    24. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, terminal lobes long, strap-shaped,
-        slightly curved, bases bell-shaped              Southern Red Oak
-    24. Leaves with 7 to 11 lobes                                     25
-  25. Leaves oblong, 7 to 11 lobes, base broadly wedge-shaped to
-      truncate, secondary lobes rare; inner bark reddish  Cherrybark Oak
-  25. Leaves broadly oval, 7 to 9 lobes, each lobe with secondary
-      bristle-tipped teeth; inner bark yellow-orange           Black Oak
-    26. Upper leaf surface glossy green                               27
-    26. Upper leaf surface dull green, 7 to 9 lobes, 8 to 22 cm long,
-        round sinuses extending less than half way to midrib
-                                                        Northern Red Oak
-  27. Leaves with 7 to 9 narrow lobes, sinuses extending more than
-      halfway to midrib                                      Scarlet Oak
-  27. Leaves with 5 to 7 narrow lobes, rounded sinuses, extending about
-      three-fourths of way to midrib                         Shumard Oak
-
-
-
-
-                  _Species Described and Illustrated_
-
-
-Mockernut Hickory
-_Carya tomentosa_ Nutt.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark grayish, tight, marked with distinct diamond-shaped ridges and
-furrows. Branches stout, drooping to spreading and ascending. Twigs 10
-to 12 mm in diameter, conspicuous leaf scars. Buds (terminal) 10 to 15
-mm long, 5 to 8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate. Leaves alternate,
-deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 20 to 40 cm long with 5 to 7 drooping
-leaflets; yellow hairs and glandular hairs on lower leaflet surface,
-apex acuminate, margin finely serrate, base obtuse, on very short
-petiolules. Flowers unisexual, appearing in spring with developing
-leaves, staminate in 3-parted drooping catkins, pistillate terminal on
-new growth. Fruit subglobose to obovate, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, husk 1
-cm thick, slow to open, shell of nut thick and hard, meat sweet.
-
-    [Illustration: Mockernut Hickory/_Carya tomentosa_]
-
-
-Pignut Hickory
-_Carya glabra_ (Mill.) Sweet
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark light to dark gray, often blackish, rough and deeply furrowed.
-Branches stout, drooping to spreading. Twigs 3 to 5 mm in diameter,
-reddish brown, smooth. Buds ovoid, acute, glabrous, 8 to 12 mm long,
-scales imbricate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound,
-20 to 40 cm long, usually with 7 leaflets; upper pair and terminal
-largest, 10 to 15 cm long by 4 to 6 cm wide, broadly oval to slightly
-obovate. Flowers unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing
-about the time of leaf maturity; pistillate terminal on new growth.
-Fruit oblong to obovoid to obpyriform, 30 mm in diameter by 35 mm long,
-husk about 3 mm thick, tardily dehiscent, shell of nut thick, meat
-sweet.
-
-    [Illustration: Pignut Hickory/_Carya glabra_]
-
-
-Shagbark Hickory
-_Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch
-
-Bark smooth at first, then breaking into long, flat, irregular gray
-strips, to 5 mm thick, usually attached at the apex, free at the base.
-Branches stout, smooth, spreading to ascending. Twigs stout,
-orange-brown, leaf scars large. Buds (terminal), 10 to 20 mm long, 6 to
-8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate. Leaves alternate, deciduous,
-odd-pinnately compound with 5 to 7 leaflets, usually 5 to 18 cm wide and
-20 to 35 cm long; lateral leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, terminal
-leaflet usually obovate, apices acute to acuminate, margins finely
-serrate, bases wedge-shaped, more or less yellow, pubescent below,
-gradually becoming glabrous with age. Flowers unisexual, appearing in
-spring with the developing leaves, staminate in 3-lobed catkins,
-pistillate on new growth. Fruits subglobose, 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter,
-husk 3 to 5 mm thick, shell of nut hard and moderately thin, meat sweet.
-
-    [Illustration: Shagbark Hickory/_Carya ovata_]
-
-
-Bitternut Hickory
-_Carya cordiformis_ (Wangenh.) K. Koch
-
-Bark brown to slate gray, smooth to lightly furrowed or with strongly
-interlaced ridges. Branches stiff, ascending, spreading. Twigs slender,
-glossy, often with yellow glands early in the season. Buds compressed,
-ovoid, 6 to 10 mm long, covered with yellow, valvate glandular scales.
-Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 15 to 25 cm long
-with 7 to 9 leaflets, 7 to 15 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide; lateral
-leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptic, terminal leaflet largest and
-usually obovate, apex acuminate, margin finely serrate, base
-wedge-shaped, with yellow glands on undersurfaces and on rachis. Flowers
-unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing after leaves;
-pistillate terminal on new growth. Fruit ovate to subglobose, 2 to 3 cm
-in diameter, often slightly compressed, 4-winged on sutures from apex to
-middle of husk, husk thin, covered with yellow glandular scales, shell
-of nut thin, meat very bitter.
-
-    [Illustration: Bitternut Hickory/_Carya cordiformis_]
-
-
-Southern Red Oak
-_Quercus falcata_ Michx.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark brown to grayish black, divided by shallow, irregular fissures
-into broad ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs 2 to 5
-mm in diameter, dull reddish brown. Buds ovoid, angulate 8 to 13 mm
-long, apex acute. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, many remaining as
-dead foliage until spring, ovate to obovate with bell-shaped base, 10 to
-28 cm long, 7 to 30 cm wide; with 3 to 9 lobes and margins with deep
-rounded sinuses; when 3-lobed, central lobe strap-shaped and toothed
-near the apex and side lobes acute to acuminate, somewhat falcate;
-permanently pubescent below, white at first, turning rust. Flowers
-unisexual, staminate in tomentose catkins as leaves unfold; pistillate
-in leaf axils on twigs. Fruit an acorn, small, spherical to
-hemispherical; cup 12 to 15 mm wide, shallow saucer-shaped, enclosing
-about one-fourth to one-half of the nut; nut 8 to 12 mm long.
-
-    [Illustration: Southern Red Oak/_Quercus falcata_]
-
-
-Cherrybark Oak
-_Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark gray to gray-black consisting of appressed scales in narrow
-flat ridges with shallow furrows. Branches stout, spreading to
-ascending. Twigs 2 to 4 mm in diameter, reddish, lightly fluted. Buds
-ovoid, 10 to 15 mm long, angled, scales pubescent with dark margins.
-Leaves alternate, tardily deciduous, persisting into December, simple,
-oval to oblong, 12 to 20 cm long, 7 to 8 cm wide; with 5 to 11 lobes,
-major lobes opposite each other, large rounded sinuses extending nearly
-to the midrib, margin entire with occasional bristle-tipped teeth near
-the apex of the lobes, dark green above, permanently pubescent below,
-sometimes thinly so, varying from white to rust color, especially on
-drying. Flowers as in _Q. falcata_. Fruit an acorn broader than tall;
-cups 12 to 15 mm wide; nut about 8 to 10 mm long, subglobose, flattened
-at base, rounded at apex.
-
-    [Illustration: Cherrybark Oak/_Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_]
-
-
-Black Oak
-_Quercus velutina_ Lam.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark brownish-black on older trees, with thick, broad scaly ridges and
-deep furrows; inner bark yellow-orange—the only American oak with this
-feature. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs about 5 mm in
-diameter, reddish brown to dark brown, lightly fluted. Buds ovoid, 10 to
-15 mm long, lateral buds sharply angled, scales ciliate, margin dark.
-Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; membranous in seedlings and
-saplings to somewhat leathery in the middle to upper crown; lower leaves
-broadly elliptic to obovate, 15 to 30 cm long, 10 to 15 cm wide, entire
-to faintly lobed; middle-crown leaves 10 to 20 cm long, 10 to 15 cm
-wide, distinctly 5 to 9 lobed with broad rounded sinuses with apical
-bristles on each lobe; upper-crown leaves oblong to obovate, 8 to 20 cm
-long, 8 to 15 cm wide; dark shiny green above, yellow scurfy pubescence
-on young leaves of middle and upper crown, petioles 4 to 6 cm long,
-yellow to reddish. Flowers unisexual; staminate catkins 7 to 15 cm long;
-pistillate on short tomentose peduncles. Fruit an oval to obovoid acorn
-10 to 25 mm long; cup cup-shaped to conical enclosing about one-half of
-the nut.
-
-    [Illustration: Black Oak/_Quercus velutina_]
-
-
-Scarlet Oak
-_Quercus coccinea_ Muenchh.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark grayish-black, divided into irregular fissures and scaly
-ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs 3 to 4 mm in
-diameter, reddish, turning a dull red. Buds ovoid, acute, 5 to 7 mm
-long, covered with rounded, lightly pubescent scales. Leaves alternate,
-deciduous, simple; glabrous, except in axils of main veins on underside,
-oval to slightly obovate, 8 to 17 cm long, 5 to 13 cm wide, with 5 to 9
-deep lobes often terminated by secondary lobes with bristle tips,
-sinuses usually deep, round, and wider than lobes; both surfaces pale
-green, upper surface shiny, bright scarlet in autumn, petioles about 4
-cm long. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins with developing leaves;
-pistillate on pubescent peduncles. Fruit an acorn; cup 15 to 30 mm wide,
-covered with brown scales enclosing about one-third to one-half of the
-nut; nut ovoid, 10 to 20 mm long, occasionally with ring grooves near
-apical point at maturity.
-
-    [Illustration: Scarlet Oak/_Quercus coccinea_]
-
-
-Northern Red Oak
-_Quercus rubra_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark brown, thick, divided by shallow furrows into long,
-flat-topped scaly ridges. Branches stout, spreading and ascending to
-form a round-topped crown. Twigs slender, reddish-brown to dark red.
-Buds ovate, acute, light brown, 8 to 10 mm long. Leaves alternate,
-deciduous, simple, oblong to oval to obovate, 12 to 22 cm long, 10 to 15
-cm wide; 7 to 11 short lobes, lobes 3-toothed, bristle-tipped; upper
-surface dull green. Flowers unisexual; staminate in slender catkins
-appearing with the developing leaves, pistillate inconspicuous on last
-year’s wood. Fruit an acorn, 15 to 30 mm long; cup saucer-shaped,
-enclosing about one-fourth of the nut.
-
-    [Illustration: Northern Red Oak/_Quercus rubra_]
-
-
-Shumard Oak
-_Quercus shumardii_ Buckl.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark gray to blackish, relatively smooth at first, then breaking
-into scaly ridges. Branches spreading to ascending. Twigs about 5 mm in
-diameter, olive green then turning dark reddish. Buds clustered at apex
-5 to 7 mm long, sharp pointed, strongly angled. Leaves alternate,
-deciduous, simple; oval to slightly obovate, 10 to 20 cm long, 6 to 15
-cm wide; with 7 to 10 bristle-tipped lobes, lobes on upper crown leaves
-narrower to slightly wider than sinuses, lobes on lower crown leaves
-wider than sinuses; dark green above, paler below, glabrous except for
-vein axils on lower surface; petiole about 5 cm long. Flowers unisexual;
-staminate in yellow catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves;
-pistillate on pubescent peduncles. Fruit an acorn; cup 20 to 31 mm
-across, enclosing about one-fourth of the nut; nut about 25 mm long, 15
-mm in diameter.
-
-    [Illustration: Shumard Oak/_Quercus shumardii_]
-
-
-Blackjack Oak
-_Quercus marilandica_ Muenchh.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark black, very rough, consisting of thick blocky plates. Branches
-stout, spreading to drooping. Twigs stout, about 5 mm in diameter. Buds
-with rusty brown hairs, about 4 to 8 mm long. Leaves alternate, tardily
-deciduous, simple, 7 to 25 cm long, broadly obovate at apex (bear-paw
-shape) tapering to a narrow base, margin entire or with 3 bristle-tipped
-apical lobes, upper surface dark green, rusty pubescent on
-undersurfaces. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins, appearing with
-the leaves; pistillate solitary or paired. Fruit an acorn, cup enclosing
-one-half to two-thirds of the nut; nut nearly ovoid, 20 to 25 mm long by
-15 to 20 mm in diameter.
-
-    [Illustration: Blackjack Oak/_Quercus marilandica_]
-
-
-Laurel Oak
-_Quercus laurifolia_ Michx.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark nearly black, divided into broad flat ridges by deep fissures.
-Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, usually reddish brown. Buds ovoid, reddish
-brown, 2 to 4 mm long. Leaves alternate, semi-deciduous, simple, a few
-shed in fall, a few persisting until spring; elliptic to spatulate, 7 to
-15 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute or obtuse, margin entire, base
-cuneate; shiny green above, paler below; petioles 3 to 5 mm long, midrib
-conspicuous on underside. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins as
-leaves unfold; pistillate on twigs at leaf scars. Fruit an acorn,
-sessile to subsessile, cup 15 to 20 mm wide, enclosing about one-fourth
-of nut; nut hemispheric, rounded at apex and flattened at bottom, 15 mm
-long.
-
-    [Illustration: Laurel Oak/_Quercus laurifolia_]
-
-
-Water Oak
-_Quercus nigra_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark smooth, grayish black, becoming scaly with age. Branches spreading
-to ascending, forming a round-topped crown in the open. Twigs 3 to 5 mm
-in diameter, gray. Buds ovoid, acute, reddish brown, 3 to 7 mm long.
-Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; variable in shape and size, obovate
-to spatulate, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide; margin entire, wavy to
-distinctly lobed in juvenile specimens; sessile or with petiole to 1 cm
-long. Flowers unisexual; staminate catkins 5 to 8 cm long, pistillate
-catkins short-peduncled. Fruit an acorn about 15 mm wide, 10 mm high;
-cup thin, enclosing about one-fifth to one-third of the nut.
-
-    [Illustration: Water Oak/_Quercus nigra_]
-
-
-White Oak
-_Quercus alba_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark light gray, separated by shallow furrows into flat ridges with
-loose appressed scales. Branches stout, drooping, spreading to
-ascending. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, reddish. Buds globose to ovoid,
-angulate, apex acute to obtuse, 3 to 5 mm. Leaves alternate, deciduous,
-simple, oblong to obovate, 7 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10 cm wide, with 7 to
-11 uneven, rounded lobes and deep sinuses. Flowers unisexual, in
-catkins, preceding leaf expansion. Fruit an acorn, 15 to 35 mm long, 20
-to 25 mm in diameter, cup 1.5 to 3 cm wide, usually cup-shaped,
-conspicuous with thickened scales, enclosing one-fourth to one-third of
-the nut.
-
-    [Illustration: White Oak/_Quercus alba_]
-
-
-Post Oak
-_Quercus stellata_ Wangenh.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark medium to dark gray, with deep furrows, scaly ridges. Branches
-stout, irregular, drooping to horizontal and ascending. Twigs 3 to 5 mm
-in diameter, gray to brownish. Buds broadly ovate, blunt to acute, 5 mm
-long, clustered at apex of twig. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple;
-obovate, to 18 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide; divided into 5 to 7 sinuate
-rounded lobes, the two lower lobes smaller than the upper pair, upper
-lobes and the terminal lobe resembling a cross, dark, shiny green above,
-grayish to brownish below, leathery. Flowers unisexual; staminate in
-catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves; pistillate on last year’s
-wood. Fruit an acorn, 13 to 25 mm long, 6 to 20 mm in diameter; cup
-hemispherical, enclosing about one-half of the nut, cup scales
-rusty-pubescent; nut ovate to ovate-oblong, about 15 mm long.
-
-    [Illustration: Post Oak/_Quercus stellata_]
-
-
-Chestnut Oak
-_Quercus prinus_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark reddish brown to nearly black, deeply furrowed with narrow
-ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs stout, angulate,
-smooth, purplish-green when new, turning orange or reddish-brown. Buds
-ovate-conical, somewhat angulate, 8 to 12 mm long, silky hairy. Leaves
-alternate, deciduous, simple; elliptic to obovate, 10 to 30 cm long, 3
-to 8 cm wide; somewhat leathery, margin crenate with a vein ending in
-each rounded tooth, smooth green above, stellate-pubescent below.
-Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins 5 to 10 cm long; pistillate in
-short spikes on stout peduncles. Fruit an acorn 25 to 35 mm long, 15 to
-25 mm in diameter; cup vase-shaped, thin, rough with thickened scales,
-covering one-third to one-half of the nut.
-
-    [Illustration: Chestnut Oak/_Quercus prinus_]
-
-
-Winged Elm
-_Ulmus alata_ Michx.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark, smooth at first becoming deeply furrowed on larger trees.
-Branches slender, ascending to spreading, corky ridges or wings on
-branches 3 years or older. Twigs about 2 mm in diameter, light green
-tinged with red. Buds sharp-pointed, divergent from twig 3 to 4 mm long.
-Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly ovate to elliptic, 4 to 8
-cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute to short-acuminate, margin doubly to
-triply serrate, base rounded; dull green above, lighter green below with
-prominent pinnate veins. Flowers perfect, abundant, tiny, opening just
-before leaves unfold, several in a cluster at a leaf scar, blooming late
-January into February. Fruit a samara, flat and elliptic, 6 to 8 mm
-long, margin ciliate.
-
-    [Illustration: Winged Elm/_Ulmus alata_]
-
-
-American Elm
-_Ulmus americana_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark gray to blackish, thick, divided into flat ridges by deep furrows.
-Branches ascending, arching, and spreading; open-grown trees vase-shaped
-in outline. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter with 5 to 7 leaves which
-increase in size from basal to apical leaf, red-brown. Buds (leaf)
-brown, small, scaly, acute. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly
-ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; apex acuminate, margin usually
-doubly serrate, base oblique on short petiole; upper surface smooth,
-marked with sunken veins pinnately arranged; veins more prominent on
-underside. Flowers perfect, buds greatly enlarge before opening; with
-very small flowers abundant in clusters; opening before the leaves
-expand, blooming from late December into February. Fruit a samara, oval
-to circular with wing surrounding the seed, about 10 mm in diameter,
-margin ciliate.
-
-    [Illustration: American Elm/_Ulmus americana_]
-
-
-Sugarberry; hackberry
-_Celtis laevigata_ Willd.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark light gray to almost white, thin, smooth, usually more or less
-studded with irregular corky outgrowths. Branches spreading, slender.
-Twigs about 3 mm in diameter, reddish-brown. Buds about 3 mm long,
-alternate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; narrowly elliptic to
-broadly ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute, margin
-usually entire, base broadly rounded or oblique. Flowers unisexual or
-perfect, tiny, inconspicuous, many staminate and few pistillate
-appearing on the new growth as the leaves unfold. Fruit a drupe with a
-bony reticulated nutlet, about 5 mm in diameter, orange-red on a pedicel
-often shorter than the petiole of the subtending leaf.
-
-    [Illustration: Sugarberry; hackberry/_Celtis laevigata_]
-
-
-Yellow-poplar
-_Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark thin and dark green on young trees, becoming ash-gray and
-conspicuously furrowed and ridged with age. Branches spreading to
-ascending, often drooping on large open-grown trees. Twigs smooth, about
-5 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule scars, red-brown. Buds (terminal)
-grayish green, turning red in winter, flat about 10 to 16 mm long,
-scales valvate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; dark green above,
-turning yellow in fall; 6 to 20 cm long and as wide as long; petioles 5
-to 20 cm long, often longer than the blades on low branches. Flowers
-perfect, tulip-shaped, about 4 to 6 cm long, greenish-yellow with orange
-to reddish markings at base of petals, color intensifies with age. Fruit
-an aggregate cone, 5 to 8 cm long, gradually shattering into one-seeded,
-winged samaras.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow-poplar/_Liriodendron tulipifera_]
-
-
-Sweetbay
-_Magnolia virginiana_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark gray, usually smooth, thin, in shady areas often encrusted
-with mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Branches stout, spreading to
-ascending. Twigs about 5 to 7 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule
-scars, green. Buds (terminal), silvery gray, pubescent, 15 mm long;
-smaller lateral buds often subtended by persistent petiole base. Leaves
-alternate, evergreen in South, deciduous in northern part of range,
-simple; elliptic to oblong, 10 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; margin
-entire, dark green above, silvery pubescent below. Flowers perfect,
-white, sweet-scented, 5 to 8 cm in diameter, appearing May to September.
-Fruit an aggregate of follicles which open and shed red seeds, irregular
-in shape, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, about 5 cm long.
-
-    [Illustration: Sweetbay/_Magnolia virginiana_]
-
-
-Sweetgum; redgum
-_Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark dark gray, divided by deep furrows into narrow, rounded ridges.
-Branches stout, often with corky wings or outgrowths. Twigs about 4 to 6
-mm in diameter, gray-brown. Buds (terminal) broadly egg-shaped, about 10
-to 15 mm long, scales overlapping, slightly sticky. Leaves alternate,
-deciduous, simple; palmately 5- to 7-lobed; 8 to 20 cm wide, 6 to 15 cm
-long, often longer than broad; margin finely serrate; petioles 4 to 13
-cm long. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious), appearing as the leaves
-unfold; staminate clustered in terminal racemes; pistillate in small
-drooping spherical heads. Fruit in stalked spherical heads covered with
-small spine-like projections; seed cavity at base of each spine.
-
-    [Illustration: Sweetgum; redgum/_Liquidambar styraciflua_]
-
-
-Red Maple
-_Acer rubrum_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark gray, divided into scaly ridges by narrow furrows. Branches
-slender, spreading and ascending. Twigs about 3 mm in diameter, reddish.
-Buds spherical, reddish, clustered at apex of twig, scales with white
-ciliate margins. Leaves opposite, deciduous, simple; ovate to almost
-circular, 4 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, usually longer than broad;
-3-lobed near the apex, margin finely serrate; dark green above, glaucous
-and lightly pubescent below, pubescence usually shed. Flowers typically
-polygamous, occasionally with perfect flowers, small, forming dense
-clusters from separate buds before leaf expansion, conspicuous because
-of the red to orange coloration. Fruit twin samaras 10 to 20 mm long.
-
-Var. _drummondii_: Leaves larger than typical red maple, usually broader
-than long; 3 to 5 lobes or occasionally scarcely lobed, margins coarsely
-toothed, conspicuously glaucous below, usually permanently tomentose.
-Fruit samaras 4 to 5 cm long.
-
-    [Illustration: Red Maple/_Acer rubrum_]
-
-
-Black Tupelo; blackgum
-_Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark black, marked with furrows and cross-cracks that divide the ridges
-into squarish plates. Branches slender, spreading to horizontal, often
-drooping in open-grown specimens. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, gray to
-reddish. Buds obtuse, of overlapping yellow-brown scales, terminal buds
-6 mm long. Leaves alternate, early deciduous, simple; marked with
-irregular black spots and purple coloration from midsummer on; elliptic
-to broadly oval to obovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide; apex acute
-to broadly rounded, margin entire, base wedge-shaped. Flowers unisexual,
-less than 4 mm in diameter, appearing in April before leaf expansion.
-Fruit a black drupe 8 to 10 mm long, 1 to 3 on pedicels 3 to 5 cm long,
-stone faintly ribbed.
-
-    [Illustration: Black Tupelo; blackgum/_Nyssa sylvatica_]
-
-
-White Ash
-_Fraxinus americana_ L.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark gray to brownish, divided into narrow, deep furrows and ridges of
-equal width. Branches stout, wide-spreading. Twigs 3 to 6 mm in
-diameter. Buds (terminal) broadly ovoid consisting of 4 appressed
-scales, dark brown to black; lateral buds spherical, tightly appressed
-to a crescent-shaped leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous,
-odd-pinnately compound; 20 to 30 cm long, white below when fresh;
-leaflets 7 to 9, petiolulate, oval to ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm
-wide, apex acuminate, margin essentially entire, base broadly rounded,
-pinnate veins conspicuous on underside. Flowers unisexual (plants
-dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous about 1 mm in diameter, arranged in
-dense paniculate clusters; staminate conspicuous in mass. Fruit a
-samara, 25 to 60 mm long, wing terminal on the thickened seed.
-
-    [Illustration: White Ash/_Fraxinus americana_]
-
-
-Green Ash
-_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh.
-
-    [Illustration: silhouette]
-
-Bark brownish, smooth when young, then breaking into narrow ridges with
-shallow narrow furrows. Branches drooping to spreading and ascending.
-Twigs stout, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, olive green. Buds terminal black;
-smaller lateral buds tightly appressed to the generally straight upper
-edge of the leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately
-compound with 5 to 7, occasionally 9, leaflets; leaflets narrowly to
-broadly elliptical, apex acuminate, margin entire to finely serrate,
-base wedge-shaped, hairy below along the veins. Flowers unisexual
-(plants dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous in open panicles; staminate
-in compact conspicuous clusters. Fruit a samara 25 to 50 mm long, seed
-end conspicuously slender and extending about half the length of the
-samara, wing decurrent on seed end.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Ash/_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_]
-
-
-
-
-                          Selected References
-
-
-  Bailey, L. H.
-    1949. Manual of cultivated plants. Rev. ed. 1116 p. Macmillan Co.,
-              New York.
-
-  Brown, C. A.
-    1945. Louisiana trees and shrubs. Bull. 1, 262 p. Louisiana Forestry
-              Commission, Baton Rouge.
-
-  Coker, W. C., and H. R. Totten.
-    1945. Trees of the southeastern states. 3rd ed. 419 p. Univ. of N.
-              C. Press, Chapel Hill.
-
-  Collingwood, G. H., and W. D. Brush.
-    1974. Knowing your trees. Rev. by D. Butcher. 374 p. American
-              Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.
-
-  Correll, D. C., and M. C. Johnston.
-    1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Contributions from the
-              Texas Research Foundation, Vol. 6. 1881 p. Texas Research
-              Foundation, Renner, Texas.
-
-  Fernald, M. L.
-    1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. 1632 p. American Book Co.,
-              New York.
-
-  Harlow, W. M.
-    1959. Fruit key and twig key to trees and shrubs. 106 p. Dover
-              Publications, New York.
-
-  Harlow, W. M., and E. S. Harrar.
-    1941. Textbook of dendrology covering the important forest trees of
-              the United States and Canada. 2nd ed. 561 p. McGraw-Hill
-              Book Co., New York and London.
-
-  Harrar, E. S., and J. G. Harrar.
-    1946. Guide to southern trees. 712 p. Whittlesy House, McGraw-Hill
-              Book Co., New York.
-
-  Kurz, H., and R. K. Godfrey.
-    1962. Trees of northern Florida. 311 p. Univ. of Fla. Press,
-              Gainesville.
-
-  Little, E. L.
-    1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United
-              States (including Alaska). U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb.
-              No. 41. 472 p.
-
-  Muller, C. H.
-    1951. The oaks of Texas. Contributions from The Texas Research
-              Foundation 1(3):21-311.
-
-  Preston, R. J., Jr.
-    1961. North American trees. 2nd ed. 395 p. Iowa State Univ. Press,
-              Ames (Reprinted 1970 by M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.).
-
-  Sargent, C. S.
-    1922. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico).
-              2nd ed. 910 p. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York.
-              (Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York).
-
-  Small, J. K.
-    1933. Manual of southeastern flora. 1554 p. Published by author in
-              New York.
-
-  Staff of Forest Resources Research Work Unit
-    1976. Hardwood distribution on pine sites in the South. U. S. Dep.
-              Agric. For. Serv. Resour. Bull. SO-59. 27 p. South. For.
-              Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.
-
-  Vines, R. A.
-    1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest. 1104 p. Univ.
-              of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
-
-  Wharton, M. E., and R. W. Barbour
-    1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. 582 p. Univ. Ky. Press,
-              Lexington.
-
-
-
-
-                                GLOSSARY
-
-
-  Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a pointed apex.
-  Acute. Having the shape of an acute angle.
-  Aggregate. A cluster of ripened ovaries traceable to separate pistils
-              of the same flower and inserted on a common receptacle.
-  Anther. The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen.
-  Anthesis. Time of flowering.
-  Apetalous. Without petals.
-  Apex. The tip of leaf, twig, or other plant part.
-  Apical. Pertaining to apex.
-  Ascending. Growing obliquely or indirectly upward from point of
-              attachment.
-  Axil. Upper angle between a leaf or other plant part and the stem to
-              which it is attached.
-  Bisexual. Having both sex organs on the same plant; a hermaphrodite.
-  Blade. The flat expanded portion of a leaf or parts of a compound
-              leaf.
-  Catkin. A flexible, usually pendulous, scaly spike bearing unisexual
-              flowers.
-  Ciliate. Having a margin fringed with hair.
-  Compound Leaf. A leaf with two or more separate leaflets.
-  Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point at the terminal end.
-  Crenate. Having a margin with rounded to blunt teeth.
-  Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.
-  Deciduous. Not persistent; said of leaves falling in autumn or of
-              floral parts falling after anthesis.
-  Dehiscent. Opening by bursting or splitting.
-  Dentate. A margin with sharp teeth pointing outward.
-  Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms.
-  Dioecious. Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on
-              separate plants.
-  Drupe. A simple one-seeded fleshy fruit, the outer wall fleshy, the
-              inner wall bony.
-  Entire. Margins without teeth or lobes.
-  Evergreen. Having green leaves throughout the year.
-  Falcate. Sickle- or scythe-shaped.
-  Follicle. A dry, single-carpel fruit, opening along one side for seed
-              dispersal.
-  Fluted. Regularly marked by alternating ridges and grooves.
-  Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant.
-  Glabrous. Smooth, devoid of hair or surface glands.
-  Glandular. Furnished with glands, or glandlike.
-  Glaucous. Covered with a white waxy or powdery bloom.
-  Globose. Spherical, globular.
-  Husk. Fleshy covering of nut in hickories.
-  Imbricate. Overlapping.
-  Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.
-  Membranous. Thin, more or less flexible, translucent.
-  Midrib. The central rib or central vein of a leaf or similar
-              structure.
-  Monoecious. Having unisexual flowers, with both sexes borne on the
-              same plant.
-  Nut. A hard-shelled, indehiscent, usually one-celled, one-seeded
-              fruit.
-  Oblique. Slanted; of unequal-sided or non-symmetrical leaves or leaf
-              bases.
-  Obovate. Inverted ovate.
-  Obpyriform. Inverted pear-shaped.
-  Obtuse. Blunt.
-  Odd Pinnate. Pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet.
-  Ovate. Having the lengthwise outline of an egg, broadest at the base.
-  Ovoid. Egg-shaped in 3-dimensions.
-  Ovule. An embryonic seed in the ovary of a flower.
-  Palmate. With veins or lobes radiating from a common center.
-  Panicle. A compound or branched raceme.
-  Paniculate. Borne in a panicle.
-  Parted. Divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib.
-  Perfect. Having stamens and pistils in the same flower.
-  Persistent. Remaining attached.
-  Petiolate. Having petioles, not sessile.
-  Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.
-  Petiolulate. Having petiolules.
-  Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
-  Pinnate. Descriptive of compound leaves with the leaflets arranged on
-              opposite sides along a common rachis. Also used to
-              describe leaf venation.
-  Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower.
-  Pistillate. Provided with pistils; usually descriptive of unisexual
-              flowers.
-  Polygamous. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
-  Polymorphic. Having two or more forms.
-  Pubescent. Covered with fine, soft, short hairs.
-  Pyriform. Pear-shaped.
-  Raceme. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a
-              number of flowers with stalks of nearly equal length.
-  Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf or inflorescence.
-  Receptacle. The portion of the floral axis upon which the flowers are
-              borne.
-  Reticulate. Forming a network.
-  Rhombic. Somewhat diamond-shaped.
-  Rib. A prominent vein.
-  Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.
-  Scurfy. Covered with small scales.
-  Seed. A ripened ovule.
-  Serrate. With sharp teeth pointing forward.
-  Sessile. Without a stalk of any kind.
-  Simple. Of one piece; not compound.
-  Sinuate. Deeply or strongly undulate or wavy.
-  Sinus. A recess, cleft, or gap between two lobes.
-  Spatulate. Spatula-shaped.
-  Spike. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a
-              number of stalkless flowers.
-  Stamen. Pollen-bearing organ of the flower.
-  Staminate. Bearing stamens.
-  Stellate. Star-shaped.
-  Stipule. A leafy appendage attached to the twig at the base of a
-              petiole; usually in pairs, one on each side, often
-              shedding early.
-  Striate. With fine grooves, ridges, or lines of color.
-  Suture. Line of dehiscence.
-  Subglobose. Globe shaped, but slightly flattened.
-  Subsessile. Almost stalkless.
-  Tomentose. Coated with short, matted woolly hair.
-  Truncate. Having a blunt tip or end, appearing as if abruptly cut off
-              transversely.
-  Undulate. Wavy.
-  Unisexual. Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers.
-  Valvate. Opening by valves as in a capsule or some leaf buds; meeting
-              at the edges without overlapping.
-  Whorl. Circular arrangement of appendages at a node.
-  Woolly. Clothed with long, matted hairs.
-
-
-
-
-                               Footnotes
-
-
-[1]For the purposes of this paper, pine sites are defined as forested
-    uplands, excluding those growing cove-type hardwoods, that are
-    supporting southern pine or show evidence, such as stumps, of its
-    former occurrence.
-
-
-
-
-                                 Index
-
-
-                                   A
-  _Acer rubrum_, 5, 54
-      var. _drummondii_, 5, 54
-      var. _tridens_, 5
-  American elm, 4, 44
-  Ash, green, 5, 60
-      white, 5, 58
-
-
-                                   B
-  Bitternut hickory, 2, 16
-  Blackgum, 5, 56
-  Blackjack oak, 4, 30
-  Black oak, 3, 22
-  Black tupelo, 5, 56
-
-
-                                   C
-  _Carya cordiformis_, 2, 16
-      _glabra_, 2, 12
-      _ovata_, 2, 14
-      _tomentosa_, 2, 10
-  _Celtis laevigata_, 4, 46
-      _occidentalis_, 4
-  Cherrybark oak, 3, 20
-  Chestnut oak, 4, 40
-
-
-                                   E
-  Elm, American, 4, 44
-      winged, 4, 42
-
-
-                                   F
-  _Fraxinus americana_, 5, 58
-      _pennsylvanica_, 5, 60
-
-
-                                   G
-  Green ash, 5, 60
-
-
-                                   H
-  Hackberry, 4, 46
-  Hickory, bitternut, 2, 16
-      mockernut, 2, 10
-      pignut, 2, 12
-      shagbark, 2, 14
-
-
-                                   L
-  Laurel oak, 4, 32
-  _Liriodendron tulipifera_, 4, 48
-  _Liquidambar styraciflua_, 5, 52
-
-
-                                   M
-  _Magnolia virginiana_, 4, 50
-  Maple, red, 5, 54
-  Mockernut hickory, 2, 10
-
-
-                                   N
-  Northern red oak, 3, 26
-  _Nyssa sylvatica_, 5, 56
-
-
-                                   O
-  Oak, black, 3, 22
-      blackjack, 4, 30
-      cherrybark, 3, 20
-      chestnut, 4, 40
-      laurel, 4, 32
-      northern red, 3, 26
-      post, 4, 38
-      scarlet, 3, 24
-      Shumard, 3, 28
-      southern red, 3, 18
-      swamp chestnut, 4
-      water, 4, 34
-      white, 4, 36
-
-
-                                   P
-  Pignut hickory, 2, 12
-  Post oak, 4, 38
-
-
-                                   Q
-  _Quercus alba_, 4, 36
-      _coccinea_, 3, 24
-      _falcata_, 3, 18
-      _falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_, 3, 20
-      _hemisphaerica_, 4
-      _laurifolia_, 4, 32
-      _marilandica_, 4, 30
-      _michauxii_, 4
-      _nigra_, 4, 34
-      _prinus_, 4, 40
-      _rubra_, 3, 26
-      _shumardii_, 3, 28
-      _stellata_, 4, 38
-      _velutina_, 3, 22
-
-
-                                   R
-  Redgum, 5, 52
-  Red maple, 5, 54
-
-
-                                   S
-  Scarlet oak, 3, 24
-  Shagbark hickory, 2, 14
-  Shumard oak, 3, 28
-  Southern red oak, 3, 18
-  Sugarberry, 4, 46
-  Swamp chestnut oak, 4
-  Sweetbay, 5, 50
-  Sweetgum, 5, 52
-
-
-                                   T
-  Tupelo, black, 5, 56
-
-
-                                   U
-  _Ulmus alata_, 4, 42
-      _americana_, 4, 44
-
-
-                                   W
-  Water oak, 4, 34
-  White ash, 5, 58
-  White oak, 4, 36
-  Winged elm, 4, 42
-
-
-                                   Y
-  Yellow-poplar, 4, 48
-
-
-  Brown, C. A. and H. E. Grelen.
-    1977. Identifying hardwoods growing on pine sites. USDA For. Serv.
-              Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-15, 69 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New
-              Orleans, La.
-
-This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood species or
-varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with photographs of leaves,
-bark, buds, flowers, and fruits. Line drawings feature the winter
-silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in
-identification.
-
-
-             ★U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978—772-231
-
-
-                    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
-                             FOREST SERVICE
-                   SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
-            T-10210 POSTAL SERVICE BUILDING. 701 LOYOLA AVE.
-                      NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70113
-
-
-                           OFFICIAL BUSINESS
-                     PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300
-
-                         POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
-                          U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
-                              AGRICULTURE
-                                AGR-101
-
-                     AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
-
-                              THIRD CLASS
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-—Created a Table of Contents based on the chapter headings.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON
-PINE SITES ***
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites, by Clair A. Brown</div>
-
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-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
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-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Clair A. Brown and Harold E. Grelen</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 8, 2021 [eBook #66012]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
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-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON PINE SITES ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites" width="1000" height="1544" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center">Clair A. Brown
-<br />Harold E. Grelen</p>
-<h1>IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON PINE SITES</h1>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss large">Southern Forest Experiment Station</span>
-<br />U.S. Department of Agriculture,
-<br />Forest Service
-<br />General Technical Report SO-15</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div>
-<h2><span class="small">Acknowledgments</span></h2>
-<p>The authors thank Bryan A. Jowers, Glendale, California, for the excellent
-winter silhouettes. For help in obtaining specimens or photographs
-of species not easily accessible to us, we thank the following: Roger W.
-Barbour, University of Kentucky; William Harlow, College of Environmental
-Science and Forestry, State University of New York; Richard
-Johnson, Caroline Dormon Nature Preserve; Betty E. Lemon, University
-of Southwestern Louisiana; R. Dale Thomas, Northeast Louisiana
-University; and Lino Della-Bianca and Edwin R. Lawson of the
-U.S. Forest Service.</p>
-<h2><span class="small">Summary</span></h2>
-<p>This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood
-species or varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with
-photographs of leaves, bark, buds, flowers, and fruits.
-Line drawings feature the winter silhouette of each species
-and a key is included to assist in identification.</p>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center">US. Department of Agriculture
-<br />Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15</p>
-<h1 title="">Identifying Hardwoods Growing On Pine Sites</h1>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i class="b large">CLAIR A. BROWN</i>
-<br />Professor Emeritus,
-<br />Department of Botany
-<br />Louisiana State University
-<br />Baton Rouge, Louisiana</p>
-<p class="center"><i class="b large">HAROLD E. GRELEN</i>
-<br />Principal Range Scientist
-<br />Southern Forest Experiment Station
-<br />Forest Service&mdash;USDA
-<br />Pineville, Louisiana</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">1977</p>
-<p class="center smallest">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_iv">iv</div>
-<h2 id="toc" class="center">Contents</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt class="small">Page</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c1">Overview of Southern Hardwoods</a> 1</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">Key to Hardwoods</a> 6</dt>
-<dt><a>Species Described and Illustrated</a></dt>
-<dd><a href="#c3">Mockernut hickory</a> 10</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c4">Pignut hickory</a> 12</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c5">Shagbark hickory</a> 14</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c6">Bitternut hickory</a> 16</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c7">Southern red oak</a> 18</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c8">Cherrybark oak</a> 20</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c9">Black oak</a> 22</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c10">Scarlet oak</a> 24</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c11">Northern red oak</a> 26</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c12">Shumard oak</a> 28</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c13">Blackjack oak</a> 30</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c14">Laurel oak</a> 32</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c15">Water oak</a> 34</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c16">White oak</a> 36</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c17">Post oak</a> 38</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c18">Chestnut oak</a> 40</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c19">Winged elm</a> 42</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c20">American elm</a> 44</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c21">Sugarberry</a> 46</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c22">Yellow-poplar</a> 48</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c23">Sweetbay</a> 50</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c24">Sweetgum</a> 52</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c25">Red maple</a> 54</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c26">Black tupelo</a> 56</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c27">White ash</a> 58</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c28">Green ash</a> 60</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c29">Selected References</a> 63</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">Glossary</a> 65</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c31">Index</a> 69</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Overview of Southern Hardwoods</span></h2>
-<p>Throughout the South some 49 billion cubic feet of small, low-quality
-hardwoods are growing on southern pine sites<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a> (Staff, For. Resour. Res.
-Work Unit 1976). This material is usually wasted; if the site is prepared
-for regeneration to pine, the hardwoods there are destroyed. Research
-is underway to find economical methods of harvesting and utilizing these
-hardwoods. The descriptions, key, and illustrations in this book should
-help wood utilization researchers, especially those new to the South,
-to identify the most prevalent hardwood species on southern pine sites
-(Table 1).</p>
-<h3>Table 1.&mdash;<i>Important hardwoods on southern pine sites, ranked according to percentage of total hardwood volume</i></h3>
-<blockquote>
-<p>Percentages were derived from Staff, For. Resour. Res. Work Unit (1976).</p>
-<p>Nomenclature used herein follows Little (1953).</p>
-</blockquote>
-<table class="center">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><i>Species</i> </th><th><i>Percent</i></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sweetgum </td><td class="l"><i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L. </td><td class="r">13.2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus alba</i> L. </td><td class="r">12.3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hickory </td><td class="l"><i>Carya</i> spp. </td><td class="r">8.5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Southern red oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx. </td><td class="r">8.1</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Post oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus stellata</i> Wangenh. </td><td class="r">7.0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow-poplar </td><td class="l"><i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L. </td><td class="r">7.0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black tupelo </td><td class="l"><i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> Marsh. </td><td class="r">5.5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Water oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus nigra</i> L. </td><td class="r">4.7</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus velutina</i> Lam. </td><td class="r">4.0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Scarlet oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus coccinea</i> Muenchh. </td><td class="r">3.6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Red maple </td><td class="l"><i>Acer rubrum</i> L. </td><td class="r">3.6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Chestnut oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus prinus</i> L. </td><td class="r">2.9</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Northern red oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus rubra</i> L. </td><td class="r">2.4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Laurel oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus laurifolia</i> Michx. </td><td class="r">1.4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elm </td><td class="l"><i>Ulmus</i> spp. </td><td class="r">1.4 </td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cherrybark oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus falcata</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i> Ell. </td><td class="r">1.2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ash </td><td class="l"><i>Fraxinus</i> spp. </td><td class="r">.9</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sweetbay </td><td class="l"><i>Magnolia virginiana</i> L. </td><td class="r">.6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Shumard oak </td><td class="l"><i>Quercus shumardii</i> Buckl. </td><td class="r">.2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hackberry </td><td class="l"><i>Celtis</i> spp. </td><td class="r">.1</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Other hardwoods </td><td class="l">including blackjack oak (<i>Quercus marilandica</i> Muenchh.) </td><td class="r">11.4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Total hardwoods </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">100.0</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<p class="tb">Hickories have alternate compound leaves with 5 to 13 leaflets. They
-are monoecious; that is, the stamens and pistil are borne in separate
-flowers on the same plant. Flowers generally develop after the leaves are
-three-fourths to full grown. Staminate flowers are in catkins, which occur
-on last year&rsquo;s wood and usually have three branches. The stalkless pistillate
-flowers are in several-flowered spikes at the apex of the current
-season&rsquo;s growth. Catkins last from 10 days to 3 weeks and are usually
-not useful in distinguishing the species. The fruit, however, is widely
-used for identification. The husk may be very thin (about 1 mm), moderately
-thick (3 to 5 mm), or very thick (more than 5 mm). Similarly, the
-shell may be thin, moderately thick, or very thick. The meat varies from
-sweet to bitter. Upon drying, the husk usually separates along sutures
-and frees the nut. In some species the husk partly splits at the sutures
-but still encloses the nut when it falls. Such nuts are usually sterile, because
-the meat is seldom filled out.</p>
-<p>For identification purposes use nuts from the ground with caution; if
-more than one species grows in the vicinity, the fruits could be mixed.
-Also some trees shed defective or sterile fruits early, and these fruits are
-often different in shape and size from typical fruit.</p>
-<p>Hickories are generally divided into true hickories, which have
-overlapping (imbricate) bud scales, and pecan hickories, which have
-valvate bud scales. True hickories are divided into those with tight bark
-and those with loose bark. <b>Mockernut Hickory</b>, <i>Carya tomentosa</i> Nutt.,
-a tight bark species, has very pubescent leaves, large buds, and a thick
-husk over a large nut. <b>Pignut Hickory</b>, <i>C. glabra</i> (Mill.) Sweet, also a
-tight bark hickory, has three to nine glabrous leaflets and a tardily dehiscing
-husk about 3 mm thick. <b>Shagbark Hickory</b>, <i>C. ovata</i> (Mill.) K.
-Koch, is one of the few species with bark in thin, loose plates. It has small
-buds and usually has five leaflets. <b>Bitternut Hickory</b>, <i>C. cordiformis</i>
-(Wangenh.) K. Koch, belongs to the pecan hickory group and has yellow
-buds with valvate scales. It also has tight bark, thin four-winged husks,
-thin shells, and bitter meat.</p>
-<p>Oaks are also monoecious, and staminate flowers are in drooping
-catkins, which consist of a central, flexible axis with sessile, apetalous and
-pubescent flowers. They are most abundant on the developing new twigs.
-Although catkins vary among oaks, they are usually not used as
-distinguishing characteristics because they last only 2 to 3 weeks. Pistillate
-flowers occur on wood of the previous season and in leaf axils of twigs. In
-red oaks, however, pistillate flowers on current twigs do not mature until
-the second fall.</p>
-<p>The fruit, a nut or acorn, consists of the seed enclosed in a shell. The
-nut is seated in a cup consisting of many scales. At maturity nuts are shed
-from the tree by shrinkage of the cup (dehydration). Considerable
-variation in mature acorn size occurs among trees of a species, notably in
-water oak, willow oak, and white oak.</p>
-<p>Differences in foliage within a species also complicate identification.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span>
-Apparently because lower leaves receive less sunlight they differ in size
-and appearance from those in the middle or upper crown. Most
-taxonomists prefer a specimen from the upper half of the crown because
-they consider leaves from this area typical for the species. To get such
-specimens easily, use a tree pruner and take leaves from at least 20 to
-30 feet off the ground or collect them from freshly felled trees. Moreover,
-foliage of seedlings and small saplings often differs from that of mature
-trees, and spring and summer growth flushes on the same branch often
-appear markedly different. This seasonal variation has been noted for
-many oaks, including laurel, post, blackjack, and especially water oak. For
-example, by late March or April, water oak leaves reach their normal size
-and shape&mdash;obovate with a wavy apex; the second flush of growth, which
-starts in late April or May, produces lobed leaves.</p>
-<p>Identification is further complicated because hybrids commonly
-occur among the oaks.</p>
-<p>The oaks are divided into two main groups: the white oaks and the
-red (or black) oaks. The white oaks have leaves with rounded lobes and
-no bristles; acorns mature the first fall, and the inner surface of the shell is
-glabrous. White oak, chestnut oak, and post oak belong to this group. The
-red oak group is characterized by bristle-tipped leaf lobes in such species
-as Shumard, southern red, northern red, cherrybark, and black oak. The
-red oak group also includes non-lobed species such as water, laurel, and
-willow oak, which usually have entire margins. Blackjack oak leaves usually
-lack lobes and bristles, but leaves with terminal lobes occasionally occur
-and may have one bristle per lobe. Acorns mature the second fall,
-and the inner surface of the shell is pubescent.</p>
-<p><b>Southern Red Oak</b>, <i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx., and its variety <b>Cherrybark
-Oak</b>, <i>Q. falcata</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i> Ell., have almost identical
-acorns, but they can be distinguished by other characteristics. The leaf
-base of southern red oak is somewhat bell-shaped, but that of cherrybark
-is not. Southern red oak forms heavy ridges of bark; cherrybark does not.</p>
-<p>The distinctive feature of <b>Black Oak</b>, <i>Q. velutina</i> Lam., is its
-yellow-orange inner bark. Its leaves take three forms. Seedlings to small
-saplings have a &ldquo;bear-paw&rdquo; leaf with only a suggestion of lobing. Lower
-leaves on large trees also have little lobing, but leaves from the middle and
-upper crown are clearly lobed. The uppermost leaves, which have seven
-lobes and deep sinuses, are usually illustrated as typical.</p>
-<p><b>Scarlet</b>, <i>Q. coccinea</i> Muenchh., <b>Northern Red</b>, <i>Q. rubra</i> L., and
-<b>Shumard Oak</b>, <i>Q. shumardii</i> Buckl., are difficult to distinguish. Northern
-red oak leaves have shallow sinuses and a dull-green upper surface
-with little or no pubescence in the vein axils on the underside. Shumard
-oak leaves have a glossier surface, shallow to deep sinuses that are usually
-wider than the adjacent lobes, and definite hairiness at the vein axils.
-The sinuses of scarlet oak are also usually wider than their adjacent lobes,
-which are usually toothed. Both Shumard and scarlet oak have outstanding
-fall coloration.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<p><b>Blackjack Oak</b>, <i>Q. marilandica</i> Muenchh., can be recognized by its
-leathery, usually entire, broadly obovate leaf, which has a rusty undersurface.
-The branches are stout, irregular, gnarled, drooping to horizontal.</p>
-<p><b>Laurel Oak</b>, <i>Q. laurifolia</i> Michx., and <b>Water Oak</b>, <i>Q. nigra</i> L., are
-similar in size and shape, but water oak has oblong-obovate or spatula-shaped
-leaves gradually narrowed to a wedge-shaped base. Laurel oak
-leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate. Laurel oaks tend to shed leaves late
-and thus may retain about 30 to 50 percent of their lower leaves after
-water oaks are bare. Some recent authors separate the laurel oaks into
-two species, upland laurel oak, <i>Q. hemisphaerica</i> Bartr., and swamp
-laurel oak, <i>Q. laurifolia</i> Michx.</p>
-<p><b>White Oak</b>, <i>Q. alba</i> L., has a thin, light green leaf with a light
-glaucous bloom at maturity; it is oblong or ovate, with rounded lobes and
-three to five narrow sinuses extending nearly to the mid-rib. The cup
-scales of the acorn-cup are heavy and distinct.</p>
-<p><b>Post Oak</b>, <i>Q. stellata</i> Wangenh., has stout, irregular branches. The
-leathery leaves are usually five-lobed; usually the two side lobes are at
-right angles to the central axis, thus forming a cross-shaped leaf.</p>
-<p><b>Chestnut Oak</b>, <i>Q. prinus</i> L., resembles swamp chestnut oak, <i>Q.
-michauxii</i> Nutt., a commercially important tree southwide. Chestnut oak
-is primarily a northeastern tree, extending into the South along the
-Appalachian highlands into northern Georgia and Alabama where its
-range overlaps that of swamp chestnut oak, and its leaves lack the dense
-pubescence found on those of swamp chestnut oak.</p>
-<p>Common elms include <b>American Elm</b>, <i>Ulmus americana</i> L., and
-<b>Winged Elm</b>, <i>U. alata</i> Michx. Both bloom after a freeze breaks
-dormancy. For example, if a killing frost occurs in the last week of
-November or the first week of December, American elm will bloom the
-first week of January. If no killing frost occurs by early December.
-American elm may not bloom until the third week of January. Winged
-elm usually blooms 10 days to 2 weeks later than American elm. Small
-winged elm trees frequently have a corky outgrowth on opposite sides of
-twigs at least 3 years old. Mature trees often lack this characteristic. The
-American elm leaf has unequal basal lobing and pubescent or ciliate
-samaras about 12 mm in diameter; winged elm has a smaller leaf with
-round to acute leaf bases and a very ciliate samara about 8 mm long.</p>
-<p>Young <b>Sugarberry</b>, <i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd., and Hackberry, <i>C.
-occidentalis</i> L., trees are readily recognized by a whitish to light gray bark
-dotted with small corky warts. Older trees often have relatively smooth,
-light to medium gray bark. Leaf margins of sugarberry are usually entire
-or indistinctly toothed; the upper half of hackberry leaves are usually
-conspicuously serrate. Both species produce tiny flowers on the new
-growth when the leaves are about half normal size. The fruit of sugarberry
-is orange-red to black; that of hackberry is dark red to nearly black at
-maturity.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<p><b>Yellow-poplar</b>, <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L., or tulip tree,
-has alternate, four- to six-lobed leaves with truncate to distinctly notched apices, a
-unique feature among American trees. The flowers are tulip-like with red
-markings on a greenish-yellow background. The fruit is a cone-like aggregate
-of samaras.</p>
-<p><b>Sweetbay</b>, <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> L., produces moderate-sized trunks
-on uplands or numerous pole-like suckers in branch bottoms. It is
-evergreen in the southern part of its range and deciduous in the northern
-portion. A wind blowing in the crown will expose the silvery underside of
-the leaves. The white flowers, about 5 to 10 cm in diameter, open for the
-first time about 3 p.m. and close about 9 p.m. They reopen the next
-morning and shed their stamens. The fruit is a green pickle-like aggregate
-of follicles that splits open to reveal red seeds. Sweetbay and yellow-poplar,
-both members of the Magnolia family, have stipule scars circling
-the twigs.</p>
-<p><b>Sweetgum</b>, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L., or redgum, is easily recognized
-by its alternate, star-shaped, palmately lobed leaves. Some trees
-have corky outgrowths on the small branches. Its flower consists of
-several round clusters of stamens arranged in a raceme and a stalked
-pistillate head that develops into a spiny, woody fruit containing many
-seeds.</p>
-<p><b>Red Maple</b>, <i>Acer rubrum</i> L., has simple, opposite leaves that are
-usually glaucous and pubescent. The flowers appear in early February
-and the fruit is a double samara. The variety <i>A. rubrum</i> var. <i>drummondii</i>
-(Hook. and Arn.) Sarg., which has densely matted white hairs on the
-undersides of young leaves, grows in swamps throughout the South.
-Leaves may have three to five lobes, but southern trees are predominantly
-three-lobed. For this reason, some authors recognize the southern form
-as <i>A. rubrum</i> var. <i>tridens</i> Woods.</p>
-<p>The leaves of <b>Black Tupelo</b> (blackgum) <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> Marsh., are
-alternate, elliptical to obovate, and become spotted early in their development,
-turning purplish in September before their early shedding. The
-flowers are small, inconspicuous, and produce a blue-black fruit.</p>
-<p>Two of the most common ashes are <b>White Ash</b>, <i>Fraxinus americana</i>
-L., and <b>Green Ash</b>, <i>F. pennsylvanica</i> Marsh. The most reliable
-distinction between the two species appears to be samara differences.
-White ash has a plump, short seed end with the wing practically terminal,
-whereas green ash has a slender seed end and the wing extends more
-than halfway down the seed end. White ash usually has a rounded leaflet
-base, but green ash has wedge-shaped leaflet bases. The undersurfaces of
-fresh white ash leaves are white, but the color is difficult to detect on dry
-specimens. Green ash leaves are green on both surfaces, although
-somewhat paler on undersurfaces.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Key To Hardwoods</span></h2>
-<p>The key is composed of paired statements, one true and one false
-for any given specimen. The guide numbers at the end of statements are
-used to locate the next pair. Follow the true statements until you come to
-a common name. If you have made no mistake in interpreting the paired
-statements, you should arrive at the correct identity of the specimen.
-Then check the text and illustration.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves compound, with blades divided into leaflets</span> <a href="#k2">2</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves simple, blades not divided into leaflets</span> <a href="#k7">7</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k2">2</span>. Leaves with opposite arrangement on twigs</span> <a href="#k3">3</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with alternate arrangement on twigs</span> <a href="#k4">4</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k3">3</span>. Leaflets with rounded bases, conspicuously whitish below when fresh; seed end of samara thickened, wing terminal only</span> <a href="#sp_WhiteAsh">White Ash</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">3. Leaflets with wedge-shaped bases, green below; wing terminal and extending about half the length of the seed</span> <a href="#sp_GreenAsh">Green Ash</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k4">4</span>. Buds valvate; buds, fruits, and lower surface of leaflets covered with yellow glandular scales; fruit winged on upper half of husk suture, husk thin, shell thin, meat bitter</span> <a href="#sp_BitternutHickory">Bitternut Hickory</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">4. Buds imbricate, composed of overlapping scales</span> <a href="#k5">5</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k5">5</span>. Leaflets typically 5, glabrous except for a few hairs on rachis and midribs; bark shaggy</span> <a href="#sp_ShagbarkHickory">Shagbark Hickory</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">5. Leaflets 7</span> <a href="#k6">6</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k6">6</span>. Leaflets densely tomentose; bark tight, in diamond-shaped pattern; husk very thick, shell thick, meat sweet</span> <a href="#sp_MockernutHickory">Mockernut Hickory</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">6. Leaflets usually glabrous; bark tight, in diamond-shaped pattern; husk moderately thick, shell thick, meat sweet, husk tardily dehiscent</span> <a href="#sp_PignutHickory">Pignut Hickory</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k7">7</span>. Leaves essentially evergreen, large percentage staying on trees until bud expansion, dark green above, silky white pubescent below; flowers white, about 5 to 8 cm in diameter</span> <a href="#sp_Sweetbay">Sweetbay</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">7. Leaves typically deciduous, or trees retaining some dead leaves to bud expansion</span> <a href="#k8">8</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k8">8</span>. Leaf margins entire</span> <a href="#k9">9</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">8. Leaf margins lobed or toothed</span> <a href="#k12">12</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k9">9</span>. Leaves with rusty pubescence below, broadly obovate, leathery bases tapering to cordate or cuneate</span> <a href="#sp_BlackjackOak">Blackjack Oak</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">9. Leaves essentially glabrous or with a few hairs in vein axils</span> <a href="#k10">10</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k10">10</span>. Leaves shiny below, elliptic or rhombic to spatulate</span> <a href="#sp_LaurelOak">Laurel Oak</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">10. Leaves dull green below</span> <a href="#k11">11</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k11">11</span>. Leaves elliptic to obovate, strongly veined with purple spots and discoloration in summer; fruit a drupe</span> <a href="#sp_BlackTupelo">Black Tupelo</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">11. Leaves abruptly obovate, bases wedge-shaped, few lateral veins; fruit an acorn</span> <a href="#sp_WaterOak">Water Oak</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k12">12</span>. Leaf margins toothed</span> <a href="#k13">13</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">12. Leaf margins lobed</span> <a href="#k16">16</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k13">13</span>. Margins indistinctly toothed, blades narrowly to broadly ovate, base unequal, apex long acuminate</span> <a href="#sp_Sugarberry">Sugarberry</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">13. Margins distinctly toothed</span> <a href="#k14">14</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k14">14</span>. Teeth obtuse or rounded, leaf base wedge-shaped, stellate pubescent below</span> <a href="#sp_ChestnutOak">Chestnut Oak</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">14. Teeth sharp</span> <a href="#k15">15</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k15">15</span>. Leaves normally elliptic, veins prominent below, bases rounded; corky outgrowths on older branches, often lacking on large trees</span> <a href="#sp_WingedElm">Winged Elm</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">15. Leaves broadly oval, pinnate veins distinct, margins doubly toothed, bases oblique, unequally rounded</span> <a href="#sp_AmericanElm">American Elm</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k16">16</span>. Leaves palmately lobed</span> <a href="#k17">17</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">16. Leaves pinnately or apically lobed</span> <a href="#k18">18</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k17">17</span>. Leaves opposite, more or less glaucous and pubescent below; fruit a double samara</span> <a href="#sp_RedMaple">Red Maple</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">17. Leaves alternate, glabrous below; fruit spherical, woody with spine-like projections; corky outgrowths on branches frequent</span> <a href="#sp_Sweetgum">Sweetgum</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k18">18</span>. Blades truncate to notched at apex, 4-lobed; fruit an aggregate of samaras; flower conspicuous, greenish-yellow with red markings</span> <a href="#sp_YellowPoplar">Yellow-poplar</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">18. Blades with acute to obtuse apices</span> <a href="#k19">19</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k19">19</span>. Blades apically 3-lobed</span> <a href="#k20">20</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">19. Blades pinnately lobed</span> <a href="#k21">21</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k20">20</span>. Blades broadly obovate, base rounded, rusty pubescent below</span> <a href="#sp_BlackjackOak">Blackjack Oak</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">20. Blades narrowly obovate, base wedge-shaped, mostly glabrous</span> <a href="#sp_WaterOak">Water Oak</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k21">21</span>. Leaves with rounded lobes</span> <a href="#k22">22</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">21. Leaves with bristle tips to lobes and lateral teeth</span> <a href="#k23">23</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k22">22</span>. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, divided nearly to the midrib, whitish below</span> <a href="#sp_WhiteOak">White Oak</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">22. Leaves with 5 unequal lobes, upper lateral pair larger, squarish, at right angles to midrib, crosslike in appearance, pubescent below</span> <a href="#sp_PostOak">Post Oak</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k23">23</span>. Leaves pubescent below, whitish to tawny</span> <a href="#k24">24</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">23. Leaves glabrous below or with a few hairs on midrib and in vein axils</span> <a href="#k26">26</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_8">8</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k24">24</span>. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, terminal lobes long, strap-shaped, slightly curved, bases bell-shaped</span> <a href="#sp_SouthernRedOak">Southern Red Oak</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">24. Leaves with 7 to 11 lobes</span> <a href="#k25">25</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k25">25</span>. Leaves oblong, 7 to 11 lobes, base broadly wedge-shaped to truncate, secondary lobes rare; inner bark reddish</span> <a href="#sp_CherrybarkOak">Cherrybark Oak</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">25. Leaves broadly oval, 7 to 9 lobes, each lobe with secondary bristle-tipped teeth; inner bark yellow-orange</span> <a href="#sp_BlackOak">Black Oak</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl"><span id="k26">26</span>. Upper leaf surface glossy green</span> <a href="#k27">27</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">26. Upper leaf surface dull green, 7 to 9 lobes, 8 to 22 cm long, round sinuses extending less than half way to midrib</span> <a href="#sp_NorthernRedOak">Northern Red Oak</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl"><span id="k27">27</span>. Leaves with 7 to 9 narrow lobes, sinuses extending more than halfway to midrib</span> <a href="#sp_ScarletOak">Scarlet Oak</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">27. Leaves with 5 to 7 narrow lobes, rounded sinuses, extending about three-fourths of way to midrib</span> <a href="#sp_ShumardOak">Shumard Oak</a></dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h2><span class="small"><i>Species Described and Illustrated</i></span></h2>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h3 id="c3"><span id="sp_MockernutHickory">Mockernut Hickory</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Carya tomentosa</i> Nutt.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="silhouette" width="422" height="694" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> grayish, tight, marked with distinct diamond-shaped ridges and furrows. <b>Branches</b>
-stout, drooping to spreading and ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 10 to 12 mm in diameter, conspicuous
-leaf scars. <b>Buds</b> (terminal) 10 to 15 mm long, 5 to 8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate.
-<b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 20 to 40 cm long with 5 to 7
-drooping leaflets; yellow hairs and glandular hairs on lower leaflet surface, apex
-acuminate, margin finely serrate, base obtuse, on very short petiolules. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual,
-appearing in spring with developing leaves, staminate in 3-parted drooping catkins,
-pistillate terminal on new growth. <b>Fruit</b> subglobose to obovate, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, husk
-1 cm thick, slow to open, shell of nut thick and hard, meat sweet.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="691" height="891" />
-<p class="pcap">Mockernut Hickory/<i>Carya tomentosa</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h3 id="c4"><span id="sp_PignutHickory">Pignut Hickory</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Carya glabra</i> (Mill.) Sweet</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="silhouette" width="324" height="700" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> light to dark gray, often blackish, rough and deeply furrowed. <b>Branches</b> stout,
-drooping to spreading. <b>Twigs</b> 3 to 5 mm in diameter, reddish brown, smooth. <b>Buds</b> ovoid,
-acute, glabrous, 8 to 12 mm long, scales imbricate. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous,
-odd-pinnately compound, 20 to 40 cm long, usually with 7 leaflets; upper pair and
-terminal largest, 10 to 15 cm long by 4 to 6 cm wide, broadly oval to slightly obovate.
-<b>Flowers</b> unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing about the time of leaf
-maturity; pistillate terminal on new growth. <b>Fruit</b> oblong to obovoid to obpyriform, 30 mm
-in diameter by 35 mm long, husk about 3 mm thick, tardily dehiscent, shell of nut thick,
-meat sweet.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="695" height="889" />
-<p class="pcap">Pignut Hickory/<i>Carya glabra</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h3 id="c5"><span id="sp_ShagbarkHickory">Shagbark Hickory</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Carya ovata</i> (Mill.) K. Koch</span></h3>
-<p><b>Bark</b> smooth at first, then breaking into long, flat, irregular gray strips, to 5 mm thick,
-usually attached at the apex, free at the base. <b>Branches</b> stout, smooth, spreading to
-ascending. <b>Twigs</b> stout, orange-brown, leaf scars large. <b>Buds</b> (terminal), 10 to 20 mm
-long, 6 to 8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately
-compound with 5 to 7 leaflets, usually 5 to 18 cm wide and 20 to 35 cm long; lateral
-leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, terminal leaflet usually obovate, apices acute to
-acuminate, margins finely serrate, bases wedge-shaped, more or less yellow, pubescent
-below, gradually becoming glabrous with age. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual, appearing in spring with
-the developing leaves, staminate in 3-lobed catkins, pistillate on new growth. <b>Fruits</b>
-subglobose, 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter, husk 3 to 5 mm thick, shell of nut hard and
-moderately thin, meat sweet.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="696" height="891" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Shagbark Hickory</b>/<i>Carya ovata</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h3 id="c6"><span id="sp_BitternutHickory">Bitternut Hickory</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Carya cordiformis</i> (Wangenh.) K. Koch</span></h3>
-<p><b>Bark</b> brown to slate gray, smooth to lightly furrowed or with strongly interlaced ridges.
-<b>Branches</b> stiff, ascending, spreading. <b>Twigs</b> slender, glossy, often with yellow glands early
-in the season. <b>Buds</b> compressed, ovoid, 6 to 10 mm long, covered with yellow, valvate
-glandular scales. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 15 to 25 cm long
-with 7 to 9 leaflets, 7 to 15 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide; lateral leaflets narrowly to broadly
-elliptic, terminal leaflet largest and usually obovate, apex acuminate, margin finely serrate,
-base wedge-shaped, with yellow glands on undersurfaces and on rachis. <b>Flowers</b>
-unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing after leaves; pistillate terminal on
-new growth. <b>Fruit</b> ovate to subglobose, 2 to 3 cm in diameter, often slightly compressed,
-4-winged on sutures from apex to middle of husk, husk thin, covered with yellow glandular
-scales, shell of nut thin, meat very bitter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="688" height="900" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Bitternut Hickory</b>/<i>Carya cordiformis</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<h3 id="c7"><span id="sp_SouthernRedOak">Southern Red Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="silhouette" width="420" height="706" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark brown to grayish black, divided by shallow, irregular fissures into broad ridges.
-<b>Branches</b> stout, spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 5 mm in diameter, dull reddish brown.
-<b>Buds</b> ovoid, angulate 8 to 13 mm long, apex acute. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple,
-many remaining as dead foliage until spring, ovate to obovate with bell-shaped base, 10 to
-28 cm long, 7 to 30 cm wide; with 3 to 9 lobes and margins with deep rounded sinuses;
-when 3-lobed, central lobe strap-shaped and toothed near the apex and side lobes acute
-to acuminate, somewhat falcate; permanently pubescent below, white at first, turning rust.
-<b>Flowers</b> unisexual, staminate in tomentose catkins as leaves unfold; pistillate in leaf axils
-on twigs. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn, small, spherical to hemispherical; cup 12 to 15 mm wide, shallow
-saucer-shaped, enclosing about one-fourth to one-half of the nut; nut 8 to 12 mm long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="696" height="897" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Southern Red Oak</b>/<i>Quercus falcata</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<h3 id="c8"><span id="sp_CherrybarkOak">Cherrybark Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus falcata</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i> Ell.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="silhouette" width="530" height="704" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark gray to gray-black consisting of appressed scales in narrow flat ridges with
-shallow furrows. <b>Branches</b> stout, spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 4 mm in diameter,
-reddish, lightly fluted. <b>Buds</b> ovoid, 10 to 15 mm long, angled, scales pubescent with dark
-margins. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, tardily deciduous, persisting into December, simple, oval to
-oblong, 12 to 20 cm long, 7 to 8 cm wide; with 5 to 11 lobes, major lobes opposite each
-other, large rounded sinuses extending nearly to the midrib, margin entire with occasional
-bristle-tipped teeth near the apex of the lobes, dark green above, permanently pubescent
-below, sometimes thinly so, varying from white to rust color, especially on drying. <b>Flowers</b>
-as in <i>Q. falcata</i>. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn broader than tall; cups 12 to 15 mm wide; nut about 8 to
-10 mm long, subglobose, flattened at base, rounded at apex.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="693" height="888" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Cherrybark Oak</b>/<i>Quercus falcata</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<h3 id="c9"><span id="sp_BlackOak">Black Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus velutina</i> Lam.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" id="ncfig5" alt="silhouette" width="432" height="674" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> brownish-black on older trees, with thick, broad scaly ridges and deep furrows; inner
-bark yellow-orange&mdash;the only American oak with this feature. <b>Branches</b> stout, spreading
-to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> about 5 mm in diameter, reddish brown to dark brown, lightly fluted.
-<b>Buds</b> ovoid, 10 to 15 mm long, lateral buds sharply angled, scales ciliate, margin dark.
-<b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; membranous in seedlings and saplings to somewhat
-leathery in the middle to upper crown; lower leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, 15 to 30 cm
-long, 10 to 15 cm wide, entire to faintly lobed; middle-crown leaves 10 to 20 cm long, 10
-to 15 cm wide, distinctly 5 to 9 lobed with broad rounded sinuses with apical bristles on
-each lobe; upper-crown leaves oblong to obovate, 8 to 20 cm long, 8 to 15 cm wide; dark
-shiny green above, yellow scurfy pubescence on young leaves of middle and upper
-crown, petioles 4 to 6 cm long, yellow to reddish. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate catkins 7
-to 15 cm long; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles. <b>Fruit</b> an oval to obovoid acorn
-10 to 25 mm long; cup cup-shaped to conical enclosing about one-half of the nut.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="891" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Black Oak</b>/<i>Quercus velutina</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<h3 id="c10"><span id="sp_ScarletOak">Scarlet Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus coccinea</i> Muenchh.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" id="ncfig6" alt="silhouette" width="314" height="682" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark grayish-black, divided into irregular fissures and scaly ridges. <b>Branches</b> stout,
-spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 3 to 4 mm in diameter, reddish, turning a dull red. <b>Buds</b>
-ovoid, acute, 5 to 7 mm long, covered with rounded, lightly pubescent scales. <b>Leaves</b>
-alternate, deciduous, simple; glabrous, except in axils of main veins on underside, oval to
-slightly obovate, 8 to 17 cm long, 5 to 13 cm wide, with 5 to 9 deep lobes often terminated
-by secondary lobes with bristle tips, sinuses usually deep, round, and wider than lobes;
-both surfaces pale green, upper surface shiny, bright scarlet in autumn, petioles about 4
-cm long. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate in catkins with developing leaves; pistillate on
-pubescent peduncles. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn; cup 15 to 30 mm wide, covered with brown scales
-enclosing about one-third to one-half of the nut; nut ovoid, 10 to 20 mm long, occasionally
-with ring grooves near apical point at maturity.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="886" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Scarlet Oak</b>/<i>Quercus coccinea</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<h3 id="c11"><span id="sp_NorthernRedOak">Northern Red Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus rubra</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" id="ncfig7" alt="silhouette" width="480" height="676" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark brown, thick, divided by shallow furrows into long, flat-topped scaly ridges.
-<b>Branches</b> stout, spreading and ascending to form a round-topped crown. <b>Twigs</b> slender,
-reddish-brown to dark red. <b>Buds</b> ovate, acute, light brown, 8 to 10 mm long. <b>Leaves</b>
-alternate, deciduous, simple, oblong to oval to obovate, 12 to 22 cm long, 10 to 15 cm
-wide; 7 to 11 short lobes, lobes 3-toothed, bristle-tipped; upper surface dull green. <b>Flowers</b>
-unisexual; staminate in slender catkins appearing with the developing leaves, pistillate
-inconspicuous on last year&rsquo;s wood. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn, 15 to 30 mm long; cup saucer-shaped,
-enclosing about one-fourth of the nut.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="698" height="891" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Northern Red Oak</b>/<i>Quercus rubra</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h3 id="c12"><span id="sp_ShumardOak">Shumard Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus shumardii</i> Buckl.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig8" alt="silhouette" width="474" height="674" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark gray to blackish, relatively smooth at first, then breaking into scaly ridges.
-<b>Branches</b> spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> about 5 mm in diameter, olive green then
-turning dark reddish. <b>Buds</b> clustered at apex 5 to 7 mm long, sharp pointed, strongly
-angled. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; oval to slightly obovate, 10 to 20 cm long, 6
-to 15 cm wide; with 7 to 10 bristle-tipped lobes, lobes on upper crown leaves narrower to
-slightly wider than sinuses, lobes on lower crown leaves wider than sinuses; dark green
-above, paler below, glabrous except for vein axils on lower surface; petiole about 5 cm
-long. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate in yellow catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves;
-pistillate on pubescent peduncles. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn; cup 20 to 31 mm across, enclosing
-about one-fourth of the nut; nut about 25 mm long, 15 mm in diameter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="889" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Shumard Oak</b>/<i>Quercus shumardii</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<h3 id="c13"><span id="sp_BlackjackOak">Blackjack Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus marilandica</i> Muenchh.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" id="ncfig9" alt="silhouette" width="452" height="694" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> black, very rough, consisting of thick blocky plates. <b>Branches</b> stout, spreading to
-drooping. <b>Twigs</b> stout, about 5 mm in diameter. <b>Buds</b> with rusty brown hairs, about 4 to 8
-mm long. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, tardily deciduous, simple, 7 to 25 cm long, broadly obovate at
-apex (bear-paw shape) tapering to a narrow base, margin entire or with 3 bristle-tipped
-apical lobes, upper surface dark green, rusty pubescent on undersurfaces. <b>Flowers</b>
-unisexual; staminate in catkins, appearing with the leaves; pistillate solitary or paired. <b>Fruit</b>
-an acorn, cup enclosing one-half to two-thirds of the nut; nut nearly ovoid, 20 to 25 mm
-long by 15 to 20 mm in diameter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="704" height="896" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Blackjack Oak</b>/<i>Quercus marilandica</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h3 id="c14"><span id="sp_LaurelOak">Laurel Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus laurifolia</i> Michx.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" id="ncfig10" alt="silhouette" width="388" height="680" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> nearly black, divided into broad flat ridges by deep fissures. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 3 mm in
-diameter, usually reddish brown. <b>Buds</b> ovoid, reddish brown, 2 to 4 mm long. <b>Leaves</b>
-alternate, semi-deciduous, simple, a few shed in fall, a few persisting until spring; elliptic to
-spatulate, 7 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute or obtuse, margin entire, base
-cuneate; shiny green above, paler below; petioles 3 to 5 mm long, midrib conspicuous on
-underside. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate in catkins as leaves unfold; pistillate on twigs at
-leaf scars. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn, sessile to subsessile, cup 15 to 20 mm wide, enclosing about
-one-fourth of nut; nut hemispheric, rounded at apex and flattened at bottom, 15 mm long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="701" height="891" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Laurel Oak</b>/<i>Quercus laurifolia</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<h3 id="c15"><span id="sp_WaterOak">Water Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus nigra</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" id="ncfig11" alt="silhouette" width="532" height="668" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> smooth, grayish black, becoming scaly with age. <b>Branches</b> spreading to
-ascending, forming a round-topped crown in the open. <b>Twigs</b> 3 to 5 mm in diameter,
-gray. <b>Buds</b> ovoid, acute, reddish brown, 3 to 7 mm long. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous,
-simple; variable in shape and size, obovate to spatulate, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide;
-margin entire, wavy to distinctly lobed in juvenile specimens; sessile or with petiole to 1 cm
-long. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate catkins 5 to 8 cm long, pistillate catkins short-peduncled.
-<b>Fruit</b> an acorn about 15 mm wide, 10 mm high; cup thin, enclosing about
-one-fifth to one-third of the nut.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="689" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Water Oak</b>/<i>Quercus nigra</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h3 id="c16"><span id="sp_WhiteOak">White Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus alba</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" id="ncfig12" alt="silhouette" width="472" height="700" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> light gray, separated by shallow furrows into flat ridges with loose appressed scales.
-<b>Branches</b> stout, drooping, spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 3 mm in diameter, reddish.
-<b>Buds</b> globose to ovoid, angulate, apex acute to obtuse, 3 to 5 mm. <b>Leaves</b> alternate,
-deciduous, simple, oblong to obovate, 7 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10 cm wide, with 7 to 11
-uneven, rounded lobes and deep sinuses. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual, in catkins, preceding leaf
-expansion. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn, 15 to 35 mm long, 20 to 25 mm in diameter, cup 1.5 to 3 cm
-wide, usually cup-shaped, conspicuous with thickened scales, enclosing one-fourth to
-one-third of the nut.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="690" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>White Oak</b>/<i>Quercus alba</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<h3 id="c17"><span id="sp_PostOak">Post Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus stellata</i> Wangenh.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" id="ncfig13" alt="silhouette" width="354" height="688" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> medium to dark gray, with deep furrows, scaly ridges. <b>Branches</b> stout, irregular,
-drooping to horizontal and ascending. <b>Twigs</b> 3 to 5 mm in diameter, gray to brownish.
-<b>Buds</b> broadly ovate, blunt to acute, 5 mm long, clustered at apex of twig. <b>Leaves</b> alternate,
-deciduous, simple; obovate, to 18 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide; divided into 5 to 7 sinuate
-rounded lobes, the two lower lobes smaller than the upper pair, upper lobes and the
-terminal lobe resembling a cross, dark, shiny green above, grayish to brownish below,
-leathery. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate in catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves;
-pistillate on last year&rsquo;s wood. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn, 13 to 25 mm long, 6 to 20 mm in diameter;
-cup hemispherical, enclosing about one-half of the nut, cup scales rusty-pubescent; nut
-ovate to ovate-oblong, about 15 mm long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Post Oak</b>/<i>Quercus stellata</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<h3 id="c18"><span id="sp_ChestnutOak">Chestnut Oak</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Quercus prinus</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" id="ncfig14" alt="silhouette" width="408" height="700" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark reddish brown to nearly black, deeply furrowed with narrow ridges. <b>Branches</b>
-stout, spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> stout, angulate, smooth, purplish-green when new,
-turning orange or reddish-brown. <b>Buds</b> ovate-conical, somewhat angulate, 8 to 12 mm
-long, silky hairy. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; elliptic to obovate, 10 to 30 cm long,
-3 to 8 cm wide; somewhat leathery, margin crenate with a vein ending in each rounded
-tooth, smooth green above, stellate-pubescent below. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual; staminate in
-catkins 5 to 10 cm long; pistillate in short spikes on stout peduncles. <b>Fruit</b> an acorn 25
-to 35 mm long, 15 to 25 mm in diameter; cup vase-shaped, thin, rough with thickened
-scales, covering one-third to one-half of the nut.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="688" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Chestnut Oak</b>/<i>Quercus prinus</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<h3 id="c19"><span id="sp_WingedElm">Winged Elm</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Ulmus alata</i> Michx.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" id="ncfig15" alt="silhouette" width="380" height="694" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark, smooth at first becoming deeply furrowed on larger trees. <b>Branches</b> slender,
-ascending to spreading, corky ridges or wings on branches 3 years or older. <b>Twigs</b> about 2
-mm in diameter, light green tinged with red. <b>Buds</b> sharp-pointed, divergent from twig 3 to
-4 mm long. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly ovate to elliptic, 4 to 8 cm long, 2
-to 4 cm wide; apex acute to short-acuminate, margin doubly to triply serrate, base
-rounded; dull green above, lighter green below with prominent pinnate veins. <b>Flowers</b>
-perfect, abundant, tiny, opening just before leaves unfold, several in a cluster at a leaf scar,
-blooming late January into February. <b>Fruit</b> a samara, flat and elliptic, 6 to 8 mm long,
-margin ciliate.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="688" height="897" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Winged Elm</b>/<i>Ulmus alata</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h3 id="c20"><span id="sp_AmericanElm">American Elm</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Ulmus americana</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" id="ncfig16" alt="silhouette" width="456" height="668" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> gray to blackish, thick, divided into flat ridges by deep furrows. <b>Branches</b> ascending,
-arching, and spreading; open-grown trees vase-shaped in outline. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 3 mm in
-diameter with 5 to 7 leaves which increase in size from basal to apical leaf, red-brown.
-<b>Buds</b> (leaf) brown, small, scaly, acute. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly ovate,
-5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; apex acuminate, margin usually doubly serrate, base
-oblique on short petiole; upper surface smooth, marked with sunken veins pinnately
-arranged; veins more prominent on underside. <b>Flowers</b> perfect, buds greatly enlarge
-before opening; with very small flowers abundant in clusters; opening before the leaves
-expand, blooming from late December into February. <b>Fruit</b> a samara, oval to circular with
-wing surrounding the seed, about 10 mm in diameter, margin ciliate.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="695" height="890" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>American Elm</b>/<i>Ulmus americana</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<h3 id="c21"><span id="sp_Sugarberry">Sugarberry</span>; hackberry
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" id="ncfig17" alt="silhouette" width="476" height="688" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> light gray to almost white, thin, smooth, usually more or less studded with irregular
-corky outgrowths. <b>Branches</b> spreading, slender. <b>Twigs</b> about 3 mm in diameter,
-reddish-brown. <b>Buds</b> about 3 mm long, alternate. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple;
-narrowly elliptic to broadly ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute, margin
-usually entire, base broadly rounded or oblique. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual or perfect, tiny,
-inconspicuous, many staminate and few pistillate appearing on the new growth as the
-leaves unfold. <b>Fruit</b> a drupe with a bony reticulated nutlet, about 5 mm in diameter,
-orange-red on a pedicel often shorter than the petiole of the subtending leaf.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Sugarberry</b>; <b>hackberry</b>/<i>Celtis laevigata</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<h3 id="c22"><span id="sp_YellowPoplar">Yellow-poplar</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" id="ncfig18" alt="silhouette" width="416" height="694" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> thin and dark green on young trees, becoming ash-gray and conspicuously furrowed
-and ridged with age. <b>Branches</b> spreading to ascending, often drooping on large open-grown
-trees. <b>Twigs</b> smooth, about 5 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule scars, red-brown.
-<b>Buds</b> (terminal) grayish green, turning red in winter, flat about 10 to 16 mm long, scales
-valvate. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; dark green above, turning yellow in fall; 6 to
-20 cm long and as wide as long; petioles 5 to 20 cm long, often longer than the blades on
-low branches. <b>Flowers</b> perfect, tulip-shaped, about 4 to 6 cm long, greenish-yellow with
-orange to reddish markings at base of petals, color intensifies with age. <b>Fruit</b> an aggregate
-cone, 5 to 8 cm long, gradually shattering into one-seeded, winged samaras.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="694" height="896" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Yellow-poplar</b>/<i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h3 id="c23"><span id="sp_Sweetbay">Sweetbay</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Magnolia virginiana</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" id="ncfig19" alt="silhouette" width="236" height="694" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark gray, usually smooth, thin, in shady areas often encrusted with mosses,
-liverworts, and lichens. <b>Branches</b> stout, spreading to ascending. <b>Twigs</b> about 5 to 7 mm in
-diameter, encircled by stipule scars, green. <b>Buds</b> (terminal), silvery gray, pubescent, 15
-mm long; smaller lateral buds often subtended by persistent petiole base. <b>Leaves</b> alternate,
-evergreen in South, deciduous in northern part of range, simple; elliptic to oblong, 10 to
-15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; margin entire, dark green above, silvery pubescent below.
-<b>Flowers</b> perfect, white, sweet-scented, 5 to 8 cm in diameter, appearing May to
-September. <b>Fruit</b> an aggregate of follicles which open and shed red seeds, irregular in
-shape, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, about 5 cm long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="668" height="899" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Sweetbay</b>/<i>Magnolia virginiana</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h3 id="c24"><span id="sp_Sweetgum">Sweetgum</span>; redgum
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" id="ncfig20" alt="silhouette" width="398" height="674" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> dark gray, divided by deep furrows into narrow, rounded ridges. <b>Branches</b> stout,
-often with corky wings or outgrowths. <b>Twigs</b> about 4 to 6 mm in diameter, gray-brown.
-<b>Buds</b> (terminal) broadly egg-shaped, about 10 to 15 mm long, scales overlapping, slightly
-sticky. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, deciduous, simple; palmately 5- to 7-lobed; 8 to 20 cm wide, 6 to
-15 cm long, often longer than broad; margin finely serrate; petioles 4 to 13 cm long.
-<b>Flowers</b> unisexual (plants monoecious), appearing as the leaves unfold; staminate
-clustered in terminal racemes; pistillate in small drooping spherical heads. <b>Fruit</b> in stalked
-spherical heads covered with small spine-like projections; seed cavity at base of each spine.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="892" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Sweetgum</b>; <b>redgum</b>/<i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<h3 id="c25"><span id="sp_RedMaple">Red Maple</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Acer rubrum</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" id="ncfig21" alt="silhouette" width="432" height="690" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> gray, divided into scaly ridges by narrow furrows. <b>Branches</b> slender, spreading
-and ascending. <b>Twigs</b> about 3 mm in diameter, reddish. <b>Buds</b> spherical, reddish, clustered
-at apex of twig, scales with white ciliate margins. <b>Leaves</b> opposite, deciduous, simple;
-ovate to almost circular, 4 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, usually longer than broad;
-3-lobed near the apex, margin finely serrate; dark green above, glaucous and lightly
-pubescent below, pubescence usually shed. <b>Flowers</b> typically polygamous, occasionally
-with perfect flowers, small, forming dense clusters from separate buds before leaf
-expansion, conspicuous because of the red to orange coloration. <b>Fruit</b> twin samaras 10 to
-20 mm long.</p>
-<p>Var. <i>drummondii</i>: <b>Leaves</b> larger than typical red maple, usually broader than long;
-3 to 5 lobes or occasionally scarcely lobed, margins coarsely toothed, conspicuously
-glaucous below, usually permanently tomentose. <b>Fruit</b> samaras 4 to 5 cm long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="897" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Red Maple</b>/<i>Acer rubrum</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<h3 id="c26"><span id="sp_BlackTupelo">Black Tupelo</span>; blackgum
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> Marsh.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" id="ncfig22" alt="silhouette" width="452" height="680" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> black, marked with furrows and cross-cracks that divide the ridges into squarish
-plates. <b>Branches</b> slender, spreading to horizontal, often drooping in open-grown
-specimens. <b>Twigs</b> 2 to 3 mm in diameter, gray to reddish. <b>Buds</b> obtuse, of overlapping
-yellow-brown scales, terminal buds 6 mm long. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, early deciduous, simple;
-marked with irregular black spots and purple coloration from midsummer on; elliptic to
-broadly oval to obovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide; apex acute to broadly rounded,
-margin entire, base wedge-shaped. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual, less than 4 mm in diameter,
-appearing in April before leaf expansion. <b>Fruit</b> a black drupe 8 to 10 mm long, 1 to 3 on
-pedicels 3 to 5 cm long, stone faintly ribbed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="694" height="902" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Black Tupelo</b>; <b>blackgum</b>/<i>Nyssa sylvatica</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<h3 id="c27"><span id="sp_WhiteAsh">White Ash</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Fraxinus americana</i> L.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" id="ncfig23" alt="silhouette" width="404" height="696" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> gray to brownish, divided into narrow, deep furrows and ridges of equal width.
-<b>Branches</b> stout, wide-spreading. <b>Twigs</b> 3 to 6 mm in diameter. <b>Buds</b> (terminal) broadly
-ovoid consisting of 4 appressed scales, dark brown to black; lateral buds spherical, tightly
-appressed to a crescent-shaped leaf scar. <b>Leaves</b> opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately
-compound; 20 to 30 cm long, white below when fresh; leaflets 7 to 9, petiolulate, oval to
-ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin essentially entire, base
-broadly rounded, pinnate veins conspicuous on underside. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual (plants
-dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous about 1 mm in diameter, arranged in dense paniculate
-clusters; staminate conspicuous in mass. <b>Fruit</b> a samara, 25 to 60 mm long, wing terminal
-on the thickened seed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p25a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="896" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>White Ash</b>/<i>Fraxinus americana</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<h3 id="c28"><span id="sp_GreenAsh">Green Ash</span>
-<br /><span class="small unbold"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> Marsh.</span></h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" id="ncfig24" alt="silhouette" width="480" height="688" />
-</div>
-<p><b>Bark</b> brownish, smooth when young, then breaking into narrow ridges with shallow
-narrow furrows. <b>Branches</b> drooping to spreading and ascending. <b>Twigs</b> stout, 4 to 6 mm
-in diameter, olive green. <b>Buds</b> terminal black; smaller lateral buds tightly appressed to the
-generally straight upper edge of the leaf scar. <b>Leaves</b> opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately
-compound with 5 to 7, occasionally 9, leaflets; leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptical, apex
-acuminate, margin entire to finely serrate, base wedge-shaped, hairy below along the
-veins. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual (plants dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous in open panicles;
-staminate in compact conspicuous clusters. <b>Fruit</b> a samara 25 to 50 mm long, seed end
-conspicuously slender and extending about half the length of the samara, wing decurrent
-on seed end.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p26a.jpg" alt="" width="686" height="894" />
-<p class="pcap"><b>Green Ash</b>/<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<h2 id="c29"><span class="small">Selected References</span></h2>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Bailey, L. H.</p>
-<p class="t">1949. Manual of cultivated plants. Rev. ed. 1116 p. Macmillan Co., New York.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Brown, C. A.</p>
-<p class="t">1945. Louisiana trees and shrubs. Bull. 1, 262 p. Louisiana Forestry Commission, Baton Rouge.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Coker, W. C., and H. R. Totten.</p>
-<p class="t">1945. Trees of the southeastern states. 3rd ed. 419 p. Univ. of N. C. Press, Chapel Hill.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Collingwood, G. H., and W. D. Brush.</p>
-<p class="t">1974. Knowing your trees. Rev. by D. Butcher. 374 p. American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Correll, D. C., and M. C. Johnston.</p>
-<p class="t">1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Contributions from the Texas Research Foundation, Vol. 6. 1881 p. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Fernald, M. L.</p>
-<p class="t">1950. Gray&rsquo;s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. 1632 p. American Book Co., New York.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Harlow, W. M.</p>
-<p class="t">1959. Fruit key and twig key to trees and shrubs. 106 p. Dover Publications, New York.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Harlow, W. M., and E. S. Harrar.</p>
-<p class="t">1941. Textbook of dendrology covering the important forest trees of the United States and Canada. 2nd ed. 561 p. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York and London.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Harrar, E. S., and J. G. Harrar.</p>
-<p class="t">1946. Guide to southern trees. 712 p. Whittlesy House, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Kurz, H., and R. K. Godfrey.</p>
-<p class="t">1962. Trees of northern Florida. 311 p. Univ. of Fla. Press, Gainesville.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Little, E. L.</p>
-<p class="t">1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. No. 41. 472 p.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Muller, C. H.</p>
-<p class="t">1951. The oaks of Texas. Contributions from The Texas Research Foundation 1(3):21-311.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Preston, R. J., Jr.</p>
-<p class="t">1961. North American trees. 2nd ed. 395 p. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames (Reprinted 1970 by M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Sargent, C. S.</p>
-<p class="t">1922. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 2nd ed. 910 p. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Small, J. K.</p>
-<p class="t">1933. Manual of southeastern flora. 1554 p. Published by author in New York.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Staff of Forest Resources Research Work Unit</p>
-<p class="t">1976. Hardwood distribution on pine sites in the South. U. S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Resour. Bull. SO-59. 27 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Vines, R. A.</p>
-<p class="t">1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest. 1104 p. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Wharton, M. E., and R. W. Barbour</p>
-<p class="t">1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. 582 p. Univ. Ky. Press, Lexington.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<h2 id="c30"><span class="small">GLOSSARY</span></h2>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Acuminate">Acuminate.</b> Gradually tapering to a pointed apex.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Acute">Acute.</b> Having the shape of an acute angle.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Aggregate">Aggregate.</b> A cluster of ripened ovaries traceable to separate pistils of the same flower and inserted on a common receptacle.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Anther">Anther.</b> The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Anthesis">Anthesis.</b> Time of flowering.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Apetalous">Apetalous.</b> Without petals.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Apex">Apex.</b> The tip of leaf, twig, or other plant part.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Apical">Apical.</b> Pertaining to apex.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Ascending">Ascending.</b> Growing obliquely or indirectly upward from point of attachment.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Axil">Axil.</b> Upper angle between a leaf or other plant part and the stem to which it is attached.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Bisexual">Bisexual.</b> Having both sex organs on the same plant; a hermaphrodite.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Blade">Blade.</b> The flat expanded portion of a leaf or parts of a compound leaf.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Catkin">Catkin.</b> A flexible, usually pendulous, scaly spike bearing unisexual flowers.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Ciliate">Ciliate.</b> Having a margin fringed with hair.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_CompoundLeaf">Compound Leaf.</b> A leaf with two or more separate leaflets.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Cordate">Cordate.</b> Heart-shaped with the point at the terminal end.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Crenate">Crenate.</b> Having a margin with rounded to blunt teeth.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Cuneate">Cuneate.</b> Wedge-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Deciduous">Deciduous.</b> Not persistent; said of leaves falling in autumn or of floral parts falling after anthesis.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Dehiscent">Dehiscent.</b> Opening by bursting or splitting.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Dentate">Dentate.</b> A margin with sharp teeth pointing outward.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Dimorphous">Dimorphous.</b> Occurring in two forms.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Dioecious">Dioecious.</b> Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Drupe">Drupe.</b> A simple one-seeded fleshy fruit, the outer wall fleshy, the inner wall bony.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Entire">Entire.</b> Margins without teeth or lobes.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Evergreen">Evergreen.</b> Having green leaves throughout the year.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Falcate">Falcate.</b> Sickle- or scythe-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Follicle">Follicle.</b> A dry, single-carpel fruit, opening along one side for seed dispersal.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Fluted">Fluted.</b> Regularly marked by alternating ridges and grooves.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Fruit">Fruit.</b> The seed-bearing product of a plant.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Glabrous">Glabrous.</b> Smooth, devoid of hair or surface glands.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Glandular">Glandular.</b> Furnished with glands, or glandlike.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Glaucous">Glaucous.</b> Covered with a white waxy or powdery bloom.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Globose">Globose.</b> Spherical, globular.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Husk">Husk.</b> Fleshy covering of nut in hickories.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Imbricate">Imbricate.</b> Overlapping.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Leaflet">Leaflet.</b> A single division of a compound leaf.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Membranous">Membranous.</b> Thin, more or less flexible, translucent.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Midrib">Midrib.</b> The central rib or central vein of a leaf or similar structure.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Monoecious">Monoecious.</b> Having unisexual flowers, with both sexes borne on the same plant.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Nut">Nut.</b> A hard-shelled, indehiscent, usually one-celled, one-seeded fruit.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Oblique">Oblique.</b> Slanted; of unequal-sided or non-symmetrical leaves or leaf bases.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Obovate">Obovate.</b> Inverted ovate.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Obpyriform">Obpyriform.</b> Inverted pear-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Obtuse">Obtuse.</b> Blunt.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_OddPinnate">Odd Pinnate.</b> Pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Ovate">Ovate.</b> Having the lengthwise outline of an egg, broadest at the base.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Ovoid">Ovoid.</b> Egg-shaped in 3-dimensions.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Ovule">Ovule.</b> An embryonic seed in the ovary of a flower.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Palmate">Palmate.</b> With veins or lobes radiating from a common center.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Panicle">Panicle.</b> A compound or branched raceme.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Paniculate">Paniculate.</b> Borne in a panicle.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Parted">Parted.</b> Divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Perfect">Perfect.</b> Having stamens and pistils in the same flower.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Persistent">Persistent.</b> Remaining attached.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Petiolate">Petiolate.</b> Having petioles, not sessile.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Petiole">Petiole.</b> The stalk of a leaf.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Petiolulate">Petiolulate.</b> Having petiolules.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Petiolule">Petiolule.</b> The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Pinnate">Pinnate.</b> Descriptive of compound leaves with the leaflets arranged on opposite sides along a common rachis. Also used to describe leaf venation.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Pistil">Pistil.</b> The seed-bearing organ of the flower.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Pistillate">Pistillate.</b> Provided with pistils; usually descriptive of unisexual flowers.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Polygamous">Polygamous.</b> Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Polymorphic">Polymorphic.</b> Having two or more forms.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Pubescent">Pubescent.</b> Covered with fine, soft, short hairs.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Pyriform">Pyriform.</b> Pear-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Raceme">Raceme.</b> An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of flowers with stalks of nearly equal length.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Rachis">Rachis.</b> The axis of a compound leaf or inflorescence.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Receptacle">Receptacle.</b> The portion of the floral axis upon which the flowers are borne.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Reticulate">Reticulate.</b> Forming a network.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Rhombic">Rhombic.</b> Somewhat diamond-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Rib">Rib.</b> A prominent vein.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Samara">Samara.</b> An indehiscent winged fruit.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Scurfy">Scurfy.</b> Covered with small scales.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Seed">Seed.</b> A ripened ovule.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Serrate">Serrate.</b> With sharp teeth pointing forward.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Sessile">Sessile.</b> Without a stalk of any kind.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Simple">Simple.</b> Of one piece; not compound.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Sinuate">Sinuate.</b> Deeply or strongly undulate or wavy.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Sinus">Sinus.</b> A recess, cleft, or gap between two lobes.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Spatulate">Spatulate.</b> Spatula-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Spike">Spike.</b> An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of stalkless flowers.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Stamen">Stamen.</b> Pollen-bearing organ of the flower.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Staminate">Staminate.</b> Bearing stamens.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Stellate">Stellate.</b> Star-shaped.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Stipule">Stipule.</b> A leafy appendage attached to the twig at the base of a petiole; usually in pairs, one on each side, often shedding early.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Striate">Striate.</b> With fine grooves, ridges, or lines of color.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Suture">Suture.</b> Line of dehiscence.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Subglobose">Subglobose.</b> Globe shaped, but slightly flattened.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Subsessile">Subsessile.</b> Almost stalkless.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Tomentose">Tomentose.</b> Coated with short, matted woolly hair.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Truncate">Truncate.</b> Having a blunt tip or end, appearing as if abruptly cut off transversely.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Undulate">Undulate.</b> Wavy.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Unisexual">Unisexual.</b> Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Valvate">Valvate.</b> Opening by valves as in a capsule or some leaf buds; meeting at the edges without overlapping.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Whorl">Whorl.</b> Circular arrangement of appendages at a node.</p>
-<p class="t0"><b id="g_Woolly">Woolly.</b> Clothed with long, matted hairs.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div>
-<h2><span class="small">Footnotes</span></h2>
-<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>For the purposes
-of this paper, pine sites are defined as forested uplands, excluding those
-growing cove-type hardwoods, that are supporting southern pine or show evidence, such as stumps,
-of its former occurrence.
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div>
-<h2 id="c31"><span class="small">Index</span></h2>
-<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <span class="ab">D</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <span class="ab">I</span> <span class="ab">J</span> <span class="ab">K</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <span class="ab">V</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <span class="ab">Z</span></p>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt>
-<dt><i>Acer rubrum</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-<dd>var. <i>drummondii</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd>
-<dd>var. <i>tridens</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></dd>
-<dt>American elm, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Ash, green, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
-<dd>white, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt>
-<dt>Bitternut hickory, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Blackgum, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Blackjack oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Black oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>Black tupelo, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt>
-<dt><i>Carya cordiformis</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dd><i>glabra</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dd>
-<dd><i>ovata</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tomentosa</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Celtis laevigata</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dd><i>occidentalis</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dd>
-<dt>Cherrybark oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Chestnut oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt>
-<dt>Elm, American, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dd>winged, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt>
-<dt><i>Fraxinus americana</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
-<dd><i>pennsylvanica</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt>
-<dt>Green ash, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt>
-<dt>Hackberry, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Hickory, bitternut, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dd>mockernut, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dd>
-<dd>pignut, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dd>
-<dd>shagbark, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt>
-<dt>Laurel oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt>
-<dt><i>Magnolia virginiana</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Maple, red, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-<dt>Mockernut hickory, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt>
-<dt>Northern red oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt>
-<dt>Oak, black, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dd>blackjack, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dd>
-<dd>cherrybark, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dd>
-<dd>chestnut, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd>laurel, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dd>
-<dd>northern red, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dd>
-<dd>post, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd>
-<dd>scarlet, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd>Shumard, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dd>
-<dd>southern red, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dd>
-<dd>swamp chestnut, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dd>
-<dd>water, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd>white, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt>
-<dt>Pignut hickory, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
-<dt>Post oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt>
-<dt><i>Quercus alba</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dd><i>coccinea</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd><i>falcata</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dd>
-<dd><i>falcata</i> var. <i>pagodaefolia</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dd>
-<dd><i>hemisphaerica</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dd>
-<dd><i>laurifolia</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dd>
-<dd><i>marilandica</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dd>
-<dd><i>michauxii</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dd>
-<dd><i>nigra</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd><i>prinus</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd><i>rubra</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dd>
-<dd><i>shumardii</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dd>
-<dd><i>stellata</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd>
-<dd><i>velutina</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt>
-<dt>Redgum, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
-<dt>Red maple, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt>
-<dt>Scarlet oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
-<dt>Shagbark hickory, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
-<dt>Shumard oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Southern red oak, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
-<dt>Sugarberry, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Swamp chestnut oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dt>
-<dt>Sweetbay, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Sweetgum, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt>
-<dt>Tupelo, black, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_U">U</dt>
-<dt><i>Ulmus alata</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
-<dd><i>americana</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt>
-<dt>Water oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dt>White ash, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
-<dt>White oak, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Winged elm, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt>
-<dt>Yellow-poplar, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_71">71</dt>
-</dl>
-<hr class="dwide" />
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Brown, C. A. and H. E. Grelen.</p>
-<p class="t">1977. Identifying hardwoods growing on pine sites. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-15, 69 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.</p>
-</div>
-<p>This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood
-species or varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories,
-with photographs of leaves, bark, buds, flowers, and
-fruits. Line drawings feature the winter silhouette of
-each species and a key is included to assist in identification.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smallest"><span class="ssn">&#9733;U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978&mdash;772-231</span></span></p>
-<hr class="dwide" />
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="ss">U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
-<br />FOREST SERVICE
-<br />SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
-<br />T-10210 POSTAL SERVICE BUILDING. 701 LOYOLA AVE.
-<br />NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70113</span></p>
-<hr />
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="ss">OFFICIAL BUSINESS
-<br />PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300</span></p>
-<p class="center smallest"><span class="ss">POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
-<br />U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
-<br />AGRICULTURE
-<br />AGR-101</span></p>
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="ss">AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER</span></p>
-<p class="center small"><span class="ssn">THIRD CLASS</span></p>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-<li>Created a Table of Contents based on the chapter headings.</li>
-</ul>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON PINE SITES ***</div>
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