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diff --git a/old/66012-0.txt b/old/66012-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ad42ce0..0000000 --- a/old/66012-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1817 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites, -by Clair A. Brown - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Identifying Hardwoods Growing on Pine Sites - Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15 - -Author: Clair A. Brown - Harold E. Grelen - -Release Date: August 8, 2021 [eBook #66012] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON -PINE SITES *** - - - - - Clair A. Brown - Harold E. Grelen - - - - - IDENTIFYING HARDWOODS GROWING ON PINE SITES - - - Southern Forest Experiment Station - U.S. Department of Agriculture, - Forest Service - General Technical Report SO-15 - - - - - Acknowledgments - - -The authors thank Bryan A. Jowers, Glendale, California, for the -excellent winter silhouettes. For help in obtaining specimens or -photographs of species not easily accessible to us, we thank the -following: Roger W. Barbour, University of Kentucky; William Harlow, -College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New -York; Richard Johnson, Caroline Dormon Nature Preserve; Betty E. Lemon, -University of Southwestern Louisiana; R. Dale Thomas, Northeast -Louisiana University; and Lino Della-Bianca and Edwin R. Lawson of the -U.S. Forest Service. - - - - - Summary - - -This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood species or -varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with photographs of leaves, -bark, buds, flowers, and fruits. Line drawings feature the winter -silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in -identification. - - - - - US. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service General Technical Report SO-15 - - - - - Identifying Hardwoods Growing On Pine Sites - - - _CLAIR A. BROWN_ - Professor Emeritus, - Department of Botany - Louisiana State University - Baton Rouge, Louisiana - - _HAROLD E. GRELEN_ - Principal Range Scientist - Southern Forest Experiment Station - Forest Service—USDA - Pineville, Louisiana - - - 1977 - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing - Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - - - - - Contents - - - Page - Overview of Southern Hardwoods 1 - Key to Hardwoods 6 - Species Described and Illustrated - Mockernut hickory 10 - Pignut hickory 12 - Shagbark hickory 14 - Bitternut hickory 16 - Southern red oak 18 - Cherrybark oak 20 - Black oak 22 - Scarlet oak 24 - Northern red oak 26 - Shumard oak 28 - Blackjack oak 30 - Laurel oak 32 - Water oak 34 - White oak 36 - Post oak 38 - Chestnut oak 40 - Winged elm 42 - American elm 44 - Sugarberry 46 - Yellow-poplar 48 - Sweetbay 50 - Sweetgum 52 - Red maple 54 - Black tupelo 56 - White ash 58 - Green ash 60 - Selected References 63 - Glossary 65 - Index 69 - - - - - Overview of Southern Hardwoods - - -Throughout the South some 49 billion cubic feet of small, low-quality -hardwoods are growing on southern pine sites[1] (Staff, For. Resour. -Res. Work Unit 1976). This material is usually wasted; if the site is -prepared for regeneration to pine, the hardwoods there are destroyed. -Research is underway to find economical methods of harvesting and -utilizing these hardwoods. The descriptions, key, and illustrations in -this book should help wood utilization researchers, especially those new -to the South, to identify the most prevalent hardwood species on -southern pine sites (Table 1). - - -Table 1.—_Important hardwoods on southern pine sites, ranked according -to percentage of total hardwood volume_ - - Percentages were derived from Staff, For. Resour. Res. Work Unit - (1976). - - Nomenclature used herein follows Little (1953). - - _Species_ _Percent_ - - Sweetgum _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L. 13.2 - White oak _Quercus alba_ L. 12.3 - Hickory _Carya_ spp. 8.5 - Southern red oak _Quercus falcata_ Michx. 8.1 - Post oak _Quercus stellata_ Wangenh. 7.0 - Yellow-poplar _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L. 7.0 - Black tupelo _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh. 5.5 - Water oak _Quercus nigra_ L. 4.7 - Black oak _Quercus velutina_ Lam. 4.0 - Scarlet oak _Quercus coccinea_ Muenchh. 3.6 - Red maple _Acer rubrum_ L. 3.6 - Chestnut oak _Quercus prinus_ L. 2.9 - Northern red oak _Quercus rubra_ L. 2.4 - Laurel oak _Quercus laurifolia_ Michx. 1.4 - Elm _Ulmus_ spp. 1.4 - Cherrybark oak _Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell. 1.2 - Ash _Fraxinus_ spp. .9 - Sweetbay _Magnolia virginiana_ L. .6 - Shumard oak _Quercus shumardii_ Buckl. .2 - Hackberry _Celtis_ spp. .1 - Other hardwoods including blackjack oak (_Quercus 11.4 - marilandica_ Muenchh.) - Total hardwoods 100.0 - - -Hickories have alternate compound leaves with 5 to 13 leaflets. They are -monoecious; that is, the stamens and pistil are borne in separate -flowers on the same plant. Flowers generally develop after the leaves -are three-fourths to full grown. Staminate flowers are in catkins, which -occur on last year’s wood and usually have three branches. The stalkless -pistillate flowers are in several-flowered spikes at the apex of the -current season’s growth. Catkins last from 10 days to 3 weeks and are -usually not useful in distinguishing the species. The fruit, however, is -widely used for identification. The husk may be very thin (about 1 mm), -moderately thick (3 to 5 mm), or very thick (more than 5 mm). Similarly, -the shell may be thin, moderately thick, or very thick. The meat varies -from sweet to bitter. Upon drying, the husk usually separates along -sutures and frees the nut. In some species the husk partly splits at the -sutures but still encloses the nut when it falls. Such nuts are usually -sterile, because the meat is seldom filled out. - -For identification purposes use nuts from the ground with caution; if -more than one species grows in the vicinity, the fruits could be mixed. -Also some trees shed defective or sterile fruits early, and these fruits -are often different in shape and size from typical fruit. - -Hickories are generally divided into true hickories, which have -overlapping (imbricate) bud scales, and pecan hickories, which have -valvate bud scales. True hickories are divided into those with tight -bark and those with loose bark. Mockernut Hickory, _Carya tomentosa_ -Nutt., a tight bark species, has very pubescent leaves, large buds, and -a thick husk over a large nut. Pignut Hickory, _C. glabra_ (Mill.) -Sweet, also a tight bark hickory, has three to nine glabrous leaflets -and a tardily dehiscing husk about 3 mm thick. Shagbark Hickory, _C. -ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch, is one of the few species with bark in thin, -loose plates. It has small buds and usually has five leaflets. Bitternut -Hickory, _C. cordiformis_ (Wangenh.) K. Koch, belongs to the pecan -hickory group and has yellow buds with valvate scales. It also has tight -bark, thin four-winged husks, thin shells, and bitter meat. - -Oaks are also monoecious, and staminate flowers are in drooping catkins, -which consist of a central, flexible axis with sessile, apetalous and -pubescent flowers. They are most abundant on the developing new twigs. -Although catkins vary among oaks, they are usually not used as -distinguishing characteristics because they last only 2 to 3 weeks. -Pistillate flowers occur on wood of the previous season and in leaf -axils of twigs. In red oaks, however, pistillate flowers on current -twigs do not mature until the second fall. - -The fruit, a nut or acorn, consists of the seed enclosed in a shell. The -nut is seated in a cup consisting of many scales. At maturity nuts are -shed from the tree by shrinkage of the cup (dehydration). Considerable -variation in mature acorn size occurs among trees of a species, notably -in water oak, willow oak, and white oak. - -Differences in foliage within a species also complicate identification. -Apparently because lower leaves receive less sunlight they differ in -size and appearance from those in the middle or upper crown. Most -taxonomists prefer a specimen from the upper half of the crown because -they consider leaves from this area typical for the species. To get such -specimens easily, use a tree pruner and take leaves from at least 20 to -30 feet off the ground or collect them from freshly felled trees. -Moreover, foliage of seedlings and small saplings often differs from -that of mature trees, and spring and summer growth flushes on the same -branch often appear markedly different. This seasonal variation has been -noted for many oaks, including laurel, post, blackjack, and especially -water oak. For example, by late March or April, water oak leaves reach -their normal size and shape—obovate with a wavy apex; the second flush -of growth, which starts in late April or May, produces lobed leaves. - -Identification is further complicated because hybrids commonly occur -among the oaks. - -The oaks are divided into two main groups: the white oaks and the red -(or black) oaks. The white oaks have leaves with rounded lobes and no -bristles; acorns mature the first fall, and the inner surface of the -shell is glabrous. White oak, chestnut oak, and post oak belong to this -group. The red oak group is characterized by bristle-tipped leaf lobes -in such species as Shumard, southern red, northern red, cherrybark, and -black oak. The red oak group also includes non-lobed species such as -water, laurel, and willow oak, which usually have entire margins. -Blackjack oak leaves usually lack lobes and bristles, but leaves with -terminal lobes occasionally occur and may have one bristle per lobe. -Acorns mature the second fall, and the inner surface of the shell is -pubescent. - -Southern Red Oak, _Quercus falcata_ Michx., and its variety Cherrybark -Oak, _Q. falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell., have almost identical -acorns, but they can be distinguished by other characteristics. The leaf -base of southern red oak is somewhat bell-shaped, but that of cherrybark -is not. Southern red oak forms heavy ridges of bark; cherrybark does -not. - -The distinctive feature of Black Oak, _Q. velutina_ Lam., is its -yellow-orange inner bark. Its leaves take three forms. Seedlings to -small saplings have a “bear-paw” leaf with only a suggestion of lobing. -Lower leaves on large trees also have little lobing, but leaves from the -middle and upper crown are clearly lobed. The uppermost leaves, which -have seven lobes and deep sinuses, are usually illustrated as typical. - -Scarlet, _Q. coccinea_ Muenchh., Northern Red, _Q. rubra_ L., and -Shumard Oak, _Q. shumardii_ Buckl., are difficult to distinguish. -Northern red oak leaves have shallow sinuses and a dull-green upper -surface with little or no pubescence in the vein axils on the underside. -Shumard oak leaves have a glossier surface, shallow to deep sinuses that -are usually wider than the adjacent lobes, and definite hairiness at the -vein axils. The sinuses of scarlet oak are also usually wider than their -adjacent lobes, which are usually toothed. Both Shumard and scarlet oak -have outstanding fall coloration. - -Blackjack Oak, _Q. marilandica_ Muenchh., can be recognized by its -leathery, usually entire, broadly obovate leaf, which has a rusty -undersurface. The branches are stout, irregular, gnarled, drooping to -horizontal. - -Laurel Oak, _Q. laurifolia_ Michx., and Water Oak, _Q. nigra_ L., are -similar in size and shape, but water oak has oblong-obovate or -spatula-shaped leaves gradually narrowed to a wedge-shaped base. Laurel -oak leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate. Laurel oaks tend to shed leaves -late and thus may retain about 30 to 50 percent of their lower leaves -after water oaks are bare. Some recent authors separate the laurel oaks -into two species, upland laurel oak, _Q. hemisphaerica_ Bartr., and -swamp laurel oak, _Q. laurifolia_ Michx. - -White Oak, _Q. alba_ L., has a thin, light green leaf with a light -glaucous bloom at maturity; it is oblong or ovate, with rounded lobes -and three to five narrow sinuses extending nearly to the mid-rib. The -cup scales of the acorn-cup are heavy and distinct. - -Post Oak, _Q. stellata_ Wangenh., has stout, irregular branches. The -leathery leaves are usually five-lobed; usually the two side lobes are -at right angles to the central axis, thus forming a cross-shaped leaf. - -Chestnut Oak, _Q. prinus_ L., resembles swamp chestnut oak, _Q. -michauxii_ Nutt., a commercially important tree southwide. Chestnut oak -is primarily a northeastern tree, extending into the South along the -Appalachian highlands into northern Georgia and Alabama where its range -overlaps that of swamp chestnut oak, and its leaves lack the dense -pubescence found on those of swamp chestnut oak. - -Common elms include American Elm, _Ulmus americana_ L., and Winged Elm, -_U. alata_ Michx. Both bloom after a freeze breaks dormancy. For -example, if a killing frost occurs in the last week of November or the -first week of December, American elm will bloom the first week of -January. If no killing frost occurs by early December. American elm may -not bloom until the third week of January. Winged elm usually blooms 10 -days to 2 weeks later than American elm. Small winged elm trees -frequently have a corky outgrowth on opposite sides of twigs at least 3 -years old. Mature trees often lack this characteristic. The American elm -leaf has unequal basal lobing and pubescent or ciliate samaras about 12 -mm in diameter; winged elm has a smaller leaf with round to acute leaf -bases and a very ciliate samara about 8 mm long. - -Young Sugarberry, _Celtis laevigata_ Willd., and Hackberry, _C. -occidentalis_ L., trees are readily recognized by a whitish to light -gray bark dotted with small corky warts. Older trees often have -relatively smooth, light to medium gray bark. Leaf margins of sugarberry -are usually entire or indistinctly toothed; the upper half of hackberry -leaves are usually conspicuously serrate. Both species produce tiny -flowers on the new growth when the leaves are about half normal size. -The fruit of sugarberry is orange-red to black; that of hackberry is -dark red to nearly black at maturity. - -Yellow-poplar, _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L., or tulip tree, has -alternate, four- to six-lobed leaves with truncate to distinctly notched -apices, a unique feature among American trees. The flowers are -tulip-like with red markings on a greenish-yellow background. The fruit -is a cone-like aggregate of samaras. - -Sweetbay, _Magnolia virginiana_ L., produces moderate-sized trunks on -uplands or numerous pole-like suckers in branch bottoms. It is evergreen -in the southern part of its range and deciduous in the northern portion. -A wind blowing in the crown will expose the silvery underside of the -leaves. The white flowers, about 5 to 10 cm in diameter, open for the -first time about 3 p.m. and close about 9 p.m. They reopen the next -morning and shed their stamens. The fruit is a green pickle-like -aggregate of follicles that splits open to reveal red seeds. Sweetbay -and yellow-poplar, both members of the Magnolia family, have stipule -scars circling the twigs. - -Sweetgum, _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L., or redgum, is easily recognized -by its alternate, star-shaped, palmately lobed leaves. Some trees have -corky outgrowths on the small branches. Its flower consists of several -round clusters of stamens arranged in a raceme and a stalked pistillate -head that develops into a spiny, woody fruit containing many seeds. - -Red Maple, _Acer rubrum_ L., has simple, opposite leaves that are -usually glaucous and pubescent. The flowers appear in early February and -the fruit is a double samara. The variety _A. rubrum_ var. _drummondii_ -(Hook. and Arn.) Sarg., which has densely matted white hairs on the -undersides of young leaves, grows in swamps throughout the South. Leaves -may have three to five lobes, but southern trees are predominantly -three-lobed. For this reason, some authors recognize the southern form -as _A. rubrum_ var. _tridens_ Woods. - -The leaves of Black Tupelo (blackgum) _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh., are -alternate, elliptical to obovate, and become spotted early in their -development, turning purplish in September before their early shedding. -The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and produce a blue-black fruit. - -Two of the most common ashes are White Ash, _Fraxinus americana_ L., and -Green Ash, _F. pennsylvanica_ Marsh. The most reliable distinction -between the two species appears to be samara differences. White ash has -a plump, short seed end with the wing practically terminal, whereas -green ash has a slender seed end and the wing extends more than halfway -down the seed end. White ash usually has a rounded leaflet base, but -green ash has wedge-shaped leaflet bases. The undersurfaces of fresh -white ash leaves are white, but the color is difficult to detect on dry -specimens. Green ash leaves are green on both surfaces, although -somewhat paler on undersurfaces. - - - - - Key To Hardwoods - - -The key is composed of paired statements, one true and one false for any -given specimen. The guide numbers at the end of statements are used to -locate the next pair. Follow the true statements until you come to a -common name. If you have made no mistake in interpreting the paired -statements, you should arrive at the correct identity of the specimen. -Then check the text and illustration. - - 1. Leaves compound, with blades divided into leaflets 2 - 1. Leaves simple, blades not divided into leaflets 7 - 2. Leaves with opposite arrangement on twigs 3 - 2. Leaves with alternate arrangement on twigs 4 - 3. Leaflets with rounded bases, conspicuously whitish below when - fresh; seed end of samara thickened, wing terminal only White Ash - 3. Leaflets with wedge-shaped bases, green below; wing terminal and - extending about half the length of the seed Green Ash - 4. Buds valvate; buds, fruits, and lower surface of leaflets covered - with yellow glandular scales; fruit winged on upper half of husk - suture, husk thin, shell thin, meat bitter Bitternut Hickory - 4. Buds imbricate, composed of overlapping scales 5 - 5. Leaflets typically 5, glabrous except for a few hairs on rachis and - midribs; bark shaggy Shagbark Hickory - 5. Leaflets 7 6 - 6. Leaflets densely tomentose; bark tight, in diamond-shaped - pattern; husk very thick, shell thick, meat sweet - Mockernut Hickory - 6. Leaflets usually glabrous; bark tight, in diamond-shaped pattern; - husk moderately thick, shell thick, meat sweet, husk tardily - dehiscent Pignut Hickory - 7. Leaves essentially evergreen, large percentage staying on trees - until bud expansion, dark green above, silky white pubescent - below; flowers white, about 5 to 8 cm in diameter Sweetbay - 7. Leaves typically deciduous, or trees retaining some dead leaves to - bud expansion 8 - 8. Leaf margins entire 9 - 8. Leaf margins lobed or toothed 12 - 9. Leaves with rusty pubescence below, broadly obovate, leathery bases - tapering to cordate or cuneate Blackjack Oak - 9. Leaves essentially glabrous or with a few hairs in vein axils 10 - 10. Leaves shiny below, elliptic or rhombic to spatulate Laurel Oak - 10. Leaves dull green below 11 - 11. Leaves elliptic to obovate, strongly veined with purple spots and - discoloration in summer; fruit a drupe Black Tupelo - 11. Leaves abruptly obovate, bases wedge-shaped, few lateral veins; - fruit an acorn Water Oak - 12. Leaf margins toothed 13 - 12. Leaf margins lobed 16 - 13. Margins indistinctly toothed, blades narrowly to broadly ovate, - base unequal, apex long acuminate Sugarberry - 13. Margins distinctly toothed 14 - 14. Teeth obtuse or rounded, leaf base wedge-shaped, stellate - pubescent below Chestnut Oak - 14. Teeth sharp 15 - 15. Leaves normally elliptic, veins prominent below, bases rounded; - corky outgrowths on older branches, often lacking on large trees - Winged Elm - 15. Leaves broadly oval, pinnate veins distinct, margins doubly - toothed, bases oblique, unequally rounded American Elm - 16. Leaves palmately lobed 17 - 16. Leaves pinnately or apically lobed 18 - 17. Leaves opposite, more or less glaucous and pubescent below; fruit - a double samara Red Maple - 17. Leaves alternate, glabrous below; fruit spherical, woody with - spine-like projections; corky outgrowths on branches frequent - Sweetgum - 18. Blades truncate to notched at apex, 4-lobed; fruit an aggregate - of samaras; flower conspicuous, greenish-yellow with red - markings Yellow-poplar - 18. Blades with acute to obtuse apices 19 - 19. Blades apically 3-lobed 20 - 19. Blades pinnately lobed 21 - 20. Blades broadly obovate, base rounded, rusty pubescent below - Blackjack Oak - 20. Blades narrowly obovate, base wedge-shaped, mostly glabrous - Water Oak - 21. Leaves with rounded lobes 22 - 21. Leaves with bristle tips to lobes and lateral teeth 23 - 22. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, divided nearly to the midrib, whitish - below White Oak - 22. Leaves with 5 unequal lobes, upper lateral pair larger, - squarish, at right angles to midrib, crosslike in appearance, - pubescent below Post Oak - 23. Leaves pubescent below, whitish to tawny 24 - 23. Leaves glabrous below or with a few hairs on midrib and in vein - axils 26 - 24. Leaves with 7 to 9 lobes, terminal lobes long, strap-shaped, - slightly curved, bases bell-shaped Southern Red Oak - 24. Leaves with 7 to 11 lobes 25 - 25. Leaves oblong, 7 to 11 lobes, base broadly wedge-shaped to - truncate, secondary lobes rare; inner bark reddish Cherrybark Oak - 25. Leaves broadly oval, 7 to 9 lobes, each lobe with secondary - bristle-tipped teeth; inner bark yellow-orange Black Oak - 26. Upper leaf surface glossy green 27 - 26. Upper leaf surface dull green, 7 to 9 lobes, 8 to 22 cm long, - round sinuses extending less than half way to midrib - Northern Red Oak - 27. Leaves with 7 to 9 narrow lobes, sinuses extending more than - halfway to midrib Scarlet Oak - 27. Leaves with 5 to 7 narrow lobes, rounded sinuses, extending about - three-fourths of way to midrib Shumard Oak - - - - - _Species Described and Illustrated_ - - -Mockernut Hickory -_Carya tomentosa_ Nutt. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark grayish, tight, marked with distinct diamond-shaped ridges and -furrows. Branches stout, drooping to spreading and ascending. Twigs 10 -to 12 mm in diameter, conspicuous leaf scars. Buds (terminal) 10 to 15 -mm long, 5 to 8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate. Leaves alternate, -deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 20 to 40 cm long with 5 to 7 drooping -leaflets; yellow hairs and glandular hairs on lower leaflet surface, -apex acuminate, margin finely serrate, base obtuse, on very short -petiolules. Flowers unisexual, appearing in spring with developing -leaves, staminate in 3-parted drooping catkins, pistillate terminal on -new growth. Fruit subglobose to obovate, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, husk 1 -cm thick, slow to open, shell of nut thick and hard, meat sweet. - - [Illustration: Mockernut Hickory/_Carya tomentosa_] - - -Pignut Hickory -_Carya glabra_ (Mill.) Sweet - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark light to dark gray, often blackish, rough and deeply furrowed. -Branches stout, drooping to spreading. Twigs 3 to 5 mm in diameter, -reddish brown, smooth. Buds ovoid, acute, glabrous, 8 to 12 mm long, -scales imbricate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, -20 to 40 cm long, usually with 7 leaflets; upper pair and terminal -largest, 10 to 15 cm long by 4 to 6 cm wide, broadly oval to slightly -obovate. Flowers unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing -about the time of leaf maturity; pistillate terminal on new growth. -Fruit oblong to obovoid to obpyriform, 30 mm in diameter by 35 mm long, -husk about 3 mm thick, tardily dehiscent, shell of nut thick, meat -sweet. - - [Illustration: Pignut Hickory/_Carya glabra_] - - -Shagbark Hickory -_Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch - -Bark smooth at first, then breaking into long, flat, irregular gray -strips, to 5 mm thick, usually attached at the apex, free at the base. -Branches stout, smooth, spreading to ascending. Twigs stout, -orange-brown, leaf scars large. Buds (terminal), 10 to 20 mm long, 6 to -8 mm in diameter, scales imbricate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, -odd-pinnately compound with 5 to 7 leaflets, usually 5 to 18 cm wide and -20 to 35 cm long; lateral leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, terminal -leaflet usually obovate, apices acute to acuminate, margins finely -serrate, bases wedge-shaped, more or less yellow, pubescent below, -gradually becoming glabrous with age. Flowers unisexual, appearing in -spring with the developing leaves, staminate in 3-lobed catkins, -pistillate on new growth. Fruits subglobose, 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter, -husk 3 to 5 mm thick, shell of nut hard and moderately thin, meat sweet. - - [Illustration: Shagbark Hickory/_Carya ovata_] - - -Bitternut Hickory -_Carya cordiformis_ (Wangenh.) K. Koch - -Bark brown to slate gray, smooth to lightly furrowed or with strongly -interlaced ridges. Branches stiff, ascending, spreading. Twigs slender, -glossy, often with yellow glands early in the season. Buds compressed, -ovoid, 6 to 10 mm long, covered with yellow, valvate glandular scales. -Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, 15 to 25 cm long -with 7 to 9 leaflets, 7 to 15 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide; lateral -leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptic, terminal leaflet largest and -usually obovate, apex acuminate, margin finely serrate, base -wedge-shaped, with yellow glands on undersurfaces and on rachis. Flowers -unisexual, staminate in 3-branched catkins appearing after leaves; -pistillate terminal on new growth. Fruit ovate to subglobose, 2 to 3 cm -in diameter, often slightly compressed, 4-winged on sutures from apex to -middle of husk, husk thin, covered with yellow glandular scales, shell -of nut thin, meat very bitter. - - [Illustration: Bitternut Hickory/_Carya cordiformis_] - - -Southern Red Oak -_Quercus falcata_ Michx. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark brown to grayish black, divided by shallow, irregular fissures -into broad ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs 2 to 5 -mm in diameter, dull reddish brown. Buds ovoid, angulate 8 to 13 mm -long, apex acute. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, many remaining as -dead foliage until spring, ovate to obovate with bell-shaped base, 10 to -28 cm long, 7 to 30 cm wide; with 3 to 9 lobes and margins with deep -rounded sinuses; when 3-lobed, central lobe strap-shaped and toothed -near the apex and side lobes acute to acuminate, somewhat falcate; -permanently pubescent below, white at first, turning rust. Flowers -unisexual, staminate in tomentose catkins as leaves unfold; pistillate -in leaf axils on twigs. Fruit an acorn, small, spherical to -hemispherical; cup 12 to 15 mm wide, shallow saucer-shaped, enclosing -about one-fourth to one-half of the nut; nut 8 to 12 mm long. - - [Illustration: Southern Red Oak/_Quercus falcata_] - - -Cherrybark Oak -_Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark gray to gray-black consisting of appressed scales in narrow -flat ridges with shallow furrows. Branches stout, spreading to -ascending. Twigs 2 to 4 mm in diameter, reddish, lightly fluted. Buds -ovoid, 10 to 15 mm long, angled, scales pubescent with dark margins. -Leaves alternate, tardily deciduous, persisting into December, simple, -oval to oblong, 12 to 20 cm long, 7 to 8 cm wide; with 5 to 11 lobes, -major lobes opposite each other, large rounded sinuses extending nearly -to the midrib, margin entire with occasional bristle-tipped teeth near -the apex of the lobes, dark green above, permanently pubescent below, -sometimes thinly so, varying from white to rust color, especially on -drying. Flowers as in _Q. falcata_. Fruit an acorn broader than tall; -cups 12 to 15 mm wide; nut about 8 to 10 mm long, subglobose, flattened -at base, rounded at apex. - - [Illustration: Cherrybark Oak/_Quercus falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_] - - -Black Oak -_Quercus velutina_ Lam. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark brownish-black on older trees, with thick, broad scaly ridges and -deep furrows; inner bark yellow-orange—the only American oak with this -feature. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs about 5 mm in -diameter, reddish brown to dark brown, lightly fluted. Buds ovoid, 10 to -15 mm long, lateral buds sharply angled, scales ciliate, margin dark. -Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; membranous in seedlings and -saplings to somewhat leathery in the middle to upper crown; lower leaves -broadly elliptic to obovate, 15 to 30 cm long, 10 to 15 cm wide, entire -to faintly lobed; middle-crown leaves 10 to 20 cm long, 10 to 15 cm -wide, distinctly 5 to 9 lobed with broad rounded sinuses with apical -bristles on each lobe; upper-crown leaves oblong to obovate, 8 to 20 cm -long, 8 to 15 cm wide; dark shiny green above, yellow scurfy pubescence -on young leaves of middle and upper crown, petioles 4 to 6 cm long, -yellow to reddish. Flowers unisexual; staminate catkins 7 to 15 cm long; -pistillate on short tomentose peduncles. Fruit an oval to obovoid acorn -10 to 25 mm long; cup cup-shaped to conical enclosing about one-half of -the nut. - - [Illustration: Black Oak/_Quercus velutina_] - - -Scarlet Oak -_Quercus coccinea_ Muenchh. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark grayish-black, divided into irregular fissures and scaly -ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs 3 to 4 mm in -diameter, reddish, turning a dull red. Buds ovoid, acute, 5 to 7 mm -long, covered with rounded, lightly pubescent scales. Leaves alternate, -deciduous, simple; glabrous, except in axils of main veins on underside, -oval to slightly obovate, 8 to 17 cm long, 5 to 13 cm wide, with 5 to 9 -deep lobes often terminated by secondary lobes with bristle tips, -sinuses usually deep, round, and wider than lobes; both surfaces pale -green, upper surface shiny, bright scarlet in autumn, petioles about 4 -cm long. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins with developing leaves; -pistillate on pubescent peduncles. Fruit an acorn; cup 15 to 30 mm wide, -covered with brown scales enclosing about one-third to one-half of the -nut; nut ovoid, 10 to 20 mm long, occasionally with ring grooves near -apical point at maturity. - - [Illustration: Scarlet Oak/_Quercus coccinea_] - - -Northern Red Oak -_Quercus rubra_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark brown, thick, divided by shallow furrows into long, -flat-topped scaly ridges. Branches stout, spreading and ascending to -form a round-topped crown. Twigs slender, reddish-brown to dark red. -Buds ovate, acute, light brown, 8 to 10 mm long. Leaves alternate, -deciduous, simple, oblong to oval to obovate, 12 to 22 cm long, 10 to 15 -cm wide; 7 to 11 short lobes, lobes 3-toothed, bristle-tipped; upper -surface dull green. Flowers unisexual; staminate in slender catkins -appearing with the developing leaves, pistillate inconspicuous on last -year’s wood. Fruit an acorn, 15 to 30 mm long; cup saucer-shaped, -enclosing about one-fourth of the nut. - - [Illustration: Northern Red Oak/_Quercus rubra_] - - -Shumard Oak -_Quercus shumardii_ Buckl. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark gray to blackish, relatively smooth at first, then breaking -into scaly ridges. Branches spreading to ascending. Twigs about 5 mm in -diameter, olive green then turning dark reddish. Buds clustered at apex -5 to 7 mm long, sharp pointed, strongly angled. Leaves alternate, -deciduous, simple; oval to slightly obovate, 10 to 20 cm long, 6 to 15 -cm wide; with 7 to 10 bristle-tipped lobes, lobes on upper crown leaves -narrower to slightly wider than sinuses, lobes on lower crown leaves -wider than sinuses; dark green above, paler below, glabrous except for -vein axils on lower surface; petiole about 5 cm long. Flowers unisexual; -staminate in yellow catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves; -pistillate on pubescent peduncles. Fruit an acorn; cup 20 to 31 mm -across, enclosing about one-fourth of the nut; nut about 25 mm long, 15 -mm in diameter. - - [Illustration: Shumard Oak/_Quercus shumardii_] - - -Blackjack Oak -_Quercus marilandica_ Muenchh. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark black, very rough, consisting of thick blocky plates. Branches -stout, spreading to drooping. Twigs stout, about 5 mm in diameter. Buds -with rusty brown hairs, about 4 to 8 mm long. Leaves alternate, tardily -deciduous, simple, 7 to 25 cm long, broadly obovate at apex (bear-paw -shape) tapering to a narrow base, margin entire or with 3 bristle-tipped -apical lobes, upper surface dark green, rusty pubescent on -undersurfaces. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins, appearing with -the leaves; pistillate solitary or paired. Fruit an acorn, cup enclosing -one-half to two-thirds of the nut; nut nearly ovoid, 20 to 25 mm long by -15 to 20 mm in diameter. - - [Illustration: Blackjack Oak/_Quercus marilandica_] - - -Laurel Oak -_Quercus laurifolia_ Michx. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark nearly black, divided into broad flat ridges by deep fissures. -Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, usually reddish brown. Buds ovoid, reddish -brown, 2 to 4 mm long. Leaves alternate, semi-deciduous, simple, a few -shed in fall, a few persisting until spring; elliptic to spatulate, 7 to -15 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute or obtuse, margin entire, base -cuneate; shiny green above, paler below; petioles 3 to 5 mm long, midrib -conspicuous on underside. Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins as -leaves unfold; pistillate on twigs at leaf scars. Fruit an acorn, -sessile to subsessile, cup 15 to 20 mm wide, enclosing about one-fourth -of nut; nut hemispheric, rounded at apex and flattened at bottom, 15 mm -long. - - [Illustration: Laurel Oak/_Quercus laurifolia_] - - -Water Oak -_Quercus nigra_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark smooth, grayish black, becoming scaly with age. Branches spreading -to ascending, forming a round-topped crown in the open. Twigs 3 to 5 mm -in diameter, gray. Buds ovoid, acute, reddish brown, 3 to 7 mm long. -Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; variable in shape and size, obovate -to spatulate, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide; margin entire, wavy to -distinctly lobed in juvenile specimens; sessile or with petiole to 1 cm -long. Flowers unisexual; staminate catkins 5 to 8 cm long, pistillate -catkins short-peduncled. Fruit an acorn about 15 mm wide, 10 mm high; -cup thin, enclosing about one-fifth to one-third of the nut. - - [Illustration: Water Oak/_Quercus nigra_] - - -White Oak -_Quercus alba_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark light gray, separated by shallow furrows into flat ridges with -loose appressed scales. Branches stout, drooping, spreading to -ascending. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, reddish. Buds globose to ovoid, -angulate, apex acute to obtuse, 3 to 5 mm. Leaves alternate, deciduous, -simple, oblong to obovate, 7 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10 cm wide, with 7 to -11 uneven, rounded lobes and deep sinuses. Flowers unisexual, in -catkins, preceding leaf expansion. Fruit an acorn, 15 to 35 mm long, 20 -to 25 mm in diameter, cup 1.5 to 3 cm wide, usually cup-shaped, -conspicuous with thickened scales, enclosing one-fourth to one-third of -the nut. - - [Illustration: White Oak/_Quercus alba_] - - -Post Oak -_Quercus stellata_ Wangenh. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark medium to dark gray, with deep furrows, scaly ridges. Branches -stout, irregular, drooping to horizontal and ascending. Twigs 3 to 5 mm -in diameter, gray to brownish. Buds broadly ovate, blunt to acute, 5 mm -long, clustered at apex of twig. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; -obovate, to 18 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide; divided into 5 to 7 sinuate -rounded lobes, the two lower lobes smaller than the upper pair, upper -lobes and the terminal lobe resembling a cross, dark, shiny green above, -grayish to brownish below, leathery. Flowers unisexual; staminate in -catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves; pistillate on last year’s -wood. Fruit an acorn, 13 to 25 mm long, 6 to 20 mm in diameter; cup -hemispherical, enclosing about one-half of the nut, cup scales -rusty-pubescent; nut ovate to ovate-oblong, about 15 mm long. - - [Illustration: Post Oak/_Quercus stellata_] - - -Chestnut Oak -_Quercus prinus_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark reddish brown to nearly black, deeply furrowed with narrow -ridges. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs stout, angulate, -smooth, purplish-green when new, turning orange or reddish-brown. Buds -ovate-conical, somewhat angulate, 8 to 12 mm long, silky hairy. Leaves -alternate, deciduous, simple; elliptic to obovate, 10 to 30 cm long, 3 -to 8 cm wide; somewhat leathery, margin crenate with a vein ending in -each rounded tooth, smooth green above, stellate-pubescent below. -Flowers unisexual; staminate in catkins 5 to 10 cm long; pistillate in -short spikes on stout peduncles. Fruit an acorn 25 to 35 mm long, 15 to -25 mm in diameter; cup vase-shaped, thin, rough with thickened scales, -covering one-third to one-half of the nut. - - [Illustration: Chestnut Oak/_Quercus prinus_] - - -Winged Elm -_Ulmus alata_ Michx. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark, smooth at first becoming deeply furrowed on larger trees. -Branches slender, ascending to spreading, corky ridges or wings on -branches 3 years or older. Twigs about 2 mm in diameter, light green -tinged with red. Buds sharp-pointed, divergent from twig 3 to 4 mm long. -Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly ovate to elliptic, 4 to 8 -cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute to short-acuminate, margin doubly to -triply serrate, base rounded; dull green above, lighter green below with -prominent pinnate veins. Flowers perfect, abundant, tiny, opening just -before leaves unfold, several in a cluster at a leaf scar, blooming late -January into February. Fruit a samara, flat and elliptic, 6 to 8 mm -long, margin ciliate. - - [Illustration: Winged Elm/_Ulmus alata_] - - -American Elm -_Ulmus americana_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark gray to blackish, thick, divided into flat ridges by deep furrows. -Branches ascending, arching, and spreading; open-grown trees vase-shaped -in outline. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter with 5 to 7 leaves which -increase in size from basal to apical leaf, red-brown. Buds (leaf) -brown, small, scaly, acute. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; broadly -ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; apex acuminate, margin usually -doubly serrate, base oblique on short petiole; upper surface smooth, -marked with sunken veins pinnately arranged; veins more prominent on -underside. Flowers perfect, buds greatly enlarge before opening; with -very small flowers abundant in clusters; opening before the leaves -expand, blooming from late December into February. Fruit a samara, oval -to circular with wing surrounding the seed, about 10 mm in diameter, -margin ciliate. - - [Illustration: American Elm/_Ulmus americana_] - - -Sugarberry; hackberry -_Celtis laevigata_ Willd. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark light gray to almost white, thin, smooth, usually more or less -studded with irregular corky outgrowths. Branches spreading, slender. -Twigs about 3 mm in diameter, reddish-brown. Buds about 3 mm long, -alternate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; narrowly elliptic to -broadly ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; apex acute, margin -usually entire, base broadly rounded or oblique. Flowers unisexual or -perfect, tiny, inconspicuous, many staminate and few pistillate -appearing on the new growth as the leaves unfold. Fruit a drupe with a -bony reticulated nutlet, about 5 mm in diameter, orange-red on a pedicel -often shorter than the petiole of the subtending leaf. - - [Illustration: Sugarberry; hackberry/_Celtis laevigata_] - - -Yellow-poplar -_Liriodendron tulipifera_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark thin and dark green on young trees, becoming ash-gray and -conspicuously furrowed and ridged with age. Branches spreading to -ascending, often drooping on large open-grown trees. Twigs smooth, about -5 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule scars, red-brown. Buds (terminal) -grayish green, turning red in winter, flat about 10 to 16 mm long, -scales valvate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; dark green above, -turning yellow in fall; 6 to 20 cm long and as wide as long; petioles 5 -to 20 cm long, often longer than the blades on low branches. Flowers -perfect, tulip-shaped, about 4 to 6 cm long, greenish-yellow with orange -to reddish markings at base of petals, color intensifies with age. Fruit -an aggregate cone, 5 to 8 cm long, gradually shattering into one-seeded, -winged samaras. - - [Illustration: Yellow-poplar/_Liriodendron tulipifera_] - - -Sweetbay -_Magnolia virginiana_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark gray, usually smooth, thin, in shady areas often encrusted -with mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Branches stout, spreading to -ascending. Twigs about 5 to 7 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule -scars, green. Buds (terminal), silvery gray, pubescent, 15 mm long; -smaller lateral buds often subtended by persistent petiole base. Leaves -alternate, evergreen in South, deciduous in northern part of range, -simple; elliptic to oblong, 10 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; margin -entire, dark green above, silvery pubescent below. Flowers perfect, -white, sweet-scented, 5 to 8 cm in diameter, appearing May to September. -Fruit an aggregate of follicles which open and shed red seeds, irregular -in shape, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, about 5 cm long. - - [Illustration: Sweetbay/_Magnolia virginiana_] - - -Sweetgum; redgum -_Liquidambar styraciflua_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark dark gray, divided by deep furrows into narrow, rounded ridges. -Branches stout, often with corky wings or outgrowths. Twigs about 4 to 6 -mm in diameter, gray-brown. Buds (terminal) broadly egg-shaped, about 10 -to 15 mm long, scales overlapping, slightly sticky. Leaves alternate, -deciduous, simple; palmately 5- to 7-lobed; 8 to 20 cm wide, 6 to 15 cm -long, often longer than broad; margin finely serrate; petioles 4 to 13 -cm long. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious), appearing as the leaves -unfold; staminate clustered in terminal racemes; pistillate in small -drooping spherical heads. Fruit in stalked spherical heads covered with -small spine-like projections; seed cavity at base of each spine. - - [Illustration: Sweetgum; redgum/_Liquidambar styraciflua_] - - -Red Maple -_Acer rubrum_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark gray, divided into scaly ridges by narrow furrows. Branches -slender, spreading and ascending. Twigs about 3 mm in diameter, reddish. -Buds spherical, reddish, clustered at apex of twig, scales with white -ciliate margins. Leaves opposite, deciduous, simple; ovate to almost -circular, 4 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, usually longer than broad; -3-lobed near the apex, margin finely serrate; dark green above, glaucous -and lightly pubescent below, pubescence usually shed. Flowers typically -polygamous, occasionally with perfect flowers, small, forming dense -clusters from separate buds before leaf expansion, conspicuous because -of the red to orange coloration. Fruit twin samaras 10 to 20 mm long. - -Var. _drummondii_: Leaves larger than typical red maple, usually broader -than long; 3 to 5 lobes or occasionally scarcely lobed, margins coarsely -toothed, conspicuously glaucous below, usually permanently tomentose. -Fruit samaras 4 to 5 cm long. - - [Illustration: Red Maple/_Acer rubrum_] - - -Black Tupelo; blackgum -_Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark black, marked with furrows and cross-cracks that divide the ridges -into squarish plates. Branches slender, spreading to horizontal, often -drooping in open-grown specimens. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, gray to -reddish. Buds obtuse, of overlapping yellow-brown scales, terminal buds -6 mm long. Leaves alternate, early deciduous, simple; marked with -irregular black spots and purple coloration from midsummer on; elliptic -to broadly oval to obovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide; apex acute -to broadly rounded, margin entire, base wedge-shaped. Flowers unisexual, -less than 4 mm in diameter, appearing in April before leaf expansion. -Fruit a black drupe 8 to 10 mm long, 1 to 3 on pedicels 3 to 5 cm long, -stone faintly ribbed. - - [Illustration: Black Tupelo; blackgum/_Nyssa sylvatica_] - - -White Ash -_Fraxinus americana_ L. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark gray to brownish, divided into narrow, deep furrows and ridges of -equal width. Branches stout, wide-spreading. Twigs 3 to 6 mm in -diameter. Buds (terminal) broadly ovoid consisting of 4 appressed -scales, dark brown to black; lateral buds spherical, tightly appressed -to a crescent-shaped leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous, -odd-pinnately compound; 20 to 30 cm long, white below when fresh; -leaflets 7 to 9, petiolulate, oval to ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm -wide, apex acuminate, margin essentially entire, base broadly rounded, -pinnate veins conspicuous on underside. Flowers unisexual (plants -dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous about 1 mm in diameter, arranged in -dense paniculate clusters; staminate conspicuous in mass. Fruit a -samara, 25 to 60 mm long, wing terminal on the thickened seed. - - [Illustration: White Ash/_Fraxinus americana_] - - -Green Ash -_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh. - - [Illustration: silhouette] - -Bark brownish, smooth when young, then breaking into narrow ridges with -shallow narrow furrows. Branches drooping to spreading and ascending. -Twigs stout, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, olive green. Buds terminal black; -smaller lateral buds tightly appressed to the generally straight upper -edge of the leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately -compound with 5 to 7, occasionally 9, leaflets; leaflets narrowly to -broadly elliptical, apex acuminate, margin entire to finely serrate, -base wedge-shaped, hairy below along the veins. Flowers unisexual -(plants dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous in open panicles; staminate -in compact conspicuous clusters. Fruit a samara 25 to 50 mm long, seed -end conspicuously slender and extending about half the length of the -samara, wing decurrent on seed end. - - [Illustration: Green Ash/_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_] - - - - - Selected References - - - Bailey, L. H. - 1949. Manual of cultivated plants. Rev. ed. 1116 p. Macmillan Co., - New York. - - Brown, C. A. - 1945. Louisiana trees and shrubs. Bull. 1, 262 p. Louisiana Forestry - Commission, Baton Rouge. - - Coker, W. C., and H. R. Totten. - 1945. Trees of the southeastern states. 3rd ed. 419 p. Univ. of N. - C. Press, Chapel Hill. - - Collingwood, G. H., and W. D. Brush. - 1974. Knowing your trees. Rev. by D. Butcher. 374 p. American - Forestry Association, Washington, D.C. - - Correll, D. C., and M. C. Johnston. - 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Contributions from the - Texas Research Foundation, Vol. 6. 1881 p. Texas Research - Foundation, Renner, Texas. - - Fernald, M. L. - 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. 1632 p. American Book Co., - New York. - - Harlow, W. M. - 1959. Fruit key and twig key to trees and shrubs. 106 p. Dover - Publications, New York. - - Harlow, W. M., and E. S. Harrar. - 1941. Textbook of dendrology covering the important forest trees of - the United States and Canada. 2nd ed. 561 p. McGraw-Hill - Book Co., New York and London. - - Harrar, E. S., and J. G. Harrar. - 1946. Guide to southern trees. 712 p. Whittlesy House, McGraw-Hill - Book Co., New York. - - Kurz, H., and R. K. Godfrey. - 1962. Trees of northern Florida. 311 p. Univ. of Fla. Press, - Gainesville. - - Little, E. L. - 1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United - States (including Alaska). U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. - No. 41. 472 p. - - Muller, C. H. - 1951. The oaks of Texas. Contributions from The Texas Research - Foundation 1(3):21-311. - - Preston, R. J., Jr. - 1961. North American trees. 2nd ed. 395 p. Iowa State Univ. Press, - Ames (Reprinted 1970 by M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.). - - Sargent, C. S. - 1922. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). - 2nd ed. 910 p. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. - (Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York). - - Small, J. K. - 1933. Manual of southeastern flora. 1554 p. Published by author in - New York. - - Staff of Forest Resources Research Work Unit - 1976. Hardwood distribution on pine sites in the South. U. S. Dep. - Agric. For. Serv. Resour. Bull. SO-59. 27 p. South. For. - Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La. - - Vines, R. A. - 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest. 1104 p. Univ. - of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. - - Wharton, M. E., and R. W. Barbour - 1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. 582 p. Univ. Ky. Press, - Lexington. - - - - - GLOSSARY - - - Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a pointed apex. - Acute. Having the shape of an acute angle. - Aggregate. A cluster of ripened ovaries traceable to separate pistils - of the same flower and inserted on a common receptacle. - Anther. The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen. - Anthesis. Time of flowering. - Apetalous. Without petals. - Apex. The tip of leaf, twig, or other plant part. - Apical. Pertaining to apex. - Ascending. Growing obliquely or indirectly upward from point of - attachment. - Axil. Upper angle between a leaf or other plant part and the stem to - which it is attached. - Bisexual. Having both sex organs on the same plant; a hermaphrodite. - Blade. The flat expanded portion of a leaf or parts of a compound - leaf. - Catkin. A flexible, usually pendulous, scaly spike bearing unisexual - flowers. - Ciliate. Having a margin fringed with hair. - Compound Leaf. A leaf with two or more separate leaflets. - Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point at the terminal end. - Crenate. Having a margin with rounded to blunt teeth. - Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. - Deciduous. Not persistent; said of leaves falling in autumn or of - floral parts falling after anthesis. - Dehiscent. Opening by bursting or splitting. - Dentate. A margin with sharp teeth pointing outward. - Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. - Dioecious. Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on - separate plants. - Drupe. A simple one-seeded fleshy fruit, the outer wall fleshy, the - inner wall bony. - Entire. Margins without teeth or lobes. - Evergreen. Having green leaves throughout the year. - Falcate. Sickle- or scythe-shaped. - Follicle. A dry, single-carpel fruit, opening along one side for seed - dispersal. - Fluted. Regularly marked by alternating ridges and grooves. - Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant. - Glabrous. Smooth, devoid of hair or surface glands. - Glandular. Furnished with glands, or glandlike. - Glaucous. Covered with a white waxy or powdery bloom. - Globose. Spherical, globular. - Husk. Fleshy covering of nut in hickories. - Imbricate. Overlapping. - Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. - Membranous. Thin, more or less flexible, translucent. - Midrib. The central rib or central vein of a leaf or similar - structure. - Monoecious. Having unisexual flowers, with both sexes borne on the - same plant. - Nut. A hard-shelled, indehiscent, usually one-celled, one-seeded - fruit. - Oblique. Slanted; of unequal-sided or non-symmetrical leaves or leaf - bases. - Obovate. Inverted ovate. - Obpyriform. Inverted pear-shaped. - Obtuse. Blunt. - Odd Pinnate. Pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet. - Ovate. Having the lengthwise outline of an egg, broadest at the base. - Ovoid. Egg-shaped in 3-dimensions. - Ovule. An embryonic seed in the ovary of a flower. - Palmate. With veins or lobes radiating from a common center. - Panicle. A compound or branched raceme. - Paniculate. Borne in a panicle. - Parted. Divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib. - Perfect. Having stamens and pistils in the same flower. - Persistent. Remaining attached. - Petiolate. Having petioles, not sessile. - Petiole. The stalk of a leaf. - Petiolulate. Having petiolules. - Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf. - Pinnate. Descriptive of compound leaves with the leaflets arranged on - opposite sides along a common rachis. Also used to - describe leaf venation. - Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower. - Pistillate. Provided with pistils; usually descriptive of unisexual - flowers. - Polygamous. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant. - Polymorphic. Having two or more forms. - Pubescent. Covered with fine, soft, short hairs. - Pyriform. Pear-shaped. - Raceme. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a - number of flowers with stalks of nearly equal length. - Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf or inflorescence. - Receptacle. The portion of the floral axis upon which the flowers are - borne. - Reticulate. Forming a network. - Rhombic. Somewhat diamond-shaped. - Rib. A prominent vein. - Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. - Scurfy. Covered with small scales. - Seed. A ripened ovule. - Serrate. With sharp teeth pointing forward. - Sessile. Without a stalk of any kind. - Simple. Of one piece; not compound. - Sinuate. Deeply or strongly undulate or wavy. - Sinus. A recess, cleft, or gap between two lobes. - Spatulate. Spatula-shaped. - Spike. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a - number of stalkless flowers. - Stamen. Pollen-bearing organ of the flower. - Staminate. Bearing stamens. - Stellate. Star-shaped. - Stipule. A leafy appendage attached to the twig at the base of a - petiole; usually in pairs, one on each side, often - shedding early. - Striate. With fine grooves, ridges, or lines of color. - Suture. Line of dehiscence. - Subglobose. Globe shaped, but slightly flattened. - Subsessile. Almost stalkless. - Tomentose. Coated with short, matted woolly hair. - Truncate. Having a blunt tip or end, appearing as if abruptly cut off - transversely. - Undulate. Wavy. - Unisexual. Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers. - Valvate. Opening by valves as in a capsule or some leaf buds; meeting - at the edges without overlapping. - Whorl. Circular arrangement of appendages at a node. - Woolly. Clothed with long, matted hairs. - - - - - Footnotes - - -[1]For the purposes of this paper, pine sites are defined as forested - uplands, excluding those growing cove-type hardwoods, that are - supporting southern pine or show evidence, such as stumps, of its - former occurrence. - - - - - Index - - - A - _Acer rubrum_, 5, 54 - var. _drummondii_, 5, 54 - var. _tridens_, 5 - American elm, 4, 44 - Ash, green, 5, 60 - white, 5, 58 - - - B - Bitternut hickory, 2, 16 - Blackgum, 5, 56 - Blackjack oak, 4, 30 - Black oak, 3, 22 - Black tupelo, 5, 56 - - - C - _Carya cordiformis_, 2, 16 - _glabra_, 2, 12 - _ovata_, 2, 14 - _tomentosa_, 2, 10 - _Celtis laevigata_, 4, 46 - _occidentalis_, 4 - Cherrybark oak, 3, 20 - Chestnut oak, 4, 40 - - - E - Elm, American, 4, 44 - winged, 4, 42 - - - F - _Fraxinus americana_, 5, 58 - _pennsylvanica_, 5, 60 - - - G - Green ash, 5, 60 - - - H - Hackberry, 4, 46 - Hickory, bitternut, 2, 16 - mockernut, 2, 10 - pignut, 2, 12 - shagbark, 2, 14 - - - L - Laurel oak, 4, 32 - _Liriodendron tulipifera_, 4, 48 - _Liquidambar styraciflua_, 5, 52 - - - M - _Magnolia virginiana_, 4, 50 - Maple, red, 5, 54 - Mockernut hickory, 2, 10 - - - N - Northern red oak, 3, 26 - _Nyssa sylvatica_, 5, 56 - - - O - Oak, black, 3, 22 - blackjack, 4, 30 - cherrybark, 3, 20 - chestnut, 4, 40 - laurel, 4, 32 - northern red, 3, 26 - post, 4, 38 - scarlet, 3, 24 - Shumard, 3, 28 - southern red, 3, 18 - swamp chestnut, 4 - water, 4, 34 - white, 4, 36 - - - P - Pignut hickory, 2, 12 - Post oak, 4, 38 - - - Q - _Quercus alba_, 4, 36 - _coccinea_, 3, 24 - _falcata_, 3, 18 - _falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_, 3, 20 - _hemisphaerica_, 4 - _laurifolia_, 4, 32 - _marilandica_, 4, 30 - _michauxii_, 4 - _nigra_, 4, 34 - _prinus_, 4, 40 - _rubra_, 3, 26 - _shumardii_, 3, 28 - _stellata_, 4, 38 - _velutina_, 3, 22 - - - R - Redgum, 5, 52 - Red maple, 5, 54 - - - S - Scarlet oak, 3, 24 - Shagbark hickory, 2, 14 - Shumard oak, 3, 28 - Southern red oak, 3, 18 - Sugarberry, 4, 46 - Swamp chestnut oak, 4 - Sweetbay, 5, 50 - Sweetgum, 5, 52 - - - T - Tupelo, black, 5, 56 - - - U - _Ulmus alata_, 4, 42 - _americana_, 4, 44 - - - W - Water oak, 4, 34 - White ash, 5, 58 - White oak, 4, 36 - Winged elm, 4, 42 - - - Y - Yellow-poplar, 4, 48 - - - Brown, C. A. and H. E. Grelen. - 1977. Identifying hardwoods growing on pine sites. USDA For. Serv. - Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-15, 69 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New - Orleans, La. - -This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood species or -varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with photographs of leaves, -bark, buds, flowers, and fruits. Line drawings feature the winter -silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in -identification. - - - ★U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978—772-231 - - - U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - FOREST SERVICE - SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION - T-10210 POSTAL SERVICE BUILDING. 701 LOYOLA AVE. - NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70113 - - - OFFICIAL BUSINESS - PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 - - POSTAGE AND FEES PAID - U. S. 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