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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Which Shall Live—Men or Animals? - -Author: Ernest Harold Baynes - -Release Date: July 31, 2021 [eBook #65970] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR -ANIMALS? *** - - - - - - [Illustration: Saved by Antitoxin] - - _Which Shall Live――Men - or Animals?_ - - - - - _Reprinted from Hygeia, October, 1923_ - - - _Copyright, 1923 - American Medical Association, - 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago_ - - - - - WHICH SHALL LIVE――MEN OR ANIMALS? - - ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES - - -If the United States were threatened with invasion by a foreign power, -even if we knew that the invasion would be only temporary and that -only a few thousand of our citizens would be killed, the whole country -would be aroused in an effort to prevent that invasion. If necessary, -millions of men would be drafted and trained to meet the invaders and -billions of dollars would be expended to protect those few thousand -people from the death that must otherwise overtake them. In such a -case, every real man and every real woman in the country would be doing -something to insure the defeat of that invading army. Yet such an army -is like a box of tin soldiers compared with armies that threaten us all -the time, but which cause scarcely an extra beat of the nation’s pulse. -I refer to the armies of disease. The army of bubonic plague alone, if -permitted to effect a foothold on our shores, might at any time ravage -our cities as it once ravaged the cities of Europe and Asia, leaving -scarcely enough living to bury the dead. We read in DeFoe’s “History of -the Plague” in London in 1665 of “people in the rage of their distemper -or in the torment of their swellings, which were indeed intolerable, -running out of their own government, raving and distracted, and often -times laying violent hands upon themselves, throwing themselves out of -windows, shooting themselves, mothers murdering their own children in -their lunacy.” Indeed, we do not have to go back so far to realize what -the plague can do. In 1905 in India alone there were 1,040,429 deaths -from this one disease. - - - THE CONQUEST OF BUBONIC PLAGUE - -In this country no layman loses any sleep on account of bubonic -plague. Is that because it does not exist? Not at all. It comes to -our waters, even effects a landing sometimes. But we have a small -garrison of vigilant medical men on our coasts watching day and night -for that enemy, ready to give him instant combat if he comes. We sleep -in peace because we trust that garrison. Thirty years ago we did not -know what caused this terrible plague, but in 1894 the germ (_Bacillus -pestis bubonicae_) was discovered. Even then it was not known how the -disease was carried or what caused it to spread so rapidly――and before -it could be combated successfully, that must be known. A series of -experiments on living animals, chiefly rats, guinea-pigs and monkeys, -yielded the desired information and through these experiments we have -been delivered from this terrible scourge. It was known that rats were -subject to plague; consequently attempts were made to find out how -it was transmitted from one rat to another. The idea that it might be -carried by parasites occurred to several investigators. Accordingly, -healthy rats were placed in cages close to diseased rats; they remained -perfectly well until a few fleas were introduced. Then, almost -immediately, the hitherto healthy rats were stricken with plague. -Cages containing healthy monkeys were suspended over cages occupied -by diseased and flea-infested rats. At regular intervals the monkeys -were lowered nearer to the stricken rodents. The monkeys were all right -until they were brought within jumping distance of a flea, when they at -once contracted the plague. These and other experiments left no doubt -that rat fleas were the carriers among animals, and since rat fleas -also feed on man when their natural prey is not available, it was an -easy matter to show that the plague is spread by means of rat fleas. -This led to a definite program for checking the spread of the disease, -by relentless warfare on fleas and the rats that carried them. The rats -were trapped, their breeding places destroyed, and diseased rats from -infested ports were prevented from entering the country. For example, -when it was found that rats frequently come ashore along the cables -stretched between the ships and the wharves, metal cones similar to -those used to prevent rodents from climbing into corn cribs were placed -on the cables. The fact that I wish to emphasize is that it is due -to experiments on living mammals that this black death is no longer a -terror to us. - - - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEALTH AND DISEASE - -Until the middle of the last century very little had been done in the -way of experimental study of physiology and pathology. Physicians -depended almost entirely on bedside observations. Some of these -physicians were wonderful men, and often their observations were -remarkably shrewd. But the human body is a complex machine, the -organs are so interdependent, that in the presence of any given set -of symptoms and signs of disease, it was almost impossible to be sure -just what caused them, and, consequently, what was best to do for -the patient. When the experimental method was adopted disease could -be observed systematically, conditions could be controlled, and the -phenomena that resulted could be studied intelligently because the -experimenter knew exactly what had produced them. In such experiments -mammals are the animals chiefly used, because in most respects they -most nearly resemble man, himself a mammal. Practically all the -domestic mammals have been used, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, -dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and rats and mice; monkeys are also -used. And all have made wonderful contributions to medicine or surgery -or both. - - - TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS - - I - -There are several classes of experiments. Some are in the field of -pure research, not having for their object any immediate benefit to -man or animals. Experiments of this nature were carried on some years -ago in work on bubonic plague among rodents in California. It was -discovered that ground squirrels have a disease similar to plague and -yet distinctly different. By a long series of experiments it was found -that monkeys are susceptible to this disease, and it was predicted -that eventually cases would be found in man. As a result of this -work a bacteriologist in Cincinnati was able to identify the disease -in persons in his own vicinity. Another investigator found it among -persons in Utah, and showed that it is carried from infected rabbits -and ground squirrels by biting insects. It also was shown that the -disease is widespread over the United States. With this knowledge of -the means of transmission of the disease it is comparatively easy to -prevent the infection of man. - - II - -Another class of experiments is carried on by surgeons to develop -dexterity before they attempt operations on man. Such experiments are -usually carried out on dogs. The animals are invariably under complete -anesthesia and usually they are killed by added ether at the end of the -experiment. - -[Illustration: _Does this dog look unhappy? Ten years ago Buster had an -operation performed on the stomach; the results have been of aid in the -study of digestion. Buster has not suffered thereby, and she has saved -much suffering to others. She is receiving a visit from the author._] - -Recently I attended the clinic of a throat specialist in the east. -I saw child after child wheeled into the amphitheatre and relieved, -usually in a few moments, of foreign bodies that they had sucked into -the windpipe and that a few years ago would in many cases have caused -death, either directly or as the result of a dangerous operation. -So dextrous is this man that his little patients do not need any -anesthetic. After his work was done I had a talk with him, and he told -me that the technic of these operations had been worked out with great -care on dogs that were always under an anesthetic. He also told me that -by the use of two dogs he had trained fifty other men to do similar -work. - -[Illustration: _This is Whitey, about eight months after the complete -removal of the parathyroid glands. These glands are quite often partly -and accidentally removed during operations on the thyroid gland in -man, with alarming and sometimes fatal results. Following complete -removal of the parathyroid glands, carnivorous animals, including man, -die within from four to six days. As a result of experimental work on -this dog and other animals, three effective curative measures have -been developed, which indefinitely preserve the life of such animals -in normal health. Two persons are known to have been saved and several -others have been rendered free from symptoms as a result of this -study._] - - III - -In the Civil War if a man was shot through the bowels, he was doomed -to death; the surgeons hardly dared to open the abdomen and if they -did they didn’t know how to join the ends of the bowel so that it would -not leak. Of course the slightest leak meant infection and death. Then -came along an experimenter who etherized about thirty dogs, shot them -through the bowels, and practiced joining bowel ends until he could -make a perfect joint. It is safe to say that in the World War the -lives of thousands of men were saved as a result of that series of -experiments. - -[Illustration: _These children at the Anna Durand Hospital, Chicago, -have been saved from death from diphtheria by the use of antitoxin. The -boy in the center has a squint as the result of his sickness._] - -Lockjaw, tetanus, chiefly a disease of war, that threatened to -take frightful toll of soldiers wounded on the tetanus-infected -battlefields of Europe, did little damage during the late war because -of antitetanus serum made from the blood of immunized horses. Every -wounded man received an injection of this serum at the earliest -possible moment, and usually the length of time that had intervened -determined whether the man would live or whether he would die a most -distressing and horrible death. - -[Illustration: _The homes of this boy and girl have to thank research -workers and animals for the lives saved by antitoxin for diphtheria. -Without antitoxin, developed by experimental work on animals, such -children would have had slim chances of recovery._] - -The antityphoid vaccine, also worked out on mammals and tested on -mammals, has practically abolished typhoid fever in soldiers’ camps. It -is estimated by the Surgeon General’s office that during the World War -it saved the lives of 60,000 men in the American army alone. - -[Illustration: _On the roof garden of the Home for Destitute Crippled -Children, Chicago. Suppose one of these victims of infantile paralysis -were your child? Would you hesitate to sacrifice under ether one or -more animals if through the knowledge gained the disease could have -been prevented, or your child could have recovered without being -crippled?_] - - - BENEFITS OF EXPERIMENTATION TO MAN - -These are only a very few examples from the long list of benefits -that have accrued to humanity through the use of living mammals for -experimental purposes. I must mention only one more――the recent -discovery of a specific treatment for diabetes. Less than two years ago -I invited a little girl to go for a bird walk with me that I might -give her the pleasure of stroking and feeding a wild bird in its nest. -I was particularly eager that she should enjoy that day, because both -she and I knew that she had not many days to live. She was doomed to -die of diabetes within six months; as a matter of fact she died in less -than three months from the date of our walk. I remember thinking that -I would give anything I possessed if I could by some miracle restore -that child to health. Today, less than two years later, that miracle -could be performed, because Dr. F. G. Banting of the University of -Toronto, by a brilliant series of experiments on dogs, has completed -investigations begun on rabbits by Claude Bernard seventy-five years -ago. The story of this wonderful discovery is long, but here are the -outstanding facts. It was found that when the pancreas of a dog is -removed, the animal at once develops acute diabetes and usually dies -of that disease within three or four weeks. Under the microscope the -pancreas is seen to be studded with countless little bodies, known as -the islands of Langerhans, after the German scientist who discovered -them. It was found that these islands secrete a substance quite -different from that secreted by the rest of the pancreas, and that -it is the absence of this substance, not the absence of the pancreas -itself, that causes diabetes. A method was devised for obtaining an -extract from these islands of Langerhans, and it was found that when -this extract was injected into a dog whose pancreas has been removed -it did not die, but got well and continued to be well as long as it -was given injections of this extract. After these injections had been -proved to be safe by repeated experiments on dogs, they were tried -on human patients with startlingly beneficial results. Even when the -disease is of long standing, when the patient has reached the very last -stage and is in the coma that immediately precedes death, injections of -this extract, now known to the world as insulin, will bring him out of -the coma, snatch him from the very jaws of death, and restore him to -health. - -[Illustration: - - _Pacific and Atlantic_ - -_Not man alone, but animals also have benefited by experimental work. -The best example of this is the conquest of hydrophobia._] - - - THE FALSE STAND OF THE ANTIVIVISECTIONISTS - -We have seen that all these great advances in medicine and surgery have -been made as the result of experiments on living mammals, and you will -agree, I believe, that in all probability further advances in these -fields must be brought about by the same means. This is the opinion of -practically all eminent physicians and surgeons and veterinarians, and -of all the great scientists and educators in other fields――in short, -it is the opinion of all persons who have vast responsibilities for -the health of men and of animals. The only persons who are opposed to -these reasonable experiments are the antivivisectionists, who have no -such responsibilities. Would any sane person think of going to the -antivivisectionists for help if there were an epidemic of smallpox or -diphtheria, or if there were an outbreak of hog cholera or of blackleg -in cattle? We don’t go to them because they know nothing about such -matters. Yet they boldly contradict all competent authorities and -tell us that experiments on animals are useless, that they have never -accomplished anything. The antivivisection societies are composed -largely of well disposed but woefully misinformed persons. And those -who are responsible for the misinformation are the leaders of the -antivivisectionists. I have been studying these leaders for some years, -and I may say, without any danger of my statements being disproved, -that among them may be found many of the most dangerous of the -criminal insane to be found in this country today――and I have recently -visited some of our largest penitentiaries and asylums. I have found -some of these leaders of the antivivisection movement to be guilty of -falsehood, slander, libel, perjury, forgery, and attempted bribery. -Under false pretenses they obtain money from weakminded and unthinking -people and, with this money, they wilfully and perennially attempt -not only to prevent the advance of medicine and surgery, but also to -break down the bulwarks of preventive medicine by teaching contempt of -vaccination and of the use of antitoxins. - -Few of the criminals in our jails are responsible for the deaths -of more than a small number of persons; few of them have attempted -widespread destruction of life. But it is the opinion of eminent -physicians that through the pernicious teachings of the antivivisection -leaders we shall in a few years have epidemics that will destroy the -lives of many thousands of children. Unless we wish for a return of -the plagues and pestilences that once devastated wide areas on this -world before the introduction of modern methods, we should use every -means in our power to discourage these dangerous fanatics. I believe -that it is the duty of all good citizens who belong to antivivisection -societies to send in their resignations at once, and to stand with -our government, our great physicians, surgeons, veterinarians, -agriculturalists, educators, and divines in approving and supporting -properly conducted animal experimentation and sane humane education -generally. - - After the presentation of this paper by Mr. Baynes before the - American Society of Mammalogists, at its fifth annual meeting, - May 15 to 17, 1923, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, - Philadelphia, the Society unanimously passed these resolutions: - - WHEREAS, It is a fact known to all thinking people that most of - the great advances in medicine and surgery have been made as a - result of experiments on living animals, especially mammals, and - - WHEREAS, It is the belief of our eminent physicians, surgeons, - and veterinarians, and all others having great responsibility - for the health of human beings and of animals, that future - advances in these fields will be made chiefly as the result of - similar experiments, and - - WHEREAS, It is known that these experiments almost invariably - are conducted humanely and with a minimum of discomfort to the - animals used, and - - WHEREAS, There is an organized movement being carried on by - certain misinformed and misguided individuals who seek to - prevent or seriously interfere with such experiments, be it - - _Resolved_, that we, members of the American Society of - Mammalogists, in annual convention assembled in the city - of Philadelphia, on the sixteenth day of May, 1923, are of - opinion that, in the best interests of real humanity, animal - experimentation, including vivisection, as practiced in our - laboratories today, should continue unhampered. - - - - - HYGEIA - - _A Journal of Individual and Community Health_ - - The publication through which the medical - profession of the United States presents - to the public interesting, instructive and - authoritative articles about health - - _Published Monthly_ - _$3.00 the year――25 cents the copy_ - - - AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - 535 North Dearborn Street - CHICAGO - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR -ANIMALS? *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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