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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cf9cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65970 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65970) diff --git a/old/65970-0.txt b/old/65970-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 302684f..0000000 --- a/old/65970-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,743 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Which Shall Live—Men or Animals?, by -Ernest Harold Baynes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Which Shall Live—Men or Animals? - -Author: Ernest Harold Baynes - -Release Date: July 31, 2021 [eBook #65970] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR -ANIMALS? *** - - - - - - [Illustration: Saved by Antitoxin] - - _Which Shall Live――Men - or Animals?_ - - - - - _Reprinted from Hygeia, October, 1923_ - - - _Copyright, 1923 - American Medical Association, - 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago_ - - - - - WHICH SHALL LIVE――MEN OR ANIMALS? - - ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES - - -If the United States were threatened with invasion by a foreign power, -even if we knew that the invasion would be only temporary and that -only a few thousand of our citizens would be killed, the whole country -would be aroused in an effort to prevent that invasion. If necessary, -millions of men would be drafted and trained to meet the invaders and -billions of dollars would be expended to protect those few thousand -people from the death that must otherwise overtake them. In such a -case, every real man and every real woman in the country would be doing -something to insure the defeat of that invading army. Yet such an army -is like a box of tin soldiers compared with armies that threaten us all -the time, but which cause scarcely an extra beat of the nation’s pulse. -I refer to the armies of disease. The army of bubonic plague alone, if -permitted to effect a foothold on our shores, might at any time ravage -our cities as it once ravaged the cities of Europe and Asia, leaving -scarcely enough living to bury the dead. We read in DeFoe’s “History of -the Plague” in London in 1665 of “people in the rage of their distemper -or in the torment of their swellings, which were indeed intolerable, -running out of their own government, raving and distracted, and often -times laying violent hands upon themselves, throwing themselves out of -windows, shooting themselves, mothers murdering their own children in -their lunacy.” Indeed, we do not have to go back so far to realize what -the plague can do. In 1905 in India alone there were 1,040,429 deaths -from this one disease. - - - THE CONQUEST OF BUBONIC PLAGUE - -In this country no layman loses any sleep on account of bubonic -plague. Is that because it does not exist? Not at all. It comes to -our waters, even effects a landing sometimes. But we have a small -garrison of vigilant medical men on our coasts watching day and night -for that enemy, ready to give him instant combat if he comes. We sleep -in peace because we trust that garrison. Thirty years ago we did not -know what caused this terrible plague, but in 1894 the germ (_Bacillus -pestis bubonicae_) was discovered. Even then it was not known how the -disease was carried or what caused it to spread so rapidly――and before -it could be combated successfully, that must be known. A series of -experiments on living animals, chiefly rats, guinea-pigs and monkeys, -yielded the desired information and through these experiments we have -been delivered from this terrible scourge. It was known that rats were -subject to plague; consequently attempts were made to find out how -it was transmitted from one rat to another. The idea that it might be -carried by parasites occurred to several investigators. Accordingly, -healthy rats were placed in cages close to diseased rats; they remained -perfectly well until a few fleas were introduced. Then, almost -immediately, the hitherto healthy rats were stricken with plague. -Cages containing healthy monkeys were suspended over cages occupied -by diseased and flea-infested rats. At regular intervals the monkeys -were lowered nearer to the stricken rodents. The monkeys were all right -until they were brought within jumping distance of a flea, when they at -once contracted the plague. These and other experiments left no doubt -that rat fleas were the carriers among animals, and since rat fleas -also feed on man when their natural prey is not available, it was an -easy matter to show that the plague is spread by means of rat fleas. -This led to a definite program for checking the spread of the disease, -by relentless warfare on fleas and the rats that carried them. The rats -were trapped, their breeding places destroyed, and diseased rats from -infested ports were prevented from entering the country. For example, -when it was found that rats frequently come ashore along the cables -stretched between the ships and the wharves, metal cones similar to -those used to prevent rodents from climbing into corn cribs were placed -on the cables. The fact that I wish to emphasize is that it is due -to experiments on living mammals that this black death is no longer a -terror to us. - - - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEALTH AND DISEASE - -Until the middle of the last century very little had been done in the -way of experimental study of physiology and pathology. Physicians -depended almost entirely on bedside observations. Some of these -physicians were wonderful men, and often their observations were -remarkably shrewd. But the human body is a complex machine, the -organs are so interdependent, that in the presence of any given set -of symptoms and signs of disease, it was almost impossible to be sure -just what caused them, and, consequently, what was best to do for -the patient. When the experimental method was adopted disease could -be observed systematically, conditions could be controlled, and the -phenomena that resulted could be studied intelligently because the -experimenter knew exactly what had produced them. In such experiments -mammals are the animals chiefly used, because in most respects they -most nearly resemble man, himself a mammal. Practically all the -domestic mammals have been used, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, -dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and rats and mice; monkeys are also -used. And all have made wonderful contributions to medicine or surgery -or both. - - - TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS - - I - -There are several classes of experiments. Some are in the field of -pure research, not having for their object any immediate benefit to -man or animals. Experiments of this nature were carried on some years -ago in work on bubonic plague among rodents in California. It was -discovered that ground squirrels have a disease similar to plague and -yet distinctly different. By a long series of experiments it was found -that monkeys are susceptible to this disease, and it was predicted -that eventually cases would be found in man. As a result of this -work a bacteriologist in Cincinnati was able to identify the disease -in persons in his own vicinity. Another investigator found it among -persons in Utah, and showed that it is carried from infected rabbits -and ground squirrels by biting insects. It also was shown that the -disease is widespread over the United States. With this knowledge of -the means of transmission of the disease it is comparatively easy to -prevent the infection of man. - - II - -Another class of experiments is carried on by surgeons to develop -dexterity before they attempt operations on man. Such experiments are -usually carried out on dogs. The animals are invariably under complete -anesthesia and usually they are killed by added ether at the end of the -experiment. - -[Illustration: _Does this dog look unhappy? Ten years ago Buster had an -operation performed on the stomach; the results have been of aid in the -study of digestion. Buster has not suffered thereby, and she has saved -much suffering to others. She is receiving a visit from the author._] - -Recently I attended the clinic of a throat specialist in the east. -I saw child after child wheeled into the amphitheatre and relieved, -usually in a few moments, of foreign bodies that they had sucked into -the windpipe and that a few years ago would in many cases have caused -death, either directly or as the result of a dangerous operation. -So dextrous is this man that his little patients do not need any -anesthetic. After his work was done I had a talk with him, and he told -me that the technic of these operations had been worked out with great -care on dogs that were always under an anesthetic. He also told me that -by the use of two dogs he had trained fifty other men to do similar -work. - -[Illustration: _This is Whitey, about eight months after the complete -removal of the parathyroid glands. These glands are quite often partly -and accidentally removed during operations on the thyroid gland in -man, with alarming and sometimes fatal results. Following complete -removal of the parathyroid glands, carnivorous animals, including man, -die within from four to six days. As a result of experimental work on -this dog and other animals, three effective curative measures have -been developed, which indefinitely preserve the life of such animals -in normal health. Two persons are known to have been saved and several -others have been rendered free from symptoms as a result of this -study._] - - III - -In the Civil War if a man was shot through the bowels, he was doomed -to death; the surgeons hardly dared to open the abdomen and if they -did they didn’t know how to join the ends of the bowel so that it would -not leak. Of course the slightest leak meant infection and death. Then -came along an experimenter who etherized about thirty dogs, shot them -through the bowels, and practiced joining bowel ends until he could -make a perfect joint. It is safe to say that in the World War the -lives of thousands of men were saved as a result of that series of -experiments. - -[Illustration: _These children at the Anna Durand Hospital, Chicago, -have been saved from death from diphtheria by the use of antitoxin. The -boy in the center has a squint as the result of his sickness._] - -Lockjaw, tetanus, chiefly a disease of war, that threatened to -take frightful toll of soldiers wounded on the tetanus-infected -battlefields of Europe, did little damage during the late war because -of antitetanus serum made from the blood of immunized horses. Every -wounded man received an injection of this serum at the earliest -possible moment, and usually the length of time that had intervened -determined whether the man would live or whether he would die a most -distressing and horrible death. - -[Illustration: _The homes of this boy and girl have to thank research -workers and animals for the lives saved by antitoxin for diphtheria. -Without antitoxin, developed by experimental work on animals, such -children would have had slim chances of recovery._] - -The antityphoid vaccine, also worked out on mammals and tested on -mammals, has practically abolished typhoid fever in soldiers’ camps. It -is estimated by the Surgeon General’s office that during the World War -it saved the lives of 60,000 men in the American army alone. - -[Illustration: _On the roof garden of the Home for Destitute Crippled -Children, Chicago. Suppose one of these victims of infantile paralysis -were your child? Would you hesitate to sacrifice under ether one or -more animals if through the knowledge gained the disease could have -been prevented, or your child could have recovered without being -crippled?_] - - - BENEFITS OF EXPERIMENTATION TO MAN - -These are only a very few examples from the long list of benefits -that have accrued to humanity through the use of living mammals for -experimental purposes. I must mention only one more――the recent -discovery of a specific treatment for diabetes. Less than two years ago -I invited a little girl to go for a bird walk with me that I might -give her the pleasure of stroking and feeding a wild bird in its nest. -I was particularly eager that she should enjoy that day, because both -she and I knew that she had not many days to live. She was doomed to -die of diabetes within six months; as a matter of fact she died in less -than three months from the date of our walk. I remember thinking that -I would give anything I possessed if I could by some miracle restore -that child to health. Today, less than two years later, that miracle -could be performed, because Dr. F. G. Banting of the University of -Toronto, by a brilliant series of experiments on dogs, has completed -investigations begun on rabbits by Claude Bernard seventy-five years -ago. The story of this wonderful discovery is long, but here are the -outstanding facts. It was found that when the pancreas of a dog is -removed, the animal at once develops acute diabetes and usually dies -of that disease within three or four weeks. Under the microscope the -pancreas is seen to be studded with countless little bodies, known as -the islands of Langerhans, after the German scientist who discovered -them. It was found that these islands secrete a substance quite -different from that secreted by the rest of the pancreas, and that -it is the absence of this substance, not the absence of the pancreas -itself, that causes diabetes. A method was devised for obtaining an -extract from these islands of Langerhans, and it was found that when -this extract was injected into a dog whose pancreas has been removed -it did not die, but got well and continued to be well as long as it -was given injections of this extract. After these injections had been -proved to be safe by repeated experiments on dogs, they were tried -on human patients with startlingly beneficial results. Even when the -disease is of long standing, when the patient has reached the very last -stage and is in the coma that immediately precedes death, injections of -this extract, now known to the world as insulin, will bring him out of -the coma, snatch him from the very jaws of death, and restore him to -health. - -[Illustration: - - _Pacific and Atlantic_ - -_Not man alone, but animals also have benefited by experimental work. -The best example of this is the conquest of hydrophobia._] - - - THE FALSE STAND OF THE ANTIVIVISECTIONISTS - -We have seen that all these great advances in medicine and surgery have -been made as the result of experiments on living mammals, and you will -agree, I believe, that in all probability further advances in these -fields must be brought about by the same means. This is the opinion of -practically all eminent physicians and surgeons and veterinarians, and -of all the great scientists and educators in other fields――in short, -it is the opinion of all persons who have vast responsibilities for -the health of men and of animals. The only persons who are opposed to -these reasonable experiments are the antivivisectionists, who have no -such responsibilities. Would any sane person think of going to the -antivivisectionists for help if there were an epidemic of smallpox or -diphtheria, or if there were an outbreak of hog cholera or of blackleg -in cattle? We don’t go to them because they know nothing about such -matters. Yet they boldly contradict all competent authorities and -tell us that experiments on animals are useless, that they have never -accomplished anything. The antivivisection societies are composed -largely of well disposed but woefully misinformed persons. And those -who are responsible for the misinformation are the leaders of the -antivivisectionists. I have been studying these leaders for some years, -and I may say, without any danger of my statements being disproved, -that among them may be found many of the most dangerous of the -criminal insane to be found in this country today――and I have recently -visited some of our largest penitentiaries and asylums. I have found -some of these leaders of the antivivisection movement to be guilty of -falsehood, slander, libel, perjury, forgery, and attempted bribery. -Under false pretenses they obtain money from weakminded and unthinking -people and, with this money, they wilfully and perennially attempt -not only to prevent the advance of medicine and surgery, but also to -break down the bulwarks of preventive medicine by teaching contempt of -vaccination and of the use of antitoxins. - -Few of the criminals in our jails are responsible for the deaths -of more than a small number of persons; few of them have attempted -widespread destruction of life. But it is the opinion of eminent -physicians that through the pernicious teachings of the antivivisection -leaders we shall in a few years have epidemics that will destroy the -lives of many thousands of children. Unless we wish for a return of -the plagues and pestilences that once devastated wide areas on this -world before the introduction of modern methods, we should use every -means in our power to discourage these dangerous fanatics. I believe -that it is the duty of all good citizens who belong to antivivisection -societies to send in their resignations at once, and to stand with -our government, our great physicians, surgeons, veterinarians, -agriculturalists, educators, and divines in approving and supporting -properly conducted animal experimentation and sane humane education -generally. - - After the presentation of this paper by Mr. Baynes before the - American Society of Mammalogists, at its fifth annual meeting, - May 15 to 17, 1923, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, - Philadelphia, the Society unanimously passed these resolutions: - - WHEREAS, It is a fact known to all thinking people that most of - the great advances in medicine and surgery have been made as a - result of experiments on living animals, especially mammals, and - - WHEREAS, It is the belief of our eminent physicians, surgeons, - and veterinarians, and all others having great responsibility - for the health of human beings and of animals, that future - advances in these fields will be made chiefly as the result of - similar experiments, and - - WHEREAS, It is known that these experiments almost invariably - are conducted humanely and with a minimum of discomfort to the - animals used, and - - WHEREAS, There is an organized movement being carried on by - certain misinformed and misguided individuals who seek to - prevent or seriously interfere with such experiments, be it - - _Resolved_, that we, members of the American Society of - Mammalogists, in annual convention assembled in the city - of Philadelphia, on the sixteenth day of May, 1923, are of - opinion that, in the best interests of real humanity, animal - experimentation, including vivisection, as practiced in our - laboratories today, should continue unhampered. - - - - - HYGEIA - - _A Journal of Individual and Community Health_ - - The publication through which the medical - profession of the United States presents - to the public interesting, instructive and - authoritative articles about health - - _Published Monthly_ - _$3.00 the year――25 cents the copy_ - - - AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - 535 North Dearborn Street - CHICAGO - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR -ANIMALS? *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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-} - -/* Advertisement formatting. */ -.adauthor { - font-size: 1.25em; - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Which Shall Live—Men or Animals?, by Ernest Harold Baynes</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Which Shall Live—Men or Animals?</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Ernest Harold Baynes</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 31, 2021 [eBook #65970]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR ANIMALS? ***</div> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" id="i_titlepg"> - <img src="images/i_titlepg.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Saved by Antitoxin</p> - </div> -</div> - -<h1><i>Which Shall Live—<br /> -Men or Animals?</i></h1> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="noic"><i>Reprinted from Hygeia, October, 1923</i></p> - -<hr class="r20" /> - -<p class="noic"><i>Copyright, 1923<br /> -American Medical Association,<br /> -535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago</i></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHICH">WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR ANIMALS?</h2> - -<p class="noi author">ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES</p> -</div> - - -<div><img class="drop-cap illowe3" src="images/i_dropcap.jpg" alt="I" title="I" /></div> -<p class="drop-cap">If the United States were threatened -with invasion by a foreign power, -even if we knew that the invasion -would be only temporary and that -only a few thousand of our citizens -would be killed, the whole country -would be aroused in an effort to prevent that -invasion. If necessary, millions of men would -be drafted and trained to meet the invaders -and billions of dollars would be expended to -protect those few thousand people from the -death that must otherwise overtake them. In -such a case, every real man and every real -woman in the country would be doing something -to insure the defeat of that invading -army. Yet such an army is like a box of tin -soldiers compared with armies that threaten -us all the time, but which cause scarcely an -extra beat of the nation’s pulse. I refer to the -armies of disease. The army of bubonic -plague alone, if permitted to effect a foothold -on our shores, might at any time ravage our -cities as it once ravaged the cities of Europe -and Asia, leaving scarcely enough living to -bury the dead. We read in DeFoe’s “History -of the Plague” in London in 1665 of “people -in the rage of their distemper or in the torment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -of their swellings, which were indeed -intolerable, running out of their own government, -raving and distracted, and often times -laying violent hands upon themselves, throwing -themselves out of windows, shooting themselves, -mothers murdering their own children -in their lunacy.” Indeed, we do not have to -go back so far to realize what the plague can -do. In 1905 in India alone there were -1,040,429 deaths from this one disease.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Conquest of Bubonic Plague</span></h3> - -<p>In this country no layman loses any sleep -on account of bubonic plague. Is that because -it does not exist? Not at all. It comes to our -waters, even effects a landing sometimes. But -we have a small garrison of vigilant medical -men on our coasts watching day and night -for that enemy, ready to give him instant -combat if he comes. We sleep in peace -because we trust that garrison. Thirty years -ago we did not know what caused this terrible -plague, but in 1894 the germ (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bacillus pestis -bubonicae</i>) was discovered. Even then it was -not known how the disease was carried or -what caused it to spread so rapidly—and -before it could be combated successfully, that -must be known. A series of experiments on -living animals, chiefly rats, guinea-pigs and -monkeys, yielded the desired information and -through these experiments we have been -delivered from this terrible scourge. It was -known that rats were subject to plague; consequently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -attempts were made to find out how -it was transmitted from one rat to another. -The idea that it might be carried by parasites -occurred to several investigators. Accordingly, -healthy rats were placed in cages close to -diseased rats; they remained perfectly well -until a few fleas were introduced. Then, -almost immediately, the hitherto healthy rats -were stricken with plague. Cages containing -healthy monkeys were suspended over cages -occupied by diseased and flea-infested rats. -At regular intervals the monkeys were lowered -nearer to the stricken rodents. The monkeys -were all right until they were brought within -jumping distance of a flea, when they at -once contracted the plague. These and other -experiments left no doubt that rat fleas were -the carriers among animals, and since rat fleas -also feed on man when their natural prey is -not available, it was an easy matter to show -that the plague is spread by means of rat -fleas. This led to a definite program for -checking the spread of the disease, by relentless -warfare on fleas and the rats that carried -them. The rats were trapped, their breeding -places destroyed, and diseased rats from -infested ports were prevented from entering -the country. For example, when it was found -that rats frequently come ashore along the -cables stretched between the ships and the -wharves, metal cones similar to those used to -prevent rodents from climbing into corn cribs -were placed on the cables. The fact that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -I wish to emphasize is that it is due to experiments -on living mammals that this black -death is no longer a terror to us.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Experimental Study of Health and Disease</span></h3> - -<p>Until the middle of the last century very -little had been done in the way of experimental -study of physiology and pathology. -Physicians depended almost entirely on bedside -observations. Some of these physicians -were wonderful men, and often their observations -were remarkably shrewd. But the -human body is a complex machine, the organs -are so interdependent, that in the presence of -any given set of symptoms and signs of disease, -it was almost impossible to be sure just -what caused them, and, consequently, what -was best to do for the patient. When the -experimental method was adopted disease -could be observed systematically, conditions -could be controlled, and the phenomena that -resulted could be studied intelligently because -the experimenter knew exactly what had produced -them. In such experiments mammals -are the animals chiefly used, because in most -respects they most nearly resemble man, himself -a mammal. Practically all the domestic -mammals have been used, horses, cattle, sheep, -goats, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, -and rats and mice; monkeys are -also used. And all have made wonderful -contributions to medicine or surgery or both.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Types of Experiments on Animals</span></h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p>There are several classes of experiments. -Some are in the field of pure research, not -having for their object any immediate benefit -to man or animals. Experiments of this nature -were carried on some years ago in work on -bubonic plague among rodents in California. -It was discovered that ground squirrels have a -disease similar to plague and yet distinctly -different. By a long series of experiments it -was found that monkeys are susceptible to -this disease, and it was predicted that eventually -cases would be found in man. As a -result of this work a bacteriologist in Cincinnati -was able to identify the disease in persons -in his own vicinity. Another investigator -found it among persons in Utah, and showed -that it is carried from infected rabbits and -ground squirrels by biting insects. It also was -shown that the disease is widespread over -the United States. With this knowledge of -the means of transmission of the disease it -is comparatively easy to prevent the infection -of man.</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p>Another class of experiments is carried on -by surgeons to develop dexterity before they -attempt operations on man. Such experiments -are usually carried out on dogs. The animals -are invariably under complete anesthesia and -usually they are killed by added ether at the -end of the experiment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p006"> - <img src="images/i_p006.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p><i>Does this dog look unhappy? Ten years ago - Buster had an operation performed on the stomach; - the results have been of aid in the study of digestion. - Buster has not suffered thereby, and she has saved - much suffering to others. She is receiving a visit - from the author.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Recently I attended the clinic of a throat -specialist in the east. I saw child after child -wheeled into the amphitheatre and relieved, -usually in a few moments, of foreign bodies -that they had sucked into the windpipe and that -a few years ago would in many cases have -caused death, either directly or as the result of -a dangerous operation. So dextrous is this man -that his little patients do not need any anesthetic. -After his work was done I had a talk -with him, and he told me that the technic of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -these operations had been worked out with -great care on dogs that were always under an -anesthetic. He also told me that by the use -of two dogs he had trained fifty other men to -do similar work.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p007"> - <img src="images/i_p007.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p><i>This is Whitey, about eight months after the complete - removal of the parathyroid glands. These - glands are quite often partly and accidentally removed - during operations on the thyroid gland in man, with - alarming and sometimes fatal results. Following complete - removal of the parathyroid glands, carnivorous - animals, including man, die within from four to six - days. As a result of experimental work on this dog - and other animals, three effective curative measures - have been developed, which indefinitely preserve the - life of such animals in normal health. Two persons - are known to have been saved and several others have - been rendered free from symptoms as a result of this - study.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<h4>III</h4> - -<p>In the Civil War if a man was shot through -the bowels, he was doomed to death; the surgeons<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -hardly dared to open the abdomen and -if they did they didn’t know how to join -the ends of the bowel so that it would not -leak. Of course the slightest leak meant infection -and death. Then came along an experimenter -who etherized about thirty dogs, shot -them through the bowels, and practiced joining -bowel ends until he could make a perfect -joint. It is safe to say that in the World War -the lives of thousands of men were saved as a -result of that series of experiments.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p008"> - <img src="images/i_p008.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p><i>These children at the Anna Durand Hospital, Chicago, - have been saved from death from diphtheria by - the use of antitoxin. The boy in the center has a - squint as the result of his sickness.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Lockjaw, tetanus, chiefly a disease of war, -that threatened to take frightful toll of soldiers -wounded on the tetanus-infected battlefields of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -Europe, did little damage during the late war -because of antitetanus serum made from the -blood of immunized horses. Every wounded -man received an injection of this serum at the -earliest possible moment, and usually the -length of time that had intervened determined -whether the man would live or whether he -would die a most distressing and horrible -death.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p009"> - <img src="images/i_p009.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p><i>The homes of this boy and girl have to thank - research workers and animals for the lives saved by - antitoxin for diphtheria. Without antitoxin, developed - by experimental work on animals, such children - would have had slim chances of recovery.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>The antityphoid vaccine, also worked out on -mammals and tested on mammals, has practically -abolished typhoid fever in soldiers’ -camps. It is estimated by the Surgeon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -General’s office that during the World War it -saved the lives of 60,000 men in the American -army alone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p010"> - <img src="images/i_p010.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p><i>On the roof garden of the Home for Destitute - Crippled Children, Chicago. Suppose one of these - victims of infantile paralysis were your child? Would - you hesitate to sacrifice under ether one or more animals - if through the knowledge gained the disease - could have been prevented, or your child could have - recovered without being crippled?</i></p> - </div> -</div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Benefits of Experimentation to Man</span></h3> - -<p>These are only a very few examples from -the long list of benefits that have accrued -to humanity through the use of living mammals -for experimental purposes. I must mention -only one more—the recent discovery of -a specific treatment for diabetes. Less than -two years ago I invited a little girl to go for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -a bird walk with me that I might give her -the pleasure of stroking and feeding a wild -bird in its nest. I was particularly eager that -she should enjoy that day, because both she -and I knew that she had not many days to -live. She was doomed to die of diabetes -within six months; as a matter of fact she died -in less than three months from the date of our -walk. I remember thinking that I would give -anything I possessed if I could by some -miracle restore that child to health. Today, -less than two years later, that miracle could -be performed, because Dr. F. G. Banting of -the University of Toronto, by a brilliant series<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -of experiments on dogs, has completed investigations -begun on rabbits by Claude Bernard -seventy-five years ago. The story of this -wonderful discovery is long, but here are the -outstanding facts. It was found that when the -pancreas of a dog is removed, the animal -at once develops acute diabetes and usually -dies of that disease within three or four -weeks. Under the microscope the pancreas is -seen to be studded with countless little bodies, -known as the islands of Langerhans, after the -German scientist who discovered them. It was -found that these islands secrete a substance -quite different from that secreted by the rest -of the pancreas, and that it is the absence -of this substance, not the absence of the -pancreas itself, that causes diabetes. A method -was devised for obtaining an extract from -these islands of Langerhans, and it was found -that when this extract was injected into a -dog whose pancreas has been removed it did -not die, but got well and continued to be well -as long as it was given injections of this -extract. After these injections had been proved -to be safe by repeated experiments on dogs, -they were tried on human patients with startlingly -beneficial results. Even when the disease -is of long standing, when the patient has -reached the very last stage and is in the coma -that immediately precedes death, injections of -this extract, now known to the world as -insulin, will bring him out of the coma, snatch -him from the very jaws of death, and restore -him to health.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_p011"> - <img src="images/i_p011.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="right works"><i>Pacific and Atlantic</i></p> - - <p><i>Not man alone, but animals also have benefited by - experimental work. The best example of this is the - conquest of hydrophobia.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The False Stand of the Antivivisectionists</span></h3> - -<p>We have seen that all these great advances -in medicine and surgery have been made as -the result of experiments on living mammals, -and you will agree, I believe, that in all probability -further advances in these fields must be -brought about by the same means. This is the -opinion of practically all eminent physicians -and surgeons and veterinarians, and of all the -great scientists and educators in other fields—in -short, it is the opinion of all persons who -have vast responsibilities for the health of -men and of animals. The only persons who -are opposed to these reasonable experiments -are the antivivisectionists, who have no such -responsibilities. Would any sane person think -of going to the antivivisectionists for help if -there were an epidemic of smallpox or diphtheria, -or if there were an outbreak of hog -cholera or of blackleg in cattle? We don’t go -to them because they know nothing about such -matters. Yet they boldly contradict all competent -authorities and tell us that experiments -on animals are useless, that they have never -accomplished anything. The antivivisection -societies are composed largely of well disposed -but woefully misinformed persons. And those -who are responsible for the misinformation -are the leaders of the antivivisectionists. I -have been studying these leaders for some -years, and I may say, without any danger of -my statements being disproved, that among -them may be found many of the most dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -of the criminal insane to be found in this -country today—and I have recently visited -some of our largest penitentiaries and asylums. -I have found some of these leaders of the -antivivisection movement to be guilty of falsehood, -slander, libel, perjury, forgery, and -attempted bribery. Under false pretenses they -obtain money from weakminded and unthinking -people and, with this money, they wilfully -and perennially attempt not only to prevent -the advance of medicine and surgery, but -also to break down the bulwarks of preventive -medicine by teaching contempt of vaccination -and of the use of antitoxins.</p> - -<p>Few of the criminals in our jails are -responsible for the deaths of more than a -small number of persons; few of them have -attempted widespread destruction of life. But -it is the opinion of eminent physicians that -through the pernicious teachings of the antivivisection -leaders we shall in a few years -have epidemics that will destroy the lives of -many thousands of children. Unless we wish -for a return of the plagues and pestilences that -once devastated wide areas on this world -before the introduction of modern methods, -we should use every means in our power to -discourage these dangerous fanatics. I believe -that it is the duty of all good citizens who -belong to antivivisection societies to send in -their resignations at once, and to stand with -our government, our great physicians, surgeons, -veterinarians, agriculturalists, educators,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -and divines in approving and supporting -properly conducted animal experimentation -and sane humane education generally.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>After the presentation of this paper by Mr. Baynes -before the American Society of Mammalogists, at its -fifth annual meeting, May 15 to 17, 1923, in the -Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Society -unanimously passed these resolutions:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It is a fact known to all thinking people -that most of the great advances in medicine and surgery -have been made as a result of experiments on -living animals, especially mammals, and</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It is the belief of our eminent physicians, -surgeons, and veterinarians, and all others having -great responsibility for the health of human beings -and of animals, that future advances in these fields -will be made chiefly as the result of similar experiments, -and</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It is known that these experiments almost -invariably are conducted humanely and with a minimum -of discomfort to the animals used, and</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, There is an organized movement being -carried on by certain misinformed and misguided -individuals who seek to prevent or seriously interfere -with such experiments, be it</p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>, that we, members of the American Society -of Mammalogists, in annual convention assembled in -the city of Philadelphia, on the sixteenth day of May, -1923, are of opinion that, in the best interests of real -humanity, animal experimentation, including vivisection, -as practiced in our laboratories today, should -continue unhampered.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HYGEIA">HYGEIA</h2> -</div> - -<p class="noic"><i>A Journal of Individual and Community Health</i></p> - - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p class="noi">The publication through -which the medical profession -of the United States -presents to the public -interesting, instructive -and authoritative articles -about health</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noic"><i>Published Monthly</i><br /> -<i>$3.00 the year—25 cents the copy</i></p> - - -<p class="p2 noic"><span class="adauthor smcap">American Medical Association</span><br /> -535 North Dearborn Street - CHICAGO</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="tnote"> -<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHICH SHALL LIVE—MEN OR ANIMALS? ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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