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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7fa285 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65955 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65955) diff --git a/old/65955-0.txt b/old/65955-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f5d5326..0000000 --- a/old/65955-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,755 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orienting the House, by American Face -Brick Association - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Orienting the House - A Study of the Placing of the House with Relation to the Sun's - Rays - -Author: American Face Brick Association - -Release Date: July 29, 2021 [eBook #65955] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE *** - - - - - - Orienting the House - - _A study of the placing - of the house with - relation to the - sun’s rays_ - - [Illustration] - - _Price Twenty-five Cents_ - - - AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION - 130 North Wells Street - CHICAGO - - -© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A. - - - - -[Illustration: - - Detail of Residence, Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois - Walter Miller, Architect] - - - - - Orienting the House - - -In selecting a home site, there are a number of very important things -to be considered. When once you settle the point of convenient -accessibility to your work or place of business, you doubtless think -first of the neighborhood in which you and your family are going to -live, the kind of people about you, the church, school, and library -privileges, and such like questions. - -Then you will consider the physical character of the place, its slopes -and levels, its trees, its gardens, its outlook, or, in a word, its -attractiveness from an aesthetic point of view; to which are closely -related the practical questions of pure water supply, good drainage, -and shelter from the extremes of weather. No matter how attractive -otherwise a locality might be, you would not consider it for a moment -unless the conditions of sanitation and healthfulness were fully met; -and you would want some natural protection from the severe storms of -winter as well as from the blazing heat of summer. In the winter you -would want as little breeze and as much sun, and in the summer as -little sun and as much breeze as possible. - -Finally, in selecting your site, it would be well to have in mind the -house you intend to build and the way you want it to face. If possible, -get your house plan first and select your lot accordingly. Or, at any -rate, picture it all out in your mind to guide you in selecting your -location. By a little planning and forethought you may not only secure -the outlook you want but the exposures to sun or breeze most desired. -You cannot change climatic conditions or topography, but, to an -appreciable extent, you can adjust the location of your house to them. - -The Orientation Chart, here given, shows the points of sunrise and -sunset, on the horizon, midsummer and midwinter, as well as the -direction of the sunlight each successive hour of the midsummer and -midwinter day. The chart will thus aid you, so far as conditions -permit, in facing your house so as to get the sun or shade where you -want it. - -[Illustration: _Orientation Chart_ - - © 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A. - - - _Issued by_ American Face Brick Association - - A·F·B·A - USE FACE BRICK - ――it Pays - - 130 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill.] - -Chart to be used in connection with text of booklet, “Orienting the -House” - -In the first place, you see three broad, concentric circles, on the -outside of which the rising and setting sun is depicted for both -midsummer and midwinter day. The figures, 30°–50°, alongside of the sun -represent degrees of north latitude, wherever you may happen to live, -which, with the exception of most of Florida and southern Texas, cover -the United States. The short arrows show the direction of the sun’s -rays at sunrise and sunset. - -[Illustration: - - Garden Side of Residence, Westbury, L. I. - Peabody, Wilson & Brown, Architects] - -The inner circle represents your horizon, and the degrees marked upon -it show the points of sunrise and sunset, north or south of the direct -east and west line. These angular distances, in terms of degrees, are -called amplitudes, north or south, and must not be confused with the -degrees of latitude on the earth’s surface, indicated by the numbers -along side of the sun, though intimately dependent upon them. The -amplitude of the horizon point, where the sun rises and sets from -time to time during the year, always depends upon the latitude on the -earth’s surface where you happen to live, as may be seen by following -with your eye the direction of the arrows of latitude through the -amplitude circle. Starting from the number indicating the latitude -where you live, trace the arrow until it touches the amplitude circle. -You can then read the degree on it which shows how far north or south -of the east and west line the sun rises or sets. We are indebted to -Professor Philip Fox, of the Dearborn Astronomical Observatory at -Evanston, Illinois, for determining these points. - -The two outer circles are sun-dials for midsummer and midwinter day at -the 40th degree of north latitude; and, if you imagined them pivoted -on their rising and setting points and tipped up from the south to -represent the slanting path of the sun during the day, they show the -direction from which the sun is shining during successive hours of the -day (or night on the other side of the world). The shaded portions of -these circles represent night, which for all northern latitudes is -short in summer and long in winter, as the day is short in winter and -long in summer. If you examine the hour spaces on the winter dial of -your winter night, you will find them exactly like those on the summer -dial of your summer day. So also your winter day hours are spaced like -your summer night hours. South of the equator, people have precisely -the same experiences only in the reverse order. New Zealanders, we -fancy, wear straw hats in January and fur caps in July. If you liked -summer well enough and cared to move, you could live in a perpetual -summer on our little globe. It is probable, however, that, like most -people, you rather prefer the change of seasons, in spite of occasional -extremes. - -The irregular hour spaces on the dials would make it appear that the -sun moves around the earth in a sort of jerky way. On the contrary, it -moves, or rather the earth rotates, at an absolutely uniform rate, but -the tilt of the sun’s path to your horizon line gives you at certain -points a fore-shortened view by which the sun seems to cover various -distances at various stages of its course. - -The sun-dial time is used on our chart as it more universally applies -at different meridians on a given latitude, than does our standard time -which, for the sake of timepiece uniformity, is a compromise based on -mean solar time. As the earth’s orbit is such as to make the sun gain -a little or lose a little in crossing the meridian each day during -the year, the total _annual_ time of the sun is averaged into uniform -_daily_ periods, which in turn are divided into 24 uniform hours and -referred to certain meridians the world round, about an hour apart. -To show the exact position of the sun in strict agreement with these -standardized hours would require a special chart for every degree of -longitude, and then be of no especial value for our present purpose; -for while the astronomer must have exact time to the fraction of a -second, the differences between watch and sun-dial are not enough at -any time to affect essentially our problem. So that, if you do not -find the hours marked on our summer and winter sun-dials, at any time, -exactly agreeing with your watch, you may, nevertheless, trust them to -show you accurately enough from what direction the sun is shining at -different hours of the day. - -[Illustration: - - Residence, St. Paul, Minnesota James Alan MacLeod, Architect] - -The chart is drawn for midsummer and midwinter day on the 40th degree -of north latitude, which is taken as the best average line that runs -midway of the country from ocean to ocean, passing through or near New -York City (N); Philadelphia, Pa; Columbus and Cincinnati (S), Ohio; -Indianapolis, Ind. (S); Springfield, Ill. (S); St. Louis and Kansas -City, Mo. (S); the northern boundary of Kansas; Denver, Colo. (S); Salt -Lake City, Utah (N); Carson City, Nev. (S); and Sacramento, Calif. (S). -With the exception of St. Louis and Sacramento, which are something -over a degree south of this line, all of these places are either on it -or within less than a degree of it, north or south. - -[Illustration: - - Residence, Buffalo, New York Edw. Henrich, Architect] - -You will see, as drawn on the chart, how the sun’s rays morning -and evening, summer and winter, are indicated streaming out in the -direction of the latitude arrows marked 40°. If you live on or near -any of the other degrees of latitude, indicated by the other arrows, -imagine the center of the sun slipped up or down to that point, and -then trace the rays lightly with a soft pencil across the chart in -lines parallel with the respective arrows. - -[Illustration: “Home of Beauty,” Design 101, Rear View] - -Of course, if you make any change, all four suns must be moved in a -corresponding way, for you will observe how beautifully symmetrical -the chart is. For any given northern latitude, the midsummer sun rises -and sets _north_ of due east and west at exactly corresponding points -on the eastern and western horizons, and these points in turn exactly -correspond, six months later, with those for midwinter day _south_ of -due east and west. - -And this exact correspondence east and west, for the day, and north -and south, for the season, will obtain for any day in the year, or -for any place you take on the earth’s surface. Of course, it must be -noted that the time of rising and setting will change with every new -position taken. If you draw the midsummer sun down and the midwinter -sun correspondingly up until they coalesce at “E” and “W,” you have the -equinoxes about March 21st and September 21st, with the sun rising and -setting due east and west, and equal day and night in any part of the -world except the poles. - -[Illustration: - - Residence, Highland Park, Illinois N. Max Dunning, Architect] - -Living where you do, somewhere between 30° and 50° north latitude, the -sun, summer or winter, will never pass overhead at noon but shine on -a slant from the south, very much more in winter than summer. This -slant of the sun, however, will not concern you practically so much -in placing your house, as will the time and direction of sunrise at -the extremes of June and December, and the position of the sun the -successive hours of the day, at those times of the year. - -You have certain rooms in which you especially want the sun, morning or -afternoon; or a porch you want as much in the shade as possible, let us -say. In tracing the direction of the sun’s rays, do not think of them -as converging or as spreading out. Think of them rather as coming in -great, broad, parallel bands so that no matter how large your house may -be, the moment one side gets the sun, the opposite parallel side falls -into shade. The broad band of parallel lines streaming from the sun, as -seen on the chart, is meant to illustrate this. - -Now cut a piece of light cardboard in the shape of your house, at a -greatly reduced scale, with all its porches and projections, as, for -example, the blank form on the chart. Attach it with a pin at the -center of the chart, so it may be easily turned. First place your house -facing directly east. You will see on midsummer day that the north and -east elevations will get the first morning sun. About 8 o’clock the sun -will leave the north side and begin to illuminate the south elevation. -At noon, the sun will pass from the east to the west side of the house, -and then, at 4 o’clock, leave the south and creep back to the north -side of the house, shining on west and north sides from then on until -its setting between 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening. - -[Illustration: - - Residence, Glencoe, Illinois Robert E. Seyfarth, Architect] - -At the opposite season of the year, that is, in midwinter, your house, -still faced directly east, will have the first sun between 7 and 8 -o’clock in the morning on the east and south sides. At noon, the east -side will be deserted for the west, and from then on the south and -west sides of the house will have the sun until its setting between 4 -and 5 o’clock. Thus, in the winter, the north side of your house will -get no sun at all. This would hardly be a good place for the kitchen, -though it would be well enough in the summer, as the sun would be out -of it by 8 o’clock in the morning and not return until 4 o’clock in the -afternoon when its rays are shorn of much of their midday strength. You -know, of course, that during the changing seasons or the changing hours -of the day, the sun’s warmth depends largely on the slant of its rays. -In the summer, the north side would be a good place for a shady porch -most of the day. However, the east side of the house would give you a -shady porch from noon till sunset. But a porch around the northeast -corner would give you shade from 8 o’clock in the morning clear through -the day until sunset. - -By turning your house one way or another from this direct east and -west position, you can see what modifications of sun and shade you -get. Suppose you turn it northeast, almost facing the morning sun on -midsummer day. The front of the house would directly get the rising -sun between 4 and 5 o’clock in the morning. At 6 o’clock, the south -front would come into the sunlight. At half-past 10 o’clock, the east -front would fall into shade for the rest of the day, while the west -front would begin to catch the sun. By 2:30 o’clock in the afternoon, -the south side would be in the shade for the rest of the day and the -north side would get the sun from then on till sunset, between 7 and 8 -o’clock. A porch on the east front of this house would be in the shade -all the summer day after half-past 10 o’clock. But, in the winter, it -would not be so fortunate as the house faced to the cardinal points, -for, as just indicated, it would get the sun only on two sides all day -long; and yet the summer advantages might more than compensate. Try -slighter turns than those suggested, and you may get just the result -you want for a given room or porch. - -The placing of your house for the sun is really a problem of settling -on the rooms or porches you want favored, and then letting the other -portions of the house take care of themselves. In determining these -questions of sun and shade on your house, due consideration must be -given to neighboring structures, trees, or portions of the house that -might otherwise get the sun if it were not for certain extensions, -such as bays, porches, L’s, and the like. Of course, nearby hills or -mountains would have a marked effect on just when you got the sun in -the morning or lose it in the evening, no matter where or when the sun -really rose and set. - -[Illustration: - - Bungalow, New Orleans Nathan Kohlman, Architect] - -As already suggested, if you live on or near any of the other degrees -of north latitude marked, imagine the center of the suns slipped -around to that degree, and then draw light pencil lines across the -chart parallel with the respective arrows. Do the same also for other -parts of the year than the solstices which are shown here. For each -succeeding month, move the center of the suns down and up from the -solsticial points about a third of the distance to “E.” At “E” the sun -has reached either equinox and will rise directly in the east and set -directly in the west. Remember that for several days on either side of -a given position of the sun, there will be no essential change in the -direction of its rays that you need practically to consider. - -But at the times, other than the solstices, while you can thus get -the direction of the rising and setting sun, the sun-dial of our -chart won’t exactly apply. What happens is that as the sun moves down -or up from the solstice to the equinox, the summer hour spaces grow -more uniform, while the winter hours grow somewhat longer. But with -the general direction of the morning and afternoon light settled for -the two solsticial extremes, the hour position of the sun during the -between seasons will not be of so much importance. - -Of course, you can’t have everything in this world exactly your own -way, but by studying carefully the Orientation Chart in connection -with your plans for building a home, you may get many valuable hints -for selecting your lot and locating your house which will lead to -arrangement of lasting satisfaction to you in the coziness, comfort, -and attractiveness of your home. A sunny corner or a shady spot, where -you need it and when you need it, may cure an invalid or develop a -poet, as the case may be and as the years go on. - - - - - _The Right Kind of House to Orient_ - - -Before you have the problem of orienting your home, you have the more -important problem of deciding on the kind of home you intend to build. -It is one of the most, if not the most, important question you have to -settle. - -In the first place, it is an economic question, for you want to be sure -of getting value received for the money you expend. To do so, the house -you build must, aside from its satisfactory design, be permanent; it -must be easily and economically maintained; it must be comfortable and -safe against fire; and it must be attractive. In a word, it must give -you satisfaction in every way, inasmuch as you and your family are -going to be in it a long time; or, if circumstances compel you to move, -you want the house to make a persuasively attractive appeal to the -intending renter or purchaser. - -Such a house you can build of brick, the endurance of which has been -demonstrated through thousands of years. “By frost, nor fire, nor -flood, nor even time are well burned clays destroyed.” This permanence -of brick construction means a saving on insurance rates, on upkeep, and -on depreciation, while the material lends itself to the most beautiful -and varied artistic effects. “Strength and beauty,” the essential -characteristics of all good building, may be fully met in brick -construction. - -If you have not already seen _The Story of Brick_, you should send for -a copy, as you will find in it many valuable suggestions. - - AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION - 130 North Wells Street - CHICAGO - - - Rogers & Company, Chicago and New York - - -[Illustration: backcover] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Obvious printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were - silently corrected. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orienting the House, by American Face Brick Association</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Orienting the House</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>A Study of the Placing of the House with Relation to the Sun's Rays</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: American Face Brick Association</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 29, 2021 [eBook #65955]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***</div> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<h1>Orienting the House</h1> - -<p class="noi subtitle"><i>A study of the placing<br /> -of the house with<br /> -relation to the<br /> -sun’s rays</i></p> - -<div class="pad15"> -<div class="figcenter illowe8" id="logo"> - <img src="images/logo.jpg" alt="logo" title="logo" /> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noic"><i>Price Twenty-five Cents</i></p> - - -<p class="p4 noic"><span class="adauthor smcap">American Face Brick Association</span><br /> -130 North Wells Street<br /> -<span class="adauthor smcap">Chicago</span></p> - -<p class="p2 noi">© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" id="i_002"> - <img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Detail of Residence, Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois<br /> -Walter Miller, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Orienting the House</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="cap">In selecting a home site, there are a number of very -important things to be considered. When once you -settle the point of convenient accessibility to your work -or place of business, you doubtless think first of the -neighborhood in which you and your family are going -to live, the kind of people about you, the church, -school, and library privileges, and such like questions.</p> - -<p>Then you will consider the physical character of the -place, its slopes and levels, its trees, its gardens, its -outlook, or, in a word, its attractiveness from an -aesthetic point of view; to which are closely related the -practical questions of pure water supply, good drainage, -and shelter from the extremes of weather. No matter -how attractive otherwise a locality might be, you -would not consider it for a moment unless the conditions -of sanitation and healthfulness were fully met; and you -would want some natural protection from the severe -storms of winter as well as from the blazing heat of -summer. In the winter you would want as little breeze -and as much sun, and in the summer as little sun and as -much breeze as possible.</p> - -<p>Finally, in selecting your site, it would be well to have -in mind the house you intend to build and the way you -want it to face. If possible, get your house plan first -and select your lot accordingly. Or, at any rate, picture -it all out in your mind to guide you in selecting your -location. By a little planning and forethought you may -not only secure the outlook you want but the exposures -to sun or breeze most desired. You cannot change<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -climatic conditions or topography, but, to an appreciable -extent, you can adjust the location of your house -to them.</p> - -<p>The Orientation Chart, here given, shows the points of -sunrise and sunset, on the horizon, midsummer and -midwinter, as well as the direction of the sunlight each -successive hour of the midsummer and midwinter day. -The chart will thus aid you, so far as conditions permit, -in facing your house so as to get the sun or shade -where you want it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_chart"> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Chart to be used in connection with text of booklet, “Orienting the House”</p> - </div> - - <img src="images/i_chart.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - - <div class="caption"> - <p class="right works">© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.</p> - - <p class="noic"><i>Orientation Chart</i></p> - - <p class="noic"><i>Issued by</i> American Face Brick Association</p> - - <p class="noic">A·F·B·A<br /> - USE FACE BRICK<br /> - —it Pays</p> - - <p class="noic">130 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill.</p> - - <div class="noic x-ebookmaker-drop"> - [<a id="i_chart_lrg" href="images/i_chart_lrg.jpg" rel="nofollow"> - click here for high resolution image</a>] - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p>In the first place, you see three broad, concentric circles, -on the outside of which the rising and setting sun is -depicted for both midsummer -and midwinter -day. The figures, 30°–50°, -alongside of the -sun represent degrees -of north latitude, wherever -you may happen -to live, which, with -the exception of most -of Florida and southern -Texas, cover the -United States. -The short arrows -show the direction -of the sun’s rays at -sunrise and sunset.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="i_004"> - <img src="images/i_004.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Garden Side of Residence, Westbury, L. I.<br /> - Peabody, Wilson & Brown, Architects</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>The inner circle -represents your<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -horizon, and the degrees marked upon it show the points -of sunrise and sunset, north or south of the direct east -and west line. These angular distances, in terms of -degrees, are called amplitudes, north or south, and -must not be confused with the degrees of latitude on -the earth’s surface, indicated by the numbers along -side of the sun, though intimately dependent upon -them. The amplitude of the horizon point, where the -sun rises and sets from time to time during the year, -always depends upon the latitude on the earth’s surface -where you happen to live, as may be seen by -following with your eye the direction of the arrows of -latitude through the amplitude circle. Starting from -the number indicating the latitude where you live, trace -the arrow until it touches the amplitude circle. You -can then read the degree on it which shows how far -north or south of the east and west line the sun rises or -sets. We are indebted to Professor Philip Fox, of the -Dearborn Astronomical Observatory at Evanston, -Illinois, for determining these points.</p> - -<p>The two outer circles are sun-dials for midsummer and -midwinter day at the 40th degree of north latitude; and, -if you imagined them pivoted on their rising and setting -points and tipped up from the south to represent the -slanting path of the sun during the day, they show the -direction from which the sun is shining during successive -hours of the day (or night on the other side of the -world). The shaded portions of these circles represent -night, which for all northern latitudes is short in summer -and long in winter, as the day is short in winter -and long in summer. If you examine the hour spaces<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -on the winter dial of your winter night, you will find -them exactly like those on the summer dial of your summer -day. So also your winter day hours are spaced like -your summer night hours. South of the equator, people -have precisely the same experiences only in the reverse -order. New Zealanders, we fancy, wear straw hats in -January and fur caps in July. If you liked summer well -enough and cared to move, you could live in a perpetual -summer on our little globe. It is probable, however, -that, like most people, you rather prefer the change of -seasons, in spite of occasional extremes.</p> - -<p>The irregular hour spaces on the dials would make it -appear that the sun moves around the earth in a sort -of jerky way. On the contrary, it moves, or rather the -earth rotates, at an absolutely uniform rate, but the tilt -of the sun’s path to your horizon line gives you at certain -points a fore-shortened view by which the sun -seems to cover various distances at various stages of -its course.</p> - -<p>The sun-dial time is used on our chart as it more -universally applies at different meridians on a given -latitude, than does our standard time which, for the -sake of timepiece uniformity, is a compromise based on -mean solar time. As the earth’s orbit is such as to -make the sun gain a little or lose a little in crossing the -meridian each day during the year, the total <em>annual</em> -time of the sun is averaged into uniform <em>daily</em> periods, -which in turn are divided into 24 uniform hours and -referred to certain meridians the world round, about -an hour apart. To show the exact position of the sun -in strict agreement with these standardized hours<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -would require a special chart for every degree of longitude, -and then be of no especial value for our present -purpose; for while the astronomer must have exact time -to the fraction of a second, the differences between -watch and sun-dial are not enough at any time to -affect essentially our problem. So that, if you do not -find the hours marked on our summer and winter sun-dials, -at any time, exactly agreeing with your watch, -you may, nevertheless, trust them to show you accurately -enough from what direction the sun is shining -at different hours of the day.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_007"> - <img src="images/i_007.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Residence, St. Paul, Minnesota<br /> - James Alan MacLeod, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>The chart is drawn for midsummer and midwinter day -on the 40th degree of north latitude, which is taken as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -the best average line that runs midway of the country -from ocean to ocean, passing through or near New -York City (N); Philadelphia, Pa; Columbus and -Cincinnati (S), Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind. (S); Springfield, -Ill. (S); St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo. (S); the -northern boundary of Kansas; Denver, Colo. (S); Salt -Lake City, Utah (N); Carson City, Nev. (S); and -Sacramento, Calif. (S). With the exception of St. Louis -and Sacramento, which are something over a degree -south of this line, all of these places are either on it or -within less than a degree of it, north or south.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_008"> - <img src="images/i_008.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Residence, Buffalo, New York<br /> - Edw. Henrich, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>You will see, as drawn on the chart, how the sun’s rays -morning and evening, summer and winter, are indicated -streaming out in the direction of the latitude arrows<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -marked 40°. If you live on or near any of the other degrees -of latitude, indicated by the other arrows, imagine -the center of the sun slipped up or down to that point, -and then trace the rays lightly with a soft pencil across -the chart in lines parallel with the respective arrows.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_009"> - <img src="images/i_009.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">“Home of Beauty,” Design 101, Rear View</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Of course, if you make any change, all four suns must -be moved in a corresponding way, for you will observe -how beautifully symmetrical the chart is. For any -given northern latitude, the midsummer sun rises and -sets <em>north</em> of due east and west at exactly corresponding -points on the eastern and western horizons, and these -points in turn exactly correspond, six months later, -with those for midwinter day <em>south</em> of due east and west.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<p>And this exact correspondence east and west, for the -day, and north and south, for the season, will obtain -for any day in the year, or for any place you take on -the earth’s surface. Of course, it must be noted that -the time of rising and setting will change with every -new position taken. If you draw the midsummer sun -down and the midwinter sun correspondingly up until -they coalesce at “E” and “W,” you have the equinoxes -about March 21st and September 21st, with the sun -rising and setting due east and west, and equal day -and night in any part of the world except the poles.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_010"> - <img src="images/i_010.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Residence, Highland Park, Illinois<br /> - N. Max Dunning, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Living where you do, somewhere between 30° and 50° -north latitude, the sun, summer or winter, will never -pass overhead at noon but shine on a slant from the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -south, very much more in winter than summer. This -slant of the sun, however, will not concern you practically -so much in placing your house, as will the time -and direction of sunrise at the extremes of June and -December, and the position of the sun the successive -hours of the day, at those times of the year.</p> - -<p>You have certain rooms in which you especially want -the sun, morning or afternoon; or a porch you want as -much in the shade as possible, let us say. In tracing -the direction of the sun’s rays, do not think of them as -converging or as spreading out. Think of them rather -as coming in great, broad, parallel bands so that no -matter how large your house may be, the moment one -side gets the sun, the opposite parallel side falls into -shade. The broad band of parallel lines streaming -from the sun, as seen on the chart, is meant to illustrate -this.</p> - -<p>Now cut a piece of light cardboard in the shape of your -house, at a greatly reduced scale, with all its porches -and projections, as, for example, the blank form on the -chart. Attach it with a pin at the center of the chart, -so it may be easily turned. First place your house -facing directly east. You will see on midsummer day -that the north and east elevations will get the first -morning sun. About 8 o’clock the sun will leave the -north side and begin to illuminate the south elevation. -At noon, the sun will pass from the east to the west -side of the house, and then, at 4 o’clock, leave the south -and creep back to the north side of the house, shining -on west and north sides from then on until its setting -between 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_012"> - <img src="images/i_012.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Residence, Glencoe, Illinois<br /> - Robert E. Seyfarth, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>At the opposite season of the year, that is, in midwinter, -your house, still faced directly east, will have the first -sun between 7 and 8 o’clock in the morning on the east -and south sides. At noon, the east side will be deserted -for the west, and from then on the south and west -sides of the house will have the sun until its setting -between 4 and 5 o’clock. Thus, in the winter, the north -side of your house will get no sun at all. This would -hardly be a good place for the kitchen, though it would -be well enough in the summer, as the sun would be out -of it by 8 o’clock in the morning and not return until -4 o’clock in the afternoon when its rays are shorn of -much of their midday strength. You know, of course, -that during the changing seasons or the changing hours -of the day, the sun’s warmth depends largely on the -slant of its rays. In the summer, the north side would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -be a good place for a shady porch most of the day. -However, the east side of the house would give you a -shady porch from noon till sunset. But a porch around -the northeast corner would give you shade from 8 o’clock -in the morning clear through the day until sunset.</p> - -<p>By turning your house one way or another from this -direct east and west position, you can see what modifications -of sun and shade you get. Suppose you turn it -northeast, almost facing the morning sun on midsummer -day. The front of the house would directly get the rising -sun between 4 and 5 o’clock in the morning. At 6 -o’clock, the south front would come into the sunlight. -At half-past 10 o’clock, the east front would fall into -shade for the rest of the day, while the west front would -begin to catch the sun. By 2:30 o’clock in the afternoon, -the south side would be in the shade for the rest of the -day and the north side would get the sun from then -on till sunset, between 7 and 8 o’clock. A porch on the -east front of this house would be in the shade all the -summer day after half-past 10 o’clock. But, in the -winter, it would not be so fortunate as the house -faced to the cardinal points, for, as just indicated, it -would get the sun only on two sides all day long; -and yet the summer advantages might more than compensate. -Try slighter turns than those suggested, and -you may get just the result you want for a given room -or porch.</p> - -<p>The placing of your house for the sun is really a problem -of settling on the rooms or porches you want favored, -and then letting the other portions of the house take care -of themselves. In determining these questions of sun<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -and shade on your house, due consideration must be -given to neighboring structures, trees, or portions of -the house that might otherwise get the sun if it were -not for certain extensions, such as bays, porches, L’s, -and the like. Of course, nearby hills or mountains -would have a marked effect on just when you got the -sun in the morning or lose it in the evening, no matter -where or when the sun really rose and set.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_014"> - <img src="images/i_014.jpg" alt="" title="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="noic">Bungalow, New Orleans<br /> - Nathan Kohlman, Architect</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>As already suggested, if you live on or near any of the -other degrees of north latitude marked, imagine the -center of the suns slipped around to that degree, and -then draw light pencil lines across the chart parallel -with the respective arrows. Do the same also for other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -parts of the year than the solstices which are shown -here. For each succeeding month, move the center of -the suns down and up from the solsticial points about a -third of the distance to “E.” At “E” the sun has -reached either equinox and will rise directly in the east -and set directly in the west. Remember that for several -days on either side of a given position of the sun, there -will be no essential change in the direction of its rays -that you need practically to consider.</p> - -<p>But at the times, other than the solstices, while you -can thus get the direction of the rising and setting sun, -the sun-dial of our chart won’t exactly apply. What -happens is that as the sun moves down or up from the -solstice to the equinox, the summer hour spaces grow -more uniform, while the winter hours grow somewhat -longer. But with the general direction of the morning -and afternoon light settled for the two solsticial extremes, -the hour position of the sun during the between -seasons will not be of so much importance.</p> - -<p>Of course, you can’t have everything in this world -exactly your own way, but by studying carefully the -Orientation Chart in connection with your plans for -building a home, you may get many valuable hints for -selecting your lot and locating your house which will -lead to arrangement of lasting satisfaction to you in -the coziness, comfort, and attractiveness of your home. -A sunny corner or a shady spot, where you need it and -when you need it, may cure an invalid or develop a -poet, as the case may be and as the years go on.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Right Kind of House to Orient</i></h2> -</div> - - -<p class="cap">Before you have the problem of orienting your home, -you have the more important problem of deciding on -the kind of home you intend to build. It is one of the -most, if not the most, important question you have to -settle.</p> - -<p>In the first place, it is an economic question, for you want -to be sure of getting value received for the money you -expend. To do so, the house you build must, aside from -its satisfactory design, be permanent; it must be easily -and economically maintained; it must be comfortable and -safe against fire; and it must be attractive. In a word, it -must give you satisfaction in every way, inasmuch as you -and your family are going to be in it a long time; or, if -circumstances compel you to move, you want the house -to make a persuasively attractive appeal to the intending -renter or purchaser.</p> - -<p>Such a house you can build of brick, the endurance of -which has been demonstrated through thousands of years. -“By frost, nor fire, nor flood, nor even time are well -burned clays destroyed.” This permanence of brick construction -means a saving on insurance rates, on upkeep, -and on depreciation, while the material lends itself to the -most beautiful and varied artistic effects. “Strength and -beauty,” the essential characteristics of all good building, -may be fully met in brick construction.</p> - -<p>If you have not already seen <cite>The Story of Brick</cite>, you -should send for a copy, as you will find in it many valuable -suggestions.</p> - -<p class="p2 noic"><span class="smcap">American Face Brick Association</span><br /> -<span class="noic works">130 North Wells Street</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Chicago</span></p> - - -<p class="p2 right noi works">Rogers & Company, Chicago and New York</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" id="backcover"> - <img src="images/backcover.jpg" alt="back cover" title="back cover" /> -</div> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="tnote"> -<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p class="smfont">Obvious printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were - silently corrected.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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