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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65955 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65955)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orienting the House, by American Face
-Brick Association
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Orienting the House
-       A Study of the Placing of the House with Relation to the Sun's
-       Rays
-
-Author: American Face Brick Association
-
-Release Date: July 29, 2021 [eBook #65955]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed
-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-             produced from images generously made available by The
-             Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***
-
-
-
-
-
-                          Orienting the House
-
-                        _A study of the placing
-                           of the house with
-                            relation to the
-                              sun’s rays_
-
-                            [Illustration]
-
-                       _Price Twenty-five Cents_
-
-
-                    AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION
-                        130 North Wells Street
-                                CHICAGO
-
-
-© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Detail of Residence, Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois
-  Walter Miller, Architect]
-
-
-
-
-                          Orienting the House
-
-
-In selecting a home site, there are a number of very important things
-to be considered. When once you settle the point of convenient
-accessibility to your work or place of business, you doubtless think
-first of the neighborhood in which you and your family are going to
-live, the kind of people about you, the church, school, and library
-privileges, and such like questions.
-
-Then you will consider the physical character of the place, its slopes
-and levels, its trees, its gardens, its outlook, or, in a word, its
-attractiveness from an aesthetic point of view; to which are closely
-related the practical questions of pure water supply, good drainage,
-and shelter from the extremes of weather. No matter how attractive
-otherwise a locality might be, you would not consider it for a moment
-unless the conditions of sanitation and healthfulness were fully met;
-and you would want some natural protection from the severe storms of
-winter as well as from the blazing heat of summer. In the winter you
-would want as little breeze and as much sun, and in the summer as
-little sun and as much breeze as possible.
-
-Finally, in selecting your site, it would be well to have in mind the
-house you intend to build and the way you want it to face. If possible,
-get your house plan first and select your lot accordingly. Or, at any
-rate, picture it all out in your mind to guide you in selecting your
-location. By a little planning and forethought you may not only secure
-the outlook you want but the exposures to sun or breeze most desired.
-You cannot change climatic conditions or topography, but, to an
-appreciable extent, you can adjust the location of your house to them.
-
-The Orientation Chart, here given, shows the points of sunrise and
-sunset, on the horizon, midsummer and midwinter, as well as the
-direction of the sunlight each successive hour of the midsummer and
-midwinter day. The chart will thus aid you, so far as conditions
-permit, in facing your house so as to get the sun or shade where you
-want it.
-
-[Illustration: _Orientation Chart_
-
-  © 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.
-
-
-  _Issued by_ American Face Brick Association
-
-  A·F·B·A
-  USE FACE BRICK
-  ――it Pays
-
-  130 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill.]
-
-Chart to be used in connection with text of booklet, “Orienting the
-House”
-
-In the first place, you see three broad, concentric circles, on the
-outside of which the rising and setting sun is depicted for both
-midsummer and midwinter day. The figures, 30°–50°, alongside of the sun
-represent degrees of north latitude, wherever you may happen to live,
-which, with the exception of most of Florida and southern Texas, cover
-the United States. The short arrows show the direction of the sun’s
-rays at sunrise and sunset.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Garden Side of Residence, Westbury, L. I.
-  Peabody, Wilson & Brown, Architects]
-
-The inner circle represents your horizon, and the degrees marked upon
-it show the points of sunrise and sunset, north or south of the direct
-east and west line. These angular distances, in terms of degrees, are
-called amplitudes, north or south, and must not be confused with the
-degrees of latitude on the earth’s surface, indicated by the numbers
-along side of the sun, though intimately dependent upon them. The
-amplitude of the horizon point, where the sun rises and sets from
-time to time during the year, always depends upon the latitude on the
-earth’s surface where you happen to live, as may be seen by following
-with your eye the direction of the arrows of latitude through the
-amplitude circle. Starting from the number indicating the latitude
-where you live, trace the arrow until it touches the amplitude circle.
-You can then read the degree on it which shows how far north or south
-of the east and west line the sun rises or sets. We are indebted to
-Professor Philip Fox, of the Dearborn Astronomical Observatory at
-Evanston, Illinois, for determining these points.
-
-The two outer circles are sun-dials for midsummer and midwinter day at
-the 40th degree of north latitude; and, if you imagined them pivoted
-on their rising and setting points and tipped up from the south to
-represent the slanting path of the sun during the day, they show the
-direction from which the sun is shining during successive hours of the
-day (or night on the other side of the world). The shaded portions of
-these circles represent night, which for all northern latitudes is
-short in summer and long in winter, as the day is short in winter and
-long in summer. If you examine the hour spaces on the winter dial of
-your winter night, you will find them exactly like those on the summer
-dial of your summer day. So also your winter day hours are spaced like
-your summer night hours. South of the equator, people have precisely
-the same experiences only in the reverse order. New Zealanders, we
-fancy, wear straw hats in January and fur caps in July. If you liked
-summer well enough and cared to move, you could live in a perpetual
-summer on our little globe. It is probable, however, that, like most
-people, you rather prefer the change of seasons, in spite of occasional
-extremes.
-
-The irregular hour spaces on the dials would make it appear that the
-sun moves around the earth in a sort of jerky way. On the contrary, it
-moves, or rather the earth rotates, at an absolutely uniform rate, but
-the tilt of the sun’s path to your horizon line gives you at certain
-points a fore-shortened view by which the sun seems to cover various
-distances at various stages of its course.
-
-The sun-dial time is used on our chart as it more universally applies
-at different meridians on a given latitude, than does our standard time
-which, for the sake of timepiece uniformity, is a compromise based on
-mean solar time. As the earth’s orbit is such as to make the sun gain
-a little or lose a little in crossing the meridian each day during
-the year, the total _annual_ time of the sun is averaged into uniform
-_daily_ periods, which in turn are divided into 24 uniform hours and
-referred to certain meridians the world round, about an hour apart.
-To show the exact position of the sun in strict agreement with these
-standardized hours would require a special chart for every degree of
-longitude, and then be of no especial value for our present purpose;
-for while the astronomer must have exact time to the fraction of a
-second, the differences between watch and sun-dial are not enough at
-any time to affect essentially our problem. So that, if you do not
-find the hours marked on our summer and winter sun-dials, at any time,
-exactly agreeing with your watch, you may, nevertheless, trust them to
-show you accurately enough from what direction the sun is shining at
-different hours of the day.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Residence, St. Paul, Minnesota      James Alan MacLeod, Architect]
-
-The chart is drawn for midsummer and midwinter day on the 40th degree
-of north latitude, which is taken as the best average line that runs
-midway of the country from ocean to ocean, passing through or near New
-York City (N); Philadelphia, Pa; Columbus and Cincinnati (S), Ohio;
-Indianapolis, Ind. (S); Springfield, Ill. (S); St. Louis and Kansas
-City, Mo. (S); the northern boundary of Kansas; Denver, Colo. (S); Salt
-Lake City, Utah (N); Carson City, Nev. (S); and Sacramento, Calif. (S).
-With the exception of St. Louis and Sacramento, which are something
-over a degree south of this line, all of these places are either on it
-or within less than a degree of it, north or south.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Residence, Buffalo, New York      Edw. Henrich, Architect]
-
-You will see, as drawn on the chart, how the sun’s rays morning
-and evening, summer and winter, are indicated streaming out in the
-direction of the latitude arrows marked 40°. If you live on or near
-any of the other degrees of latitude, indicated by the other arrows,
-imagine the center of the sun slipped up or down to that point, and
-then trace the rays lightly with a soft pencil across the chart in
-lines parallel with the respective arrows.
-
-[Illustration: “Home of Beauty,” Design 101, Rear View]
-
-Of course, if you make any change, all four suns must be moved in a
-corresponding way, for you will observe how beautifully symmetrical
-the chart is. For any given northern latitude, the midsummer sun rises
-and sets _north_ of due east and west at exactly corresponding points
-on the eastern and western horizons, and these points in turn exactly
-correspond, six months later, with those for midwinter day _south_ of
-due east and west.
-
-And this exact correspondence east and west, for the day, and north
-and south, for the season, will obtain for any day in the year, or
-for any place you take on the earth’s surface. Of course, it must be
-noted that the time of rising and setting will change with every new
-position taken. If you draw the midsummer sun down and the midwinter
-sun correspondingly up until they coalesce at “E” and “W,” you have the
-equinoxes about March 21st and September 21st, with the sun rising and
-setting due east and west, and equal day and night in any part of the
-world except the poles.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Residence, Highland Park, Illinois      N. Max Dunning, Architect]
-
-Living where you do, somewhere between 30° and 50° north latitude, the
-sun, summer or winter, will never pass overhead at noon but shine on
-a slant from the south, very much more in winter than summer. This
-slant of the sun, however, will not concern you practically so much
-in placing your house, as will the time and direction of sunrise at
-the extremes of June and December, and the position of the sun the
-successive hours of the day, at those times of the year.
-
-You have certain rooms in which you especially want the sun, morning or
-afternoon; or a porch you want as much in the shade as possible, let us
-say. In tracing the direction of the sun’s rays, do not think of them
-as converging or as spreading out. Think of them rather as coming in
-great, broad, parallel bands so that no matter how large your house may
-be, the moment one side gets the sun, the opposite parallel side falls
-into shade. The broad band of parallel lines streaming from the sun, as
-seen on the chart, is meant to illustrate this.
-
-Now cut a piece of light cardboard in the shape of your house, at a
-greatly reduced scale, with all its porches and projections, as, for
-example, the blank form on the chart. Attach it with a pin at the
-center of the chart, so it may be easily turned. First place your house
-facing directly east. You will see on midsummer day that the north and
-east elevations will get the first morning sun. About 8 o’clock the sun
-will leave the north side and begin to illuminate the south elevation.
-At noon, the sun will pass from the east to the west side of the house,
-and then, at 4 o’clock, leave the south and creep back to the north
-side of the house, shining on west and north sides from then on until
-its setting between 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Residence, Glencoe, Illinois      Robert E. Seyfarth, Architect]
-
-At the opposite season of the year, that is, in midwinter, your house,
-still faced directly east, will have the first sun between 7 and 8
-o’clock in the morning on the east and south sides. At noon, the east
-side will be deserted for the west, and from then on the south and
-west sides of the house will have the sun until its setting between 4
-and 5 o’clock. Thus, in the winter, the north side of your house will
-get no sun at all. This would hardly be a good place for the kitchen,
-though it would be well enough in the summer, as the sun would be out
-of it by 8 o’clock in the morning and not return until 4 o’clock in the
-afternoon when its rays are shorn of much of their midday strength. You
-know, of course, that during the changing seasons or the changing hours
-of the day, the sun’s warmth depends largely on the slant of its rays.
-In the summer, the north side would be a good place for a shady porch
-most of the day. However, the east side of the house would give you a
-shady porch from noon till sunset. But a porch around the northeast
-corner would give you shade from 8 o’clock in the morning clear through
-the day until sunset.
-
-By turning your house one way or another from this direct east and
-west position, you can see what modifications of sun and shade you
-get. Suppose you turn it northeast, almost facing the morning sun on
-midsummer day. The front of the house would directly get the rising
-sun between 4 and 5 o’clock in the morning. At 6 o’clock, the south
-front would come into the sunlight. At half-past 10 o’clock, the east
-front would fall into shade for the rest of the day, while the west
-front would begin to catch the sun. By 2:30 o’clock in the afternoon,
-the south side would be in the shade for the rest of the day and the
-north side would get the sun from then on till sunset, between 7 and 8
-o’clock. A porch on the east front of this house would be in the shade
-all the summer day after half-past 10 o’clock. But, in the winter, it
-would not be so fortunate as the house faced to the cardinal points,
-for, as just indicated, it would get the sun only on two sides all day
-long; and yet the summer advantages might more than compensate. Try
-slighter turns than those suggested, and you may get just the result
-you want for a given room or porch.
-
-The placing of your house for the sun is really a problem of settling
-on the rooms or porches you want favored, and then letting the other
-portions of the house take care of themselves. In determining these
-questions of sun and shade on your house, due consideration must be
-given to neighboring structures, trees, or portions of the house that
-might otherwise get the sun if it were not for certain extensions,
-such as bays, porches, L’s, and the like. Of course, nearby hills or
-mountains would have a marked effect on just when you got the sun in
-the morning or lose it in the evening, no matter where or when the sun
-really rose and set.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Bungalow, New Orleans      Nathan Kohlman, Architect]
-
-As already suggested, if you live on or near any of the other degrees
-of north latitude marked, imagine the center of the suns slipped
-around to that degree, and then draw light pencil lines across the
-chart parallel with the respective arrows. Do the same also for other
-parts of the year than the solstices which are shown here. For each
-succeeding month, move the center of the suns down and up from the
-solsticial points about a third of the distance to “E.” At “E” the sun
-has reached either equinox and will rise directly in the east and set
-directly in the west. Remember that for several days on either side of
-a given position of the sun, there will be no essential change in the
-direction of its rays that you need practically to consider.
-
-But at the times, other than the solstices, while you can thus get
-the direction of the rising and setting sun, the sun-dial of our
-chart won’t exactly apply. What happens is that as the sun moves down
-or up from the solstice to the equinox, the summer hour spaces grow
-more uniform, while the winter hours grow somewhat longer. But with
-the general direction of the morning and afternoon light settled for
-the two solsticial extremes, the hour position of the sun during the
-between seasons will not be of so much importance.
-
-Of course, you can’t have everything in this world exactly your own
-way, but by studying carefully the Orientation Chart in connection
-with your plans for building a home, you may get many valuable hints
-for selecting your lot and locating your house which will lead to
-arrangement of lasting satisfaction to you in the coziness, comfort,
-and attractiveness of your home. A sunny corner or a shady spot, where
-you need it and when you need it, may cure an invalid or develop a
-poet, as the case may be and as the years go on.
-
-
-
-
-                  _The Right Kind of House to Orient_
-
-
-Before you have the problem of orienting your home, you have the more
-important problem of deciding on the kind of home you intend to build.
-It is one of the most, if not the most, important question you have to
-settle.
-
-In the first place, it is an economic question, for you want to be sure
-of getting value received for the money you expend. To do so, the house
-you build must, aside from its satisfactory design, be permanent; it
-must be easily and economically maintained; it must be comfortable and
-safe against fire; and it must be attractive. In a word, it must give
-you satisfaction in every way, inasmuch as you and your family are
-going to be in it a long time; or, if circumstances compel you to move,
-you want the house to make a persuasively attractive appeal to the
-intending renter or purchaser.
-
-Such a house you can build of brick, the endurance of which has been
-demonstrated through thousands of years. “By frost, nor fire, nor
-flood, nor even time are well burned clays destroyed.” This permanence
-of brick construction means a saving on insurance rates, on upkeep, and
-on depreciation, while the material lends itself to the most beautiful
-and varied artistic effects. “Strength and beauty,” the essential
-characteristics of all good building, may be fully met in brick
-construction.
-
-If you have not already seen _The Story of Brick_, you should send for
-a copy, as you will find in it many valuable suggestions.
-
-                    AMERICAN FACE BRICK ASSOCIATION
-                        130 North Wells Street
-                                CHICAGO
-
-
-                                 Rogers & Company, Chicago and New York
-
-
-[Illustration: backcover]
-
-
-
-
- Transcriber’s Notes:
-
- ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
-
- ――Obvious printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were
-   silently corrected.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***
-
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-<body>
-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orienting the House, by American Face Brick Association</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Orienting the House</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>A Study of the Placing of the House with Relation to the Sun's Rays</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: American Face Brick Association</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 29, 2021 [eBook #65955]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="cover">
-  <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" />
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<h1>Orienting the House</h1>
-
-<p class="noi subtitle"><i>A study of the placing<br />
-of the house with<br />
-relation to the<br />
-sun’s rays</i></p>
-
-<div class="pad15">
-<div class="figcenter illowe8" id="logo">
-  <img src="images/logo.jpg" alt="logo" title="logo" />
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class="noic"><i>Price Twenty-five Cents</i></p>
-
-
-<p class="p4 noic"><span class="adauthor smcap">American Face Brick Association</span><br />
-130 North Wells Street<br />
-<span class="adauthor smcap">Chicago</span></p>
-
-<p class="p2 noi">© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_002">
-  <img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Detail of Residence, Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois<br />
-Walter Miller, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">Orienting the House</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="cap">In selecting a home site, there are a number of very
-important things to be considered. When once you
-settle the point of convenient accessibility to your work
-or place of business, you doubtless think first of the
-neighborhood in which you and your family are going
-to live, the kind of people about you, the church,
-school, and library privileges, and such like questions.</p>
-
-<p>Then you will consider the physical character of the
-place, its slopes and levels, its trees, its gardens, its
-outlook, or, in a word, its attractiveness from an
-aesthetic point of view; to which are closely related the
-practical questions of pure water supply, good drainage,
-and shelter from the extremes of weather. No matter
-how attractive otherwise a locality might be, you
-would not consider it for a moment unless the conditions
-of sanitation and healthfulness were fully met; and you
-would want some natural protection from the severe
-storms of winter as well as from the blazing heat of
-summer. In the winter you would want as little breeze
-and as much sun, and in the summer as little sun and as
-much breeze as possible.</p>
-
-<p>Finally, in selecting your site, it would be well to have
-in mind the house you intend to build and the way you
-want it to face. If possible, get your house plan first
-and select your lot accordingly. Or, at any rate, picture
-it all out in your mind to guide you in selecting your
-location. By a little planning and forethought you may
-not only secure the outlook you want but the exposures
-to sun or breeze most desired. You cannot change<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span>
-climatic conditions or topography, but, to an appreciable
-extent, you can adjust the location of your house
-to them.</p>
-
-<p>The Orientation Chart, here given, shows the points of
-sunrise and sunset, on the horizon, midsummer and
-midwinter, as well as the direction of the sunlight each
-successive hour of the midsummer and midwinter day.
-The chart will thus aid you, so far as conditions permit,
-in facing your house so as to get the sun or shade
-where you want it.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_chart">
-  <div class="caption">
-     <p class="noic">Chart to be used in connection with text of booklet, “Orienting the House”</p>
-  </div>
-
-  <img src="images/i_chart.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="right works">© 1922. Eben Rodgers, President, A. F. B. A.</p>
-
-    <p class="noic"><i>Orientation Chart</i></p>
-
-    <p class="noic"><i>Issued by</i> American Face Brick Association</p>
-
-    <p class="noic">A·F·B·A<br />
-      USE FACE BRICK<br />
-      —it Pays</p>
-
-    <p class="noic">130 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill.</p>
-
-    <div class="noic x-ebookmaker-drop">
-      [<a id="i_chart_lrg" href="images/i_chart_lrg.jpg" rel="nofollow">
-        click here for high resolution image</a>]
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In the first place, you see three broad, concentric circles,
-on the outside of which the rising and setting sun is
-depicted for both midsummer
-and midwinter
-day. The figures, 30°–50°,
-alongside of the
-sun represent degrees
-of north latitude, wherever
-you may happen
-to live, which, with
-the exception of most
-of Florida and southern
-Texas, cover the
-United States.
-The short arrows
-show the direction
-of the sun’s rays at
-sunrise and sunset.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" id="i_004">
-  <img src="images/i_004.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Garden Side of Residence, Westbury, L. I.<br />
-      Peabody, Wilson &amp; Brown, Architects</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The inner circle
-represents your<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span>
-horizon, and the degrees marked upon it show the points
-of sunrise and sunset, north or south of the direct east
-and west line. These angular distances, in terms of
-degrees, are called amplitudes, north or south, and
-must not be confused with the degrees of latitude on
-the earth’s surface, indicated by the numbers along
-side of the sun, though intimately dependent upon
-them. The amplitude of the horizon point, where the
-sun rises and sets from time to time during the year,
-always depends upon the latitude on the earth’s surface
-where you happen to live, as may be seen by
-following with your eye the direction of the arrows of
-latitude through the amplitude circle. Starting from
-the number indicating the latitude where you live, trace
-the arrow until it touches the amplitude circle. You
-can then read the degree on it which shows how far
-north or south of the east and west line the sun rises or
-sets. We are indebted to Professor Philip Fox, of the
-Dearborn Astronomical Observatory at Evanston,
-Illinois, for determining these points.</p>
-
-<p>The two outer circles are sun-dials for midsummer and
-midwinter day at the 40th degree of north latitude; and,
-if you imagined them pivoted on their rising and setting
-points and tipped up from the south to represent the
-slanting path of the sun during the day, they show the
-direction from which the sun is shining during successive
-hours of the day (or night on the other side of the
-world). The shaded portions of these circles represent
-night, which for all northern latitudes is short in summer
-and long in winter, as the day is short in winter
-and long in summer. If you examine the hour spaces<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span>
-on the winter dial of your winter night, you will find
-them exactly like those on the summer dial of your summer
-day. So also your winter day hours are spaced like
-your summer night hours. South of the equator, people
-have precisely the same experiences only in the reverse
-order. New Zealanders, we fancy, wear straw hats in
-January and fur caps in July. If you liked summer well
-enough and cared to move, you could live in a perpetual
-summer on our little globe. It is probable, however,
-that, like most people, you rather prefer the change of
-seasons, in spite of occasional extremes.</p>
-
-<p>The irregular hour spaces on the dials would make it
-appear that the sun moves around the earth in a sort
-of jerky way. On the contrary, it moves, or rather the
-earth rotates, at an absolutely uniform rate, but the tilt
-of the sun’s path to your horizon line gives you at certain
-points a fore-shortened view by which the sun
-seems to cover various distances at various stages of
-its course.</p>
-
-<p>The sun-dial time is used on our chart as it more
-universally applies at different meridians on a given
-latitude, than does our standard time which, for the
-sake of timepiece uniformity, is a compromise based on
-mean solar time. As the earth’s orbit is such as to
-make the sun gain a little or lose a little in crossing the
-meridian each day during the year, the total <em>annual</em>
-time of the sun is averaged into uniform <em>daily</em> periods,
-which in turn are divided into 24 uniform hours and
-referred to certain meridians the world round, about
-an hour apart. To show the exact position of the sun
-in strict agreement with these standardized hours<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
-would require a special chart for every degree of longitude,
-and then be of no especial value for our present
-purpose; for while the astronomer must have exact time
-to the fraction of a second, the differences between
-watch and sun-dial are not enough at any time to
-affect essentially our problem. So that, if you do not
-find the hours marked on our summer and winter sun-dials,
-at any time, exactly agreeing with your watch,
-you may, nevertheless, trust them to show you accurately
-enough from what direction the sun is shining
-at different hours of the day.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_007">
-  <img src="images/i_007.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Residence, St. Paul, Minnesota<br />
-      James Alan MacLeod, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The chart is drawn for midsummer and midwinter day
-on the 40th degree of north latitude, which is taken as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
-the best average line that runs midway of the country
-from ocean to ocean, passing through or near New
-York City (N); Philadelphia, Pa; Columbus and
-Cincinnati (S), Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind. (S); Springfield,
-Ill. (S); St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo. (S); the
-northern boundary of Kansas; Denver, Colo. (S); Salt
-Lake City, Utah (N); Carson City, Nev. (S); and
-Sacramento, Calif. (S). With the exception of St. Louis
-and Sacramento, which are something over a degree
-south of this line, all of these places are either on it or
-within less than a degree of it, north or south.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_008">
-  <img src="images/i_008.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Residence, Buffalo, New York<br />
-      Edw. Henrich, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>You will see, as drawn on the chart, how the sun’s rays
-morning and evening, summer and winter, are indicated
-streaming out in the direction of the latitude arrows<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
-marked 40°. If you live on or near any of the other degrees
-of latitude, indicated by the other arrows, imagine
-the center of the sun slipped up or down to that point,
-and then trace the rays lightly with a soft pencil across
-the chart in lines parallel with the respective arrows.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_009">
-  <img src="images/i_009.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">“Home of Beauty,” Design 101, Rear View</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Of course, if you make any change, all four suns must
-be moved in a corresponding way, for you will observe
-how beautifully symmetrical the chart is. For any
-given northern latitude, the midsummer sun rises and
-sets <em>north</em> of due east and west at exactly corresponding
-points on the eastern and western horizons, and these
-points in turn exactly correspond, six months later,
-with those for midwinter day <em>south</em> of due east and west.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p>
-
-<p>And this exact correspondence east and west, for the
-day, and north and south, for the season, will obtain
-for any day in the year, or for any place you take on
-the earth’s surface. Of course, it must be noted that
-the time of rising and setting will change with every
-new position taken. If you draw the midsummer sun
-down and the midwinter sun correspondingly up until
-they coalesce at “E” and “W,” you have the equinoxes
-about March 21st and September 21st, with the sun
-rising and setting due east and west, and equal day
-and night in any part of the world except the poles.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_010">
-  <img src="images/i_010.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Residence, Highland Park, Illinois<br />
-      N. Max Dunning, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Living where you do, somewhere between 30° and 50°
-north latitude, the sun, summer or winter, will never
-pass overhead at noon but shine on a slant from the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span>
-south, very much more in winter than summer. This
-slant of the sun, however, will not concern you practically
-so much in placing your house, as will the time
-and direction of sunrise at the extremes of June and
-December, and the position of the sun the successive
-hours of the day, at those times of the year.</p>
-
-<p>You have certain rooms in which you especially want
-the sun, morning or afternoon; or a porch you want as
-much in the shade as possible, let us say. In tracing
-the direction of the sun’s rays, do not think of them as
-converging or as spreading out. Think of them rather
-as coming in great, broad, parallel bands so that no
-matter how large your house may be, the moment one
-side gets the sun, the opposite parallel side falls into
-shade. The broad band of parallel lines streaming
-from the sun, as seen on the chart, is meant to illustrate
-this.</p>
-
-<p>Now cut a piece of light cardboard in the shape of your
-house, at a greatly reduced scale, with all its porches
-and projections, as, for example, the blank form on the
-chart. Attach it with a pin at the center of the chart,
-so it may be easily turned. First place your house
-facing directly east. You will see on midsummer day
-that the north and east elevations will get the first
-morning sun. About 8 o’clock the sun will leave the
-north side and begin to illuminate the south elevation.
-At noon, the sun will pass from the east to the west
-side of the house, and then, at 4 o’clock, leave the south
-and creep back to the north side of the house, shining
-on west and north sides from then on until its setting
-between 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_012">
-  <img src="images/i_012.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Residence, Glencoe, Illinois<br />
-      Robert E. Seyfarth, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At the opposite season of the year, that is, in midwinter,
-your house, still faced directly east, will have the first
-sun between 7 and 8 o’clock in the morning on the east
-and south sides. At noon, the east side will be deserted
-for the west, and from then on the south and west
-sides of the house will have the sun until its setting
-between 4 and 5 o’clock. Thus, in the winter, the north
-side of your house will get no sun at all. This would
-hardly be a good place for the kitchen, though it would
-be well enough in the summer, as the sun would be out
-of it by 8 o’clock in the morning and not return until
-4 o’clock in the afternoon when its rays are shorn of
-much of their midday strength. You know, of course,
-that during the changing seasons or the changing hours
-of the day, the sun’s warmth depends largely on the
-slant of its rays. In the summer, the north side would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
-be a good place for a shady porch most of the day.
-However, the east side of the house would give you a
-shady porch from noon till sunset. But a porch around
-the northeast corner would give you shade from 8 o’clock
-in the morning clear through the day until sunset.</p>
-
-<p>By turning your house one way or another from this
-direct east and west position, you can see what modifications
-of sun and shade you get. Suppose you turn it
-northeast, almost facing the morning sun on midsummer
-day. The front of the house would directly get the rising
-sun between 4 and 5 o’clock in the morning. At 6
-o’clock, the south front would come into the sunlight.
-At half-past 10 o’clock, the east front would fall into
-shade for the rest of the day, while the west front would
-begin to catch the sun. By 2:30 o’clock in the afternoon,
-the south side would be in the shade for the rest of the
-day and the north side would get the sun from then
-on till sunset, between 7 and 8 o’clock. A porch on the
-east front of this house would be in the shade all the
-summer day after half-past 10 o’clock. But, in the
-winter, it would not be so fortunate as the house
-faced to the cardinal points, for, as just indicated, it
-would get the sun only on two sides all day long;
-and yet the summer advantages might more than compensate.
-Try slighter turns than those suggested, and
-you may get just the result you want for a given room
-or porch.</p>
-
-<p>The placing of your house for the sun is really a problem
-of settling on the rooms or porches you want favored,
-and then letting the other portions of the house take care
-of themselves. In determining these questions of sun<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
-and shade on your house, due consideration must be
-given to neighboring structures, trees, or portions of
-the house that might otherwise get the sun if it were
-not for certain extensions, such as bays, porches, L’s,
-and the like. Of course, nearby hills or mountains
-would have a marked effect on just when you got the
-sun in the morning or lose it in the evening, no matter
-where or when the sun really rose and set.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="i_014">
-  <img src="images/i_014.jpg" alt="" title="" />
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p class="noic">Bungalow, New Orleans<br />
-      Nathan Kohlman, Architect</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>As already suggested, if you live on or near any of the
-other degrees of north latitude marked, imagine the
-center of the suns slipped around to that degree, and
-then draw light pencil lines across the chart parallel
-with the respective arrows. Do the same also for other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
-parts of the year than the solstices which are shown
-here. For each succeeding month, move the center of
-the suns down and up from the solsticial points about a
-third of the distance to “E.” At “E” the sun has
-reached either equinox and will rise directly in the east
-and set directly in the west. Remember that for several
-days on either side of a given position of the sun, there
-will be no essential change in the direction of its rays
-that you need practically to consider.</p>
-
-<p>But at the times, other than the solstices, while you
-can thus get the direction of the rising and setting sun,
-the sun-dial of our chart won’t exactly apply. What
-happens is that as the sun moves down or up from the
-solstice to the equinox, the summer hour spaces grow
-more uniform, while the winter hours grow somewhat
-longer. But with the general direction of the morning
-and afternoon light settled for the two solsticial extremes,
-the hour position of the sun during the between
-seasons will not be of so much importance.</p>
-
-<p>Of course, you can’t have everything in this world
-exactly your own way, but by studying carefully the
-Orientation Chart in connection with your plans for
-building a home, you may get many valuable hints for
-selecting your lot and locating your house which will
-lead to arrangement of lasting satisfaction to you in
-the coziness, comfort, and attractiveness of your home.
-A sunny corner or a shady spot, where you need it and
-when you need it, may cure an invalid or develop a
-poet, as the case may be and as the years go on.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Right Kind of House to Orient</i></h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="cap">Before you have the problem of orienting your home,
-you have the more important problem of deciding on
-the kind of home you intend to build. It is one of the
-most, if not the most, important question you have to
-settle.</p>
-
-<p>In the first place, it is an economic question, for you want
-to be sure of getting value received for the money you
-expend. To do so, the house you build must, aside from
-its satisfactory design, be permanent; it must be easily
-and economically maintained; it must be comfortable and
-safe against fire; and it must be attractive. In a word, it
-must give you satisfaction in every way, inasmuch as you
-and your family are going to be in it a long time; or, if
-circumstances compel you to move, you want the house
-to make a persuasively attractive appeal to the intending
-renter or purchaser.</p>
-
-<p>Such a house you can build of brick, the endurance of
-which has been demonstrated through thousands of years.
-“By frost, nor fire, nor flood, nor even time are well
-burned clays destroyed.” This permanence of brick construction
-means a saving on insurance rates, on upkeep,
-and on depreciation, while the material lends itself to the
-most beautiful and varied artistic effects. “Strength and
-beauty,” the essential characteristics of all good building,
-may be fully met in brick construction.</p>
-
-<p>If you have not already seen <cite>The Story of Brick</cite>, you
-should send for a copy, as you will find in it many valuable
-suggestions.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 noic"><span class="smcap">American Face Brick Association</span><br />
-<span class="noic works">130 North Wells Street</span><br />
-<span class="smcap">Chicago</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="p2 right noi works">Rogers &amp; Company, Chicago and New York</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<div class="figcenter" id="backcover">
-  <img src="images/backcover.jpg" alt="back cover" title="back cover" />
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="tnote">
-<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Note:</p>
-
-<p class="smfont">Obvious printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were
-   silently corrected.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTING THE HOUSE ***</div>
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