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diff --git a/old/65498-0.txt b/old/65498-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9dd943b..0000000 --- a/old/65498-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,620 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Manasses (Bull Run) National Battlefield -Park (1953), by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Manasses (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park (1953) - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: June 4, 2021 [eBook #65498] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANASSES (BULL RUN) NATIONAL -BATTLEFIELD PARK (1953) *** - - Cover: The Stone House. From a wartime photograph - - - - - Manassas - (_Bull Run_) - National Battlefield Park - - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - [Illustration: Seals] - - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - March 3, 1849 - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - DOUGLAS McKAY, _Secretary_ - National Park Service - Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_ - - REPRINT 1953 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1953 O-F—237985 - - _Here was fought the opening field battle of the Civil War and here a - year later a Confederate victory led to Lee’s first invasion of the - North._ - - -Manassas National Battlefield Park commemorates two great battles of the -War Between the States fought in the vicinity of Bull Run, a small -stream in northern Virginia about 26 miles southwest of Washington, D. -C. The military significance of the Manassas area lay in the junction of -two railroads. The Orange and Alexandria Railway, which offered the only -direct rail connection between Washington and Richmond, was joined there -by the Manassas Gap Railroad, a direct route to the strategically -important Shenandoah Valley. - -The opening battle of the war found ill-trained citizen armies of the -North and South engaged in a struggle for this strategic railroad -junction. On an eminence, known as Henry House Hill, 6 miles north of -Manassas, Confederate arms finally put to rout the Federal force. This -victory, the English historian Fuller points out, was very important -because it led “Southern politicians... to underestimate the fighting -capacity of the enemy” and because it “so terrified Lincoln and his -Government, that from now onwards until 1864, east of the Alleghanies, -the defense of Washington became the pivot of Northern strategy.” - -Approximately a year later, both armies, now composed of seasoned -veterans, were locked in a bitter struggle on the same field. After -heavy fighting, the Federal Army was forced back upon the defenses of -Washington. Second Manassas stands with Chancellorsville as one of the -two most significant Confederate victories of the war—in both cases the -military result was invasion of the North. After Second Manassas came -Antietam; after Chancellorsville came Gettysburg. - - -First Battle of Manassas -_July 21, 1861_ - -The Manassas campaign began shortly after the outbreak of hostilities in -1861. Twenty-four days after the firing on Fort Sumter, Lee ordered the -fortification of Manassas Junction, and 7 days later Beauregard took -command of these defenses. Meanwhile, the North clamored for a quick -move to capture Richmond and end the war. Forced on by this popular -pressure, McDowell launched his drive on July 16 with an army composed -chiefly of 3-months volunteers. He planned to attack the Confederate -forces at Manassas while Patterson prevented a Confederate Army, under -Gen. J. E. Johnston, from leaving Winchester and reinforcing Beauregard. -Patterson’s failure to do his part contributed heavily to McDowell’s -defeat. - -Action began on July 18th, when a part of McDowell’s forces was repulsed -at Blackburn’s Ford by Longstreet’s brigade. Finding the Confederates -intrenched along Bull Run in about an 8-mile line, McDowell determined -to turn their left flank at the Stone Bridge. On July 21, he made a -feint attack on Evans’ men near the bridge and sent his main column -around by Sudley Ford to strike the Confederate rear. Evans accidentally -learned of the march and moved his small force to meet it. Reinforced by -Bee and Bartow, he made a gallant stand on the hills north of the -Warrenton Turnpike. The pressure of the Federal attack, however, was -overwhelming. Burnside, Porter, and Heintzelman, later joined by -Sherman, struck the small Confederate force and drove it back across the -pike in disorder. - - [Illustration: _General Beauregard_] - - [Illustration: _General McDowell_] - - [Illustration: _General Jackson_] - - [Illustration: _General Pope_] - -Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, marching from Mitchell’s Ford to support Bee, -Bartow, and Evans, reached Henry House Hill before noon. Deploying his -valley regiments behind the eastern crest of the hill, Jackson awaited -attack from the victorious Federal forces. Behind the Robinson House, -400 yards north, Bee was striving to rally his disorganized troops. -Pointing to Jackson’s line, he shouted: “Look! There stands Jackson like -a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!” Bee’s men echoed the shout -and formed on their colors. “Stonewall” Jackson had won his immortal -name. - -McDowell threw portions of four brigades against Jackson’s position in a -daring offensive. At the height of the attack Ricketts’ and Griffin’s -Federal batteries were advanced to Henry House Hill directly facing -Jackson’s line. The guns were captured and recaptured in confused -fighting, but the arrival of additional Confederate troops from -Winchester turned the tide of battle. The desperate Confederate defense -was changed to an attack, which routed the Union Army and forced it back -upon Washington. The Federal strength of the battle was 35,732, losses -2,708; Confederate strength 31,810, losses 1,982. - -The Confederates failed to follow up their victory. Instead, Johnston’s -army settled itself at Centreville and Manassas. There they constructed -fortified camps which were occupied until the spring of 1862, when the -position was abandoned in an effort to counter the Union advance on -Richmond from the Peninsula. - - [Illustration: _The Ruins of the Stone Bridge. From a wartime - photograph._] - - -Second Battle of Manassas -_August 28-30, 1862_ - -After McClellan’s failure to take Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign, -the Union forces covering Washington were consolidated under Pope and -ordered to advance along the Orange and Alexandria Railway toward -Gordonsville. At Cedar Mountain, on August 9, Pope’s advance met Jackson -in the first battle of the campaign. Weeks of skirmish and maneuver -followed, as Lee moved to defeat Pope before McClellan’s troops from the -Peninsula could join him. Pope withdrew from the Rapidan to the -Rappahannock, to which he held tenaciously. In one of the most daring -exploits of the war Lee divided his forces and sent Jackson by a flank -march to Manassas in the rear of the Federals. Here the Confederates -seized the Union supply base on August 26. After a day of plenty for the -poorly fed troops, the stores were destroyed, and Jackson withdrew -northward across the Warrenton Turnpike to a concealed position in the -woods near Groveton. Securely intrenched behind the embankment of an -unfinished railroad, he looked southeast over the old battlefield of -Bull Run. Lee, following Jackson from the Rappahannock with Longstreet’s -wing of five divisions, reached Thoroughfare Gap at nightfall, August -28. A small Federal force had taken possession of the gap, but it was -thrust out, and the way was clear for a reunion of the Confederate -Armies. - -Bewildered by news of the Confederate raid on his communications, Pope -withdrew from the Rappahannock and began concentrating in the vicinity -of Manassas Junction. On the 29th, he threw his whole force against -Jackson. While the battle raged north of Groveton, Longstreet turned -into the Warrenton Turnpike at Gainesville and, marching unopposed -toward Groveton, joined Johnston and extended the Confederate line -southward across the pike. - -Early on the 30th, Pope, ignorant of Longstreet’s arrival, renewed the -battle with a drive against Jackson’s line, which he thought was -withdrawing. As the attacking column staggered under the raking fire of -Confederate batteries, Jackson delivered a furious counterstroke. At -this juncture Longstreet wheeled his line northeast, swept over Bald -Hill, and drove on toward the pike. Only a resolute stand of Federal -troops on Henry House Hill prevented Pope’s lines of retreat from being -cut and enabled him to fall back eastward over Bull Run to Centreville. -On September 1, Pope foiled a second Confederate attempt to cut across -his line of retreat in a desperately contested action at Ox Hill -(Chantilly) and then retired to the defenses of Washington. Lee prepared -to invade Maryland. - - [Illustration: _Administration—Museum Building_] - -The Federal strength at the battle was approximately 73,000, losses -14,462. Confederate strength at the battle was approximately 55,000, -losses 9,474. - - -The Park - -Manassas National Battlefield Park was designated a Federal area May 10, -1940. The 1,670.74 acres of federally owned land in the park comprise -portions of the two battlefields. Henry House Hill constitutes the most -significant site within the park, providing a panoramic sweep of the -whole battle area. Here are located the Administration-Museum Building -and the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson. The historic Stone -House, which served as a field hospital in both battles and is one of -the most prominent landmarks on the field, is also preserved. - - -Related Areas - -Other areas in Virginia of the Civil War period, which the National Park -Service administers, are: Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National -Military Park, Richmond National Battlefield Park, Petersburg National -Military Park, and Appomattox Court House National Monument. - - -Service to the Public - -A modern museum and battlefield markers are features of the park’s -interpretive program. The museum, which is open daily from 9 a. m. to 5 -p. m., presents exhibits in such a way as to develop the story of the -battles in narrative sequence. Free leaflets, library facilities, and -interpretive services are also available at the museum. Special tours -can be arranged for organizations and groups if advance notice is given -to the superintendent. - - -How to Reach the Park - -The park is situated in Prince William County, Virginia, 26 miles -southwest of Washington, D. C. U. S. Nos. 29 and 211 intersect State -Highway 234 at the park boundary. - - -Administration - -Manassas National Battlefield Park is a part of the National Park System -owned by the people of the United States and administered for them by -the National Park Service of the United States Department of the -Interior. Communications should be addressed to the Superintendent, -Manassas National Battlefield Park, Manassas, Va. - - [Illustration: MANASSES - NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK - VIRGINIA - Drawn by E. F. Berry - Jan. 1949 NBP-MAN 7002] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANASSES (BULL RUN) NATIONAL -BATTLEFIELD PARK (1953) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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