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diff --git a/old/65397-0.txt b/old/65397-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 55b62ad..0000000 --- a/old/65397-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,619 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anthony Wayne, 1745-1796, by Randolph C. -Downes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Anthony Wayne, 1745-1796 - -Author: Randolph C. Downes - -Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65397] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHONY WAYNE, 1745-1796 *** - - [Illustration: _Anthony Wayne_] - - - - - ANTHONY WAYNE - 1745-1796 - - - Prepared by the Staff of the - Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County - 1954 - - [Illustration: Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen - County] - -One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the -direction of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne -and Allen County. - - BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL CITY OF FORT WAYNE - - _Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs_ - _B.F. Geyer, President_ - _Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary_ - _W. Page Yarnelle, Treasurer_ - _Willard Shambaugh_ - - PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY - -The members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees -of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers) together with -the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate -City of Fort Wayne: - - _James E. Graham_ - _Arthur Niemeier_ - _Mrs. Glenn Henderson_ - _Mrs. Charles Reynolds_ - - - - - FOREWORD - - -After Harmar and St. Clair had been disastrously defeated by the Indians -in the Old Northwest Territory, President Washington appointed General -Anthony Wayne to reorganize the American forces, to subdue the savages, -and to protect the scattered white settlements along the frontier. -Wayne’s campaign culminated in his decisive victory at the Battle of -Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. General Wayne then marched his men -westward to the headwaters of the Maumee at the junction of the St. -Mary’s and St. Joseph rivers. Here, on ground commanding the adjacent -area, a fort was constructed and named Fort Wayne in his honor. If -Wayne’s campaign had failed, settlement in this section might have been -indefinitely delayed, and our city might be known by another name. - -The following biographical sketch of Anthony Wayne was written by -Randolph C. Downes. It was published in 1936 by Charles Scribner’s Sons -in the DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, volume nineteen. Both the -American Council of Learned Societies, the copyright holder, and the -publisher have graciously accorded permission to reproduce the article -in its entirety. The portraiture, the best brief biography of Wayne, has -been reprinted verbatim; citations and bibliography have been omitted. - -The Boards and the Staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen -County present this publication in the hope that the life of the founder -of Fort Wayne will prove entertaining and informative to library -patrons. - - -Anthony Wayne (Jan. 1, 1745-Dec. 15, 1796), soldier, was born at -Waynesboro, Pa., the only son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Iddings) Wayne. -Isaac Wayne with his father Anthony Wayne, of English ancestry, -emigrated from Ireland and about 1724 settled in Chester County, Pa., -where he acquired some 500 acres of land and a thriving tannery. At the -age of sixteen the boy attended a private academy kept by his uncle, -Gilbert Wayne, in Philadelphia, where he is said to have been more -proficient in feats of mock warfare, suggested no doubt by the Indian -wars in progress, than in his classroom subjects. He learned enough -mathematics to qualify as a surveyor, with some further application -after he left school two years later. In 1765 he was sent by a -Philadelphia land company to supervise the surveying and settlement of -100,000 acres of land in Nova Scotia. On Mar. 25, 1766, after the -venture had failed, he returned to Pennsylvania and married Mary -Penrose, the daughter of Bartholomew Penrose, a Philadelphia merchant. -They had two children. He went to live on his father’s estate and took -charge of the tannery. In 1774 his father died, and Anthony succeeded to -the ownership of a profitable establishment that provided him a very -comfortable competence. He was of medium height, had a handsome, -well-proportioned face with a slightly aquiline nose and high forehead. -His hair was dark, his eyes dark brown and penetrating, giving to his -face a very animated appearance. - -During the early Revolutionary movement he was chairman of the committee -appointed in the county on July 13, 1774, to frame the resolutions of -protest against the coercive acts of the British government. He was -later made chairman of the county committee appointed to supervise the -carrying out of the association drawn up by the first Continental -Congress. He represented his county in the provincial assembly that met -during 1775. On Jan. 3, 1776, he was appointed by Congress to be colonel -of a Chester County regiment engaged in continental service, and as a -soldier he served through the war. His youth and lack of formal training -in the arts of war prevented him from being on friendly terms with many -of his colleagues, and he had personal difficulties with St. Clair, -Charles Lee, and James Wilkinson. Contemporaries agreed that he was -impetuous, yet Alexander Graydon, who called his manner “fervid,” -admitted that he could “fight as well as brag.” Washington admitted his -bravery and his self-possession in battle but feared his impetuousness, -when, seventeen years later, he chose him to lead the army against the -northwestern Indians. In the spring of 1776 he was sent with the -Pennsylvania brigade commanded by Gen. William Thompson to reinforce the -faltering Canadian expedition. When the Pennsylvanians met the -retreating remnants of Montgomery’s army at the mouth of the Sorel -River, they were sent down the St. Lawrence to attack what was thought -to be the advance guard of the British army at Three Rivers. It turned -out to be the main army numbering 3,000, and Wayne, whose regiment was -in the front of the attack, found himself sustaining a hot exchange with -the enemy in order to cover the retreat of his outnumbered countrymen to -Fort Ticonderoga. He was placed in command of the garrison of over two -thousand men there and had his first taste of wretched provisioning, of -sickness, starvation, and mutiny. - -On Feb. 21, 1777, he was appointed to the rank of brigadier-general and -was called, on Apr. 12, to join Washington at Morristown, N. J., and to -take command of the Pennsylvania line. After a season of training and -drill his division took an active part in resisting the British in their -campaign against Philadelphia. In the battle of Brandywine on Sept. 11, -1777, he occupied the center of the defense opposing the British at -their main point of crossing. He was obliged to retreat when the -American right was flanked by Cornwallis, who crossed the creek higher -up. When Washington then withdrew to the north of the Schuylkill, he -sent Wayne to circle around the rear of the British and to surprise and -destroy their baggage train. Wayne, however, was himself surprised and, -in the battle of Paoli, Sept. 20, received a drubbing. Being accused of -negligence in this action, he demanded a court martial and was -acquitted. Rejoining Washington, he played a conspicuous part in the -battle of Germantown, on Oct. 4, leading a spirited and almost -victorious attack, but was forced back, when difficulties in the rear -turned the victory into confusion and defeat. He wintered with -Washington at Valley Forge and led the advance attack against the -British at the battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1788. - - [Illustration: leading an attack in the battle of Germantown] - -In a reorganization of the army late in 1778, he was transferred to the -command of a separate corps of Continental light infantry. This corps, -under his leadership, on July 16, 1779, captured by surprise the -garrison at Stony Point, the northernmost British post on the Hudson. -Over five hundred prisoners, fifteen cannon, and some valuable stores -were taken. For his conduct in this affair Congress ordered a medal to -be struck and presented to him. Early in 1780 he led some desultory -movements against the British on the lower Hudson, aimed to embarrass -their collecting of supplies and cattle and to alleviate the attacks -being made on Connecticut. When Arnold attempted to deliver West Point -to the British on Sept. 25, 1780, Wayne’s prompt movement to that post -prevented a British occupation. After the Pennsylvania line mutinied in -December 1780, Wayne was instrumental in presenting the soldiers’ -demands for pay and release to Congress and in getting Congress to -redress their grievances. In the Yorktown campaign he was ordered south -to serve under Lafayette, who was opposing Cornwallis on the lower James -River. When Cornwallis withdrew from Williamsburg, Wayne was ordered to -attack part of the British army that was mistakenly supposed to be -separated from the rest. With some 800 men he attacked the British army -of perhaps 5,000 at Green Spring, Va., on July 6, 1781, and, upon -discovering the mistake, he led a charge into the British lines that -deceived Cornwallis long enough to permit Wayne to extricate himself -with only minor losses. - -After the British surrender at Yorktown, Wayne, serving under Gen. -Nathanael Greene, was sent to oppose the British, Loyalist, and Indian -hostiles in Georgia. He had the tact to divide the Indian opposition by -spreading news of the American victory so that, when the Creek -irreconcilables attacked his small force in May 1782, he was able to -rout them. He negotiated treaties of submission with the Creek and -Cherokee in the winter of 1782 and 1783. In 1783 he retired from active -service as brevet major-general. - - [Illustration: Wayne’s horse was shot by Indians in Georgia....] - -From 1783 to 1792 he was engaged in civil pursuits in which he was less -fortunate than in military affairs. The state of Georgia conferred upon -him an eight-hundred-acre rice plantation, and he borrowed the necessary -capital to work it from Dutch creditors, who subsequently foreclosed on -the lands. In politics he was a conservative; he had a militarist’s -contempt for the radicals who took advantage of the revolt against Great -Britain to fashion liberal constitutions like that of Pennsylvania, -which he considered “not worth Defending.” During the war military -affairs were his major consideration; but he said, “let us once be in a -Condition to Vanquish these British Rebels and I answer for it that then -your present Rulers will give way for better men which will produce -better Measures.” Accordingly, as a member of the Pennsylvania council -of censors in 1783, he favored the calling of a new constitutional -convention. He was a representative of Chester County to the -Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1784 and 1785. In 1787 he supported the -new federal Constitution in the Pennsylvania ratifying convention. He -was elected to Congress as a representative from Georgia and served from -Mar. 4, 1791, to Mar. 21, 1792, when his seat was declared vacant -because of irregularities in the election and in his residence -qualification. - - [Illustration: _Battle of Fallen Timbers_ - _FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTING BY CHAPPEL._] - -After the failure of Harmar and St. Clair to subdue the Indian tribes of -the Wabash and Maumee rivers in 1791, Wayne was named by Washington as -major-general in command of the rehabilitated American army. He was -strongly opposed to the peace maneuvers of 1792 and 1793 but improved -his time constructing a reliable military organization at his training -camp at Legionville, Pa., and, later, near Fort Washington and Fort -Jefferson in the Northwest Territory. On Aug. 20, 1794, he defeated the -Indians at Fallen Timbers on the Maumee River near what is now Toledo, -Ohio. This victory was the result of several factors. Wayne had far more -resources at his command than had Harmar or St. Clair. He did not hazard -an autumn campaign after he received news of the final failure of peace -negotiations in August 1793. He was fortunate in that the Indians threw -away their opportunity to isolate him, when they made a futile attack on -Fort Recovery on June 29 and lost many discouraged tribesmen, who went -home. He made every effort to avoid offending the British, thus robbing -the Indians of the aid they fully expected in the moment of conflict. -Finally, when the Indians had assembled at Fallen Timbers to fight, he -delayed battle for three days. Therefore, when he attacked, a large part -of the Indians were at a distance breaking their three-day fast, and the -rest were in a half-starved condition. The complete submission and -surrender at Greenville in August 1795 was made possible by Jay’s -treaty, the British desertion of the Indians, and Wayne’s skill in -convincing the tribesmen of the hopelessness of their cause without -British support. He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pa., on his return -from the occupation of the post of Detroit. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHONY WAYNE, 1745-1796 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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