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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c77015b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65321 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65321) diff --git a/old/65321-0.txt b/old/65321-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 090d2e6..0000000 --- a/old/65321-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,912 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Pictorial Guide to Mesa Verde National -Park, by Ansel F. Hall - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A Pictorial Guide to Mesa Verde National Park - -Author: Ansel F. Hall - -Release Date: May 11, 2021 [eBook #65321] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PICTORIAL GUIDE TO MESA VERDE -NATIONAL PARK *** - - [Illustration: Cliff Palace] - - - - - MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK - - - A PICTORIAL GUIDE - PHOTOGRAPHY AND TEXT BY—ANSEL F. HALL - MAPS—SKETCHES BY DELLA TAYLOR HOSS & MERRIE HALL WINKLER - - DESIGNED AND COPYRIGHTED BY ANSEL F. HALL - PUBLISHED BY MESA VERDE CO., MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO - A MIRRO-KROME ® PRODUCT LITHOGRAPHED BY H. S. CROCKER CO., INC., SAN - FRANCISCO, CALIF. - - [Illustration: PICTURE MAP OF MESA VERDE AND THE “FOUR-CORNERS - COUNTRY” OF THE SOUTHERN ROCKIES - (Get detailed road map from any service station.)] - - [Illustration: CLIFF PALACE] - - [Illustration: MESA VERDE—the “green tableland” rises 1,500 feet - above the Mancos Valley, here seen in its colorful October foliage. - In the foreground, Highway 160 bears westward to the pioneer town of - Mancos, 1 mile distant, and to the Park Entrance, 8 miles farther, - just below the distant bulk of Ute Mountain. Beneath the bold - promontory of Point Lookout the Park Entrance Highway can be seen - climbing to the top of Mesa Verde.] - - [Illustration: THE PARK ENTRANCE HIGHWAY, paved and engineered for - high-gear travel, begins its tortuous climb beneath Point Lookout - shortly after branching south from Highway 160.] - - [Illustration: MESA VERDE—NORTH ESCARPMENT Air view of the “Green - Table” not possible when named by Escalante in 1776.] - - [Illustration: AERIAL VIEW OF MESA VERDE - - ENTERING THE PARK: Entering Mesa Verde is a breathtaking experience. - Spectacular views confront the visitor as the road ascends for 5 - miles to a high valley. This valley is an important activity - center—the MORFIELD CAMPGROUND-VILLAGE complex. Just off the - entrance road are 500 individual and group campsites, a 1500 seat - amphitheatre, horseback riding and a shopping center. Approximately - 10 miles past Morfield the road reaches another important point of - activity. The National Park Service has located there the NAVAJO - HILL VISITOR CENTER. On the gentle summit above the visitor center - is the FAR VIEW MOTOR LODGE. On the road one mile south is Far View - Ruin, a large surface pueblo important to the interpretation of Mesa - Verde. The final four miles of the road descend gently through the - forest to SPRUCE TREE, the Park Headquarters Area. The principal - interpretative activity is here overlooking Spruce Tree Ruin, the - third largest and, perhaps, the best preserved of the classical - pueblo cliff dwellings.] - - - PLAN YOUR SIGHTSEEING - -In the Museum, at Park Headquarters, ranger-archaeologists are on duty -to provide maps and guide leaflets, and to advise how to make the best -use of your available time. You could spend a week in Mesa Verde’s -spectacular environment, seeing something new every day and absorbing -the fascinating story of 2,000 years of pre-history of the Stone Age -people who built these cliff cities. But if your time is budgeted to -only one day or less, the Museum Staff will help you plan your -sightseeing so as to see the more important ruins as a prelude to your -next—and longer—visit. - - [Illustration: Get your first view of SPRUCE TREE RUIN from the - balcony in the Museum area—then ...] - - [Illustration: Carefully plan your sightseeing to Cliff Palace and - the other big ruins.] - - - THE RUINS ROAD DRIVES - -The main sightseeing drives are normally open from 7:00 a. m. to -sundown. There are two 6-mile loops starting from the Spruce Tree Museum -Area. Use your own car or join the tour-guided sightseeing bus trips. -When following the Ruins Road Drives, park your car and walk to -overlooks, viewpoints, and down trails to the major ruins where -ranger-archaeologists are stationed to explain all details. - - [Illustration: PERSPECTIVE MAP OF “RUINS ROAD” DRIVE] - - [Illustration: At CLIFF PALACE, archaeologist-guides conduct - visitors through the ruin.] - - [Illustration: SQUARE TOWER RUIN] - - - ANCIENT HOUSES—SQUARE TOWER—SUN TEMPLE CIRCUIT - -Principal features of this very informative trip are: five groups of -mesa-top excavations showing the development sequence of prehistoric -dwellings; a spectacular close-up rim view of Square Tower, the tallest -cliff dwelling structure; rim views of many ruins; and opportunity to -climb to the top of Sun Temple. Three to four hours should be allowed to -absorb fully the facts interpreted by means of viewfinders, labels, -models and maps at various stopping points. - -To enter this loop road you will bear right at the first junction beyond -the Spruce Tree Museum Park lot. Stops at the sign, “Pit Houses,” and at -four additional surface-ruin sites in the next two miles, enable you to -look into homes of the pueblo farmers dating from 600 to approximately -1200 A.D. These exhibits warrant more than superficial study. - -You must not miss looking down on Square Tower Ruin. To reach the -viewpoint from which the photograph on page 7 was taken, leave your car -at designated parking space and follow a 200-yard mesa-top trail. - -Allow ample time at Sun Point to enjoy the wide panorama and a view of -the greatest concentration of big ruins. From this point be sure to note -Mummy House clinging to the cliff below Sun Temple, across Fewkes -Canyon. - -Just west of Sun Point the road parallels the south rim of Fewkes -Canyon, named for the famous archaeologist of the Smithsonian -Institution who directed the excavation and stabilization of these big -ruins between the years 1908 and 1922. Stop at nearby rim viewpoints to -look down on Oak Tree House, New Fire House Ruin, and Fire Temple. - -Climax of your trip will be the stop at Sun Temple where you may climb -to the top of the walls of this great structure that was left -uncompleted, at the time of the great drought of 1276-1298. - - [Illustration: FIRE TEMPLE AND NEW FIRE HOUSE RUIN as seen from rim - of Fewkes Canyon. ] - - [Illustration: OAK TREE HOUSE RUIN as seen from south rim of Fewkes - Canyon.] - - [Illustration: SQUARE TOWER RUIN as seen from rim viewpoint - (200-yard walk from road).] - - - CLIFF PALACE-BALCONY HOUSE CIRCUIT - -Outstanding features of this 6-mile loop are: the opportunity to be -guided through Cliff Palace and Balcony House ruins by well-informed -ranger-archaeologists; and stops at many overlooks, from which smaller -and inaccessible cliff dwellings are pointed out by viewfinders. Before -starting, go to the Museum for a time schedule of guided tours. The -turn-off to the Cliff Palace loop is the second junction after turning -east at the Spruce Tree Crossroads. Rim viewpoints are all marked by -rustic signs and provided with viewfinders and other informational -material. Allow three to four hours for this spectacular sightseeing -trip. - - [Illustration: View into Cliff Canyon from SUN TEMPLE.] - - [Illustration: SUN TEMPLE as seen from Sun Point, across Fewkes - Canyon. Note Mummy House Ruin under overhanging cliff.] - - - CLIFF PALACE - - [Illustration: TELEPHOTO VIEW OF CLIFF PALACE RUIN, AS SEEN FROM A - POINT NEAR SUN TEMPLE, ACROSS CLIFF CANYON.] - -This majestic ruin, the greatest of all cliff dwellings, is not only an -architectural masterpiece, but also a remarkable historical record. -Preserved within its walls is a fascinating story of a primitive people -who learned to work, and build, and live together in harmony and mutual -interdependence while our own European ancestors were struggling under -the harsh yoke of feudalism. It is this inspiring story that should be -carried away as your principal memory of Mesa Verde, rather than an -impression of crumbling walls. - -To carry you back through the ages, the National Park Service stations -knowledgeable archaeologists here to tell you how the ancient people -lived, to point out many significant details of their environment, and -to lead you as intimately as possible into the life of this Stone Age -community. - -The telephoto view of Cliff Palace on the two following pages endeavors -to picture the sweep and grandeur of this largest known cliff dwelling. - - [Illustration: Cliff Palace] - - - CLIFF PALACE - - [Illustration: CLIFF PALACE occupies a large cave in the precipitous - wall of one of Mesa Verde’s 28 canyons. At the right in this photo - is the back of the so-called “Speaker Chief Tower” which is pictured - on page 5.] - - [Illustration: There are 23 kivas, circular underground ceremonial - chambers, each of which was used by the men of an individual clan. - When visiting ruins, note these features: fire pit, ventilator - shaft, deflector, 6 pilasters, and the Sipapu (spiritous entrance to - the underworld).] - - - THE TRAIL TO CLIFF PALACE - -The trail trip through Cliff Palace ruin requires approximately -three-quarters of an hour. Leave your car at the designated parking -space. Walk first to the railed rock promontory about 100 feet from the -road, from which point a splendid panorama view is obtained; then make -the 5-minute descent down the foot trail to the Ruin where you will be -met by the ranger-archaeologist. - - [Illustration: View of the south section of the CLIFF PALACE from - the point where visitors are met by the ranger-archaeologist, who - here outlines what is known about the life and culture of the - ancient inhabitants.] - - [Illustration: THE ROUND TOWER is one of the most perfectly built of - all the architectural features of Cliff Palace. Individual blocks - were curved by chipping with stone axes.] - - - THE TRAIL TO BALCONY HOUSE - -Of all Mesa Verde’s cliff dwellings, Balcony House Ruin is the most -dramatically situated and offers the most exciting personal exploration -experience. National Park Service archaeologist-guides meet visitors at -the designated parking space to lead the 1¼-to-1½-hour trip over a -half-mile ledge trail, up the famous approach ladder, and through the -ruin. Time schedule of trips may be obtained at the Museum. - - [Illustration: Interior, BALCONY HOUSE RUIN, looking north. Note the - approach ladder at the lower right.] - - [Illustration: Climbing the ladder to Balcony House Ruin provides - one of the most remembered thrills of the Mesa Verde experience.] - - [Illustration: View into Soda Canyon from the parapet of BALCONY - HOUSE RUIN. The balcony in the foreground is more than 700 years - old.] - - - YOUR TRIP TO THE TOP OF THE “GREEN MESA” - - [Illustration: LUNACHUKAI MTS. FROM PARK POINT (EL. 8,572) A VAST - PANORAMA OPENS UP TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. THE LOVELY UNBROKEN - FOREST-GREEN MESA-TOP, IN THE FOREGROUND, SUPPORTED AND PROTECTED - THE CIVILIZED PEOPLE WHO ONCE LIVED HERE.] - -No trip to Mesa Verde National Park is complete without a visit to Park -Point Lookout, 8,572-foot summit on the north rim. You must not miss the -thrilling and inspiring full-circle panorama of mountains, mesas, and -wide reaches of desert. - -In many ways, the section of the panorama pictured in the above sketch -is most significant: it looks southward and westward into the vast -distances of the Navajo and Ute Indian Reservation—the “Four-Corners -Country,” where sixty thousand Navajos herd their sheep and live their -primitive nomadic life. - -The fire guard will point out to you the volcanic spire of Shiprock, 50 -miles distant as the buzzard flies. He may also call your attention to -the notch just north of the huge bulk of The Sleeping Ute, where the -McElmo Canyon Road leads to Hovenweep Ruins—and beyond, to the vast -colorful Monument Valley. You will certainly want him to identify the -spectacular 14,000-foot peaks of the northern and eastern skyline. - -Overshadowed or concealed in all this vastness are many features that -determined the very lives of the people who once lived here—factors that -literally created their hospitable environment. Earth movements in -long-past geologic ages had raised the Mesa’s rocks from beneath the -seas; other more violent displacements had thrust up the high peaks of -the San Juans and the La Platas to the northeast and, in so doing, -elevated and tilted our Mesa. The resulting elevation—8,500 feet at the -north, sloping down to 7,000 feet at the south—encouraged the slight -margin of rainfall that invited trees and all manner of plants and -animals to form a natural community that welcomed the first hunters and -Stone Age settlers when they arrived. - -There is deep meaning in the lovely unbroken green mesa-top forest you -see spread out before you. Stop for a moment and picture how nature has -reclaimed the fields of corn and beans and squash that lay hidden -between piñon groves a thousand years ago—and how the stream of human -life is not lost, but persists through the ages: in this case, in the -pueblo dwellers who live today beyond the mesas and distant mountains of -the southern horizon. - - “May the public interest in America’s remaining wilderness areas - continue to grow in the years ahead, and may the National Parks - forever be able to provide an outlet for those who would adventure in - the wilds far beyond a road’s end.” - - CONRAD L. WIRTH, _Director, National Park Service_ - Reprinted from “THE NATIONAL PARK WILDERNESS.” - - [Illustration: The green top of MESA VERDE as seen from Park Point - Lookout. In the middle ground is the Knife Edge; at the far right, - Point Lookout. On the northeast skyline are the 13,000-foot peaks of - the La Plata Range of the southern Rockies.] - - - ACTIVITIES IN THE PARK HEADQUARTERS AREA - -In this area you will see your first Cliff Dwelling. - -You will walk; everything is conveniently near. - -You will visit the Museum—probably several times—to plan trips and to -better understand what you see here. - -You may hike on the Mesa Top, ledge and canyon trails—but be sure to get -maps and a permit at the Museum. - -You will enjoy the variety of several evening campfires at the canyon -rim amphitheatre. - -You may worship at the inter-denominational services Sundays. - -You will find food and refreshment at the SPRUCE TREE TERRACE. - -You may want to relax in the sightseeing bus with the guide driving -while you look at the Ruins. - - - ACTIVITIES AT NAVAJO HILL - -An important area is Navajo Hill, 15 miles from the Park Entrance (refer -to perspective map on page 4). The Park Visitor Center is located here. -This is the junction of the Wetherill and Chapin Roads. - -You will find food and refreshment in the Lodge. - -You may want to relax in the sightseeing bus with the guide driving -while you look at the Ruins. - -You may hike to Far View Ruin ¾ mile south. - -You will watch a breathtaking sunset over 4 states. - - ★ ★ ★ - - [Illustration: THE EVENING CAMPFIRE. Nightly, at the Campfire - Circle, informal talks are given by members of the archaeological - staff. The subjects: modern Indians, food plants, archaeology, etc., - vary each night during the week. Frequently the Navajo Indians, who - work in the Park, present tribal dances and chants (their beliefs - prohibit photographs).] - - [Illustration: HIKING along the rim rocks and into the canyons leads - to spectacular views and ruins that cannot be seen from the roads. - Most trail trips require strenuous exertion, and because of the - danger of getting lost, hikers must obtain maps and a permit before - leaving the Headquarters Area.] - - [Illustration: SPRUCE TREE RUIN, one of the best preserved of the - larger cliff dwellings, is a 5-minute walk from the Museum. For full - enjoyment of this one-hour experience, get a guide leaflet before - you start. Archaeologists are stationed here to show and explain - some of the 114 living rooms and 12 kivas.] - - - GLIMPSES OF THE MESA VERDE STORY - -The Mesa Verde story has all the elements of the most thrilling -“Western:” - -Scene 1. Father Escalante and his cavalcade of Spanish explorers camped -at the northeast edge of the Mesa on August 11, 1776—without even -suspecting that its deep canyons hid ancient stone cities. - -Scene 2. Antonio Armijo, with his caballeros at nearby Mancos Creek, on -November 19, 1824, searching for a route from Santa Fe to California. - -Scene 3. Secret inroads of the Mountain Men—beaver trappers who may have -poached in this remote section of the southern Rockies in the 1830’s and -1840’s. - -Scene 4. The hectic rush of the gold and silver prospectors of the 50’s -and 60’s into the nearby La Plata Diggings. - -Scene 5. Arrival of the pioneer photographer, William Henry Jackson, at -the mines; his search for vaguely reported ruins—and his discovery and -first photograph of a Mesa Verde cliff dwelling, Two Story House, on -September 9, 1874. - -Scene 6. The government survey party led by H. H. Holmes, surveying the -new West, the next year, and finding a large cliff dwelling which he -called Sixteen-Window House. - -Scene 7. Pioneer ranchers settling in the Mancos Valley in the 1870’s -and 1880’s, especially the Wetherills who made friends with the Utes, -and were permitted to run their cattle on the forbidden Mesa Verde. - -Scene 8. In 1885, the coming of the first, and possibly the most -willful, young lady tourist, Virginia Donahoe, who was given protection -by the officers of the Indian fighting cavalry and advised to “go home”; -but, instead, stayed at the Wetherill ranch and went hunting arrowheads -and prehistoric pottery with the five Wetherill boys—and returned the -next summer to equip her own expedition that penetrated Cliff Canyon and -“discovered Balcony House Ruin on October 6, 1886.” - -Scene 9. The friendly old Ute chief, Acowitz, enjoying the Wetherills’ -hospitality and telling them of “Big Cities” in Mesa Verde’s canyons. - -Scene 10. Richard Wetherill and his cousin, Charley Mason, searching for -lost cattle on the Mesa—and their dramatic “discovery” of Cliff Palace -and Spruce Tree Ruins on December 18, 1888—and Square Tower Ruin the -following day. - -Scene 11. The local cowboys “treasure hunting” in cliff dwellings during -the next few years—permissible digging for relics which were beautiful -curiosities and sometimes saleable. - -Scene 12. Systematic field investigations by Dr. F. H. Chapin, W. R. -Birdsall and Baron Gustaf Nordenskiold, whose scientific reports of -1890-93 resulted in the dawning recognition of the scientific importance -of these ruins and buried artifacts. - -Scene 13. The women of Colorado rallying to the standard of their Cliff -Dwellings Association, through the 1890’s and early 1900’s, for the -establishment of a national park. - -Scene 14. Many congressional postponements and final action establishing -Mesa Verde National Park on June 29, 1906. - -Scene 15. Subsequent palaver and a treaty with the Utes to rectify the -boundaries and to get the big ruins into the Park—and controversy with -these recalcitrant neighbors that persists to this day. - -Scene 16. Dr. J. Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution and a -digging crew repairing Spruce Tree Ruin and stabilizing its walls in -1908, and Cliff Palace during the following year, and most of the other -big ruins during the next thirteen years—stabilization and research that -continues today under the National Park Service, assisted by the -National Geographic Society. - -Scene 17. George Mills surveying the “carriage road” to the Mesa top -which was painfully pioneered from 1907 to 1914. - -Scene 18. Announcement: “On May 23, 1921, Mr. Jesse Nusbaum of Colorado, -a young archaeologist of great experience and reputation for successful -work in the Southwest, was appointed” as Superintendent of Mesa Verde -National Park. - - ★ ★ ★ - -The new Superintendent’s wide and practical experience enabled him to -lead the way in coordinating and directing many important activities: -overall plans for the general functional layout; architectural plans; -road construction; establishment of public campgrounds; development of -water supply and other facilities needed by the vastly increased number -of visitors who were beginning to discover this fascinating, unique, and -hitherto almost unknown National Park. - -Outstanding among the permanent achievements of this constructive decade -were the development of the Ranger Guide Service made up for the most -part of trained young archaeologists, under the direction of a permanent -naturalist-archaeologist; the building and equipment of a museum from -funds contributed by public subscription; the establishment of evening -campfire lectures, and demonstrations by the Navajos of their tribal -chants and dances—activities that today form the pattern of the -inspiring interpretive program conducted here by the National Park -Service. - - - THE MUSEUM - - [Illustration: Sketch of museum] - -An ancient medicine man’s pouch with its magic treasures—mummy of a -Basketmaker maiden who lived 1,500 years ago—the primitive hunter’s -atlatl—might pique your curiosity and lure you to visit the Mesa Verde -Museum. Soon you would discover, however, that this is not just a -storehouse for dry-as-dust dead things, but rather a living center of -knowledge and its interpretation—the key to your understanding and -enjoyment of the real museum which is the Park itself. - - [Illustration: Decorative border] - - [Illustration: CLIFF PALACE IN 1270 A.D. - From a Painting by PAUL COZE] - -Collaborating with the staff of the Mesa Verde Museum, the artist has -shown typical activities at 3:00 P.M. on a sunny autumn afternoon in -1270 A.D. - -In the left foreground an unmarried girl with butterfly hair-do is -husking corn of several colors and gossiping with a married lady who has -the matron’s two rolls of hair behind her ears. Three women in the -painting wear the pueblo dress, while the others have string aprons; -both would have been used in the summer. Nearby is a ladle and a -corrugated pot—on the wall top a Classic Mesa Verde mug and a decorated -jar. - -Between the girl and the wife fixing her husband’s hair lies a snare. -Close to the couple are a bowl, a squash, a stone axe, and a peculiar -submarine-shaped jar. - -Above the couple a dog barks at a youngster who has broken a big jar. -Two women are making pottery; behind them two women replaster the lower -room of a two-story house, on top of which a man is pointing out to some -children that the town crier is making an announcement, and they should -keep quiet. Two priests, one with ceremonial kilt and evergreens, climb -a one-pole ladder. - -Beneath the crier a woman closes the doorway of her house with a stone -slab, and below her on the near roof an old lady keeps warm with a -rabbit-skin blanket, while her daughter grinds corn. In front of the -house a woman, whose baby snoozes in a wooden cradle, bakes blue corn -meal “pancakes” on a hot stone slab. The kiva door is closed with a mat, -turkeys wander about, and the woman in the right-hand corner, sitting on -the beautiful brown textile (to be seen in the Park Museum), strings -turquoise beads. - -To the right, two bow-and-arrow-makers ridicule a returning unsuccessful -hunter, women bring water in jars from the spring, and turkeys pick over -the trash pile. - -Visible in the painting are a round and a square tower, ten of 23 -exceptionally small kivas which occur in the ruin, and rectangular and -T-doors. Beyond the square tower with its balcony, people are finishing -a third-story room. - -Cliff Palace had 200 living rooms and sheltered perhaps 400 persons. - - [Illustration: MORFIELD VILLAGE AND CAMPGROUND] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PICTORIAL GUIDE TO MESA VERDE -NATIONAL PARK *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; text-align:justify; margin-top:0; font-size:90%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Pictorial Guide to Mesa Verde National Park, by Ansel F. Hall</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A Pictorial Guide to Mesa Verde National Park</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Ansel F. Hall</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 11, 2021 [eBook #65321]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PICTORIAL GUIDE TO MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="A Pictorial Guide to Mesa Verde National Park" width="1039" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="Cliff Palace" width="1200" height="928" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<div class="pb" id="Page_002">002</div> -<h1><span class="ss brown">MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK</span></h1> -<p class="center small"><span class="cur brown"><span class="b large">A PICTORIAL GUIDE</span> -<br />PHOTOGRAPHY AND TEXT BY—<b class="large">ANSEL F. HALL</b> -<br />MAPS—SKETCHES BY DELLA TAYLOR HOSS & MERRIE HALL WINKLER</span></p> -<p class="center smallest"><span class="brown cur">DESIGNED AND COPYRIGHTED BY ANSEL F. HALL -<br />PUBLISHED BY MESA VERDE CO., MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO -<br />A MIRRO-KROME ® PRODUCT LITHOGRAPHED BY H. S. CROCKER CO., INC., SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="824" /> -<p class="pcap">PICTURE MAP OF MESA VERDE AND THE “FOUR-CORNERS COUNTRY” OF THE SOUTHERN ROCKIES -<br />(Get detailed road map from any service station.)</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="934" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">CLIFF PALACE</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="932" /> -<p class="pcap">MESA VERDE—the “green tableland” -rises 1,500 feet above the Mancos Valley, -here seen in its colorful October foliage. -In the foreground, Highway 160 bears -westward to the pioneer town of Mancos, -1 mile distant, and to the Park Entrance, -8 miles farther, just below the -distant bulk of Ute Mountain. Beneath -the bold promontory of Point Lookout -the Park Entrance Highway can be seen -climbing to the top of Mesa Verde.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="594" /> -<p class="pcap">THE PARK ENTRANCE HIGHWAY, -paved and engineered for high-gear travel, -begins its tortuous climb beneath Point Lookout -shortly after branching south from Highway 160.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="626" /> -<p class="pcap">MESA VERDE—NORTH ESCARPMENT -Air view of the “Green Table” not possible -when named by Escalante in 1776.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="569" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">AERIAL VIEW <span class="smaller">OF</span> MESA VERDE</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">ENTERING THE PARK: Entering Mesa Verde is a breathtaking experience. Spectacular views confront the visitor as -the road ascends for 5 miles to a high valley. This valley is an important activity center—the MORFIELD CAMPGROUND-VILLAGE -complex. Just off the entrance road are 500 individual and group campsites, a 1500 seat amphitheatre, -horseback riding and a shopping center. Approximately 10 miles past Morfield the road reaches another important -point of activity. The National Park Service has located there the NAVAJO HILL VISITOR CENTER. On the -gentle summit above the visitor center is the FAR VIEW MOTOR LODGE. On the road one mile south is Far View -Ruin, a large surface pueblo important to the interpretation of Mesa Verde. The final four miles of the road descend -gently through the forest to SPRUCE TREE, the Park Headquarters Area. The principal interpretative activity is here -overlooking Spruce Tree Ruin, the third largest and, perhaps, the best preserved of the classical pueblo cliff dwellings.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h3 id="c1">PLAN YOUR SIGHTSEEING</h3> -<p>In the Museum, at Park Headquarters, ranger-archaeologists are on duty to provide -maps and guide leaflets, and to advise how to make the best use of your available -time. You could spend a week in Mesa Verde’s spectacular environment, seeing -something new every day and absorbing the fascinating story of 2,000 years of -pre-history of the Stone Age people who built these cliff cities. But if your time -is budgeted to only one day or less, the Museum Staff will help you plan your -sightseeing so as to see the more important ruins as a prelude to your next—and -longer—visit.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="749" /> -<p class="pcap">Get your first view of SPRUCE TREE RUIN from the balcony -in the Museum area—then ...</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="637" height="999" /> -<p class="pcap">Carefully plan your sightseeing to Cliff Palace -and the other big ruins.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h3 id="c2">THE RUINS ROAD DRIVES</h3> -<p>The main sightseeing drives are normally open from 7:00 a. m. to sundown. There are two -6-mile loops starting from the Spruce Tree Museum Area. Use your own car or join the -tour-guided sightseeing bus trips. When following the Ruins Road Drives, park your -car and walk to overlooks, viewpoints, and down trails to the major ruins where ranger-archaeologists -are stationed to explain all details.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="334" /> -<p class="pcap">PERSPECTIVE MAP OF -“RUINS ROAD” DRIVE</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="908" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">At CLIFF PALACE, archaeologist-guides -conduct visitors through the ruin.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="946" /> -<p class="pcap">SQUARE TOWER RUIN</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<h3 id="c3">ANCIENT HOUSES—SQUARE TOWER—SUN TEMPLE CIRCUIT</h3> -<p>Principal features of this very informative trip are: five groups of -mesa-top excavations showing the development sequence of prehistoric -dwellings; a spectacular close-up rim view of Square Tower, -the tallest cliff dwelling structure; rim views of many ruins; and -opportunity to climb to the top of Sun Temple. Three to four hours -should be allowed to absorb fully the facts interpreted by means of -viewfinders, labels, models and maps at various stopping points.</p> -<p>To enter this loop road you will bear right at the first junction -beyond the Spruce Tree Museum Park lot. Stops at the sign, “Pit -Houses,” and at four additional surface-ruin sites in the next two -miles, enable you to look into homes of the pueblo farmers dating -from 600 to approximately 1200 A.D. These exhibits warrant -more than superficial study.</p> -<p>You must not miss looking down on Square Tower Ruin. To -reach the viewpoint from which the photograph on <a href="#Page_7">page 7</a> was -taken, leave your car at designated parking space and follow a -200-yard mesa-top trail.</p> -<p>Allow ample time at Sun Point to enjoy the wide panorama -and a view of the greatest concentration of big ruins. From this -point be sure to note Mummy House clinging to the cliff below -Sun Temple, across Fewkes Canyon.</p> -<p>Just west of Sun Point the road parallels the south rim of -Fewkes Canyon, named for the famous archaeologist of the Smithsonian -Institution who directed the excavation and stabilization of -these big ruins between the years 1908 and 1922. Stop at nearby -rim viewpoints to look down on Oak Tree House, New Fire House -Ruin, and Fire Temple.</p> -<p>Climax of your trip will be the stop at Sun Temple where you -may climb to the top of the walls of this great structure that was -left uncompleted, at the time of the great drought of 1276-1298.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="454" /> -<p class="pcap">FIRE TEMPLE AND NEW FIRE HOUSE RUIN -as seen from rim of Fewkes Canyon. </p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="625" /> -<p class="pcap">OAK TREE HOUSE RUIN -as seen from south rim -of Fewkes Canyon.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1597" /> -<p class="pcap">SQUARE TOWER RUIN -as seen from rim viewpoint -(200-yard walk from road).</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h3 id="c4">CLIFF PALACE-BALCONY HOUSE CIRCUIT</h3> -<p>Outstanding features of this 6-mile loop are: the opportunity to be guided through -Cliff Palace and Balcony House ruins by well-informed ranger-archaeologists; and -stops at many overlooks, from which smaller and inaccessible cliff dwellings are -pointed out by viewfinders. Before starting, go to the Museum for a time schedule -of guided tours. The turn-off to the Cliff Palace loop is the second junction after -turning east at the Spruce Tree Crossroads. Rim viewpoints are all marked by -rustic signs and provided with viewfinders and other informational material. Allow -three to four hours for this spectacular sightseeing trip.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="628" /> -<p class="pcap">View into Cliff Canyon from SUN TEMPLE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p12b.jpg" alt="" width="619" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">SUN TEMPLE as seen from Sun Point, across -Fewkes Canyon. Note Mummy House Ruin under -overhanging cliff.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h3 id="c5">CLIFF PALACE</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="541" /> -<p class="pcap">TELEPHOTO VIEW OF CLIFF PALACE RUIN, AS SEEN FROM A POINT NEAR SUN TEMPLE, ACROSS CLIFF CANYON.</p> -</div> -<p>This majestic ruin, the greatest of all cliff dwellings, is not only an -architectural masterpiece, but also a remarkable historical record. -Preserved within its walls is a fascinating story of a primitive people -who learned to work, and build, and live together in harmony -and mutual interdependence while our own European ancestors -were struggling under the harsh yoke of feudalism. It is this inspiring -story that should be carried away as your principal memory -of Mesa Verde, rather than an impression of crumbling walls.</p> -<p>To carry you back through the ages, the National Park Service -stations knowledgeable archaeologists here to tell you how the -ancient people lived, to point out many significant details of their -environment, and to lead you as intimately as possible into the life -of this Stone Age community.</p> -<p>The telephoto view of Cliff Palace on <a href="#Page_12">the two following pages</a> -endeavors to picture the sweep and grandeur of this largest known -cliff dwelling.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="Cliff Palace" width="1788" height="692" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h3 id="c6">CLIFF PALACE</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="628" /> -<p class="pcap">CLIFF PALACE occupies a large -cave in the precipitous wall of one of -Mesa Verde’s 28 canyons. At the right -in this photo is the back of the so-called -“Speaker Chief Tower” which -is pictured on <a href="#Page_5">page 5</a>.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="615" /> -<p class="pcap">There are 23 kivas, circular underground -ceremonial chambers, each -of which was used by the men of an -individual clan. When visiting ruins, -note these features: fire pit, ventilator -shaft, deflector, 6 pilasters, and -the Sipapu (spiritous entrance to -the underworld).</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<h3 id="c7">THE TRAIL TO CLIFF PALACE</h3> -<p>The trail trip through Cliff Palace ruin requires approximately three-quarters of an -hour. Leave your car at the designated parking space. Walk first to the railed rock -promontory about 100 feet from the road, from which point a splendid panorama -view is obtained; then make the 5-minute descent down the foot trail to the Ruin -where you will be met by the ranger-archaeologist.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="623" height="999" /> -<p class="pcap">View of the south section of the CLIFF PALACE -from the point where visitors are met by the -ranger-archaeologist, who here outlines what -is known about the life and culture of the -ancient inhabitants.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p17b.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="628" /> -<p class="pcap">THE ROUND TOWER is one of the most -perfectly built of all the architectural features -of Cliff Palace. Individual blocks were curved -by chipping with stone axes.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h3 id="c8">THE TRAIL TO BALCONY HOUSE</h3> -<p>Of all Mesa Verde’s cliff dwellings, Balcony House Ruin is the most dramatically -situated and offers the most exciting personal exploration experience. National Park -Service archaeologist-guides meet visitors at the designated parking space to lead the -1¼-to-1½-hour trip over a half-mile ledge trail, up the famous approach ladder, and -through the ruin. Time schedule of trips may be obtained at the Museum.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="617" /> -<p class="pcap">Interior, BALCONY HOUSE RUIN, looking -north. Note the approach ladder at the -lower right.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p18b.jpg" alt="" width="608" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">Climbing the ladder to Balcony House Ruin -provides one of the most remembered thrills -of the Mesa Verde experience.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="948" /> -<p class="pcap">View into Soda Canyon from the parapet of -BALCONY HOUSE RUIN. The balcony in -the foreground is more than 700 years old.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<h3 id="c9">YOUR TRIP TO THE TOP OF THE “GREEN MESA”</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="1704" height="185" /> -<p class="pcap">LUNACHUKAI MTS. FROM PARK POINT (EL. 8,572) A VAST PANORAMA OPENS UP TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. THE LOVELY UNBROKEN FOREST-GREEN MESA-TOP, IN THE FOREGROUND, SUPPORTED AND PROTECTED THE CIVILIZED PEOPLE WHO ONCE LIVED HERE.</p> -</div> -<p>No trip to Mesa Verde National Park is complete without a visit -to Park Point Lookout, 8,572-foot summit on the north rim. You -must not miss the thrilling and inspiring full-circle panorama of -mountains, mesas, and wide reaches of desert.</p> -<p>In many ways, the section of the panorama pictured in the above -<a href="#fig25">sketch</a> is most significant: it looks southward and westward -into the vast distances of the Navajo and Ute Indian Reservation—the -“Four-Corners Country,” where sixty thousand Navajos -herd their sheep and live their primitive nomadic life.</p> -<p>The fire guard will point out to you the volcanic spire of Shiprock, -50 miles distant as the buzzard flies. He may also call your -attention to the notch just north of the huge bulk of The Sleeping -Ute, where the McElmo Canyon Road leads to Hovenweep Ruins—and -beyond, to the vast colorful Monument Valley. You will -certainly want him to identify the spectacular 14,000-foot peaks -of the northern and eastern skyline.</p> -<p>Overshadowed or concealed in all this vastness are many features -that determined the very lives of the people who once lived -here—factors that literally created their hospitable environment. -Earth movements in long-past geologic ages had raised the Mesa’s -rocks from beneath the seas; other more violent displacements had -thrust up the high peaks of the San Juans and the La Platas to the -northeast and, in so doing, elevated and tilted our Mesa. The resulting -elevation—8,500 feet at the north, sloping down to 7,000 -feet at the south—encouraged the slight margin of rainfall that -invited trees and all manner of plants and animals to form a natural -community that welcomed the first hunters and Stone Age settlers -when they arrived.</p> -<p>There is deep meaning in the lovely unbroken green mesa-top -forest you see spread out before you. Stop for a moment and picture -how nature has reclaimed the fields of corn and beans and squash -that lay hidden between piñon groves a thousand years ago—and -how the stream of human life is not lost, but persists through -the ages: in this case, in the pueblo dwellers who live today beyond -the mesas and distant mountains of the southern horizon.</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p>“May the public interest in America’s remaining wilderness areas continue to grow in the years ahead, and may the -National Parks forever be able to provide an outlet for those who would adventure in the wilds far beyond a road’s end.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="jr1">CONRAD L. WIRTH, <i>Director, National Park Service</i> -<br /><span class="smaller">Reprinted from “THE NATIONAL PARK WILDERNESS.”</span></p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="638" /> -<p class="pcap">The green top of MESA VERDE as -seen from Park Point Lookout. In the -middle ground is the Knife Edge; at -the far right, Point Lookout. On the -northeast skyline are the 13,000-foot -peaks of the La Plata Range of the -southern Rockies.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h3 id="c10">ACTIVITIES IN THE PARK HEADQUARTERS AREA</h3> -<p>In this area you will see your first Cliff Dwelling.</p> -<p>You will walk; everything is conveniently near.</p> -<p>You will visit the Museum—probably several times—to plan -trips and to better understand what you see here.</p> -<p>You may hike on the Mesa Top, ledge and canyon trails—but -be sure to get maps and a permit at the Museum.</p> -<p>You will enjoy the variety of several evening campfires at the -canyon rim amphitheatre.</p> -<p>You may worship at the inter-denominational services Sundays.</p> -<p>You will find food and refreshment at the SPRUCE TREE -TERRACE.</p> -<p>You may want to relax in the sightseeing bus with the guide -driving while you look at the Ruins.</p> -<h3 id="c11">ACTIVITIES AT NAVAJO HILL</h3> -<p>An important area is Navajo Hill, 15 miles from the Park -Entrance (refer to perspective map on <a href="#Page_4">page 4</a>). The Park Visitor -Center is located here. This is the junction of the Wetherill and -Chapin Roads.</p> -<p>You will find food and refreshment in the Lodge.</p> -<p>You may want to relax in the sightseeing bus with the guide -driving while you look at the Ruins.</p> -<p>You may hike to Far View Ruin ¾ mile south.</p> -<p>You will watch a breathtaking sunset over 4 states.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="gs">★ ★ ★</span></p> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="649" /> -<p class="pcap">THE EVENING CAMPFIRE. Nightly, at the -Campfire Circle, informal talks are given by -members of the archaeological staff. The subjects: -modern Indians, food plants, archaeology, -etc., vary each night during the week. -Frequently the Navajo Indians, who work in -the Park, present tribal dances and chants -(their beliefs prohibit photographs).</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="604" /> -<p class="pcap">HIKING along the rim rocks and into the -canyons leads to spectacular views and ruins -that cannot be seen from the roads. Most -trail trips require strenuous exertion, and -because of the danger of getting lost, hikers -must obtain maps and a permit before leaving -the Headquarters Area.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="653" /> -<p class="pcap">SPRUCE TREE RUIN, one of the best preserved -of the larger cliff dwellings, is a 5-minute -walk from the Museum. For full enjoyment -of this one-hour experience, get a guide leaflet -before you start. Archaeologists are stationed -here to show and explain some of the 114 living -rooms and 12 kivas.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h3 id="c12">GLIMPSES OF THE MESA VERDE STORY</h3> -<p>The Mesa Verde story has all the elements of the most thrilling -“Western:”</p> -<p>Scene 1. Father Escalante and his cavalcade of Spanish explorers -camped at the northeast edge of the Mesa on August 11, -1776—without even suspecting that its deep canyons hid ancient -stone cities.</p> -<p>Scene 2. Antonio Armijo, with his caballeros at nearby Mancos -Creek, on November 19, 1824, searching for a route from Santa -Fe to California.</p> -<p>Scene 3. Secret inroads of the Mountain Men—beaver trappers -who may have poached in this remote section of the southern Rockies -in the 1830’s and 1840’s.</p> -<p>Scene 4. The hectic rush of the gold and silver prospectors of -the 50’s and 60’s into the nearby La Plata Diggings.</p> -<p>Scene 5. Arrival of the pioneer photographer, William Henry -Jackson, at the mines; his search for vaguely reported ruins—and -his discovery and first photograph of a Mesa Verde cliff dwelling, -Two Story House, on September 9, 1874.</p> -<p>Scene 6. The government survey party led by H. H. Holmes, -surveying the new West, the next year, and finding a large cliff -dwelling which he called Sixteen-Window House.</p> -<p>Scene 7. Pioneer ranchers settling in the Mancos Valley in -the 1870’s and 1880’s, especially the Wetherills who made friends -with the Utes, and were permitted to run their cattle on the forbidden -Mesa Verde.</p> -<p>Scene 8. In 1885, the coming of the first, and possibly the most -willful, young lady tourist, Virginia Donahoe, who was given protection -by the officers of the Indian fighting cavalry and advised to -“go home”; but, instead, stayed at the Wetherill ranch and went -hunting arrowheads and prehistoric pottery with the five Wetherill -boys—and returned the next summer to equip her own expedition -that penetrated Cliff Canyon and “discovered Balcony House Ruin -on October 6, 1886.”</p> -<p>Scene 9. The friendly old Ute chief, Acowitz, enjoying the -Wetherills’ hospitality and telling them of “Big Cities” in Mesa -Verde’s canyons.</p> -<p>Scene 10. Richard Wetherill and his cousin, Charley Mason, -searching for lost cattle on the Mesa—and their dramatic “discovery” -of Cliff Palace and Spruce Tree Ruins on December 18, -1888—and Square Tower Ruin the following day.</p> -<p>Scene 11. The local cowboys “treasure hunting” in cliff dwellings -during the next few years—permissible digging for relics -which were beautiful curiosities and sometimes saleable.</p> -<p>Scene 12. Systematic field investigations by Dr. F. H. Chapin, -W. R. Birdsall and Baron Gustaf Nordenskiold, whose scientific -reports of 1890-93 resulted in the dawning recognition of the scientific -importance of these ruins and buried artifacts.</p> -<p>Scene 13. The women of Colorado rallying to the standard -of their Cliff Dwellings Association, through the 1890’s and early -1900’s, for the establishment of a national park.</p> -<p>Scene 14. Many congressional postponements and final action -establishing Mesa Verde National Park on June 29, 1906.</p> -<p>Scene 15. Subsequent palaver and a treaty with the Utes to -rectify the boundaries and to get the big ruins into the Park—and -controversy with these recalcitrant neighbors that persists to -this day.</p> -<p>Scene 16. Dr. J. Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution -and a digging crew repairing Spruce Tree Ruin and stabilizing its -walls in 1908, and Cliff Palace during the following year, and most -of the other big ruins during the next thirteen years—stabilization -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -and research that continues today under the National Park Service, -assisted by the National Geographic Society.</p> -<p>Scene 17. George Mills surveying the “carriage road” to the -Mesa top which was painfully pioneered from 1907 to 1914.</p> -<p>Scene 18. Announcement: “On May 23, 1921, Mr. Jesse Nusbaum -of Colorado, a young archaeologist of great experience and -reputation for successful work in the Southwest, was appointed” -as Superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="gs">★ ★ ★</span></p> -<p>The new Superintendent’s wide and practical experience enabled -him to lead the way in coordinating and directing many important -activities: overall plans for the general functional layout; -architectural plans; road construction; establishment of public -campgrounds; development of water supply and other facilities -needed by the vastly increased number of visitors who were beginning -to discover this fascinating, unique, and hitherto almost -unknown National Park.</p> -<p>Outstanding among the permanent achievements of this constructive -decade were the development of the Ranger Guide -Service made up for the most part of trained young archaeologists, -under the direction of a permanent naturalist-archaeologist; the -building and equipment of a museum from funds contributed by -public subscription; the establishment of evening campfire lectures, -and demonstrations by the Navajos of their tribal chants and dances—activities -that today form the pattern of the inspiring interpretive -program conducted here by the National Park Service.</p> -<h3 id="c13">THE MUSEUM</h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p24.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="Sketch of museum" width="800" height="62" /> -</div> -<p>An ancient medicine man’s pouch with its -magic treasures—mummy of a Basketmaker -maiden who lived 1,500 years ago—the -primitive hunter’s atlatl—might pique your -curiosity and lure you to visit the Mesa Verde -Museum. Soon you would discover, however, -that this is not just a storehouse for dry-as-dust -dead things, but rather a living center of -knowledge and its interpretation—the key -to your understanding and enjoyment of the -real museum which is the Park itself.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p25.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="Decorative border" width="800" height="805" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="center">CLIFF PALACE IN 1270 A.D.<br />From a Painting by PAUL COZE</span></p> -</div> -<p>Collaborating with the staff of the Mesa Verde Museum, the -artist has shown typical activities at 3:00 P.M. on a sunny autumn -afternoon in 1270 A.D.</p> -<p>In the left foreground an unmarried girl with butterfly hair-do -is husking corn of several colors and gossiping with a married -lady who has the matron’s two rolls of hair behind her ears. -Three women in the painting wear the pueblo dress, while the -others have string aprons; both would have been used in the -summer. Nearby is a ladle and a corrugated pot—on the wall -top a Classic Mesa Verde mug and a decorated jar.</p> -<p>Between the girl and the wife fixing her husband’s hair lies -a snare. Close to the couple are a bowl, a squash, a stone axe, and -a peculiar submarine-shaped jar.</p> -<p>Above the couple a dog barks at a youngster who has broken -a big jar. Two women are making pottery; behind them two -women replaster the lower room of a two-story house, on top of -which a man is pointing out to some children that the town crier -is making an announcement, and they should keep quiet. Two -priests, one with ceremonial kilt and evergreens, climb a one-pole -ladder.</p> -<p>Beneath the crier a woman closes the doorway of her house -with a stone slab, and below her on the near roof an old lady -keeps warm with a rabbit-skin blanket, while her daughter -grinds corn. In front of the house a woman, whose baby snoozes -in a wooden cradle, bakes blue corn meal “pancakes” on a hot -stone slab. The kiva door is closed with a mat, turkeys wander -about, and the woman in the right-hand corner, sitting on the -beautiful brown textile (to be seen in the Park Museum), -strings turquoise beads.</p> -<p>To the right, two bow-and-arrow-makers ridicule a returning -unsuccessful hunter, women bring water in jars from the spring, -and turkeys pick over the trash pile.</p> -<p>Visible in the painting are a round and a square tower, ten of -23 exceptionally small kivas which occur in the ruin, and rectangular -and T-doors. Beyond the square tower with its balcony, -people are finishing a third-story room.</p> -<p>Cliff Palace had 200 living rooms and sheltered perhaps -400 persons.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="759" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="cur brown">MORFIELD VILLAGE AND CAMPGROUND</span></p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PICTORIAL GUIDE TO MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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