NormalizeHEAD main

author: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-01-23 01:35:44 -0800
committer: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-01-23 01:35:44 -0800
commit: 8db459b4ac09c2241fc4656129f95ad5a1351f31 (patch)
tree: b73f831ae03b160f4eb4e1f6afebfcea10a396ef /old/65319-h
parent: a640a09abfcd85eabc3633d54426be87112aaf14 (diff)
24 files changed, 0 insertions, 3954 deletions
diff --git a/old/65319-h/65319-h.htm b/old/65319-h/65319-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ecae9d..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/65319-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3954 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-    <title>
-      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Golf Architecture, by Dr. A. Mackenzie.
-    </title>
-
-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-
-<style type="text/css">
-
-a {
-    text-decoration: none;
-}
-
-body {
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-h1,h2,h3 {
-    text-align: center;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-h2.nobreak {
-    page-break-before: avoid;
-}
-
-hr.chap {
-    margin-top: 2em;
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-    clear: both;
-    width: 65%;
-    margin-left: 17.5%;
-    margin-right: 17.5%;
-}
-
-div.chapter {
-    page-break-before: always;
-}
-
-ul {
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-
-li {
-    margin-top: .5em;
-    padding-left: 2em;
-    text-indent: -2em;
-}
-
-p {
-    margin-top: 0.5em;
-    text-align: justify;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5em;
-    text-indent: 1em;
-}
-
-table {
-    margin: 1em auto 1em auto;
-    max-width: 40em;
-    border-collapse: collapse;
-}
-
-td {
-    padding-left: 2.25em;
-    padding-right: 0.25em;
-    vertical-align: top;
-    text-indent: -2em;
-}
-
-.tdr {
-    text-align: right;
-}
-
-.tdpg {
-    vertical-align: bottom;
-    text-align: right;
-}
-
-.blockquote {
-    margin: 1.5em 10%;
-}
-
-.caption {
-    text-align: center;
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
-    font-size: 90%;
-    text-indent: 0em;
-}
-
-.caption-sub {
-    text-align: left;
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
-    font-size: 90%;
-    text-indent: 0em;
-}
-
-.center {
-    text-align: center;
-    text-indent: 0em;
-}
-
-.figcenter {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-}
-
-.larger {
-    font-size: 150%;
-}
-
-.pagenum {
-    position: absolute;
-    right: 4%;
-    font-size: smaller;
-    text-align: right;
-    font-style: normal;
-}
-
-.right {
-    text-align: right;
-}
-
-.smaller {
-    font-size: 80%;
-}
-
-.smcap {
-    font-variant: small-caps;
-    font-style: normal;
-}
-
-.titlepage {
-    text-align: center;
-    margin-top: 3em;
-    text-indent: 0em;
-}
-
-@media handheld {
-
-img {
-    max-width: 100%;
-    width: auto;
-    height: auto;
-}
-
-.blockquote {
-    margin: 1.5em 5%;
-}
-}
-    </style>
-  </head>
-<body>
-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Golf Architecture, by Alister Mackenzie</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'>
-  <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Golf Architecture</td></tr>
-  <tr><td></td><td>Economy in Course Construction and Green-Keeping</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Alister Mackenzie</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Contributor: Henry Shapland Colt</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 11, 2021 [eBook #65319]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE ***</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
-
-<h1>GOLF ARCHITECTURE</h1>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus1">
-<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The 140-yard short hole at Sitwell Park</span>: a
-fiercely criticised green that has become universally popular.</p>
-<p class="caption-sub"><i>Frontispiece</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage larger">GOLF ARCHITECTURE</p>
-
-<p class="center">ECONOMY IN COURSE CONSTRUCTION<br />
-AND GREEN-KEEPING</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
-DR. A. MACKENZIE</p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">WITH AN INTRODUCTION<br />
-BY</span><br />
-H. S. COLT</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON,<br />
-KENT &amp; CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS’<br />
-HALL COURT : : LONDON, E.C.4</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><i>Copyright</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>First published 1920</i></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTION</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>My partner, who is the author of these
-short essays on Golf Course Architecture,
-has asked me to write an introduction.
-This is, however, hardly necessary, as the
-name of Dr. Mackenzie is so well known
-in connection with this subject.</p>
-
-<p>Many years ago now the idea came to
-him, as to a few others, that it might not
-be impossible to create a golf course
-without doing damage to the natural
-attractions of the site. Up to that period
-the courses which had been designed by
-man, and not by nature, had in great
-measure failed in this direction, and
-although no doubt they had provided
-necessary opportunities for playing the
-game, the surroundings in many cases
-proved a source of irritation rather than
-pleasure.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p>
-
-<p>I vividly remember meeting my present
-partner for the first time. I had been
-asked to go to Leeds to advise about the
-design of the Alwoodley Golf Course, and
-stayed at his house. After dinner he took
-me into his consulting room, where, instead
-of finding myself surrounded by the
-weapons of his profession as a Doctor of
-Medicine, I sat in the midst of a collection
-of photographs of sand bunkers,
-putting greens, and golf courses, and many
-plans and designs of the Alwoodley Course.
-I found that I was staying with a real
-enthusiast, and one who had already
-given close attention to a subject in which
-I have always been interested.</p>
-
-<p>And it is this enthusiasm for the natural
-beauty of nature which has helped him
-in all his work, so that in the case of Alwoodley
-the player not only has the opportunity
-of displaying his skill in the game,
-but also of enjoying the relaxation which
-delightful natural surroundings always give.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
-
-<p>No doubt many mistakes were made in
-our early attempts, and I never visit a
-course which I have designed without
-seeing where improvements could be
-made in the constructional work, and as
-long as this is so, I feel that we shall all
-continue to learn and to make progress,
-our instructor being nature herself.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">H. S. Colt.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<table summary="Contents">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr smaller">CHAPTER</td>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">I.</td>
-    <td><span class="smcap">General Principles of Economy in Course
-        Construction and Green-keeping</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">17</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">II.</td>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Some Further Suggestions</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">68</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">III.</td>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Ideal Holes</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">88</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Future of Golf Architecture</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">116</a></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<table summary="Illustrations">
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The 140-yard Short Hole at Sitwell Park</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td></td>
-    <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Sixteenth Green at Headingley, Leeds</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">26</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Home Green at Sitwell Park</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">28</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">An Artificial Hummock at Moortown, constructed from the stones removed from the Fairway</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">32</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Fifteenth Hole on the City or Newcastle Course</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">40</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Diagram of Hole of 370 yards, illustrating the value of one bunker, B</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus6">45</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Artificial Hummocks guarding the Fifth Green at Alwoodley</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus7">49</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Seventeenth Green at Harrogate</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus8">52</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: the site of one of the greens on the rocks near the boundary of the course—work just beginning</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus9">62</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: ready for turfing—a green constructed on rocks</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus10">63</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The “Scraper” at work on Wheatley Park, Doncaster</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus11"> 69</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: the turf cutting machine at work</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus12">70</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: sandhills constructed by means of the Scraper on terrain originally perfectly flat</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus13">71</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">An Artificial Bunker on the Fulford Course</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus14">86</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Second Hole at Headingley</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus15">94</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Eighth Green at Moortown</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus16">99</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Eighth Hole, “Gibraltar,” Moortown Golf Course</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus17">101</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Sixteenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus18">103</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Fourteenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus19">107</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Seventeenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus20">111</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">Plan of Ideal Two-shot Hole of 420 yards</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus21">115</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td><span class="smcap">The Fifth Hole at Fulford</span></td>
-    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus22">124</a></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p>
-
-<h1>GOLF ARCHITECTURE</h1>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br />
-<span class="smaller">GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMY IN
-COURSE CONSTRUCTION AND GREEN-KEEPING</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Economy in course construction consists
-in obtaining the best possible results at a
-minimum of cost. The more one sees of
-golf courses, the more one realises the
-importance of doing construction work
-really well, so that it is likely to be of
-a permanent character. It is impossible
-to lay too much stress on the importance
-of finality.</p>
-
-<p>Every golfer knows examples of courses
-which have been constructed and rearranged
-over and over again, and the
-fact that all over the country thousands
-of pounds are frittered away in doing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
-bad work which will ultimately have to
-be scrapped is particularly distressful to
-a true economist. As an example of
-unnecessary labour and expense, the writer
-has in mind a green which has been
-entirely relaid on four different occasions.
-In the first instance, it was of the ridge
-and furrow type; the turf was then
-lifted and it was made dead flat. A new
-secretary was appointed, and he made
-it a more pronounced ridge and furrow
-than ever; it was then relaid and made
-flat again, and has now been entirely
-reconstructed with undulations of a more
-natural outline and appearance.</p>
-
-<p>In discussing the question of finality,
-it is well to inquire if there are any really
-first-class courses in existence which have
-been unaltered for a considerable number
-of years and still remain, not only a
-good test of golf, but a source of pleasure
-to all classes of players. Is there any
-existing course which not even the rubber<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
-cored ball has spoilt? And, if so, what
-is the cause of its abiding popularity?
-The only one I know of is one which has
-been described as “a much-abused old
-course at a little place called St. Andrews,
-in the Kingdom of Fife.” This (as well
-as some of the other championship courses
-to a lesser extent) still retains its popularity
-among all classes of amateurs. In
-fact, it is characteristic of all the best
-courses that they are just as pleasurable
-(possibly even more so) to the long handicap
-man as to the player of championship
-rank. This fact knocks on the head
-the argument which is often used that
-the modern expert tries to spoil the
-pleasure of the player by making courses
-too difficult.</p>
-
-<p>The successful negotiation of difficulties
-is a source of pleasure to all classes of
-players.</p>
-
-<p>It may be asked, “Who originally
-constructed St. Andrews?” Its origin<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
-appears to be shrouded in mystery:
-like Topsy, in <i>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i>, it
-simply “growed.” But the fact of the
-matter is that St. Andrews differs from
-others in that it has always been deemed
-a sacrilege to interfere with its natural
-beauties, and it has been left almost untouched
-for centuries. No green-keeper has
-ever dared to shave down its natural undulations.
-Most of the bunkers have been left
-where nature placed them, and others have
-originated from the winds and the rains
-enlarging divot marks left by the players,
-and some of them possibly by the green-keepers
-converting those hollows where
-most players congregated, into bunkers,
-owing to the difficulty of keeping them
-free from divot marks. The bunkers at
-St. Andrews are thus placed in positions
-where players are most likely to go—in
-fact, in the precise positions which the
-ordinary Green Committee would suggest
-should be filled up. This is a significant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
-fact, and tends to show that many of
-our existing ideas in regard to hazards
-have been erroneous. Mr. John L. Low
-pointed out years ago that no hazard
-is unfair wherever it is placed, and this
-particularly applies if the hazard is visible,
-as it should be obvious that if a player
-sees a hazard in front of him and promptly
-planks his ball into it he has chosen the
-wrong spot.</p>
-
-<p>I once heard a Yorkshire tale of
-an old farmer finding a man in his
-coal-house during a recent coal strike.
-He put his head through the window
-and said, “Now I’ve copped you picking
-out all the big lumps.” A voice from
-the darkness came, “You’re a liar, I’m
-taking them as they come.”</p>
-
-<p>On the old type of course like St.
-Andrews, the players have to take the
-hazards as they come, and do their best
-to avoid them.</p>
-
-<p>There is nothing new about the ideas<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
-of the so-called Golf Architect: he simply
-wishes to reproduce the old ideas as
-exemplified in the old natural courses
-like St. Andrews, those courses which
-were played on before over-zealous green
-committees demolished the natural undulations
-of the fairways and greens,
-and made greens like lawns for croquet,
-tennis, or anything else except golf, and
-erected eyesores in the shape of straight
-lines of cop bunkers, instead of emphasising
-the natural curves of the
-links.</p>
-
-<p>In the old view of golf, there was no
-main thoroughfare to the hole: the player
-had to use his own judgment without
-the aid of guide posts, or other adventitious
-means of finding his way. St.
-Andrews still retains the old traditions
-of golf. For example, I have frequently
-seen four individuals playing the long hole
-(the fourteenth), and deliberately attacking
-it in four different ways, and three out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span>
-of the four were probably right in playing
-it in the ways they selected.</p>
-
-<p>At St. Andrews “it needs a heid to
-play gowf,” as the caddie said to the
-professor.</p>
-
-<p>As the truest economy consists in finality,
-it is interesting to consider the essential
-features of an ideal golf course. Some of
-them are suggested now:</p>
-
-<p>1. The course, where possible, should
-be arranged in two loops of nine holes.</p>
-
-<p>2. There should be a large proportion
-of good two-shot holes, two or three
-drive-and-pitch holes, and at least four
-one-shot holes.</p>
-
-<p>3. There should be little walking between
-the greens and tees, and the course
-should be arranged so that in the first
-instance there is always a slight walk
-forwards, from the green to the next tee;
-then the holes are sufficiently elastic to
-be lengthened in the future if necessary.</p>
-
-<p>4. The greens and fairways should be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span>
-sufficiently undulating, but there should
-be no hill climbing.</p>
-
-<p>5. Every hole should have a different
-character.</p>
-
-<p>6. There should be a minimum of blindness
-for the approach shots.</p>
-
-<p>7. The course should have beautiful
-surroundings, and all the artificial features
-should have so natural an appearance
-that a stranger is unable to distinguish
-them from nature itself.</p>
-
-<p>8. There should be a sufficient number
-of heroic carries from the tee, but the
-course should be arranged so that the
-weaker player with the loss of a stroke
-or portion of a stroke shall always
-have an alternative route open to him.</p>
-
-<p>9. There should be infinite variety in
-the strokes required to play the various
-holes—viz., interesting brassy shots, iron
-shots, pitch and run-up shots.</p>
-
-<p>10. There should be a complete absence
-of the annoyance and irritation caused<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span>
-by the necessity of searching for lost
-balls.</p>
-
-<p>11. The course should be so interesting
-that even the plus man is constantly
-stimulated to improve his game in attempting
-shots he has hitherto been unable
-to play.</p>
-
-<p>12. The course should be so arranged
-that the long handicap player, or even
-the absolute beginner, should be able
-to enjoy his round in spite of the fact
-that he is piling up a big score.</p>
-
-<p>13. The course should be equally good
-during winter and summer, the texture
-of the greens and fairways should be
-perfect, and the approaches should have
-the same consistency as the greens.</p>
-
-<h3>A DECIDED ADVANTAGE</h3>
-
-<p>In regard to the first three principles,
-there can be little difference of opinion.
-It is a considerable advantage that a course
-should be arranged in two loops of nine<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>
-holes, as on a busy day players can
-commence at either the first or tenth tee.</p>
-
-<p>In regard to the fourth principle. It
-used to be a common fallacy that greens
-should be made dead flat. Even on some
-of the best golf courses at the present
-day you find them made like croquet
-lawns. There has been somewhat of a
-reaction lately against undulating greens,
-but this, I believe, is entirely due to
-the fact that the undulations have been
-made of a wrong character, either
-composed of finicky little humps or of
-the ridge and furrow type. Natural undulations
-are the exact opposite to the
-artificial ridge and furrow. The latter
-has a narrow hollow, and a broad ridge,
-whereas the former has a large, bold,
-sweeping hollow, and a narrow ridge.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus2">
-<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The sixteenth green at Headingley, Leeds—approximate
-cost £50</span>: an entirely artificial hole; the site was originally on a
-severe downhill slope and had to be cut out of rock.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The most interesting putting the writer
-has ever seen is on the Ladies’ Putting
-Course at St. Andrews. Even first-class
-golfers consider it a privilege to be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
-invited there, and are to be found putting
-with the greatest enthusiasm from
-early morn till late at night. There the
-undulations are of the boldest possible
-type, large sweeping hollows rising abruptly
-four or five feet up to small plateaus.
-A modern golf architect who dared to
-produce the boldness of these St. Andrews’
-undulations could hardly hope to escape
-hostile criticism.</p>
-
-<p>In constructing natural-looking undulations
-one should attempt to study the
-manner in which those among the sand-dunes
-are formed. These are fashioned by
-the wind blowing up the sand in the form
-of waves, which become gradually turfed
-over in the course of time. Natural undulations
-are, therefore, of a similar shape
-to the waves one sees by the seashore,
-and are of all kinds of shapes and sizes,
-but are characterised by the fact that
-the hollows between the waves are broader
-than the waves themselves.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p>
-
-<p>If undulations are made of this kind,
-then there are always plenty of comparatively
-flat places where the green-keeper
-can put the flag, and there should
-never be any necessity to cut the hole
-on a slope.</p>
-
-<p>A test of a good undulation is that it
-should be easy to use the mowing machine
-over it.</p>
-
-<p>If undulations are made of the kind I
-describe, it is hardly possible to make
-them too large or too bold.</p>
-
-<p>Perhaps the most aggravating type
-of undulation is the finicky little hump
-or side-slope which you don’t see until
-after you have missed your putt, and
-then begin to wonder why it has not gone
-in the hole.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus3">
-<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The home green at Sitwell Park</span>: An undulating
-green with a wide choice of places for the hole in the hollows or on the
-flat.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>An almost equally common delusion
-is that fairways should be flat. I quite
-agree that there is nothing worse than
-a fairway on a severe side-slope, but,
-on the other hand, there are few things<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
-more monotonous than playing every
-shot from a dead flat fairway. The
-unobservant player never seems to realise
-that one of the chief charms of the best
-seaside links is the undulating fairways,
-such as those near the club-house at
-Deal, part of Sandwich, and most of the
-old course at St. Andrews, where the
-ground is a continual roll from the first
-tee to the last green, and where one never
-has the same shot to play twice; on these
-fairways one hardly ever has a level
-stance or a level lie. It is this that makes
-the variety of a seaside course, and variety
-is everything in golf.</p>
-
-<p>If one considers St. Andrews hole by
-hole, it is surprising to find at how many
-of them the dominating and important
-incident is associated with an insignificant-looking
-hollow or bank, often running
-obliquely to the line of your approach.</p>
-
-<p>In constructing undulations of this kind
-on inland courses, it is well to make them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
-with as much variety as possible, and in
-the direction you wish the player to
-go to keep the fairway comparatively
-flat, so as to encourage players to place
-their shots, and thus get in a favourable
-position for their next.</p>
-
-<p>In this connection plasticine is frequently
-used for making models of undulations.
-Plasticine is useful to teach
-the green-keeper points in construction
-he would not otherwise understand—in
-fact, I believe, I was the first designer
-of golf courses to use it for this purpose.
-The 14th green at Alwoodley, which was
-the first one made there, was constructed
-from a model in plasticine. It has its
-disadvantages, however, as a course constructed
-entirely from models in plasticine
-has always an artificial appearance,
-and can never be done as cheaply as
-one in which the green-keeper is allowed
-a comparatively free hand in modelling
-the undulations in such a manner that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
-not only do they harmonise with their
-surroundings, but are constructed according
-to the various changes in the subsoil
-discovered whilst doing the work.</p>
-
-<h3>THE FOLLY OF FASHIONS</h3>
-
-<p>In regard to the fifth principle that
-every hole should have a different character.
-A common mistake is to follow
-prevailing fashions. At first we had
-the artificial cop bunkers extending in
-a dead straight line from the rough on
-one side to the rough on the other; in
-modern course architecture these are fortunately
-extinct. Secondly, we had the
-fashion of pot bunkers running down each
-side of the course. This was, if anything,
-an even more objectionable type of golf
-than the last. Thirdly, we have had
-what has been called the alpinisation
-of golf courses.</p>
-
-<p>In this connection I would point out
-that green-keepers should be careful not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
-to make hillocks so high in the direct
-line to the hole that they block out
-the view: a little to one side of the bee
-line they may be made as high as one
-pleases, but in the direct line hollows
-should, as a rule, take the place of hillocks.
-This is the exact opposite to what is
-found on many golf courses, where the
-hollows are at the sides and the banks
-in the middle.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus4">
-<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Artificial hummock at Moortown, constructed from the
-stones removed from the fairway.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The great thing in constructing golf
-courses is to ensure variety and make everything
-look natural. The greatest compliment
-that can be paid to a green-keeper
-is for players to think his artificial work
-is natural. On Alwoodley and Moortown
-practically every green and every hummock
-has been artificially made, and yet
-it is difficult to convince the stranger
-that this is so. I remember a chairman
-of the Green Committee of one of the
-best-known clubs in the North telling
-me that it would be impossible to make<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>
-their course anything like Alwoodley, as
-there we had such a wealth of natural
-hillocks, hollows, and undulations. It was
-only with great difficulty that I was able
-to persuade him that, to use an Irishism,
-these natural features which he so much
-admired had all been artificially created.
-I have even heard one of the members of
-our own Green Committee telling a well-known
-writer on golf that the hummocks
-surrounding one of our greens had always
-been there: he himself had forgotten
-that he had been present when the site
-for them had been pegged out.</p>
-
-<h3>THE QUESTION OF BLIND HOLES</h3>
-
-<p>It is not nearly as common an error
-to make blind holes as formerly. A blind
-tee shot may be forgiven, or a full shot
-to the green on a seaside course, when the
-greens can usually be located accurately
-by the position of the surrounding hummocks,
-but an approach shot should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span>
-never be blind, as this prevents an
-expert player, except by a fluke, from
-placing his approach so near the hole that
-he gets down in one putt.</p>
-
-<p>Blind holes on an inland course where
-there are no surrounding sandhills to
-locate the green should never be permitted,
-but an even more annoying form
-of blindness is that which is so frequent
-on inland courses—that is, when the
-flag is visible but the surface of the
-green cannot be seen. On a green
-of this description no one can possibly
-tell whether the flag is at the back,
-middle, or front of the green, and it is
-particularly aggravating to play your shot
-expecting to find it dead, and to discover
-that your ball is at least twenty yards
-short.</p>
-
-<p>On a seaside course there may be a
-certain amount of pleasurable excitement
-in running up to the top of a hillock
-in the hope of seeing your ball near the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span>
-flag, but this is a kind of thing one gets
-rather tired of as one grows older.</p>
-
-<h3>IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY</h3>
-
-<p>Another common erroneous idea is that
-beauty does not matter on a golf course.
-One often hears players say that they
-don’t care a “tinker’s cuss” about their
-surroundings: what they want is good golf.</p>
-
-<p>One of the best-known writers on golf has
-recently been jeering at golf architects
-for attempting to make beautiful bunkers.
-If he prefers ugly bunkers, ugly greens,
-and ugly surroundings generally he is
-welcome to them, but I don’t think for
-an instant that he believes what he is
-writing about, for at the same time he talks
-about the beauties of natural courses. The
-chief object of every golf architect or green-keeper
-worth his salt is to imitate the
-beauties of nature so closely as to make
-his work indistinguishable from nature
-itself.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p>
-
-<p>I haven’t the smallest hesitation in
-saying that beauty means a great deal
-on a golf course; even the man who
-emphatically states he does not care a
-hang for beauty is subconsciously influenced
-by his surroundings. A beautiful hole
-not only appeals to the short handicap
-player but also to the long, and there
-are few first-rate holes which are not at
-the same time, either in the grandeur of
-their undulations and hazards, or the
-character of their surroundings, beautiful
-holes.</p>
-
-<p>It is not suggested that we should all
-play round the links after the manner of
-the curate playing with the deaf old
-Scotsman.</p>
-
-<p>The curate was audibly expressing his
-admiration of the scenery, the greens,
-and things in general, until they finally
-arrived at a green surrounded by a rookery.
-The curate remarked, “Isn’t it delightful
-to hear the rooks?” The deaf old Scotsman<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
-said, “What’s that?” The curate
-again remarked, “Isn’t it delightful to
-hear the rooks?” The old Scotsman
-replied, “I can’t hear a word you’re
-saying for those damned crows.”</p>
-
-<p>The finest courses in existence are
-natural ones. Such courses as St. Andrews,
-and the championship courses
-generally, are admitted to provide a
-fine test of golf. It is by virtue of
-their natural formation that they do so.
-The beauty of gold courses has suffered
-in the past from the creations of ugly
-and unimaginative design. Square, flat
-greens and geometrical bunkers have not
-only been an eyesore upon the whole
-landscape, but have detracted from the
-infinite variety of play which is the heritage
-of the game.</p>
-
-<p>My reputation in the past has been
-based on the fact that I have endeavoured
-to conserve existing natural features, and
-where these are lacking to create formations<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
-in the spirit of nature herself.</p>
-
-<p>In other words, while always keeping
-uppermost the provision of a splendid
-test of golf, I have striven to achieve
-beauty.</p>
-
-<p>It may at first appear unreasonable
-that the question of æsthetics should
-enter into golf-course design; however,
-on deeper analysis, it becomes clear that
-the great courses, and in detail all the
-famous holes and greens, are fascinating
-to the golfer by reason of their shape,
-their situation, and the character of their
-modelling. When these elements obey
-the fundamental laws of balance, of harmony,
-and fine proportion they give rise
-to what we call beauty. This excellence
-of design is more felt than fully realised
-by the player, but nevertheless it is
-constantly exercising a subconscious influence
-upon him, and in course of time
-he grows to admire such a course as all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span>
-works of beauty are eventually felt and
-admired.</p>
-
-<h3>THE REAL OBJECT OF THE HAZARD</h3>
-
-<p>Most of the remaining principles depend
-on the proper disposition of hazards,
-and I have a rather wider definition of
-hazards than is given by the rules of
-Golf Committee. As a minor kind of
-hazard undulating ground, hummocks,
-hollows, etc., might be included.</p>
-
-<p>Most golfers have an entirely erroneous
-view of the real object of hazards. The
-majority of them simply look upon hazards
-as a means of punishing a bad shot, when
-their real object is to make the game interesting.
-The attitude of the ordinary golfer
-towards hazards may be illustrated by
-the following tale which I have frequently
-told before, but which will bear repeating:</p>
-
-<p>A player visiting a Scotch course asked
-his caddie what the members thought
-of a stream which was winding in and out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span>
-between several of the holes. The caddie
-replied, “Weel, we’ve got an old Scotch
-major here. When he gets it ower he
-says, ‘Weel ower the bonnie wee burn,
-ma laddie’; but when he gets in he
-says, ‘Pick ma ball oot o’ that domned
-sewer.’”</p>
-
-<p>The writer was recently playing with
-his brother, who was home on leave
-from abroad. He was clearly enjoying
-his game, but at Alwoodley we have
-one solitary pond into which he topped
-three balls. On arriving at the club-house
-he was asked how he liked the course;
-he simply remarked, “There were too many
-ruddy ponds about.”</p>
-
-<p>It is much too large a subject to go
-into the question of the placing of
-hazards, but I would like to emphasise a
-fundamental principle. It is that, as already
-pointed out, no hazard is unfair
-wherever it is placed.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus5">
-<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The fifteenth hole on the City of Newcastle
-course</span>: constructed on flat, featureless clay land.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>A hazard placed in the exact position<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span>
-where a player would naturally go is
-frequently the most interesting situation,
-as then a special effort is needed to get
-over or avoid it.</p>
-
-<h3>GIVING THE PLAYER THRILLS</h3>
-
-<p>One of the objects in placing hazards
-is to give the players as much pleasurable
-excitement as possible. On many inland
-courses there is not a thrill on the
-whole round, and yet on some of the championship
-courses one rarely takes a club
-out of the bag without having an interesting
-shot to play. This particularly applies
-to the old course at St. Andrews, and is
-one of the reasons why it always retains
-its popularity with all classes of players.
-It is quite true that even this course is
-condemned by some, but this may be
-due to the fact that they have not brains
-enough, or have not played on it long
-enough, to appreciate its many virtues.</p>
-
-<p>There are some leading players who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span>
-honestly dislike the dramatic element in
-golf. They hate anything that is likely
-to interfere with a constant succession
-of threes and fours. They look upon
-everything in the “card and pencil”
-spirit. The average club member on the
-other hand is a keen sportsman, he looks
-upon golf in the “spirit of adventure,”
-and that is why St. Andrews and courses
-modelled on similar ideals appeal to him.</p>
-
-<p>No one would pretend that the old
-course at St. Andrews is perfect: it
-has its disadvantages, particularly in the
-absence of long carries from the tee, and
-in its blind bunkers, but no links in
-the world grows upon all classes of players
-in the same manner. The longer one
-plays there the keener one gets, and this
-is a much truer test of a good course than
-one which pleases at first and is boring
-later on.</p>
-
-<p>A good golf course is like good music
-or good anything else; it is not necessarily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span>
-a course which appeals the first time one
-plays over it, but one which grows on the
-player the more frequently he visits it.</p>
-
-<p>St. Andrews is a standing example of
-the possibility of making a course which
-is pleasurable to all classes of golfers,
-not only to the thirty handicap players,
-but to the plus fourteen man, if there ever
-was or will be such a person.</p>
-
-<p>It is an interesting fact that few hazards
-are of any interest which are out of what
-is known among medical men as the direct
-field of vision. This does not extend
-much farther than ten to twenty yards
-on either side of the direct line to the
-hole. Hazards placed outside this limit
-are usually of little interest, but simply
-act as a source of irritation.</p>
-
-<p>Hazards should be placed with an object,
-and none should be made which has not
-some influence on the line of play to the
-hole.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p>
-
-<h3>TOO MANY BUNKERS</h3>
-
-<p>On many courses there are far too many
-bunkers: the sides of the fairways are
-riddled with them, and many of these
-courses would be equally interesting if
-half of the bunkers were turfed over as
-grassy hollows.</p>
-
-<p>It is often possible to make a hole
-sufficiently interesting with one or two
-bunkers at the most. For example:</p>
-
-<p>It is obvious from the diagram that
-the green-guarding bunker B has a considerable
-influence on the line of play
-to the hole.</p>
-
-<p>The longer the carry a player achieves
-over the stream the easier his second
-shot becomes.</p>
-
-<p>If it were not for this bunker not only
-the approach but the tee shot would be
-uninteresting, as there would be no object
-in essaying the long carry over the stream.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus6">
-<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Diagram of hole of 370 yards, illustrating the value
-of one bunker, B.</span> Any additional bunker for the tee shot or across
-the approach to the green would materially lessen the interest of the
-hole. The moral is “Few bunkers placed in interesting positions!”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p>
-
-<p>Many poor golf courses are made in
-a futile attempt to eliminate the element
-of luck. You can no more eliminate luck
-in golf than in cricket, and in neither
-case is it possible to punish every bad
-shot. If you succeeded you would only
-make both games uninteresting.</p>
-
-<p>There are many points of resemblance
-between cricket and golf: the fielders
-in cricket correspond to the hazards at
-golf. The fielders are placed in the
-positions where the majority of shots
-go, and it should obviously be easier
-with a stationary ball to avoid the
-hazards than to avoid the fielders at
-cricket.</p>
-
-<p>In both games it is only a proportion
-of bad shots that get punished, but
-notwithstanding this the man who is playing
-the best game almost invariably comes
-out on top.</p>
-
-<p>It is an important thing in golf to make
-holes look much more difficult than they
-really are. People get more pleasure in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span>
-doing a hole which looks almost impossible,
-and yet is not so difficult as it
-appears.</p>
-
-<p>In this connection it may be pointed
-out that rough grass is of little interest
-as a hazard. It is frequently much more
-difficult than a fearsome-looking bunker
-or belt of whins or rushes, but it causes
-considerable annoyance in lost balls, and
-no one ever gets the same thrills in driving
-over a stretch of rough as over a
-fearsome-looking bunker, which in reality
-may not be so severe.</p>
-
-<p>Narrow fairways bordered by long grass
-make bad golfers. They do so by destroying
-the harmony and continuity of the
-game, and in causing a stilted and cramped
-style by destroying all freedom of play.</p>
-
-<p>There is no defined line between the
-fairways in the great schools of golf like
-St. Andrews or Hoylake.</p>
-
-<p>It is a common error to cut the
-rough in straight lines. It should be cut<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span>
-in irregular, natural-looking curves. The
-fairways should gradually widen out where
-a long drive goes; in this way a long
-driver is given a little more latitude in
-pulling and slicing.</p>
-
-<p>Moreover irregular curves assist a
-player in locating the exact position of
-a ball which has left the fairway and
-entered the rough.</p>
-
-<h3>GLORIFIED MOLE-HILLS</h3>
-
-<p>Hummocks and hollows should be made
-of all sorts of different shapes and sizes,
-and should have a natural appearance,
-with plenty of slope at the bottom like
-large waves. Most of the hummocks and
-hollows should be made so smooth that
-the mowing machine can be used over
-them. The glorified mole-hills one sees
-on many courses should be avoided.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus7">
-<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The artificial hummocks guarding the fifth green at
-Alwoodley</span>: approximate cost, £8.
-The best way of combining sand and hummocks, with the sand on the slope
-of the hazard above the ground level.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Bunkers on an inland course should,
-as a rule, be made in the opposite way to
-what is customary. At the present time<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span>
-most bunkers have the hollows sanded and
-the banks turfed. It is suggested that
-you get a much more natural appearance
-if the hollows are partly turfed over and
-the hummocks sanded, as in the photographs
-in these pages. This has the following
-advantages: the appearance is
-much more like a seaside course; the
-sand being above the level of the ground,
-always remains dry. The contrast between
-white or yellow sand and the grass
-helps one to judge distances much more
-accurately, and enables the ball to be
-found more easily, and the great disadvantage
-and expense of scything the long
-grass on the hummocks to prevent lost
-balls is done away with.</p>
-
-<p>Ordinary bunkers are, as a rule, made
-in quite the wrong way. The face is
-usually too upright and the ball gets into
-an unplayable position under the face.
-The bottom of the bank of a bunker
-should have a considerable slope, so that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span>
-a ball always rolls to the middle; the
-top of a bunker may, as it usually does
-in nature, be made to overhang a little
-so as to prevent a topped ball running
-through it.</p>
-
-<p>Experience gained in the imitation of
-natural slopes in bunker-making was ultimately
-responsible for saving tens of
-thousands of pounds in revetting material
-in the great war.</p>
-
-<p>Trenches with the sides made like a
-bank of a stream with a considerable
-slope at the bottom remained standing
-without any revetting material.</p>
-
-<p>Before this principle was pointed out
-soldiers invariably dug their trenches with
-a slope at the top, and as they got farther
-down the sides became more vertical and
-sometimes were even undercut. A trench
-of this kind invariably fell in, whereas
-those made vertical at the top with the
-slope at the bottom did not do so.</p>
-
-<p>Hazards are usually placed too far<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
-away from the greens they are intended
-to guard; they should be placed immediately
-on the edge of the greens, and
-then (particularly if they are in the form
-of smooth hillocks and hollows) the player
-who is wide of them has an extremely
-difficult pitch, and is frequently worse
-off than the man who is in them.</p>
-
-<p>A bunker eating into a green is by far
-the most equitable way of giving a golfer
-full advantage for accurate play. It not
-only penalises the man who is in it, but
-every one who is wide of it. For example,
-a player who is in the road bunker at
-the seventeenth at St. Andrews may
-with a good dunch shot get out and lie
-dead, but few can pitch over it so accurately
-that they do so. A bunker, similarly
-placed to the road bunker, may be made
-to accentuate this distinction; it may
-be constructed with so much slope that
-on occasions it can be putted out of.</p>
-
-<p>Hummocks on the edge of greens are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span>
-often constructed so that they assist the
-man who has opened up the hole correctly;
-they act as a hazard only to those who
-have failed to do this.</p>
-
-<p>Perhaps the most serious mistake made
-by a golf committee is the fallacy that
-they will save money by neglecting to
-obtain expert advice in regard to fresh
-construction work.</p>
-
-<p>Except where the course has been designed
-and the construction work supervised
-by the modern golf architect, there
-is hardly a golf club of any size which has
-not frittered away hundreds of pounds in
-doing bad work, all for the want of the
-best advice in the first instance.</p>
-
-<p>There can be little doubt that the
-poorer the club the more important it
-is for it not to waste its small funds
-in doing the wrong kind of work, but
-to get the best possible advice from its
-inception.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus8">
-<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The seventeenth green at Harrogate: approximate cost
-£180</span>: an entirely artificial plateau green constructed on flat land.
-The comparatively heavy cost is due to the character of the subsoil—heavy
-clay.</p>
-</div>
-
-<h3>THE COURSE FOR THE BEGINNER</h3>
-
-<p>I notice a well-known club, in forming
-a golf course, state that the committee
-have decided to lay it out themselves,
-as they are afraid of a golf architect
-making it too difficult for the average
-player. Now this is precisely what the
-modern golf architect does not do; he
-in particular adopts a most sympathetic
-attitude to the beginner and long handicap
-player, but at the same time attempts
-to make the course interesting to all
-sorts and conditions of players. It is
-characteristic of the modern architect
-that he always leaves a broad and pleasurable
-road that leads to destruction—that
-is, sixes and sevens on the card of the
-long handicap player—but a straight and
-narrow path which leads to salvation—that
-is, threes and fours for the plus
-man.</p>
-
-<p>The writer has just returned from a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span>
-most delightful sand-dune country which
-he chose for his holiday in great part
-owing to the fact that he had seen it before
-and had also seen Mr. Colt’s plan for the
-constructing of what should have been
-the finest eighteen-hole course in England.</p>
-
-<p>On arrival he found the secretary or
-the committee had, through motives of
-false economy, refrained from getting Mr.
-Colt to supervise the work and had done
-it themselves. The outcome was an expenditure
-of three or four times as much
-money as Mr. Colt would have needed,
-the destruction of many of the beautiful
-natural undulations and features which
-were the making of Mr. Colt’s scheme,
-the conversion of magnificent visible
-greens into semi-blind ones, banked up
-like croquet lawns, and a complete absence
-of turf owing to wrong treatment, and
-alterations in the placing of the tees,
-bunkers, and greens, and a total disregard
-of the beginner and the long handicap<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span>
-player. On a seaside course in particular
-little construction work is necessary; the
-important thing is to make the fullest
-possible use of existing features. £500
-in labour expended under expert supervision
-is better than £10,000 injudiciously
-expended.</p>
-
-<p>Surely in the case of a golf club it
-is more important to have an architect
-for the course, and any new work on the
-course, than for the club-house. Much
-greater mistakes are made in constructing
-the former than in building the latter.</p>
-
-<p>One can readily imagine what would
-be the ultimate result of a course laid out
-by an average committee composed of
-scratch, three, four, and eight handicap
-men. They are, most of them (probably
-subconsciously), prejudiced against any
-hazard being constructed which they are
-likely to get into themselves, but they
-are all unanimous in thinking that the
-poor devil with a twenty-four handicap<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
-should be left out of consideration altogether.
-The final result is neither fish,
-flesh, fowl, nor even good red herring.</p>
-
-<h3>THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE EXPERT</h3>
-
-<p>The expert in golf architecture has to
-be intimately conversant with the theory
-of playing the game, but this has no
-connection with the physical skill in
-playing it. An ideal golf expert should
-not only have a knowledge of botany,
-geology, and particularly agricultural
-chemistry, but should also have what
-might be termed an artistic temperament
-and vivid imagination. We all know that
-there is nothing so fatal in playing golf
-as to have a vivid imagination, but this
-and a sufficient knowledge of psychology
-to enable one to determine what is likely
-to give the greatest pleasure to the greatest
-number are eminently desirable in a
-golf architect. The training of the expert
-should be mental, not physical.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p>
-
-<p>My last principle is one which particularly
-affects the green-keeper:—the
-course should be perfect all the year
-round.</p>
-
-<p>It is quite a prevalent idea that courses
-on a clay subsoil can never be made into
-good winter links. It does not matter
-so much as might be expected, what
-the subsoil is like, provided it is well
-drained and the turf on the top is of the
-right texture. Muddy courses are entirely
-due to insufficient drainage, worms,
-and the wrong kind of turf.</p>
-
-<p>Worms can be got rid of and the right
-kind of turf encouraged by adopting
-modern methods of green-keeping. Many
-examples of what can be done in converting
-really bad winter courses into good
-ones can be seen in the North. Surface
-drainage, such as mole draining, gets rid
-of worms by making the land so dry that
-they cannot work.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p>
-
-<h3>SOME HINTS ON GREEN TREATMENT</h3>
-
-<p>A common mistake in green-keeping is
-to imagine that because one form of
-treatment benefits one course that it
-will necessarily benefit another.</p>
-
-<p>The green-keeper should have sufficient
-knowledge of chemistry and botany to
-be able to tell exactly what form of
-treatment is most likely to benefit his
-greens.</p>
-
-<p>For example, the ordinary artificial
-manure sold by some seeds merchants
-for golf courses consists of a mixture of
-three parts of superphosphate of lime,
-one part each sulphate of ammonia
-and sulphate of potash, and one-tenth
-part of sulphate of iron. If no weeds
-are present, the sulphate of iron may be
-omitted from the mixture; if daisies are
-present, the sulphate of ammonia should
-be increased; if clover is present, the
-potash and lime should be lessened in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span>
-quantity; if the turf is sour, or if sorrel
-is present, the sulphate of ammonia should
-be lessened, and lime used as a separate
-dressing.</p>
-
-<p>Farmyard manure should not, as a rule,
-be used as a surface dressing on golf
-courses: it is much too likely to encourage
-weeds and worms.</p>
-
-<p>Something of the nature of Peruvian
-guano, fish guano, meat guano, malt
-culms, or dried blood, together with artificials,
-should be used in its place. If
-humus is necessary, it may be added in
-the form of peat moss litter, minced
-seaweed, etc., and the box should seldom
-be used on the mowing machines.</p>
-
-<p>It must be borne in mind that the turf
-required on a golf course is entirely
-different to that required from a farming
-point of view.</p>
-
-<p>It is now an absolutely exploded fallacy
-that worms are of any use on a golf
-course; they should be got rid of by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span>
-use of charcoal obtained from steel furnaces:
-ordinary wood charcoal is almost
-useless. Charcoal in this form acts mechanically,
-owing to the small sharp pieces
-of steel attached to it: it scratches the
-worms and prevents them getting through.</p>
-
-<p>Worm-killers, especially those consisting
-of Mowrah Meal, are of great value in destroying
-worms.</p>
-
-<p>It is a mistake to consider that worm-killers,
-unless mixed with an artificial
-manure, have any manurial value. The
-green-keeper will tell you that after the
-application the grass has come up much
-greener. That is due to the fact that
-the worms are no longer discolouring
-it by crawling over it with their slimy
-bodies.</p>
-
-<h3>THE MOWING OF GREENS</h3>
-
-<p>A common mistake is not to mow
-greens during the winter months. I have
-not the slightest doubt that mowing greens<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span>
-during the winter months is beneficial
-to them: it keeps the grass from becoming
-coarse.</p>
-
-<p>On those Scotch courses where the greens
-are so good all through the winter, are
-not the rabbits mowing the greens all
-through the winter months?</p>
-
-<p>Are the knives of the mowing machine
-any more likely to do the grass harm than
-the teeth of the rabbits?</p>
-
-<p>It is a common mistake in sowing a
-green not to use a sufficient quantity of
-seed. The ground should always be
-thoroughly prepared and manured according
-to the chemical composition of
-the soil; then as much as five or six
-bushels of seed per green can be sown to
-advantage.</p>
-
-<p>Mixtures of grass seeds may be sold
-consisting of a considerable proportion
-of seeds which do not germinate, and are
-not likely to do so, on ordinary soils.
-Unscrupulous seeds merchants may undercut<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span>
-the more honest ones in this way. Three
-bushels of the best seeds will go further
-than six containing a large proportion
-of varieties which are not likely to germinate.</p>
-
-<p>In concluding this chapter on General
-Principles, it may be pointed out that,
-although many of these ideas may appear
-revolutionary, the reader may be assured
-that their success under varying conditions
-has been proved in practice.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus9">
-<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: the site of one of the greens
-on the rocks near the boundary of the course—work just beginning.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus10">
-<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: ready for turfing—a green
-constructed on rocks.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br />
-<span class="smaller">SOME FURTHER SUGGESTIONS</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>It cannot be too frequently emphasised
-that in starting a new course or reconstructing
-an old one it is of the utmost
-importance that the committee should
-have a scheme before them of a definite
-and final nature. It would be sound finance
-for the majority of golf clubs to pay the
-expenses of the Green Committee for
-the purpose of visiting good examples
-of construction work on other courses.</p>
-
-<p>They should not of necessity visit courses
-where the leading open competitions are
-held, as many of the very best clubs
-rarely offer their courses for competitions.</p>
-
-<p>They should be guided in their choice
-of architect by a course constructed out
-of indifferent material, and not by one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span>
-constructed out of magnificent natural
-golfing land.</p>
-
-<p>They should take into consideration
-the cost, the popularity with all classes
-of players, and the finality and permanency
-of the work.</p>
-
-<p>Having decided on the architect and
-having passed the plan, it is as well to
-take steps to ensure that the construction
-work is done according to the ideas of
-the designer.</p>
-
-<p>Experience of advising a hundred golf
-clubs has convinced the writer that the
-work can never be done properly except
-under occasional expert supervision. Work
-done without expert supervision is invariably
-bad.</p>
-
-<p>The designer should not be tied down
-too closely to his original plan. Mature
-consideration and unexpected changes in
-the subsoil, etc., may make a modification
-in the plan necessary to save expense and
-get better results.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p>
-
-<p>In a small book of this kind, it is impossible
-to go into the thousand and one
-details which make for economy in course
-construction, but some of these may be
-enumerated.</p>
-
-<p>The chief items in the construction of
-a golf course are the following:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Carting.</li>
-<li>2. Labour.</li>
-<li>3. Drainage.</li>
-<li>4. Seeding.</li>
-<li>5. Turfing.</li>
-<li>6. Manures.</li>
-<li>7. Sand.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CARTING</h3>
-
-<p>The cost of carting can often be reduced
-to a minimum by using a little thought
-in the work. The stone from stone walls,
-rocks, the turf from turf walls, or soil
-taken out of excavations should never
-be carted away: they can always be
-used for raising a neighbouring green in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span>
-the form of a plateau, or in making
-hummocks or large undulations indistinguishable
-from the natural ones which
-are so delightful on seaside courses. It
-is rarely necessary to cart soil from a
-distance for the purpose of making a
-hummock or a green. It is much more
-economical to remove a sufficient area of
-turf from and around the site of an intended
-hummock or green, and utilise
-the soil removed from the area around
-the hummock for this purpose. This is
-a double advantage. The surrounding
-ground is lowered as the hummock is
-raised, and makes the hummock appear
-higher, and at the same time it is made
-to merge imperceptibly into the surrounding
-hollow or hollows, and has a much
-more natural appearance. A hollow removed
-from the front of the green has
-the effect of making the green appear as
-if it were raised upon a plateau, and this
-is still further accentuated if the soil<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span>
-removed is also used to build up the
-green.</p>
-
-<p>Similarly the green and the bunkers
-guarding it should all be made at the
-same time; the soil moved in making the
-bunkers can then be utilised in the formation
-of the green. It was in former
-years considered imprudent to construct
-bunkers until the experience of playing
-revealed the proper position, but since
-those days our knowledge of green-keeping
-has advanced. An expert can judge by
-the character of the grasses and the
-nature of the undulations the amount of
-run which the ball is likely to get, and
-this knowledge, combined with actual
-measurements, gives more information
-than it is possible to gain by playing.
-Perhaps the most important reason why
-the architect’s scheme should be completed
-in the first instance is that bunkers
-are hardly ever placed in the right position
-afterwards. It is difficult to find a member<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span>
-of a Green Committee who is not
-subconsciously prejudiced against placing
-a bunker where he is likely to get
-trapped himself.</p>
-
-<p>After carting there is usually a considerable
-amount of labour necessary to
-obliterate the tracks. Carting should,
-when possible, be done when the ground
-is hard, in dry weather or during frost.
-Carts should not be allowed to wander
-about all over the place, but should be
-made to keep in one track. It is often
-advisable to remove the turf previous to
-carting and relay it after the carting is
-finished. Carts can sometimes be replaced
-with advantage by sledges with flat-bottomed
-runners.</p>
-
-<h3>LABOUR AT LESS THAN PRE-WAR COST</h3>
-
-<p>By introducing labour-saving machinery
-we have recently been getting better results
-at less than pre-war cost. If work on
-a large scale is being done, the steam navvy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span>
-or grab might be tried for excavating
-and making hummocks, etc.; traction
-engines are useful in uprooting small trees,
-and larger ones can with advantage be
-blown up by dynamite. I recently used
-blasting charges for the purpose of assisting
-to make bunkers. An article in one of
-the Sheffield papers somewhat humorously
-stated that this was not the first occasion
-Dr. Mackenzie’s bunkers had been
-“blasted.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus11">
-<img src="images/illus11.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The “Scraper” at work on Wheatley Park course,
-Doncaster.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Trolleys on rails are frequently used to
-save carting or wheeling barrows.</p>
-
-<p>The two machines which are found of
-the greatest value in saving labour are
-the turf-cutting machine and the American
-scraper or scoop—the former made
-from designs by the writer. It will cut
-an acre of sods in an afternoon, and,
-moreover, cuts them of a more even thickness
-than by hand. This machine is
-worked by two horses like a plough. One
-or two clubs have condemned it without<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span>
-a fair trial, and on inquiry I have usually
-found that the weather was too dry,
-the grass too long, the blades had not been
-set properly, or that it had been used by
-a man who had had no previous experience
-in working one. It has been used by
-scores of clubs with a great deal of success.
-At Moortown we sodded over twenty
-acres of sour heath land with it. The
-cost of this amounted to little compared
-with sowing, as we were able to remove
-the sods from a neighbouring field. Sowing
-would have cost at least twice as
-much, as there were no signs of even a
-blade of grass on most of the land, and
-no sowing was likely to be successful
-without lime and manuring, and carting
-a tremendous quantity of soil so as to
-form a seed bed. The results have been
-infinitely better and quicker than sowing
-at the rate of even twelve bushels of the
-best grass seeds to the acre.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus12">
-<img src="images/illus12.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: the turf-cutting machine at
-work. The photograph shows the dead, flat, featureless character of the
-country before the work began.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus13">
-<img src="images/illus13.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: sandhills constructed by means
-of the scraper on terrain originally perfectly flat.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The scraper is worked by a horse or two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span>
-horses, and is particularly useful for excavating
-light soil, but can even be used on
-heavy land if each layer is ploughed before
-the scraper is used. The scraper is shaped
-like a large shovel, the handles are raised,
-and the horse pulls and it digs into the
-ground until it is full; the handles are
-then depressed and the horse pulls it
-along to the required situation; it is
-then tipped up, and the horse returns for
-another load. One horse and two men
-by this means can do the work of a
-score of men working in the ordinary way
-with wheelbarrows. In making hollows
-and hummocks it has an additional advantage
-in that it gives them automatically
-a natural appearance, and at the
-same time the horse in climbing up to
-the top of the hump compresses the
-soil, and it does not sink so much afterwards.</p>
-
-<p>The scraper has been used with considerable
-success at Castletown (Isle of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span>
-Man), Wheatley Park (Doncaster), and
-Grange-over-Sands, among other courses.</p>
-
-<p>It is important in constructing a new
-or altering an old course to get the work
-done as quickly as possible: if the work
-is done gradually the sods lie about for
-some time and are sometimes ruined.
-Most of the work should be done during
-October and November, before the frosts
-commence: good methods of organisation
-should prevent men being unemployed
-during frost. If the greens, drains, and
-sites of bunkers are previously pared, and
-the sods allowed to lie, then even though
-frost sets in, the sods may be removed and
-a certain amount of excavation can still
-be proceeded with. Sand, soil, and manures
-may be carted, hedges stubbed up,
-and trees removed during frost.</p>
-
-<h3>DRAINAGE</h3>
-
-<p>It is advisable to drain golfing land
-much more thoroughly and efficiently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span>
-than ordinary farm land, but, on the other
-hand, by exercising a little thought it
-can be done much more cheaply. For
-the purpose of golf it is not only unnecessary
-to drain as deeply as is customary
-for agricultural purposes, but it
-is much cheaper and more satisfactory to
-adopt a system of shallow drains.</p>
-
-<p>On a golf course, there is never any
-necessity to make allowance for the possibility
-of subsoil ploughing; the drains
-can therefore be kept near the surface.
-The great thing to bear in mind in draining
-is that the water stratum must be
-tapped. On heavy clay land, it is absurd
-to put drains in the middle of the clay,
-unless the whole of the trench is filled
-with clinkers or other porous material, and
-this is needlessly expensive. Drains may at
-times be placed in a groove on the surface
-of the clay. On land of this description
-drains may often be placed with
-advantage at as shallow a depth as from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span>
-6 to 12 inches. It should be unnecessary
-to state that no effort should be spared
-to see that there is sufficient fall, and for
-the purpose of ensuring this it is often
-necessary to take the levels. Sufficient
-thought is rarely given to drainage. The
-site of the main drains and the whole
-scheme of drainage should be very carefully
-studied, and it is of special importance
-to take into consideration the nature of
-the subsoil and position of the water
-level. In peat, on the other hand, it
-is frequently advisable to drain below
-the peat, even if this extends to a depth
-of 6 feet or more. If this is impossible
-owing to lack of sufficient fall, wooden
-boards should be placed below the drains.</p>
-
-<p>The cheapest method of draining is
-by a system of mole drainage. I have
-frequently used a mole drain worked by
-horses which was made from suggestions
-by Franks, the Moortown green-keeper,
-and myself. It is used as an attachment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span>
-to the turf-cutting machine. By this
-method golf courses on clay land could
-be drained, previous to the war, at less
-than a pound per acre.</p>
-
-<p>This mole drain works at the shallow
-depth of 6 inches, and is not applicable
-to agricultural land, as even horses galloping
-over the ground are sufficient to block
-the channel. It is, moreover, wonderfully
-satisfactory on golfing land, especially
-as supplementary to ordinary tile draining.
-Whenever the ground is sticky, or
-any casual water appears, the mole is
-run through and it becomes absolutely
-dry at once. This mole drain has a big
-advantage over the larger one, in that
-the cut made by the mole is so small
-that it does not interfere with the lie
-of the ball.</p>
-
-<p>We have recently used a tractor instead
-of horses to pull the mole, and have
-found it a great advantage to do so.
-The use of the mole provides a solution<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span>
-for the problem of converting the muddiest
-of clay London courses into good winter
-links. Experience has proved that the
-effect lasts for fully ten years.</p>
-
-<p>One of the most remarkable results
-of its use is that it gets rid of worms.
-This is probably owing to the fact that
-it makes the ground so dry that the
-worms can’t work in it.</p>
-
-<p>It also prevents the ground becoming
-baked during dry summer weather. This
-is a well-known effect of good drainage,
-although possibly an unexpected one to
-the uninitiated. It is largely due to
-the drainage preventing the ground becoming
-caked, and also to the encouragement
-of turf with a good bottom to it.</p>
-
-<h3>TURFING</h3>
-
-<p>The cheapest and best method of removing
-turf is by means of a turf-cutting
-machine. The thickness of the turf should
-vary according to the nature of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span>
-grasses and the character of the subsoil.
-As a general rule, turf for greens should
-be cut as thin as 1½ inches. This is
-particularly important if the turf contains
-many tap-rooted weeds; the roots of
-the weeds and many of the coarser grasses
-are then left behind in the cutting.</p>
-
-<p>In the experience of the writer, it is
-frequently not a difficult matter to get
-excellent turf in the immediate neighbourhood
-of a golf course at an extremely
-cheap rate—a halfpenny a yard or under—and
-turf obtained from the immediate
-neighbourhood of the course is much
-more likely to be suitable than turf
-obtained elsewhere. The writer has known
-a golf club going to the expense of getting
-Silloth turf at 9<i>d.</i> a yard, the grasses of
-which would inevitably disappear and be
-replaced by those of its environment
-within a year or two, when much more
-suitable turf could be obtained from the
-next field at a cost of a farthing a yard.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span>
-It should be borne in mind that the most
-useless turf from a farming point of
-view is frequently the most valuable
-for golf. There are many other details
-which help to lessen the cost of turfing.
-In an old-established course, turf for new
-greens or for renovating old ones can
-frequently be obtained from the sides of
-a neighbouring fairway, the sods from
-which may be replaced by those removed
-from the site of the green.</p>
-
-<p>There is usually a well-trodden path
-extending from every tee to the nearest
-fairway. There is no turf so useful for
-renovating an old or making a new tee as
-that obtained from a firm path of this kind.
-The sods removed should be replaced by
-others, and they in turn get hard and firm.</p>
-
-<p>An important question is the use of
-manures in turfing. Stable or farmyard
-manure should almost invariably be placed
-under the sods: the amount should vary
-according to the turf and soil. Five loads<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span>
-per green is an average, and on undulating
-greens the manure should be placed under
-the raised portions only. The hollows
-will look after themselves. Manure does
-more harm than good if dug deeply in:
-it should be forked in immediately under
-the sods, and the roots of the finer grasses
-feed on it at once. If dug in deeply, the
-coarser grasses are encouraged at the
-expense of the finer.</p>
-
-<p>On wormy inland courses considerable
-expense in worm-killers can frequently
-be saved by placing a few loads of coke
-breeze under the sods.</p>
-
-<p>Although the best time to turf is in
-the late autumn and winter months, sods
-can, if necessity arises, be laid in certain
-localities as late as June.</p>
-
-<p>If hot dry weather arrives, the newly
-laid sods should be covered with cut
-grass during the day, and in the evening
-the grass should be removed so that the
-dews help to keep the ground moist.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p>
-
-<h3>SEEDING</h3>
-
-<p>The writer has known of several instances
-where ground has been sown, and
-the result has been so unsatisfactory that
-after a year or two the land had to be
-ploughed up and resown.</p>
-
-<p>It is much more economical in the long
-run to do the thing thoroughly. Mistakes
-are most frequently made in sowing with
-the wrong seeds—in not preparing the
-ground thoroughly beforehand, and in
-sowing at the wrong time of year.</p>
-
-<p>It is most important that a mixture
-should be chosen containing a goodly
-proportion of seeds corresponding to the
-prevailing grasses of the immediate neighbourhood,
-and seeds should always be
-obtained from a seeds merchant who is not
-afraid of telling you the exact composition
-of his mixture. Some seeds merchants sell
-mixtures which are not so valuable for
-golfing turf as they appear—it is not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span>
-the best kind of grass which germinates
-too quickly. Finer turf usually results from
-a mixture which comes up more slowly
-but is of a more permanent character.
-If seeding is necessary, it is frequently
-advisable to sow with much larger quantity
-of seed than is customary.</p>
-
-<p>It is of the utmost importance to
-prepare the land thoroughly before sowing.
-The ground should be well drained, the
-land well limed when necessary, and
-fifteen loads to the acre of well-rotted
-stable manure incorporated with the soil
-or a mixture of artificial manure in its
-stead.</p>
-
-<p>After sowing see that the birds are
-scared away by one of the numerous
-devices suggested for the purpose.</p>
-
-<h3>MANURES</h3>
-
-<p>It is surprising how much money can
-be saved in manures by the help of science
-and a sufficient knowledge of chemistry<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span>
-to enable you to judge which are the
-cheapest and most valuable manures suitable
-for the soil of the locality with which
-you have to deal.</p>
-
-<p>It is often advisable to make a point
-of studying the by-products of the different
-industries in the district, as it is obvious
-that if a suitable manure for the soil can
-be obtained on the spot, it is obtained
-cheaper than by rail or cart from a distance.
-Fish or meat guano, basic slag,
-malt dust, sulphate of ammonia, chalk,
-the refuse from leather, cloth, and shoddy
-factories, seed crushing mills, seaweed,
-manure extracted from town sewage works,
-peat moss litter, etc., are all of value
-under different circumstances.</p>
-
-<p>Basic slag can sometimes be obtained
-from a neighbouring steel works, sulphate
-of ammonia from a gas works,
-chalk from a neighbouring chalk pit, or
-seaweed from the seashore. Manures
-should be used with a considerable amount<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span>
-of discretion and only in small quantities
-at a time. I have known a considerable
-amount of damage done by the unintelligent
-use of artificials. For example,
-artificials are of the greatest possible
-value for golfing turf, but they should
-always be used in small quantities but
-frequently, and should be well diluted
-with soil or sand, and only used during
-moist weather. A mixture, consisting of
-superphosphate of lime, sulphate of ammonia,
-and sulphate of potash, supplies
-most of the feeding material that is
-necessary for golf, and the experiments
-at Rothamstead conclusively prove that
-the character of the grasses can be
-completely altered by varying the proportion
-of the different constituents of
-this mixture.</p>
-
-<p>Sulphate of ammonia is the most valuable
-of the constituents of this mixture,
-but I have known of several greens (including
-even St. Andrews) temporarily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span>
-ruined by using sulphate of ammonia
-injudiciously. It should never be put on
-a green undiluted, as, like most artificials,
-it has a great affinity for water, and in
-dry weather absorbs the water from the
-grasses and burns them up. It also should
-never be used if the land is the least
-bit sour, as it simply increases this sourness.</p>
-
-<p>A green-keeper should attempt to get
-a sufficient knowledge of botany and
-chemistry to know by the character of
-the herbage of his greens the kind and the
-amount of manure that is required. Green-keepers
-sometimes think that if they use
-twice the usual quantity of a manure, it
-will have double the effect; the exact
-contrary is the case, as the green may be
-ruined entirely.</p>
-
-<p>The most important manure of all is
-cut grass. If the cut grass is always
-left on the greens and fairways, very
-little manuring is necessary. On the other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span>
-hand, if the grass is constantly removed
-year after year (unless a considerable
-amount of manure is added to take its
-place), the turf becomes impoverished and
-full of weeds. One of the unexpected
-results of leaving the grass on is that
-less mowing is necessary. This is probably
-due to the fact that the growth goes
-into the roots and not into the leaves.
-Mowing without the box on is of special
-importance on sandy or seaside courses.</p>
-
-<h3>SAND</h3>
-
-<p>Sand is often an expensive item on
-an inland course. It is surprising how
-frequently a good class of sand is found
-in pockets on a course or in the immediate
-neighbourhood. A knowledge of geology
-and botany will enable you to foretell
-where sand is likely to be found.</p>
-
-<p>On several occasions on visiting a course
-I have been told that there was no sand
-in the district, and have been able to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span>
-find some by noting the character of the
-trees, grasses, etc. Sand may be economised
-by the method in which bunkers
-are made. It will be noticed in the
-photographs reproduced that most of the
-hollows have been turfed, but have
-been formed in such a way that a ball
-gravitates towards the sand, which is
-thrown up against the face. Bunkers of
-this description have a much more natural
-appearance, and the amount of sand
-needed is also considerably less than usual.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus14">
-<img src="images/illus14.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A bunker on the Fulford course, artificially
-constructed on flat land at a cost of £3.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>By far the most important of all the
-foregoing suggestions is the ultimate
-economy of making it as reasonably
-certain as possible that any work done
-is of a permanent character and has not
-ultimately to be done over again. There
-are few committees of golf clubs who
-attach sufficient importance to expert
-advice. I suppose this is partly due to
-the fact that they themselves would sooner
-have the work done badly and have the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span>
-fun of doing it than see any one else do
-it for them. In the nature of things
-a course can only be constructed by an
-individual: “Too many cooks spoil the
-broth” is a proverb which is more applicable
-in the case of golf courses than in
-anything else.</p>
-
-<p>I personally am a strong believer in
-encouraging the individuality of the green-keeper,
-and not interfering with, but
-rather encouraging, his original ideas, unless
-they are in opposition to sound
-fundamental principles.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br />
-<span class="smaller">IDEAL HOLES</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>There are few problems more difficult
-to solve than the problem of what exactly
-constitutes an ideal hole. The ideal hole
-is surely one that affords the greatest
-pleasure to the greatest number, gives the
-fullest advantage for accurate play, stimulates
-players to improve their game, and
-never becomes monotonous.</p>
-
-<p>The real practical test is its popularity,
-and here again we are up against another
-difficulty. Does the average player really
-know what he likes himself? One often
-hears the same player expressing totally
-divergent opinions about the same hole.
-When he plays it successfully, it is everything
-that is good, and when unsuccessful
-it is everything that is bad. It frequently
-happens that the best holes give rise to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span>
-the most bitter controversy. It is largely
-a question of the spirit in which the
-problem is approached. Does the player
-look upon it from the “card and pencil”
-point of view and condemn anything that
-has disturbed his steady series of threes
-and fours, or does he approach the question
-in the “spirit of adventure” of the true
-sportsman?</p>
-
-<p>There are well-known players who invariably
-condemn any hole they have
-taken over six for, and if by any chance
-they ever reach double figures, words fail
-them to describe in adequate language
-what they think of that particular hole.</p>
-
-<p>It does not by any means follow that
-when a player condemns a hole in particularly
-vigorous language he really dislikes
-it. It may be a source of pleasure
-to his subconscious mind. Although
-condemning it, he may be longing to
-play it again so as to conquer its difficulties.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p>
-
-<p>Who is to judge what is an ideal hole?
-Is it one of our leading players, or any
-golfer who simply looks upon it from his
-own point of view? I have known of
-an open champion expressing his opinion
-that a certain course was superior to any
-in Britain. As far as this particular
-course is concerned, it is generally admitted
-by amateurs that, although the
-turf and natural advantages were excellent,
-it had not a single hole of any real merit.
-The local committee were also of opinion
-that it was monotonous and lacking in
-real interest, and had decided to have it
-entirely remodelled, before this world renowned
-open champion persuaded them
-to change their minds by expressing such
-strong views in its favour.</p>
-
-<p>There are, unfortunately, many leading
-players who wish a course to be designed
-so that it will favour their own play and
-will not even punish their indifferent
-shots, but will put any one below their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span>
-particular standard out of the running
-altogether.</p>
-
-<p>There are many leading players who
-condemn the strategic aspect of golf.
-They only see one line to the hole, and that
-is usually the direct one. They cannot
-see why they should, as in dog-legged
-holes, be ever compelled to play to one
-or other side of the direct line. A bunker
-in the direct line at the distance of their
-long drives is invariably condemned by
-them, because they do not realise
-that the correct line is to one or other
-side of it. Why should not even an
-open champion occasionally have a shot
-that the long handicap man is frequently
-compelled to play?</p>
-
-<p>Should a course or hole be ideal from
-a medal or match-playing point of view?
-If it is necessary to draw any distinction
-between the two, there can be little
-doubt that match play should always
-have prior claim. Nine out of ten games<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span>
-on most good courses are played in matches
-and not for medals. The true test of
-a hole is, then, its value in match play.</p>
-
-<p>The majority of golfers are agreed, I
-think, that an ideal hole should be a
-difficult one. It is true there are some
-who would have it difficult for every one
-except themselves. These, who usually
-belong to the pot-hunting fraternity, may
-be left out of consideration. It is the successful
-negotiation of difficulties, or apparent
-ones, which gives rise to pleasurable
-excitement and makes a hole interesting.</p>
-
-<p>What kind of difficulties make interesting
-golf?</p>
-
-<p>We can, I think, eliminate difficulties
-consisting of long grass, narrow fairways,
-and small greens, because of the annoyance
-and irritation caused by searching for
-lost balls, the disturbance of the harmony
-and continuity of the game, the consequent
-loss of freedom of swing, and the
-production of bad players.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p>
-
-<p>We can also eliminate blind greens, blind
-bunkers, and blind approaches. The
-greater the experience the writer has of
-designing golf courses, the more certain
-he is that blindness of all kinds should
-be avoided. The only form of blindness
-that should ever be permitted is the full
-shot up to a green whose position is
-accurately located by surrounding sandhills.
-Even in a hole of this kind, it is
-not the blindness that is interesting, but
-the visibility of the surrounding sandhills.
-At the Maiden hole at Sandwich,
-it was the grandeur and the impressiveness
-of the Maiden that made it a good hole,
-and not the blindness of the green.</p>
-
-<p>The difficulties that make a hole really
-interesting are usually those in which a
-great advantage can be gained in successfully
-accomplishing heroic carries over
-hazards of an impressive appearance, or
-in taking great risks in placing a
-shot so as to gain a big advantage for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span>
-the next. Successfully carrying or skirting
-a bunker of an alarming or impressive
-appearance is always a source of
-satisfaction to the golfer, and yet it is
-hazards of this description which so often
-give rise to criticism by the unsuccessful
-player. At first sight he looks upon it
-as grossly unfair that, of two shots
-within a few inches of each other, the one
-should be hopelessly buried in a bunker
-and the other should be in an ideal position.</p>
-
-<p>However, on further consideration
-he will realise that, as in dog-legged
-holes, this is the chief characteristic of
-all good holes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus15">
-<img src="images/illus15.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The second hole at Headingley—cost £40. Hummock and
-bunkers entirely artificial</span>: a two-shot dog-legged hole; the photo
-is taken along the line of the second shot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Holes of this description not only cater
-for great judgment, but great skill: a
-man who has such confidence that he
-can place his ball within a few feet of
-his objective gains a big advantage over
-a faint-hearted opponent who dare not
-take similar risks. On a course, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span>
-holes of this kind, match play becomes of
-intense interest.</p>
-
-<p>In a perfect hole the surface of not
-only the green, but the approach to it,
-should be visible. It is difficult, or even
-impossible, to judge an approach accurately
-unless the ground which the ball pitches
-on can be seen. It also gives great
-pleasure (or sometimes pain) to see the
-result of one’s shot.</p>
-
-<p>In an ideal hole, the turf should be as
-perfect as possible and the approaches
-should have the same consistency as the
-greens, but it is by no means advisable
-to avoid entirely bad lies or irregular
-stances. There is not only much skill
-required, but an improvement of one’s
-game results in occasionally having to
-play out of a cupped lie, or from an uneven
-stance. There are few things more monotonous
-than always playing from a dead
-flat fairway.</p>
-
-<p>In an ideal long hole, there should not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span>
-only be a big advantage from successfully
-negotiating a long carry for the tee shot,
-but the longer the drive, the greater the
-advantage should be. A shorter driver
-should also, by extreme accuracy, be able
-to gain an advantage over a long hitting
-but less accurate opponent.</p>
-
-<p>An ideal hole should provide an infinite
-variety of shots according to the varying
-positions of the tee, the situation of the
-flag, the direction and strength of the
-wind, etc. It should also at times give
-full advantage for the voluntary pull or
-slice, one of the most finished shots in
-golf, and one that few champions are able
-to carry out with any great degree of
-accuracy.</p>
-
-<p>Should an ideal hole be ideal for the
-plus, scratch, or long handicap player?
-As players of all handicaps play golf, a
-hole should as far as possible be ideal
-for all classes. There are many famous
-holes, such as the Cardinal, which are by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span>
-no means ideal, as in an ideal hole there
-should always be an alternative route
-open to the weaker player.</p>
-
-<p>Are there any ideal holes in existence
-at the present moment?</p>
-
-<p>I think the eleventh (the short hole
-coming in at St. Andrews) may be considered
-so. Under certain conditions, it
-is extremely difficult for even the best
-player that ever breathed, especially if
-he is attempting to get a two, but at the
-same time an inferior player may get a
-four if he plays his own game exceptionally
-well. It has been suggested that the
-mere fact that it is possible to putt the
-whole length is an objection to it. No
-doubt the timid golfer can play the hole
-in this way, but he will lose strokes by
-avoiding risks. Even if an expert putter
-holes out in four strokes once in three
-times, he can consider himself lucky.
-I do not know of a solitary example of
-a player achieving success in an important<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span>
-match by this means. If a cross bunker
-were constructed at this hole, it would
-become appreciably diminished in interest
-in consequence. The narrow entrance and
-the subtle slopes have all the advantages
-of a cross bunker without making it impossible
-for the long handicap man. These
-contentions are borne out by those
-attempts that have been made to copy
-and improve on the hole by a cross
-bunker.</p>
-
-<p>There are few, if any, other ideal short
-holes in existence. The seventh and
-fourteenth on the Eden Course at St.
-Andrews are remarkably fine holes, especially
-as they have to a great extent
-been artificially created. At the present
-moment the gorse in places is somewhat
-near both greens, but this can easily
-be rectified, and the architect, Mr. H.
-S. Colt, was wise in not removing too
-many whins in the first instance, as, if
-once removed, they cannot be replaced.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p>
-
-<p>Another good example is the eighth
-at Moortown (formerly seventeenth, or,
-as it is known locally, Gibraltar). Its
-length is 170 yards, and it has been entirely
-artificially created at the small cost of £35.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus16">
-<img src="images/illus16.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The eighth green at Moortown</span>: 170 yards, entirely
-artificial.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The green has been constructed on a
-slight slope. The soil has been removed
-from the lower portion of the slope to
-make the bunkers and to bank up the
-green. The natural slope has been retained
-at the entrance to the green, and,
-like the eleventh at St. Andrews, it is
-these subtle slopes which lead a ball
-which has not been correctly hit, into the
-adjacent bunkers, and in reality have very
-much the same effect as a cross bunker
-without the hardship to the long handicap
-player.</p>
-
-<p>The hole also shares with the eleventh
-at St. Andrews the necessity for an
-infinite variety of shots according to varying
-conditions of wind, position of flag, etc.
-One day it is a comparatively easy pitch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span>
-with a mashie, normally it is a straight
-iron shot, sometimes a full shot with a
-trace of pull is required, and, again, it is
-necessary to slice so that one’s ball is
-held up against the slope of the hill.</p>
-
-<p>The green is delightfully picturesque.
-It is extremely visible against a background
-of fir trees—it stands up and
-looks at you.</p>
-
-<p>The contrast between the vivid green
-of the grass, the dark green of the firs,
-the whiteness of the sand, the purple
-heather, and a vivid background of
-rhododendrons, combined with the natural
-appearance and extreme boldness of the
-contours, gives one a picture probably
-unsurpassed by anything of a similar
-kind in nature.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="illus17">
-<img src="images/illus17.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Eighth hole, “Gibraltar,” Moortown golf course.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p>
-
-<p>It is not only a delightful hole to see,
-which at any rate appeals subconsciously
-to the dullest of minds, but it is equally
-delightful to play. It is less difficult than
-it appears. You feel you are taking your
-life in your hands, and it therefore appeals,
-as Mr. Bernard Darwin says, to the
-“spirit of adventure”—yet a well-played
-shot always gets its due reward.</p>
-
-<p>There are few, if any, ideal two- or three-shot
-holes in existence. Some of those
-coming in at St. Andrews are almost, but
-not quite, perfect.</p>
-
-<p>The sixteenth (Corner of the Dyke) hole
-at St. Andrews is almost ideal for its
-length (338 yards). It was a particularly
-good hole at the time of the guttie ball,
-and is so to-day for a short driver, like
-the writer.</p>
-
-<p>As in the majority of good holes, it
-is the subtlety of the slopes that makes
-it so.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus18">
-<img src="images/illus18.jpg" width="700" height="300" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The sixteenth hole at St. Andrews.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p>
-
-<p>The green is tilted up slightly from
-right to left, and it would be a better
-hole still if the inclination were greater.
-It is also guarded by Grant’s and the
-Wig Bunkers on the left-hand side, so
-that the approach from the right is
-easy, as all the slopes assist the players,
-and the approach from the left is exceedingly
-difficult.</p>
-
-<p>The point about the hole is that it
-is so difficult to get into the best position
-to approach the green, because of the
-proximity of the Principal’s Nose Bunker
-to the railway, and the difficulty of placing
-one’s tee shot in such a small space with
-all the slopes leading to the bunker. On
-the other hand, there is a perfectly easy
-route free from all risk to the left of the
-Principal’s Nose, but the player in all probability
-loses a stroke by taking it.</p>
-
-<p>The fourteenth and seventeenth holes
-at St. Andrews are excellent holes, full
-of dramatic incident in match play.</p>
-
-<p>The fourteenth hole is probably the
-best hole of its length in existence. Here,
-again, the hole is made by the slope of
-the green. There is a most marked tilt
-up from left to right, so much so that it
-is impossible to approach near the hole<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span>
-from the right. It is slopes of this kind
-which are so often overlooked in designing
-a golf course, and it is one of the
-most difficult things imaginable to construct
-them really well; but it is subtleties
-of this nature which make all the
-difference between a good course and a
-bad one.</p>
-
-<p>At the fourteenth hole at St. Andrews
-this tilt of the green has a considerable
-influence on the tee shot 530 yards away.
-Some years ago there were four of us
-playing four ball matches nearly every
-day for a month. We, according to our
-own judgment, attempted to play this
-hole in four different ways. A played his
-tee shot well away to the left of the
-Beardies on to the low ground below the
-Elysian Fields, so as to place his second
-in a favourable position for his approach.
-B, who was a long driver, attempted to
-carry the Beardies with his drive, Hell
-with his second, and run up his third.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span>
-C, who was a short but fairly accurate
-hitter, attempted to pinch the Beardies
-as near as he dare, and then played his
-second well away to the left, so as to
-play against the slope of the green for
-his third. D took what was apparently the
-straightforward route along the large broad
-plateau of the Elysian Fields, and eventually
-landed in Hell or Perdition every
-time: he invariably lost the hole.</p>
-
-<p>This hole is very nearly ideal, but would
-be better still if the lie of the land were
-such that the Beardies, the Crescent, the
-Kitchen, and Hell Bunkers were visible
-and impressive looking. If these bunkers
-only looked as terrifying and formidable
-as they really are, what thrills one would
-get in playing this hole! What pleasurable
-excitement there would be in seeing one’s
-second shot sailing over Hell!</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus19">
-<img src="images/illus19.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fourteenth hole at St. Andrews</span>: showing lines
-taken by A, B, C, and D.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p>
-
-<p>It may be, however, that it is just as
-well these bunkers are blind. If they had
-been visible, although in reality they would
-have been much fairer, there would have
-been so many players crying out that it
-was most unfair that bunkers should be
-placed in the exact position where perfect
-shots go; that it was most iniquitous to
-have a hazard like the Beardies 180 yards
-from the tee exactly in the line for the
-hole; that the carry over Hell for the
-second shot is over 400 yards from the tee;
-and that the only way to play the hole was
-along the fairway to the fifth, etc., etc.</p>
-
-<p>As these bunkers are blind, players do
-not notice these things, and the lives of
-the Green Committee are saved.</p>
-
-<p>The seventeenth hole at St. Andrews is
-almost too well known to need description—it
-is probably the most noted hole
-in the world. Although so difficult, it
-is by no means impossible for the long
-handicap player, for he can go pottering
-along, steering wide of all hazards, and
-losing strokes because he refuses to take
-any risks.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p>
-
-<p>At this hole, once more, it is the slopes
-that give so much character to the hole.</p>
-
-<p>Even for the tee shot there is a ridge
-immediately beyond the corner of the
-station-master’s garden which kicks your
-ball away from the hole if you pitch to
-the left of it, and towards the hole if
-you pitch to the right—in fact, an extra
-yard or two over the corner makes all
-the difference in getting into a favourable
-position for the second shot. There are
-also hillocks and ridges down the right-hand
-side, all forcing an inaccurately placed
-shot into an unfavourable position for
-the approach.</p>
-
-<p>I often think that the hole would be
-more interesting without the Scholar’s
-Bunker—the latter prevents a badly hit
-second getting into the danger zone. If
-it were not there, one would much more
-frequently be forced to play the sporting
-approach to the green with the road
-bunker intervening. It is this road bunker,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span>
-with the slopes leading a ball to it, which
-makes this hole of such intense interest.
-Notwithstanding the abuse showered on
-it, this bunker has done more to sustain
-the popularity of St. Andrews than any
-feature on the course.</p>
-
-<p>During the last few years there have
-been many good inland courses constructed.
-Several of these, such as Swinley
-Forest, St. George’s Hill, Sunningdale,
-Alwoodley, Moortown, Ganton, etc., have
-some excellent long holes.</p>
-
-<p>At Alwoodley, two of the dog-legged
-holes, the eighth and fifteenth, are particularly
-good examples. The eighth is
-played from right to left and the fifteenth
-from left to right. In each case the green
-has been constructed with a marked side
-slope, so that the nearer the golfer plays to
-the angle of the dog-leg, the greater the
-slope favours him.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus20">
-<img src="images/illus20.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The seventeenth hole at St. Andrews.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p>
-
-<p>In 1914 the writer designed an ideal
-two-shot hole which won the first prize in
-a competition for Golfing Architecture,
-promoted by <i>Country Life</i>.</p>
-
-<p>In designing it, he attempted to produce
-an ideal hole among perfect surroundings,
-and what could be more perfect than
-sand-dunes by the seashore!</p>
-
-<p>The hole is 420 yards long from the
-ordinary and 450 yards from the Medal
-Tee.</p>
-
-<p>An effort has been made to produce the
-old type of golf, in which a player has no
-fixed line to the hole, but has to use his
-own judgment in playing it, according to
-varying conditions of wind, etc.</p>
-
-<p>The green is guarded by bunkers and
-a large hillock (20 feet high) on the right
-of the approach, and is also tilted upwards
-from left to right and from the front to
-the back, so that the approach from the
-left is an easy one, and from the right
-necessitates such a difficult pitch that the
-player is likely to overrun the green into
-the bunker beyond.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p>
-
-<p>There are five possible routes to the
-hole, and the choice of the player must
-vary from day to day, according to his
-length of drive, the state of the weather, etc.</p>
-
-<p>It caters for all classes of players—even
-the absolute beginner can take No. 5
-line. He loses strokes not by getting into
-bunkers, but by avoiding risks, and probably
-takes five, or at least four, to reach
-the green in consequence; nevertheless
-he enjoys his game, and not being disheartened,
-he improves, until finally he
-may be able to achieve the boldest line
-of all, and drive a fine ball straight to
-the hole.</p>
-
-<p>He who takes the left-hand road by
-way of the island can also get home in
-two; he has a shorter carry, but has to
-make up for this by extreme accuracy.</p>
-
-<p>There are many positions by the seashore
-where a hole of this kind could be
-constructed, but it would be possible to
-make one of a similar type inland, especially<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span>
-if the subsoil consisted of sand
-and the lie of the land was favourable. The
-seashore could be replaced by bunkers,
-old quarry workings, hummocky ground,
-rough, or even land out of bounds.</p>
-
-<p>Success in construction depends entirely
-on expert supervision. It is like all successful
-golf-course construction, a question
-of making the best use of natural features
-and the devising of artificial ones, indistinguishable
-from nature.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus21">
-<img src="images/illus21.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan of ideal two-shot hole of 420 yards.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br />
-<span class="smaller">THE FUTURE OF GOLF ARCHITECTURE</span></h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>As the future of Golf Architecture depends
-on the prospects of golf, it may be of
-interest to discuss the probability of its
-abiding popularity.</p>
-
-<p>Golf has been played in Scotland for
-several centuries, and there appears to
-be no sign of any decreased popularity,
-but rather the reverse. The illusiveness
-of golf is sufficient to ensure its popularity.
-No one ever seems to master it. You
-imagine you have got the secret to-day,
-but it has gone to-morrow. This is so in
-all good games. There are some games,
-such as ping-pong and roller-skating,
-which become merely passing crazes, and
-the reason is that one obtains a certain
-standard which neither diminishes nor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span>
-increases, and then the game becomes
-monotonous. Golf on a first-rate course
-can never become monotonous, and the
-better the course the less likely it is to do
-so. Golf on a good links is, in all probability,
-the best game in the world, but
-on the late-Victorian type of inland course,
-where there is a complete lack of variety,
-flat fairways, flat unguarded greens, long
-grass, necessitating frequent searching for
-lost balls, and mathematically placed
-hazards consisting of the cop or pimple
-variety, it not only offends all the finest
-instincts of the artist and the sportsman,
-but is the most boring game in existence.
-The advent of the golf architect is rapidly
-curing all these disabilities.</p>
-
-<p>A good golf course is a great asset to
-the nation. Those who harangue against
-land being diverted from agriculture and
-used for golf have little sense of proportion.
-Comparing the small amount of land
-utilised for golf with the large amount<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span>
-devoted to agriculture, we get infinitely
-more value out of the former than the
-latter. We all eat too much. During the
-Great War the majority were all the fitter
-for being rationed and getting a smaller
-amount of food, but none of us get enough
-fresh air, pleasurable excitement, and
-exercise. Health and happiness are everything
-in this world. Money-grubbing
-(so called business), except in so far as
-it helps to attain these, is of minor importance.
-One of the reasons why I, “a
-medical man,” decided to give up medicine
-and take to golf architecture was my
-firm conviction of the extraordinary influence
-on health of pleasurable excitement,
-especially when combined with fresh air
-and exercise. How frequently have I,
-with great difficulty, persuaded patients
-who were never off my doorstep to take up
-golf, and how rarely, if ever, have I seen
-them in my consulting-rooms again! It
-is not suggested that golf is the one and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span>
-only remedy. Men may get equal results
-from shooting, fishing, riding, cricket,
-tennis, etc., and may even obtain pleasurable
-excitement from gardening, politics,
-or their own business, but for the majority
-of men, golf is the most convenient form
-of pleasurable excitement and exercise
-to take. Those who rave against golf
-courses surely forget that many of the
-greatest politicians, thinkers, and business
-men conserve their health and their mental
-powers through golf. As examples we
-could quote President Wilson, Lloyd
-George, Carnegie, A. J. Balfour, Asquith,
-Winston Churchill, Lord Northcliffe, and
-scores of others. I hope to live to see
-the day when there are crowds of municipal
-courses, as in Scotland, cropping up
-all over England. It would help enormously
-in increasing the health, the virility,
-and the prosperity of the nation,
-and would do much to counteract discontent
-and Bolshevism. There can be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span>
-no possible reason against, and there is
-every reason in favour of, municipal
-courses. They are all for the good of
-the community, and even from a financial
-point of view, at the small green fees of
-3<i>d.</i> or 6<i>d.</i> a round invariably pay.</p>
-
-<p>If this be so that games, and particularly
-golf, are of such vital importance to
-national health and social content, then
-surely the provision of adequate and
-proper facilities for golf should be taken
-seriously, and in making this provision
-the golf architect has a special part.</p>
-
-<p>The test of a good golf architect is
-the power of converting bad inland material
-into a good course, and not the power of
-fashioning excellent seaside material into
-a mediocre one.</p>
-
-<p>The majority of amateurs are sportsmen,
-and they welcome anything that
-increases the sporting element of the game.
-There are, on the other hand, others,
-including some of our best players, who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span>
-look upon golf in the “card and pencil”
-spirit, and view with resentment anything
-that has stopped their steady series of
-threes and fours.</p>
-
-<p>The advent of the golf architect has
-done much to increase the sporting and
-the dramatic element in golf. The true
-test of the value of his work is its popularity,
-and judging by the rapid increase
-in members, even on the mere rumour
-that the services of a well-known course
-architect are to be obtained, there can
-be no doubt the modern constructor of
-courses has achieved this. The writer
-knows examples of the reconstruction of
-one or two short holes bringing in over
-one hundred fresh members to a club which
-had been steadily diminishing in numbers
-for years.</p>
-
-<p>There are many and varied qualities
-required for the making of a successful
-golf architect.</p>
-
-<p>In the first place, he must have an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span>
-intimate knowledge of the theory of playing
-the game. He need not be himself a
-good player. He may have some physical
-disability which prevents him becoming
-so, but as the training of the golf architect
-is purely mental and not physical, this
-should not prevent him from being a
-successful golf-course architect. In any
-case, the possession of a vivid imagination,
-which is an absolute essential in obtaining
-success, may prevent him attaining a
-position among the higher ranks of
-players. Every one knows how fatal imagination
-is in playing the game. Let
-the fear of socketing once enter your
-head, and you promptly socket every shot
-afterwards.</p>
-
-<p>His knowledge of the game should be
-so intimate that he knows instinctively
-what is likely to produce good golf and
-good golfers. He must have more than
-a passing acquaintance with the best
-courses and the best golfing holes. It is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span>
-not only necessary that he should play
-them, but study them and analyse the
-features which make them what they are.
-He must have a sense of proportion and
-be able to differentiate between essentials
-and non-essentials. He should be able
-to distinguish between those features which
-are of supreme importance in the making
-of a hole and those which are of less
-value.</p>
-
-<p>He must have judgment in the choice of
-features which can be readily and cheaply
-reproduced, and not those which are
-impossible to construct without an inordinate
-expenditure of labour.</p>
-
-<p>How frequently has one seen hundreds
-of pounds wasted in a futile attempt to
-reproduce the Alps, the Himalayas, or
-the Cardinal! Features of this kind look
-absolutely out of place unless the surrounding
-ranges of hills which harmonise
-with them are also reproduced. To do
-this would involve the expenditure of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span>
-hundreds of thousands of pounds. How
-often are attempts made to copy a hole and
-the subtle slopes and undulations which are
-the making of the original overlooked!</p>
-
-<p>The golf-course architect must have the
-sporting instinct, and if he has had a
-training in many and varied branches of
-sport, and has analysed those characteristics
-which provide a maximum of
-pleasurable excitement in them, so much
-the better. It is essential that he should
-eliminate his own game entirely, and
-look upon all constructional work in a
-purely impersonal manner.</p>
-
-<p>He should be able to put himself in
-the position of the best player that ever
-lived, and at the same time be extremely
-sympathetic towards the beginner and
-long handicap player.</p>
-
-<p>He should, above all, have a sense of
-proportion and be able to come to a
-prompt decision as to what is the greatest
-good to the greatest number.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus22">
-<img src="images/illus22.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The fifth hole at Fulford, Yorks—approximate cost,
-£35</span>: the whole of the additional nine holes on this course were
-constructed on dead flat land at a total cost of about £300.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>He should not be unduly influenced
-by hostile criticism, but should give the
-most sympathetic consideration to criticism
-of a constructive nature. Not infrequently
-a long handicap man makes
-a brilliant suggestion which can often be
-utilised in a modified form.</p>
-
-<p>A knowledge of psychology gained in
-the writer’s medical training has been
-of great service in estimating what is
-likely to give the greatest pleasure to
-the greatest number.</p>
-
-<p>It by no means follows that what
-appears to be attractive at first sight will
-be permanently so. A good golf course
-grows on one like good painting, good
-music, etc.</p>
-
-<p>The ideal golf architect should have
-made a study, from a golfing point of
-view, of agricultural chemistry, botany,
-and geology. He should also have some
-knowledge of surveying, map-reading, and
-the interpretation of aerial photographs.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span></p>
-
-<p>Aerial photography will become of enormous
-value in all kinds of surveying,
-town-planning, the construction of golf
-courses, etc.</p>
-
-<p>There are all sorts of details visible in
-an aerial photograph which are often
-omitted after the most careful survey in
-the ordinary way. The exact positions
-of every tree, hummock, natural bunker,
-tracks, hedges, ditches, etc., are well
-defined. The exact areas occupied by
-permanent pasture, grass grown for hay,
-crops, clumps of whins, rushes, etc., can all
-be distinguished in an aerial photograph.</p>
-
-<p>These, combined with a good ordnance
-and geological drift-map, are of
-inestimable value, and in many cases
-would assist even the most expert golf
-architect to make such full use of all the
-natural features that thousands of pounds
-might ultimately be saved in reducing
-the acreage required and in minimising
-the cost of labour, upkeep, etc.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p>
-
-<p>In these days when manual labour
-costs so much, it is of supreme importance
-to reduce it to a minimum by the substitution
-of mental labour.</p>
-
-<p>Golf architecture is a new art closely
-allied to that of the artist or the sculptor,
-but also necessitating a scientific knowledge
-of many other subjects.</p>
-
-<p>In the old days, many golf courses were
-designed by prominent players, who after
-a preliminary inspection of the course
-simply placed pegs to represent the position
-of the sites for the suggested tees,
-greens, bunkers, etc. The whole thing
-was completed in a few hours, and the
-best results could hardly have been expected,
-and in fact never were obtained,
-by these methods.</p>
-
-<p>The modern designer, on the other hand,
-is likely to achieve the most perfect
-results and make the fullest use of all
-the natural features by more up-to-date
-methods.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p>
-
-<p>After a preliminary inspection or inspections
-in the calm and quiet of his
-own study with an ordnance map and,
-if possible, aeroplane photographs in front
-of him, he visualises every feature. He
-is then not so likely to be obsessed by
-details, but gives everything its due proportionate
-value. He then evolves his
-scheme and pays a second visit to the
-ground, and, if necessary, modifies his
-ideas according to the appearance on the
-spot.</p>
-
-<p>There is an extraordinary resemblance
-between what is now known as the camouflage
-of military earthworks and golf-course
-construction.</p>
-
-<p>The writer was fortunate during the war
-in being asked to give the demonstrations
-to members of the Army Council which
-were the foundation of, and led to the
-establishment of, the first school of camouflage.</p>
-
-<p>These demonstrations were evolved from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span>
-his experience as a golf-course architect
-in the imitation of natural features.</p>
-
-<p>Successful golf-course construction and
-successful camouflage are almost entirely
-due to utilisation of natural features to
-the fullest extent and to the construction
-of artificial ones indistinguishable from
-nature.</p>
-
-<p>It is clear that if a gun emplacement
-or any other object of military importance
-is made indistinguishable from the most
-innocent-looking feature on the landscape,
-it will escape the disagreeable attention
-of the enemy. And what can appear
-more innocent than the natural undulations
-of the ground? Therefore in camouflage,
-as in golf-course construction, the ability
-to imitate natural undulations successfully
-is of special importance.</p>
-
-<p>There are many other attributes in
-common between the successful golf
-architect and the camoufleur.</p>
-
-<p>Both, if not actually artists, must have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span>
-an artistic temperament, and have had
-an education in science.</p>
-
-<p>Surprise is the most important thing in
-war, and by camouflage you are able to
-obtain this not only on the defence but
-in the attack.</p>
-
-<p>In golf architecture and camouflage a
-knowledge of psychology is of enormous
-value. It enables one to judge what is
-likely to give pleasurable excitement to
-the golfer and confidence and improvement
-in <i>moral</i> to the soldier. The writer
-feels most strongly that his experience
-in the Great War in visualising and surveying
-miles of sites for fortifications in
-this country and abroad, in map-reading,
-in the interpretation of aerial photographs,
-in drainage and labour-saving
-problems, and particularly in the mental
-training of strategic camouflage and devising
-traps and surprises for the enemy,
-was by no means wasted even from a
-golf-course point of view. The only man<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span>
-he has been successful in initiating rapidly
-into the mysteries of golf-course architecture
-was not a golfer but an artist, and
-one of the greatest, if not the greatest,
-of experts on camouflage.</p>
-
-<p>A little knowledge is a specially dangerous
-thing in links’ architecture. One
-of our greatest troubles in dealing with
-the committees of the old-established seaside
-courses is that their world-renowned
-reputation (not due to any virtue of their
-own, but entirely owing to the natural
-advantages of their links) makes them
-think themselves competent judges of a
-golf course.</p>
-
-<p>They ask for a report and plan of suggested
-improvements, and then imagine
-they have grasped the ideas of the designer,
-and proceed to make a horrible hash of
-it. I do not know a single seaside course
-which has been remodelled in anything
-like the way it should have been remodelled.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p>
-
-<p>The best artificially constructed seaside
-course I know is the Eden (Mr. Colt’s)
-Course at St. Andrews. There are few
-of the crowds of players who, notwithstanding
-its youth, already congregate on
-it realise how much is due to artificiality
-and how little to nature. All the best
-ground at St. Andrews had been previously
-seized for the three older courses—viz.,
-the Old, the New, and the Jubilee—and
-yet it compares favourably with any
-of them. This is entirely due to the fact
-that not only was it designed by Mr.
-Colt, but the construction work was done
-by men who had been trained under him
-and worked under his supervision.</p>
-
-<p>It is much better that construction
-work should be done by men without any
-knowledge of the subject than by those
-partly trained.</p>
-
-<p>There is a yarn told about two rival
-constructors of golf courses: one of them
-was admiring the other’s greens, and remarked<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span>
-that “he never managed to get
-his green-keeper to make the undulations
-as natural looking.” The other replied that
-“it was perfectly easy; he simply employed
-the biggest fool in the village and told
-him to make them flat.”</p>
-
-<p>I believe the real reason St. Andrews
-Old Course is infinitely superior to anything
-else is owing to the fact that it was constructed
-when no one knew anything about
-the subject at all, and since then it has
-been considered too sacred to be touched.
-What a pity it is that the natural advantages
-of many seaside courses have been
-neutralised by bad designing and construction
-work!</p>
-
-<p>The architect is the best judge in deciding
-how often he should visit a course for
-supervision purposes. How often have I
-heard from the secretary, who is almost
-invariably a cheery optimist, that the
-construction work was going on splendidly,
-and when too late discovered that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span>
-hundreds of pounds had been thrown
-away in doing bad work which had
-ultimately to be scrapped!</p>
-
-<p>There is an old Persian saying:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>“He who knows not, and knows not that he knows
-not, is a fool. Avoid him.</p>
-
-<p>“He who knows not, and knows that he knows not,
-will learn. Teach him.</p>
-
-<p>“He who knows, and knows not that he knows, will
-fail. Pity him.</p>
-
-<p>“He who knows, and knows that he knows, is a wise
-man. Follow him.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The majority of committees, being composed
-of men who have made their living
-out of their brains, are beginning to know
-that they know not, and this is all to the
-good of the future of golf.</p>
-
-<p>The most backward committees are
-those in Scotland, London, and America.
-They have not yet realised that golf-course
-architecture is a question of mental
-and not physical training. It is particularly
-strange that my own countrymen,
-who have such a wealth of golfing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span>
-material and attach so much importance to
-education, attach so little to education
-in golf architecture.</p>
-
-<p>The time will surely come, as it has
-already done in the North of England, when
-committees will attach as much importance
-to the architecture of the course as to
-that of the club-house.</p>
-
-<p>In time many of the dull, monotonous,
-muddy inland London links will be entirely
-remodelled under expert supervision,
-and the turf and subsoil treated so that
-it is a pleasure to play on them even
-during the winter months.</p>
-
-<p>The time will also come when even
-some of the championship courses will be
-entirely remodelled under expert supervision,
-and when these clubs will realise
-how little they have made of the
-natural advantages that Providence has
-provided for them.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>Printed in Great Britain<br />
-by Hazell, Watson &amp; Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury,<br />
-for Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent &amp; Co., Ltd.</i></p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
-be renamed.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
-or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
-Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
-on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
-phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-</div>
-
-<blockquote>
-  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
-    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
-  </div>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; License.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
-other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
-Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-provided that:
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
-        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
-        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        works.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-        receipt of the work.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
-    </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
-of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
-public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
-visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 96f60fb..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus1.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus1.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index eb6c527..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus1.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus10.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus10.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e49587..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus10.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus11.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus11.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 444ab81..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus11.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus12.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus12.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 49978d2..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus12.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus13.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus13.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1860a59..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus13.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus14.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus14.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fa82d15..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus14.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus15.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus15.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f664312..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus15.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus16.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus16.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 049ca72..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus16.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus17.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus17.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 345e0e8..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus17.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus18.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus18.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ed6feb..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus18.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus19.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus19.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ebd3e03..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus19.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus2.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus2.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ed9db0..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus2.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus20.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus20.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 32f89c0..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus20.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus21.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus21.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b76fef1..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus21.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus22.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus22.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fc54cbb..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus22.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus3.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus3.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fc35cd1..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus3.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus4.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus4.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ecace87..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus4.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus5.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus5.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d5f247..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus5.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus6.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus6.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c16c997..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus6.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus7.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus7.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index baf9945..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus7.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus8.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus8.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c6d416d..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus8.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65319-h/images/illus9.jpg b/old/65319-h/images/illus9.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ffc754..0000000
--- a/old/65319-h/images/illus9.jpg
+++ /dev/null
author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-23 01:35:44 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-23 01:35:44 -0800
commit	8db459b4ac09c2241fc4656129f95ad5a1351f31 (patch)
tree	b73f831ae03b160f4eb4e1f6afebfcea10a396ef /old/65319-h
parent	a640a09abfcd85eabc3633d54426be87112aaf14 (diff)