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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e27f98 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65319 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65319) diff --git a/old/65319-0.txt b/old/65319-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 34ba0be..0000000 --- a/old/65319-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2420 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Golf Architecture, by Alister Mackenzie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Golf Architecture - Economy in Course Construction and Green-Keeping - -Author: Alister Mackenzie - -Contributor: Henry Shapland Colt - -Release Date: May 11, 2021 [eBook #65319] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE *** - - - - - -GOLF ARCHITECTURE - - - - -[Illustration: THE 140-YARD SHORT HOLE AT SITWELL PARK: a fiercely -criticised green that has become universally popular. - -_Frontispiece_] - - - - - GOLF ARCHITECTURE - - ECONOMY IN COURSE CONSTRUCTION - AND GREEN-KEEPING - - BY - DR. A. MACKENZIE - - WITH AN INTRODUCTION - BY - H. S. COLT - - SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, - KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS’ - HALL COURT : : LONDON, E.C.4 - - _Copyright_ - - _First published 1920_ - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -My partner, who is the author of these short essays on Golf Course -Architecture, has asked me to write an introduction. This is, however, -hardly necessary, as the name of Dr. Mackenzie is so well known in -connection with this subject. - -Many years ago now the idea came to him, as to a few others, that it -might not be impossible to create a golf course without doing damage to -the natural attractions of the site. Up to that period the courses which -had been designed by man, and not by nature, had in great measure failed -in this direction, and although no doubt they had provided necessary -opportunities for playing the game, the surroundings in many cases proved -a source of irritation rather than pleasure. - -I vividly remember meeting my present partner for the first time. I had -been asked to go to Leeds to advise about the design of the Alwoodley -Golf Course, and stayed at his house. After dinner he took me into his -consulting room, where, instead of finding myself surrounded by the -weapons of his profession as a Doctor of Medicine, I sat in the midst of -a collection of photographs of sand bunkers, putting greens, and golf -courses, and many plans and designs of the Alwoodley Course. I found that -I was staying with a real enthusiast, and one who had already given close -attention to a subject in which I have always been interested. - -And it is this enthusiasm for the natural beauty of nature which has -helped him in all his work, so that in the case of Alwoodley the player -not only has the opportunity of displaying his skill in the game, but -also of enjoying the relaxation which delightful natural surroundings -always give. - -No doubt many mistakes were made in our early attempts, and I never visit -a course which I have designed without seeing where improvements could be -made in the constructional work, and as long as this is so, I feel that -we shall all continue to learn and to make progress, our instructor being -nature herself. - - H. S. COLT. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMY IN COURSE CONSTRUCTION AND - GREEN-KEEPING 17 - - II. SOME FURTHER SUGGESTIONS 68 - - III. IDEAL HOLES 88 - - IV. THE FUTURE OF GOLF ARCHITECTURE 116 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - THE 140-YARD SHORT HOLE AT SITWELL PARK _Frontispiece_ - - PAGE - - THE SIXTEENTH GREEN AT HEADINGLEY, LEEDS 26 - - THE HOME GREEN AT SITWELL PARK 28 - - AN ARTIFICIAL HUMMOCK AT MOORTOWN, CONSTRUCTED FROM THE STONES - REMOVED FROM THE FAIRWAY 32 - - THE FIFTEENTH HOLE ON THE CITY OR NEWCASTLE COURSE 40 - - DIAGRAM OF HOLE OF 370 YARDS, ILLUSTRATING THE VALUE OF ONE - BUNKER, B 45 - - THE ARTIFICIAL HUMMOCKS GUARDING THE FIFTH GREEN AT ALWOODLEY 49 - - THE SEVENTEENTH GREEN AT HARROGATE 52 - - GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: THE SITE OF ONE OF THE GREENS ON THE ROCKS - NEAR THE BOUNDARY OF THE COURSE—WORK JUST BEGINNING 62 - - GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: READY FOR TURFING—A GREEN CONSTRUCTED ON ROCKS 63 - - THE “SCRAPER” AT WORK ON WHEATLEY PARK, DONCASTER 69 - - GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: THE TURF CUTTING MACHINE AT WORK 70 - - GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: SANDHILLS CONSTRUCTED BY MEANS OF THE SCRAPER - ON TERRAIN ORIGINALLY PERFECTLY FLAT 71 - - AN ARTIFICIAL BUNKER ON THE FULFORD COURSE 86 - - THE SECOND HOLE AT HEADINGLEY 94 - - THE EIGHTH GREEN AT MOORTOWN 99 - - THE EIGHTH HOLE, “GIBRALTAR,” MOORTOWN GOLF COURSE 101 - - THE SIXTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS 103 - - THE FOURTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS 107 - - THE SEVENTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS 111 - - PLAN OF IDEAL TWO-SHOT HOLE OF 420 YARDS 115 - - THE FIFTH HOLE AT FULFORD 124 - - - - -GOLF ARCHITECTURE - - - - -CHAPTER I - -GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMY IN COURSE CONSTRUCTION AND GREEN-KEEPING - - -Economy in course construction consists in obtaining the best possible -results at a minimum of cost. The more one sees of golf courses, the more -one realises the importance of doing construction work really well, so -that it is likely to be of a permanent character. It is impossible to lay -too much stress on the importance of finality. - -Every golfer knows examples of courses which have been constructed and -rearranged over and over again, and the fact that all over the country -thousands of pounds are frittered away in doing bad work which will -ultimately have to be scrapped is particularly distressful to a true -economist. As an example of unnecessary labour and expense, the writer -has in mind a green which has been entirely relaid on four different -occasions. In the first instance, it was of the ridge and furrow type; -the turf was then lifted and it was made dead flat. A new secretary -was appointed, and he made it a more pronounced ridge and furrow than -ever; it was then relaid and made flat again, and has now been entirely -reconstructed with undulations of a more natural outline and appearance. - -In discussing the question of finality, it is well to inquire if there -are any really first-class courses in existence which have been unaltered -for a considerable number of years and still remain, not only a good test -of golf, but a source of pleasure to all classes of players. Is there any -existing course which not even the rubber cored ball has spoilt? And, if -so, what is the cause of its abiding popularity? The only one I know of -is one which has been described as “a much-abused old course at a little -place called St. Andrews, in the Kingdom of Fife.” This (as well as some -of the other championship courses to a lesser extent) still retains its -popularity among all classes of amateurs. In fact, it is characteristic -of all the best courses that they are just as pleasurable (possibly even -more so) to the long handicap man as to the player of championship rank. -This fact knocks on the head the argument which is often used that the -modern expert tries to spoil the pleasure of the player by making courses -too difficult. - -The successful negotiation of difficulties is a source of pleasure to all -classes of players. - -It may be asked, “Who originally constructed St. Andrews?” Its origin -appears to be shrouded in mystery: like Topsy, in _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_, it -simply “growed.” But the fact of the matter is that St. Andrews differs -from others in that it has always been deemed a sacrilege to interfere -with its natural beauties, and it has been left almost untouched for -centuries. No green-keeper has ever dared to shave down its natural -undulations. Most of the bunkers have been left where nature placed them, -and others have originated from the winds and the rains enlarging divot -marks left by the players, and some of them possibly by the green-keepers -converting those hollows where most players congregated, into bunkers, -owing to the difficulty of keeping them free from divot marks. The -bunkers at St. Andrews are thus placed in positions where players are -most likely to go—in fact, in the precise positions which the ordinary -Green Committee would suggest should be filled up. This is a significant -fact, and tends to show that many of our existing ideas in regard to -hazards have been erroneous. Mr. John L. Low pointed out years ago that -no hazard is unfair wherever it is placed, and this particularly applies -if the hazard is visible, as it should be obvious that if a player sees a -hazard in front of him and promptly planks his ball into it he has chosen -the wrong spot. - -I once heard a Yorkshire tale of an old farmer finding a man in his -coal-house during a recent coal strike. He put his head through the -window and said, “Now I’ve copped you picking out all the big lumps.” A -voice from the darkness came, “You’re a liar, I’m taking them as they -come.” - -On the old type of course like St. Andrews, the players have to take the -hazards as they come, and do their best to avoid them. - -There is nothing new about the ideas of the so-called Golf Architect: -he simply wishes to reproduce the old ideas as exemplified in the old -natural courses like St. Andrews, those courses which were played on -before over-zealous green committees demolished the natural undulations -of the fairways and greens, and made greens like lawns for croquet, -tennis, or anything else except golf, and erected eyesores in the shape -of straight lines of cop bunkers, instead of emphasising the natural -curves of the links. - -In the old view of golf, there was no main thoroughfare to the hole: the -player had to use his own judgment without the aid of guide posts, or -other adventitious means of finding his way. St. Andrews still retains -the old traditions of golf. For example, I have frequently seen four -individuals playing the long hole (the fourteenth), and deliberately -attacking it in four different ways, and three out of the four were -probably right in playing it in the ways they selected. - -At St. Andrews “it needs a heid to play gowf,” as the caddie said to the -professor. - -As the truest economy consists in finality, it is interesting to consider -the essential features of an ideal golf course. Some of them are -suggested now: - -1. The course, where possible, should be arranged in two loops of nine -holes. - -2. There should be a large proportion of good two-shot holes, two or -three drive-and-pitch holes, and at least four one-shot holes. - -3. There should be little walking between the greens and tees, and the -course should be arranged so that in the first instance there is always a -slight walk forwards, from the green to the next tee; then the holes are -sufficiently elastic to be lengthened in the future if necessary. - -4. The greens and fairways should be sufficiently undulating, but there -should be no hill climbing. - -5. Every hole should have a different character. - -6. There should be a minimum of blindness for the approach shots. - -7. The course should have beautiful surroundings, and all the artificial -features should have so natural an appearance that a stranger is unable -to distinguish them from nature itself. - -8. There should be a sufficient number of heroic carries from the tee, -but the course should be arranged so that the weaker player with the loss -of a stroke or portion of a stroke shall always have an alternative route -open to him. - -9. There should be infinite variety in the strokes required to play the -various holes—viz., interesting brassy shots, iron shots, pitch and -run-up shots. - -10. There should be a complete absence of the annoyance and irritation -caused by the necessity of searching for lost balls. - -11. The course should be so interesting that even the plus man is -constantly stimulated to improve his game in attempting shots he has -hitherto been unable to play. - -12. The course should be so arranged that the long handicap player, or -even the absolute beginner, should be able to enjoy his round in spite of -the fact that he is piling up a big score. - -13. The course should be equally good during winter and summer, the -texture of the greens and fairways should be perfect, and the approaches -should have the same consistency as the greens. - - -A DECIDED ADVANTAGE - -In regard to the first three principles, there can be little difference -of opinion. It is a considerable advantage that a course should be -arranged in two loops of nine holes, as on a busy day players can -commence at either the first or tenth tee. - -In regard to the fourth principle. It used to be a common fallacy that -greens should be made dead flat. Even on some of the best golf courses -at the present day you find them made like croquet lawns. There has been -somewhat of a reaction lately against undulating greens, but this, I -believe, is entirely due to the fact that the undulations have been made -of a wrong character, either composed of finicky little humps or of the -ridge and furrow type. Natural undulations are the exact opposite to -the artificial ridge and furrow. The latter has a narrow hollow, and a -broad ridge, whereas the former has a large, bold, sweeping hollow, and a -narrow ridge. - -[Illustration: THE SIXTEENTH GREEN AT HEADINGLEY, LEEDS—APPROXIMATE COST -£50: an entirely artificial hole; the site was originally on a severe -downhill slope and had to be cut out of rock.] - -The most interesting putting the writer has ever seen is on the Ladies’ -Putting Course at St. Andrews. Even first-class golfers consider it -a privilege to be invited there, and are to be found putting with -the greatest enthusiasm from early morn till late at night. There the -undulations are of the boldest possible type, large sweeping hollows -rising abruptly four or five feet up to small plateaus. A modern golf -architect who dared to produce the boldness of these St. Andrews’ -undulations could hardly hope to escape hostile criticism. - -In constructing natural-looking undulations one should attempt to study -the manner in which those among the sand-dunes are formed. These are -fashioned by the wind blowing up the sand in the form of waves, which -become gradually turfed over in the course of time. Natural undulations -are, therefore, of a similar shape to the waves one sees by the seashore, -and are of all kinds of shapes and sizes, but are characterised by the -fact that the hollows between the waves are broader than the waves -themselves. - -If undulations are made of this kind, then there are always plenty of -comparatively flat places where the green-keeper can put the flag, and -there should never be any necessity to cut the hole on a slope. - -A test of a good undulation is that it should be easy to use the mowing -machine over it. - -If undulations are made of the kind I describe, it is hardly possible to -make them too large or too bold. - -Perhaps the most aggravating type of undulation is the finicky little -hump or side-slope which you don’t see until after you have missed your -putt, and then begin to wonder why it has not gone in the hole. - -[Illustration: THE HOME GREEN AT SITWELL PARK: An undulating green with -a wide choice of places for the hole in the hollows or on the flat.] - -An almost equally common delusion is that fairways should be flat. I -quite agree that there is nothing worse than a fairway on a severe -side-slope, but, on the other hand, there are few things more monotonous -than playing every shot from a dead flat fairway. The unobservant player -never seems to realise that one of the chief charms of the best seaside -links is the undulating fairways, such as those near the club-house at -Deal, part of Sandwich, and most of the old course at St. Andrews, where -the ground is a continual roll from the first tee to the last green, and -where one never has the same shot to play twice; on these fairways one -hardly ever has a level stance or a level lie. It is this that makes the -variety of a seaside course, and variety is everything in golf. - -If one considers St. Andrews hole by hole, it is surprising to find at -how many of them the dominating and important incident is associated with -an insignificant-looking hollow or bank, often running obliquely to the -line of your approach. - -In constructing undulations of this kind on inland courses, it is well -to make them with as much variety as possible, and in the direction -you wish the player to go to keep the fairway comparatively flat, so as -to encourage players to place their shots, and thus get in a favourable -position for their next. - -In this connection plasticine is frequently used for making models of -undulations. Plasticine is useful to teach the green-keeper points in -construction he would not otherwise understand—in fact, I believe, I was -the first designer of golf courses to use it for this purpose. The 14th -green at Alwoodley, which was the first one made there, was constructed -from a model in plasticine. It has its disadvantages, however, as a -course constructed entirely from models in plasticine has always an -artificial appearance, and can never be done as cheaply as one in which -the green-keeper is allowed a comparatively free hand in modelling the -undulations in such a manner that not only do they harmonise with their -surroundings, but are constructed according to the various changes in the -subsoil discovered whilst doing the work. - - -THE FOLLY OF FASHIONS - -In regard to the fifth principle that every hole should have a different -character. A common mistake is to follow prevailing fashions. At first -we had the artificial cop bunkers extending in a dead straight line -from the rough on one side to the rough on the other; in modern course -architecture these are fortunately extinct. Secondly, we had the fashion -of pot bunkers running down each side of the course. This was, if -anything, an even more objectionable type of golf than the last. Thirdly, -we have had what has been called the alpinisation of golf courses. - -In this connection I would point out that green-keepers should be careful -not to make hillocks so high in the direct line to the hole that they -block out the view: a little to one side of the bee line they may be made -as high as one pleases, but in the direct line hollows should, as a rule, -take the place of hillocks. This is the exact opposite to what is found -on many golf courses, where the hollows are at the sides and the banks in -the middle. - -[Illustration: ARTIFICIAL HUMMOCK AT MOORTOWN, CONSTRUCTED FROM THE -STONES REMOVED FROM THE FAIRWAY.] - -The great thing in constructing golf courses is to ensure variety and -make everything look natural. The greatest compliment that can be paid to -a green-keeper is for players to think his artificial work is natural. On -Alwoodley and Moortown practically every green and every hummock has been -artificially made, and yet it is difficult to convince the stranger that -this is so. I remember a chairman of the Green Committee of one of the -best-known clubs in the North telling me that it would be impossible to -make their course anything like Alwoodley, as there we had such a wealth -of natural hillocks, hollows, and undulations. It was only with great -difficulty that I was able to persuade him that, to use an Irishism, -these natural features which he so much admired had all been artificially -created. I have even heard one of the members of our own Green Committee -telling a well-known writer on golf that the hummocks surrounding one of -our greens had always been there: he himself had forgotten that he had -been present when the site for them had been pegged out. - - -THE QUESTION OF BLIND HOLES - -It is not nearly as common an error to make blind holes as formerly. A -blind tee shot may be forgiven, or a full shot to the green on a seaside -course, when the greens can usually be located accurately by the position -of the surrounding hummocks, but an approach shot should never be blind, -as this prevents an expert player, except by a fluke, from placing his -approach so near the hole that he gets down in one putt. - -Blind holes on an inland course where there are no surrounding sandhills -to locate the green should never be permitted, but an even more annoying -form of blindness is that which is so frequent on inland courses—that is, -when the flag is visible but the surface of the green cannot be seen. On -a green of this description no one can possibly tell whether the flag -is at the back, middle, or front of the green, and it is particularly -aggravating to play your shot expecting to find it dead, and to discover -that your ball is at least twenty yards short. - -On a seaside course there may be a certain amount of pleasurable -excitement in running up to the top of a hillock in the hope of seeing -your ball near the flag, but this is a kind of thing one gets rather -tired of as one grows older. - - -IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY - -Another common erroneous idea is that beauty does not matter on a golf -course. One often hears players say that they don’t care a “tinker’s -cuss” about their surroundings: what they want is good golf. - -One of the best-known writers on golf has recently been jeering at golf -architects for attempting to make beautiful bunkers. If he prefers ugly -bunkers, ugly greens, and ugly surroundings generally he is welcome -to them, but I don’t think for an instant that he believes what he is -writing about, for at the same time he talks about the beauties of -natural courses. The chief object of every golf architect or green-keeper -worth his salt is to imitate the beauties of nature so closely as to make -his work indistinguishable from nature itself. - -I haven’t the smallest hesitation in saying that beauty means a great -deal on a golf course; even the man who emphatically states he does not -care a hang for beauty is subconsciously influenced by his surroundings. -A beautiful hole not only appeals to the short handicap player but also -to the long, and there are few first-rate holes which are not at the same -time, either in the grandeur of their undulations and hazards, or the -character of their surroundings, beautiful holes. - -It is not suggested that we should all play round the links after the -manner of the curate playing with the deaf old Scotsman. - -The curate was audibly expressing his admiration of the scenery, the -greens, and things in general, until they finally arrived at a green -surrounded by a rookery. The curate remarked, “Isn’t it delightful to -hear the rooks?” The deaf old Scotsman said, “What’s that?” The curate -again remarked, “Isn’t it delightful to hear the rooks?” The old Scotsman -replied, “I can’t hear a word you’re saying for those damned crows.” - -The finest courses in existence are natural ones. Such courses as St. -Andrews, and the championship courses generally, are admitted to provide -a fine test of golf. It is by virtue of their natural formation that -they do so. The beauty of gold courses has suffered in the past from -the creations of ugly and unimaginative design. Square, flat greens -and geometrical bunkers have not only been an eyesore upon the whole -landscape, but have detracted from the infinite variety of play which is -the heritage of the game. - -My reputation in the past has been based on the fact that I have -endeavoured to conserve existing natural features, and where these are -lacking to create formations in the spirit of nature herself. - -In other words, while always keeping uppermost the provision of a -splendid test of golf, I have striven to achieve beauty. - -It may at first appear unreasonable that the question of æsthetics should -enter into golf-course design; however, on deeper analysis, it becomes -clear that the great courses, and in detail all the famous holes and -greens, are fascinating to the golfer by reason of their shape, their -situation, and the character of their modelling. When these elements obey -the fundamental laws of balance, of harmony, and fine proportion they -give rise to what we call beauty. This excellence of design is more felt -than fully realised by the player, but nevertheless it is constantly -exercising a subconscious influence upon him, and in course of time he -grows to admire such a course as all works of beauty are eventually felt -and admired. - - -THE REAL OBJECT OF THE HAZARD - -Most of the remaining principles depend on the proper disposition of -hazards, and I have a rather wider definition of hazards than is given by -the rules of Golf Committee. As a minor kind of hazard undulating ground, -hummocks, hollows, etc., might be included. - -Most golfers have an entirely erroneous view of the real object of -hazards. The majority of them simply look upon hazards as a means -of punishing a bad shot, when their real object is to make the game -interesting. The attitude of the ordinary golfer towards hazards may be -illustrated by the following tale which I have frequently told before, -but which will bear repeating: - -A player visiting a Scotch course asked his caddie what the members -thought of a stream which was winding in and out between several of the -holes. The caddie replied, “Weel, we’ve got an old Scotch major here. -When he gets it ower he says, ‘Weel ower the bonnie wee burn, ma laddie’; -but when he gets in he says, ‘Pick ma ball oot o’ that domned sewer.’” - -The writer was recently playing with his brother, who was home on leave -from abroad. He was clearly enjoying his game, but at Alwoodley we have -one solitary pond into which he topped three balls. On arriving at the -club-house he was asked how he liked the course; he simply remarked, -“There were too many ruddy ponds about.” - -It is much too large a subject to go into the question of the placing of -hazards, but I would like to emphasise a fundamental principle. It is -that, as already pointed out, no hazard is unfair wherever it is placed. - -[Illustration: THE FIFTEENTH HOLE ON THE CITY OF NEWCASTLE COURSE: -constructed on flat, featureless clay land.] - -A hazard placed in the exact position where a player would naturally go -is frequently the most interesting situation, as then a special effort is -needed to get over or avoid it. - - -GIVING THE PLAYER THRILLS - -One of the objects in placing hazards is to give the players as much -pleasurable excitement as possible. On many inland courses there is not -a thrill on the whole round, and yet on some of the championship courses -one rarely takes a club out of the bag without having an interesting shot -to play. This particularly applies to the old course at St. Andrews, -and is one of the reasons why it always retains its popularity with all -classes of players. It is quite true that even this course is condemned -by some, but this may be due to the fact that they have not brains -enough, or have not played on it long enough, to appreciate its many -virtues. - -There are some leading players who honestly dislike the dramatic element -in golf. They hate anything that is likely to interfere with a constant -succession of threes and fours. They look upon everything in the “card -and pencil” spirit. The average club member on the other hand is a keen -sportsman, he looks upon golf in the “spirit of adventure,” and that is -why St. Andrews and courses modelled on similar ideals appeal to him. - -No one would pretend that the old course at St. Andrews is perfect: it -has its disadvantages, particularly in the absence of long carries from -the tee, and in its blind bunkers, but no links in the world grows upon -all classes of players in the same manner. The longer one plays there the -keener one gets, and this is a much truer test of a good course than one -which pleases at first and is boring later on. - -A good golf course is like good music or good anything else; it is not -necessarily a course which appeals the first time one plays over it, but -one which grows on the player the more frequently he visits it. - -St. Andrews is a standing example of the possibility of making a course -which is pleasurable to all classes of golfers, not only to the thirty -handicap players, but to the plus fourteen man, if there ever was or will -be such a person. - -It is an interesting fact that few hazards are of any interest which are -out of what is known among medical men as the direct field of vision. -This does not extend much farther than ten to twenty yards on either side -of the direct line to the hole. Hazards placed outside this limit are -usually of little interest, but simply act as a source of irritation. - -Hazards should be placed with an object, and none should be made which -has not some influence on the line of play to the hole. - - -TOO MANY BUNKERS - -On many courses there are far too many bunkers: the sides of the fairways -are riddled with them, and many of these courses would be equally -interesting if half of the bunkers were turfed over as grassy hollows. - -It is often possible to make a hole sufficiently interesting with one or -two bunkers at the most. For example: - -It is obvious from the diagram that the green-guarding bunker B has a -considerable influence on the line of play to the hole. - -The longer the carry a player achieves over the stream the easier his -second shot becomes. - -If it were not for this bunker not only the approach but the tee shot -would be uninteresting, as there would be no object in essaying the long -carry over the stream. - -[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF HOLE OF 370 YARDS, ILLUSTRATING THE VALUE -OF ONE BUNKER, B. Any additional bunker for the tee shot or across the -approach to the green would materially lessen the interest of the hole. -The moral is “Few bunkers placed in interesting positions!”] - -Many poor golf courses are made in a futile attempt to eliminate the -element of luck. You can no more eliminate luck in golf than in cricket, -and in neither case is it possible to punish every bad shot. If you -succeeded you would only make both games uninteresting. - -There are many points of resemblance between cricket and golf: the -fielders in cricket correspond to the hazards at golf. The fielders are -placed in the positions where the majority of shots go, and it should -obviously be easier with a stationary ball to avoid the hazards than to -avoid the fielders at cricket. - -In both games it is only a proportion of bad shots that get punished, -but notwithstanding this the man who is playing the best game almost -invariably comes out on top. - -It is an important thing in golf to make holes look much more difficult -than they really are. People get more pleasure in doing a hole which -looks almost impossible, and yet is not so difficult as it appears. - -In this connection it may be pointed out that rough grass is of little -interest as a hazard. It is frequently much more difficult than a -fearsome-looking bunker or belt of whins or rushes, but it causes -considerable annoyance in lost balls, and no one ever gets the same -thrills in driving over a stretch of rough as over a fearsome-looking -bunker, which in reality may not be so severe. - -Narrow fairways bordered by long grass make bad golfers. They do so by -destroying the harmony and continuity of the game, and in causing a -stilted and cramped style by destroying all freedom of play. - -There is no defined line between the fairways in the great schools of -golf like St. Andrews or Hoylake. - -It is a common error to cut the rough in straight lines. It should be -cut in irregular, natural-looking curves. The fairways should gradually -widen out where a long drive goes; in this way a long driver is given a -little more latitude in pulling and slicing. - -Moreover irregular curves assist a player in locating the exact position -of a ball which has left the fairway and entered the rough. - - -GLORIFIED MOLE-HILLS - -Hummocks and hollows should be made of all sorts of different shapes and -sizes, and should have a natural appearance, with plenty of slope at the -bottom like large waves. Most of the hummocks and hollows should be made -so smooth that the mowing machine can be used over them. The glorified -mole-hills one sees on many courses should be avoided. - -[Illustration: THE ARTIFICIAL HUMMOCKS GUARDING THE FIFTH GREEN AT -ALWOODLEY: approximate cost, £8. The best way of combining sand and -hummocks, with the sand on the slope of the hazard above the ground -level.] - -Bunkers on an inland course should, as a rule, be made in the opposite -way to what is customary. At the present time most bunkers have the -hollows sanded and the banks turfed. It is suggested that you get a -much more natural appearance if the hollows are partly turfed over and -the hummocks sanded, as in the photographs in these pages. This has the -following advantages: the appearance is much more like a seaside course; -the sand being above the level of the ground, always remains dry. The -contrast between white or yellow sand and the grass helps one to judge -distances much more accurately, and enables the ball to be found more -easily, and the great disadvantage and expense of scything the long grass -on the hummocks to prevent lost balls is done away with. - -Ordinary bunkers are, as a rule, made in quite the wrong way. The face is -usually too upright and the ball gets into an unplayable position under -the face. The bottom of the bank of a bunker should have a considerable -slope, so that a ball always rolls to the middle; the top of a bunker -may, as it usually does in nature, be made to overhang a little so as to -prevent a topped ball running through it. - -Experience gained in the imitation of natural slopes in bunker-making -was ultimately responsible for saving tens of thousands of pounds in -revetting material in the great war. - -Trenches with the sides made like a bank of a stream with a considerable -slope at the bottom remained standing without any revetting material. - -Before this principle was pointed out soldiers invariably dug their -trenches with a slope at the top, and as they got farther down the sides -became more vertical and sometimes were even undercut. A trench of this -kind invariably fell in, whereas those made vertical at the top with the -slope at the bottom did not do so. - -Hazards are usually placed too far away from the greens they are -intended to guard; they should be placed immediately on the edge of the -greens, and then (particularly if they are in the form of smooth hillocks -and hollows) the player who is wide of them has an extremely difficult -pitch, and is frequently worse off than the man who is in them. - -A bunker eating into a green is by far the most equitable way of giving -a golfer full advantage for accurate play. It not only penalises the man -who is in it, but every one who is wide of it. For example, a player who -is in the road bunker at the seventeenth at St. Andrews may with a good -dunch shot get out and lie dead, but few can pitch over it so accurately -that they do so. A bunker, similarly placed to the road bunker, may be -made to accentuate this distinction; it may be constructed with so much -slope that on occasions it can be putted out of. - -Hummocks on the edge of greens are often constructed so that they assist -the man who has opened up the hole correctly; they act as a hazard only -to those who have failed to do this. - -Perhaps the most serious mistake made by a golf committee is the fallacy -that they will save money by neglecting to obtain expert advice in regard -to fresh construction work. - -Except where the course has been designed and the construction work -supervised by the modern golf architect, there is hardly a golf club of -any size which has not frittered away hundreds of pounds in doing bad -work, all for the want of the best advice in the first instance. - -There can be little doubt that the poorer the club the more important it -is for it not to waste its small funds in doing the wrong kind of work, -but to get the best possible advice from its inception. - -[Illustration: THE SEVENTEENTH GREEN AT HARROGATE: APPROXIMATE COST -£180: an entirely artificial plateau green constructed on flat land. The -comparatively heavy cost is due to the character of the subsoil—heavy -clay.] - - -THE COURSE FOR THE BEGINNER - -I notice a well-known club, in forming a golf course, state that the -committee have decided to lay it out themselves, as they are afraid of a -golf architect making it too difficult for the average player. Now this -is precisely what the modern golf architect does not do; he in particular -adopts a most sympathetic attitude to the beginner and long handicap -player, but at the same time attempts to make the course interesting to -all sorts and conditions of players. It is characteristic of the modern -architect that he always leaves a broad and pleasurable road that leads -to destruction—that is, sixes and sevens on the card of the long handicap -player—but a straight and narrow path which leads to salvation—that is, -threes and fours for the plus man. - -The writer has just returned from a most delightful sand-dune country -which he chose for his holiday in great part owing to the fact that he -had seen it before and had also seen Mr. Colt’s plan for the constructing -of what should have been the finest eighteen-hole course in England. - -On arrival he found the secretary or the committee had, through motives -of false economy, refrained from getting Mr. Colt to supervise the work -and had done it themselves. The outcome was an expenditure of three or -four times as much money as Mr. Colt would have needed, the destruction -of many of the beautiful natural undulations and features which were -the making of Mr. Colt’s scheme, the conversion of magnificent visible -greens into semi-blind ones, banked up like croquet lawns, and a complete -absence of turf owing to wrong treatment, and alterations in the placing -of the tees, bunkers, and greens, and a total disregard of the beginner -and the long handicap player. On a seaside course in particular little -construction work is necessary; the important thing is to make the -fullest possible use of existing features. £500 in labour expended under -expert supervision is better than £10,000 injudiciously expended. - -Surely in the case of a golf club it is more important to have an -architect for the course, and any new work on the course, than for the -club-house. Much greater mistakes are made in constructing the former -than in building the latter. - -One can readily imagine what would be the ultimate result of a course -laid out by an average committee composed of scratch, three, four, and -eight handicap men. They are, most of them (probably subconsciously), -prejudiced against any hazard being constructed which they are likely to -get into themselves, but they are all unanimous in thinking that the poor -devil with a twenty-four handicap should be left out of consideration -altogether. The final result is neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor even good -red herring. - - -THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE EXPERT - -The expert in golf architecture has to be intimately conversant with -the theory of playing the game, but this has no connection with the -physical skill in playing it. An ideal golf expert should not only have -a knowledge of botany, geology, and particularly agricultural chemistry, -but should also have what might be termed an artistic temperament and -vivid imagination. We all know that there is nothing so fatal in playing -golf as to have a vivid imagination, but this and a sufficient knowledge -of psychology to enable one to determine what is likely to give the -greatest pleasure to the greatest number are eminently desirable in -a golf architect. The training of the expert should be mental, not -physical. - -My last principle is one which particularly affects the green-keeper:—the -course should be perfect all the year round. - -It is quite a prevalent idea that courses on a clay subsoil can never -be made into good winter links. It does not matter so much as might be -expected, what the subsoil is like, provided it is well drained and the -turf on the top is of the right texture. Muddy courses are entirely due -to insufficient drainage, worms, and the wrong kind of turf. - -Worms can be got rid of and the right kind of turf encouraged by adopting -modern methods of green-keeping. Many examples of what can be done in -converting really bad winter courses into good ones can be seen in the -North. Surface drainage, such as mole draining, gets rid of worms by -making the land so dry that they cannot work. - - -SOME HINTS ON GREEN TREATMENT - -A common mistake in green-keeping is to imagine that because one form of -treatment benefits one course that it will necessarily benefit another. - -The green-keeper should have sufficient knowledge of chemistry and botany -to be able to tell exactly what form of treatment is most likely to -benefit his greens. - -For example, the ordinary artificial manure sold by some seeds merchants -for golf courses consists of a mixture of three parts of superphosphate -of lime, one part each sulphate of ammonia and sulphate of potash, and -one-tenth part of sulphate of iron. If no weeds are present, the sulphate -of iron may be omitted from the mixture; if daisies are present, the -sulphate of ammonia should be increased; if clover is present, the potash -and lime should be lessened in quantity; if the turf is sour, or if -sorrel is present, the sulphate of ammonia should be lessened, and lime -used as a separate dressing. - -Farmyard manure should not, as a rule, be used as a surface dressing on -golf courses: it is much too likely to encourage weeds and worms. - -Something of the nature of Peruvian guano, fish guano, meat guano, malt -culms, or dried blood, together with artificials, should be used in its -place. If humus is necessary, it may be added in the form of peat moss -litter, minced seaweed, etc., and the box should seldom be used on the -mowing machines. - -It must be borne in mind that the turf required on a golf course is -entirely different to that required from a farming point of view. - -It is now an absolutely exploded fallacy that worms are of any use on a -golf course; they should be got rid of by the use of charcoal obtained -from steel furnaces: ordinary wood charcoal is almost useless. Charcoal -in this form acts mechanically, owing to the small sharp pieces of steel -attached to it: it scratches the worms and prevents them getting through. - -Worm-killers, especially those consisting of Mowrah Meal, are of great -value in destroying worms. - -It is a mistake to consider that worm-killers, unless mixed with an -artificial manure, have any manurial value. The green-keeper will tell -you that after the application the grass has come up much greener. That -is due to the fact that the worms are no longer discolouring it by -crawling over it with their slimy bodies. - - -THE MOWING OF GREENS - -A common mistake is not to mow greens during the winter months. I have -not the slightest doubt that mowing greens during the winter months is -beneficial to them: it keeps the grass from becoming coarse. - -On those Scotch courses where the greens are so good all through the -winter, are not the rabbits mowing the greens all through the winter -months? - -Are the knives of the mowing machine any more likely to do the grass harm -than the teeth of the rabbits? - -It is a common mistake in sowing a green not to use a sufficient quantity -of seed. The ground should always be thoroughly prepared and manured -according to the chemical composition of the soil; then as much as five -or six bushels of seed per green can be sown to advantage. - -Mixtures of grass seeds may be sold consisting of a considerable -proportion of seeds which do not germinate, and are not likely to do so, -on ordinary soils. Unscrupulous seeds merchants may undercut the more -honest ones in this way. Three bushels of the best seeds will go further -than six containing a large proportion of varieties which are not likely -to germinate. - -In concluding this chapter on General Principles, it may be pointed out -that, although many of these ideas may appear revolutionary, the reader -may be assured that their success under varying conditions has been -proved in practice. - -[Illustration: GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: the site of one of the greens on the -rocks near the boundary of the course—work just beginning.] - -[Illustration: GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: ready for turfing—a green constructed -on rocks.] - - - - -CHAPTER II - -SOME FURTHER SUGGESTIONS - - -It cannot be too frequently emphasised that in starting a new course -or reconstructing an old one it is of the utmost importance that the -committee should have a scheme before them of a definite and final -nature. It would be sound finance for the majority of golf clubs to pay -the expenses of the Green Committee for the purpose of visiting good -examples of construction work on other courses. - -They should not of necessity visit courses where the leading open -competitions are held, as many of the very best clubs rarely offer their -courses for competitions. - -They should be guided in their choice of architect by a course -constructed out of indifferent material, and not by one constructed out -of magnificent natural golfing land. - -They should take into consideration the cost, the popularity with all -classes of players, and the finality and permanency of the work. - -Having decided on the architect and having passed the plan, it is as well -to take steps to ensure that the construction work is done according to -the ideas of the designer. - -Experience of advising a hundred golf clubs has convinced the writer -that the work can never be done properly except under occasional expert -supervision. Work done without expert supervision is invariably bad. - -The designer should not be tied down too closely to his original plan. -Mature consideration and unexpected changes in the subsoil, etc., may -make a modification in the plan necessary to save expense and get better -results. - -In a small book of this kind, it is impossible to go into the thousand -and one details which make for economy in course construction, but some -of these may be enumerated. - -The chief items in the construction of a golf course are the following: - - 1. Carting. - 2. Labour. - 3. Drainage. - 4. Seeding. - 5. Turfing. - 6. Manures. - 7. Sand. - - -CARTING - -The cost of carting can often be reduced to a minimum by using a little -thought in the work. The stone from stone walls, rocks, the turf from -turf walls, or soil taken out of excavations should never be carted away: -they can always be used for raising a neighbouring green in the form of -a plateau, or in making hummocks or large undulations indistinguishable -from the natural ones which are so delightful on seaside courses. It is -rarely necessary to cart soil from a distance for the purpose of making -a hummock or a green. It is much more economical to remove a sufficient -area of turf from and around the site of an intended hummock or green, -and utilise the soil removed from the area around the hummock for this -purpose. This is a double advantage. The surrounding ground is lowered as -the hummock is raised, and makes the hummock appear higher, and at the -same time it is made to merge imperceptibly into the surrounding hollow -or hollows, and has a much more natural appearance. A hollow removed from -the front of the green has the effect of making the green appear as if it -were raised upon a plateau, and this is still further accentuated if the -soil removed is also used to build up the green. - -Similarly the green and the bunkers guarding it should all be made at the -same time; the soil moved in making the bunkers can then be utilised in -the formation of the green. It was in former years considered imprudent -to construct bunkers until the experience of playing revealed the proper -position, but since those days our knowledge of green-keeping has -advanced. An expert can judge by the character of the grasses and the -nature of the undulations the amount of run which the ball is likely -to get, and this knowledge, combined with actual measurements, gives -more information than it is possible to gain by playing. Perhaps the -most important reason why the architect’s scheme should be completed -in the first instance is that bunkers are hardly ever placed in the -right position afterwards. It is difficult to find a member of a Green -Committee who is not subconsciously prejudiced against placing a bunker -where he is likely to get trapped himself. - -After carting there is usually a considerable amount of labour necessary -to obliterate the tracks. Carting should, when possible, be done when -the ground is hard, in dry weather or during frost. Carts should not be -allowed to wander about all over the place, but should be made to keep in -one track. It is often advisable to remove the turf previous to carting -and relay it after the carting is finished. Carts can sometimes be -replaced with advantage by sledges with flat-bottomed runners. - - -LABOUR AT LESS THAN PRE-WAR COST - -By introducing labour-saving machinery we have recently been getting -better results at less than pre-war cost. If work on a large scale is -being done, the steam navvy or grab might be tried for excavating and -making hummocks, etc.; traction engines are useful in uprooting small -trees, and larger ones can with advantage be blown up by dynamite. I -recently used blasting charges for the purpose of assisting to make -bunkers. An article in one of the Sheffield papers somewhat humorously -stated that this was not the first occasion Dr. Mackenzie’s bunkers had -been “blasted.” - -[Illustration: THE “SCRAPER” AT WORK ON WHEATLEY PARK COURSE, DONCASTER.] - -Trolleys on rails are frequently used to save carting or wheeling barrows. - -The two machines which are found of the greatest value in saving labour -are the turf-cutting machine and the American scraper or scoop—the -former made from designs by the writer. It will cut an acre of sods in -an afternoon, and, moreover, cuts them of a more even thickness than by -hand. This machine is worked by two horses like a plough. One or two -clubs have condemned it without a fair trial, and on inquiry I have -usually found that the weather was too dry, the grass too long, the -blades had not been set properly, or that it had been used by a man -who had had no previous experience in working one. It has been used by -scores of clubs with a great deal of success. At Moortown we sodded over -twenty acres of sour heath land with it. The cost of this amounted to -little compared with sowing, as we were able to remove the sods from a -neighbouring field. Sowing would have cost at least twice as much, as -there were no signs of even a blade of grass on most of the land, and no -sowing was likely to be successful without lime and manuring, and carting -a tremendous quantity of soil so as to form a seed bed. The results have -been infinitely better and quicker than sowing at the rate of even twelve -bushels of the best grass seeds to the acre. - -[Illustration: GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: the turf-cutting machine at work. The -photograph shows the dead, flat, featureless character of the country -before the work began.] - -[Illustration: GRANGE-OVER-SANDS: sandhills constructed by means of the -scraper on terrain originally perfectly flat.] - -The scraper is worked by a horse or two horses, and is particularly -useful for excavating light soil, but can even be used on heavy land if -each layer is ploughed before the scraper is used. The scraper is shaped -like a large shovel, the handles are raised, and the horse pulls and it -digs into the ground until it is full; the handles are then depressed and -the horse pulls it along to the required situation; it is then tipped -up, and the horse returns for another load. One horse and two men by -this means can do the work of a score of men working in the ordinary way -with wheelbarrows. In making hollows and hummocks it has an additional -advantage in that it gives them automatically a natural appearance, -and at the same time the horse in climbing up to the top of the hump -compresses the soil, and it does not sink so much afterwards. - -The scraper has been used with considerable success at Castletown (Isle -of Man), Wheatley Park (Doncaster), and Grange-over-Sands, among other -courses. - -It is important in constructing a new or altering an old course to get -the work done as quickly as possible: if the work is done gradually the -sods lie about for some time and are sometimes ruined. Most of the work -should be done during October and November, before the frosts commence: -good methods of organisation should prevent men being unemployed during -frost. If the greens, drains, and sites of bunkers are previously pared, -and the sods allowed to lie, then even though frost sets in, the sods -may be removed and a certain amount of excavation can still be proceeded -with. Sand, soil, and manures may be carted, hedges stubbed up, and trees -removed during frost. - - -DRAINAGE - -It is advisable to drain golfing land much more thoroughly and -efficiently than ordinary farm land, but, on the other hand, by -exercising a little thought it can be done much more cheaply. For the -purpose of golf it is not only unnecessary to drain as deeply as is -customary for agricultural purposes, but it is much cheaper and more -satisfactory to adopt a system of shallow drains. - -On a golf course, there is never any necessity to make allowance for -the possibility of subsoil ploughing; the drains can therefore be kept -near the surface. The great thing to bear in mind in draining is that -the water stratum must be tapped. On heavy clay land, it is absurd to -put drains in the middle of the clay, unless the whole of the trench is -filled with clinkers or other porous material, and this is needlessly -expensive. Drains may at times be placed in a groove on the surface of -the clay. On land of this description drains may often be placed with -advantage at as shallow a depth as from 6 to 12 inches. It should be -unnecessary to state that no effort should be spared to see that there -is sufficient fall, and for the purpose of ensuring this it is often -necessary to take the levels. Sufficient thought is rarely given to -drainage. The site of the main drains and the whole scheme of drainage -should be very carefully studied, and it is of special importance to take -into consideration the nature of the subsoil and position of the water -level. In peat, on the other hand, it is frequently advisable to drain -below the peat, even if this extends to a depth of 6 feet or more. If -this is impossible owing to lack of sufficient fall, wooden boards should -be placed below the drains. - -The cheapest method of draining is by a system of mole drainage. I -have frequently used a mole drain worked by horses which was made from -suggestions by Franks, the Moortown green-keeper, and myself. It is -used as an attachment to the turf-cutting machine. By this method golf -courses on clay land could be drained, previous to the war, at less than -a pound per acre. - -This mole drain works at the shallow depth of 6 inches, and is not -applicable to agricultural land, as even horses galloping over the -ground are sufficient to block the channel. It is, moreover, wonderfully -satisfactory on golfing land, especially as supplementary to ordinary -tile draining. Whenever the ground is sticky, or any casual water -appears, the mole is run through and it becomes absolutely dry at once. -This mole drain has a big advantage over the larger one, in that the cut -made by the mole is so small that it does not interfere with the lie of -the ball. - -We have recently used a tractor instead of horses to pull the mole, and -have found it a great advantage to do so. The use of the mole provides -a solution for the problem of converting the muddiest of clay London -courses into good winter links. Experience has proved that the effect -lasts for fully ten years. - -One of the most remarkable results of its use is that it gets rid of -worms. This is probably owing to the fact that it makes the ground so dry -that the worms can’t work in it. - -It also prevents the ground becoming baked during dry summer weather. -This is a well-known effect of good drainage, although possibly an -unexpected one to the uninitiated. It is largely due to the drainage -preventing the ground becoming caked, and also to the encouragement of -turf with a good bottom to it. - - -TURFING - -The cheapest and best method of removing turf is by means of a -turf-cutting machine. The thickness of the turf should vary according -to the nature of the grasses and the character of the subsoil. As a -general rule, turf for greens should be cut as thin as 1½ inches. This is -particularly important if the turf contains many tap-rooted weeds; the -roots of the weeds and many of the coarser grasses are then left behind -in the cutting. - -In the experience of the writer, it is frequently not a difficult matter -to get excellent turf in the immediate neighbourhood of a golf course at -an extremely cheap rate—a halfpenny a yard or under—and turf obtained -from the immediate neighbourhood of the course is much more likely to be -suitable than turf obtained elsewhere. The writer has known a golf club -going to the expense of getting Silloth turf at 9_d._ a yard, the grasses -of which would inevitably disappear and be replaced by those of its -environment within a year or two, when much more suitable turf could be -obtained from the next field at a cost of a farthing a yard. It should -be borne in mind that the most useless turf from a farming point of view -is frequently the most valuable for golf. There are many other details -which help to lessen the cost of turfing. In an old-established course, -turf for new greens or for renovating old ones can frequently be obtained -from the sides of a neighbouring fairway, the sods from which may be -replaced by those removed from the site of the green. - -There is usually a well-trodden path extending from every tee to the -nearest fairway. There is no turf so useful for renovating an old or -making a new tee as that obtained from a firm path of this kind. The sods -removed should be replaced by others, and they in turn get hard and firm. - -An important question is the use of manures in turfing. Stable or -farmyard manure should almost invariably be placed under the sods: the -amount should vary according to the turf and soil. Five loads per green -is an average, and on undulating greens the manure should be placed -under the raised portions only. The hollows will look after themselves. -Manure does more harm than good if dug deeply in: it should be forked in -immediately under the sods, and the roots of the finer grasses feed on -it at once. If dug in deeply, the coarser grasses are encouraged at the -expense of the finer. - -On wormy inland courses considerable expense in worm-killers can -frequently be saved by placing a few loads of coke breeze under the sods. - -Although the best time to turf is in the late autumn and winter months, -sods can, if necessity arises, be laid in certain localities as late as -June. - -If hot dry weather arrives, the newly laid sods should be covered with -cut grass during the day, and in the evening the grass should be removed -so that the dews help to keep the ground moist. - - -SEEDING - -The writer has known of several instances where ground has been sown, and -the result has been so unsatisfactory that after a year or two the land -had to be ploughed up and resown. - -It is much more economical in the long run to do the thing thoroughly. -Mistakes are most frequently made in sowing with the wrong seeds—in not -preparing the ground thoroughly beforehand, and in sowing at the wrong -time of year. - -It is most important that a mixture should be chosen containing a goodly -proportion of seeds corresponding to the prevailing grasses of the -immediate neighbourhood, and seeds should always be obtained from a seeds -merchant who is not afraid of telling you the exact composition of his -mixture. Some seeds merchants sell mixtures which are not so valuable -for golfing turf as they appear—it is not the best kind of grass which -germinates too quickly. Finer turf usually results from a mixture which -comes up more slowly but is of a more permanent character. If seeding is -necessary, it is frequently advisable to sow with much larger quantity of -seed than is customary. - -It is of the utmost importance to prepare the land thoroughly before -sowing. The ground should be well drained, the land well limed when -necessary, and fifteen loads to the acre of well-rotted stable manure -incorporated with the soil or a mixture of artificial manure in its stead. - -After sowing see that the birds are scared away by one of the numerous -devices suggested for the purpose. - - -MANURES - -It is surprising how much money can be saved in manures by the help of -science and a sufficient knowledge of chemistry to enable you to judge -which are the cheapest and most valuable manures suitable for the soil of -the locality with which you have to deal. - -It is often advisable to make a point of studying the by-products of the -different industries in the district, as it is obvious that if a suitable -manure for the soil can be obtained on the spot, it is obtained cheaper -than by rail or cart from a distance. Fish or meat guano, basic slag, -malt dust, sulphate of ammonia, chalk, the refuse from leather, cloth, -and shoddy factories, seed crushing mills, seaweed, manure extracted -from town sewage works, peat moss litter, etc., are all of value under -different circumstances. - -Basic slag can sometimes be obtained from a neighbouring steel works, -sulphate of ammonia from a gas works, chalk from a neighbouring -chalk pit, or seaweed from the seashore. Manures should be used with -a considerable amount of discretion and only in small quantities -at a time. I have known a considerable amount of damage done by the -unintelligent use of artificials. For example, artificials are of the -greatest possible value for golfing turf, but they should always be used -in small quantities but frequently, and should be well diluted with soil -or sand, and only used during moist weather. A mixture, consisting of -superphosphate of lime, sulphate of ammonia, and sulphate of potash, -supplies most of the feeding material that is necessary for golf, and -the experiments at Rothamstead conclusively prove that the character of -the grasses can be completely altered by varying the proportion of the -different constituents of this mixture. - -Sulphate of ammonia is the most valuable of the constituents of this -mixture, but I have known of several greens (including even St. Andrews) -temporarily ruined by using sulphate of ammonia injudiciously. It should -never be put on a green undiluted, as, like most artificials, it has a -great affinity for water, and in dry weather absorbs the water from the -grasses and burns them up. It also should never be used if the land is -the least bit sour, as it simply increases this sourness. - -A green-keeper should attempt to get a sufficient knowledge of botany -and chemistry to know by the character of the herbage of his greens the -kind and the amount of manure that is required. Green-keepers sometimes -think that if they use twice the usual quantity of a manure, it will have -double the effect; the exact contrary is the case, as the green may be -ruined entirely. - -The most important manure of all is cut grass. If the cut grass is always -left on the greens and fairways, very little manuring is necessary. On -the other hand, if the grass is constantly removed year after year -(unless a considerable amount of manure is added to take its place), -the turf becomes impoverished and full of weeds. One of the unexpected -results of leaving the grass on is that less mowing is necessary. This is -probably due to the fact that the growth goes into the roots and not into -the leaves. Mowing without the box on is of special importance on sandy -or seaside courses. - - -SAND - -Sand is often an expensive item on an inland course. It is surprising how -frequently a good class of sand is found in pockets on a course or in the -immediate neighbourhood. A knowledge of geology and botany will enable -you to foretell where sand is likely to be found. - -On several occasions on visiting a course I have been told that there -was no sand in the district, and have been able to find some by noting -the character of the trees, grasses, etc. Sand may be economised by the -method in which bunkers are made. It will be noticed in the photographs -reproduced that most of the hollows have been turfed, but have been -formed in such a way that a ball gravitates towards the sand, which is -thrown up against the face. Bunkers of this description have a much more -natural appearance, and the amount of sand needed is also considerably -less than usual. - -[Illustration: A BUNKER ON THE FULFORD COURSE, ARTIFICIALLY CONSTRUCTED -ON FLAT LAND AT A COST OF £3.] - -By far the most important of all the foregoing suggestions is the -ultimate economy of making it as reasonably certain as possible that any -work done is of a permanent character and has not ultimately to be done -over again. There are few committees of golf clubs who attach sufficient -importance to expert advice. I suppose this is partly due to the fact -that they themselves would sooner have the work done badly and have the -fun of doing it than see any one else do it for them. In the nature of -things a course can only be constructed by an individual: “Too many cooks -spoil the broth” is a proverb which is more applicable in the case of -golf courses than in anything else. - -I personally am a strong believer in encouraging the individuality of -the green-keeper, and not interfering with, but rather encouraging, -his original ideas, unless they are in opposition to sound fundamental -principles. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -IDEAL HOLES - - -There are few problems more difficult to solve than the problem of what -exactly constitutes an ideal hole. The ideal hole is surely one that -affords the greatest pleasure to the greatest number, gives the fullest -advantage for accurate play, stimulates players to improve their game, -and never becomes monotonous. - -The real practical test is its popularity, and here again we are up -against another difficulty. Does the average player really know what -he likes himself? One often hears the same player expressing totally -divergent opinions about the same hole. When he plays it successfully, it -is everything that is good, and when unsuccessful it is everything that -is bad. It frequently happens that the best holes give rise to the most -bitter controversy. It is largely a question of the spirit in which the -problem is approached. Does the player look upon it from the “card and -pencil” point of view and condemn anything that has disturbed his steady -series of threes and fours, or does he approach the question in the -“spirit of adventure” of the true sportsman? - -There are well-known players who invariably condemn any hole they have -taken over six for, and if by any chance they ever reach double figures, -words fail them to describe in adequate language what they think of that -particular hole. - -It does not by any means follow that when a player condemns a hole in -particularly vigorous language he really dislikes it. It may be a source -of pleasure to his subconscious mind. Although condemning it, he may be -longing to play it again so as to conquer its difficulties. - -Who is to judge what is an ideal hole? Is it one of our leading players, -or any golfer who simply looks upon it from his own point of view? I -have known of an open champion expressing his opinion that a certain -course was superior to any in Britain. As far as this particular course -is concerned, it is generally admitted by amateurs that, although the -turf and natural advantages were excellent, it had not a single hole of -any real merit. The local committee were also of opinion that it was -monotonous and lacking in real interest, and had decided to have it -entirely remodelled, before this world renowned open champion persuaded -them to change their minds by expressing such strong views in its favour. - -There are, unfortunately, many leading players who wish a course to be -designed so that it will favour their own play and will not even punish -their indifferent shots, but will put any one below their particular -standard out of the running altogether. - -There are many leading players who condemn the strategic aspect of golf. -They only see one line to the hole, and that is usually the direct -one. They cannot see why they should, as in dog-legged holes, be ever -compelled to play to one or other side of the direct line. A bunker -in the direct line at the distance of their long drives is invariably -condemned by them, because they do not realise that the correct line -is to one or other side of it. Why should not even an open champion -occasionally have a shot that the long handicap man is frequently -compelled to play? - -Should a course or hole be ideal from a medal or match-playing point of -view? If it is necessary to draw any distinction between the two, there -can be little doubt that match play should always have prior claim. Nine -out of ten games on most good courses are played in matches and not for -medals. The true test of a hole is, then, its value in match play. - -The majority of golfers are agreed, I think, that an ideal hole should be -a difficult one. It is true there are some who would have it difficult -for every one except themselves. These, who usually belong to the -pot-hunting fraternity, may be left out of consideration. It is the -successful negotiation of difficulties, or apparent ones, which gives -rise to pleasurable excitement and makes a hole interesting. - -What kind of difficulties make interesting golf? - -We can, I think, eliminate difficulties consisting of long grass, narrow -fairways, and small greens, because of the annoyance and irritation -caused by searching for lost balls, the disturbance of the harmony and -continuity of the game, the consequent loss of freedom of swing, and the -production of bad players. - -We can also eliminate blind greens, blind bunkers, and blind approaches. -The greater the experience the writer has of designing golf courses, the -more certain he is that blindness of all kinds should be avoided. The -only form of blindness that should ever be permitted is the full shot up -to a green whose position is accurately located by surrounding sandhills. -Even in a hole of this kind, it is not the blindness that is interesting, -but the visibility of the surrounding sandhills. At the Maiden hole at -Sandwich, it was the grandeur and the impressiveness of the Maiden that -made it a good hole, and not the blindness of the green. - -The difficulties that make a hole really interesting are usually those -in which a great advantage can be gained in successfully accomplishing -heroic carries over hazards of an impressive appearance, or in taking -great risks in placing a shot so as to gain a big advantage for the -next. Successfully carrying or skirting a bunker of an alarming or -impressive appearance is always a source of satisfaction to the golfer, -and yet it is hazards of this description which so often give rise to -criticism by the unsuccessful player. At first sight he looks upon it as -grossly unfair that, of two shots within a few inches of each other, the -one should be hopelessly buried in a bunker and the other should be in an -ideal position. - -However, on further consideration he will realise that, as in dog-legged -holes, this is the chief characteristic of all good holes. - -[Illustration: THE SECOND HOLE AT HEADINGLEY—COST £40. HUMMOCK AND -BUNKERS ENTIRELY ARTIFICIAL: a two-shot dog-legged hole; the photo is -taken along the line of the second shot.] - -Holes of this description not only cater for great judgment, but great -skill: a man who has such confidence that he can place his ball within -a few feet of his objective gains a big advantage over a faint-hearted -opponent who dare not take similar risks. On a course, with holes of -this kind, match play becomes of intense interest. - -In a perfect hole the surface of not only the green, but the approach to -it, should be visible. It is difficult, or even impossible, to judge an -approach accurately unless the ground which the ball pitches on can be -seen. It also gives great pleasure (or sometimes pain) to see the result -of one’s shot. - -In an ideal hole, the turf should be as perfect as possible and the -approaches should have the same consistency as the greens, but it is by -no means advisable to avoid entirely bad lies or irregular stances. There -is not only much skill required, but an improvement of one’s game results -in occasionally having to play out of a cupped lie, or from an uneven -stance. There are few things more monotonous than always playing from a -dead flat fairway. - -In an ideal long hole, there should not only be a big advantage from -successfully negotiating a long carry for the tee shot, but the longer -the drive, the greater the advantage should be. A shorter driver should -also, by extreme accuracy, be able to gain an advantage over a long -hitting but less accurate opponent. - -An ideal hole should provide an infinite variety of shots according -to the varying positions of the tee, the situation of the flag, the -direction and strength of the wind, etc. It should also at times give -full advantage for the voluntary pull or slice, one of the most finished -shots in golf, and one that few champions are able to carry out with any -great degree of accuracy. - -Should an ideal hole be ideal for the plus, scratch, or long handicap -player? As players of all handicaps play golf, a hole should as far as -possible be ideal for all classes. There are many famous holes, such as -the Cardinal, which are by no means ideal, as in an ideal hole there -should always be an alternative route open to the weaker player. - -Are there any ideal holes in existence at the present moment? - -I think the eleventh (the short hole coming in at St. Andrews) may be -considered so. Under certain conditions, it is extremely difficult for -even the best player that ever breathed, especially if he is attempting -to get a two, but at the same time an inferior player may get a four if -he plays his own game exceptionally well. It has been suggested that the -mere fact that it is possible to putt the whole length is an objection to -it. No doubt the timid golfer can play the hole in this way, but he will -lose strokes by avoiding risks. Even if an expert putter holes out in -four strokes once in three times, he can consider himself lucky. I do not -know of a solitary example of a player achieving success in an important -match by this means. If a cross bunker were constructed at this hole, -it would become appreciably diminished in interest in consequence. The -narrow entrance and the subtle slopes have all the advantages of a cross -bunker without making it impossible for the long handicap man. These -contentions are borne out by those attempts that have been made to copy -and improve on the hole by a cross bunker. - -There are few, if any, other ideal short holes in existence. The seventh -and fourteenth on the Eden Course at St. Andrews are remarkably fine -holes, especially as they have to a great extent been artificially -created. At the present moment the gorse in places is somewhat near both -greens, but this can easily be rectified, and the architect, Mr. H. S. -Colt, was wise in not removing too many whins in the first instance, as, -if once removed, they cannot be replaced. - -Another good example is the eighth at Moortown (formerly seventeenth, or, -as it is known locally, Gibraltar). Its length is 170 yards, and it has -been entirely artificially created at the small cost of £35. - -[Illustration: THE EIGHTH GREEN AT MOORTOWN: 170 yards, entirely -artificial.] - -The green has been constructed on a slight slope. The soil has been -removed from the lower portion of the slope to make the bunkers and to -bank up the green. The natural slope has been retained at the entrance -to the green, and, like the eleventh at St. Andrews, it is these subtle -slopes which lead a ball which has not been correctly hit, into the -adjacent bunkers, and in reality have very much the same effect as a -cross bunker without the hardship to the long handicap player. - -The hole also shares with the eleventh at St. Andrews the necessity for -an infinite variety of shots according to varying conditions of wind, -position of flag, etc. One day it is a comparatively easy pitch with a -mashie, normally it is a straight iron shot, sometimes a full shot with a -trace of pull is required, and, again, it is necessary to slice so that -one’s ball is held up against the slope of the hill. - -The green is delightfully picturesque. It is extremely visible against a -background of fir trees—it stands up and looks at you. - -The contrast between the vivid green of the grass, the dark green of -the firs, the whiteness of the sand, the purple heather, and a vivid -background of rhododendrons, combined with the natural appearance -and extreme boldness of the contours, gives one a picture probably -unsurpassed by anything of a similar kind in nature. - -[Illustration: EIGHTH HOLE, “GIBRALTAR,” MOORTOWN GOLF COURSE.] - -It is not only a delightful hole to see, which at any rate appeals -subconsciously to the dullest of minds, but it is equally delightful to -play. It is less difficult than it appears. You feel you are taking your -life in your hands, and it therefore appeals, as Mr. Bernard Darwin says, -to the “spirit of adventure”—yet a well-played shot always gets its due -reward. - -There are few, if any, ideal two- or three-shot holes in existence. Some -of those coming in at St. Andrews are almost, but not quite, perfect. - -The sixteenth (Corner of the Dyke) hole at St. Andrews is almost ideal -for its length (338 yards). It was a particularly good hole at the time -of the guttie ball, and is so to-day for a short driver, like the writer. - -As in the majority of good holes, it is the subtlety of the slopes that -makes it so. - -[Illustration: THE SIXTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS.] - -The green is tilted up slightly from right to left, and it would be a -better hole still if the inclination were greater. It is also guarded by -Grant’s and the Wig Bunkers on the left-hand side, so that the approach -from the right is easy, as all the slopes assist the players, and the -approach from the left is exceedingly difficult. - -The point about the hole is that it is so difficult to get into the -best position to approach the green, because of the proximity of the -Principal’s Nose Bunker to the railway, and the difficulty of placing -one’s tee shot in such a small space with all the slopes leading to the -bunker. On the other hand, there is a perfectly easy route free from -all risk to the left of the Principal’s Nose, but the player in all -probability loses a stroke by taking it. - -The fourteenth and seventeenth holes at St. Andrews are excellent holes, -full of dramatic incident in match play. - -The fourteenth hole is probably the best hole of its length in existence. -Here, again, the hole is made by the slope of the green. There is a most -marked tilt up from left to right, so much so that it is impossible to -approach near the hole from the right. It is slopes of this kind which -are so often overlooked in designing a golf course, and it is one of the -most difficult things imaginable to construct them really well; but it is -subtleties of this nature which make all the difference between a good -course and a bad one. - -At the fourteenth hole at St. Andrews this tilt of the green has a -considerable influence on the tee shot 530 yards away. Some years ago -there were four of us playing four ball matches nearly every day for a -month. We, according to our own judgment, attempted to play this hole -in four different ways. A played his tee shot well away to the left of -the Beardies on to the low ground below the Elysian Fields, so as to -place his second in a favourable position for his approach. B, who was -a long driver, attempted to carry the Beardies with his drive, Hell -with his second, and run up his third. C, who was a short but fairly -accurate hitter, attempted to pinch the Beardies as near as he dare, -and then played his second well away to the left, so as to play against -the slope of the green for his third. D took what was apparently the -straightforward route along the large broad plateau of the Elysian -Fields, and eventually landed in Hell or Perdition every time: he -invariably lost the hole. - -This hole is very nearly ideal, but would be better still if the lie of -the land were such that the Beardies, the Crescent, the Kitchen, and Hell -Bunkers were visible and impressive looking. If these bunkers only looked -as terrifying and formidable as they really are, what thrills one would -get in playing this hole! What pleasurable excitement there would be in -seeing one’s second shot sailing over Hell! - -[Illustration: FOURTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS: showing lines taken by A, -B, C, and D.] - -It may be, however, that it is just as well these bunkers are blind. If -they had been visible, although in reality they would have been much -fairer, there would have been so many players crying out that it was most -unfair that bunkers should be placed in the exact position where perfect -shots go; that it was most iniquitous to have a hazard like the Beardies -180 yards from the tee exactly in the line for the hole; that the carry -over Hell for the second shot is over 400 yards from the tee; and that -the only way to play the hole was along the fairway to the fifth, etc., -etc. - -As these bunkers are blind, players do not notice these things, and the -lives of the Green Committee are saved. - -The seventeenth hole at St. Andrews is almost too well known to need -description—it is probably the most noted hole in the world. Although so -difficult, it is by no means impossible for the long handicap player, -for he can go pottering along, steering wide of all hazards, and losing -strokes because he refuses to take any risks. - -At this hole, once more, it is the slopes that give so much character to -the hole. - -Even for the tee shot there is a ridge immediately beyond the corner of -the station-master’s garden which kicks your ball away from the hole -if you pitch to the left of it, and towards the hole if you pitch to -the right—in fact, an extra yard or two over the corner makes all the -difference in getting into a favourable position for the second shot. -There are also hillocks and ridges down the right-hand side, all forcing -an inaccurately placed shot into an unfavourable position for the -approach. - -I often think that the hole would be more interesting without the -Scholar’s Bunker—the latter prevents a badly hit second getting into the -danger zone. If it were not there, one would much more frequently be -forced to play the sporting approach to the green with the road bunker -intervening. It is this road bunker, with the slopes leading a ball to -it, which makes this hole of such intense interest. Notwithstanding the -abuse showered on it, this bunker has done more to sustain the popularity -of St. Andrews than any feature on the course. - -During the last few years there have been many good inland courses -constructed. Several of these, such as Swinley Forest, St. George’s Hill, -Sunningdale, Alwoodley, Moortown, Ganton, etc., have some excellent long -holes. - -At Alwoodley, two of the dog-legged holes, the eighth and fifteenth, -are particularly good examples. The eighth is played from right to left -and the fifteenth from left to right. In each case the green has been -constructed with a marked side slope, so that the nearer the golfer plays -to the angle of the dog-leg, the greater the slope favours him. - -[Illustration: THE SEVENTEENTH HOLE AT ST. ANDREWS.] - -In 1914 the writer designed an ideal two-shot hole which won the first -prize in a competition for Golfing Architecture, promoted by _Country -Life_. - -In designing it, he attempted to produce an ideal hole among perfect -surroundings, and what could be more perfect than sand-dunes by the -seashore! - -The hole is 420 yards long from the ordinary and 450 yards from the Medal -Tee. - -An effort has been made to produce the old type of golf, in which a -player has no fixed line to the hole, but has to use his own judgment in -playing it, according to varying conditions of wind, etc. - -The green is guarded by bunkers and a large hillock (20 feet high) on -the right of the approach, and is also tilted upwards from left to right -and from the front to the back, so that the approach from the left is an -easy one, and from the right necessitates such a difficult pitch that the -player is likely to overrun the green into the bunker beyond. - -There are five possible routes to the hole, and the choice of the player -must vary from day to day, according to his length of drive, the state of -the weather, etc. - -It caters for all classes of players—even the absolute beginner can take -No. 5 line. He loses strokes not by getting into bunkers, but by avoiding -risks, and probably takes five, or at least four, to reach the green in -consequence; nevertheless he enjoys his game, and not being disheartened, -he improves, until finally he may be able to achieve the boldest line of -all, and drive a fine ball straight to the hole. - -He who takes the left-hand road by way of the island can also get home -in two; he has a shorter carry, but has to make up for this by extreme -accuracy. - -There are many positions by the seashore where a hole of this kind could -be constructed, but it would be possible to make one of a similar type -inland, especially if the subsoil consisted of sand and the lie of the -land was favourable. The seashore could be replaced by bunkers, old -quarry workings, hummocky ground, rough, or even land out of bounds. - -Success in construction depends entirely on expert supervision. It is -like all successful golf-course construction, a question of making -the best use of natural features and the devising of artificial ones, -indistinguishable from nature. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF IDEAL TWO-SHOT HOLE OF 420 YARDS.] - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -THE FUTURE OF GOLF ARCHITECTURE - - -As the future of Golf Architecture depends on the prospects of golf, it -may be of interest to discuss the probability of its abiding popularity. - -Golf has been played in Scotland for several centuries, and there appears -to be no sign of any decreased popularity, but rather the reverse. The -illusiveness of golf is sufficient to ensure its popularity. No one -ever seems to master it. You imagine you have got the secret to-day, -but it has gone to-morrow. This is so in all good games. There are some -games, such as ping-pong and roller-skating, which become merely passing -crazes, and the reason is that one obtains a certain standard which -neither diminishes nor increases, and then the game becomes monotonous. -Golf on a first-rate course can never become monotonous, and the better -the course the less likely it is to do so. Golf on a good links is, in -all probability, the best game in the world, but on the late-Victorian -type of inland course, where there is a complete lack of variety, flat -fairways, flat unguarded greens, long grass, necessitating frequent -searching for lost balls, and mathematically placed hazards consisting -of the cop or pimple variety, it not only offends all the finest -instincts of the artist and the sportsman, but is the most boring game in -existence. The advent of the golf architect is rapidly curing all these -disabilities. - -A good golf course is a great asset to the nation. Those who harangue -against land being diverted from agriculture and used for golf have -little sense of proportion. Comparing the small amount of land utilised -for golf with the large amount devoted to agriculture, we get infinitely -more value out of the former than the latter. We all eat too much. -During the Great War the majority were all the fitter for being rationed -and getting a smaller amount of food, but none of us get enough fresh -air, pleasurable excitement, and exercise. Health and happiness are -everything in this world. Money-grubbing (so called business), except in -so far as it helps to attain these, is of minor importance. One of the -reasons why I, “a medical man,” decided to give up medicine and take to -golf architecture was my firm conviction of the extraordinary influence -on health of pleasurable excitement, especially when combined with -fresh air and exercise. How frequently have I, with great difficulty, -persuaded patients who were never off my doorstep to take up golf, and -how rarely, if ever, have I seen them in my consulting-rooms again! It is -not suggested that golf is the one and only remedy. Men may get equal -results from shooting, fishing, riding, cricket, tennis, etc., and may -even obtain pleasurable excitement from gardening, politics, or their -own business, but for the majority of men, golf is the most convenient -form of pleasurable excitement and exercise to take. Those who rave -against golf courses surely forget that many of the greatest politicians, -thinkers, and business men conserve their health and their mental powers -through golf. As examples we could quote President Wilson, Lloyd George, -Carnegie, A. J. Balfour, Asquith, Winston Churchill, Lord Northcliffe, -and scores of others. I hope to live to see the day when there are crowds -of municipal courses, as in Scotland, cropping up all over England. It -would help enormously in increasing the health, the virility, and the -prosperity of the nation, and would do much to counteract discontent and -Bolshevism. There can be no possible reason against, and there is every -reason in favour of, municipal courses. They are all for the good of the -community, and even from a financial point of view, at the small green -fees of 3_d._ or 6_d._ a round invariably pay. - -If this be so that games, and particularly golf, are of such vital -importance to national health and social content, then surely the -provision of adequate and proper facilities for golf should be taken -seriously, and in making this provision the golf architect has a special -part. - -The test of a good golf architect is the power of converting bad inland -material into a good course, and not the power of fashioning excellent -seaside material into a mediocre one. - -The majority of amateurs are sportsmen, and they welcome anything that -increases the sporting element of the game. There are, on the other hand, -others, including some of our best players, who look upon golf in the -“card and pencil” spirit, and view with resentment anything that has -stopped their steady series of threes and fours. - -The advent of the golf architect has done much to increase the sporting -and the dramatic element in golf. The true test of the value of his work -is its popularity, and judging by the rapid increase in members, even on -the mere rumour that the services of a well-known course architect are -to be obtained, there can be no doubt the modern constructor of courses -has achieved this. The writer knows examples of the reconstruction of one -or two short holes bringing in over one hundred fresh members to a club -which had been steadily diminishing in numbers for years. - -There are many and varied qualities required for the making of a -successful golf architect. - -In the first place, he must have an intimate knowledge of the theory of -playing the game. He need not be himself a good player. He may have some -physical disability which prevents him becoming so, but as the training -of the golf architect is purely mental and not physical, this should not -prevent him from being a successful golf-course architect. In any case, -the possession of a vivid imagination, which is an absolute essential in -obtaining success, may prevent him attaining a position among the higher -ranks of players. Every one knows how fatal imagination is in playing the -game. Let the fear of socketing once enter your head, and you promptly -socket every shot afterwards. - -His knowledge of the game should be so intimate that he knows -instinctively what is likely to produce good golf and good golfers. He -must have more than a passing acquaintance with the best courses and the -best golfing holes. It is not only necessary that he should play them, -but study them and analyse the features which make them what they are. -He must have a sense of proportion and be able to differentiate between -essentials and non-essentials. He should be able to distinguish between -those features which are of supreme importance in the making of a hole -and those which are of less value. - -He must have judgment in the choice of features which can be readily -and cheaply reproduced, and not those which are impossible to construct -without an inordinate expenditure of labour. - -How frequently has one seen hundreds of pounds wasted in a futile attempt -to reproduce the Alps, the Himalayas, or the Cardinal! Features of this -kind look absolutely out of place unless the surrounding ranges of hills -which harmonise with them are also reproduced. To do this would involve -the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of pounds. How often are -attempts made to copy a hole and the subtle slopes and undulations which -are the making of the original overlooked! - -The golf-course architect must have the sporting instinct, and if he has -had a training in many and varied branches of sport, and has analysed -those characteristics which provide a maximum of pleasurable excitement -in them, so much the better. It is essential that he should eliminate -his own game entirely, and look upon all constructional work in a purely -impersonal manner. - -He should be able to put himself in the position of the best player that -ever lived, and at the same time be extremely sympathetic towards the -beginner and long handicap player. - -He should, above all, have a sense of proportion and be able to come to a -prompt decision as to what is the greatest good to the greatest number. - -[Illustration: THE FIFTH HOLE AT FULFORD, YORKS—APPROXIMATE COST, £35: -the whole of the additional nine holes on this course were constructed on -dead flat land at a total cost of about £300.] - -He should not be unduly influenced by hostile criticism, but should give -the most sympathetic consideration to criticism of a constructive nature. -Not infrequently a long handicap man makes a brilliant suggestion which -can often be utilised in a modified form. - -A knowledge of psychology gained in the writer’s medical training has -been of great service in estimating what is likely to give the greatest -pleasure to the greatest number. - -It by no means follows that what appears to be attractive at first -sight will be permanently so. A good golf course grows on one like good -painting, good music, etc. - -The ideal golf architect should have made a study, from a golfing point -of view, of agricultural chemistry, botany, and geology. He should also -have some knowledge of surveying, map-reading, and the interpretation of -aerial photographs. - -Aerial photography will become of enormous value in all kinds of -surveying, town-planning, the construction of golf courses, etc. - -There are all sorts of details visible in an aerial photograph which are -often omitted after the most careful survey in the ordinary way. The -exact positions of every tree, hummock, natural bunker, tracks, hedges, -ditches, etc., are well defined. The exact areas occupied by permanent -pasture, grass grown for hay, crops, clumps of whins, rushes, etc., can -all be distinguished in an aerial photograph. - -These, combined with a good ordnance and geological drift-map, are of -inestimable value, and in many cases would assist even the most expert -golf architect to make such full use of all the natural features that -thousands of pounds might ultimately be saved in reducing the acreage -required and in minimising the cost of labour, upkeep, etc. - -In these days when manual labour costs so much, it is of supreme -importance to reduce it to a minimum by the substitution of mental labour. - -Golf architecture is a new art closely allied to that of the artist or -the sculptor, but also necessitating a scientific knowledge of many other -subjects. - -In the old days, many golf courses were designed by prominent players, -who after a preliminary inspection of the course simply placed pegs to -represent the position of the sites for the suggested tees, greens, -bunkers, etc. The whole thing was completed in a few hours, and the best -results could hardly have been expected, and in fact never were obtained, -by these methods. - -The modern designer, on the other hand, is likely to achieve the most -perfect results and make the fullest use of all the natural features by -more up-to-date methods. - -After a preliminary inspection or inspections in the calm and quiet -of his own study with an ordnance map and, if possible, aeroplane -photographs in front of him, he visualises every feature. He is then -not so likely to be obsessed by details, but gives everything its due -proportionate value. He then evolves his scheme and pays a second visit -to the ground, and, if necessary, modifies his ideas according to the -appearance on the spot. - -There is an extraordinary resemblance between what is now known as the -camouflage of military earthworks and golf-course construction. - -The writer was fortunate during the war in being asked to give the -demonstrations to members of the Army Council which were the foundation -of, and led to the establishment of, the first school of camouflage. - -These demonstrations were evolved from his experience as a golf-course -architect in the imitation of natural features. - -Successful golf-course construction and successful camouflage are almost -entirely due to utilisation of natural features to the fullest extent and -to the construction of artificial ones indistinguishable from nature. - -It is clear that if a gun emplacement or any other object of military -importance is made indistinguishable from the most innocent-looking -feature on the landscape, it will escape the disagreeable attention of -the enemy. And what can appear more innocent than the natural undulations -of the ground? Therefore in camouflage, as in golf-course construction, -the ability to imitate natural undulations successfully is of special -importance. - -There are many other attributes in common between the successful golf -architect and the camoufleur. - -Both, if not actually artists, must have an artistic temperament, and -have had an education in science. - -Surprise is the most important thing in war, and by camouflage you are -able to obtain this not only on the defence but in the attack. - -In golf architecture and camouflage a knowledge of psychology is -of enormous value. It enables one to judge what is likely to give -pleasurable excitement to the golfer and confidence and improvement -in _moral_ to the soldier. The writer feels most strongly that his -experience in the Great War in visualising and surveying miles of sites -for fortifications in this country and abroad, in map-reading, in the -interpretation of aerial photographs, in drainage and labour-saving -problems, and particularly in the mental training of strategic camouflage -and devising traps and surprises for the enemy, was by no means wasted -even from a golf-course point of view. The only man he has been -successful in initiating rapidly into the mysteries of golf-course -architecture was not a golfer but an artist, and one of the greatest, if -not the greatest, of experts on camouflage. - -A little knowledge is a specially dangerous thing in links’ architecture. -One of our greatest troubles in dealing with the committees of the -old-established seaside courses is that their world-renowned reputation -(not due to any virtue of their own, but entirely owing to the natural -advantages of their links) makes them think themselves competent judges -of a golf course. - -They ask for a report and plan of suggested improvements, and then -imagine they have grasped the ideas of the designer, and proceed to make -a horrible hash of it. I do not know a single seaside course which has -been remodelled in anything like the way it should have been remodelled. - -The best artificially constructed seaside course I know is the Eden (Mr. -Colt’s) Course at St. Andrews. There are few of the crowds of players -who, notwithstanding its youth, already congregate on it realise how much -is due to artificiality and how little to nature. All the best ground at -St. Andrews had been previously seized for the three older courses—viz., -the Old, the New, and the Jubilee—and yet it compares favourably with any -of them. This is entirely due to the fact that not only was it designed -by Mr. Colt, but the construction work was done by men who had been -trained under him and worked under his supervision. - -It is much better that construction work should be done by men without -any knowledge of the subject than by those partly trained. - -There is a yarn told about two rival constructors of golf courses: one -of them was admiring the other’s greens, and remarked that “he never -managed to get his green-keeper to make the undulations as natural -looking.” The other replied that “it was perfectly easy; he simply -employed the biggest fool in the village and told him to make them flat.” - -I believe the real reason St. Andrews Old Course is infinitely superior -to anything else is owing to the fact that it was constructed when no -one knew anything about the subject at all, and since then it has been -considered too sacred to be touched. What a pity it is that the natural -advantages of many seaside courses have been neutralised by bad designing -and construction work! - -The architect is the best judge in deciding how often he should -visit a course for supervision purposes. How often have I heard from -the secretary, who is almost invariably a cheery optimist, that the -construction work was going on splendidly, and when too late discovered -that hundreds of pounds had been thrown away in doing bad work which had -ultimately to be scrapped! - -There is an old Persian saying: - - “He who knows not, and knows not that he knows not, is a fool. - Avoid him. - - “He who knows not, and knows that he knows not, will learn. - Teach him. - - “He who knows, and knows not that he knows, will fail. Pity him. - - “He who knows, and knows that he knows, is a wise man. Follow - him.” - -The majority of committees, being composed of men who have made their -living out of their brains, are beginning to know that they know not, and -this is all to the good of the future of golf. - -The most backward committees are those in Scotland, London, and America. -They have not yet realised that golf-course architecture is a question -of mental and not physical training. It is particularly strange that my -own countrymen, who have such a wealth of golfing material and attach -so much importance to education, attach so little to education in golf -architecture. - -The time will surely come, as it has already done in the North of -England, when committees will attach as much importance to the -architecture of the course as to that of the club-house. - -In time many of the dull, monotonous, muddy inland London links will be -entirely remodelled under expert supervision, and the turf and subsoil -treated so that it is a pleasure to play on them even during the winter -months. - -The time will also come when even some of the championship courses will -be entirely remodelled under expert supervision, and when these clubs -will realise how little they have made of the natural advantages that -Providence has provided for them. - - _Printed in Great Britain - by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury, - for Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd._ - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'> - <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Golf Architecture</td></tr> - <tr><td></td><td>Economy in Course Construction and Green-Keeping</td></tr> -</table> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Alister Mackenzie</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Contributor: Henry Shapland Colt</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 11, 2021 [eBook #65319]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h1>GOLF ARCHITECTURE</h1> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus1"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The 140-yard short hole at Sitwell Park</span>: a -fiercely criticised green that has become universally popular.</p> -<p class="caption-sub"><i>Frontispiece</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">GOLF ARCHITECTURE</p> - -<p class="center">ECONOMY IN COURSE CONSTRUCTION<br /> -AND GREEN-KEEPING</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -DR. A. MACKENZIE</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">WITH AN INTRODUCTION<br /> -BY</span><br /> -H. S. COLT</p> - -<p class="titlepage">SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON,<br /> -KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS’<br /> -HALL COURT : : LONDON, E.C.4</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>Copyright</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>First published 1920</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTION</h2> - -</div> - -<p>My partner, who is the author of these -short essays on Golf Course Architecture, -has asked me to write an introduction. -This is, however, hardly necessary, as the -name of Dr. Mackenzie is so well known -in connection with this subject.</p> - -<p>Many years ago now the idea came to -him, as to a few others, that it might not -be impossible to create a golf course -without doing damage to the natural -attractions of the site. Up to that period -the courses which had been designed by -man, and not by nature, had in great -measure failed in this direction, and -although no doubt they had provided -necessary opportunities for playing the -game, the surroundings in many cases -proved a source of irritation rather than -pleasure.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<p>I vividly remember meeting my present -partner for the first time. I had been -asked to go to Leeds to advise about the -design of the Alwoodley Golf Course, and -stayed at his house. After dinner he took -me into his consulting room, where, instead -of finding myself surrounded by the -weapons of his profession as a Doctor of -Medicine, I sat in the midst of a collection -of photographs of sand bunkers, -putting greens, and golf courses, and many -plans and designs of the Alwoodley Course. -I found that I was staying with a real -enthusiast, and one who had already -given close attention to a subject in which -I have always been interested.</p> - -<p>And it is this enthusiasm for the natural -beauty of nature which has helped him -in all his work, so that in the case of Alwoodley -the player not only has the opportunity -of displaying his skill in the game, -but also of enjoying the relaxation which -delightful natural surroundings always give.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<p>No doubt many mistakes were made in -our early attempts, and I never visit a -course which I have designed without -seeing where improvements could be -made in the constructional work, and as -long as this is so, I feel that we shall all -continue to learn and to make progress, -our instructor being nature herself.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">H. S. Colt.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr smaller">CHAPTER</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">General Principles of Economy in Course - Construction and Green-keeping</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Some Further Suggestions</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Ideal Holes</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">88</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Future of Golf Architecture</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">116</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="Illustrations"> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The 140-yard Short Hole at Sitwell Park</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Sixteenth Green at Headingley, Leeds</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Home Green at Sitwell Park</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">An Artificial Hummock at Moortown, constructed from the stones removed from the Fairway</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Fifteenth Hole on the City or Newcastle Course</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">40</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Diagram of Hole of 370 yards, illustrating the value of one bunker, B</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus6">45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Artificial Hummocks guarding the Fifth Green at Alwoodley</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus7">49</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Seventeenth Green at Harrogate</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus8">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: the site of one of the greens on the rocks near the boundary of the course—work just beginning</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus9">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: ready for turfing—a green constructed on rocks</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus10">63</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The “Scraper” at work on Wheatley Park, Doncaster</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus11"> 69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: the turf cutting machine at work</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus12">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands: sandhills constructed by means of the Scraper on terrain originally perfectly flat</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus13">71</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">An Artificial Bunker on the Fulford Course</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus14">86</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Second Hole at Headingley</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus15">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Eighth Green at Moortown</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus16">99</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Eighth Hole, “Gibraltar,” Moortown Golf Course</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus17">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Sixteenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus18">103</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Fourteenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus19">107</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Seventeenth Hole at St. Andrews</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus20">111</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Plan of Ideal Two-shot Hole of 420 yards</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus21">115</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Fifth Hole at Fulford</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus22">124</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<h1>GOLF ARCHITECTURE</h1> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> -<span class="smaller">GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMY IN -COURSE CONSTRUCTION AND GREEN-KEEPING</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Economy in course construction consists -in obtaining the best possible results at a -minimum of cost. The more one sees of -golf courses, the more one realises the -importance of doing construction work -really well, so that it is likely to be of -a permanent character. It is impossible -to lay too much stress on the importance -of finality.</p> - -<p>Every golfer knows examples of courses -which have been constructed and rearranged -over and over again, and the -fact that all over the country thousands -of pounds are frittered away in doing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -bad work which will ultimately have to -be scrapped is particularly distressful to -a true economist. As an example of -unnecessary labour and expense, the writer -has in mind a green which has been -entirely relaid on four different occasions. -In the first instance, it was of the ridge -and furrow type; the turf was then -lifted and it was made dead flat. A new -secretary was appointed, and he made -it a more pronounced ridge and furrow -than ever; it was then relaid and made -flat again, and has now been entirely -reconstructed with undulations of a more -natural outline and appearance.</p> - -<p>In discussing the question of finality, -it is well to inquire if there are any really -first-class courses in existence which have -been unaltered for a considerable number -of years and still remain, not only a -good test of golf, but a source of pleasure -to all classes of players. Is there any -existing course which not even the rubber<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -cored ball has spoilt? And, if so, what -is the cause of its abiding popularity? -The only one I know of is one which has -been described as “a much-abused old -course at a little place called St. Andrews, -in the Kingdom of Fife.” This (as well -as some of the other championship courses -to a lesser extent) still retains its popularity -among all classes of amateurs. In -fact, it is characteristic of all the best -courses that they are just as pleasurable -(possibly even more so) to the long handicap -man as to the player of championship -rank. This fact knocks on the head -the argument which is often used that -the modern expert tries to spoil the -pleasure of the player by making courses -too difficult.</p> - -<p>The successful negotiation of difficulties -is a source of pleasure to all classes of -players.</p> - -<p>It may be asked, “Who originally -constructed St. Andrews?” Its origin<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -appears to be shrouded in mystery: -like Topsy, in <i>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i>, it -simply “growed.” But the fact of the -matter is that St. Andrews differs from -others in that it has always been deemed -a sacrilege to interfere with its natural -beauties, and it has been left almost untouched -for centuries. No green-keeper has -ever dared to shave down its natural undulations. -Most of the bunkers have been left -where nature placed them, and others have -originated from the winds and the rains -enlarging divot marks left by the players, -and some of them possibly by the green-keepers -converting those hollows where -most players congregated, into bunkers, -owing to the difficulty of keeping them -free from divot marks. The bunkers at -St. Andrews are thus placed in positions -where players are most likely to go—in -fact, in the precise positions which the -ordinary Green Committee would suggest -should be filled up. This is a significant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -fact, and tends to show that many of -our existing ideas in regard to hazards -have been erroneous. Mr. John L. Low -pointed out years ago that no hazard -is unfair wherever it is placed, and this -particularly applies if the hazard is visible, -as it should be obvious that if a player -sees a hazard in front of him and promptly -planks his ball into it he has chosen the -wrong spot.</p> - -<p>I once heard a Yorkshire tale of -an old farmer finding a man in his -coal-house during a recent coal strike. -He put his head through the window -and said, “Now I’ve copped you picking -out all the big lumps.” A voice from -the darkness came, “You’re a liar, I’m -taking them as they come.”</p> - -<p>On the old type of course like St. -Andrews, the players have to take the -hazards as they come, and do their best -to avoid them.</p> - -<p>There is nothing new about the ideas<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -of the so-called Golf Architect: he simply -wishes to reproduce the old ideas as -exemplified in the old natural courses -like St. Andrews, those courses which -were played on before over-zealous green -committees demolished the natural undulations -of the fairways and greens, -and made greens like lawns for croquet, -tennis, or anything else except golf, and -erected eyesores in the shape of straight -lines of cop bunkers, instead of emphasising -the natural curves of the -links.</p> - -<p>In the old view of golf, there was no -main thoroughfare to the hole: the player -had to use his own judgment without -the aid of guide posts, or other adventitious -means of finding his way. St. -Andrews still retains the old traditions -of golf. For example, I have frequently -seen four individuals playing the long hole -(the fourteenth), and deliberately attacking -it in four different ways, and three out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -of the four were probably right in playing -it in the ways they selected.</p> - -<p>At St. Andrews “it needs a heid to -play gowf,” as the caddie said to the -professor.</p> - -<p>As the truest economy consists in finality, -it is interesting to consider the essential -features of an ideal golf course. Some of -them are suggested now:</p> - -<p>1. The course, where possible, should -be arranged in two loops of nine holes.</p> - -<p>2. There should be a large proportion -of good two-shot holes, two or three -drive-and-pitch holes, and at least four -one-shot holes.</p> - -<p>3. There should be little walking between -the greens and tees, and the course -should be arranged so that in the first -instance there is always a slight walk -forwards, from the green to the next tee; -then the holes are sufficiently elastic to -be lengthened in the future if necessary.</p> - -<p>4. The greens and fairways should be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -sufficiently undulating, but there should -be no hill climbing.</p> - -<p>5. Every hole should have a different -character.</p> - -<p>6. There should be a minimum of blindness -for the approach shots.</p> - -<p>7. The course should have beautiful -surroundings, and all the artificial features -should have so natural an appearance -that a stranger is unable to distinguish -them from nature itself.</p> - -<p>8. There should be a sufficient number -of heroic carries from the tee, but the -course should be arranged so that the -weaker player with the loss of a stroke -or portion of a stroke shall always -have an alternative route open to him.</p> - -<p>9. There should be infinite variety in -the strokes required to play the various -holes—viz., interesting brassy shots, iron -shots, pitch and run-up shots.</p> - -<p>10. There should be a complete absence -of the annoyance and irritation caused<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -by the necessity of searching for lost -balls.</p> - -<p>11. The course should be so interesting -that even the plus man is constantly -stimulated to improve his game in attempting -shots he has hitherto been unable -to play.</p> - -<p>12. The course should be so arranged -that the long handicap player, or even -the absolute beginner, should be able -to enjoy his round in spite of the fact -that he is piling up a big score.</p> - -<p>13. The course should be equally good -during winter and summer, the texture -of the greens and fairways should be -perfect, and the approaches should have -the same consistency as the greens.</p> - -<h3>A DECIDED ADVANTAGE</h3> - -<p>In regard to the first three principles, -there can be little difference of opinion. -It is a considerable advantage that a course -should be arranged in two loops of nine<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -holes, as on a busy day players can -commence at either the first or tenth tee.</p> - -<p>In regard to the fourth principle. It -used to be a common fallacy that greens -should be made dead flat. Even on some -of the best golf courses at the present -day you find them made like croquet -lawns. There has been somewhat of a -reaction lately against undulating greens, -but this, I believe, is entirely due to -the fact that the undulations have been -made of a wrong character, either -composed of finicky little humps or of -the ridge and furrow type. Natural undulations -are the exact opposite to the -artificial ridge and furrow. The latter -has a narrow hollow, and a broad ridge, -whereas the former has a large, bold, -sweeping hollow, and a narrow ridge.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus2"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The sixteenth green at Headingley, Leeds—approximate -cost £50</span>: an entirely artificial hole; the site was originally on a -severe downhill slope and had to be cut out of rock.</p> -</div> - -<p>The most interesting putting the writer -has ever seen is on the Ladies’ Putting -Course at St. Andrews. Even first-class -golfers consider it a privilege to be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -invited there, and are to be found putting -with the greatest enthusiasm from -early morn till late at night. There the -undulations are of the boldest possible -type, large sweeping hollows rising abruptly -four or five feet up to small plateaus. -A modern golf architect who dared to -produce the boldness of these St. Andrews’ -undulations could hardly hope to escape -hostile criticism.</p> - -<p>In constructing natural-looking undulations -one should attempt to study the -manner in which those among the sand-dunes -are formed. These are fashioned by -the wind blowing up the sand in the form -of waves, which become gradually turfed -over in the course of time. Natural undulations -are, therefore, of a similar shape -to the waves one sees by the seashore, -and are of all kinds of shapes and sizes, -but are characterised by the fact that -the hollows between the waves are broader -than the waves themselves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p> - -<p>If undulations are made of this kind, -then there are always plenty of comparatively -flat places where the green-keeper -can put the flag, and there should -never be any necessity to cut the hole -on a slope.</p> - -<p>A test of a good undulation is that it -should be easy to use the mowing machine -over it.</p> - -<p>If undulations are made of the kind I -describe, it is hardly possible to make -them too large or too bold.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most aggravating type -of undulation is the finicky little hump -or side-slope which you don’t see until -after you have missed your putt, and -then begin to wonder why it has not gone -in the hole.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus3"> -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The home green at Sitwell Park</span>: An undulating -green with a wide choice of places for the hole in the hollows or on the -flat.</p> -</div> - -<p>An almost equally common delusion -is that fairways should be flat. I quite -agree that there is nothing worse than -a fairway on a severe side-slope, but, -on the other hand, there are few things<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -more monotonous than playing every -shot from a dead flat fairway. The -unobservant player never seems to realise -that one of the chief charms of the best -seaside links is the undulating fairways, -such as those near the club-house at -Deal, part of Sandwich, and most of the -old course at St. Andrews, where the -ground is a continual roll from the first -tee to the last green, and where one never -has the same shot to play twice; on these -fairways one hardly ever has a level -stance or a level lie. It is this that makes -the variety of a seaside course, and variety -is everything in golf.</p> - -<p>If one considers St. Andrews hole by -hole, it is surprising to find at how many -of them the dominating and important -incident is associated with an insignificant-looking -hollow or bank, often running -obliquely to the line of your approach.</p> - -<p>In constructing undulations of this kind -on inland courses, it is well to make them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -with as much variety as possible, and in -the direction you wish the player to -go to keep the fairway comparatively -flat, so as to encourage players to place -their shots, and thus get in a favourable -position for their next.</p> - -<p>In this connection plasticine is frequently -used for making models of undulations. -Plasticine is useful to teach -the green-keeper points in construction -he would not otherwise understand—in -fact, I believe, I was the first designer -of golf courses to use it for this purpose. -The 14th green at Alwoodley, which was -the first one made there, was constructed -from a model in plasticine. It has its -disadvantages, however, as a course constructed -entirely from models in plasticine -has always an artificial appearance, -and can never be done as cheaply as -one in which the green-keeper is allowed -a comparatively free hand in modelling -the undulations in such a manner that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -not only do they harmonise with their -surroundings, but are constructed according -to the various changes in the subsoil -discovered whilst doing the work.</p> - -<h3>THE FOLLY OF FASHIONS</h3> - -<p>In regard to the fifth principle that -every hole should have a different character. -A common mistake is to follow -prevailing fashions. At first we had -the artificial cop bunkers extending in -a dead straight line from the rough on -one side to the rough on the other; in -modern course architecture these are fortunately -extinct. Secondly, we had the -fashion of pot bunkers running down each -side of the course. This was, if anything, -an even more objectionable type of golf -than the last. Thirdly, we have had -what has been called the alpinisation -of golf courses.</p> - -<p>In this connection I would point out -that green-keepers should be careful not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -to make hillocks so high in the direct -line to the hole that they block out -the view: a little to one side of the bee -line they may be made as high as one -pleases, but in the direct line hollows -should, as a rule, take the place of hillocks. -This is the exact opposite to what is -found on many golf courses, where the -hollows are at the sides and the banks -in the middle.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus4"> -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Artificial hummock at Moortown, constructed from the -stones removed from the fairway.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The great thing in constructing golf -courses is to ensure variety and make everything -look natural. The greatest compliment -that can be paid to a green-keeper -is for players to think his artificial work -is natural. On Alwoodley and Moortown -practically every green and every hummock -has been artificially made, and yet -it is difficult to convince the stranger -that this is so. I remember a chairman -of the Green Committee of one of the -best-known clubs in the North telling -me that it would be impossible to make<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -their course anything like Alwoodley, as -there we had such a wealth of natural -hillocks, hollows, and undulations. It was -only with great difficulty that I was able -to persuade him that, to use an Irishism, -these natural features which he so much -admired had all been artificially created. -I have even heard one of the members of -our own Green Committee telling a well-known -writer on golf that the hummocks -surrounding one of our greens had always -been there: he himself had forgotten -that he had been present when the site -for them had been pegged out.</p> - -<h3>THE QUESTION OF BLIND HOLES</h3> - -<p>It is not nearly as common an error -to make blind holes as formerly. A blind -tee shot may be forgiven, or a full shot -to the green on a seaside course, when the -greens can usually be located accurately -by the position of the surrounding hummocks, -but an approach shot should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -never be blind, as this prevents an -expert player, except by a fluke, from -placing his approach so near the hole that -he gets down in one putt.</p> - -<p>Blind holes on an inland course where -there are no surrounding sandhills to -locate the green should never be permitted, -but an even more annoying form -of blindness is that which is so frequent -on inland courses—that is, when the -flag is visible but the surface of the -green cannot be seen. On a green -of this description no one can possibly -tell whether the flag is at the back, -middle, or front of the green, and it is -particularly aggravating to play your shot -expecting to find it dead, and to discover -that your ball is at least twenty yards -short.</p> - -<p>On a seaside course there may be a -certain amount of pleasurable excitement -in running up to the top of a hillock -in the hope of seeing your ball near the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -flag, but this is a kind of thing one gets -rather tired of as one grows older.</p> - -<h3>IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY</h3> - -<p>Another common erroneous idea is that -beauty does not matter on a golf course. -One often hears players say that they -don’t care a “tinker’s cuss” about their -surroundings: what they want is good golf.</p> - -<p>One of the best-known writers on golf has -recently been jeering at golf architects -for attempting to make beautiful bunkers. -If he prefers ugly bunkers, ugly greens, -and ugly surroundings generally he is -welcome to them, but I don’t think for -an instant that he believes what he is -writing about, for at the same time he talks -about the beauties of natural courses. The -chief object of every golf architect or green-keeper -worth his salt is to imitate the -beauties of nature so closely as to make -his work indistinguishable from nature -itself.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<p>I haven’t the smallest hesitation in -saying that beauty means a great deal -on a golf course; even the man who -emphatically states he does not care a -hang for beauty is subconsciously influenced -by his surroundings. A beautiful hole -not only appeals to the short handicap -player but also to the long, and there -are few first-rate holes which are not at -the same time, either in the grandeur of -their undulations and hazards, or the -character of their surroundings, beautiful -holes.</p> - -<p>It is not suggested that we should all -play round the links after the manner of -the curate playing with the deaf old -Scotsman.</p> - -<p>The curate was audibly expressing his -admiration of the scenery, the greens, -and things in general, until they finally -arrived at a green surrounded by a rookery. -The curate remarked, “Isn’t it delightful -to hear the rooks?” The deaf old Scotsman<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -said, “What’s that?” The curate -again remarked, “Isn’t it delightful to -hear the rooks?” The old Scotsman -replied, “I can’t hear a word you’re -saying for those damned crows.”</p> - -<p>The finest courses in existence are -natural ones. Such courses as St. Andrews, -and the championship courses -generally, are admitted to provide a -fine test of golf. It is by virtue of -their natural formation that they do so. -The beauty of gold courses has suffered -in the past from the creations of ugly -and unimaginative design. Square, flat -greens and geometrical bunkers have not -only been an eyesore upon the whole -landscape, but have detracted from the -infinite variety of play which is the heritage -of the game.</p> - -<p>My reputation in the past has been -based on the fact that I have endeavoured -to conserve existing natural features, and -where these are lacking to create formations<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -in the spirit of nature herself.</p> - -<p>In other words, while always keeping -uppermost the provision of a splendid -test of golf, I have striven to achieve -beauty.</p> - -<p>It may at first appear unreasonable -that the question of æsthetics should -enter into golf-course design; however, -on deeper analysis, it becomes clear that -the great courses, and in detail all the -famous holes and greens, are fascinating -to the golfer by reason of their shape, -their situation, and the character of their -modelling. When these elements obey -the fundamental laws of balance, of harmony, -and fine proportion they give rise -to what we call beauty. This excellence -of design is more felt than fully realised -by the player, but nevertheless it is -constantly exercising a subconscious influence -upon him, and in course of time -he grows to admire such a course as all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -works of beauty are eventually felt and -admired.</p> - -<h3>THE REAL OBJECT OF THE HAZARD</h3> - -<p>Most of the remaining principles depend -on the proper disposition of hazards, -and I have a rather wider definition of -hazards than is given by the rules of -Golf Committee. As a minor kind of -hazard undulating ground, hummocks, -hollows, etc., might be included.</p> - -<p>Most golfers have an entirely erroneous -view of the real object of hazards. The -majority of them simply look upon hazards -as a means of punishing a bad shot, when -their real object is to make the game interesting. -The attitude of the ordinary golfer -towards hazards may be illustrated by -the following tale which I have frequently -told before, but which will bear repeating:</p> - -<p>A player visiting a Scotch course asked -his caddie what the members thought -of a stream which was winding in and out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -between several of the holes. The caddie -replied, “Weel, we’ve got an old Scotch -major here. When he gets it ower he -says, ‘Weel ower the bonnie wee burn, -ma laddie’; but when he gets in he -says, ‘Pick ma ball oot o’ that domned -sewer.’”</p> - -<p>The writer was recently playing with -his brother, who was home on leave -from abroad. He was clearly enjoying -his game, but at Alwoodley we have -one solitary pond into which he topped -three balls. On arriving at the club-house -he was asked how he liked the course; -he simply remarked, “There were too many -ruddy ponds about.”</p> - -<p>It is much too large a subject to go -into the question of the placing of -hazards, but I would like to emphasise a -fundamental principle. It is that, as already -pointed out, no hazard is unfair -wherever it is placed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus5"> -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The fifteenth hole on the City of Newcastle -course</span>: constructed on flat, featureless clay land.</p> -</div> - -<p>A hazard placed in the exact position<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -where a player would naturally go is -frequently the most interesting situation, -as then a special effort is needed to get -over or avoid it.</p> - -<h3>GIVING THE PLAYER THRILLS</h3> - -<p>One of the objects in placing hazards -is to give the players as much pleasurable -excitement as possible. On many inland -courses there is not a thrill on the -whole round, and yet on some of the championship -courses one rarely takes a club -out of the bag without having an interesting -shot to play. This particularly applies -to the old course at St. Andrews, and is -one of the reasons why it always retains -its popularity with all classes of players. -It is quite true that even this course is -condemned by some, but this may be -due to the fact that they have not brains -enough, or have not played on it long -enough, to appreciate its many virtues.</p> - -<p>There are some leading players who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -honestly dislike the dramatic element in -golf. They hate anything that is likely -to interfere with a constant succession -of threes and fours. They look upon -everything in the “card and pencil” -spirit. The average club member on the -other hand is a keen sportsman, he looks -upon golf in the “spirit of adventure,” -and that is why St. Andrews and courses -modelled on similar ideals appeal to him.</p> - -<p>No one would pretend that the old -course at St. Andrews is perfect: it -has its disadvantages, particularly in the -absence of long carries from the tee, and -in its blind bunkers, but no links in -the world grows upon all classes of players -in the same manner. The longer one -plays there the keener one gets, and this -is a much truer test of a good course than -one which pleases at first and is boring -later on.</p> - -<p>A good golf course is like good music -or good anything else; it is not necessarily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -a course which appeals the first time one -plays over it, but one which grows on the -player the more frequently he visits it.</p> - -<p>St. Andrews is a standing example of -the possibility of making a course which -is pleasurable to all classes of golfers, -not only to the thirty handicap players, -but to the plus fourteen man, if there ever -was or will be such a person.</p> - -<p>It is an interesting fact that few hazards -are of any interest which are out of what -is known among medical men as the direct -field of vision. This does not extend -much farther than ten to twenty yards -on either side of the direct line to the -hole. Hazards placed outside this limit -are usually of little interest, but simply -act as a source of irritation.</p> - -<p>Hazards should be placed with an object, -and none should be made which has not -some influence on the line of play to the -hole.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<h3>TOO MANY BUNKERS</h3> - -<p>On many courses there are far too many -bunkers: the sides of the fairways are -riddled with them, and many of these -courses would be equally interesting if -half of the bunkers were turfed over as -grassy hollows.</p> - -<p>It is often possible to make a hole -sufficiently interesting with one or two -bunkers at the most. For example:</p> - -<p>It is obvious from the diagram that -the green-guarding bunker B has a considerable -influence on the line of play -to the hole.</p> - -<p>The longer the carry a player achieves -over the stream the easier his second -shot becomes.</p> - -<p>If it were not for this bunker not only -the approach but the tee shot would be -uninteresting, as there would be no object -in essaying the long carry over the stream.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus6"> -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Diagram of hole of 370 yards, illustrating the value -of one bunker, B.</span> Any additional bunker for the tee shot or across -the approach to the green would materially lessen the interest of the -hole. The moral is “Few bunkers placed in interesting positions!”</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p> - -<p>Many poor golf courses are made in -a futile attempt to eliminate the element -of luck. You can no more eliminate luck -in golf than in cricket, and in neither -case is it possible to punish every bad -shot. If you succeeded you would only -make both games uninteresting.</p> - -<p>There are many points of resemblance -between cricket and golf: the fielders -in cricket correspond to the hazards at -golf. The fielders are placed in the -positions where the majority of shots -go, and it should obviously be easier -with a stationary ball to avoid the -hazards than to avoid the fielders at -cricket.</p> - -<p>In both games it is only a proportion -of bad shots that get punished, but -notwithstanding this the man who is playing -the best game almost invariably comes -out on top.</p> - -<p>It is an important thing in golf to make -holes look much more difficult than they -really are. People get more pleasure in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -doing a hole which looks almost impossible, -and yet is not so difficult as it -appears.</p> - -<p>In this connection it may be pointed -out that rough grass is of little interest -as a hazard. It is frequently much more -difficult than a fearsome-looking bunker -or belt of whins or rushes, but it causes -considerable annoyance in lost balls, and -no one ever gets the same thrills in driving -over a stretch of rough as over a -fearsome-looking bunker, which in reality -may not be so severe.</p> - -<p>Narrow fairways bordered by long grass -make bad golfers. They do so by destroying -the harmony and continuity of the -game, and in causing a stilted and cramped -style by destroying all freedom of play.</p> - -<p>There is no defined line between the -fairways in the great schools of golf like -St. Andrews or Hoylake.</p> - -<p>It is a common error to cut the -rough in straight lines. It should be cut<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -in irregular, natural-looking curves. The -fairways should gradually widen out where -a long drive goes; in this way a long -driver is given a little more latitude in -pulling and slicing.</p> - -<p>Moreover irregular curves assist a -player in locating the exact position of -a ball which has left the fairway and -entered the rough.</p> - -<h3>GLORIFIED MOLE-HILLS</h3> - -<p>Hummocks and hollows should be made -of all sorts of different shapes and sizes, -and should have a natural appearance, -with plenty of slope at the bottom like -large waves. Most of the hummocks and -hollows should be made so smooth that -the mowing machine can be used over -them. The glorified mole-hills one sees -on many courses should be avoided.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus7"> -<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The artificial hummocks guarding the fifth green at -Alwoodley</span>: approximate cost, £8. -The best way of combining sand and hummocks, with the sand on the slope -of the hazard above the ground level.</p> -</div> - -<p>Bunkers on an inland course should, -as a rule, be made in the opposite way to -what is customary. At the present time<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -most bunkers have the hollows sanded and -the banks turfed. It is suggested that -you get a much more natural appearance -if the hollows are partly turfed over and -the hummocks sanded, as in the photographs -in these pages. This has the following -advantages: the appearance is -much more like a seaside course; the -sand being above the level of the ground, -always remains dry. The contrast between -white or yellow sand and the grass -helps one to judge distances much more -accurately, and enables the ball to be -found more easily, and the great disadvantage -and expense of scything the long -grass on the hummocks to prevent lost -balls is done away with.</p> - -<p>Ordinary bunkers are, as a rule, made -in quite the wrong way. The face is -usually too upright and the ball gets into -an unplayable position under the face. -The bottom of the bank of a bunker -should have a considerable slope, so that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -a ball always rolls to the middle; the -top of a bunker may, as it usually does -in nature, be made to overhang a little -so as to prevent a topped ball running -through it.</p> - -<p>Experience gained in the imitation of -natural slopes in bunker-making was ultimately -responsible for saving tens of -thousands of pounds in revetting material -in the great war.</p> - -<p>Trenches with the sides made like a -bank of a stream with a considerable -slope at the bottom remained standing -without any revetting material.</p> - -<p>Before this principle was pointed out -soldiers invariably dug their trenches with -a slope at the top, and as they got farther -down the sides became more vertical and -sometimes were even undercut. A trench -of this kind invariably fell in, whereas -those made vertical at the top with the -slope at the bottom did not do so.</p> - -<p>Hazards are usually placed too far<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> -away from the greens they are intended -to guard; they should be placed immediately -on the edge of the greens, and -then (particularly if they are in the form -of smooth hillocks and hollows) the player -who is wide of them has an extremely -difficult pitch, and is frequently worse -off than the man who is in them.</p> - -<p>A bunker eating into a green is by far -the most equitable way of giving a golfer -full advantage for accurate play. It not -only penalises the man who is in it, but -every one who is wide of it. For example, -a player who is in the road bunker at -the seventeenth at St. Andrews may -with a good dunch shot get out and lie -dead, but few can pitch over it so accurately -that they do so. A bunker, similarly -placed to the road bunker, may be made -to accentuate this distinction; it may -be constructed with so much slope that -on occasions it can be putted out of.</p> - -<p>Hummocks on the edge of greens are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> -often constructed so that they assist the -man who has opened up the hole correctly; -they act as a hazard only to those who -have failed to do this.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most serious mistake made -by a golf committee is the fallacy that -they will save money by neglecting to -obtain expert advice in regard to fresh -construction work.</p> - -<p>Except where the course has been designed -and the construction work supervised -by the modern golf architect, there -is hardly a golf club of any size which has -not frittered away hundreds of pounds in -doing bad work, all for the want of the -best advice in the first instance.</p> - -<p>There can be little doubt that the -poorer the club the more important it -is for it not to waste its small funds -in doing the wrong kind of work, but -to get the best possible advice from its -inception.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus8"> -<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The seventeenth green at Harrogate: approximate cost -£180</span>: an entirely artificial plateau green constructed on flat land. -The comparatively heavy cost is due to the character of the subsoil—heavy -clay.</p> -</div> - -<h3>THE COURSE FOR THE BEGINNER</h3> - -<p>I notice a well-known club, in forming -a golf course, state that the committee -have decided to lay it out themselves, -as they are afraid of a golf architect -making it too difficult for the average -player. Now this is precisely what the -modern golf architect does not do; he -in particular adopts a most sympathetic -attitude to the beginner and long handicap -player, but at the same time attempts -to make the course interesting to all -sorts and conditions of players. It is -characteristic of the modern architect -that he always leaves a broad and pleasurable -road that leads to destruction—that -is, sixes and sevens on the card of the -long handicap player—but a straight and -narrow path which leads to salvation—that -is, threes and fours for the plus -man.</p> - -<p>The writer has just returned from a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -most delightful sand-dune country which -he chose for his holiday in great part -owing to the fact that he had seen it before -and had also seen Mr. Colt’s plan for the -constructing of what should have been -the finest eighteen-hole course in England.</p> - -<p>On arrival he found the secretary or -the committee had, through motives of -false economy, refrained from getting Mr. -Colt to supervise the work and had done -it themselves. The outcome was an expenditure -of three or four times as much -money as Mr. Colt would have needed, -the destruction of many of the beautiful -natural undulations and features which -were the making of Mr. Colt’s scheme, -the conversion of magnificent visible -greens into semi-blind ones, banked up -like croquet lawns, and a complete absence -of turf owing to wrong treatment, and -alterations in the placing of the tees, -bunkers, and greens, and a total disregard -of the beginner and the long handicap<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -player. On a seaside course in particular -little construction work is necessary; the -important thing is to make the fullest -possible use of existing features. £500 -in labour expended under expert supervision -is better than £10,000 injudiciously -expended.</p> - -<p>Surely in the case of a golf club it -is more important to have an architect -for the course, and any new work on the -course, than for the club-house. Much -greater mistakes are made in constructing -the former than in building the latter.</p> - -<p>One can readily imagine what would -be the ultimate result of a course laid out -by an average committee composed of -scratch, three, four, and eight handicap -men. They are, most of them (probably -subconsciously), prejudiced against any -hazard being constructed which they are -likely to get into themselves, but they -are all unanimous in thinking that the -poor devil with a twenty-four handicap<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -should be left out of consideration altogether. -The final result is neither fish, -flesh, fowl, nor even good red herring.</p> - -<h3>THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE EXPERT</h3> - -<p>The expert in golf architecture has to -be intimately conversant with the theory -of playing the game, but this has no -connection with the physical skill in -playing it. An ideal golf expert should -not only have a knowledge of botany, -geology, and particularly agricultural -chemistry, but should also have what -might be termed an artistic temperament -and vivid imagination. We all know that -there is nothing so fatal in playing golf -as to have a vivid imagination, but this -and a sufficient knowledge of psychology -to enable one to determine what is likely -to give the greatest pleasure to the greatest -number are eminently desirable in a -golf architect. The training of the expert -should be mental, not physical.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<p>My last principle is one which particularly -affects the green-keeper:—the -course should be perfect all the year -round.</p> - -<p>It is quite a prevalent idea that courses -on a clay subsoil can never be made into -good winter links. It does not matter -so much as might be expected, what -the subsoil is like, provided it is well -drained and the turf on the top is of the -right texture. Muddy courses are entirely -due to insufficient drainage, worms, -and the wrong kind of turf.</p> - -<p>Worms can be got rid of and the right -kind of turf encouraged by adopting -modern methods of green-keeping. Many -examples of what can be done in converting -really bad winter courses into good -ones can be seen in the North. Surface -drainage, such as mole draining, gets rid -of worms by making the land so dry that -they cannot work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p> - -<h3>SOME HINTS ON GREEN TREATMENT</h3> - -<p>A common mistake in green-keeping is -to imagine that because one form of -treatment benefits one course that it -will necessarily benefit another.</p> - -<p>The green-keeper should have sufficient -knowledge of chemistry and botany to -be able to tell exactly what form of -treatment is most likely to benefit his -greens.</p> - -<p>For example, the ordinary artificial -manure sold by some seeds merchants -for golf courses consists of a mixture of -three parts of superphosphate of lime, -one part each sulphate of ammonia -and sulphate of potash, and one-tenth -part of sulphate of iron. If no weeds -are present, the sulphate of iron may be -omitted from the mixture; if daisies are -present, the sulphate of ammonia should -be increased; if clover is present, the -potash and lime should be lessened in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -quantity; if the turf is sour, or if sorrel -is present, the sulphate of ammonia should -be lessened, and lime used as a separate -dressing.</p> - -<p>Farmyard manure should not, as a rule, -be used as a surface dressing on golf -courses: it is much too likely to encourage -weeds and worms.</p> - -<p>Something of the nature of Peruvian -guano, fish guano, meat guano, malt -culms, or dried blood, together with artificials, -should be used in its place. If -humus is necessary, it may be added in -the form of peat moss litter, minced -seaweed, etc., and the box should seldom -be used on the mowing machines.</p> - -<p>It must be borne in mind that the turf -required on a golf course is entirely -different to that required from a farming -point of view.</p> - -<p>It is now an absolutely exploded fallacy -that worms are of any use on a golf -course; they should be got rid of by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span> -use of charcoal obtained from steel furnaces: -ordinary wood charcoal is almost -useless. Charcoal in this form acts mechanically, -owing to the small sharp pieces -of steel attached to it: it scratches the -worms and prevents them getting through.</p> - -<p>Worm-killers, especially those consisting -of Mowrah Meal, are of great value in destroying -worms.</p> - -<p>It is a mistake to consider that worm-killers, -unless mixed with an artificial -manure, have any manurial value. The -green-keeper will tell you that after the -application the grass has come up much -greener. That is due to the fact that -the worms are no longer discolouring -it by crawling over it with their slimy -bodies.</p> - -<h3>THE MOWING OF GREENS</h3> - -<p>A common mistake is not to mow -greens during the winter months. I have -not the slightest doubt that mowing greens<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -during the winter months is beneficial -to them: it keeps the grass from becoming -coarse.</p> - -<p>On those Scotch courses where the greens -are so good all through the winter, are -not the rabbits mowing the greens all -through the winter months?</p> - -<p>Are the knives of the mowing machine -any more likely to do the grass harm than -the teeth of the rabbits?</p> - -<p>It is a common mistake in sowing a -green not to use a sufficient quantity of -seed. The ground should always be -thoroughly prepared and manured according -to the chemical composition of -the soil; then as much as five or six -bushels of seed per green can be sown to -advantage.</p> - -<p>Mixtures of grass seeds may be sold -consisting of a considerable proportion -of seeds which do not germinate, and are -not likely to do so, on ordinary soils. -Unscrupulous seeds merchants may undercut<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span> -the more honest ones in this way. Three -bushels of the best seeds will go further -than six containing a large proportion -of varieties which are not likely to germinate.</p> - -<p>In concluding this chapter on General -Principles, it may be pointed out that, -although many of these ideas may appear -revolutionary, the reader may be assured -that their success under varying conditions -has been proved in practice.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus9"> -<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: the site of one of the greens -on the rocks near the boundary of the course—work just beginning.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus10"> -<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: ready for turfing—a green -constructed on rocks.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="smaller">SOME FURTHER SUGGESTIONS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>It cannot be too frequently emphasised -that in starting a new course or reconstructing -an old one it is of the utmost -importance that the committee should -have a scheme before them of a definite -and final nature. It would be sound finance -for the majority of golf clubs to pay the -expenses of the Green Committee for -the purpose of visiting good examples -of construction work on other courses.</p> - -<p>They should not of necessity visit courses -where the leading open competitions are -held, as many of the very best clubs -rarely offer their courses for competitions.</p> - -<p>They should be guided in their choice -of architect by a course constructed out -of indifferent material, and not by one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -constructed out of magnificent natural -golfing land.</p> - -<p>They should take into consideration -the cost, the popularity with all classes -of players, and the finality and permanency -of the work.</p> - -<p>Having decided on the architect and -having passed the plan, it is as well to -take steps to ensure that the construction -work is done according to the ideas of -the designer.</p> - -<p>Experience of advising a hundred golf -clubs has convinced the writer that the -work can never be done properly except -under occasional expert supervision. Work -done without expert supervision is invariably -bad.</p> - -<p>The designer should not be tied down -too closely to his original plan. Mature -consideration and unexpected changes in -the subsoil, etc., may make a modification -in the plan necessary to save expense and -get better results.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> - -<p>In a small book of this kind, it is impossible -to go into the thousand and one -details which make for economy in course -construction, but some of these may be -enumerated.</p> - -<p>The chief items in the construction of -a golf course are the following:</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. Carting.</li> -<li>2. Labour.</li> -<li>3. Drainage.</li> -<li>4. Seeding.</li> -<li>5. Turfing.</li> -<li>6. Manures.</li> -<li>7. Sand.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CARTING</h3> - -<p>The cost of carting can often be reduced -to a minimum by using a little thought -in the work. The stone from stone walls, -rocks, the turf from turf walls, or soil -taken out of excavations should never -be carted away: they can always be -used for raising a neighbouring green in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span> -the form of a plateau, or in making -hummocks or large undulations indistinguishable -from the natural ones which -are so delightful on seaside courses. It -is rarely necessary to cart soil from a -distance for the purpose of making a -hummock or a green. It is much more -economical to remove a sufficient area of -turf from and around the site of an intended -hummock or green, and utilise -the soil removed from the area around -the hummock for this purpose. This is -a double advantage. The surrounding -ground is lowered as the hummock is -raised, and makes the hummock appear -higher, and at the same time it is made -to merge imperceptibly into the surrounding -hollow or hollows, and has a much -more natural appearance. A hollow removed -from the front of the green has -the effect of making the green appear as -if it were raised upon a plateau, and this -is still further accentuated if the soil<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> -removed is also used to build up the -green.</p> - -<p>Similarly the green and the bunkers -guarding it should all be made at the -same time; the soil moved in making the -bunkers can then be utilised in the formation -of the green. It was in former -years considered imprudent to construct -bunkers until the experience of playing -revealed the proper position, but since -those days our knowledge of green-keeping -has advanced. An expert can judge by -the character of the grasses and the -nature of the undulations the amount of -run which the ball is likely to get, and -this knowledge, combined with actual -measurements, gives more information -than it is possible to gain by playing. -Perhaps the most important reason why -the architect’s scheme should be completed -in the first instance is that bunkers -are hardly ever placed in the right position -afterwards. It is difficult to find a member<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -of a Green Committee who is not -subconsciously prejudiced against placing -a bunker where he is likely to get -trapped himself.</p> - -<p>After carting there is usually a considerable -amount of labour necessary to -obliterate the tracks. Carting should, -when possible, be done when the ground -is hard, in dry weather or during frost. -Carts should not be allowed to wander -about all over the place, but should be -made to keep in one track. It is often -advisable to remove the turf previous to -carting and relay it after the carting is -finished. Carts can sometimes be replaced -with advantage by sledges with flat-bottomed -runners.</p> - -<h3>LABOUR AT LESS THAN PRE-WAR COST</h3> - -<p>By introducing labour-saving machinery -we have recently been getting better results -at less than pre-war cost. If work on -a large scale is being done, the steam navvy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span> -or grab might be tried for excavating -and making hummocks, etc.; traction -engines are useful in uprooting small trees, -and larger ones can with advantage be -blown up by dynamite. I recently used -blasting charges for the purpose of assisting -to make bunkers. An article in one of -the Sheffield papers somewhat humorously -stated that this was not the first occasion -Dr. Mackenzie’s bunkers had been -“blasted.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus11"> -<img src="images/illus11.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The “Scraper” at work on Wheatley Park course, -Doncaster.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>Trolleys on rails are frequently used to -save carting or wheeling barrows.</p> - -<p>The two machines which are found of -the greatest value in saving labour are -the turf-cutting machine and the American -scraper or scoop—the former made -from designs by the writer. It will cut -an acre of sods in an afternoon, and, -moreover, cuts them of a more even thickness -than by hand. This machine is -worked by two horses like a plough. One -or two clubs have condemned it without<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span> -a fair trial, and on inquiry I have usually -found that the weather was too dry, -the grass too long, the blades had not been -set properly, or that it had been used by -a man who had had no previous experience -in working one. It has been used by -scores of clubs with a great deal of success. -At Moortown we sodded over twenty -acres of sour heath land with it. The -cost of this amounted to little compared -with sowing, as we were able to remove -the sods from a neighbouring field. Sowing -would have cost at least twice as -much, as there were no signs of even a -blade of grass on most of the land, and -no sowing was likely to be successful -without lime and manuring, and carting -a tremendous quantity of soil so as to -form a seed bed. The results have been -infinitely better and quicker than sowing -at the rate of even twelve bushels of the -best grass seeds to the acre.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus12"> -<img src="images/illus12.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: the turf-cutting machine at -work. The photograph shows the dead, flat, featureless character of the -country before the work began.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus13"> -<img src="images/illus13.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Grange-over-Sands</span>: sandhills constructed by means -of the scraper on terrain originally perfectly flat.</p> -</div> - -<p>The scraper is worked by a horse or two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span> -horses, and is particularly useful for excavating -light soil, but can even be used on -heavy land if each layer is ploughed before -the scraper is used. The scraper is shaped -like a large shovel, the handles are raised, -and the horse pulls and it digs into the -ground until it is full; the handles are -then depressed and the horse pulls it -along to the required situation; it is -then tipped up, and the horse returns for -another load. One horse and two men -by this means can do the work of a -score of men working in the ordinary way -with wheelbarrows. In making hollows -and hummocks it has an additional advantage -in that it gives them automatically -a natural appearance, and at the -same time the horse in climbing up to -the top of the hump compresses the -soil, and it does not sink so much afterwards.</p> - -<p>The scraper has been used with considerable -success at Castletown (Isle of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -Man), Wheatley Park (Doncaster), and -Grange-over-Sands, among other courses.</p> - -<p>It is important in constructing a new -or altering an old course to get the work -done as quickly as possible: if the work -is done gradually the sods lie about for -some time and are sometimes ruined. -Most of the work should be done during -October and November, before the frosts -commence: good methods of organisation -should prevent men being unemployed -during frost. If the greens, drains, and -sites of bunkers are previously pared, and -the sods allowed to lie, then even though -frost sets in, the sods may be removed and -a certain amount of excavation can still -be proceeded with. Sand, soil, and manures -may be carted, hedges stubbed up, -and trees removed during frost.</p> - -<h3>DRAINAGE</h3> - -<p>It is advisable to drain golfing land -much more thoroughly and efficiently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span> -than ordinary farm land, but, on the other -hand, by exercising a little thought it -can be done much more cheaply. For -the purpose of golf it is not only unnecessary -to drain as deeply as is customary -for agricultural purposes, but it -is much cheaper and more satisfactory to -adopt a system of shallow drains.</p> - -<p>On a golf course, there is never any -necessity to make allowance for the possibility -of subsoil ploughing; the drains -can therefore be kept near the surface. -The great thing to bear in mind in draining -is that the water stratum must be -tapped. On heavy clay land, it is absurd -to put drains in the middle of the clay, -unless the whole of the trench is filled -with clinkers or other porous material, and -this is needlessly expensive. Drains may at -times be placed in a groove on the surface -of the clay. On land of this description -drains may often be placed with -advantage at as shallow a depth as from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -6 to 12 inches. It should be unnecessary -to state that no effort should be spared -to see that there is sufficient fall, and for -the purpose of ensuring this it is often -necessary to take the levels. Sufficient -thought is rarely given to drainage. The -site of the main drains and the whole -scheme of drainage should be very carefully -studied, and it is of special importance -to take into consideration the nature of -the subsoil and position of the water -level. In peat, on the other hand, it -is frequently advisable to drain below -the peat, even if this extends to a depth -of 6 feet or more. If this is impossible -owing to lack of sufficient fall, wooden -boards should be placed below the drains.</p> - -<p>The cheapest method of draining is -by a system of mole drainage. I have -frequently used a mole drain worked by -horses which was made from suggestions -by Franks, the Moortown green-keeper, -and myself. It is used as an attachment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span> -to the turf-cutting machine. By this -method golf courses on clay land could -be drained, previous to the war, at less -than a pound per acre.</p> - -<p>This mole drain works at the shallow -depth of 6 inches, and is not applicable -to agricultural land, as even horses galloping -over the ground are sufficient to block -the channel. It is, moreover, wonderfully -satisfactory on golfing land, especially -as supplementary to ordinary tile draining. -Whenever the ground is sticky, or -any casual water appears, the mole is -run through and it becomes absolutely -dry at once. This mole drain has a big -advantage over the larger one, in that -the cut made by the mole is so small -that it does not interfere with the lie -of the ball.</p> - -<p>We have recently used a tractor instead -of horses to pull the mole, and have -found it a great advantage to do so. -The use of the mole provides a solution<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span> -for the problem of converting the muddiest -of clay London courses into good winter -links. Experience has proved that the -effect lasts for fully ten years.</p> - -<p>One of the most remarkable results -of its use is that it gets rid of worms. -This is probably owing to the fact that -it makes the ground so dry that the -worms can’t work in it.</p> - -<p>It also prevents the ground becoming -baked during dry summer weather. This -is a well-known effect of good drainage, -although possibly an unexpected one to -the uninitiated. It is largely due to -the drainage preventing the ground becoming -caked, and also to the encouragement -of turf with a good bottom to it.</p> - -<h3>TURFING</h3> - -<p>The cheapest and best method of removing -turf is by means of a turf-cutting -machine. The thickness of the turf should -vary according to the nature of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span> -grasses and the character of the subsoil. -As a general rule, turf for greens should -be cut as thin as 1½ inches. This is -particularly important if the turf contains -many tap-rooted weeds; the roots of -the weeds and many of the coarser grasses -are then left behind in the cutting.</p> - -<p>In the experience of the writer, it is -frequently not a difficult matter to get -excellent turf in the immediate neighbourhood -of a golf course at an extremely -cheap rate—a halfpenny a yard or under—and -turf obtained from the immediate -neighbourhood of the course is much -more likely to be suitable than turf -obtained elsewhere. The writer has known -a golf club going to the expense of getting -Silloth turf at 9<i>d.</i> a yard, the grasses of -which would inevitably disappear and be -replaced by those of its environment -within a year or two, when much more -suitable turf could be obtained from the -next field at a cost of a farthing a yard.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span> -It should be borne in mind that the most -useless turf from a farming point of -view is frequently the most valuable -for golf. There are many other details -which help to lessen the cost of turfing. -In an old-established course, turf for new -greens or for renovating old ones can -frequently be obtained from the sides of -a neighbouring fairway, the sods from -which may be replaced by those removed -from the site of the green.</p> - -<p>There is usually a well-trodden path -extending from every tee to the nearest -fairway. There is no turf so useful for -renovating an old or making a new tee as -that obtained from a firm path of this kind. -The sods removed should be replaced by -others, and they in turn get hard and firm.</p> - -<p>An important question is the use of -manures in turfing. Stable or farmyard -manure should almost invariably be placed -under the sods: the amount should vary -according to the turf and soil. Five loads<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span> -per green is an average, and on undulating -greens the manure should be placed under -the raised portions only. The hollows -will look after themselves. Manure does -more harm than good if dug deeply in: -it should be forked in immediately under -the sods, and the roots of the finer grasses -feed on it at once. If dug in deeply, the -coarser grasses are encouraged at the -expense of the finer.</p> - -<p>On wormy inland courses considerable -expense in worm-killers can frequently -be saved by placing a few loads of coke -breeze under the sods.</p> - -<p>Although the best time to turf is in -the late autumn and winter months, sods -can, if necessity arises, be laid in certain -localities as late as June.</p> - -<p>If hot dry weather arrives, the newly -laid sods should be covered with cut -grass during the day, and in the evening -the grass should be removed so that the -dews help to keep the ground moist.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p> - -<h3>SEEDING</h3> - -<p>The writer has known of several instances -where ground has been sown, and -the result has been so unsatisfactory that -after a year or two the land had to be -ploughed up and resown.</p> - -<p>It is much more economical in the long -run to do the thing thoroughly. Mistakes -are most frequently made in sowing with -the wrong seeds—in not preparing the -ground thoroughly beforehand, and in -sowing at the wrong time of year.</p> - -<p>It is most important that a mixture -should be chosen containing a goodly -proportion of seeds corresponding to the -prevailing grasses of the immediate neighbourhood, -and seeds should always be -obtained from a seeds merchant who is not -afraid of telling you the exact composition -of his mixture. Some seeds merchants sell -mixtures which are not so valuable for -golfing turf as they appear—it is not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span> -the best kind of grass which germinates -too quickly. Finer turf usually results from -a mixture which comes up more slowly -but is of a more permanent character. -If seeding is necessary, it is frequently -advisable to sow with much larger quantity -of seed than is customary.</p> - -<p>It is of the utmost importance to -prepare the land thoroughly before sowing. -The ground should be well drained, the -land well limed when necessary, and -fifteen loads to the acre of well-rotted -stable manure incorporated with the soil -or a mixture of artificial manure in its -stead.</p> - -<p>After sowing see that the birds are -scared away by one of the numerous -devices suggested for the purpose.</p> - -<h3>MANURES</h3> - -<p>It is surprising how much money can -be saved in manures by the help of science -and a sufficient knowledge of chemistry<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> -to enable you to judge which are the -cheapest and most valuable manures suitable -for the soil of the locality with which -you have to deal.</p> - -<p>It is often advisable to make a point -of studying the by-products of the different -industries in the district, as it is obvious -that if a suitable manure for the soil can -be obtained on the spot, it is obtained -cheaper than by rail or cart from a distance. -Fish or meat guano, basic slag, -malt dust, sulphate of ammonia, chalk, -the refuse from leather, cloth, and shoddy -factories, seed crushing mills, seaweed, -manure extracted from town sewage works, -peat moss litter, etc., are all of value -under different circumstances.</p> - -<p>Basic slag can sometimes be obtained -from a neighbouring steel works, sulphate -of ammonia from a gas works, -chalk from a neighbouring chalk pit, or -seaweed from the seashore. Manures -should be used with a considerable amount<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span> -of discretion and only in small quantities -at a time. I have known a considerable -amount of damage done by the unintelligent -use of artificials. For example, -artificials are of the greatest possible -value for golfing turf, but they should -always be used in small quantities but -frequently, and should be well diluted -with soil or sand, and only used during -moist weather. A mixture, consisting of -superphosphate of lime, sulphate of ammonia, -and sulphate of potash, supplies -most of the feeding material that is -necessary for golf, and the experiments -at Rothamstead conclusively prove that -the character of the grasses can be -completely altered by varying the proportion -of the different constituents of -this mixture.</p> - -<p>Sulphate of ammonia is the most valuable -of the constituents of this mixture, -but I have known of several greens (including -even St. Andrews) temporarily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span> -ruined by using sulphate of ammonia -injudiciously. It should never be put on -a green undiluted, as, like most artificials, -it has a great affinity for water, and in -dry weather absorbs the water from the -grasses and burns them up. It also should -never be used if the land is the least -bit sour, as it simply increases this sourness.</p> - -<p>A green-keeper should attempt to get -a sufficient knowledge of botany and -chemistry to know by the character of -the herbage of his greens the kind and the -amount of manure that is required. Green-keepers -sometimes think that if they use -twice the usual quantity of a manure, it -will have double the effect; the exact -contrary is the case, as the green may be -ruined entirely.</p> - -<p>The most important manure of all is -cut grass. If the cut grass is always -left on the greens and fairways, very -little manuring is necessary. On the other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span> -hand, if the grass is constantly removed -year after year (unless a considerable -amount of manure is added to take its -place), the turf becomes impoverished and -full of weeds. One of the unexpected -results of leaving the grass on is that -less mowing is necessary. This is probably -due to the fact that the growth goes -into the roots and not into the leaves. -Mowing without the box on is of special -importance on sandy or seaside courses.</p> - -<h3>SAND</h3> - -<p>Sand is often an expensive item on -an inland course. It is surprising how -frequently a good class of sand is found -in pockets on a course or in the immediate -neighbourhood. A knowledge of geology -and botany will enable you to foretell -where sand is likely to be found.</p> - -<p>On several occasions on visiting a course -I have been told that there was no sand -in the district, and have been able to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span> -find some by noting the character of the -trees, grasses, etc. Sand may be economised -by the method in which bunkers -are made. It will be noticed in the -photographs reproduced that most of the -hollows have been turfed, but have -been formed in such a way that a ball -gravitates towards the sand, which is -thrown up against the face. Bunkers of -this description have a much more natural -appearance, and the amount of sand -needed is also considerably less than usual.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus14"> -<img src="images/illus14.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A bunker on the Fulford course, artificially -constructed on flat land at a cost of £3.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>By far the most important of all the -foregoing suggestions is the ultimate -economy of making it as reasonably -certain as possible that any work done -is of a permanent character and has not -ultimately to be done over again. There -are few committees of golf clubs who -attach sufficient importance to expert -advice. I suppose this is partly due to -the fact that they themselves would sooner -have the work done badly and have the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span> -fun of doing it than see any one else do -it for them. In the nature of things -a course can only be constructed by an -individual: “Too many cooks spoil the -broth” is a proverb which is more applicable -in the case of golf courses than in -anything else.</p> - -<p>I personally am a strong believer in -encouraging the individuality of the green-keeper, -and not interfering with, but -rather encouraging, his original ideas, unless -they are in opposition to sound -fundamental principles.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="smaller">IDEAL HOLES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>There are few problems more difficult -to solve than the problem of what exactly -constitutes an ideal hole. The ideal hole -is surely one that affords the greatest -pleasure to the greatest number, gives the -fullest advantage for accurate play, stimulates -players to improve their game, and -never becomes monotonous.</p> - -<p>The real practical test is its popularity, -and here again we are up against another -difficulty. Does the average player really -know what he likes himself? One often -hears the same player expressing totally -divergent opinions about the same hole. -When he plays it successfully, it is everything -that is good, and when unsuccessful -it is everything that is bad. It frequently -happens that the best holes give rise to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span> -the most bitter controversy. It is largely -a question of the spirit in which the -problem is approached. Does the player -look upon it from the “card and pencil” -point of view and condemn anything that -has disturbed his steady series of threes -and fours, or does he approach the question -in the “spirit of adventure” of the true -sportsman?</p> - -<p>There are well-known players who invariably -condemn any hole they have -taken over six for, and if by any chance -they ever reach double figures, words fail -them to describe in adequate language -what they think of that particular hole.</p> - -<p>It does not by any means follow that -when a player condemns a hole in particularly -vigorous language he really dislikes -it. It may be a source of pleasure -to his subconscious mind. Although -condemning it, he may be longing to -play it again so as to conquer its difficulties.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> - -<p>Who is to judge what is an ideal hole? -Is it one of our leading players, or any -golfer who simply looks upon it from his -own point of view? I have known of -an open champion expressing his opinion -that a certain course was superior to any -in Britain. As far as this particular -course is concerned, it is generally admitted -by amateurs that, although the -turf and natural advantages were excellent, -it had not a single hole of any real merit. -The local committee were also of opinion -that it was monotonous and lacking in -real interest, and had decided to have it -entirely remodelled, before this world renowned -open champion persuaded them -to change their minds by expressing such -strong views in its favour.</p> - -<p>There are, unfortunately, many leading -players who wish a course to be designed -so that it will favour their own play and -will not even punish their indifferent -shots, but will put any one below their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -particular standard out of the running -altogether.</p> - -<p>There are many leading players who -condemn the strategic aspect of golf. -They only see one line to the hole, and that -is usually the direct one. They cannot -see why they should, as in dog-legged -holes, be ever compelled to play to one -or other side of the direct line. A bunker -in the direct line at the distance of their -long drives is invariably condemned by -them, because they do not realise -that the correct line is to one or other -side of it. Why should not even an -open champion occasionally have a shot -that the long handicap man is frequently -compelled to play?</p> - -<p>Should a course or hole be ideal from -a medal or match-playing point of view? -If it is necessary to draw any distinction -between the two, there can be little -doubt that match play should always -have prior claim. Nine out of ten games<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span> -on most good courses are played in matches -and not for medals. The true test of -a hole is, then, its value in match play.</p> - -<p>The majority of golfers are agreed, I -think, that an ideal hole should be a -difficult one. It is true there are some -who would have it difficult for every one -except themselves. These, who usually -belong to the pot-hunting fraternity, may -be left out of consideration. It is the successful -negotiation of difficulties, or apparent -ones, which gives rise to pleasurable -excitement and makes a hole interesting.</p> - -<p>What kind of difficulties make interesting -golf?</p> - -<p>We can, I think, eliminate difficulties -consisting of long grass, narrow fairways, -and small greens, because of the annoyance -and irritation caused by searching for -lost balls, the disturbance of the harmony -and continuity of the game, the consequent -loss of freedom of swing, and the -production of bad players.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> - -<p>We can also eliminate blind greens, blind -bunkers, and blind approaches. The -greater the experience the writer has of -designing golf courses, the more certain -he is that blindness of all kinds should -be avoided. The only form of blindness -that should ever be permitted is the full -shot up to a green whose position is -accurately located by surrounding sandhills. -Even in a hole of this kind, it is -not the blindness that is interesting, but -the visibility of the surrounding sandhills. -At the Maiden hole at Sandwich, -it was the grandeur and the impressiveness -of the Maiden that made it a good hole, -and not the blindness of the green.</p> - -<p>The difficulties that make a hole really -interesting are usually those in which a -great advantage can be gained in successfully -accomplishing heroic carries over -hazards of an impressive appearance, or -in taking great risks in placing a -shot so as to gain a big advantage for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span> -the next. Successfully carrying or skirting -a bunker of an alarming or impressive -appearance is always a source of -satisfaction to the golfer, and yet it is -hazards of this description which so often -give rise to criticism by the unsuccessful -player. At first sight he looks upon it -as grossly unfair that, of two shots -within a few inches of each other, the one -should be hopelessly buried in a bunker -and the other should be in an ideal position.</p> - -<p>However, on further consideration -he will realise that, as in dog-legged -holes, this is the chief characteristic of -all good holes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus15"> -<img src="images/illus15.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The second hole at Headingley—cost £40. Hummock and -bunkers entirely artificial</span>: a two-shot dog-legged hole; the photo -is taken along the line of the second shot.</p> -</div> - -<p>Holes of this description not only cater -for great judgment, but great skill: a -man who has such confidence that he -can place his ball within a few feet of -his objective gains a big advantage over -a faint-hearted opponent who dare not -take similar risks. On a course, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span> -holes of this kind, match play becomes of -intense interest.</p> - -<p>In a perfect hole the surface of not -only the green, but the approach to it, -should be visible. It is difficult, or even -impossible, to judge an approach accurately -unless the ground which the ball pitches -on can be seen. It also gives great -pleasure (or sometimes pain) to see the -result of one’s shot.</p> - -<p>In an ideal hole, the turf should be as -perfect as possible and the approaches -should have the same consistency as the -greens, but it is by no means advisable -to avoid entirely bad lies or irregular -stances. There is not only much skill -required, but an improvement of one’s -game results in occasionally having to -play out of a cupped lie, or from an uneven -stance. There are few things more monotonous -than always playing from a dead -flat fairway.</p> - -<p>In an ideal long hole, there should not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span> -only be a big advantage from successfully -negotiating a long carry for the tee shot, -but the longer the drive, the greater the -advantage should be. A shorter driver -should also, by extreme accuracy, be able -to gain an advantage over a long hitting -but less accurate opponent.</p> - -<p>An ideal hole should provide an infinite -variety of shots according to the varying -positions of the tee, the situation of the -flag, the direction and strength of the -wind, etc. It should also at times give -full advantage for the voluntary pull or -slice, one of the most finished shots in -golf, and one that few champions are able -to carry out with any great degree of -accuracy.</p> - -<p>Should an ideal hole be ideal for the -plus, scratch, or long handicap player? -As players of all handicaps play golf, a -hole should as far as possible be ideal -for all classes. There are many famous -holes, such as the Cardinal, which are by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span> -no means ideal, as in an ideal hole there -should always be an alternative route -open to the weaker player.</p> - -<p>Are there any ideal holes in existence -at the present moment?</p> - -<p>I think the eleventh (the short hole -coming in at St. Andrews) may be considered -so. Under certain conditions, it -is extremely difficult for even the best -player that ever breathed, especially if -he is attempting to get a two, but at the -same time an inferior player may get a -four if he plays his own game exceptionally -well. It has been suggested that the -mere fact that it is possible to putt the -whole length is an objection to it. No -doubt the timid golfer can play the hole -in this way, but he will lose strokes by -avoiding risks. Even if an expert putter -holes out in four strokes once in three -times, he can consider himself lucky. -I do not know of a solitary example of -a player achieving success in an important<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span> -match by this means. If a cross bunker -were constructed at this hole, it would -become appreciably diminished in interest -in consequence. The narrow entrance and -the subtle slopes have all the advantages -of a cross bunker without making it impossible -for the long handicap man. These -contentions are borne out by those -attempts that have been made to copy -and improve on the hole by a cross -bunker.</p> - -<p>There are few, if any, other ideal short -holes in existence. The seventh and -fourteenth on the Eden Course at St. -Andrews are remarkably fine holes, especially -as they have to a great extent -been artificially created. At the present -moment the gorse in places is somewhat -near both greens, but this can easily -be rectified, and the architect, Mr. H. -S. Colt, was wise in not removing too -many whins in the first instance, as, if -once removed, they cannot be replaced.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> - -<p>Another good example is the eighth -at Moortown (formerly seventeenth, or, -as it is known locally, Gibraltar). Its -length is 170 yards, and it has been entirely -artificially created at the small cost of £35.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus16"> -<img src="images/illus16.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The eighth green at Moortown</span>: 170 yards, entirely -artificial.</p> -</div> - -<p>The green has been constructed on a -slight slope. The soil has been removed -from the lower portion of the slope to -make the bunkers and to bank up the -green. The natural slope has been retained -at the entrance to the green, and, -like the eleventh at St. Andrews, it is -these subtle slopes which lead a ball -which has not been correctly hit, into the -adjacent bunkers, and in reality have very -much the same effect as a cross bunker -without the hardship to the long handicap -player.</p> - -<p>The hole also shares with the eleventh -at St. Andrews the necessity for an -infinite variety of shots according to varying -conditions of wind, position of flag, etc. -One day it is a comparatively easy pitch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span> -with a mashie, normally it is a straight -iron shot, sometimes a full shot with a -trace of pull is required, and, again, it is -necessary to slice so that one’s ball is -held up against the slope of the hill.</p> - -<p>The green is delightfully picturesque. -It is extremely visible against a background -of fir trees—it stands up and -looks at you.</p> - -<p>The contrast between the vivid green -of the grass, the dark green of the firs, -the whiteness of the sand, the purple -heather, and a vivid background of -rhododendrons, combined with the natural -appearance and extreme boldness of the -contours, gives one a picture probably -unsurpassed by anything of a similar -kind in nature.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="illus17"> -<img src="images/illus17.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Eighth hole, “Gibraltar,” Moortown golf course.</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p> - -<p>It is not only a delightful hole to see, -which at any rate appeals subconsciously -to the dullest of minds, but it is equally -delightful to play. It is less difficult than -it appears. You feel you are taking your -life in your hands, and it therefore appeals, -as Mr. Bernard Darwin says, to the -“spirit of adventure”—yet a well-played -shot always gets its due reward.</p> - -<p>There are few, if any, ideal two- or three-shot -holes in existence. Some of those -coming in at St. Andrews are almost, but -not quite, perfect.</p> - -<p>The sixteenth (Corner of the Dyke) hole -at St. Andrews is almost ideal for its -length (338 yards). It was a particularly -good hole at the time of the guttie ball, -and is so to-day for a short driver, like -the writer.</p> - -<p>As in the majority of good holes, it -is the subtlety of the slopes that makes -it so.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus18"> -<img src="images/illus18.jpg" width="700" height="300" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The sixteenth hole at St. Andrews.</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p> - -<p>The green is tilted up slightly from -right to left, and it would be a better -hole still if the inclination were greater. -It is also guarded by Grant’s and the -Wig Bunkers on the left-hand side, so -that the approach from the right is -easy, as all the slopes assist the players, -and the approach from the left is exceedingly -difficult.</p> - -<p>The point about the hole is that it -is so difficult to get into the best position -to approach the green, because of the -proximity of the Principal’s Nose Bunker -to the railway, and the difficulty of placing -one’s tee shot in such a small space with -all the slopes leading to the bunker. On -the other hand, there is a perfectly easy -route free from all risk to the left of the -Principal’s Nose, but the player in all probability -loses a stroke by taking it.</p> - -<p>The fourteenth and seventeenth holes -at St. Andrews are excellent holes, full -of dramatic incident in match play.</p> - -<p>The fourteenth hole is probably the -best hole of its length in existence. Here, -again, the hole is made by the slope of -the green. There is a most marked tilt -up from left to right, so much so that it -is impossible to approach near the hole<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span> -from the right. It is slopes of this kind -which are so often overlooked in designing -a golf course, and it is one of the -most difficult things imaginable to construct -them really well; but it is subtleties -of this nature which make all the -difference between a good course and a -bad one.</p> - -<p>At the fourteenth hole at St. Andrews -this tilt of the green has a considerable -influence on the tee shot 530 yards away. -Some years ago there were four of us -playing four ball matches nearly every -day for a month. We, according to our -own judgment, attempted to play this -hole in four different ways. A played his -tee shot well away to the left of the -Beardies on to the low ground below the -Elysian Fields, so as to place his second -in a favourable position for his approach. -B, who was a long driver, attempted to -carry the Beardies with his drive, Hell -with his second, and run up his third.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span> -C, who was a short but fairly accurate -hitter, attempted to pinch the Beardies -as near as he dare, and then played his -second well away to the left, so as to -play against the slope of the green for -his third. D took what was apparently the -straightforward route along the large broad -plateau of the Elysian Fields, and eventually -landed in Hell or Perdition every -time: he invariably lost the hole.</p> - -<p>This hole is very nearly ideal, but would -be better still if the lie of the land were -such that the Beardies, the Crescent, the -Kitchen, and Hell Bunkers were visible -and impressive looking. If these bunkers -only looked as terrifying and formidable -as they really are, what thrills one would -get in playing this hole! What pleasurable -excitement there would be in seeing one’s -second shot sailing over Hell!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus19"> -<img src="images/illus19.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fourteenth hole at St. Andrews</span>: showing lines -taken by A, B, C, and D.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p> - -<p>It may be, however, that it is just as -well these bunkers are blind. If they had -been visible, although in reality they would -have been much fairer, there would have -been so many players crying out that it -was most unfair that bunkers should be -placed in the exact position where perfect -shots go; that it was most iniquitous to -have a hazard like the Beardies 180 yards -from the tee exactly in the line for the -hole; that the carry over Hell for the -second shot is over 400 yards from the tee; -and that the only way to play the hole was -along the fairway to the fifth, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>As these bunkers are blind, players do -not notice these things, and the lives of -the Green Committee are saved.</p> - -<p>The seventeenth hole at St. Andrews is -almost too well known to need description—it -is probably the most noted hole -in the world. Although so difficult, it -is by no means impossible for the long -handicap player, for he can go pottering -along, steering wide of all hazards, and -losing strokes because he refuses to take -any risks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p> - -<p>At this hole, once more, it is the slopes -that give so much character to the hole.</p> - -<p>Even for the tee shot there is a ridge -immediately beyond the corner of the -station-master’s garden which kicks your -ball away from the hole if you pitch to -the left of it, and towards the hole if -you pitch to the right—in fact, an extra -yard or two over the corner makes all -the difference in getting into a favourable -position for the second shot. There are -also hillocks and ridges down the right-hand -side, all forcing an inaccurately placed -shot into an unfavourable position for -the approach.</p> - -<p>I often think that the hole would be -more interesting without the Scholar’s -Bunker—the latter prevents a badly hit -second getting into the danger zone. If -it were not there, one would much more -frequently be forced to play the sporting -approach to the green with the road -bunker intervening. It is this road bunker,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span> -with the slopes leading a ball to it, which -makes this hole of such intense interest. -Notwithstanding the abuse showered on -it, this bunker has done more to sustain -the popularity of St. Andrews than any -feature on the course.</p> - -<p>During the last few years there have -been many good inland courses constructed. -Several of these, such as Swinley -Forest, St. George’s Hill, Sunningdale, -Alwoodley, Moortown, Ganton, etc., have -some excellent long holes.</p> - -<p>At Alwoodley, two of the dog-legged -holes, the eighth and fifteenth, are particularly -good examples. The eighth is -played from right to left and the fifteenth -from left to right. In each case the green -has been constructed with a marked side -slope, so that the nearer the golfer plays to -the angle of the dog-leg, the greater the -slope favours him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus20"> -<img src="images/illus20.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The seventeenth hole at St. Andrews.</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p> - -<p>In 1914 the writer designed an ideal -two-shot hole which won the first prize in -a competition for Golfing Architecture, -promoted by <i>Country Life</i>.</p> - -<p>In designing it, he attempted to produce -an ideal hole among perfect surroundings, -and what could be more perfect than -sand-dunes by the seashore!</p> - -<p>The hole is 420 yards long from the -ordinary and 450 yards from the Medal -Tee.</p> - -<p>An effort has been made to produce the -old type of golf, in which a player has no -fixed line to the hole, but has to use his -own judgment in playing it, according to -varying conditions of wind, etc.</p> - -<p>The green is guarded by bunkers and -a large hillock (20 feet high) on the right -of the approach, and is also tilted upwards -from left to right and from the front to -the back, so that the approach from the -left is an easy one, and from the right -necessitates such a difficult pitch that the -player is likely to overrun the green into -the bunker beyond.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p> - -<p>There are five possible routes to the -hole, and the choice of the player must -vary from day to day, according to his -length of drive, the state of the weather, etc.</p> - -<p>It caters for all classes of players—even -the absolute beginner can take No. 5 -line. He loses strokes not by getting into -bunkers, but by avoiding risks, and probably -takes five, or at least four, to reach -the green in consequence; nevertheless -he enjoys his game, and not being disheartened, -he improves, until finally he -may be able to achieve the boldest line -of all, and drive a fine ball straight to -the hole.</p> - -<p>He who takes the left-hand road by -way of the island can also get home in -two; he has a shorter carry, but has to -make up for this by extreme accuracy.</p> - -<p>There are many positions by the seashore -where a hole of this kind could be -constructed, but it would be possible to -make one of a similar type inland, especially<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span> -if the subsoil consisted of sand -and the lie of the land was favourable. The -seashore could be replaced by bunkers, -old quarry workings, hummocky ground, -rough, or even land out of bounds.</p> - -<p>Success in construction depends entirely -on expert supervision. It is like all successful -golf-course construction, a question -of making the best use of natural features -and the devising of artificial ones, indistinguishable -from nature.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus21"> -<img src="images/illus21.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan of ideal two-shot hole of 420 yards.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE FUTURE OF GOLF ARCHITECTURE</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>As the future of Golf Architecture depends -on the prospects of golf, it may be of -interest to discuss the probability of its -abiding popularity.</p> - -<p>Golf has been played in Scotland for -several centuries, and there appears to -be no sign of any decreased popularity, -but rather the reverse. The illusiveness -of golf is sufficient to ensure its popularity. -No one ever seems to master it. You -imagine you have got the secret to-day, -but it has gone to-morrow. This is so in -all good games. There are some games, -such as ping-pong and roller-skating, -which become merely passing crazes, and -the reason is that one obtains a certain -standard which neither diminishes nor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span> -increases, and then the game becomes -monotonous. Golf on a first-rate course -can never become monotonous, and the -better the course the less likely it is to do -so. Golf on a good links is, in all probability, -the best game in the world, but -on the late-Victorian type of inland course, -where there is a complete lack of variety, -flat fairways, flat unguarded greens, long -grass, necessitating frequent searching for -lost balls, and mathematically placed -hazards consisting of the cop or pimple -variety, it not only offends all the finest -instincts of the artist and the sportsman, -but is the most boring game in existence. -The advent of the golf architect is rapidly -curing all these disabilities.</p> - -<p>A good golf course is a great asset to -the nation. Those who harangue against -land being diverted from agriculture and -used for golf have little sense of proportion. -Comparing the small amount of land -utilised for golf with the large amount<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span> -devoted to agriculture, we get infinitely -more value out of the former than the -latter. We all eat too much. During the -Great War the majority were all the fitter -for being rationed and getting a smaller -amount of food, but none of us get enough -fresh air, pleasurable excitement, and -exercise. Health and happiness are everything -in this world. Money-grubbing -(so called business), except in so far as -it helps to attain these, is of minor importance. -One of the reasons why I, “a -medical man,” decided to give up medicine -and take to golf architecture was my -firm conviction of the extraordinary influence -on health of pleasurable excitement, -especially when combined with fresh air -and exercise. How frequently have I, -with great difficulty, persuaded patients -who were never off my doorstep to take up -golf, and how rarely, if ever, have I seen -them in my consulting-rooms again! It -is not suggested that golf is the one and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span> -only remedy. Men may get equal results -from shooting, fishing, riding, cricket, -tennis, etc., and may even obtain pleasurable -excitement from gardening, politics, -or their own business, but for the majority -of men, golf is the most convenient form -of pleasurable excitement and exercise -to take. Those who rave against golf -courses surely forget that many of the -greatest politicians, thinkers, and business -men conserve their health and their mental -powers through golf. As examples we -could quote President Wilson, Lloyd -George, Carnegie, A. J. Balfour, Asquith, -Winston Churchill, Lord Northcliffe, and -scores of others. I hope to live to see -the day when there are crowds of municipal -courses, as in Scotland, cropping up -all over England. It would help enormously -in increasing the health, the virility, -and the prosperity of the nation, -and would do much to counteract discontent -and Bolshevism. There can be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span> -no possible reason against, and there is -every reason in favour of, municipal -courses. They are all for the good of -the community, and even from a financial -point of view, at the small green fees of -3<i>d.</i> or 6<i>d.</i> a round invariably pay.</p> - -<p>If this be so that games, and particularly -golf, are of such vital importance to -national health and social content, then -surely the provision of adequate and -proper facilities for golf should be taken -seriously, and in making this provision -the golf architect has a special part.</p> - -<p>The test of a good golf architect is -the power of converting bad inland material -into a good course, and not the power of -fashioning excellent seaside material into -a mediocre one.</p> - -<p>The majority of amateurs are sportsmen, -and they welcome anything that -increases the sporting element of the game. -There are, on the other hand, others, -including some of our best players, who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span> -look upon golf in the “card and pencil” -spirit, and view with resentment anything -that has stopped their steady series of -threes and fours.</p> - -<p>The advent of the golf architect has -done much to increase the sporting and -the dramatic element in golf. The true -test of the value of his work is its popularity, -and judging by the rapid increase -in members, even on the mere rumour -that the services of a well-known course -architect are to be obtained, there can -be no doubt the modern constructor of -courses has achieved this. The writer -knows examples of the reconstruction of -one or two short holes bringing in over -one hundred fresh members to a club which -had been steadily diminishing in numbers -for years.</p> - -<p>There are many and varied qualities -required for the making of a successful -golf architect.</p> - -<p>In the first place, he must have an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span> -intimate knowledge of the theory of playing -the game. He need not be himself a -good player. He may have some physical -disability which prevents him becoming -so, but as the training of the golf architect -is purely mental and not physical, this -should not prevent him from being a -successful golf-course architect. In any -case, the possession of a vivid imagination, -which is an absolute essential in obtaining -success, may prevent him attaining a -position among the higher ranks of -players. Every one knows how fatal imagination -is in playing the game. Let -the fear of socketing once enter your -head, and you promptly socket every shot -afterwards.</p> - -<p>His knowledge of the game should be -so intimate that he knows instinctively -what is likely to produce good golf and -good golfers. He must have more than -a passing acquaintance with the best -courses and the best golfing holes. It is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span> -not only necessary that he should play -them, but study them and analyse the -features which make them what they are. -He must have a sense of proportion and -be able to differentiate between essentials -and non-essentials. He should be able -to distinguish between those features which -are of supreme importance in the making -of a hole and those which are of less -value.</p> - -<p>He must have judgment in the choice of -features which can be readily and cheaply -reproduced, and not those which are -impossible to construct without an inordinate -expenditure of labour.</p> - -<p>How frequently has one seen hundreds -of pounds wasted in a futile attempt to -reproduce the Alps, the Himalayas, or -the Cardinal! Features of this kind look -absolutely out of place unless the surrounding -ranges of hills which harmonise -with them are also reproduced. To do -this would involve the expenditure of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span> -hundreds of thousands of pounds. How -often are attempts made to copy a hole and -the subtle slopes and undulations which are -the making of the original overlooked!</p> - -<p>The golf-course architect must have the -sporting instinct, and if he has had a -training in many and varied branches of -sport, and has analysed those characteristics -which provide a maximum of -pleasurable excitement in them, so much -the better. It is essential that he should -eliminate his own game entirely, and -look upon all constructional work in a -purely impersonal manner.</p> - -<p>He should be able to put himself in -the position of the best player that ever -lived, and at the same time be extremely -sympathetic towards the beginner and -long handicap player.</p> - -<p>He should, above all, have a sense of -proportion and be able to come to a -prompt decision as to what is the greatest -good to the greatest number.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus22"> -<img src="images/illus22.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The fifth hole at Fulford, Yorks—approximate cost, -£35</span>: the whole of the additional nine holes on this course were -constructed on dead flat land at a total cost of about £300.</p> -</div> - -<p>He should not be unduly influenced -by hostile criticism, but should give the -most sympathetic consideration to criticism -of a constructive nature. Not infrequently -a long handicap man makes -a brilliant suggestion which can often be -utilised in a modified form.</p> - -<p>A knowledge of psychology gained in -the writer’s medical training has been -of great service in estimating what is -likely to give the greatest pleasure to -the greatest number.</p> - -<p>It by no means follows that what -appears to be attractive at first sight will -be permanently so. A good golf course -grows on one like good painting, good -music, etc.</p> - -<p>The ideal golf architect should have -made a study, from a golfing point of -view, of agricultural chemistry, botany, -and geology. He should also have some -knowledge of surveying, map-reading, and -the interpretation of aerial photographs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span></p> - -<p>Aerial photography will become of enormous -value in all kinds of surveying, -town-planning, the construction of golf -courses, etc.</p> - -<p>There are all sorts of details visible in -an aerial photograph which are often -omitted after the most careful survey in -the ordinary way. The exact positions -of every tree, hummock, natural bunker, -tracks, hedges, ditches, etc., are well -defined. The exact areas occupied by -permanent pasture, grass grown for hay, -crops, clumps of whins, rushes, etc., can all -be distinguished in an aerial photograph.</p> - -<p>These, combined with a good ordnance -and geological drift-map, are of -inestimable value, and in many cases -would assist even the most expert golf -architect to make such full use of all the -natural features that thousands of pounds -might ultimately be saved in reducing -the acreage required and in minimising -the cost of labour, upkeep, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p> - -<p>In these days when manual labour -costs so much, it is of supreme importance -to reduce it to a minimum by the substitution -of mental labour.</p> - -<p>Golf architecture is a new art closely -allied to that of the artist or the sculptor, -but also necessitating a scientific knowledge -of many other subjects.</p> - -<p>In the old days, many golf courses were -designed by prominent players, who after -a preliminary inspection of the course -simply placed pegs to represent the position -of the sites for the suggested tees, -greens, bunkers, etc. The whole thing -was completed in a few hours, and the -best results could hardly have been expected, -and in fact never were obtained, -by these methods.</p> - -<p>The modern designer, on the other hand, -is likely to achieve the most perfect -results and make the fullest use of all -the natural features by more up-to-date -methods.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p> - -<p>After a preliminary inspection or inspections -in the calm and quiet of his -own study with an ordnance map and, -if possible, aeroplane photographs in front -of him, he visualises every feature. He -is then not so likely to be obsessed by -details, but gives everything its due proportionate -value. He then evolves his -scheme and pays a second visit to the -ground, and, if necessary, modifies his -ideas according to the appearance on the -spot.</p> - -<p>There is an extraordinary resemblance -between what is now known as the camouflage -of military earthworks and golf-course -construction.</p> - -<p>The writer was fortunate during the war -in being asked to give the demonstrations -to members of the Army Council which -were the foundation of, and led to the -establishment of, the first school of camouflage.</p> - -<p>These demonstrations were evolved from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span> -his experience as a golf-course architect -in the imitation of natural features.</p> - -<p>Successful golf-course construction and -successful camouflage are almost entirely -due to utilisation of natural features to -the fullest extent and to the construction -of artificial ones indistinguishable from -nature.</p> - -<p>It is clear that if a gun emplacement -or any other object of military importance -is made indistinguishable from the most -innocent-looking feature on the landscape, -it will escape the disagreeable attention -of the enemy. And what can appear -more innocent than the natural undulations -of the ground? Therefore in camouflage, -as in golf-course construction, the ability -to imitate natural undulations successfully -is of special importance.</p> - -<p>There are many other attributes in -common between the successful golf -architect and the camoufleur.</p> - -<p>Both, if not actually artists, must have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span> -an artistic temperament, and have had -an education in science.</p> - -<p>Surprise is the most important thing in -war, and by camouflage you are able to -obtain this not only on the defence but -in the attack.</p> - -<p>In golf architecture and camouflage a -knowledge of psychology is of enormous -value. It enables one to judge what is -likely to give pleasurable excitement to -the golfer and confidence and improvement -in <i>moral</i> to the soldier. The writer -feels most strongly that his experience -in the Great War in visualising and surveying -miles of sites for fortifications in -this country and abroad, in map-reading, -in the interpretation of aerial photographs, -in drainage and labour-saving -problems, and particularly in the mental -training of strategic camouflage and devising -traps and surprises for the enemy, -was by no means wasted even from a -golf-course point of view. The only man<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span> -he has been successful in initiating rapidly -into the mysteries of golf-course architecture -was not a golfer but an artist, and -one of the greatest, if not the greatest, -of experts on camouflage.</p> - -<p>A little knowledge is a specially dangerous -thing in links’ architecture. One -of our greatest troubles in dealing with -the committees of the old-established seaside -courses is that their world-renowned -reputation (not due to any virtue of their -own, but entirely owing to the natural -advantages of their links) makes them -think themselves competent judges of a -golf course.</p> - -<p>They ask for a report and plan of suggested -improvements, and then imagine -they have grasped the ideas of the designer, -and proceed to make a horrible hash of -it. I do not know a single seaside course -which has been remodelled in anything -like the way it should have been remodelled.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p> - -<p>The best artificially constructed seaside -course I know is the Eden (Mr. Colt’s) -Course at St. Andrews. There are few -of the crowds of players who, notwithstanding -its youth, already congregate on -it realise how much is due to artificiality -and how little to nature. All the best -ground at St. Andrews had been previously -seized for the three older courses—viz., -the Old, the New, and the Jubilee—and -yet it compares favourably with any -of them. This is entirely due to the fact -that not only was it designed by Mr. -Colt, but the construction work was done -by men who had been trained under him -and worked under his supervision.</p> - -<p>It is much better that construction -work should be done by men without any -knowledge of the subject than by those -partly trained.</p> - -<p>There is a yarn told about two rival -constructors of golf courses: one of them -was admiring the other’s greens, and remarked<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span> -that “he never managed to get -his green-keeper to make the undulations -as natural looking.” The other replied that -“it was perfectly easy; he simply employed -the biggest fool in the village and told -him to make them flat.”</p> - -<p>I believe the real reason St. Andrews -Old Course is infinitely superior to anything -else is owing to the fact that it was constructed -when no one knew anything about -the subject at all, and since then it has -been considered too sacred to be touched. -What a pity it is that the natural advantages -of many seaside courses have been -neutralised by bad designing and construction -work!</p> - -<p>The architect is the best judge in deciding -how often he should visit a course for -supervision purposes. How often have I -heard from the secretary, who is almost -invariably a cheery optimist, that the -construction work was going on splendidly, -and when too late discovered that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span> -hundreds of pounds had been thrown -away in doing bad work which had -ultimately to be scrapped!</p> - -<p>There is an old Persian saying:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“He who knows not, and knows not that he knows -not, is a fool. Avoid him.</p> - -<p>“He who knows not, and knows that he knows not, -will learn. Teach him.</p> - -<p>“He who knows, and knows not that he knows, will -fail. Pity him.</p> - -<p>“He who knows, and knows that he knows, is a wise -man. Follow him.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>The majority of committees, being composed -of men who have made their living -out of their brains, are beginning to know -that they know not, and this is all to the -good of the future of golf.</p> - -<p>The most backward committees are -those in Scotland, London, and America. -They have not yet realised that golf-course -architecture is a question of mental -and not physical training. It is particularly -strange that my own countrymen, -who have such a wealth of golfing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span> -material and attach so much importance to -education, attach so little to education -in golf architecture.</p> - -<p>The time will surely come, as it has -already done in the North of England, when -committees will attach as much importance -to the architecture of the course as to -that of the club-house.</p> - -<p>In time many of the dull, monotonous, -muddy inland London links will be entirely -remodelled under expert supervision, -and the turf and subsoil treated so that -it is a pleasure to play on them even -during the winter months.</p> - -<p>The time will also come when even -some of the championship courses will be -entirely remodelled under expert supervision, -and when these clubs will realise -how little they have made of the -natural advantages that Providence has -provided for them.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>Printed in Great Britain<br /> -by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury,<br /> -for Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.</i></p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLF ARCHITECTURE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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