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diff --git a/old/65196-0.txt b/old/65196-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c9058ea..0000000 --- a/old/65196-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3167 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Floral Illustrations of the Seasons, by M. -Roscoe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Floral Illustrations of the Seasons - Consisting of the Most Beautiful, Hardy and Rare Herbaceous - Plants, Cultivated in the Flower Garden - -Author: M. Roscoe - -Illustrator: M. Roscoe - -Engraver: R. Havell - -Release Date: April 30, 2021 [eBook #65196] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLORAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE -SEASONS *** - - - - - FLORAL, - - _Illustrations of the_ - - SEASONS, - - _Consisting of_ - - The Most Beautiful, Hardy and Rare - - HERBACEOUS PLANTS, - - _Cultivated in the Flower Garden_, - - _from_ DRAWINGS _by_ - - M^{RS}. EDWARD ROSCOE, - - _Liverpool_, - - ENGRAVED BY R. HAVELL, JUN^{R}. - - London, - - PUBLISHED BY ROB^T. HAVELL, JUN^{R}. 77, OXFORD STREET, - - _AND_ - - BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW. - - 1831. - - - - -TO WILLIAM ROSCOE, ESQ., F. L. S., - -_&c. &c. &c._ - - - MY DEAR SIR, - -In dedicating this Work to you, I am not presumptuous enough to believe -that I can offer anything novel in a botanical point of view, though -I am sure you are too generous a patron of the science to discourage -any effort, however feeble, which has for its object the diffusion -of a taste for such pursuits: my motives, however, are not of this -nature; I would offer it to you as a mark of respect and affection, but -more particularly of gratitude, for the warm attachment you have ever -evinced towards me, which has contributed so much to the happiness of -my life. With these sentiments, allow me to subscribe myself, - - Your affectionate Daughter, - - M. R. - - TOXTETH PARK, - _March, 1829_. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The present state of botanical knowledge renders it impossible for the -Author of this Work to indulge in a hope, that she can add anything to -the learning and research which distinguish the science: as a humble -follower of those who have added so much to our information on these -subjects, she would walk in their delightful paths, and gather some of -those objects of beauty which lie scattered around her. To endeavour to -place them in an attractive form--to attach to them useful and accurate -information--has been her pleasing task; and she will be amply rewarded -if she should be the means of affording any encouragement, particularly -among her own sex, to a taste for botanical pursuits. One of our -greatest philosophers has declared a "Garden to be among the purest of -human pleasures"; and if we look for a still higher sanction--we have -the divine command to - - "Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow." - -There is no pursuit which fills the mind with more noble and exalted -sentiments than the study of these works of Nature:--wherever we turn -our attention, we shall discover in them ample lessons of instruction -and delight; in the structure of every plant, we shall find the most -exact symmetry, and the most perfect contrivance--and the more minutely -we examine, the more decided traces we discern of that Power - - "Who planned, and built, and still upholds a world - So clothed with beauty." - -The gratification to be derived from such pursuits, is heightened by -considerations like these, and their utility and value are rendered -still more evident. To use the language of the late excellent and -distinguished SIR JAMES E. SMITH, "Is it not desirable to call the soul -from the feverish agitation of worldly pursuits, to the contemplation -of divine wisdom in the beautiful economy of Nature? Is it not a -privilege to walk with God in the garden of creation, and hold converse -with his providence? If such elevated feelings do not lead to the -study of Nature, it cannot be far pursued without rewarding the student -by exciting them." - -In the arrangement of this Work, the Author has aimed at some degree -of novelty in the design, as well as of utility in the information. To -her own sex, to whose particular notice she offers it, she trusts it -may prove a useful and correct guide to their tastes, both in their -selection for a flower garden, and as objects for their pencil. She -has chosen those plants most remarkable for their beauty, and general -adaptation to our borders--and, in order to render the Work more -complete, she has added to every genus those species most desirable for -cultivation. - -The Author cannot conclude, without expressing her obligations for the -assistance afforded her by her friend MR. SHEPHERD, Curator of the -Botanic Garden, Liverpool; and her thanks are particularly due to his -able and intelligent coadjutor, MR. HENRY SHEPHERD, F.L.S. - - TOXTETH PARK, - _March, 1829_. - - - - -SPRING. - - - "------------------Bright with dew, - And in a mingled wilderness of flowers, - Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace; - With hues on hues expression cannot paint - The breath of Nature, and her endless bloom." - - _Thomson's Seasons._ - -[Illustration: _Plate 1._ _Crocus._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - - - -CROCUS mæsiacus. - -_Common Yellow Crocus._ - - -_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 1111. - -Crocus langeæflorus. _Salisbury Par. Lon._ _vol._ ii., _tab._ 106. - - Bulb small--leaves numerous, radical, linear, lanceolate--flower - enclosed with the leaves in a membranous sheath---corolla yellow, - divided into six oval-shaped petals, the three outer divisions - beautifully marked with green--stamens three--filaments short--anthers - sagittate--style one--stigma divided into three parts. - - -The species here figured is the earliest and best known in our gardens. -It was introduced into this country in the year 1629, and derives its -specific denomination from the ancient name of that part of Europe -where it abounds in a wild state. Numerous varieties of the genus are -constantly raised from seed, but the number of distinct species do not -exceed ten or twelve. The cultivation of these plants is attended with -no difficulty whatever: they will grow in any soil or situation; and -the C. mæsiacus increases so rapidly as to require frequent parting. -The different varieties make a beautiful display in the months of -February and March, if placed in alternate patches in the flower -border, and produce a brilliant effect when expanded by the warmth -of the sun. The most desirable for a flower garden are the following -species and their varieties:-- - - Crocus vernus. - ---- versicolor. - ---- nudiflorus. - ---- biflorus. - Crocus susianus. - ---- sulphureus. - ---- sativus. - ---- autumnalis. - - Pl. 1. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 2._ _Hepatica Triloba._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -HEPATICA triloba. - -_Common Blue Hepatica._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Hepatica triloba. _Pursh, N. A. F._, _vol._ ii., _p._ 391. - - Root fibrous--leaves radical, three-lobed, on long petioles--stem - simple, erect, pubescent--one-flowered calyx of three leaves--corolla - blue--six petals, oval-shaped--stamens numerous, fixed to the - receptacle--styles many--stigmas obtuse. - - -The blue variety of the Hepatica triloba, which blooms about March, -is one of our most beautiful Spring flowers, and is more readily -cultivated than any of the other kinds. According to Pursh, "It is a -native of Canada, and is found in woods, and on the sides of fertile -and rocky hills." The double variety of this plant is less common in -our gardens, and the single white variety is rare. These plants like -a loamy soil, and eastern exposure--and should be removed when they -are in blossom. The roots do not bear to be often separated; and if -divided into small pieces are frequently lost: but if left undisturbed -in a congenial situation, they will attain great luxuriance. Miller -says the single varieties are easily propagated by seed; but our more -modern gardeners do not coincide in this opinion. The new leaves do -not appear until after the flowers, though occasionally those of the -preceding year retain their freshness, as in the figure here given. All -the Hepaticas are ornamental. - - Double blue. - Single pink. - Double pink. - Single white. - - Pl. 2. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 3._ _Scilla Bifolia._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -SCILLA bifolia. - -_Two-leaved Squill._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Scilla bifolia. _Eng. Fl._, _vol._ ii., _p._ 146. - - Bulb oblong, oval--leaves two, radical, opposite, linear, lanceolate, - about five or six inches long--peduncles short--corolla bright - blue--petals six, oblong, spreading in the form of a star--stamens - six, shorter than the petals--germen superior--styles short. - - -This beautiful plant is a native of the West of England, though rarely -found. It likes a light soil, and should be grown in large patches, -when it forms one of the greatest ornaments to our gardens in the month -of March. The white variety also flowers about the same time, and forms -a striking and beautiful contrast if placed alternately in the flower -border. It is increased by offsets, which may be removed when the -leaves decay. If this plant be covered with a hand-glass, when coming -into bloom, it will expand more fully, and preserve the brilliancy -of its colour. The Scilla maritima possesses peculiar medicinal -properties. The most beautiful species are - - Scilla amæna. - ---- Siberica. - ---- Verna. - ---- Italica - ---- Peruviana. - ---- præcox. - - Pl. 3. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 4._ _Narcissus Moschatus._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -NARCISSUS Moschatus. - -_Spanish Daffodil._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Narcissus Moschatus. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 1300. - - Root bulbous--leaves radical, linear--twisted, glaucous--stem simple, - erect--flowers solitary, issuing from a sheath, lanceolate--corolla - cream colour, consisting of a tubular nectary, with a laciniated - mouth, surrounded by six long tortuose petals--stamens six--pistil - one, enclosed in the tube. - - -This plant is one of the least common and most beautiful of the genus, -and is remarkable for the peculiar delicacy of its colour. It is a -native of Spain, and was introduced into this country about the year -1759. It requires a light rich soil; and, like all other bulbs, ought -only to be removed when the leaves decay. The plant grows from twelve -to sixteen inches high, and flowers in April. The genus Narcissus is a -very numerous and beautiful one, and affords a delightful variety. Some -of the most ornamental are - - N. bulbocodium. - -- poeticus. - -- angustifolius. - -- biflorus. - -- odorus. - -- tenuior. - -- triandrus. - -- tenuifolius. - -- incomparibilis. - -- bicolor. - -- minor. - - Pl. 4. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 5._ _Erythronium Dens Canis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ERYTHRONIUM dens canis. - -_Common Dog's-tooth Violet._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Erythronium dens canis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 5. - - Root bulbous, oblong--leaves radical, broad, lanceolate, somewhat - undulate, marked with brown--stem naked, erect--flowers solitary, - drooping--corolla campanulate, composed of six equal oval-shaped - petals, of a lilac hue, inclining to pink--stamens six, terminated - by oblong purple anthers--germen superior--style longer than the - stamens--stigma divided into three parts. When the flowers are fully - expanded the petals are reflexed. The white variety differs only in - the colour of the flower. - - -There are few plants more desirable for a flower garden than the -Erythronium dens canis, and its white variety; and none contribute -more to the beauty of our borders in the month of March, or beginning -of April. It is a native of Hungary, and some parts of Italy, and was -introduced into this country in the year 1596. These plants like a -light soil, mixed with bog, and are propagated by offsets, which may -be removed any time after the leaves decay; but the roots should not -be kept long out of the ground, as they are liable to shrink. Miller -mentions two species of the lilac Erythronium; but his distinctions, -founded only on the breadth of the leaves, and colour of the flower, -would not be sufficient to form a different species. It is, however, -worthy of remark, that the leaves of those bulbs which do not bear -flowers, are broader and rounder than the others. There are two other -species, mentioned by Pursh, in his "Flora of North America," vol. i. -p. 230, both bearing yellow flowers, one of which is occasionally seen -in our gardens.--Erythronium Americanum. - - Pl. 5. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 6._ _Adonis Vernalis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ADONIS vernalis. - -_Perennial Adonis._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Adonis vernalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _p._ 134. - - Root fibrous--stem branching, growing to the height of ten or - twelve inches--leaves pinnate, pinnatified--calyx five segments, - deciduous--flowers terminal--corolla yellow, composed of twelve or - fourteen oval-shaped petals--stamens numerous--styles many--germen - superior. - - -Though this plant has been long known in our gardens, having been -introduced in the year 1629, it is by no means common. It is found wild -on the mountains of Switzerland, and in different parts of Austria. It -likes a rich loamy soil, and is increased by parting the roots; but to -have it in perfection it should be grown in large patches, and seldom -divided, when it makes a beautiful appearance in the flower garden in -the months of March or April. In its native country, this plant does -not exceed four inches in height, and the flowers are of a much more -brilliant colour. There are two other species of Adonis, but they are -seldom met with. - - A. autumnalis. - -- flammea. - - Pl. 6. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 7._ _Primula Auricula._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -PRIMULA auricula. - -_Auricula._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Primula auricula. _Jacquin Flo. Aus._ 5, _t._ 415? - - Root fibrous--leaves radical, ovate, dentate--base entire--stem - simple, radical--flower terminal, corymbose--calyx five - segments--corolla monopetalous, cream colour, slightly tinged with - yellow, five segments, emarginate--stamens five--pistil one. - - -This plant is a native of Switzerland, and was introduced into this -country about the year 1596. It is the parent of all the beautiful -varieties of Auricula, which are now cultivated in our gardens. It -grows low, and, like many of the genus, is suitable and ornamental for -rock work. The Primulas flourish most in a mixture of loam, decayed -leaves, and bog earth, and, like all Alpine plants, require a pure -atmosphere. The leaves of this species are apt to vary in form, the -margins occasionally being entire. Some of the most beautiful are the -following:-- - - Primula nivalis. - ---- cortusoides. - ---- helvetica. - ---- decora. - ---- integrifolia. - ---- marginata. - ---- villosa. - ---- farinosa. - ---- Scotica. - ---- Pallasii. - ---- minima. - - Pl. 7. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 8._ _Sanguinaria Grandiflora._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -SANGUINARIA grandiflora. - -_Large-flowered Bloodwort._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. _Lyon's MSS._ - - Root tuberous, knobbed--leaves radical, lobed--lobes laciniated, - light green, under surface reddish purple--veins red--enclosing - the infant blossom, which gradually emerges from its folds--flower - stem simple, erect, about six or eight inches in height--calyx two - segments, convex, deciduous--corolla white--petals eight, oblong, - obtuse--stamens many--style very short--germen superior, terminated by - a stigma divided into two parts. - - -This beautiful species, which is much larger than the Sanguinaria -Canadensis, was introduced into this country about the year 1812, by -the late Mr. John Lyon, with several other valuable plants, collected -by him in different parts of North America. It takes its name from -the root, which, when broken, emits a red juice resembling blood, -with which the Indians are said to paint themselves. Its blossoms are -transient, and, like many other Spring flowers, require the warmth -of the sun to expand them. It grows best in bog soil and a sheltered -situation, and may be increased by parting its roots, which should -be done in the Autumn, to prevent any check to its flowering in the -following March or April. There is only another species, the S. -Canadensis, above alluded to. - - Pl. 8. - - - - -SUMMER. - - - Hail, gentle Summer! every mead - With thy fair robe of beauty spread - To thee that beauty owes; - The smiling flowers with joy declare, - And loudly tell to Reason's ear, - Whence all that beauty flows. - - _Fawkes._ - -[Illustration: _Plate 17._ _Pæonia Tenuifolia._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - - - -PÆONIA tenuifolia. - -_Fine-leaved Pæony._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA. - -Syn. Pæonia tenuifolia. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 926. - - Root tuberous--stem erect, branching, growing to the height of - one foot, or more--leaves numerous, biternate, linear--calyx five - segments--flowers terminal--corolla deep scarlet--eight petals, - orbicular, undulate--stamens many--anthers bright yellow--styles - three--germen superior. - - -Though this beautiful plant has been so long known in our gardens, -being introduced in the year 1756, it seldom grows luxuriantly, which -perhaps may be accounted for by the liability of the roots to decay in -cold wet soils. It is a native of Siberia, flowers in May, and makes a -brilliant appearance when grown in large patches. The Pæonias grow best -in a rich loamy soil, and may be increased by parting the roots, or by -seed; by the latter means several most beautiful varieties have been -raised of the Pæonia moutan, of which a full account may be seen in the -"Hor. Soc. Trans.," vol. 6. This is a remarkably handsome genus. Some -of the most ornamental are - - P. odorata. - -- sibirica. - -- albiflora. - -- Sabinii. - -- peregrina. - -- rosea. - -- moutan. - -- papavaracea. - -- corallina. - -- humilis. - - Pl. 17. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 18._ _Phlox Divaricata._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -PHLOX divaricata. - -_Early-flowering Lychnidea._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Phlox divaricata. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 163. _Pursh's Flo. N. -A._, _vol._ i., _p._ 150. - - Root fibrous--stem branching--leaves opposite, sessile, oblong - oval, acute, undulate--flowers corymbose--peduncles short--calyx - five segments, linear, acute--corolla monopetalous--five segments, - emarginate, narrower at the base--pale blue--stamens five--style - one--stigma divided into three parts. - - -The genus Phlox is perhaps one of the most beautiful cultivated in -our gardens, and affords a delightful variety, its different species -flowering all through the Summer and Autumn. The plant here figured -is the earliest; and though it cannot boast of brilliancy, it is -remarkable for the beautiful delicacy of its colour, and modest -appearance. It grows low, seldom exceeding eight or ten inches in -height, and is, on this account, very suitable for rock work. It -flowers in May, likes a strong loamy soil, and is increased by parting -the roots, or by cuttings. This species is a native of the mountains of -Virginia, North America, and was brought into this country by the late -Mr. Fraser. There are various others equally desirable for a flower -garden. Amongst the most beautiful are - - P. pyramidalis. - -- ovata. - -- carnea. - -- nivalis. - -- setacea. - -- subulata. - -- reflexa. - -- amæma. - -- stolonifera. - - Pl. 18. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 19._ _Anemone Palmata._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ANEMONE palmata. - -_Cyclamen-leaved Anemone._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Anemone palmata. _Bot. Reg._ _pl._ 200. _Persoon. Syn. Plan._, -_vol._ ii., _p._ 97. - - Root tuberous--leaves radical, cordate, suborbiculate, dentate--stem - radical, clothed with a ferruginous hair--flower issuing from an - involucrum, sessile, trifid--corolla yellow--petals about twelve, - oblong, obtuse--stamens numerous--styles many--germen superior. - - -This is a most striking and ornamental species, and though it is said -to have been introduced so far back as the year 1597, is still rare in -our gardens. It is difficult to cultivate, perhaps requiring a little -stronger soil than Anemonies generally do. When its roots have attained -a great size, it should be removed or divided, as it is then liable to -decay; few, however, are fortunate enough to cultivate it to such a -state of luxuriance. It is perfectly hardy, though mostly treated as a -frame plant. The under side of the lower radical leaves is tinged with -a bright violet colour. The genus Anemone is a numerous one, and can -boast of many ornamental species. - - A. appennina. - -- hortensis. - -- patens. - -- narcissiflora. - -- pratensis. - -- sylvestris. - -- baldensis. - -- thalictroides. - -- pavonina. - -- pulsatilla. - - Pl. 19. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 20._ _Pulmonaria Paniculata._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -PULMONARIA paniculata. - -_Panicled Lungwort._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Pulmonaria paniculata. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 2680. - - Root tuberous--stem branched, one to two feet high--leaves ovate, - oblong, acuminate, strongly nerved--panicles leafy--flowers - drooping--calyx five segments--corolla funnel-shaped, contracted near - the base--when arrived at maturity, of a brilliant blue--stamens - five--style equal with the stamens--stigma obtuse--plant hispid. - - -This beautiful plant, according to the "Bot. Mag.," 2680, is a native -of Hudson's Bay, and was "Originally introduced to the Kew Gardens by -the late Dr. Solander, in 1778." It is still rare, and difficult to -cultivate, though in congenial situations it will sow its seed, and -increase abundantly; but the general method of propagating it is by -parting the roots. The plant from which the annexed drawing was made -grows luxuriantly in a cold, stiff soil, and has endured our severest -winters without protection. It flowers in June; and though each blossom -falls off almost as soon as it becomes perfect, there is a succession -for a considerable time. The most beautiful species of this genus are-- - - P. virginica. - -- davurica. - - Pl. 20. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 21._ _Campanula Pulla._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -CAMPANULA pulla. - -_Russet Bell Flower._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Campanula pulla. _Loddige's Bot. Cab._, _p._ 554. - - Root fibrous--plant from two to three inches high--stem slender, - radical, leafy, one-flowered--leaves very small, ovate, crenate, - sessile, opposite--flowers terminal, drooping--calyx five - segments--corolla purple, monopetalous, campanulate--margin five - cleft--stamens five--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided - into three parts--germen inferior. - - -This lovely little plant is a native of the mountains of Austria and -Styria, and is particularly ornamental for rock work, to which it is -well adapted by its low growth and general habit. It was introduced -into this country about the year 1779, but is still very seldom met -with. It is hardy, though like many Alpine plants is liable to be lost -in the Winter unless protected, and it is therefore the safest plan -either to keep it in a frame, or to cover it with dry leaves and a -hand glass during Winter. It flowers in June, likes a light rich soil, -and is increased by parting the roots. The genus Campanula is a very -numerous one, consisting of upwards of sixty species: some of the most -ornamental are-- - - C. peregrina. - -- carpatica. - -- patula. - -- persicifolia. - -- capitata. - -- barbata. - -- punctata. - -- Scheuchzeri. - -- pyramidalis. - -- azurea. - - Pl. 21. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 22._ _Œnothera Triloba._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ŒNOTHERA triloba. - -_Dandelion-leaved Evening Primrose._ - - -_Class and Order._--OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - - -Syn. Œnothera triloba. _Curt. Bot. Mag._, _pl._ 2566. - - Root biennial? spindle-shaped--leaves radical, lyrate, dentate, - smooth, middle rib strong--flower radical, rising from amongst the - bright green leaves--calyx tubular--four segments, lanceolate, - acute--corolla pale delicate yellow--petals four, slightly trilobed, - undulate--stamens eight--filaments shorter than the petals--anthers - oblong, bright yellow--style a little longer than the stamens--stigma - four-cleft--capsule radical, sessile, containing four cells. - - -The specific name of this very interesting plant was given by Professor -Nuttal, in consequence of what he considered the three-lobed form -of its petals; this is however so very slight as to be scarcely -observable, and therefore perhaps ought not to be considered a -specific distinction. It was discovered by the Professor in the -Arkansas country, in 1819, and seeds were afterwards brought by that -indefatigable traveller and naturalist, Mr. D. Douglas, from North -America, in 1824. This plant, which has a succession of flowers -throughout the Summer, is extremely liable to decay, if not kept dry in -the Winter; but it may be raised from seed, or by parting the roots in -Autumn, and keeping them in a frame, in pots of light dry soil, giving -them very little or no water until the roots begin to shoot in the -Spring. This is the best method of increasing the Œ. cespitosa, a most -lovely plant, but extremely difficult to propagate. There are numerous -species and varieties of this very interesting genus: some of the most -beautiful are-- - - Œ. frutiosa. - -- speciosa. - -- acaulis. - -- rosea. - -- pallida. - -- glauca. - -- grandiflora. - -- amæna. - -- tenella. - -- viminea. - - Pl. 22. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 23._ _Clarkia Pulchella._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -CLARKIA pulchella. - -_Pretty Clarkia._ - - -_Class and Order._--TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Clarkia pulchella. _Pursh. Fl. N. A._, _vol._ i. _p._ 260. _Bot. -Reg._, _pl._ 1100. - - Plant annual--stem erect, branching--leaves linear, lanceolate, - sessile, smooth--peduncles short--flowers growing from the axils of - the leaves, solitary--calyx one segment, lanceolate, keeled--corolla - beautiful purple pink--petals four, trilobed, obtuse, horned at - the base--stamens four--anthers involute--style longer than the - stamens--stigma divided into four parts--capsule oblong, grooved. - - -This very beautiful and singular annual was named by Pursh, in honour -of Captain Clark, the companion of Captain Lewis, whose interesting -travels across the continent of North America are so well known. It -was found by Mr. Douglas, in the countries around the Columbia river, -and brought by him into this country, to the Horticultural Society. -The plant is hardy; but to facilitate its bloom, the seeds should be -sown in a hotbed early in the Spring, and when the plants have acquired -sufficient strength they may be removed to the borders, where they will -continue to flower until destroyed by frost. This is the only species -known of this genus. - - Pl. 23. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 24._ _Potentilla Nipalensis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -POTENTILLA Nipalensis. - -_Nipal Potentilla._ - - -_Class and Order._--ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Potentilla Nipalensis. _Hooker's Exotic Flora_, _vol._ ii., _pl._ -88. - - Root fibrous--stem erect, branching--radical leaves, quinate--leaflets - obovate, lanceolate, serrate--stipules large, broad, - lanceolate--flowers terminal, on long peduncles--calyx double--five - outer segments small, five inner somewhat larger--corolla five petals, - emarginate, beautiful rose colour, darker at the base--stamens - numerous--styles many--whole plant, hairy. - - -For this beautiful species of Potentilla we are indebted to the -celebrated Dr. Wallich, of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, who discovered -it in Nipal, and sent seeds of it to this country. It is now becoming -generally known, and is a great acquisition to our gardens, both for -the beauty of its flower and continuing so long in blossom. A light -loam suits it best; and when it likes the situation it will sow itself, -and is therefore easily propagated. The genus Potentilla is not a showy -one, but there are several pretty species:-- - - P. atrosanguinea. - -- clusiana. - -- hirta. - -- lupinaster. - -- nivea. - -- pedata. - - Pl. 24. - - - - -AUTUMN. - - - Though Summer with her fervid ray, - No longer leads the lengthened day, - Though Autumn with her sober tread - Appears upon the russet mead, - For her shall Flora form her wreath, - And still around her fragrance breathe; - Shall still with beauty deck the plain, - Nor cease midst darker hours to reign. - -[Illustration: _Plate 33._ _Eschscholtzia Californica._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - - - -ESCHSCHOLTZIA Californica. - -_Californian Eschscholtzia._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. - -Syn. Eschscholtzia Californica. _Bot. Reg._ _pl._ 1168. - - Root fusiform--stem branching, growing to the height of one foot - or more--leaves glaucous, tri-pinnatifid, segments acute--flowers - terminal, on long peduncles--Calyx formed like the Calyptra of a - Moss, which falls off previous to the expansion of the flower--petals - four--large, spreading, slightly striated, narrower at the base, - margins undulate, of a brilliant yellow, which increases to an orange - in the centre of the flower--stamens numerous, filaments very short, - anthers long, acute--stigmas four--seed vessel subulate. - -Fig. 1. represents the seed pod. Fig. 2. the curiously formed Calyx. - - -This elegant flower was originally discovered by Mr. Menzies, during -the expedition of Vancouver, in the year 1792, on the coast of -California. It has been named by Chamisso after Dr. Eschscholtz, a -companion of Kotzebue, in his voyage round the world, and was sent to -the Hort. Soc., by Mr. Douglas, in 1826, who found it on the N. W. -coast of America. It promises to be a very desirable and beautiful -addition to our catalogue of herbaceous plants, flowering abundantly -all thro' the summer 'till destroyed by frost. It may be propagated -either by seeds, which should be sown in a hot-bed early in the spring, -or by parting the roots in autumn, and grows best in a pure air, and a -light, or sandy soil. - - Pl. 33. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 34._ _Catananche Cœrulea._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -CATANANCHE cœrulea. - -_Blue Catananche._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS. - -Syn. Catananche Cœrulea. _Curtis Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 293. - - Root fibrous--Stem radical, branching--growing to the height of two - feet--Radical leaves, long, lanceolate, margins deeply toothed--back - of the leaf downy, and strongly nerved--Cauline leaves, sessile, - linear, acute. Flowers terminal on very long peduncles on which - are scattered membranaceous bracteas--Calyx imbricate, squamose, - membranaceous, striate--Corolla blue--Florets ligulate, apex - three toothed, purple at the base, fertile--Stamens five, Anthers - united--style one, stigma bifid. - - -There are only two species known of this genus, the one here figured is -a native of the South of Europe, and is said to have been cultivated -by Parkinson as far back as the year 1640, it is however by no means -a common plant, owing perhaps to the difficulty of keeping it through -the winter, when it is very apt to be destroyed by frost; it is easily -raised from seeds which may be sown in the autumn, and if protected -during the winter, will make strong plants to flower through the -ensuing summer, continuing in beauty until the approach of winter--it -likes a dry, sandy soil, and will not bear frequent removal,--the other -species, Catananche lutea, is an annual not deserving of cultivation. - - Pl. 34. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 35._ _Coreopsis Grandiflora._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -COREOPSIS Grandiflora. - -_Large flowered Coreopsis._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. - -Syn. Coreopsis Grandiflora. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _Vol._ 2. _pl._ 175. - - Root fibrous, creeping--Stem, tall, erect, branched. Leaves on - short petioles ternate, leaflets lanceolate, acute--cauline leaves - becoming more linear. Flowers large, terminal, on long, slender - peduncles--Calyx double, exterior segments green, lanceolate acute; - interior segments brown, membranaceous--Corolla bright yellow, - radiated florets barren, dentate; florets of the disk fertile. - - -This fine species is so similar to C. Lanceolata, that it is only to be -distinguished by the leaf, the flowers being alike in form and color, -though perhaps a little larger in C. grandiflora--it was found by -Professor Nuttall in the Arkansas, and was sent by him to Mr. Barclay -about the year 1826; it is therefore from its late introduction yet -rare in our collections, it promises to be of easy cultivation, its -creeping roots throwing up a plentiful supply of young plants from -which it may easily be propagated--a little protection in the winter -may perhaps be desirable. - -Amongst the most beautiful species of this genus are - - C. lanceolata - -- tinctoria. - -- verticillata. - -- tenuifolia. - - Pl. 35. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 36._ _Georgina Coccinea._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -GEORGINA coccinea. - -_Scarlet flowered Georgina._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Georgina Coccinea _Wildenow Enum. Plant._ _Vol._ 2. _p._ 338. - -Dahlia Coccinea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 762. - - Root tuberous--stem upright, branched, growing from three to five - feet high. Leaves pinnate, lower leaves sometimes bi-pinnate, - leaflets serrate--flowers terminal, on long purple peduncles--calyx - double, exterior segments somewhat reflexed, obtuse--corolla bright - scarlet--radiated florets ovate, obtuse, furnished with a style - only--florets of the disk, containing both stamens and pistils. - - -This distinct species, which is perhaps one of the most beautiful of -the genus is readily distinguished by its small flower and foliage--it -is a native of Mexico, and previous to its introduction to this -country, by Mr. Fraser, in 1803, was cultivated in France,--endless -varieties of this genus are constantly raised from seed, and by other -means, and there is no flower to which we are so much indebted for -ornamenting our gardens in the Autumn--the cultivation of this plant -is so easy, and now so well known that little requires to be said on -this point. Particular care, however, must be taken to keep the roots -from frost; a poor soil will cause a smaller growth, and produce more -flowers. The name Georgina was given to this genus by Wildenow, in -honor of G. Georgi, a Russian Botanist, and as it is considered by the -Continental and many English Botanists, to be the most correct, it has -been here adopted, instead of Dahlia, a name very similar to that of -another genus (Dalea) called after Dale the friend of Ray;[1] some of -the most beautiful double Georginas are varieties of the Sambucifolia. - - G. frustranea. - -- superflua. - -- alba. - -- flava. - -- purpurea. - -- atro purpurea. - -- rubra. - -- atro-rubra. - -- fulgens. - -- crocea. - -[1] See Bot. Mag. page 762, and Sweets British Flower Garden, page 282. - - Pl. 36. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 37._ _Rudbeckia hirta._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -RUDBECKIA hirta. - -_Hairy Rudbeckia._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. - -Syn. Rudbeckia hirta. _Pursh. Flo. N. A._ _page_ 574. - - Root Fibrous--stem erect, branched, grooved. Radical leaves broad, - lanceolate, cauline leaves sessile, unequal, margins undulate - peduncles one flowered, terminal--calyx many segments, lanceolate, - obtuse--corolla bright yellow--radiated florets, linear, lanceolate - recurved, barren--florets of the disk fertile--whole plant hairy. - - -The genus Rudbeckia (called after Professor Rudbeck of Upsal who -died in 1702) is a very ornamental one, its different species making -a gay appearance in the Autumn. R. hirta is perhaps one of the most -desirable, from its moderate size, seldom growing higher than two -feet--it was introduced about the year 1714, it is a native of N. -America, and is found on the mountains from Virginia to Florida--it -likes a light rich soil, and is propagated by parting the roots, -which should be done in the spring, as it flowers so late in Autumn -as to prevent the removal in sufficient time for the plants to be -well established before winter--it is rather tender, sometimes being -destroyed by too much wet. The following are pleasing species:-- - - R. purpurea. - -- fulgida. - -- columnaris. - -- speciosa. - -- pinnata. - - Pl. 37. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 38._ _Scabiosa Caucasea._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -SCABIOSA Caucasea. - -_Caucasean Scabious._ - - -_Class and Order._--TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Scabiosa Caucasea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 886. - - Root fibrous--stem erect, rising to the height of two feet or - more--radical leaves on long channelled footstalks, lanceolate, acute, - margins undulate, cauline leaves, connate, pinnatifid--peduncles one - flowered, flowers terminal--involucre from eight to ten segments, - lanceolate, acute--corolla delicate purple, segments trilobed, lobes - obtuse, margins undulate, florets of the disk tubular, margins - five-cleft--Calyx double--stamens four, anthers oblong, of a bright - red, style longer than the stamens; stigma globose; germen downy. - - -This is perhaps the most beautiful species of the genus; and a highly -ornamental plant in the Autumnal months, during which time it continues -long in beauty, it is a native of Mount Caucasus, and according to the -Bot. Mag. p. 886, was raised by Messrs. Loddiges from seeds received -by them about the year 1803--a light soil suits it best, and it may be -increased by parting its roots in the spring--it is quite hardy. - -The genus Scabiosa is not a favorite one for a flower garden, though a -few species may deserve a place in our collections--some of the most -desirable are - - S. alpina. - -- tatarica. - -- atropurpurea. - -- lœvigata. - - Pl. 38. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 39._ _Lobelia fulgens._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -LOBELIA fulgens. - -_Refulgent Lobelia._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Lobelia fulgens. _Bot. Rep._ _pl._ 659. - - Root fibrous--stem erect, leafy, occasionally drooping at the - summit, downy. Leaves alternate sessile, broad lanceolate, undulate, - denticulate near the point, veined, becoming smaller towards the - top of the stem--peduncles very short--calyx five segments, acute, - downy--corolla monopetalous, very brilliant scarlet--tube oblong, - inflated at the base, segments five, three lower ones, oblong, - lanceolate, acute; two upper, small, linear, acute, recurved--stamens - five--anthers oblong, style filiform--stigma compressed. - - -This brilliant ornament to the flower garden is a native of Mexico, -and was raised from seeds sent by Humboldt and Bonpland, to this -country, about the year 1809--it is a plant of easy cultivation, and -is readily increased by parting the roots in Spring--it is hardy, but -in the winter requires to be kept dry, as it is liable to decay from -too much moisture, it is therefore the safest plan to put a few plants -in a frame, divide them, and plant them about April, in a stiff soil, -and moist situation, where they will flourish exceedingly, and make -a splendid appearance until destroyed by frost--This species differs -little from L. Splendens, which has its foliage more tinged with red -and is devoid of that pubescence which distinguishes L. fulgens. - -There are several beautiful species of this genus, but few are hardy, -those most desirable for a flower garden are - - L. splendens. - -- cardinalis. - -- amæna. - -- tupa. - - Pl. 39. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 40._ _Aster Amellus._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ASTER amellus. - -_Italian aster._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Aster Amellus. _Hortus Kewensis_, _vol._ 5, _page_ 54. - - Root fibrous--stem erect, branched, sometimes two feet - high--leaves sessile, alternate, ovate lanceolate, obtuse--margins - undulate. Flowers purple, corymbose, on short peduncles; calyx - imbricated--radiated florets, linear, obtuse, furnished with a style - only--florets of the disk fertile containing both stamens and pistils. - - -Few autumnal plants are more deserving of cultivation than the Aster -Amellus--the beauty of the flower, its moderately low growth, and late -flowering, rendering it a valuable plant for the season, and perhaps -preferable to any of the genus--it is a native of the South of Europe, -and was cultivated in this country, as long since as 1596, by Gerard, -it will grow in any soil or situation, and flowers from September until -destroyed by severe frost--it may be increased by dividing the roots, -which according to Miller should not be moved oftener than every third -year. - -The genus aster is a very numerous one, and affords some ornamental -species - - A. alpina. - -- blandus. - -- elegans. - -- grandiflorus. - -- nova angliæ. - -- spectabilis. - -- pulcherrimus. - - Pl. 40. - - - - -WINTER. - - - ---- The fairer forms - That cultivation glories in, are HIS, - HE sets the bright procession on its way, - And marshalls all the order of the Year; - HE marks the bounds that Winter may not pass, - And blunts his pointed fury: in its case - Russet and rude folds up the tender germ - Uninjured, with inimitable art, - And ere one flowery season fades and dies, - Designs the blooming wonders of the next. - - COWPER. - -[Illustration: _Plate 49._ _Semi-Double quilled pink Chrysanthemum._ -_Drawn from nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - - - -CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var. - -_Semi double quill'd pink Chrysanthemum._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Semi double quill'd pink Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ -5. _p._ 422. - - Stem tall, erect, leafy, branching--lower leaves large, bi-pinnatifid, - lobes deeply indented--becoming smaller as they approach the - flower--flower terminal slightly pendant--calyx squamose--florets - quill'd of a beautiful pale pink, shaded off to white--disc - yellow--large. - - -The first introduction of the Chinese Chrysanthemums into this country, -was about the year 1764;--the beautiful varieties now seen in our -gardens, became known at a much more recent period, and from the great -facility that attends their cultivation, and their very desirable -season of flowering, they are universal favorites;--new varieties are -frequently imported, the only means we possess of obtaining them, as -we are ignorant of the mode adopted by the Chinese for their increase; -and we are led to suppose that we do not yet possess some of their -finest kinds:--most of the varieties will grow well out of doors, and -if trained against a south wall, with a little protection to shield -the flowers from inclement weather, will make a beautiful and gay -appearance in the months of November and December. The Chrysanthemums -are increased either by cuttings or suckers taken from the parent -plant in the spring;--the var. here figured is a very beautiful one, -and blossoms rather early and freely--the flowers have a deeper color -when grown out of doors, and the plant altogether acquires more -strength;--in a green-house this var. is apt to grow weak and tall. - - Pl. 49. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 50._ _Superb White Chrysanthemum. Early Crimson._ -_Drawn from nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var. - -_Superb White Chrysanthemum._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Superb White Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 5. _p._ 420. - - Stem erect, leafy, branching--leaves bi-pinnatifid, lobes deeply - indented,--flower terminal, drooping, white, tinged with yellow - towards the centre--calyx squamose, obtuse, florets ligulate, outside - florets occasionally quill'd--apex entire. - - -This variety is a very desirable one for growing out of doors, from -its long continuance in bloom, and the flowers being so very large and -fine--the foilage is luxuriant, and if the plant be trained against a -wall, it will grow very tall, and make a beautiful appearance until a -late season;--the Chrysanthemums like a strong soil. - - - - -CHRYSANTHEMUM indicum var. - -_Early Crimson Chrysanthemum._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Early Crimson Chrysanthemum. _Hort. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 5, _p._ -155. - - Stem erect, leafy, much branched--leaves bi-pinnatifid, lobes very - deeply indented--flowers pendant--growing in clusters, semi-double, of - a fine crimson--florets ligulate, emarginate--disc small. - - -This is a newer var. than either the superb white, or quill'd pink; -the plant grows low, and rather bushy, and makes a very brilliant -appearance when in full flower--the varieties of Chrysanthemum Indicum -are so endless, that is difficult to make a selection; some of the most -beautiful and latest imported are the following:-- - - Purple. - Quill'd white. - Tasselled white. - Sulphur yellow. - Golden yellow. - Buff or orange. - Quill'd flamed yellow. - Curled lilac. - Pale pink. - Parks' small yellow. - Blush Ranunculus flowered. - Tasselled lilac. - Two colored red. - Starry pink. - Two colored incurved. - Golden Lotus flowered. - Brown lilac. - Early blush. - Paper white. - Changeable pale buff. - - Pl. 50. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 51._ _Tussilago fragrans._ -_Drawn from nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -TUSSILAGO fragrans. - -_Fragrant Coltsfoot._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENSIA, POLYGAMIA, SUPERFLUA. - -Syn. Tussilago Fragrans. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1388. - - Root creeping, fleshy--scape about eight inches high, woolly, - appearing before the leaves--leaves radical, large, cordate, margins - crenate--young leaves covered with a deciduous down, cauline - leaves cordate, sheathing the stem--peduncles rising from concave - bracteas--calyx many segments, lanceolate, acute, tinged with - brown--radiated florets ligulate, pink, florets of the disk, five - segments, white--style projecting, stigma dark purple. - - -This plant possesses little beauty to recommend it to our notice, but -its delightful fragrance, which strongly resembles the Heliotropium -Peruvianum, renders it an acceptable addition to our small stock of -winter flowers. It is a native of Italy, and was introduced into this -country by Messrs. Lee and Kennedy, in 1806. Though frequently treated -as a green-house or frame-plant, it is perfectly hardy, and if grown in -a moist situation, it will spread so rapidly as to become troublesome; -the best plan therefore is to confine it in a pot, and plunge it in -common garden soil, where it will flower about December or January, -without the least protection. - -This is the only species suitable for a flower garden. - - Pl. 51. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 52._ _Helleborus niger._ -_Drawn from nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -HELLEBORUS niger. - -_Black Hellebore or Christmas Rose._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Helleborus niger. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 8. - - Root tuberous--leaves radical, on long channelled petioles, pedate, - lobes oblong, margins serrate near the apex--scape radical, - simple,--flower terminal--calyx none--bracteas immediately under - the flower, two, sessile--corolla white, slightly tinged with pale - pink and yellowish green,--petals five, large, orbicular, margins - undulate--nectaries green, tubular--stamens numerous--anthers - compressed--styles many. - - -There are few flowers more welcome to us than the Helleborus -niger, which enlivens our gardens in the dreary months of December -and January. It is a native of the mountains of Austria, and was -introduced into this country about the year 1596, by Mr. John Gerard; -it derives its name from the dark color of its roots, and the common -appellation of the Christmas Rose, arises from the peculiar season of -its flowering; being an alpine plant it delights in a pure air, and -it grows best in a moist situation and strong loamy soil: it may be -covered with a hand-glass when coming into bloom, as the beauty of -the flower is liable to be destroyed by the severity of the weather. -Considerable medicinal properties were ascribed to this plant by the -ancients, but it is now seldom used. There are several other species, -but only two of these are generally cultivated--the first mentioned is -a British plant. - - H. viridis. - -- lividus. - - Pl. 52. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 53._ _Eranthis hyemalis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ERANTHIS hyemalis - -_Winter Aconite._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. - -Syn. Eranthis hyemalis. _Salisbury_, _Lin. Soc. Trans._ _Vol._ 8. _p._ -303. - -Helleborus hyemalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _Vol._ 1. _p._ 3. - - Root tuberous--leaves radical, on long petioles, radiated, palmate, - lobes generally trifid--scape radical, one flowered--involucrum - sessile, lobed, becoming larger when the flower decays--corolla - yellow--petals six, or sometimes more, obovate, nectaries tubular, - stamens from twenty to thirty--anthers compressed--styles many. - - -The genus Eranthis, which was established by Salisbury, differs from -Helleborus in the number of its petals and stamens, the latter in -Eranthis are from twenty to thirty, in Helleborus, from thirty to -sixty; the seed in the former genus being in one series, the latter -in two series, the difference of habit, &c., altogether forming good -grounds for making them separate genera. This pretty species which -flowers about January is a native of France, Switzerland, and Austria, -and was cultivated in our gardens as long since as 1596;--it grows best -in a light loam mixed with bog, and is propagated by offsets. There is -another species Eranthis Siberica. - - Pl. 53. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 54._ _Erica carnea._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -ERICA carnea. - -_Flesh colored, early Flowering Heath._ - - -_Class and Order._--OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Erica carnea. _Jacquin's Flo. Austr._ _Vol._ 1. _tab._ 32. - -Erica carnea. _Loddige's Bot. Cab._ _p._ 1452. - -Erica herbacea. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 11. - - Root fibrous--stem branching upon the ground, leaves small, linear, - sessile--flowers pendulous, on very short peduncles--calyx four - segments, linear acute--corolla campanulate, pale pink, margin - four cleft--stamens eight fixed to the receptacle, anthers bifid, - projecting, dark purple--style declining, longer than the stamens. - - -This pretty little plant would be acceptable to us at any season of the -year, but is peculiarly so in the dreary one in which its beautiful -pink blossoms appear, frequently peeping above the snow. The flowers -are formed in the autumn, but do not come to maturity until the -following December or January, when (if planted in a bog border with a -south aspect) it will make a beautiful appearance for a length of time. -It is a native of the Alps and mountainous parts of Germany, and was -introduced into this country about the year 1763; the general method -of increasing this plant is by cuttings or layers,--there are other -species of hardy heaths which are well worth cultivating. The three -last mentioned are natives of Britain. - - E. Mediterranea. - -- ciliaris. - -- carnea var. - -- Australis. - -- tetralia. - -- vagans. - -- stricta. - - Pl. 54. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 55._ _Galanthus Nivalis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -GALANTHUS nivalis. - -_Common Snowdrop._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Galanthus nivalis. _English Bot._ _pl._ 19. - - Root bulbous.--Scape from three to five inches high, one flowered. - Leaves two, broadly linear, obtuse, glaucous green, sheathing the - lower part of the stem.--Flower drooping, bursting from a sheath, - lanceolate.--Corolla white, petals three, oblong, obtuse--nectaries - three emarginate, beautifully tipped with green--stamens six, anthers - subulate--style one, stigma simple. - - -This beautiful flower so well known, and so peculiarly interesting from -its modest simplicity, hardly requires a description of its treatment -or mode of growth. It is a native of England, having been found in -many places remote from cultivation, and will grow in any soil or -situation.--A double var. is frequently met with in our gardens, there -is also another species G. plicatus, a native of Caucasus. - - Pl. 55. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 9._ _Cyclamen Coum._ -_Drawn from nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -CYCLAMEN Coum. - -_Round leaved Cyclamen._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Cyclamen Coum. _Cur. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 4. - --- Cyclamen Coum. _Hor. Kew._ 1 _vol._ _p._ 311. - - Root bulbous, orbicular, compressed. Leaves radical, on rather long - purplish petioles, orbicular, cordate, upper side dark green, red - underneath--stem radical, three or four inches high, flower terminal, - drooping--calyx five segments acute--petals five, reflexed, ovate, - margins undulate, dark pink, marked with red at the base, which is - shaded off to a pure white, stamens five enclosed in the tube of the - corolla, style longer than the stamens, stigma acute. - - -This pretty plant which is one of the earliest of our Spring bulbs, -is a native of the south of Europe, and has been known since the year -1596, when it was cultivated by Mr. John Gerard. It is very hardy, -though generally treated as a green-house or frame plant, and if grown -in a sheltered situation in a mixture of bog earth, and rich loam, it -will flower abundantly, and make a beautiful appearance about February, -particularly if covered with a hand-glass to protect the flowers from -the inclemency of the weather. - -This plant is easily raised from seed, which is produced in abundance. -After the petals decay the germen becomes enlarged, and the foot stalk -enclosing it in the centre, twists in the form of a screw, until it -reaches the ground, when the seed-vessel bursts and deposits the seed, -a beautiful provision of nature for propagating the species--the seeds -thus sown, will require a little more soil, and the protection of a -hand-glass during the Winter, when if not destroyed by frost, the -plants will generally flower the following Summer--the other hardy -species are - - C. hederæfolium. - ---- var. - -- europæum. - - Pl. 9. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 10._ _Hyoscyamus Orientalis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -HYOSCYAMUS Orientalis. - -_Oriental Hyoscyamus._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Hyoscyamus Orientalis. _Beburstein Fl. Taur. Cauc._ _vol._ 1. _p._ -164. - --- Hyoscyamus Orientalis. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2414. - - Root tuberous--stem erect, growing to the height of one foot or - more--leaves on rather long petioles, broadly lanceolate, spreading, - margins undulate, of a dull green, strongly veined with red--under - side reddish in the young leaves--flowers thyrsiform--on short - pedicels--calyx campanulate, margin five cleft, segments acute, - tinged with purple--corolla lilac, funnel shaped, limb spreading, - five cleft--stamens five, inclined, shorter than the style--stigma - clavate--whole plant covered with a whitish pubescence which it nearly - loses in more advanced growth. - - -The genus Hyoscyamus is, perhaps, more remarkable for its medicinal -properties than for its beauty, though this species is certainly a -handsome plant and as yet rarely met with:--it is of later introduction -than Hyoscyamus Physaloides, which has a darker flower, the leaves -perfectly smooth, and the plant altogether is of smaller growth. H. -Orientalis is a native of Iberia, a country between the Black and -Caspian Seas, and was first introduced into this country from seeds -sent to Mr. John Hunneman, about the year 1821; it is perfectly hardy, -likes a rich soil, and may be increased by parting the roots or by -seed; flowers as early as March. There is only another species besides -the two mentioned, deserving of cultivation in a flower garden, which -is H. Scopoli. - - Pl. 10. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 11._ _Orobus Vernus._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -OROBUS Vernus. - -_Spring Orobus._ - - -_Class and Order._--DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. - -Syn. Orobus Vernus. _Car. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 521. - --- Orobus Vernus. _Hor. Kew._ _vol._ 3. _p._ 38. - - Root fibrous--stem erect, branching, one foot or more in - height--stipules large, sagittate, auriculate--leaves - pinnate--leaflets ovate, acute--peduncles long, axillary--pedicels - very short--calyx five cleft, base obtuse, tinted with red--flower - papilionaceous--vexillum pink, broadly ovate, margin undulate--alæ - blue, obtuse; carina white--stamens ten, united by their filaments - into two parcels, nine in one set, with a single one separate--style - one. - - -The Orobus vernus is a most valuable Spring flower, and is one of the -earliest of our herbaceous plants;--it is a native of the middle and -south of Europe, and was first introduced into this country about the -year 1629;--a light soil suits it best, though being very hardy it will -flourish in any situation, and considering the facility with which it -is cultivated, it is surprizing it is not more common;--it flowers in -March, and is increased by dividing the roots or by seed--some of the -most desirable species are - - O. niger. - -- varius. - -- lathyroides. - -- luteus. - albus. - tuberosus. - variegatus. - ochroleucus. - - Pl. 11. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 12._ _Uvularia Grandiflora._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -UVULARIA Grandiflora. - -_Large flowered Uvularia._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Uvularia Grandiflora. _Exotic Botany_, _Tab._ 51. - --- Uvularia Grandiflora. _Pursh Flo. N. A._ _Vol._ 1. _p._ 231. - --- Uvularia Grandiflora. _Hortus Kewensis_, 2. _Vol._ _p._ 247. - - Root tuberous--stem a foot or more in height, radical, erect, sheathed - at the base, branching towards the summit--petioles flexuose--leaves - perfoliate, broadly lanceolate, undulate--peduncles axillary--flowers - pendulous--calyx none--corolla yellow, petals six, linear, - tortuose--stamens six, filaments short--anthers oblong, linear--germen - obovate--style one, stigma divided into three parts--nectary a cavity - at the base of each petal. - - -The genus Uvularia is neither a numerous, nor a showy one, though the -species figured (which is the finest) is a very elegant plant, and if -placed in the front of a bog border, the soil of which is peculiarly -adapted to it, will add much to the beauty of the flower garden about -April. In 1802, Messrs. Lee and Kennedy received this species from -North America, and according to Pursh, it is found on shady hills in -fertile soils, and among the rocks from Canada to Carolina;--it is -perfectly hardy, and may be increased by parting the roots early in the -Autumn. - -The most interesting, are - - U. amplexifolia. - -- lanceolata. - -- perfoliata. - -- sessilifolia. - - Pl. 12. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 13._ _Gentiana Verna._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -GENTIANA verna. - -_Spring Gentian._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. - -Syn. Gentiana verna. _Eng. Bot._ _pl._ 493. - --- Gentiana verna. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 491. - - Root fibrous, creeping--stem procumbent, leafy,--leaves sessile, oval, - acute, opposite, clustered near the root--flowers terminal--calyx - five cleft, acute--corolla brilliant blue, monopetalous, tube long, - limb spreading, divided into five segments, obtuse, undulate, fringed - between the segments--stamens five, enclosed in the tube of the - corolla--style simple, stigmas two, so closely situated as to give the - appearance of a small white circle in the centre of the flower. - - -This beautiful little plant is well ascertained to be a native of -England and Ireland. According to English Botany, p. 49--it was first -gathered in Teesdale Forest, Durham, where it is still obtained for -the purposes of sale in London, and other places;--it is also a native -of the Alps of Switzerland, where we are told the large patches of it -produce a brilliant and striking effect:--it is perfectly hardy, but -requires a pure air, and succeeds best in bog-soil--from its low growth -and general habit, it is well adapted to ornament rock work, and from -the shelter there afforded, it will begin to flower as early as March, -and continue in beauty some time--it may be increased by parting the -roots early in the Autumn:--the Gentiana lutea, is celebrated for its -medicinal properties, and is a handsome herbaceous plant; the other -desirable species are - - G. crinita. - -- asclepedia. - -- saponaria. - -- alpina. - purpurea. - septemfida. - acaulis. - pneunomanthe. - - Pl. 13. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 14._ _Soldanella Clusii._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -SOLDANELLA Clusii. - -_Clusius's Soldanella._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Soldanella Clusii. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2163. - --- Soldanella montana? _Sweet's B. F. G._ _vol._ 1. _p._ 11. - - Root fibrous--leaves radical, on long petioles, orbicular, cordate, - slightly crenate, of a dark green, paler underneath--stem radical, - erect, three or four inches high--segments of the involucrum - linear--flowers terminal, drooping,--calyx five, segments linear, - spreading--corolla purple, monopetalous, campanulate, margin deeply - laciniated--stamens five, anthers two lobed--style very long, germen - inferior. - - -The beautiful genus Soldanella is peculiarly adapted to rock work, to -which it is a great ornament; the different species are all hardy, -but like many alpine plants, require shelter from severe frosts, as -a substitute for the snow of their native mountains; this species is -found on the mountains of Bohemia, and on the Austrian and Styrian -Alps, and was introduced into this country about the year 1816. -It grows best in a mixture of peat and sandy loam, and is readily -increased by seeds, or by parting the roots; the genus is by no means -common, perhaps, from their requiring a very pure air to grow them in -perfection; it is the safest plan to keep all alpine plants in a frame -during winter, or to cover them with _dry_ saw dust, over which may -be placed a hand-glass or garden-pot. This species is called after -Clusius a celebrated Botanist, it being (according to the Bot. Mag. p. -211.) first described and figured by him. There are two other beautiful -species, with smaller flowers, S. alpina, S. minima. - - Pl. 14. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 15._ _Viola Palmata._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -VIOLA palmata. - -_Palmate leaved Violet._ - - -_Class and Order._ PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Viola palmata. _Pursh Flo. N. A._ _vol._ i. _p._ 172. - --- Viola palmata. _Nuttall's Gen. N. A._ _vol._ i. _p._ 147. - - Root tuberous--leaves radical, on very long petioles, palmate, - lobes deeply dentate--peduncles one flowered, radical, tinged with - purple--calyx five segments linear acute--corolla blue lilac, paler - on the under side, petals five, broad, obtuse, pencilled at the base - with a darker shade, lower part of the middle petal terminating in a - spur--stamens five, anthers obtuse--style slender, stigma globose. - - -The genus Viola is a very numerous one, and can boast of many -ornamental species--endless varieties are constantly raised from seed, -chiefly of Viola tricolor, though these may at first vary, there is -little dependance to be placed on them, as they frequently return to -the original species; the number of distinct species, however, is very -considerable, amongst which is the one figured; a desirable plant -for the front of the borders where it will remain in beauty for a -long time--it is a native of North America, and according to the Bot. -Cab. p. 1471, grows on dry hills from New England to Virginia. Prof. -Nuttall says in his genera of North American plants, vol. i. p. 147, -"the genus Viola within its proper limits, is almost equally divided -betwixt Europe and the temperate parts of North America." This species -was first brought into this country in 1739, though still a scarce -plant in our gardens:--the Violas are all well adapted for rock work, -and flourish most in a light rich soil and shady situation. They may be -increased either by parting the roots, by cuttings, or by seeds; the -latter of which are produced in great abundance, and are dispersed by -the peculiar elasticity of the capsule, which as soon as its contents -are matured, ejects them with considerable force, sometimes to a great -distance. Some of the most beautiful species are - - V. pedata. - -- altaica. - -- hederacea. - -- lutea. - -- blanda. - -- uniflora. - -- odorata. - -- cornuta. - præmorsa. - flabelliflora. - primulifolia. - grandiflora. - lanceolata. - Nuttallii. - - Pl. 15. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 16._ _Trillium Grandiflorum._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -TRILLIUM Grandiflorum. - -_Large flowered Trillium._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. - -Syn. Trillium Grandiflorum. _Salisbury Par. Lon._ _pl._ 35. - --- Trillium Grandiflorum. _Hort. Kew._ _Vol._ 2. _p._ 329 - --- Trillium Grandiflorum. _Nuttall's gen. N. A._ _Vol._ 1. _p._ 239. - - Root tuberous, stem radical, simple, eight to ten inches high,--leaves - three, sessile, large, spreading, oval shaped, obtuse, margins - undulate--peduncle short--flower terminal, drooping--calyx three - segments, lanceolate, acute--corolla white--petals three, spreading, - ovate, obtuse, nerved--stamens six, filaments short, anthers oblong, - styles three, stigmas recurved. - - -This is the most desirable species of the genus and a very handsome -herbaceous plant, the beautiful white flowers forming a pleasing -contrast to the dark green leaves by which they are surrounded. It is a -native of Upper Canada, and according to Nuttall, is found generally in -umbrageous forests.--a peat soil, and shady situation are essential to -its favorable cultivation, and as these are afforded, the flower varies -accordingly in size--it is a plant of slow growth, not hearing frequent -removal, and is therefore not common, though it has been known in this -country since the year 1799--flowers about April, and is increased by -parting the roots. The other species are not particularly desirable, -except in extensive herbaceous collections. - - T. sessile. - -- cernuum. - erectum. - stylosum. - - Pl. 16. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 25._ _Salpiglossis picta._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -SALPIGLOSSIS Picta. - -_Painted Salpiglossis._ - - -_Class and Order._--DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. - -Syn. Salpiglossis Picta. _Sweets B. F. G._ _vol._ 3. _p._ 258. - - Root fibrous, stem erect, branching, lower leaves broadly lanceolate, - margins deeply serrate--cauline leaves sessile, linear, acute, - margins slightly undulate, becoming smaller as they approach the - flower--peduncles long, leafy, flowers terminal--calyx five segments, - acute--corolla beautifully pencilled with yellow and purple, funnel - shaped, tube long, limb spreading, five segments, emarginate--stamens - four, two long and two short--anthers large, yellow--style longer than - the stamens--stigma obtuse, whole plant villous. - - -The genus Salpiglossis is one of late introduction into this country, -none of the species being known here before the year 1826, when -seeds were sent from Chili by Mr. Cruikshanks to the Botanic Gardens -of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The species figured is perhaps the most -beautiful, and promises to be a great acquisition to our collection of -new herbaceous plants, it may be raised from seeds or cuttings, likes -a light soil, and a sheltered situation, and will continue in flower -for a considerable time. It has hitherto been treated chiefly as a -green-house plant, but it will grow much stronger, and the colours -finer, in the open border; it would, however, be desirable to keep some -plants in a green-house or frame during the winter, as it is doubtful -how it may bear the severe frosts. There are only two other species, - - S. straminea. - -- atro-purpurea. - - Pl. 25. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 26._ _Iris variegata._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -IRIS VARIEGATA. - -_Variegated Iris._ - - -_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Iris Variegata. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 16. - - Root tuberose, cespitose,--leaves radical, clasping the stem, - ensiform, nerved, unequal,--stem branched,--flower growing between two - membranous green bractes, ovate, lanceolate,--tube greenish,--corolla - six petals, three outer segments reflexed, oblong, obtuse, beautifully - striated, and fringed at the base with glandular hairs,--three inner - ones yellow, erect, margins undulate,--stamens three, filaments - adhering to the base of the reflexed petals, apex bifid,--anthers - oblong,--style slender,--stigma divided into three parts. - - -This species of Iris, though so long since introduced as the year -1597 is not frequently seen in our herbaceous collections. It is a -plant of low growth, sometimes not exceeding a foot in height, though -this varies according to the soil in which it is planted, a moist -situation increasing its luxuriance both in flower and foliage. It -is a native of Hungary, and is perfectly hardy, not requiring any -particular treatment, and may be increased by separating the roots in -Autumn,--flowers in May, and grows best in a stiff cold soil. This is a -very beautiful genus, and affords many ornamental species. - - I. pallida. - -- nipalensis. - -- ochroleuca. - -- flavecens. - -- verna. - -- cristata. - -- germanica. - -- aphylla. - dichotoma. - pumila. - xiphium. - xiphioides. - versicolor. - caucasica. - furcata. - tenax. - - Pl. 26. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 27._ _Delphinium grandiflorum._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -DELPHINIUM Grandiflorum. - -_Great flowered Larkspur._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA. - -Syn. Delphinium Grandiflorum. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1686. - - Root fibrous,--stem erect, much branched,--radical leaves on long - naked petioles, multipartite, segments narrow acute,--cauline leaves - sessile, verticillate, linear acute, on the lateral branches, - generally single,--lower flowers on very long peduncles--calyx - none--corolla very brilliant blue--outer petals five, ovate, - undulate, upper one terminated by a long rugose spur--nectaries two, - divided into four segments, the two lower ones marked with a bright - bearded yellow spot, enclosing the parts of fructification--stamens - numerous--styles three--capsules three celled. - - -The genus Delphinium is a beautiful and showy one, and contains almost -innumerable varieties, none, however, can exceed in beauty of colour -the species figured, which is a native of Siberia, and was introduced -into this country about the year 1741. It is a hardy plant, of the -easiest culture, not requiring any particular treatment, though -it grows best in a rich brown loam--if allowed to sow its seed, a -number of young plants will soon appear, which will flower the next -year; this mode, however, of propagating it, is by no means certain, -and therefore, in order to obtain it true, it is better to divide -the roots, which may be done in spring; numerous and very beautiful -varieties are constantly raised from seed. Amongst the most desirable -distinct species are - - D. Aconiti. - -- cheilanthum. - -- macranthon. - -- alpinum. - -- azureum. - pallidum. - pictum. - Menziesii. - montanum. - ucranicum. - - Pl. 27. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 28._ _Lilium concolor._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -LILIUM Concolor. - -_Self-coloured Chinese Lily._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Lilium Concolor. _Par. Lond._ _tab._ 47. - --- Lilium Concolor. _Curt. Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1165. - - Root bulbous, squamose--stem erect, leafy, two feet high or - more--leaves alternate, nerved, sessile, linear lanceolate--peduncles - axillary, one flowered--corolla bright scarlet, tube short--petals - six, lanceolate, recurved when the flower is fully expanded--stamens - six, shorter than the petals--filaments erect, anthers oblong, germen - green, style thick, as if composed of three parts, stigma trifid. - - -This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus Lilium. It is -rare, perhaps from the difficulty that attends its cultivation, the -bulbs being extremely liable to be lost in the winter from severe -frosts or damp; it is a native of China, and was introduced into this -country in the year 1806. A sheltered situation, and light rich soil, -mixed with bog, are necessary for it, and it is increased by off-sets, -which are produced in tolerable abundance. All the species of Lilium -are desirable for a flower garden. - - L. japonicum. - -- candidum. - -- bulbiferum. - -- aurantiacum. - -- Catesbœi. - -- philadelphicum. - -- canadense. - -- superbum. - -- chalcedonicum. - pyrenaicum. - pomponium. - carolinianum. - tigrinum. - pumilum. - longiflorum. - spectabile. - croceum. - prœcox. - - Pl. 28. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 29._ _Penstemon ovatus._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -PENSTEMON Ovatus. - -_Ovate-leaved Penstemon._ - - -_Class and Order._--DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. - -Syn. Penstemon ovatus. _Curt. Bot. Mag. N. S._ _pl._ 2903. - - Root fibrous, stem erect, two or three feet high--cauline leaves - sessile, amplexicaul at the base, cordate, margins dentate, becoming - smaller and entire as they approach the summit--radical leaves, - large, ovate, dentate, on long channelled petioles--flowers in - fascicles, which are axillary--calyx five segments, equal, lanceolate - acute--corolla bilabiate, tube purple, lip bright blue, upper lip - erect, divided into two segments, three lower reflexed--throat - hairy--stamens four, two long, and two short, curved--one barren - filament, with an acute claw at the base, apex hairy, style - recurved--leaves, when young, of a beautiful purple on the under side. - - -Great additions have lately been made to this genus, by Mr. Douglas, -who has discovered many new and valuable plants in North America, among -which is the species figured. According to the Bot. Mag. pl. 2903, N. -S. it was found by him "growing plentifully among the limestone rocks -on the high mountains about the grand rapids of the Columbia river, -at the distance of 140 miles from the ocean," and sent to the Hort. -Soc. in 1826; it likes a light loam and sheltered situation, and may -be increased by seeds or parting the roots. When well grown it is a -very beautiful and elegant plant, and a great acquisition to the flower -garden. As we are yet scarcely aware how it may bear the cold of our -winters, it will be desirable to protect it from severe frosts. The -genus can now boast of many new and beautiful species, - - P. speciosum. - -- glandulosum. - -- prunosum. - -- roseum. - -- pulchellum. - -- campanulatum. - -- confertum. - Richardsonii. - procerum. - glaucum. - venustum. - angustifolium. - digitalis. - - Pl. 29. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 30._ _Geum Quellyon._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -GEUM Quellyon. - -_Chili Avens._ - - -_Class and Order._--ICOSANDRIA POLYGNIA. - -Syn. Geum Quellyon. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _p._ 292. - --- Geum Coccinium. _Bot. Reg._ 1088. - - Root fibrous--radical leaves growing in a tuft, large, lobed, - lyrate, interruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet cordate, margin - dentate; side leaflets numerous, sessile, becoming smaller to the - base--cauline leaves sessile, pinnatifed--flowers stem radical, - erect, branching--stipules ovate, acute--peduncles leafy--flowers - terminal--calyx five segments, reflexed, acute--petals five, bright - scarlet, nearly round, emarginate, obtuse--stamens numerous--radiated - filaments inserted in the tube of the calyx, anthers yellow, styles - many, germen superior--whole plant hairy. - - -This beautiful plant is a very valuable acquisition to our flower -borders, from the brilliancy of its colour, and affording a continued -succession of flowers. Mr. Sweet, and some of the Continental Botanists -consider the specific name "Coccineum," which has been applied to it, -as confusing it with the plant known by that name in the "Flora Græca," -which, it is supposed, has never been introduced into this country, -it appears of much lower growth than the one now figured, with orange -flowers, and the terminal leaflet a great deal larger. The species -before us is a native of Chili, where it is called "Quellyon" by the -inhabitants, who use the root for medicinal purposes. It is a plant of -easy cultivation, growing in any common garden soil, and is readily -increased by seeds or parting the roots; introduced into this country -about the year 1826. There are only two other species worth attention -for the flower garden. - - G. montanum. - -- atlanticum. - - Pl. 30. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 31._ _Verbena chamædryfolia._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -VERBENA Chamædryfolia. - -_Scarlet flowered Vervain._ - - -_Class and Order._--DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERNIA. - -Syn. Verbena chamædryfolia. _Persoon's Syn._ _vol._ 2. _p._ 138. - --- Verbena chamædryfolia. _Sweet's B. F. G. 2d series_, _p._ 9. - --- Verbena melindres. _Bot. Reg._ _pl._ 1184. - - Root fibrous, stem prostrate, branching--leaves opposite, sessile, - oblong, ovate, margins deeply serrate, hairy on both sides--flowers - terminal, corymbose--calyx campanulate, five cleft--corolla very - bright crimson, tubular, limb spreading, five segments, obtuse - emarginate--throat white, hairy--stamens four, two long, two short, - inserted in the tube of the corolla--anthers two lobed, style one, - smooth, stigma bifid, germen smooth. - - -The unrivalled brilliancy of the colour of this beautiful species of -Verbena, renders it a most ornamental plant for the front of the flower -borders, and when grown in large patches it is almost impossible to -give an idea of the dazzling splendour of its appearance; it is a plant -of the easiest cultivation, and if allowed to grow according to its -natural habit, which is prostrate, it will propagate itself by the -radicles which are produced at the different joints, and by this means -will attach itself to the ground; the plants thus rooted may be removed -any time. A brown loamy soil, a good deal of moisture, and a sheltered -situation are necessary, and as it is doubtful how it may bear the -severity of our winters, it is the safest method to keep some plants in -a frame, during severe frosts, which will flower early in the ensuing -spring. It is a native of Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, and was introduced -into this country about 1827. There are only two other species worth -cultivating in the flower garden. - - V. aubletia. - -- pulchella. - - Pl. 31. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 32._ _Linum Narbonense._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -LINUM Narbonense. - -_Narbonne Flax._ - - -_Class and Order._--PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. - -Syn. Linum Narbonense. _Persoon's Syn._ _vol._ 1. _p._ 334. - - Root fibrous,--stem branching,--leaves sessile, alternate, - linear acute, smooth, glaucous,--flowers terminal on moderate - peduncles,--calyx five segments, linear acute,--corolla bright blue, - beautifully vein'd, with a darker shade,--petals five, obovate, - margins slightly undulate,--stamens five, anthers oblong, filaments - united at the base, surrounding the germen, which is crowned by five - thread-like styles. - - -This is perhaps the finest and most beautiful species of Linum, and -bears the largest flowers of any of the hardy kinds. It is a very -desirable garden plant, continuing long in bloom, and forming a -pleasing variety from its glaucous foilage. It is a native of Spain, -Italy, and the south of France, and was introduced into this country -about the year 1759; though we are not aware that any figure of it -has before been given. This species may be raised from seed, which -is produced in abundance; if sown in light rich soil, and protected -through the winter, the young plants will flower the following -summer, and attain the height of eighteen inches or two feet when -in perfection. It is very hardy--this genus does not afford many -ornamental species for a flower garden, the most desirable are, - - L. perenne. - -- alpina. - -- flavum. - - Pl. 32. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 41._ _Tigridia conchiflora._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -TIGRIDIA Conchiflora. - -_Yellow-flowered Tigridia._ - - -_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Tigridia Conchiflora. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _t._ 128. - - Root bulbous--stem radical, angular--leaves alternate, broadly - lanceolate, plicate, inflated at the base, dark green, two sheathing - spathes at the base of the corolla, ovate, lanceolate--corolla - bright orange, slightly tinted with a redder shade on the margin of - the petals, base spotted with dark crimson--petals six, three outer - petals broadly ovate, acute, base concave, three inner ones smaller, - panduriform--stamens three--filaments united--anthers oblong--style - longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts, each bifid. - - -This is one of the most splendid plants which has been introduced into -this country. It is a native of Mexico, and was brought thence by -Mr. Bullock, in 1824. On its first flowering here, it was considered -a variety only of T. pavonia, but upon careful examination they -appeared to be perfectly distinct. This is satisfactorily proved by -Mr. Sweet, in his B. F. G. p. 128. The bulbs may be planted early in -the spring in light sandy soil, and placed in a green-house or frame, -as it facilitates their flowering: when the weather permits, the roots -should be taken out of the pots and put into the open air, in a warm -sheltered situation, where they will make a brilliant appearance for a -considerable time--when they have done flowering, the roots require to -be taken up and kept dry during the winter. The only species with which -we are yet acquainted, besides the one figured, is T. pavonia. - - Pl. 41. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 42._ _Colchicum Byzantinum._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -COLCHICUM Byzantinum. - -_Broad-leaved Meadow Saffron._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. - -Syn. Colchicum byzantinum. _Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1122. - --- Colchicum byzantinum. _Sweet's Hort. Brit._ _p._ 539. - - Root bulbous, very large--scape radical, many flowered--corolla lilac - pink--tube long, petals six, ob-ovate, spreading, strongly nerved - at the back of each petal, tipped with a deeper color--stamens six, - three longer than the others--filaments inserted in the base of - the petals--anthers bright yellow--styles three, longer than the - stamens--leaves radical, very large, broadly lanceolate, plicate, - smooth, appearing after the flowers decay. - - -There cannot be a greater ornament to the flower garden in the autumnal -months than the C. byzantinum, which is the finest species of the -genus. We learn from the Bot. Mag. that, in 1598, bulbs of this plant -were received by Clusius, at Vienna, from Constantinople, but it was -not until 1629 that it was introduced into this country. It is a native -of the Levant, and is perfectly hardy, not requiring any particular -mode of treatment, except being planted in a light soil, mixed with -bog. The flowers appear about September, but the leaves, which are -the largest of any of the species, do not arrive at maturity until -the following spring. The C. autumnale is famed for its medicinal -properties. This is not a numerous genus; the most desirable species are - - C. crociflorum. - -- autumnale. - -- var. white. - -- variegatum. - - Pl. 42. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 43._ _Helianthus atrorubens._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -HELIANTHUS Atrorubens. - -_Dark-eyed Sunflower._ - - -_Class and Order._--SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANIA. - -Syn. Helianthus atrorubens. _Pursh Flo. N. A._ _vol._ 2, _p._ 573. - --- Helianthus atrorubens. _Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2668. - - Root fibrous--stem tall, erect, branching--radical leaves very large, - broadly lanceolate, margins dentate, nerved, of a dark green--cauline - leaves sessile, opposite, ovate lanceolate, dentate acute--calyx - many segments imbricate, acute--corolla dark bright yellow--radiated - florets, barren dentate--florets of the disk fertile--whole plant - rugose. - - -This is perhaps one of the most desirable species of the genus -Helianthus, from the brilliancy of the colour and its moderate growth. -It makes a striking appearance when planted at the back of the flower -borders, and will continue in beauty to a late period in the autumn. -According to Pursh it is found in the "western parts of Pennsylvania," -and was introduced into this country in 1732. It will grow well in any -good garden soil, and may be increased by parting the roots. There are -not many species of this genus suitable for a flower garden, as they -grow to such a large size, and take up so much room: the best are - - H. mollis. - -- multiflorus. - -- diffusus. - - Pl. 43. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 44._ _Lupinus mutabilis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -LUPINUS Mutabilis. - -_Changeable-flowered Lupin._ - - -_Class and Order._--DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. - -Syn. Lupinus mutabilis. _Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 2682. - --- Lupinus mutabilis. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _vol._ 2, _p._ 130. - - Root fibrous--stem suffruticose, branching, smooth--leaves on long - petioles, digitate; leaflets (generally nine) oblong, mucronate--spike - lateral--flowers verticillate, on short pedicels, white, changing to - a beautiful purple as decay approaches--calyx two segments; upper - segment erect, emarginate; lower one acute--vexillum nearly round, - sides reflexed, yellow at the base--alæ broad obtuse--carina acute, - enclosing the parts of fructification--stamens ten--filaments united - at the base, concealing the germen--style a little longer than the - stamens--stigma very small--legumen broad, margin deeply undulate, - containing generally three white smooth seeds. - - -The genus Lupinus is now become very interesting, from the numerous -fine species that have lately been introduced; none can exceed in -beauty the one here figured, which possesses a peculiar attraction from -its flowers being most beautiful when in a state of decay. According -to the Bot. Mag. p. 2682, it was "raised from seeds received by Mr. -Barclay, from Bogota, in Columbia, and communicated in flower in August -1826." There is no doubt it will soon be generally cultivated, as it -bears seeds in abundance, which may be sown in good rich soil in the -open ground, and the plants thus reared will flower abundantly during -the summer months, and continue in beauty till destroyed by frost. It -is yet uncertain whether this species be more than annual. Amongst the -finest of this genus are - - L. polyphyllus. - -- canaliculatus. - -- versicolor. - -- bicolor. - -- leucophyllus. - -- nootkatensis. - -- perennis. - -- lepidus. - - Pl. 44. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 45._ _Papaver nudicaule._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -PAPAVER Nudicaule. - -_Naked-stalked Poppy._ - - -_Class and Order._--POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Papaver nudicaule. _Hort. Kew._ _vol._ 3. _p._ 289. - --- Papaver nudicaule. _Bot. Mag._ _pl._ 1633. - - Root fibrous--leaves radical, clustered, on long channelled - petioles, pinnatifid, hairy--stem radical, naked, erect when - the flower expands, hairy--flower terminal--calyx two segments, - concave, deciduous--corolla very pale yellow--petals four spreading, - orbicular, margins crenate--stamens numerous, inserted into the - receptacle--anthers dark yellow--style cylindrical--stigma stellate. - - -Though this species of Papaver cannot boast of brilliancy of colour, it -is nevertheless a very lovely plant from its delicacy and simplicity; -and, from the continued succession of flowers, it will be found an -ornamental plant to our gardens. According to the Hort. Kew. p. 289, -"it is a native of Norway and Siberia, and was cultivated in 1730 by -Dr. James Sherard." Numerous beautiful varieties have been raised from -seed, which make a very gay appearance all through the summer and -autumn, until checked by frost: these are quite hardy, and will grow in -any light rich soil. The most ornamental species are - - P. bracteatum. - -- alpinum. - -- crocea. - rubro-aurantiacum. - orientale. - - Pl. 45. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 46._ _Gladiolus Cardinalis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -GLADIOLUS Cardinalis. - -_Superb Corn-flag._ - - -_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Gladiolus Cardinalis. _Bot. Mag._ _t._ 135. - - Root bulbous--leaves radical, embracing the stem at the base, - linear, lanceolate, striate--scape sometimes two feet in height, - drooping, many-flowered--calyx two sheath-like segments, lanceolate, - acute--corolla bright scarlet, monopetalous, campanulate, tube long, - limb six segments, irregular, oblong, ovate, margins undulate; three - smaller segments beautifully marked with a white stripe on the centre - of each--stamens three--filaments long, inserted in the tube of the - corolla--anthers oblong--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided - into three parts. - - -It is almost impossible to give an adequate representation of the -brilliant colour of this beautiful species of Gladiolus, which was -introduced into this country from Holland, about the year 1789, by the -gardener to the King of Naples: though generally considered a tender -plant, it will be found to grow well out of doors, in a southern aspect -and sheltered situation, only requiring protection in the winter to -keep the roots from severe frosts. Many of the bulbs from the Cape of -Good Hope, of which place this is a native, may be grown well with care -and attention in the open air, and make a beautiful addition to the -flower garden in the summer months. The bulbs should be planted six or -eight inches deep in a rich sandy soil, in a south aspect, where they -will grow strong and flower freely. The hardiest species are - - G. tristis. - -- byzantinus. - -- communis. - -- carneus. - -- segetum. - - Pl. 46. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 47._ _Commelina cœlestis._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -COMMELINA Cœlestis. - -_Sky-blue Commelina._ - - -_Class and Order._--TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Commelina Cœlestis. _Sweet's B. F. G._ _t._ 3. - --- Commelina Cœlestis. _Rœmer et Schultz, sys. veg. v._ 1. _p._ 533. - --- Commelina Cœlestis. _Wild Enumer_, _vol._ 1. _p._ 61. - - Root tuberous, fasciculated, fusiform--stem erect, branching--leaves - smooth, ovate, lanceolate, striate, margins undulate, base concave, - sheathing the stem, fringed on one side with a line of hairs--peduncle - pubescent--flower terminal--involucrum cordate, acute, enclosing two - or more flowers--pedicel smooth, very short--calyx three segments, - alternate with the petals--corolla bright blue--petals three, - equal, ovate, margins undulate--nectaries three, erect--stamens - three--filaments recurved--anthers sagittate--style longer than the - stamens--stigma very small. - - -Though this plant is frequently confused with C. tuberosa it is -proved to be decidedly distinct, Mr. Sweet having obligingly informed -the author that he has carefully compared the two species, and thus -confirmed the opinions of Rœmer et Schultz, and other botanists on -the Continent, where the distinction is now generally adopted. This -species, which has a larger and lighter coloured flower, longer and -narrower leaves, than C. tuberosa, is a native of Mexico, and was -introduced into this country in 1813: it has been generally treated -as a green-house plant, but it will grow perfectly well in the open -air, though from the fleshy nature of the roots it is necessary to -take them up in winter, and treat them in the same manner as Dahlias. -C. crassifolia is the only species besides the two above mentioned, -suitable for the flower garden. - - Pl. 47. - - - - -[Illustration: _Plate 48._ _Sternbergia lutea._ -_Drawn from Nature by M.R._ _Engraved by R. Havell Jun^{r.}_] - - -STERNBERGIA Lutea. - -_Yellow Sternbergia._ - - -_Class and Order._--HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - -Syn. Sternbergia Lutea. _Sweet's Hort. Brit._ _p._ 505. - --- Amaryllis Lutea. _Bot. Mag._ _t._ 290. - - Root bulbous--leaves radical, broadly linear, channelled, obtuse, dark - green, lighter underneath--scape one-flowered, seven or eight inches - high--spathe ovate, lanceolate--corolla yellow--six petals, oblong, - obtuse, margin entire--stamens six--filaments inserted at the base of - the petals--anthers oblong--style one--stigma very small--germen large. - - -This plant, formerly known as Amaryllis lutea, is a native of the South -of Europe, and various parts of the East. Though introduced into this -country as early as 1596, it is by no means common. When planted in the -front of the borders it is very ornamental, particularly when exposed -to a bright sun, which causes the flowers to expand. It has acquired -a more interesting character, from the supposition entertained by the -late Sir J. E. Smith, that it may possibly be the Lily of Scripture, to -which we find such beautiful allusions in the Sacred writings. Sir J. -E. S. observes, "It is natural to presume the Divine Teacher, according -to his usual custom, called the attention of his hearers to some -object at hand; and, as the fields of the Levant are overrun with the -Amaryllis lutea, whose golden liliaceous flowers in Autumn afford one -of the most brilliant and gorgeous objects in nature, the expression of -'Solomon, in all his glory, not being arrayed like one of these,' is -peculiarly appropriate." It is a plant of easy cultivation, perfectly -hardy, and will grow in any good garden soil. At present there are few -species of this genus. - - S. colchiciflora. - -- Clusiana. - - Pl. 48. - - - - - Transcriber's Notes: - - Italics are shown thus: _sloping_. - - Small capitals have been capitalised. - - Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained. - - Punctuation has been retained as published. - - The order of the plates are as presented in the original publication. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLORAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE -SEASONS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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