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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Picturesque Spain, by Kurt Hielscher
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
+have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
+this eBook.
+
+Title: Picturesque Spain
+       Architecture, landscape, life of the people.
+
+Author: Kurt Hielscher
+
+Release Date: Mar 30, 2021 [eBook #64959]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+             http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+             available at The Internet Archive)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PICTURESQUE SPAIN ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                           PICTURESQUE SPAIN
+
+
+
+
+                           PICTURESQUE SPAIN
+
+                       ARCHITECTURE * LANDSCAPE
+                          LIFE OF THE PEOPLE
+
+                                  BY
+                             K. HIELSCHER
+
+
+                          T. FISHER UNWIN LTD
+                      LONDON : : ADELPHI TERRACE
+
+
+
+
+                         MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED
+                                  TO
+                    HIS MAJESTY KING ALFONSO XIII.
+                                  OF
+                                 SPAIN
+
+
+Spain is one great open-air museum containing the cultural wealth of the
+most varied epochs and peoples. On the walls of the Altamira cave is
+blazoned that much admired steer painted thousands of years ago by men
+of the Ice Age. In Barcelona stand the fantastic buildings of
+neo-Castilian present-day art. Celts, Iberians, Romans, Carthaginians,
+Moors and Goths have fought and struggled for supremacy in Spain. Of all
+this the stones tell us to-day. They are the chronicles. They relate of
+bitter strife; of the culture and art aspirations belonging to times
+gone by. Much has vanished into dust and ruin. That which has survived
+time’s fretting tooth serves as a giant bridge to lead us back to the
+past.
+
+Fate was kind enough to let me spend five years in Spain. Caught there
+by the war while engaged in studies, I was cut off from home. I made use
+of my involuntary stay to become acquainted with the country in its
+furthermost corners. I roved to and fro from the pinnacles of the
+Pyrenees to the shores of Tarifa, from the palm forest of Elché to the
+forgotten Hurdes inhabitants of Estremadura.
+
+On all my lonely wanderings I was accompanied by my faithful camera: we
+covered over 45000 kilometres together in Spain. We kept our eyes open
+diligently. I say we, for in addition to mine was a precious glass eye
+in the shape of the Zeiss lens. Whereas my eyes only made me the
+intellectual recipient of what we saw, that of my travelling companion
+made it a pictorial permanency. I took over 2000 photographs during our
+peregrinations. This volume only presents a small selection. It was not
+easy to make the final choice. Many a picture had to be omitted to which
+I was attached, either for its peculiarity or its character.
+
+I went at no one’s instigation through Spain but that of my own in
+search of the beautiful. I was not guided by any constraining
+professional principles. Beautiful art treasures, geographical
+peculiarities, enchanting landscapes, interesting customs that attracted
+my attention were retained by my camera. I followed the same lines in
+making my selections for publication.
+
+I entitle this volume “Picturesque Spain". Much will be unknown to many.
+I begin however with a spot famous throughout the world.--And yet I was
+bound to. Like the pilgrim who is drawn to the fabled Fontana Trevi once
+he has drunk of its waters, so too was I drawn again and again to
+Granada in my wanderings. I believe too that I have succeeded in
+presenting the Alhambra from one or two different points of view. Who
+indeed could exhaust this well of beauty?
+
+Nor could I pass heedlessly by Cordoba, Seville and Toledo, for these
+towns are starting points.--Finger-posts to unknown Spain. Without these
+monuments of ancient times, those parts of Spain situate far from the
+high-roads remain an almost insolvable riddle.
+
+My pictures must speak for me. Those who know how to ask them will find
+that they tell much. For this reason I shall limit myself to but a few
+initiatory words. They serve to connect the known with the unknown; to
+throw light on the paths along which I journeyed in Spain.
+
+=Granada!= Thy name is music; a joyous chord of beauty! To pass the spring
+within thy gateways is to walk the heights of life.
+
+Spring has cast a shower of blossoms over the town and woven a delicate
+green carpet around the Alhambra. How many many centuries has it not
+worshipped thus yearly at the feet of the castle? Long ago passionate
+Moorish women decorated their raven hair there with rosy almond
+blossoms.--It is long since that the glory of those days has departed.
+Perhaps this is why the castle walls look down so sadly at the beauty of
+this blissful vernal soil.
+
+Bidding defiance in the grandeur of their strength the towers of the
+Alhambra arise. Their fiery red lights skywards like the flames on giant
+altars.[A]
+
+Is it possible that these massive cyclopean walls should hide a
+fairy-land?
+
+Impatiently we climb the castle mount. Reaching an old stone gateway
+ornamented with pomegranates, the noise of the streets is left behind as
+we enter a yew grove whose ancient giant stems are ivy-grown; blue
+myrtle covers the ground, the lights gleam golden through the foliage,
+the wind murmurs among the branches, nightingales sing in the boscage,
+swallows dart twittering over the tree tops, water hurries babbling down
+the hilly slope.
+
+All this seems like a miracle in Spain so poor in forests. It is as
+though another world had opened its gates.
+
+The great Gate of Judgment is passed, and an inconspicuous door leads to
+the Court of the Myrtles. Here one feels surrounded by the spirit of the
+Orient. Delicate jasper and alabaster columns support the airy arches
+which are swung like lace veils from arcade to arcade. The emerald-green
+waters of the fountain gaze dreamily skywards and at all the bright
+beauty of the scene.
+
+Then there is the Court of the Lions, subject of so many songs, with the
+filigreed architecture of its covered walks. Enchanting in its delicate
+tracery and beauty, it is a fairy-tale, a poem in stone, infinitely
+rhythmic with music. And indeed, music is the only language that can
+render such beauty.
+
+The magnificent halls are full of a wealth of ornamentation. The walls
+are rainbow-like with the colours of Persian carpets and Cashmere
+shawls. Arabic inscriptions are scrolled along these labyrynths of
+colour, praising in exalted words the mystic beauty of the halls. One
+runs joyously: “God has filled me with such a plentitude of beauty that
+even the stars stay in their course enchanted to gaze on me."
+
+Once beautiful sultanas looked out from the “Seat of Admiration" (as the
+Arabs called that jewel of the Alhambra, the Mirador de Daraca,) into
+the pretty garden filled with the heavy scent of roses, jasmines and
+oleanders. A swaying mass of tangled climbing plants are festooned from
+laurel to cypress, and from cypress to orange-tree. In the middle there
+is a marvellously delicate fountain basin from the edges of which the
+water slides and drips with tuneful sound as if it fain would tell of
+long forgotten beauteous days.
+
+We leave the glittering fairy-palace full of memories of the Arabian
+Nights, and our lips whisper the wish of the Arabic poem writ over a
+little niche:
+
+    “May Heaven’s blessings rest upon these castle halls
+     As long as pilgrims wend their way to Mecca’s walls!"
+
+Nay, as long as clouds sail the skies, and seekers after beauty rove on
+earth!
+
+This is the mood one is in when climbing further up the mountain to the
+Moorish summer palace, the Generalife.
+
+We are met, as it were, and shown the way by a double row of slim
+black-green cypress--dark trees of silence.
+
+The Generalife is enthroned far up on the heights, and embedded in
+terrace-shaped gardens.
+
+The gardens! In them nature has enfolded all her abounding wealth of
+colour. Crimson-ramblers, wistarias, vines and ivy smother the walls.
+Mangolias, oleanders, almond trees, laurels, cypresses, araucarias,
+olive trees, agaves, palms and mimosa vie with one another for
+precedence. Flaming pomegranate blossoms, blood-red roses, violet
+mallows, blue fleurs-de-lis, white jasmine, yellow narcissi, and golden
+oranges in dark green foliage are a riot of colour. Ball shaped myrtles
+surround the little fountain, listening to the babbling of its silver
+waters, and in the twigs the song of birds greeting nature in her
+holiday garments.
+
+Wondrous peace broods o’er this land. Through trees and halls and wall
+arches there is a magnificent view of the Alhambra and the
+multi-coloured houses of the town at its feet, and further on to the
+picturesque Albaicin, and over cactus-grown Sacromonte with its gypsy
+cave-dwellings, and still further to the snow-capped Sierra Nevada.
+Another glance shows the fertile plains of the Vega through which the
+clear waters of the Genil flow.
+
+However full of radiant happiness the day may have been, it is outshone
+by the sinking sun casting a golden halo over the country-side. The
+walls of the Alhambra, once so fiercely fought for, stand forth as
+though dipped in blood. The distant mountains glitter golden-bronze, and
+the snowy sides of the Sierra Nevada scintillate in flames. Slowly the
+fair fires die down, and a chill spectral white falls upon the snow
+summits. The eventide is there and with it the stars.
+
+The Spaniards have coined a proud sentence: “Quien no ha visto Granada,
+no ha visto nada!" He who has not seen Granada has seen nought! And I
+should like to add: He who has seen Granada and the Alhambra on sunny
+spring days, bears with him a talisman to ward off sorrows in dull days,
+and can never be completely unhappy again in life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The =Mosque, Cordova=. A nation set forth to convert the world to its
+faith. Its battle-cry in this holy war was Allah! Victory after victory
+was gained, till finally the triumphal march of fanaticism was stopped
+by the opposing faith of its religious adversaries. The waves receded,
+and the Cross triumphed over the Crescent. This struggle of two faiths
+and two continents left indelible marks on the fields of battle.
+
+These wars had been carried on in the name of God. Sacred edifices were
+erected to the victor. On the ruins of the mosque arose the most
+beautiful cathedral in the world as token of victory. Spain never would
+have received the impress she bears to-day without those bitter
+religious wars.
+
+Cordova was the jewel among Moorish occidental towns, destined to
+outshine the sister cities Damascus and Bagdad in the far Orient. It was
+here that all the wealth and pomp of Moorish domination was displayed.
+Cordova’s population exceeded a million souls. It was the seat of Arabic
+art and profound learning; the centre of religious life. The muezzin
+called the faithful to prayers from 3000 minarets. Cordova became a new
+Mecca which drew crowds of pilgrims from the East to the West.
+
+What has now become of this metropolis? A shadow! Wandering through
+narrow streets of the town one seems to be in Cordova of a thousand
+years ago. The old cobbled pavements are probably the same, the houses
+too, behind whose trellised windows the harem was hidden. The old
+crooked, narrow and confused mass of streets are still there. Once in a
+while a palm is seen leaning over white walls across the street; open
+doors offer views into pleasant court-yards.
+
+The Mezquita, the Mosque, stands like a dark rock surrounded by the
+white trembling light of the sea of houses.
+
+A wonderful gateway leads to the Orange Court. The fruit and flowers of
+these trees perfume the air with incense. High up, backed by the blue
+sky, the palm trees are waving in the wind. Fountains are plashing. Once
+they served to refresh burnoosed dusty and foot-sore pilgrims come from
+afar to serve their God here. The faithful bathed in these fountains
+before purifying their souls in Allah’s house.--Now the fountains are
+perpetually surrounded by the town maidens who come to fetch a cooling
+draught in their finely curved earthenware jugs.
+
+The impression on entering the forest of columns that support the mosque
+is both unexpected and overpowering. Is this not a petrified palm wood?
+And does not this stony grove incorporate the conception of infinity?
+There is a mystic dusk among these columns that lends to them an endless
+space of silence and eternity: the symbol of belief.
+
+It is to the credit of the victorious Christians that they did not cool
+their religious ardour by destroying this Islamitic place of worship. It
+is extremely regrettable that their descendants have treated this
+monument of Mohammedan culture with such carelessness.
+
+The mosque became a Christian church. Where once the cry of “Allah illah
+Allah!" echoed thousandfold, “Praise be the Lord!" is now sung. The
+first deed was to erect altars in the door-niches. Then seventy pillars
+were laid low, and a choir with the High-Altar erected in their stead: a
+church within a church. Charles V. was reluctant to give his permission
+for these alterations. When he came to Cordova and saw what had been
+done, he exclaimed in perturbation: “What you are building can be seen
+anywhere. You have destroyed what was unique in the world."[B]
+
+Untouched in its pristine beauty, hidden in semi-darkness, not far from
+the Holy of Holies of the Christian church, stands the Holy of Holies of
+the mosque, the Mihrab or prayer-niche in which the Koran was kept. It
+is a jewel of Moorish art. Whereas the rest of the mosque columns are
+connected by double horse-shoe arches, banded in red and white, here the
+beautifully chased dentated arches rise straight to the lovely curved
+dome. The niche socle is white marble of lace-like texture above which a
+profusion of colours glow: blood-red, rust brown, dark blue violet
+interwoven with a sublime sheen of gold. Perhaps the mosaic walls and
+lettered scrolls upon them have in some mystical manner caught the light
+of the thousand swinging lamps that once had cast their soft rays
+through the dim shades of space. For six long centuries all these
+glowing colours were hidden. Before Cordova was surrendered to the
+Christians the sanctuary was walled up. It was only discovered in 1815.
+
+We pass entranced along the colonnaded aisles, enthraled by the wondrous
+beauty of this miracle in stone. It is like awakening from a fantastic
+dream to set foot again in the blinding sun of the silent town that has
+become the shrine of one of the most precious jewels in the world
+(50-60).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Moorish scenes far from the beaten track=: A burning hot day in
+August.--The air trembles in the heat over the olive trees. The day
+hangs heavy in the blue vault of heaven. I had been wandering for long
+long hours, when all of a sudden my eyes were caught by a fata morgana:
+wafted perhaps from the coast of Morocco? No, it was no mirage.
+Impossible! Yet it did not disappear as I approached. Strange indeed was
+the scene: houses scattered like dice over a mountain (91).
+
+A timid lad of whom I asked the name of the spot, slunk shyly past me.
+My map was of no assistance to me. At last I was informed that I had
+arrived at “la muy noble y bel ciudad Mochagar, llave y amparo del reino
+de Granada". “What," I asked “this hamlet still calls itself the key and
+guardian of the kingdom of Granada? But that kingdom was destroyed half
+a thousand years ago when the Moors were driven from Granada."
+
+A miracle must have happened here that time should have remained
+stationary. Here was the pure Moorish impress. Most of the houses are
+windowless. The flat roofs are sometimes the road to the higher houses,
+and always their foot-stool. And although the water of baptism has
+wetted the women’s hair, they pass veiled in the Moorish fashion along
+the streets. With tucked up skirts and naked legs they step lightly
+along the steep alleys, returning from the fountains with water
+amphorae. They eye the foreign trespasser suspiciously and curiously.
+And when I requested the veiled women to let me take their photographs
+they stared at me, for they had never even seen a camera. I showed them
+a picture, and explained that I wanted to have theirs too. They refused.
+Finally one girl agreed. But an old scold hurried up and beat her for
+her frowardness: throwing herself away like that! In this Christian
+country I found shamefacedness and adherence to the laws of Mohammed.
+Let no mortal body serve as an image!
+
+An old man with whom I spoke about this incident told me that if a girl
+no longer veiled her face, but hid her legs, there was not much left to
+spoil about her.
+
+But I was determined that I would not leave without a picture of one of
+the veiled beauties. At last I succeeded, with the consent of the mother
+of one of the girls. The eye of my camera winked slyly when I took my
+snap-shot. In thanking the girl, I held out my hand, but she seemed
+quite taken aback, and hid her hands behind her. I pressed her to shake
+hands. I should not do her any harm. But her mother apologized for her
+saying: “No, she doesn’t mean to be rude, but it is not the custom in
+our country for a girl to let a man touch her hand before marriage."
+Perhaps this little incident explains the once much-used expression
+employed by wooers “will you give me your daughter’s hand?" (90)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=The Palm Forest of Elché= (100-103). The only palm forest in Europe. It
+numbers more than 115000 trees, and is also a Moorish heritage. They
+caused the water to flow to this spot from a distance of 5 kilometres in
+order to create an oasis here in the desert--for the district is to-day
+little else. Palms must grow with their roots in the water and their
+crowns in the glaring sun. For years no rain has fallen on this spot.
+
+The view is strange from the church-tower down on white houses over
+which the palm tops are spread like a canopy. Beyond the palm forest the
+grey-yellow desert plain surrounds this isle of peace. In the far
+distance the blue ocean sleeps in proud majesty. Death and life are here
+in close juxtaposition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Easter in Seville.= The train is rushing southwards over the arid
+Castillian high plateaux, which in summer are as empty as a beggar’s
+palm. The bare treeless Mancha has put on its modest spring garment
+which now shows in the distance like delicate green velvet. A
+short-lived joy! In but a few weeks the scorched ground will again be
+covered with a yellowish-gray pall.
+
+At present the fresh breeze comes down from the mountains of the Sierra
+de Guadarrama. Scarcely, however, has the train wound its way through
+the wild cañons of the Sierra Modena, when spring opens wide her gate. A
+warm damp hot-house atmosphere is wafted into the carriage windows.
+
+We are soon surrounded by meadows that are like a great flower-garden in
+which the blood-red poppy and golden-yellow primrose struggle for
+supremacy. Once in a while a village is seen dreaming like Sleeping
+Beauty among the flower groves. For a long stretch agaves and cacti
+fringe the track. Finally Seville sends forth her messengers in the
+shape of blossoming rose-gardens and orange groves laden with their ripe
+golden fruit. An ancient mangolia stretches a rosy blossom branch
+towards us, lingering on in its old age in this scene so full of
+yearning life. Tall slim palms nod to us, and yet new children of Flora
+crowd upon us to bring us Seville and spring’s friendly welcome.
+
+Heedlessly the train clatters past all this beauty towards the white
+maze of Seville’s houses, above which towers that beautiful emblem of
+the town, the Giralda. At last the engine snorts noisily into the
+station.
+
+But how different is everything to-day in front of the station. No
+yelling hotel porters, no carriages awaiting the passengers, no
+electric-car with clanging bell, no hooting of motor-cars.--The square
+is lifeless at this early afternoon hour. It is the “Semana santa",
+Passion-week, that has cast this almost oppressive spell of silence over
+the great city. Even the brazen voices of the church-bells are muffled,
+as though that had gone into sacred mourning. The wooden banging of the
+Matraca calls hoarsely to prayers with dry and unmelodious voice.
+
+The further you penetrate into the town, the more the sacred holiday
+stillness is ousted. All Seville is crowding, chattering and laughing to
+the Cathedral to see the procession. At last you have to stop. There is
+no getting through the impenetrable human wall. It is a strange
+procession that is passing by, as though conjured up from the Middle
+Ages. Huddled figures stalk past slowly and stiffly. They appear like
+spectres. Old pictures of witches and inquisitionary trials are recalled
+to my mind, for nowhere else have I ever seen such terrifying
+apparitions; never in life. Black cowls are wrapped around their bodies,
+and on their head are huge black conical hats a yard high. Long sable
+cloths, in which only two eyelets are pierced, are suspended over their
+faces down to their waists. A corded rope is wound round the penitential
+garments. The hands of the apparitions clasp rough wooden crosses, or
+metal staves, as tall as themselves. These figures march in front of a
+portable dais on which a life-like statue of the Virgin Mary is
+enthroned clad in magnificent garments thickly encrusted with gold.--The
+procession stops. The dais is lowered. A young woman steps from the
+crowd, turns her eyes to the Queen of Heaven and sings her praise.
+
+When the twenty or thirty bearers who carry the heavy dais on their
+shoulders, and who are hidden by drapery suspended round the frame, have
+rested enough, the signal to start is given by knocking on the front of
+the dais. A jerk, and the procession moves on a few paces. One religious
+body of brethren follows on the heels of the other. Each of them wear
+their own distinctive multi-coloured badges. Some have a blue pointed
+hat, others white, brown, violet or other coloured garments. Next to a
+father his ten-year old son in the same vestments is often seen, as well
+as the miniature penitent of fifteen in the procession.
+
+The various brotherhoods are filled with an ardent ambition to outdo the
+others in the magnificence of their Pasos as the daises are called. The
+whole story of the Passion from Gethsemane to the burial of our Lord, is
+shown on them as they pass before our eyes.--Of course the clergy in
+full canonicals, as well as the town and state officials are also
+represented in the procession. At intervals, groups of Roman legionaries
+of Christ’s day appear, then angels, and St. Veronica carrying the
+kerchief. Interspersed bands bray and flourish the same march without
+cess.
+
+Each brotherhood in the procession is cerimoniously received by the
+chief authority of the town in Constitution Square which looks like a
+huge theatre auditorium. It is filled with rows of chairs of which not a
+single one is empty. The surrounding balconies are a sea of heads.
+
+Hour by hour passes. Night falls. And now hundreds of wax-candles blaze
+forth on the daises, and each penitent carries a gigantic taper in his
+hand. Thus this endless and mysterious procession of lights moves on to
+the cathedral, passes through its magnificent nave, and out again
+through the other doors into the streets.
+
+The cathedral has opened its treasure-house for the “Semana santa" and
+displayed all its pomp. The candles of the gigantic bronze candelabrum
+(the renowned Tenebrario) as well as on the altar the sacred wax-candle
+weighing several hundredweight. A huge sepulchre has been erected to the
+glory of Christ, in which the Holy of Holies is kept during Passion
+week. Hundreds of lamps and candles illuminate the golden-white
+four-storey edifice, which is over 30 metres high, and flooded with a
+wondrous glowing halo.
+
+The celebrated miserere of Eslava is performed in the cathedral on the
+night of Good Friday. But, alas! it is impossible to enjoy the sacred
+tunes owing to the general noisy inattention around. Weary forms are
+sitting on the steps of the chapels and around the grave of Columbus.
+Here a mother is suckling her infant, there an animate heap of rags is
+wrapt in sleep, and all the while there is a continual pushing and
+elbowing to get to the front.
+
+However we must not judge of all this in the light of serious northern
+church festivals. This would only lead us to drawing both severe and
+wrong conclusions. Perhaps this manner may be an historical development.
+Has not our Teutonic Christianity also wedded itself to much that is
+ancient heathenism? For instance Christmas and the winter solstice
+festival. Much that is Moorish obtains in Spain to this day. Perhaps
+even--unconsciously--the conception of the purpose of a place of
+worship. Was not the mosque often enough a secular place of meeting for
+the Moslems, and at the same time a university? However, enough of
+conjectures. It is a fact that the worship of the Lord and the Virgin
+Mary is for the Spaniard a service of love. Whether the occasion be
+Trinity or Passion week, it is one of joyful praise of Heaven.
+
+I shall always remember one quiet hour permeated with the holy spirit of
+Easter among these joyful and yet pious Easter days.--I had mounted the
+Giralda, that jewel of erstwhile Moorish minaret architecture, the
+cathedral tower. At my feet lay the white sea of houses. The town was
+bathed in sunshine. The beautiful blue dome of heaven spread its mighty
+arch over the holiday-making land as though protecting and blessing it.
+The faint music of the mass far below was wafted up to me, when suddenly
+a booming vibration filled the air, and all the tower bells, which had
+been silent so long, peeled out across the sunlit country: Christ is
+arisen! The sister bells of all the other towers echoed the message
+across the spring clad country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=The Patio= (40, 42-49). It is a favourite expression to call Seville the
+town of bright court-yards. Those court-yards which light and fill the
+house with sunshine. The Sevillian house, or rather the Andalusian
+house, is not a building such as our houses, fronting on the street, but
+one that fronts to an inner court, turning its back on the street. The
+outsides of the houses are bare of ornament, almost windowless; a secret
+to the passer-by. All their beauty is displayed yardwards. There wealth
+obtains in all its pomp, and poverty unfolds its modest ornaments. The
+narrow passage--the Zaguan--leading from the street to the court is
+closed by a railed gate. The gallery--to which access is gained by steps
+leading from the court--is supported by columns. The rooms of the upper
+stories lead to the gallery. To cool the air there is a fountain in the
+middle of the court surrounded by palms, araucarias, laurels,
+orange-trees, oleanders and flowers in pots. The walls are covered with
+multi-coloured tiles. Against them brightly up-holstered furniture,
+chairs, and sometimes even a piano; the inevitable guitar is in a
+corner. Climbing plants festoon the court.
+
+Practically this is the centre of the whole family life. Friends are
+received here, hours passed in argument, singing, music and
+dancing--whether in company or alone, dreaming away the hours, listening
+to the plashing of the fountain, it is in the court--the soul of the
+house--that most time is spent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is nothing commonplace about Spanish houses. They still retain
+their peculiarity impressed on them by the patina of age. Many have
+tumbled down under the burden of years. Many are dead; but they “died in
+beauty". The period of their prosperity still lingers on in the churches
+and ornate façades of deserted squares.
+
+Toledo is the most Spanish of towns. It was once the heart of the
+country, pulsating with the great rhythm of epic history. But its heart
+no longer beats.
+
+Resting on steep granite hills above the deep Tajo valley stands the
+yellow-grey heap of houses as though rooted in the rocks. Two gigantic
+bridges span the river. Narrow alleys lead up hill and down dale;
+many-cornered and dark. The whole town seems in a fighting mood. Huge
+gateways and towers, the houses fort-like, the doors studded with heavy
+nails. Indeed, there is hardly a town that has seen so many battles
+rounds its walls. Spain’s history has passed over it with heavy steps.
+And to-day? Rent walls, ruin and silence: the town the accumulated
+wreckage of a thousand years (139-148).
+
+Segovia, Toledo’s sister city is situated similarly on rocks arising
+abruptly from the plain. It is dominated by a great cathedral tower, and
+guarded by the well-proportioned Alcazar which stands forth like a fairy
+castle. A miraculous building, erected one would say to brave eternity
+in the days when Christ was born. But otherwise Segovia is different to
+Toledo. It is the Nuremberg of Spain, gay in its leafy setting
+(157-164).
+
+There are other brave old companions-in-arms of these two veterans,
+dating from ancient war days: circumvallated Avila (165-169), Cuenca and
+Albarracin with their swallow-nest houses clinging to lofty crags (120,
+121, 192-194), Daroca protected by two mountains over which the whole of
+the battlemented walls have climbed (195-197), Alquezar in the Pyrenees,
+the northern outpost of the Moors in Spain (210-212), Sigüenza, Jerica,
+Trujillo, Caceres, Niebla, Carmona, Martos, Antequera, and many bold
+castillos.
+
+Ronda is the most boldly situated town lying on a high plateau encircled
+by a wide mountain arena (62, 63). Running through the rocky plateau is
+a huge crevice which looks as though it had been split in rage by the
+mighty fists of giants.
+
+The streams thunder down in all their wild force over the boulders,
+hammer threateningly against the rocky walls, break into scintillating
+spray, rush round in whirlpools, and hurry on their course. And in close
+proximity to all this turmoil, the rocky walls stand unshaken in their
+immobility against the sky-line, an emblem of eternity cast in stone by
+the hand of God. The rainbow in the spray has been copied by man in the
+shape of a bridge high over the abyss joining the rocky heights upon
+which the town stands.
+
+Let us pass from these stubborn old battle towns to a more smiling
+scene: San Sebastian (286-290) known throughout the world for its
+incomparably beautiful situation on the sea. The view from Monte Ulia, a
+mountain guarding the entrance to this paradise, is wonderful beyond
+words. Here nature has modelled and painted a masterpiece. The sea hugs
+the land in two gracefully curved bays and catches the beauties of the
+town in the reflection of its waters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Cave-dwellings and the simple life.=--This time I decided to leave the
+destination of my wanderings to chance. I could have chosen no better
+guide. I set out long before the dew was dry, or the sun had risen. The
+palm trees were just beginning to shake themselves in the early breeze
+when I approached a strange rocky landscape. Dark holes in the rock
+stared at me like dead eyes. But nevertheless life was hidden there.
+Human forms stepped out of the holes to greet the morn.
+
+What I saw was a towering rock wall with hundreds of cave-dwellings next
+to each other and over each other. Some of them were even five storeys
+high and approached from the outside (92). Where the rocks were too
+steep, the approaches had been dug from the inside, and upper storeys
+created with outlook holes and loggias high up in the rocks. Tunnels had
+been cut in the soft stone to get from one rock valley to the other.
+
+The children were running about in the costume God had given them. But
+it is not to be supposed that they were troglodytes, and as unaware of
+culture as those who lived in the ice period. High on the rocks you can
+read in large black letters on a white background “El Retiro".
+
+Every Spaniard knows, at least by name, Madrid’s beautiful park the
+Retiro. For this reason it seems somewhat of a joke to suddenly come
+across the name in such a spot far up on the rocks. El Retiro, like
+Sanssouci, means solitude, retreat, place of rest. An enterprising
+hotel-keeper has levelled his portion of rocks into roof-terraces where
+the favourite gossip hour (tertulla) is spent, skittles played, and
+merry dances performed. Hence the alluring words on the wall for the
+benefit of passers-by. On another rock is graven the brief significant
+inscription: “Dios, Pan y Cultura" (God, Bread, and Culture. 92-95).
+
+During the course of another stroll I was again equally surprised. I saw
+smoke arising in the distance from ground that looked like fantastic
+mountain erosions. Surely this was not the site of volcanic activity?
+Indeed this was out of the question. And on drawing nigh I discerned
+human figures moving among the columns of smoke. I then saw to my
+astonishment that little smoking towers--not unlike champagne corks in
+shape--were chimneys projecting out of the ground. I had again strayed
+among cave-dwellers. What Homeric primitiveness was there! The valleys
+are the streets, the mountain sides the fronts of the houses, the
+pinnacles villas. Front gardens are once and a while supplied by giant
+cacti and spiky agaves. My wanderings in this interesting
+world-forgotten primitive spot lasted for hours as I passed up and down
+the so-called streets (96-99).
+
+My greetings were met with a cheerful response, and I was invited to
+enter a cool cave, provided with a drink of fresh water, and shown the
+treasures of the modest household: the bed on the ground, the hearth
+with a copper kettle, the earthenware pitcher, the stool, the oil-lamp
+and the image of the patron saint.
+
+“Now as to work?" I asked. “Well we don’t do too much in that way. We
+cultivate what we need over there where the river runs. We make bricks
+for the towns where the people live in houses."--Truly a picture of an
+enviable state of modest requirements. There are still those who are
+satisfied with the tub of Diogenes. Indeed you may find many such all
+over Spain. I remember when at a little railway station finding only a
+lad deep in his after-dinner nap. For the rest, there was no one else to
+take my luggage, so I woke him up and asked him to help me. He stretched
+himself in all the bliss of laziness, took a couple of coppers out of
+his pocket, and showing them to me said: “I’ve earned 25 centimos to-day
+already; that’s all I need," turned over, and went to sleep again. I
+continued on my way recalling the words of the Indian philosopher: “He
+who is without wants is nearest to God."
+
+There is no cause to shrug one’s shoulders. Diligence and happiness are
+but relative conceptions. And just the poorest in Spain understand the
+art of doing nothing combined with extracting joy from next to nothing.
+They need a little shade in summer, and the sunshine in winter; a piece
+of bread, a tomato, a drop of wine. The whole earth with the sky for a
+roof is their bed-room; the highroad their field of labour. There is no
+master they would exchange positions with; they are their own masters;
+masters of their own time--verily a great possession this. Why then
+should they not spend it generously? “He whom God helps will go further
+than he who rises betimes" runs a Spanish proverb. And the Bible tells
+us: “Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they
+reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Feria in Sepúlveda.=--A bull-fight. There is high holiday in Sepúlveda,
+(172, 173) an ancient little town far from the turmoil of the great
+world, and far even from the railroad, which indeed is nearly 100
+kilometres away. The feria is the greatest day of the whole year. Men
+and women crowd into the place on horses and donkeys. Old friends meet
+again. Once more they see ‘life’. Above all it is the bull-fight that is
+the greatest attraction. It has been for weeks already the only topic
+worth speaking about. As however our little town has no arena, the
+market-place is used instead. All day the lively rat-tat of hammers is
+heard there. The windows of the picturesque dignified old town-hall gaze
+smilingly down on the lively scene. At last there is really something
+worth looking at again. Another long tedious sleepy year has gone by.
+
+There is hardly any one who does not go the hour’s walk outside the town
+to admire the bulls which have come from a long way off, and for the
+present are being kept at pasture.
+
+When the great day has come, every one is up with the sun. The arrival
+of the savage animals is feverishly expected. The bravest show their
+courage by going forth to meet the procession.
+
+A cloud of dust on the highway announces its approach. And finally forms
+emerge from it. At the head a picador on horseback with a lance, behind
+him the black bodies of the bulls surrounded by tame steers, and
+followed by a second picador. As they rush through the narrow streets to
+the market-square a mighty cry goes up: “Los toros! Los toros!"
+Shouting, whistling, howling, yelling, and a general pandemonium rends
+the welkin.
+
+Finally the bulls are secured, and it is only in the afternoon that the
+longed-for hour arrives.
+
+The forenoon has its own pleasures. Young men demonstrate their daring
+by teasing a young bull specially selected for the purpose, and earn
+acclamation or mocking laughter as the case may be. These young heroes
+try to put into practice what they have seen at the Torero; only it is
+less dangerous. No blood is shed, only torn trousers and bruises are the
+honorific mementoes of the great day (174, 175).
+
+My thoughts naturally harked back to the first bull-fight I had seen--in
+Madrid. The impression was stupendous: fifteen thousand gay spectators
+in the great sweep of the arena all impatient for the nerve-racking
+fight to begin. The arena was filled with the babble of voices. It was a
+chaos of colours, cloudy lace mantillas, flower-embroidered shawls, fans
+swaying nervously, jet-black glowing eyes.--Shouts of applause greeted
+the bull-fighters. Yells saluted the great bull as he rushed in. The
+game was a risky one for life or death. Deeds of audacity were met with
+idolatrous cheers, the timid with desolating laughter. All of a sudden a
+coloured form is tossed into the air. A single scream from a thousand
+throats.--“Is he dead?" “No!" A sigh of relief.--“Go on!"--The condemned
+bull is mad with rage, his opponent cold as steel. He wields the mortal
+instrument, the sword flashes, and a hurricane of applause bursts forth
+for the victor and his tottering victim. White handkerchiefs flutter
+from every seat like pigeons. Hats are waved, a shower of flowers
+descends, and the fêted hero returns thanks, nonchalant and proud.--The
+trumpets blare and a new fight begins (125, 126).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Crossing the Picos de Europa.=--Masses of high mountains with peaks about
+2700 metres high rise among the Asturian Cantabrian coast range. They
+bear the proud name of Picos de Europa (The Peaks of Europe). They are
+the Dolomites of Spain. But they exceed these considerably in
+inaccessibility.
+
+Tourist facilities in Spain are of a very primitive nature. For this
+reason there are no shelter huts for mountaineers in the Picos de
+Europa, and there are likewise no trained guides. There are it is true
+some game-keepers. Shepherds and miners acquainted with individual parts
+of the mountains act once in a while as guides.
+
+I had been at the gateway of the Picos de Europa when at Covadongo the
+celebrated place of pilgrimage. Since then the desire had never left me
+to become acquainted with this demure mountain beauty so alluring and
+yet so stand-offish in her loneliness. Thus I started for the mountains.
+
+My path led me from Unquera through the Deva valley to Potes at the foot
+of the Picos. I very soon noticed that my task would be no easy one, for
+shortly after leaving Panes the track winds through a mighty and deep
+valley known as the Desfiladero de la Hermida. My reception was not a
+friendly one. The rocky guardian of the valley looked down and frowned
+at me, and the sky treated me at intervals to a cold shower-bath.
+
+In Potes the clouds were low down on the mountain sides on which I was
+going to test my prowess the next day. But I was so enchanted with the
+spot, that I willingly renounced the view for that day.
+
+The little town is a very ancient spot. It must once have been the seat
+of many a knightly family. This is attested to by the various Spanish
+coats of arms on the houses. But those times are now no more. Where once
+Spanish grandees strutted by with buckled shoes and sword, clodhopping
+peasants plod along. And the present generation is hardly aware of the
+plentitude of beauty surrounding it. Bold bridges span the glen. Narrow
+colonades with overhanging balconies cling to the steep river bank. A
+multitude of archways offer innumerable enchanting glimpses. A high
+watch-tower guards the houses clustering at its base.
+
+Before the sun had risen on the morrow I had set out. Dark and
+dismal-looking clouds hung low over the landscape. But the Picos
+pinnacles had rent them asunder, and suddenly they stood forth in the
+glory of the rising sun. Dark night lay behind me as I marched towards
+the sunlight.
+
+My guide met me by arrangement at Espinama. He was a grey-headed man
+with weather-beaten face and smiling eyes. His feet were clad in leather
+sandals, and under his arm was an ancient umbrella. We soon discussed
+the itinerary, filled our _rucksacks_ and started for the Puerto de
+Aliva. The old song came back to me:--
+
+    The sun on my way
+    In his golden array
+    Is my fellow and guide.
+    He casts my shadow
+    O’er flowery meadow.
+    I wander world-wide.
+
+As we passed on our way, the houses of the village became smaller and
+smaller. We soon left the last tree behind, and our path led over sweet
+green slopes, till they too were lost under the stony debris of rocky
+giants. There was a hunting-lodge close to the foot of the Peña vieja
+cliff which the king of Spain visits nearly every year when chamois
+hunting.
+
+The day drew slowly to its end. Great streamers curled round the Peña
+vieja, pale shadows floated by like silver grey cobwebs, and the mist
+rose and fell with every breath of wind. The billowing fog had already
+wrapped us in its mighty veil when we reached the miners’ inn at
+Lloroza. An overseer invited us to spend the night there. And we were
+right glad to find shelter, in spite of the fact that both the hut and
+its furniture looked like the first attempts of primitive man to scale
+the ladder of civilization. The night we spent on the hard ground was
+not a very restful one, and we were glad when the approach of day called
+us from our layer.
+
+When we left the hut a surprising spectacle met our eyes. The fog which
+had deprived us of any possibility of obtaining a view the evening
+before now lay at our feet in the valley. The summits of the mountain
+rose like islands in the sea of mist.
+
+The moment had arrived when day struggled with night for predominance.
+The full-moon’s silver disc hung in the deep blue of the western sky,
+and the morning star held its own for a while against the rising light
+in the east. At last both moon and star turned to pale glass when the
+sun sent forth his herald rays. The horizon was tinged with pink; long
+red streamers fluttered from the windows of heaven to greet us, and then
+the sun rose above the misty expanse, gilded the crests, flooded the
+eastern pinnacles with the glory of his light, and glowed on the rocky
+wall to which our hut clung. O wonderful silence of that hour!
+
+“A new day beckons us to other shores."
+
+For yet a short distance the beaten path used by the king when stalking
+showed us the way. Then we bent our steps over pathless boulders, sharp
+edged rocks, mounds of debris, snow-fields strewn among the stony desert
+with its jagged rock walls and towers.
+
+Whole herds of chamois stared in astonishment at the strange intruders
+in their paradise. For the rest, they showed little inclination to run
+away. The mountain fastness became progressively more barren and wild in
+its aspect. An infinitely dismal mood seemed to brood o’er the scene.
+Yet the magnificence of these mountains augmented from minute to minute.
+Grotesque stone giants--cast in burning ore by the furnace of high
+heaven--stood guarding this great grave of nature.
+
+Woe to the wanderer whose ignorant footsteps err here! Death lies in
+ambush in the deep crevices and chasms.
+
+At last we halted in front of the monarch of the magnificent mountain
+empire. His throne stands high in everlasting snow; a golden crown is on
+his head. His picture is known to all from the most distant mountain
+valley to the shores of the restless ocean. All admire his beauty, all
+know his name: Naranjo de Balnes.
+
+This huge rock colossus rises 600 metres over its surroundings. Its
+perpendicular walls show hardly a crevice. And it seems incredible that
+nevertheless that bold mountaineer the Marqués de Villaviciosa de
+Asturia climbed to its summit.
+
+On our wanderings round this mighty and stubborn rock tower we seemed to
+be lightened of all earthly burdens high up there in the solitude above
+the depths of humanity.
+
+We climbed up to the Ceredo tower. The rocks were as sharp as knives.
+Again the ghostly mist rose from the valleys and whirled spectrally
+around us.
+
+It was 5 o’clock and the Cares valley with Cain to where our steps were
+directed were not yet in sight.--I asked my companion: “How far yet?" “A
+few hours more" was the not very consoling reply.--The mist, that enemy
+of mountaineers was getting thicker. And ere long we could not see
+twenty paces ahead. The feeling of insecurity grew apace. And the
+sensation of climbing with mist-bound eyes was terrible. Again I
+questioned my guide. “Severo, is there no hut or shelter on the
+way?"--“I don’t think so." Once more long minutes of silent groping. At
+last we were, at any rate for a while, rid of the stony region. Here and
+there a rocky projection, but it was quite impossible to tell if we were
+not suspended on it hundreds of meters over a yawning abyss. It was
+impossible to see anything through that fog. And at a quarter past six
+it was pitch dark.
+
+Suddenly we came across a few low rough huts of unhewn stone huts
+sheltered by a rock-wall. There at last we could spend the night. But my
+guide wanted to go on. “Stop!" I cried. “Can we get to Cain to
+night?"--“I don’t know." “Well then we’ll stay here!" Suiting the action
+to the word, we crept into one of the huts, crouched down, and slept
+fitfully through ten endless hours of night. But even they passed. The
+morning meant a dangerous and nasty descent. We waded knee-deep in wet
+grass, clambered over ledges with fog all around us. Woe to us had we
+slipped! Then we got lost and had to stop and climb back with the
+greatest care. Then we slid down a stony gully in which nearly every
+step set rocks thundering to the depths below.
+
+At last the moist grey mist began to lift. A rift showed the bed of the
+valley far beneath us, and, as we thought, houses. But no, we were
+mistaken. They were huge boulders, the wreckage of some avalanche that
+filled the upper hollow. Down and down we scrambled till finally we
+broke through the foggy screen. Our goal was at our feet. Cain,
+strangely walled in by precipitous rocky cliffs rising sheer 1500 metres
+high. We were there! And we could rest. Some bread and butter was all we
+could find in the whole village to appease our hunger. We would gladly
+have rested there a day, but the place was too inhospitable. We had
+therefore to shoulder our _rucksacks_ again. The distance we had climbed
+down the day before, we had to climb up again on the opposite rocks of
+the Peña santa. Hours and hours of strenuous efforts passed till we
+reached the ridge. We re-descended valleywards in a drizzling rain. Lake
+Enol was the last spot of beauty to be hidden from our view. It was
+there we struck the main road, and then marched another 10 kilometres
+down to Covadonga which we reached as tired as dogs.
+
+Night had already cast her shadow over the valley, and the stars were
+beginning to shine forth. Welcoming lights were seen burning in
+Covadonga. But it seemed as though we should never reach them. However
+the prospect of a bed lent us strength, and at half past eight we
+stumbled painfully over the threshold of a clean hospitable house. I
+went to bed exhausted, and my restless dreams were haunted with the
+beautiful and terrible wanderings in the Picos de Europa (266-274).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=My pilgrimage to the Yuste Convent (153).=--I left soon after midnight,
+for marching is delightful in southern nights when the glittering stars
+shed their soft light from the great vault of heaven. In the south the
+cool night is succeeded by summer days that are the misery of the
+pedestrian.--The hours melted by but slowly in the furnace heat of the
+day. I was beset with all possible ills: infernal heat, thirst, and no
+water. Not a tree or a shrub was to be seen for miles; no shade; hours
+without passing a house; not a soul abroad; the melancholy mood that
+comes in the train of solitude. My path was obstructed by a river--at
+any rate, water--but nary a bridge! So I had to wade, and continue my
+journey. At last I spied a shepherd. What joy to feel that I was no
+longer alone!
+
+“Is this the right road to Yuste?" I enquired of him.--“Yes, but where
+doest thou come from, and what countryman art thou?" The good fellow
+addressed me with the fraternal _tutoyer_, as though we were brothers.
+
+When he heard that I was a German he was quite surprised. He willingly
+agreed to accompany me to the next village, and was quite curious to
+hear something about my country. The news of the war had penetrated to
+this remote part of the world. It was charming to listen to the
+questions of this child of nature. He knew nothing of the three Rs; had
+never seen a railway, had never left the neighbourhood of his village.
+We soon met another shepherd on the mountain-side who was just as
+pleased and interested as the other. And I must say, that wherever I was
+in Spain, all classes of the population were friendly towards Germans.
+
+It was not long before we encountered other wayfarers who joined us, for
+Sunday enticed them into the village. My entrance was therefore almost a
+triumphal procession. We entered the inn, ordered some wine, and sat
+down to a well-earned rest. When I wanted to pay the landlord, he
+refused, telling me that Pepa had settled the bill. However, this
+wouldn’t do. And at last he agreed to my paying on condition that the
+next time I returned I should be his guest. They all shook hands with me
+most-heartily and I continued joyfully on my way.
+
+At last I stood in front of the monastery gates. They were opened, and
+the white haired abbot rode out on a little donkey, holding a green
+parasol over his head. I saluted the venerable Father and enquired of
+him whether I could stay at the monastery for the night. “No", he
+replied, “impossible."--Discomfitted I exclaimed: “But where am I to go
+to-day? I have travelled fifty kilometres and have come from
+Navalmoral."--“What, on foot? Impossible!" “Yes, but I have. I am a
+German and want to see the spot which the emperor Charles V. exchanged
+for all the crowns in the world, and where he closed his eyes."--“You
+are a German? Of course you can’t continue your journey."
+
+I was most kindly and touchingly taken care of.
+
+I was shown the monastery which had once been destroyed by the French.
+Decay and mould have continued the work of destruction. But nature’s
+eternal youth triumphs victoriously amongst the ruins and beautifies the
+decay of age. And yet this is a place to think about the everlastingness
+of all things, of the end of all terrestrial happiness.--Once that great
+monarch who had fled from the turmoil of the world had paced these
+halls.
+
+At supper, I, the infidel sat at the monks’ board and was treated like a
+brother.
+
+The next morning I was awakened long hours before sunrise. A lay brother
+lit me with a lantern through the dark and ancient park. The monastery
+gate swung on its hinges, the latch fell heavily, and I was again out in
+the world all silvery with the moonlight. For a moment I stood
+entranced.--I heard the mass bell calling the monks to prayers. And the
+gates of Paradise were closed behind me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=The last echoes.=--My wanderings through Spain filled me with the joy of
+life. She had become my second home. It was with a heavy heart that I
+left.
+
+    “O follow me ye southern days
+     ’Neath colder skies and paler stars.
+     And fill my thoughts with golden rays!"
+
+The hour of departure had arrived.--It was a wonderful moonlight night
+in which the little Spanish steamer which was to bear me homewards
+sailed slowly out of Ferrol harbour. The moon cast a silver bridge over
+the water, and along it my thoughts fled back to other moonlight nights
+when she had often shown me the way in picturesque Spain.
+
+The lights along the coast shone like the eyes of anxious friends
+looking a last farewell before darkness closed their lids. And then the
+little ship ploughed homeward through the eternal waters with the
+eternal sky above us, and the old old song of the waves accompanied me
+back to my familiar home.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And now that days and weeks of cloudy skies hang heavily over my country
+where the sun is not so generous as in southern climes, my heart is
+filled with yearning for Spain, with nostalgia for the sun.--Then I look
+at my pictures, and we hold converse together, and re-live those
+unfettered days spent in wanderings in sun-kissed Spain.
+
+In this volume I send forth my sun harvest. May it cast its light in the
+hearts of many! May it tell of my love of Spain, and of my heartfelt
+thanks to her chivalrous people for all their kind hospitality!
+
+
+
+
+ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES AND PLACES
+
+
+Albarracin 192-194
+
+Albufera 116
+
+Alcala de Guadaira 71
+
+Aldeanueva de la Vera 154
+
+Algatocin 76
+
+Alhambra 1-16, 22
+
+Almazan 227
+
+Alquezar 210-212
+
+Andújar 44, 115
+
+Antequera 64-66
+
+Aranjuez 136-138
+
+Arcos de la Frontera 48, 49, 72
+
+Arranda de Duero 240
+
+Autol 224, 225
+
+Avila 165-169
+
+
+Barcelona 200
+
+Batuecas 260, 261, 263
+
+Bielsa 213
+
+Bilbao 284
+
+Burgo de Osma 226
+
+Burgos 234-238
+
+Butron 277
+
+Brachimañasee 216
+
+
+Caceres 83, 84
+
+Candelario 252, 253
+
+Cangas de Onis 274
+
+Carmona 43, 70
+
+Castellbó 208
+
+Castellfullit 204
+
+Cave Dwellings 92-99
+
+Cenaruza 282
+
+Cepeda 155
+
+Chorro 73
+
+Ciudad Rodrigo 250, 251
+
+Coca 184-187
+
+Cordoba 50-60
+
+Cuenca 120, 121
+
+
+Daroca 195-197
+
+Debotes Valley 207
+
+Durango 279, 283
+
+
+Ecija 68, 69
+
+Elché 101-103
+
+Elorrio 285
+
+Escorial 129-135
+
+
+Fuenterabia 298
+
+
+Gerona 202, 203
+
+Granada 1-25
+
+Guadalajara 178-181
+
+Guadalest 118
+
+Guadix 100
+
+Güejar-Sierra 77
+
+
+Hermida 266
+
+Hurdes 259
+
+
+Jativa 111-113
+
+Javea 108
+
+Jerez de la Frontera 67
+
+Jerica 191
+
+
+La Alberca 254, 256, 257
+
+Lagartera 150, 151
+
+
+Madrid 126-128
+
+Maladeta 219
+
+Mañaria 278
+
+Manzanera 42
+
+Martos 74, 75
+
+Medinaceli 176, 177
+
+Mochagar 91
+
+Mogarraz 258
+
+Mombeltran 183
+
+Monte Agudo 119
+
+Montserrat 201
+
+
+Niebla 80, 81
+
+Nuria 206
+
+
+Ondarroa 276
+
+Orihuela 104-107
+
+Oviedo 264, 265
+
+
+Pancorbo 231-233
+
+Pasages 291-296, 304
+
+Peñafiel 182
+
+Peña Montañesa 214
+
+Pic de Aneto 217, 218
+
+Pic du midi 216
+
+Picos de Europa 266-274
+
+Pontevedra 301
+
+Potes 270-273
+
+Pyrenees 205-219
+
+
+Ronda 62, 63
+
+
+Sagunt 109, 110
+
+Salamanca 246-249
+
+San Esteban de Gormaz 229, 230
+
+San Juan de Plan 209
+
+San Sebastian 286-290
+
+Santander 275
+
+Santiago de Campostela 300
+
+Sarragoza 220, 221
+
+Segovia 157-164
+
+Segretal 205
+
+Sepulveda 172-175
+
+Seville 28-41
+
+Sierra Nevada 79
+
+Sigüenza 188-190
+
+Soria 228
+
+
+Tarifa 45, 46
+
+Tarazona 223
+
+Tarragona 198, 199
+
+Toledo 139-148
+
+Toro 244
+
+Trujillo 85-87
+
+Turrégano 170, 171
+
+
+Valencia 114, 117
+
+Valladolid 241-243
+
+Vigo 303
+
+
+Yuste 153
+
+
+Zafra 82
+
+Zamora 245
+
+
+Towns: 2, 4, 16, 21, 28, 62-64, 72, 74, 80, 91-99, 120, 128, 139, 157,
+166, 172, 191, 192, 195, 202, 204, 210, 223, 226, 227, 232, 246, 276,
+286, 287, 290, 293.
+
+Gateways, Towers, Fortified Walls: 5, 29, 75, 80, 81, 85-87, 143,
+167-169, 186-188, 193, 196.
+
+Streets, Squares: 24, 25, 31, 60, 65, 66, 75-77, 83, 85, 86, 147, 148,
+154, 155, 163, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 189, 190, 193, 197, 198, 203,
+208, 209, 211-213, 231-233, 247, 251, 253, 270-273, 278, 295, 296.
+
+Churches, Convents, Chapels, Cemeteries, etc.: 23, 31, 41, 50-59, 66,
+67, 86, 108, 146, 147, 152, 153, 158, 164, 165, 169, 177, 199, 220, 221,
+228, 229, 234-241, 244-246, 260-262, 264, 265, 282-285, 300.
+
+Squares, Public Buildings, Typical Houses: 6-15, 17-21, 30, 32, 33,
+36-40, 68, 69, 114, 116, 117, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134-137, 144,
+162, 178-181, 250, 279, 280, 298.
+
+Courts (Patios) and Gardens: 6-8, 12-15, 17, 34, 35, 37, 40, 42-49, 58,
+69, 82, 90, 131, 138, 145, 179-181, 200, 238, 242, 243, 249, 298.
+
+Stairways, Lattice Windows: 39, 68, 115, 144, 200, 203, 248.
+
+Fountains: 9, 12-15, 20, 37, 49, 60, 197, 232.
+
+Bridges: 63, 140-143, 268, 270, 274, 276.
+
+Castles (Castillos): 1-5, 22, 70, 71, 110-112, 118, 119, 141, 161, 170,
+171, 182-186, 277.
+
+Views of Landscapes: 2-4, 21, 62, 63, 72, 73, 79, 88, 92-99, 101-107,
+113, 116, 194, 201, 204-207, 214-219, 224, 225, 230, 260, 263, 266-269,
+274, 275, 286-289, 291, 292, 294, 299, 301-304.
+
+Costumes and Life of the People: 26, 27, 61, 78, 84, 90, 122-125, 149,
+150, 151, 155, 156, 160, 174, 175, 222, 252, 254-259, 262, 281, 296,
+297.
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra.]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Alhambra and the Vega
+
+Alhambra y la Vega
+
+Alhambra und die Vega
+
+Vue de l’Alhambra et la Vega
+
+L’Alambra e la Vega]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Alhambra--In the background the Sierra Nevada
+
+Alhambra-Puesta del sol: En el fondo la Sierra Nevada
+
+Alhambra-Abendstimmung: im Hintergrund die Sierra Nevada
+
+Le soir à Grenade: au fond la Sierra Nevada
+
+L’Alambra sul tramonto: In fondo la Sierra Nevada]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra.]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+The Alhambra Towers
+
+Torres de la Alhambra
+
+Alhambratürme
+
+Les tours de l’Alhambra
+
+I torrioni dell’Alambra]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Myrtle Court
+
+Patio de los Arrayanes
+
+Myrtenhof
+
+La cour des myrtes
+
+La corte dei mirti]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Myrtle Court
+
+Patio de los Arrayanes
+
+Myrtenhof
+
+La cour des myrtes
+
+La corte dei mirti]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Court of the Lions
+
+Patio de los Leones
+
+Löwenhof
+
+La cour des Lions
+
+La corte dei leoni]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Lion Fountain in the Court of the Lions
+
+La fuente en el patio de los Leones
+
+Der Löwenbrunnen im Löwenhof
+
+La Fontaine avec le bassin dans la cour des Lions
+
+La fontana del leoni nella Corte omonima]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+Court of Justice
+
+Sala de la Justicia
+
+Gerichtshalle
+
+La salle de Justice
+
+La sala della Giustizia]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+Bay Windows of the Daraxa
+
+Le pavillion de la Daraxa
+
+Erker der Daraxa
+
+Mirador de Daraxa
+
+Il padiglione di Daraxa]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Daraxa Court
+
+Un coin du jardin de la Daraxa
+
+Gartenhof der Daraxa
+
+Patio de Daraxa
+
+Il giardino di Daraxa]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Daraxa Court
+
+Un coin du jardin de la Daraxa
+
+Gartenhof der Daraxa
+
+Patio de Daraxa
+
+Il giardino di Daraxa]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+In the Daraxa Garden
+
+Patio de Daraxa
+
+Im Garten der Daraxa
+
+Dans le jardin de la Daraxa
+
+Il giardino di Daraxa]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+The Cypress Court
+
+Patio de los cipreses
+
+Zypressenhof
+
+La cour des cyprès
+
+Il cortile dei cipressi]
+
+[Illustration: Granada-Alhambra
+
+View of the Albaicin from the Queens Boudoir
+
+Vista desde el Peinador de la Reina sobre el Albaicin
+
+Blick aus dem Putzzimmer der Königin nach dem Albaicin
+
+Vue sur l’Albaicin, prise du boudoir de la reine
+
+Veduta di Albalcin presa dallo spogliatola della regina]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Palace of the Generalife
+
+Palacio del Generalife
+
+Generalifepalast
+
+Palais da Généralife
+
+Palazzo del Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Entrance-Hall of the Generalife
+
+Entrade del Generalife
+
+Eintrittshalle im Generalife
+
+Entrée du Généralife
+
+Ingresso nel Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Colonnade in the Generalife
+
+En el Generalife
+
+Säulenhalle im Generalife
+
+Colonade dans le Généralife
+
+Colonnato nel Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+In the Garden of the Generalife
+
+En el jardin del Generalife
+
+Generalifegarten
+
+Un jardin du Généralife
+
+Giardino del Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+View from one of the Generalife Gardens on the Albaicin
+
+Vista desde un jardincito del Generalife sobre el Albaicin
+
+Blick aus einem Generalifegärtchen nach dem Albaicin
+
+Vue sur l’Albaicin, prise d’un jardin du Généralife
+
+Veduta di Albaicin da un giardino del Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+View of Alhambra from the Outlook Tower of the Generalife
+
+Vista desde el Mirador del Generalife sobre la Alhambra
+
+Blick aus dem Aussichtsturm des Generalife auf die Alhambra
+
+Vue sur l’Alhambra, prise du belvedère du Généralife
+
+Veduta dell’Alhambra della torre del Generalife]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+The Cathedral--The Royal Chapel--in the Railing the Passion
+
+La Catedral-Capilla real--En la reja la Pasión de Jesucristo
+
+Kathedrale-Capilla real--im Gitter die Leidensgeschichte Christi
+
+A la Cathedrale--La Chapelle royale--Au haut de la grille sont
+representées les scènes de la Passion de Jésus-Christ
+
+Cattedrale--Capello Reale--Nel cancello è raffigurata la passione di
+Cristo]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+Street on the Darro
+
+Calle del Darro
+
+Straße am Darro
+
+Rue longeant le Darro
+
+Calle del Darro]
+
+[Illustration: Granada
+
+In the Albaicin
+
+En el Albaicin
+
+Im Albaicin
+
+L’Albacin
+
+Nell’Albacina]
+
+[Illustration: Gypsy dancing
+
+Gitana ballando
+
+Tanzende Zigeunerin
+
+Danseuse Gitane
+
+Zingara danzante]
+
+[Illustration: Playing the Guitar
+
+Con la guitarra
+
+Mit der Laute
+
+Une joueuse de guitare
+
+Con la chitarra]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+General View of the Town from the Giralda Tower of the Cathedral
+
+Vista general, tomada desde la Giralda
+
+Blick vom Turm der Kathedrale (der Giralda) über die Stadt
+
+Vue générale, prise de la Giralda (tour de la cathédrale)
+
+Veduta dalla citta dalla torre (la Giralda) della Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+The Golden Tower and the Cathedral
+
+La torre de Oro y la Catedral
+
+Der Goldturm und die Kathedrale
+
+La tour d’or et la cathédrale
+
+La torre dell’ora e la Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Details of the City-Hall Façade
+
+Detalle de la fachada del Ayuntamiento
+
+Teilstück der Rathausfassade
+
+Détail de la façade de l’hôtel de ville
+
+Dettaglio della facciata del Municipio]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+The Giralda (Cathedral Tower)
+
+La Giralda
+
+Die Giralda (Turm der Kathedrale)
+
+La Giralda (Tour de la cathédrale)
+
+La Giralda (la torre della Cattedrale)]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla-Alcázar
+
+The Ambassadors’ Hall
+
+Sala de Embajadores
+
+Gesandtensaal
+
+Salle des ambassadeurs
+
+La Sala degli Ambasciatori]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla-Alcázar
+
+The Dolls’ Court
+
+Patio de las Muñecas
+
+Puppenhof
+
+La cour des poupées
+
+La Corte delle bambole]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+In the Alcázar Garden
+
+En el jardin del Alcázar
+
+Im Alcázargarten
+
+Au jardin de l’Alcázar
+
+Nel giardino dell’Alcázar]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+In the Alcázar Garden
+
+En el jardin del Alcázar
+
+Im Alcázargarten
+
+Au jardin de l’Alcázar
+
+Nel giardino dell’Alcázar]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Pilate’s House
+
+Casa de Pilato
+
+Pilatushaus
+
+La maison de Pilate
+
+La Casa di Pilato]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Court in Pilate’s House
+
+Patio de la Casa de Pilato
+
+Hof im Pilatushaus
+
+Cour intérieure de la maison de Pilate
+
+La Casa di Pilato, Corte] [Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Court Gates, Pilate’s House
+
+Portada de la Casa de Pilato
+
+Tür zum Hof des Pilatushauses
+
+Entrée de la cour de la maison de Pilate
+
+Porta di accesso alla Corte della Casa di Pilato]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Pilate’s House--Grille
+
+Casa de Pilato--Reja
+
+Pilatushaus--Fenstergitter
+
+Fenêtre grillée de la maison de Pilate
+
+Casa di Pilato. Finestra con grata]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+Court in Duke Alba’s Palace
+
+Patio en el palacio del duque de Alba
+
+Hof im Palast des Herzogs Alba
+
+Cour intérieure du palais du duc d’Albe
+
+La Corte nel Cortile del Duca d’Alba]
+
+[Illustration: Sevilla
+
+St. Paul’s Convent
+
+Convento de Sta. Paula
+
+Kloster Sta. Paula
+
+Couvent de Sainte Paule
+
+Il Convento di Santa Paola]
+
+[Illustration: In Manzanera
+
+A Manzanera
+
+In Manzanera
+
+Dans la Manzanera
+
+En Manzanera]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Carmona
+
+Patio en Carmona
+
+Hof in Carmona
+
+Une cour de maison à Carmona
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Carmona]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Andújar
+
+Patio en Andújar
+
+Hof in Andújar
+
+Une cour de maison à Andújar
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Andújar]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Tarifa
+
+Patio en Tarifa
+
+Hof in Tarifa
+
+Une cour de maison à Tarifa
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Tarifa]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Tarifa
+
+Patio en Tarifa
+
+Hof in Tarifa
+
+Une cour de maison à Tarifa
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Tarifa]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Vejer
+
+Patio en Vejer
+
+Hof in Vejer
+
+Une cour de maison à Vejer
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Vejer]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Patio en Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Hof In Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Une cour de maison à Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Il cortile in una casa di Arcos de la Frontera]
+
+[Illustration: Court in Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Patio en Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Hof in Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Une cour de maison à Arcos de la Frontera
+
+Il cortile di una casa a Arcos de la Frontera]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Facade of the Mosque
+
+Fachada de la Mezquita
+
+Fassade der Moschee
+
+Façade de la mosquée
+
+Facciata della Moschea]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Columns in the Mosque
+
+Columnas en la Mezquita
+
+Säulenwald der Moschee
+
+Le fouillis des colonnes à l’intérieur de la mosquée
+
+La selva delle colonne nell’interno della Moschea]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mihrab Mosque (Holy of Holies)
+
+Mezquita--Mihrab
+
+Moschee--Mihrab (Allerheiligstes)
+
+La Mosquée: le Mihrab (sanctuaire)
+
+La Moschee: Mihrab (santuario)]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Interior of the Mosque
+
+En la Mezquita
+
+Moscheeinneres
+
+Intérieur de la mosquée
+
+L’interno della Moschee]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mosque--View of the High Altar
+
+Mezquita--Vista del altar mayor
+
+Moschee--Blick zum Hochaltar
+
+La Mosquée: vue du maître-autel
+
+La Moschea: veduta dell’altar maggiore]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mosque--View from the Choir
+
+Mezquita--Vista desde el Coro
+
+Moschee--Blick aus dem Choreinbau
+
+La Mosquée vue de choeur
+
+La Moschea: veduta del Coro]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mosque--Capilla de St. Fernando
+
+Mezquita--Capilla de S. Fernando
+
+Moschee--Capilla S. Fernando
+
+La Mosquée: chapelle de Saint Ferdinand
+
+La Moschea: Cappella di S. Ferdinando]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mosque--Capilla de St. Fernando
+
+Mezquita--Capilla de S. Fernando
+
+Moschee--Capilla S. Fernando
+
+La Mosquée: chapelle de Saint Ferdinand
+
+La Moschea: Cappella di S. Ferdinando]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Mosque--The Court of Oranges
+
+Mezquita--Patio de las Naranjas
+
+Moschee--Orangenhof
+
+La Mosquée: cour des orangers
+
+La Moschea: La corte degli aranci]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Hermitage
+
+Ermita
+
+Einsiedelei
+
+L’Ermitage
+
+Eremo]
+
+[Illustration: Cordoba
+
+Fountain
+
+Fuente
+
+Brunnen
+
+Une fontaine
+
+Fontana]
+
+[Illustration: Straw Cart
+
+Carro para cargar paja
+
+Karren für Stroh
+
+Une charrette pour le transport da la paille
+
+Una carretta per il trasporto della paglia]
+
+[Illustration: Ronda]
+
+[Illustration: Ronda]
+
+[Illustration: Antequera]
+
+[Illustration: Antequera.--Plaza S. Sebastian] [Illustration: Antequera
+
+Chapel of the Virgin of Succour
+
+Capilla de la Virgen del Socorro
+
+Kapelle der hilfespendenden Jungfrau
+
+Chapelle de Notre-Dame de Bon Secours
+
+Cappella della Madonna del Buon soccorso]
+
+[Illustration: Jerez de la Frontera
+
+Cartuja--Cypress Court
+
+Cartuja--Patio de los cipreses
+
+Cartuja--Zypressenhof
+
+Cartuja: la cour des cyprès
+
+Cartuja: Il cortile del cipressi]
+
+[Illustration: Ecija
+
+Staircase in the Marquis of Peñaflor’s Palace
+
+Escalera en el palacio del Marqués de Peñaflor
+
+Treppenaufgang im Palast des Marqués de Peñaflor
+
+Cage d’escalier au palais du marquis de Peñaflor
+
+Scala nel palazzo del Marchese de Peñaflor]
+
+[Illustration: Ecija
+
+Court In the Marquis of Peñaflor’s Palace
+
+Patio en el palacio del Marqués de Peñaflor
+
+Hof im Palast des Marqués de Peñaflor
+
+Cour Intérieure du palais du marquis de Peñaflor
+
+La Corte nell palazzo del Marchese de Peñaflor]
+
+[Illustration: Carmona--Castillo]
+
+[Illustration: Alcala de Guadaira--Castillo]
+
+[Illustration: Arcos de la Frontera]
+
+[Illustration: El Chorro]
+
+[Illustration: Martos]
+
+[Illustration: Martos]
+
+[Illustration: Algatocin]
+
+[Illustration: Güejar-Sierra (Sierra Nevada)]
+
+[Illustration: In a Wayside Inn (Sierra Nevada)
+
+En una posada (Sierra Nevada)
+
+In einer Wegschenke (Sierra Nevada)
+
+Intérieure d’une posada (auberge) da la Sierra Nevada
+
+In una trattoria. Sierra Nevada]
+
+[Illustration: In the Sierra Nevada (Holm Oak)
+
+En la Sierra Nevada
+
+In der Sierra Nevada (Steineichen)
+
+Chênes rouvres dans la Sierra Nevada
+
+Nella Sierra Nevada. Lecci]
+
+[Illustration: Niebla]
+
+[Illustration: Niebla]
+
+[Illustration: Zafra
+
+Court in St. Miguel’s Hospital
+
+Patio en el hospital de S. Miguel
+
+Hof im Hospital S. Miguel
+
+Cour de l’hopital Saint-Michel
+
+Ospedale di S. Michele. Il cortile]
+
+[Illustration: Cáceres.]
+
+[Illustration: Cáceres
+
+Water-Carriers
+
+Mujeres con jarros de agua
+
+Wasserträgerinnen
+
+Porteuses d’eau
+
+Portatrici d’acqua]
+
+[Illustration: Trujillo
+
+Chief Square
+
+Plaza mayor
+
+Hauptplatz
+
+La grande place
+
+La piazza principale]
+
+[Illustration: Trujillo
+
+Santiago Gate
+
+Puerta de Santiago
+
+Santiagotor
+
+La porte Saint-Jacques
+
+La porta di Santiago]
+
+[Illustration: Trujillo
+
+Old Town-Gate
+
+Puerta antigua
+
+Altes Stadttor
+
+Vieille porte d’entrée
+
+Un’antica porta della città]
+
+[Illustration: Village in South Estremadura
+
+Aldehuela en el sur de Estremadura
+
+Dorf in Süd-Estremadura
+
+Un village de l’Estremadura méridionale
+
+Villagio di capanne nell’ Estremadura meridionale]
+
+[Illustration: Inn (South Estremadura)
+
+Venta (en el sur de Estremadura)
+
+Schenke (Süd-Estremadura)
+
+Une buvette dans l’Estremadure méridionale
+
+Osteria (Estremadura meridionale)]
+
+[Illustration: Moorish women of Christian persuasion who still wear the
+veil in Mochagar-Vejer
+
+Mujer en Mochagar-Vejer llevando la cara tapada como las marroquínas
+
+Eine der noch heut maurisch verschleiert gehenden Christenfrauen in
+Mochagar-Vejer
+
+Une des femmes chrétiennes qui vont encore voilées aujourd’hui comme au
+temps des Maures d’Espagne
+
+Una donna cristiana che va ancor oggi velata all’uso marocchino]
+
+[Illustration: Mochagar]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria) None of the caves
+shown in this book are prehistoric. They are still excavated and
+inhabited
+
+Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almería)
+
+Höhlenfels (Prov. Almeria) Alle in diesem Werk wiedergegebenen Höhlen
+sind nicht vorgeschichtlich; sie werden noch jetzt gegraben und bewohnt
+
+Cavernes dans le roc. (Province d’Almeria) Toutes ces cavernes ne sont
+pas des formations préhistoriques; on en creuse maintenant encore pour
+les habiter.
+
+Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d’Almeria) Tutte le caverne riprodotte
+in quest’opera non sono di formazione preistorica, ma si contina a
+scavarle anche al giorno d’oggi]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria)
+
+Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almería)
+
+Höhlenfels (Prov. Almeria)
+
+Cavernes dans le roc (Province d’Almeria)
+
+Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d’Almeria)]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria)
+
+Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almería)
+
+Höhlenfels (Prov. Almeria)
+
+Cavernes dans le roc (Province d’Almeria)
+
+Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d’Almeria)]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria)
+
+Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almería)
+
+Höhlenfels (Prov. Almeria)
+
+Cavernes dans le roc (Province d’Almeria)
+
+Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d’Almeria)]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Town (Sierra de Guadix) The chimneys of the
+dwellings are seen projecting out of the rocks
+
+Población de cuevas (Sierra de Guadix) Se ven las chimeneas de las
+cuevas, saliendo de tierra
+
+Höhlenstadt (Sierra de Guadix) Aus der Erde ragen die Schornsteine der
+Wohnhäuser hervor
+
+Une ville souterraine (Sierra de Guadix) On ne voit surgir de terre que
+les cheminées des habitations
+
+Una città di caverne (Sierra de Guadix) Si vedono sorgere dal suolo i
+camini delle caverne]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Town (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Población de Cuevas (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Höhlenstadt (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Habitations souterraines (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+(Sierra de Guadix) Città di caverne]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Town (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Población de Cuevas (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Höhlenstadt (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Habitations souterraines (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Città di caverne (Sierra de Guadix)]
+
+[Illustration: Cave Town (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Población de Cuevas (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Höhlenstadt (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Habitations souterraines (Sierra de Guadix)
+
+Città di caverne (Sierra de Guadix)]
+
+[Illustration: Guadix]
+
+[Illustration: In the Palm Forest of Elche
+
+Las palmeras de Elche
+
+Im Palmenwald von Elche
+
+Elche: au milieu des palmiers
+
+Il palmizio di Elche]
+
+[Illustration: In the Palm Forest of Elche (A date-picker in the
+tree-top)
+
+Las palmeras de Elche
+
+Im Palmenwald von Elche (Im Baumwipfel ein Dattelpflücker)
+
+Elche: la récolte des dattes. (L’homme grimpé au sommet du palmier en
+détachera les régimes de fruits)
+
+Nel palmizio di Elche (Sulla palma un uomo che coglie datteri)]
+
+[Illustration: Elche
+
+Evening in the Palm Forest
+
+Caia la tarde
+
+Abend im Palmenhain
+
+Effet de soir
+
+Il tramonto nel palmizio]
+
+[Illustration: Orihuela]
+
+[Illustration: Orihuela]
+
+[Illustration: Orihuela
+
+Huerta Hut
+
+Barraca de la huerta
+
+Huertahütte
+
+Barraque de la Huerta
+
+Capanna]
+
+[Illustration: Near Orihuela
+
+Cercanias de Orihuela
+
+Bei Orihuela
+
+Environs d’Orihuela
+
+Presso Orihuela]
+
+[Illustration: Javea (Denia)
+
+Church of Calvary
+
+Iglesia del calvario
+
+Kalvarienbergkirchlein
+
+L’église du calvaire
+
+La chiesetta del Calvario]
+
+[Illustration: Gateway to the Mount of Calvary, Sagunt
+
+Puerta del calvario de Sagunto
+
+Tor zum Kalvarienberg bei Sagunt
+
+Environ de Sagoute: Accès et entrée du Calvaire
+
+La porta del Calvario presso Sagunto]
+
+[Illustration: Sagunto, Roman Castle
+
+Sagunto, Castillo romano
+
+Sagunt, Römische Burg
+
+La citadelle romaine
+
+Castello romano]
+
+[Illustration: Jativa
+
+Castle
+
+Castillo
+
+Burg
+
+Le Château-fort
+
+Castello]
+
+[Illustration: Jativa
+
+View of the Castle
+
+Vista del Castillo
+
+Blick zur Burg
+
+Vue sur le Château-fort
+
+Veduta del Castello]
+
+[Illustration: Jativa
+
+On Mount Calvary
+
+El Calvario
+
+Am Kalvarienberg
+
+Le Calvaire
+
+Il Calvario]
+
+[Illustration: Valencia
+
+Gateway of the Marquis de Dos Aguas Palace
+
+Portada del Palacio del Marqués de Dos Aguas
+
+Portal des Palastes des Marqés de Dos Aguas
+
+Portail du palais du marquis de Dos Aguas
+
+Portale del Palazzo del Marchese de Dos Aguas]
+
+[Illustration: Andújar
+
+Grille
+
+Reja
+
+Fenstergitter
+
+Fenêtre grillée
+
+Una finestra con grata]
+
+[Illustration: Huts on the banks of the Albufera near Valencia
+
+Barracas de La Albufera cerca de Valencia
+
+Albuferahütten bei Valencia
+
+Environs de Valence: Cabanes de l’Albufera
+
+Capanne di Albufera presso Valenza]
+
+[Illustration: Huerta Huts near Valencia
+
+Barracas de la Huerta de Valencia
+
+Huertahütten bei Valencia
+
+Maisons de paysans de la Huerta
+
+Capanne di Huerta presso Valenza]
+
+[Illustration: Guadalest Castle (Prov. of Alicante)
+
+Castillo Guadalest (Prov. de Alicante)
+
+Castillo Guadalest (Prov. Alicante)
+
+Château de Guadalest (Province d’Alicante)
+
+Castello di Guadalest (Provincia di Alicante)]
+
+[Illustration: Monte Agudo (Prov. de Murcia)
+
+Mount Agudo (Prov. of Murcia)]
+
+[Illustration: Cuenca]
+
+[Illustration: Cuenca]
+
+[Illustration: The Jerez mantilla
+
+Con la mantilla jerezana
+
+Im Schmuck der Mantilla von Jerez
+
+Sous la mantille (Femme de Jerez)
+
+Mantiglia jerezana]
+
+[Illustration: With the mantilla
+
+Con la mantilla
+
+Im Schmuck der Spitzenmantilla (als Hintergrund die Manton)
+
+En mantille de dentelle
+
+Mantiglia a merletti]
+
+[Illustration: La Argentinita, Spain’s most celebrated dancer wearing
+the Manton (shawl)
+
+La Argentinita
+
+Argentinita, Spaniens berühmteste Tänzerin im Schmuck der Manton
+(Schultertuch)
+
+La Argentinita, la plus célèbre danseuse de l’Espagne avec la mante
+espagnole sur les épaules
+
+Argentinita, la più celebre ballerina della Spagna, con sulle spalle il
+caratteristico Manton spagnole]
+
+[Illustration: Entrance of the bull-fighters into the Madrid Arena
+
+El despejo en la plaza de toros de Madrid
+
+Einzug der Stierkämfer in die Arena von Madrid
+
+Entrée du cortège dans l’arène avant la corrida (Madrid)
+
+Ingresso del toreadori nell’Arena di Madrid]
+
+[Illustration: Madrid
+
+The Throne-Room in the Royal Castle
+
+Sala del Trono en el Palacio Real
+
+Thronsaal des Königlichen Schlosses
+
+La salle du trône au Château royal
+
+La Sala del Trono nel Palazzo Reale]
+
+[Illustration: In the Royal Castle El Pardo near Madrid
+
+En el Pardo
+
+Im Königlichen Schloß El Pardo bei Madrid
+
+Une salle du château royal d’el Pardo près de Madrid
+
+Nel Palazzo Reale El Pardo, presso Madrid]
+
+[Illustration: Madrid]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial
+
+Court of the Evangelists
+
+Patio de los Evangelistas
+
+Evangelistenhof
+
+Cour des evangelistes
+
+La corte degli evangelisti]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial
+
+Throne-Room
+
+Sala del Trono
+
+Thronsaal
+
+La salle du trône
+
+La sala del Trono]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial
+
+The Library
+
+La biblioteca
+
+Die Bibliothek
+
+La Bibliothèque
+
+La Biblioteca]
+
+[Illustration: In the Escorial Palace: on the walls tapestries after
+Goya’s paintings
+
+Palacio del Escorial
+
+Im Palast des Escorial: an den Wänden Gobelins nach Goyaschen Gemälden
+
+Le Château de l’Escurial. Tapisseries des Gobelins d’après des peintures
+de Goya
+
+Nel Palazzo dell’Escorial. Alle pareti tappeti Gobelins con riproduzione
+delle pitture di Goya]
+
+[Illustration: Escorial
+
+Philip II. Study
+
+Despacho de Felipe II
+
+Arbeitszimmer Philips II
+
+Cabinet de travail de Philippe II
+
+Gabinetto da lavoro di Filippo II]
+
+[Illustration: Aranjuez--Casa de Labrador
+
+The Platinum Hall
+
+Sala de Platino
+
+Platinsaal
+
+Maison de Labrador. La salle de platine
+
+Casa de Labrador. Sala del platino]
+
+[Illustration: Aranjuez
+
+In the Casa de Labrador
+
+En la Casa de Labrador
+
+In der Casa de Labrador
+
+Intérieur de la maison de Labrador
+
+Nella Casa de Labrador]
+
+[Illustration: Aranjuez
+
+The Palace Garden
+
+Jardín del Palacio
+
+Schloßgarten
+
+Le jardin du palais
+
+Giardino del Palazzo]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Tajo Valley and St. Martin Bridge
+
+Valle del Tajo y puente de S. Martin
+
+Tajotal und San Martinbrücke
+
+La vallée du Tage et le pont St. Martin
+
+La valle del Tajo dal ponte di S. Martino]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Alcantara Bridge and St. Servando Castle
+
+Puente Alcantara y Castillo S. Servando
+
+Alcantarabrücke und Castillo S. Servando
+
+Pont d’Alcantara, et château de St. Servando
+
+Il Ponte d’Alcantara e il Castello di S. Servando]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Alcantara Bridge with the Alcazar in the background
+
+Puente Alcantara en el fondo el Alcazar
+
+Alcantarabrücke, überragt vom Alcazar
+
+Le Pont d’Alcantara, dominé par l’Alcazar
+
+Il Ponte Alcantara e in alto, in fondo, Alcazar]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+View through the gateway of the Alcantara Bridge
+
+Vista tomada desde la puerta del puente Alcantara
+
+Blick durch das Brückentor der Alcantarabrücke
+
+Vue de la porte d’entrée du pont d’Alcantara
+
+Veduta del Ponte d’Alcantare dal Portone del Ponte stesso]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Staircase in St. Cruz Hospital
+
+Escalera del hospital de Sta. Cruz
+
+Treppe des Hospitals Sta. Cruz
+
+Escalier de l’hôpital Santa-Cruz
+
+Scala dell’ospedale di Santa Cruz]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+In the court of the Casa Greco
+
+En el patio de la Casa del Greco
+
+Im Hof des Grecohauses
+
+Cour de la maison du Grec
+
+Cortile della Casa del Greco]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Cloister of St. Juan de los reyes
+
+Claustro de S. Juan de los reyes
+
+S. Juan de los reyes, Kreuzgang
+
+Cloître de St. Jean de los reyes
+
+Loggiato del Chiostro di S. Juan de los reyes]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo
+
+Cathedral Spire
+
+Torre de la Catedral
+
+Turm der Kathedrale
+
+Tour de la Cathédrale
+
+Il campanile della Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Toledo]
+
+[Illustration: Ox-cart
+
+Carro de bueyes
+
+Ochsenkarren
+
+Chariot attelé de boeufs
+
+Carro tirato da buol]
+
+[Illustration: Lagartera Costume (Prov. of Toledo)
+
+Traje de Lagartera (Prov. de Toledo)
+
+Tracht von Lagartera (Prov. Toledo)
+
+Jeune femme de Lagartera (Province de Tolède)
+
+Costume di Lagartera (Prov. di Toledo)]
+
+[Illustration: Lagartera Wedding Dress (Prov. of Toledo)
+
+Traje de boda de Lagartera (Prov. de Toledo)
+
+Hochzeitstracht von Lagartera (Prov. Toledo)
+
+Une noce à Lagartera (Province de Tolède) Les maries
+
+Veste nuziale di Lagartera (Prov. di Toledo)]
+
+[Illustration: Forest Chapel
+
+Capilla en el bosque
+
+Waldkapelle
+
+Calvaire et chapelle champêtres
+
+Cappella silvestre]
+
+[Illustration: Ruins of the Cloister in Yuste Convent
+
+Ruinas del Claustro de Yuste
+
+Ruinen des Kreuzganges im Kloster Yuste
+
+Ruines du monastère de Yuste
+
+Rovine nel Chiostro di Yuste]
+
+[Illustration: Aldeanueva de la Vera]
+
+[Illustration: In the village-square of Cepeda before the bull-fight
+
+Antes de la novillada en la plaza de la aldea da Cepeda
+
+Vor dem Stierkampf auf dem Dorfplatz von Cepeda
+
+Avant le combat de taureaux sur la place de Cepeda
+
+Prima della Corrida di tori nella piazza del villaggio di Cepeda]
+
+[Illustration: Segovian shepherd
+
+Pastor segoviano
+
+Segovianischer Hirt
+
+Un berger ségovien
+
+Pastore segoviano]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia
+
+The Cathedral
+
+La Catedral
+
+Kathedrale
+
+La Cathédrale
+
+La Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia
+
+The Roman Aqueduct
+
+El acueducto romano
+
+Römischer Aquädukt
+
+L’aqueduc romain
+
+Acquedotti romani]
+
+[Illustration: Segovianian peasant. In the background the Segovia
+Alcázar
+
+Aldeano segoviano, en el fondo el Alcázar de Segovia
+
+Segovianischer Bauer, im Hintergrund der Alcazar von Segovia
+
+Un paysan ségovien. A l’arrière-plan: l’Alcazar de Ségovia
+
+Contadino segoviano, e, in fondo, l’Alcazar di Segovia]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia--Alcázar]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia, Casa de los Picos]
+
+[Illustration: Segovia]
+
+[Illustration: Mount of Calvary near Segovia
+
+Calvario de Segovia
+
+Kalvarienberg bei Segovia
+
+La Calvaire de Ségovie
+
+Il Calvario di Segovia]
+
+[Illustration: “My God, how lonely, are the dead" (Becquer)
+
+“Dios mio, que solos se quedan los muertos" (Becquer)
+
+“Mein Gott, wie einsam bleiben doch die Toten" (Becquer)
+
+“Mon Dieu, combien est grande la solitude des morts"! (Becquer)
+
+“Dio mio, in che abbandono riposano i morti"! (Becquer)]
+
+[Illustration: Avila]
+
+[Illustration: Avila
+
+The Town Wall
+
+La muralla
+
+Stadtmauer
+
+Les murailles de la ville
+
+La mura della città]
+
+[Illustration: Avila
+
+St. Vincent Gate
+
+Puerta de S. Vicente
+
+Stadttor S. Vicente
+
+La Porte Saint-Vincent
+
+La porta di S. Vicente]
+
+[Illustration: Avila
+
+The Cathedral apse. The strongest fortified tower of the town with
+sheltered passages and machicolations
+
+Apside de la Catedral como torre mas fuerte de defensa con
+circunvalación
+
+Apsis der Kathedrale als stärkster Verteidigungsturm der Stadtmauer mit
+Wehrgang und Pechnasen
+
+Abside de la cathédrale servant de principale tour de défense, avec
+chemin de ronde et mâchicoulis
+
+L’Abside della Cattedrale serve di potente torre di difesa, munita di
+cammino di ronda]
+
+[Illustration: Turrégano, Castillo]
+
+[Illustration: Turrégano, Castillo]
+
+[Illustration: Sepúlveda]
+
+[Illustration: Sepúlveda]
+
+[Illustration: Bull-fight in the market-place of Sepúlveda
+
+Becerrada en la plaza mayor de Sepúlveda
+
+Stierkampfspiel auf dem Marktplatz von Sepúlveda
+
+Combat de taureaux sur la place du marché, à Sepúlveda
+
+Giuochi di corrida nella piazza del Mercato di Sepúlveda]
+
+[Illustration: Bull-fight in the market-place of Sepúlveda. (The matador
+is about to give the final thrust)
+
+Novillada en la plaza mayor de Sepúlveda.
+
+Stierkampf auf dem Marktplatz von Sepúlveda. (Der Stierkämpfer im
+Begriff, den Todesstoß zu tun)
+
+Combat de taureaux sur la place du marché, à Sepúlveda. (Le matador va
+porter le coup de mort à l’animal)
+
+Corrida nella Piazza del Mercato di Sepúlveda. (Il Toreador nell’atto di
+vibrare il colpo mortale)]
+
+[Illustration: Medinaceli
+
+The Market
+
+Plaza mayor
+
+Marktplatz
+
+La place du marché
+
+La Piazza del Mercato]
+
+[Illustration: Medinaceli, Capilla Humilladero]
+
+[Illustration: Guadalajara
+
+Palace of the Infantado
+
+Palacio del Infantado
+
+Palast del Infantado
+
+Palais de l’Infante
+
+Palazzo del Infantado]
+
+[Illustration: Guadalajara-Palacio del Infantado
+
+Entrance-Hall and view of the Court
+
+Entrada y vista del patio
+
+Eintrittshalle und Blick in den Hof
+
+Vestibule d’entrée et vue dans la cour
+
+Ingresso e veduta della corte]
+
+[Illustration: Guadalajara
+
+In the court of the Palace of the Infantado
+
+En el patio del palacio del Infantado
+
+Im Hof des Palastes del Infantado
+
+Cour du palais de l’Infante
+
+Nella corte del palazzo dell’ Infantado]
+
+[Illustration: Guadalajara
+
+In the court of the Palace of the Infantado
+
+En el patio del palacio del Infantado
+
+Im Hof des Palastes del Infantado
+
+Cour du palais de l’Infante
+
+Nella corte del palazzo dell’ Infantado]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Peñafiel]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Mombeltran]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Coca]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Coca]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Coca
+
+Gate and Watch Tower
+
+Puerta y torre del homenaje
+
+Eingangstor und Wartturm
+
+Porte d’entrée et donjon
+
+Porta d’ingresso e torre]
+
+[Illustration: Coca
+
+Old Town Gate
+
+Puerta antigua de la ciudad
+
+Altes Stadttor
+
+Ancienne porte de la ville
+
+Vecchia porta della città]
+
+[Illustration: Sigüenza
+
+Castle Gate
+
+Puerta del castillo
+
+Burgtor
+
+Porte du vieux château-fort
+
+Porta del Castello]
+
+[Illustration: Sigüenza
+
+Great-Square
+
+Plaza mayor
+
+Hauptplatz
+
+La grande place
+
+Piazza principale]
+
+[Illustration: Sigüenza]
+
+[Illustration: Jérica]
+
+[Illustration: Albarracín]
+
+[Illustration: Albarracín]
+
+[Illustration: Albarracín]
+
+[Illustration: Daroca]
+
+[Illustration: City Gate
+
+Puerta de la ciudad
+
+Stadttor
+
+Porte de la ville
+
+Porta della città]
+
+[Illustration: Daroca]
+
+[Illustration: Tarragona
+
+St. Tecia Gate
+
+Puerta de Sta. Tecia
+
+Tor der Santa Tecia
+
+Porte de Sainte Tecia
+
+Porta di Santa Tecia]
+
+[Illustration: Tarragona
+
+Cathedral Cloisters
+
+Claustro de la Catedral
+
+Kreuzgang der Kathedrale
+
+Cloître de la cathédrale
+
+Navata della Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Barcelona
+
+Stairway In the Court of the Damases House
+
+Escalera en el patio de la casa de Damases
+
+Treppe im Hof des Hauses Damases
+
+Escalier dans la cour de la maison Damases
+
+Scala nel cortile del Palazzo Damases]
+
+[Illustration: The Montserrat. Monistrol at the foot
+
+El Montserrat. En primer termino Monistrol
+
+Der Montserrat, im Vordergrund Monistrol
+
+Le Montserrat, avec Monistrol au premier plan
+
+Il Montserrat. Sul davanti Monistrol]
+
+[Illustration: Gerona]
+
+[Illustration: Gerona
+
+Steps of St. Domingo
+
+Escalera de Sto. Domingo
+
+Treppe von S. Domingo
+
+Escalier de Saint Domingue
+
+La scala di S. Domingo]
+
+[Illustration: Castellfullit (Cataluña)
+
+The town is built on basalt columns
+
+El pueblo se levanta sobre columnas de basalto
+
+Der Ort ist auf Säulenbasalt erbaut
+
+La petite ville est bâtie sur des roches de basalte
+
+Il Paese e stato costruito su colonne di basalto]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees, Segre Valley
+
+Pirineos, Valle del Segre
+
+Pyrenäen, im Segretal
+
+La vallée de la Sègre dans les Pyrenées
+
+Valle del Segre]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees, Road to Nuria
+
+Pirineos, Camino de Nuria
+
+Pyrenäen, Weg nach Nuria
+
+Les Pyrenées: Route de Nuria
+
+Pirenei, Via di Nuria]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees, de las Debotas Gorge (Rio Cinca)
+
+Pirineos, Paso de las Debotas (Rio Cinca)
+
+Pyrenäen, Engpaß de las Debotas (Rio Cinca)
+
+Les Pyrenées: Les gorges de las Debotas (Rio Cinca)
+
+Pirenei, Passo de las Debotas (Rio Cinca)]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. Castellbó
+
+Pirineos. En Castellbó
+
+Pyrenäen, in Castellbó
+
+Les Pyrenées: Castellbo
+
+Pirenei. A Castellbó]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees St. Juan de Plan
+
+Pirineos. S. Juan de Plan
+
+Pyrenäen. S. Juan de Plan
+
+Les Pyrenées: Saint-Jean de Plan
+
+Pirenei. S. Juan de Plan]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees-Alquezar
+
+Pirineos-Alquezar
+
+Pyrenäen-Alquezar
+
+Les Pyrenées: Alquezar
+
+Pirenei-Alquezar]
+
+[Illustration: Alquezar]
+
+[Illustration: Alquezar]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. In Bielsa
+
+Pirineos. En Bielsa
+
+Pyrenäen. In Bielsa
+
+Les Pyrenées: Bielsa
+
+Pirenei. In Bielsa]
+
+[Illustration: Pirineos. Peña Montañesa]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. Pic du midi
+
+Pirineos. Pico del Mediodia
+
+Pyrenäen. Pic du midi
+
+Les Pyrenées: Le pic du midi
+
+Pirenei. Picco del Mezzogiorno]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. Sea of Brachimaña, near Panticosa
+
+Lago da Brachimaña cerca de Panticosa
+
+Pyrenäen. Brachimañasee bei Panticosa
+
+Les Pyrenées: Le lac de Brachimaña, près de Panticosa
+
+Pirenei. Lago di Brachimaña presso Panticosa]
+
+[Illustration: El Aneto
+
+The highest summit of the Pyrenees (3404 m) in the foreground a crevasse
+
+El pico mas alto de los Pirineos (3404 m). En el primer termino un
+barranco de hielo
+
+Der höchste Gipfel der Pyrenäen (3404 m) im Vordergrund eine
+Gletscherspalte
+
+Le plus haut sommet des Pyrenées (3404 mètres) au premier plan une
+crevasse dans le glacier
+
+La più alta vetta del Pirenei (3404 m). Sul davanti la fenditura di un
+ghiacciaio]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. View from the Pic de Aneto
+
+Pirineos. Vista tomada desde el Pico de Aneto
+
+Pyrenäen. Blick vom Pic de Aneto
+
+Les Pyrenées: Vue prise du pic d’Aneto
+
+Pirenei. Veduta dei monti dal Picco de Aneto]
+
+[Illustration: Pyrenees. The Maladeta seen from the Pic de Aneto
+
+Pirineos. El Maldeta visto desde el Pico de Aneto
+
+Pyrenäen. Der Maladeta vom Pic de Aneto aus gesehen
+
+Les Pyrenées: La Maladetta, vue du pic d’Aneto
+
+Pirenei. La Maledetta, vista dal Picco de Aneto]
+
+[Illustration: Saragossa. El Pilar Cathedral
+
+Zaragoza, El Pilar
+
+Zaragoza, Kathedrale El Pilar
+
+Nôtre-Dame del Pilar (Cathédrale)
+
+Saragozza, La Cattedrale El Pilar]
+
+[Illustration: Saragossa. El Pilar
+
+Zaragoza. El Pilar
+
+Zaragoza. El Pilar
+
+Saragosse: Effet de crepiscule et Notre-Dame del Pilar
+
+Saragozza. El Pilar]
+
+[Illustration: Aragonese drinking from a wine skin
+
+Aragones, bebiendo de la bota
+
+Aragonese, aus dem Weinschlauch trinkend
+
+Un Aragonais se desaltère en buvant à même au tuyau de conduite du vin
+
+Tipo d’Aragonese in atto di bere]
+
+[Illustration: Tarazona]
+
+[Illustration: Rock formations of Autol
+
+Formaciónes en las rocas de Autol
+
+Felsformationen von Autol
+
+Le tunnel de la route, à Autol
+
+Formazione di roccie ad Autol]
+
+[Illustration: Rock formations of Autol
+
+Formaciónes en las rocas de Autol
+
+Felsformationen von Autol
+
+Bizarres formations rocheuses
+
+Formazione di roccie ad Autol]
+
+[Illustration: Burgo de Osma]
+
+[Illustration: Almazán]
+
+[Illustration: Soria, S. Juan de Duero-Altar]
+
+[Illustration: S. Esteban de Gormaz
+
+Going to church
+
+Camino de la iglesia
+
+Kirchgang
+
+La montée de l’église
+
+Alla Chiesa]
+
+[Illustration: Rock formation of St. Esteban de Gormáz
+
+Formación en las rocas de S. Esteban de Gormáz
+
+Felsformation von S. Esteban de Gormáz
+
+St. Esteban de Gormáz: Le Rocher
+
+Formazione di roccie di S. Esteban de Gormàz]
+
+[Illustration: Pancorbo]
+
+[Illustration: Pancorbo]
+
+[Illustration: Pancorbo]
+
+[Illustration: Burgos
+
+The Cathedral
+
+La Catedral
+
+Kathedrale
+
+La Cathédrale
+
+La Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Burgos
+
+Interior of the Cathedral
+
+Interior de la Catedral
+
+Inneres der Kathedrale
+
+Intérieur de la cathédrale
+
+Interno della Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Burgos, Cartuja Miraflores
+
+High-Altar of the Church
+
+Retablo
+
+Hochaltar der Kirche
+
+Le maître autel de l’église des dominicains
+
+L’Altar Maggiore della Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Burgos, Cartuja Miraflores
+
+Sepulchre of the infante Alfonso
+
+Sepulcro del infante Alfonso
+
+Grabmal des Infanten Alfonso
+
+Tombeau de l’infant Alphonse dans l’église des dominicains
+
+Il sepolcro dell’infante Alfonso]
+
+[Illustration: Burgos
+
+In the Garden of the Cartuja Miraflores
+
+En el jardin de la Cartuja Miraflores
+
+Im Garten der Cartuja Miraflores
+
+Le jardin du convent des dominicains
+
+Nel giardino de la Cartuja Miraflores]
+
+[Illustration: Lonely Chapel
+
+Cappella solitaria
+
+Einsame Kapelle
+
+Une chapelle solitaire
+
+Capilla solitaria]
+
+[Illustration: Arranda de Duero
+
+Doors of St. Maria
+
+Portada de la Iglesia Sta. Maria
+
+Portal der Kirche Santa Maria
+
+Portail de l’église Sainte-Marie
+
+Ingresso della Chiesa di S. Maria]
+
+[Illustration: Valladolid
+
+Facade of St. Pablo (plateresque style)
+
+Fachada de S. Pablo (estilo plateresco)
+
+Fassade der Kirche S. Pablo (im plateresken Stil)
+
+Façade de l’église Saint-Pablo (style en relief)
+
+Facciata della Chiesa di S. Paolo (Stile plateresco)]
+
+[Illustration: Valladolid
+
+Court of St. Gregorio
+
+Patio de S. Gregorio
+
+Hof von S. Gregorio
+
+Cour de Saint-Grégoire
+
+Il Cortile di S. Gregorio]
+
+[Illustration: Valladolid
+
+Gallery of St. Gregorio
+
+Galeria de S. Gregorio
+
+Galerie von S. Gregorio
+
+Galerie de Saint-Grégoire
+
+La Galleria di S. Gregorio]
+
+[Illustration: Toro
+
+The Cathedral-Doorway of the Carmen Chapel (Former entrance of the
+Cathedral)
+
+Catedral-Portada de la Capilla del Carmen (antigua entrada de la
+catedral)
+
+Kathedrale-Portal der Carmenkapelle (ehemals Eingangstor der Kathedrale)
+
+La cathédrale: portail de la Chapelle des Carmes (ancienne porte
+d’entrée de la Cathédrale)
+
+La Cattedrale. Ingresso alla Cappella del Carmine (Antico ingresso alla
+Cattedrale)]
+
+[Illustration: Zamora
+
+Sepulchre of Prince D. Juan Vázquez de Acuña in the church of Santa
+Magdalena
+
+Sepulcro del principe D. Juan Vázquez de Acuña en la iglesia Santa
+Magdalena
+
+Grabmal des Prinzen D. Juan Vásquez de Acuña in der Kirche Santa
+Magdalena
+
+Eglise Sainte-Madeleine: Tombeau du prince D. Juan Vásquez d’Acuña
+
+Sepolcro del Principe D. Juan Vázquez de Acuña nella Chiesa di Santa
+Magdalena]
+
+[Illustration: Salamanca
+
+The Cathedral
+
+La Catedral
+
+Kathedrale
+
+La Cathédrale
+
+La Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: Salamanca
+
+Doorway of the University
+
+Portada de la Universidad
+
+Portal der Universität
+
+Portail de l’Université
+
+Portale dell’Università]
+
+[Illustration: Salamanca
+
+University. Staircase with alto-relievo (the relievos on the upper part
+showing knights in a bull-fight)
+
+Universidad. La escalera (en el relieve superior una corrida de toros en
+la Edad Media)
+
+Universität. Platereske Treppe (an der oberen Treppenwange Darstellung
+eines Ritterstierkampfes)
+
+L’Université: Escalier du style en relief (sur le limon supérieur est
+représenté un combat de taureaux au Moyen-âge)
+
+Università. La scalinata. Nella parte superiore della Scala è
+raffigurata una corrida di tori]
+
+[Illustration: Salamanca
+
+Inner Doorway in the court of the Escuelas menores (lower school)
+
+Entrada y patio de las Escuelas menores (hospital del estudio)
+
+Inneres Portal im Hof der Escuelas menores (niedere Schule)
+
+Portail intérieur dans la cour des Escuelas menores (écoles mineures)
+
+Portale interno nel cortile della Scuola inferiore]
+
+[Illustration: Ciudad Rodrigo
+
+Door of palace
+
+Portada de un palacio
+
+Portal eines Palastes
+
+Portail d’un palais
+
+Ingresso d’un palazzo]
+
+[Illustration: Ciudad Rodrigo
+
+Market-place
+
+Plaza mayor
+
+Marktplatz
+
+La grande place (Place du marché)
+
+La Piazza del Mercato]
+
+[Illustration: Costumes in Candelario
+
+Traje de Candelario
+
+Tracht von Candelario
+
+Femmes de Candelario
+
+Costumi di Candelario]
+
+[Illustration: Candelario (Prov. Salamanca)]
+
+[Illustration: Costumes in La Alberca (Prov. of Salamanca)
+
+Traje de La Alberca (Prov. de Salamanca)
+
+Tracht von La Alberca (Prov. Salamanca)
+
+Une famille de paysans de la Alberca. (Province de Salamanque)
+
+Costumi di La Alberca (Prov. di Salamanca)]
+
+[Illustration: A Mule-Ride
+
+Paseo en mula
+
+Maultierritt
+
+En route sur la mule
+
+Cavalcata sul mulo]
+
+[Illustration: Festal costume in La Alberca (four-strand gold chain--old
+family ornament)
+
+Traje festivo de La Alberca (las cadenas de oro son una joya de familia)
+
+Festtracht von La Alberca (vielreihige Goldketten--alter Familienbesitz)
+
+Femme de la Alberca en costume de cérémonie (Les colliers en or à
+plusieurs rangées proviennent d’un très ancien héritage de famille)
+
+Costume festivo a La Alberca (Piu fili de catene d’oro, eredità di
+famiglia)]
+
+[Illustration: Festal costume in La Alberca
+
+Traje festivo de la Alberca
+
+Festtracht von La Alberca
+
+Femme de la Alberca en costume de fête
+
+Giovinetta di La Alberca in costume festivo]
+
+[Illustration: In Mogarraz (Prov. of Salamanca)
+
+En Mogarraz (Prov. de Salamanca)
+
+In Mogarraz (Prov. Salamanca)
+
+A Mogarraz (Province de Salamanque)]
+
+A Mogarraz (Provincia die Salamanca)
+
+[Illustration: Hurdanos at the well
+
+Hurdanos en la fuente
+
+Hurdesbewohner am Brunnen
+
+Hurdanos à la fontaine
+
+Hurdani alla fontana]
+
+[Illustration: The Monastery of Las Batuecas
+
+El Monasterio de Las Batuecas
+
+Kloster Batuecas
+
+Le Monastère de Las Batuecas
+
+Il Monastero di Las Batuecas]
+
+[Illustration: Doorway of the Monastery of Las Batuecas
+
+Portada del Monasterio de Las Batuecas
+
+Pforte des Klosters Batuecas
+
+Porte d’entrée du monastère de Las Batuecas
+
+Ingresso del Monastero Las Batuecas]
+
+[Illustration: In the monastery school
+
+En la escuela del monasterio
+
+In der Klosterschule
+
+L’école au monastère
+
+Nella scuola del Monastero]
+
+[Illustration: The beauty of the woods (Batuecas)
+
+Encanto del bosque (Batuecas)
+
+Waldespracht (Batuecas)
+
+Dans la forêt (Batuecas)
+
+Nella foresta (Batuecas)]
+
+[Illustration: Door-post of the chapel of St. Miguel de Lino near Oviedo
+(erected by Ramiro I. about 845)
+
+Poste de la Capilla S. Miguel de Lino (Oviedo) (edificada por Ramiro I.
+por los años de 845)
+
+Pfosten der Kapelle S. Miguel de Lino bei Oviedo (von Ramiro I. um 845
+erbaut)
+
+Un pilier de la Chapelle de St. Michel de Lino (Oviedo) (bâtie par
+Ramiro Ier en 845)
+
+Pilastro della Cappella di S. Michele de Lino (Oviedo) (Costruito da
+Ramiro I. nell’anno 845)]
+
+[Illustration: Interior of the Chapel of St. Maria de Naranco near
+Oviedo (erected about 845)
+
+Interior de la Capilla Sta. Maria de Naranco (Oviedo) (edificada por los
+años de 845)
+
+Inneres der Kapelle Santa Maria de Naranco bei Oviedo (um 845 erbaut)
+
+Intérieur de la chapelle de Ste. Marie de Naranco (Oviedo) (bâtie en
+845)
+
+Interno della Cappella di Santa Maria de Naranco (Oviedo) (Costruita
+nell’ anno 845)]
+
+[Illustration: The Gorge of Hermida in the Picos de Europa (Asturia)
+
+Desfiladero de Hermida en los Picos de Europa (Asturias)
+
+Engpaß von Hermida in den Picos de Europa (Asturien)
+
+Défilé de Hermida à Los Picos de Europa (Asturies)
+
+Passo di Hermida nel Picos d’Europa (Asturie)]
+
+[Illustration: Gorge In the Sella Valley (Picos de Europa)
+
+Desfiladero de Sella (Picos de Europa)
+
+Im Sellafal (Picos de Europa)
+
+Gorge de la Sella (Picos de Europa)
+
+Nella valle del Sella (Pico d’Europa)]
+
+[Illustration: Asturian Bridge (Picos de Europa)
+
+Puente asturiano (Picos de Europa)
+
+Asturianische Brücke (Picos de Europa)
+
+Un pont des Asturies (Picos de Europa)
+
+Ponte asturiano (Pico d’Europa)]
+
+[Illustration: Eucalyptus Avenue near Ribadesella
+
+Alameda de Eucaliptos (Ribadesella)
+
+Eukalyptusallee bei Ribadesella
+
+Allée d’eucalyptus près de Ribadesella
+
+Viale fiancheggiato di eucalitti a Ribadesella]
+
+[Illustration: Potes (Picos de Europa)]
+
+[Illustration: Potes]
+
+[Illustration: Potes (Picos de Europa)]
+
+[Illustration: Potes]
+
+[Illustration: Roman bridge in Cangas de Onis (Asturia)
+
+Puente romano de Cangas de Onis (Asturias)
+
+Römische Brücke in Cangas de Onis (Asturien)
+
+Pont Romain à Cangas de Onis (Asturies)
+
+Ponte romano a Canga de Onis (Asturie)]
+
+[Illustration: The Santander sailing boat harbour
+
+Puerto de veleros de Santander
+
+Segelschiffhafen von Santander
+
+Le port des voiliers à Santander
+
+Porto di velleri a Santander]
+
+[Illustration: Ondárroa (Vizcaya)]
+
+[Illustration: Castillo Butrón (Vizcaya)]
+
+[Illustration: Basque Peasant’s House (Mañaria)
+
+Casita vasca (Mañaria)
+
+Baskisches Bauernhaus (Mañaria)
+
+Maison de paysan basque (Mañaria)
+
+Casetta Basca (Mañaria)]
+
+[Illustration: Basque Peasant’s House near Durángo
+
+Casita vasca cerca de Durángo
+
+Baskisches Bauernhaus bei Durángo
+
+Maison de paysan basque aux environs de Durángo
+
+Casetta di contadini baschi presso Durángo]
+
+[Illustration: Basque Mill
+
+Molino vasco
+
+Baskische Mühle
+
+Un moulin basque
+
+Molini basco]
+
+[Illustration: Typical Basque cart
+
+Carro vasco tipico
+
+Typischer Baskenkarren
+
+Une charrette basque attelée de boeufs
+
+Carro basco con buol]
+
+[Illustration: Biscaya, Ancient gravestone in the Colegiata of Cenarruza
+
+Vizcaya, Lápida sepulcral en la Colegiata de Cenarruza
+
+Vizcaya, Alter Grabstein in der Colegiata von Cenarruza
+
+Pierre tombale à la Collegiale de Cenarruza (Biscaye)
+
+Antica lapide sepolcrale nella Collegiata de Cenarruza]
+
+[Illustration: Stone Crucifix in Durango (Biscaya)
+
+Cruz de piedra de Durango (Viscaya)
+
+Steinkreuz in Durango (Vizcaya)
+
+Le Calvaire de Durango (Biscaye)
+
+Croce di pietra a Durango (Viscaya)]
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to the Mallona Cemetery (Bilbao)
+
+Entrada del cementerio de Mallona (Bilbao)
+
+Friedhofsaufgang Mallona (Bilbao)
+
+Entrée du cimetière de Mallona (Bilbao)
+
+Ingresso al cimitero di Mallona (Bilbao)]
+
+[Illustration: Cemetery with stone sepulchres near Elorrio (Biscaya)
+
+Sepulcros de piedra cerca de Elorria (Vizcaya)
+
+Steinkistenfriedhof bei Elorrio (Vizcaya)
+
+Sépulcres de pierre aux environs d’Elorria (Biscaye)
+
+Sepolcri di pietra cava presso Elorrio (Vizcaya)]
+
+[Illustration: San Sebastian
+
+View from Monte Ulla
+
+Visto desde el Monte Ulla
+
+Vom Mont Ulla gesehen
+
+Vue prise du Mont Ulla
+
+Veduta della città del Monte Ulla]
+
+[Illustration: San Sebastian
+
+View from Monte Igueldo
+
+Visto desde el Monte Igueldo
+
+Vom Monte Igueldo gesehen
+
+Vue prise du Mont Igueldo
+
+Veduta della città dal Monte Igueldo]
+
+[Illustration: San Sebastian
+
+Eventide
+
+Al anochecer
+
+Abendstimmung
+
+Effet de crépuscule à Saint-Sébastien
+
+Tramonto]
+
+[Illustration: San Sebastian. Harbour. Evening
+
+Puerto de San Sebastian. Crepusculo
+
+San Sebastian. Abend im Hafen
+
+Le port de Saint-Sebastien Effet de crépuscule
+
+Porto di San Sebastiano. Crepuscolo]
+
+[Illustration: San Sebastian
+
+The Harbour
+
+El puerto
+
+Hafen
+
+Le port de Saint Sébastien
+
+San Sebastiano. Il Porto]
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to the harbour of Pasages
+
+Entrada del puerto de Pasages (Guipuzcoa)
+
+Einfahrt in den Hafen von Pasages (Guipuzcoa)
+
+Entrée du port de Pasages (Guipuzcoa)
+
+Stretto d’accesso al porto di Pasages (Guipuzcoa)]
+
+[Illustration: Pasages]
+
+[Illustration: Pasages]
+
+[Illustration: Pasages]
+
+[Illustration: Pasages]
+
+[Illustration: Bull-fight in the Market-Place of Pasages
+
+Novillada en la plaza mayor de Pasages
+
+Stierkampf auf dem Marktplatz von Pasages
+
+Un combat de taureaux sur la grande place à Pasages
+
+Corrida sulla piazza del mercato di Pasages]
+
+[Illustration: Boys playing at bull-fighting
+
+Muchachos jugando à los toros
+
+Knaben, Stierkampf spielend
+
+Un jeu d’enfant bien espagnol
+
+Bambini che giuocano alla Corrida]
+
+[Illustration: Fuenterabia
+
+Court in Charles Vth’s Palace
+
+Patio en el Palacio Carlos V.
+
+Hof im Palast Karls V.
+
+Une cour du palais de Charles-Quint
+
+Cortile del Palazzo Carlo V.]
+
+[Illustration: Ruins among the flowers
+
+Ruinas entre flores
+
+Ruinen in Margariten
+
+Ruines et fleurs
+
+Margariten. Rovine]
+
+[Illustration: Santiago de Campostela
+
+The Cathedral
+
+La Catedral
+
+Kathedrale
+
+La Cathédrale
+
+La Cattedrale]
+
+[Illustration: In the Bay of Pontevedra (Galicia)
+
+En la ria de Pontevedra (Galicia)
+
+In der Bucht von Pontevedra (Galicien)
+
+La baie de Pontevedra (Galice)
+
+Nel seno di Pontevedra (Galizia)]
+
+[Illustration: The waves at play
+
+Juego de las olas
+
+Spiel der Wellen
+
+Echappée sur la mer
+
+Giuoco delle onde]
+
+[Illustration: Vigo Harbour (Galicia)
+
+Puerto de Vigo (Galicia)
+
+Hafen von Vigo (Galicien)
+
+Le port de Vigo (Galice)
+
+Porto di Vico (Galizia)]
+
+[Illustration: Eventide at sea (Exit of Pasages)
+
+Penumbra de la tarde en el mar (Salida de Pasages)
+
+Abendfeier auf dem Meere (Ausfahrt von Pasages)
+
+Effet de soir sur la mer à la sortie de Pasages
+
+Tramonto sul mare (Uscita del porto di Pasages)]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Vide pictures 1-22, 25. Bracketed figures in the text refer to the
+respective views.
+
+[B] Cordova was taken soon after the battle of Jerez (711).
+Abd-ur-rahman I., the founder of the Omaijaden dynasty began to build
+the mosque in 785. The columns (their number is stated at between 1400
+and 1500) were collected from buildings in all countries: Byzantium,
+Rome, Carthage, Nîmes, Narbonne, etc.; hence their variety of form and
+material (marble, porphyry, jasper, alabaster). In 1235 Cordova was
+taken by the Christians. The erection of the choir was begun in 1523.
+
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