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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #64707 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64707)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nicaraguan Antiquities, by Carl Bovallius
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Nicaraguan Antiquities
-
-Author: Carl Bovallius
-
-Release Date: March 05, 2021 [eBook #64707]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-             https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES ***
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-  Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
-    in the original text.
-  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
-  Typographical errors have been silently corrected.
-
-
-
-
-    SWEDISH SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY
-
-               NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES
-
-                         BY
-                   CARL BOVALLIUS
-
-                   STOCKHOLM, 1886
-                KONGL. BOKTRYCKERIET
-               P. A. NORSTEDT & SÖNER
-
-                         TO
-            THE ROYAL ANTIQUARY OF SWEDEN
-
-                 DR. HANS HILDEBRAND
-
-                     THIS WORK,
-     THE PUBLICATION OF WHICH HAS BEEN POSSIBLE
-             ONLY BY HIS KIND EXERTIONS,
-               IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED
-                   BY THE AUTHOR.
-
-
-Nicaragua is a very rich field for research to the student of American
-Archæology, and so I found it during my two years stay in Central
-America. I had there the good fortune several times to meet with
-localities more or less rich in remains from the prehistoric or
-rather pre-spanish period. Not very much being known about Central
-American antiquities, and the literature on this subject being very
-poor, especially with regard to the Nicaraguan ones, I purpose
-here to describe briefly and to figure the more important statues,
-rock-carvings, ceramic objects etc., found by me in Nicaragua and
-partly delineated or photographed on the spot, partly brought home
-to Sweden. Unfortunately I wanted the means of carrying home any of
-the statues; but my Nicaraguan collections contain a number of more
-easily transportable relics, mostly examples of pottery. These are
-now deposited in the ethnographic collection of the R. Swedish State
-Museum. The accompanying plates are all executed after my original
-sketches or photographs taken on the spot. Most of the statues have
-never before been figured or described; some of them are mentioned and
-figured by E. G. SQUIER[1] in his splendid work on Nicaragua. As it
-turned out, however, on comparisons being made by me on the spot, that
-some of Squier’s figures do not quite agree with the originals, I have
-thought fit to publish also my own drawings of these previously figured
-statues, 6 in number.
-
-[1] Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed
-interoceanic canal. With numerous original maps and illustrations. In
-two volumes. London, 1852.
-
-Although this sketch is certainly not the place for an account of the
-history of Central America or Nicaragua, yet I may be permitted to give
-a brief statement of those few and disconnected notices that we possess
-with regard to the nations inhabiting Nicaragua at that period, when
-the antiquities here spoken of were probably executed. The sources of
-our knowledge of these people and their culture are, besides the above
-quoted work of SQUIER, the old Spanish chroniclers, OVIEDO, TORQUEMADA,
-HERRERA, and GUARROS, the memoirs of LAS CASAS and PETER MARTYR, the
-relation of THOMAS GAGE, and scattered notices in the works of GOMARA,
-IXTLILXOCHITL, DAMPIER a. o.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-At the time of the Spanish invasion under the command of _Don Gil
-Gonzales de Avila_ in the years 1521 and 1522, the region now occupied
-by the republic of Nicaragua and the north-eastern part of the republic
-of Costa Rica, was inhabited by Indian nations of four different
-stocks, which very probably may be considered as being of different
-origin and having immigrated into the country at widely separated
-periods.
-
-The Atlantic coast with its luxuriant vegetation but damp climate and
-the adjacent mountainous country with its vast primeval forests were
-the home of more or less _nomadic tribes_, remaining at a low stage of
-civilization. It may be inferred, however, from certain indications
-in the account of the third voyage of Columbus, and from the scanty
-notices of several of the so-called buccaneers or filibusters, that
-those Indians were more advanced in culture and manner of life than the
-hordes, that may be regarded as their descendants at the present day:
-the _Moscos_, the _Ramas_, the _Simoos_ or _Smoos_ a. o.[2]
-
-Between this strip of country on the eastern shore and the two great
-lakes, _Xolotlan_ (Managua) and _Cocibolca_ (the lake of Nicaragua),
-the intermediate highland, which shelves gradually towards the lakes,
-was inhabited by los _Chontales_, as they are denominated by OVIEDO.
-The name is still preserved in «Departemento de _Chontales_». They
-lived in large villages and towns and were agriculturists. Possibly
-they were of the same stock as, or closely related to, the large
-_Maya_-family which extended over the eastern parts of Honduras and
-Guatemala and furnished the population of Yucatan. This guess acquires
-a certain probability by the fact of several words in their language
-being similar to the corresponding ones in some Maya-dialects. The
-_Poas_, _Toacas_, _Lacandones_, and _Guatusos_ may possibly be their
-descendants. These also are living at a decidedly lower stage of
-civilization than their supposed ancestors.
-
-[2] I cannot but contradict, on the ground of my own investigations,
-the suggestion of Squier, that the nomadic tribes on the east coast of
-Nicaragua were related to the Caribs, and especially «the Melchoras on
-the river San Juan are certainly of Carib stock». All the individuals
-of the Simoo, Rama and Melchora tribe, that I have seen and measured,
-correspond far more, both in general habitus and cranial characters, to
-the Talamanca Indians and Guatusos, indeed even to the Indios mansos in
-Chontales and in Northern Nicaragua, than to the Caribs of Honduras who
-are proved to be true Caribs, or to the Magdalena Indians in Columbia
-who are supposed to belong to the Carib stock. The differences are so
-great as to make it probable that Squier’s supposition arises from a
-confusion of names, more particularly because the name of Caribs was
-applied to all Indios bravos of eastern Nicaragua during the Spanish
-time, long before the brave Caribs of S:t Vincent, the last remains
-of that people in the West-Indies, after a long and hard struggle
-for freedom were expatriated and carried to Ruatan, from where they
-transmigrated afterwards of their own will to the opposite coast of
-Honduras.
-
-If the eastern part of Nicaragua, on account of its almost impenetrable
-forests and damp climate, is less fit to be the dwelling-place of a
-highly cultivated people, the western portion, on the contrary, is
-much more happily endowed in this respect and seems to be marked
-out by nature itself to become one of the centres of mankind’s
-civilization. By its smiling valleys, fertile plains, and thinner, but
-shadowy forests, by its splendid lakes, gently flowing rivers, and
-verdant mountains the country appears well able to tempt even the most
-exacting people to settle in it. Indeed the country, on the arrival
-of the Spaniards, was found to be very densely populated, and divided
-amongst a great number of small sovereignities, which could however be
-referred to two separate stocks, differing in language and character.
-One of these, the third one of those stocks from which has sprung the
-population of Nicaragua, was los _Choroteganos_ or _Mangues_. They
-occupied the territory between the two large lakes and all the fertile
-level country west and north of Lake Managua down to the Pacific and
-Bahia de Fonseca. OVIEDO asserts that they were the aborigines and
-ancient masters of the country, without being able however to state any
-proofs in support of his opinion. Of los _Choroteganos_ four groups
-are usually distinguished: 1:0) Los _Cholutecas_ on the shores of
-Bahia de Fonseca; their principal town was the present _Choluteca_.
-2:0) Los _Nagrandanos_ between Lake Managua and the Pacific; their
-capital was _Subtiaba_, near the present Leon. 3:0) Los _Dirianos_
-between the lakes Managua and Nicaragua and down to the coast of the
-Pacific. Their largest town was _Salteba_ near the present Granada and
-4:0) Los _Orotinas_ far separated from their relations, inhabiting the
-peninsula of Nicoya and the territory of Guanacaste, which comprises
-the north-eastern part of the republic of Costa Rica. Opinions vary,
-however, with regard to these groups, several authors being inclined
-to regard los _Cholutecas_ as a detached branch of los Pipiles in El
-Salvador; they would then be of Toltecan origin. Certainly there is a
-number of local names within their district which seem to corroborate
-this opinion. Other writers are disposed to ascribe a Mexican origin
-to the Orotinas and lastly Dr. BERENDT[3] suggests that the whole
-Chorotegan stock may be considered as a Toltecan offspring, the name
-Choroteganos being only a corruption of Cholutecas.
-
-[3] «Geographical Distribution of the Ancient Central American
-Civilisation», in Journal of the American Geographical Society of New
-York, vol. 8, 1870, p. 142.
-
-The last or fourth of the tribes inhabiting Nicaragua was los
-_Niquiranos_. The territory occupied by this people was the smallest of
-all, viz.; the narrow isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific,
-together with the large islands, Ometepec and Zapatera, in Lake
-Nicaragua. But although comparatively small in extent this territory
-was perhaps the most richly blessed of all in this country, the darling
-one of nature. According to the concurrent testimonies of the old
-chroniclers the Niquirans were a Mexican people settled in the country
-at a comparatively late period. It is not clear whether they were
-Toltecs or Aztecs, and this question cannot probably be decided until
-the ancient remains, surely very numerous, that they have left behind
-them, shall have been accurately studied and compared with the better
-known Mexican antiquities. For my own part I incline to the opinion
-that they were Aztecs, and had immigrated into the country rather late,
-perhaps little more than a hundred years before the Spanish invasion.
-They lived in a state of permanent hostility with the Chorotegans and
-had probably, on their irruption, expelled the Orotinas, who were
-thus cut off from the main stock of the Chorotegans. The intelligent
-and well built Indians on the island of Ometepec are doubtless the
-descendants of the Niquirans; this is corroborated by their language,
-which the successful investigations of SQUIER have shown to be of
-Mexican origin and presenting a very close similarity to the pure Aztec
-tongue. They are now a laborious and peaceful race, somewhat shy of
-strangers; in general they speak Spanish, but may be heard occasionally
-to talk Indian dialect with one another; with regard to this dialect
-they are, however, extremely unwilling to afford any explanations,
-generally answering «es muy antiguo» «no sé nada». The Indians of Belen
-and the surrounding region remind one of the Ometepec Indians, but are
-evidently intermixed with foreign elements.
-
-According to OVIEDO, TORQUEMADA, and CEREZEDA, the last one of whom
-accompanied GIL GONZALES DE AVILA in his expedition 1522, and thus
-is able to speak, like OVIEDO, from his own personal observations,
-the Niquirans had reached a higher degree of civilization than their
-neighbours. However, the Chorotegans were also pretty far advanced in
-culture.
-
-Indeed, reading the scanty descriptions of the last days of these
-nations, one feels tempted to assert that in harmonic development
-of the mental faculties they were superior to that nation, which,
-by its crowds of rapacious and sanguinary adventurers, honoured in
-history with the name of «los Conquistadores», has fixed upon itself
-the heavy responsibility for the annihilation of this civilization.
-For indeed so swift and radical was this annihilation, through the
-fanatical vandalism of «christian» priests and the bloody crimes of a
-greedy soldatesca, that history knows of no similar example. Thus the
-investigator of the comparatively modern culture of Central America is
-obliged to travel by more toilsome and doubtful roads than the student
-of the ancient forms of civilization of Egypt and India, although these
-were dead several thousands of years ago.
-
-So much, however, has come to the knowledge of our time, as suffices to
-prove that the nations of Central America were very far advanced in
-political and social development as well as in science and art. But no
-other way is left to us of gaining an insight in this culture, than
-to search the country perseveringly for the purpose of disclosing the
-monuments, hidden in the ground or enviously concealed by the primeval
-vegetation, that now reigns alone in many of those places, which were
-formerly occupied by populous and flourishing cities, and artistically
-ornamented temples.
-
-By comparing these monuments with those of Mexican culture, somewhat
-better known in certain respects, we may hope finally to arrive at
-the solution of some of the intricate problems concerning the ancient
-nations of Central America and their history.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-The antiquities figured by me were found for the greatest part
-in the island of _Zapatera_, the rock-carvings in the islet of
-_Ceiba_ close to Zapatera, only some few ceramic objects are from
-the island of _Ometepec_. All these localities are contained within
-the territory occupied by the Niquirans, and on this account may
-probably be considered as specimens of _Aztec_ art, or of an art
-very closely related to this. Those few statues that I have seen in
-the neighbourhood of _Granada_ and in _Las Isletas_ immediately off
-Granada, as well as the statues and high-reliefs in the little volcanic
-island of _Momotombito_ in Lake Managua, the former belonging probably
-to los _Dirianos_, the latter to los _Nagrandanos_, appear to me to be
-much more rudely executed, without any attempt to copy the human body;
-whereas many of the statues of _Zapatera_ testify to a pretty accurate
-study of the human body, often presenting faithfully elaborated muscle
-portions etc., so as to make it probable that the Niquiran artists used
-models. There certainly are found rather fantastic figures even among
-these statues, but in general their originators prove to be artists of
-a more realistic conception, and at the same time of more developed
-technics than the Chorotegan artists. From the monuments etc. found
-farther northwards at _Copan_, _Quiriguá_, _Uxmal_, _Palenque_, and
-other places in Central America, the works here described differ most
-considerably, indeed so much that it is not easy to point out more than
-a few common artistic features.
-
-With the exception of the meagre notices, communicated by OVIEDO
-and CEREZEDA and their compilers, the source of our knowledge of
-_Nicaraguan_ antiquities is E. G. SQUIER’S interesting work «Nicaragua:
-its people, scenery, monuments and the proposed interoceanic canal».
-After SQUIER some other American investigators have followed in the
-road opened by him; Dr. EARL FLINT of Rivas has during many years
-searched for and collected antiquities, partly in the Department of
-Rivas, partly in the island of Ometepec. I am obliged to Dr. FLINT for
-much valuable information on the present subject, kindly communicated
-to me, when I had the pleasure of meeting with him at Rivas in
-January 1883. He has sent the collections gradually brought together
-by himself, to the _Smithsonian Institution_. In «_Archæological
-researches in Nicaragua_»[4] Dr. J. F. BRANSFORD gives a highly
-interesting description of his researches in Ometepec, where he made
-a large collection of grave-urns, other vessels of pottery, and
-smaller relics of stone and metal. He occupied himself principally in
-investigating burying-places on the west side of the island and he
-has thrown a new light on this part of Niquiran archæology. His very
-large collection, of 788 numeros, is deposited in the collections of
-the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. He has also figured several
-rock-carvings from Ometepec; these seem to be a little ruder and less
-complicated than those delineated by me from the island of Ceiba.
-Dr. BRANSFORD also describes several ancient relics from _Talmac_,
-_San Juan del Sur_ in the department of Rivas, and some localities in
-Nicoya, in the republic of Costa Rica. From a linguistic point of view
-Dr. BERENDT[5] has given very valuable contributions to our knowledge
-of the ancient civilisation of Nicaragua by his sharp-sighted and
-successful investigations into the Indian idioms of that country and
-into those of Mexico and of the northern parts of Central America.
-
-[4] Smithsonian Contributions to knowledge (383), vol. 25. Washington
-1885 (1881).
-
-[5] See above.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-In the night of the New-Year’s-eve 1882-1883 I arrived at _Ometepec_
-from Granada, and took up my head-quarters at the little borough of
-_Muyogalpa_, in the north-west corner of the island. From this point
-excursions were made in different directions, and, although my time was
-pretty severely taxed by zoological researches, I found however some
-opportunities of undertaking archæological diggings.
-
-Hardly one kilometer to the west of the burying-place examined by Dr.
-BRANSFORD, a symmetrical mound, rising one meter and a half above the
-ground, was dug through (Station 1). It contained a little bowl, pieces
-of a larger urn of an unusual thickness, feet and fragments of a tripod
-vase, and a little bronze figure of a saint, the last one evidently
-a foreign guest among the other objects. At _Los Angeles_ (Stat. 2)
-two statues, both very badly frayed, were measured and sketched; some
-insignificant fragments of pottery were digged out. At a bay (Stat. 3)
-on the north side, between _Muyogalpa_ and _Alta Gracia_, in a place
-said by the Indians to have formerly been a town, fragments of divers
-small pottery, two stone chisels, one «molidor», and perforated and
-polished shells of a species of Oliva and a species of Voluta, from the
-neighboring coast of the Pacific, were dug out. In a valley, or rather
-ravine (Stat. 4), near _Alta Gracia_, where a heap of pretty large,
-partly cut stones seemed to indicate the site of a large building,
-several fragments of pottery were found together with a cup of earthen
-ware, and a well preserved little sitting image of painted terra cotta,
-pretty similar to that figured by BRANSFORD, l. c., p. 59. At a height
-of nearly 350 m. above the level of the lake on the west side of the
-majestically beautiful volcanic cone (Stat. 5), while digging in a
-rather extensive stone-mound, a very pretty, vaulted earthen urn with
-lid, painted in three colours, was found, and, besides, a great many
-fragments of pottery. I made excavations also at six other places in
-Ometepec, for inst. in the isthmus between Ometepec and Madera, but
-without any results worthy of record.
-
-I stayed in this charming double-island for more than a month, roving
-through it on horse-back and on foot in all directions, ascending the
-volcano, rowing and sailing over the delightful lagoons and bays,
-that border its shores, and amongst which I shall late forget that
-very paradise for the hunter, _Laguna de Santa Rosa_ and _Charco
-Verde_. Having left Ometepec about the beginning of February, my next
-visit was to «_tierra firme_», where I made some easily executed, but
-not very successful excavations, immediately to the north of _San
-Jorge_. From _Departemento de Rivas_’ I sailed to _Las Isletas_, also
-called _Los Corales_, an extremely beautiful little archipelago, just
-southwards of _Granada_. The whole group owes its existence to the
-volcano _Mombacho_, which towers high above it, the islands consisting
-exclusively of the remains of one or more eruptions of _Mombacho_. But
-the vegetation here is so powerful and luxuriant, that it has changed
-those piles of black stones into smiling islands, which the traveller
-is never tired of admiring. Only on the outside of the archipelago,
-where the often angry lake of Nicaragua has checked the development
-of the verdant cover, the black, gloomy basalt is still open to the
-view, lashed by white-foaming waves. In several of the islets statues
-were measured and delineated, but unfortunately the photographic
-apparatus could not be used on this occasion. After a stay of some days
-among _Las Isletas_ and a short visit to _Granada_ for the purpose
-of completing my photographic outfit, I set sail for _Zapatera_.
-On my arrival I encamped for a long time on the playa of _Bahia de
-Chiquero_. Along the playa of the semi-circular bay there are now five
-houses, the homes of as many families, being the only inhabitants
-at the present time of this large and fertile island, which was, no
-doubt, formerly populated by many thousands of Niquirans, possessing
-rich towns and splendid temples. The islet of _Ceiba_ is situated off
-Bahia de Chiquero (see map 2). According to my opinion, _Zapatera_ is
-certainly a volcanic island, but in this manner, that its north-western
-part is the summit of a sunken volcanic cone, Bahia de Chiquero being
-the crater itself, the narrow, elevated mountain ridge which surrounds
-the bay, forming the edge of the crater and the islet of Ceiba the
-continuation of this edge, _Laguna de Apoyo_, situated scarcely one
-kilometer from the shore, may then be regarded as a side-crater.
-
-_Zapatera_ exhibits an abundant variety of beautiful scenery,
-delightful valleys, watered by streams and rivulets, fertile
-elevated plains, magnificent mountain-cones, clothed in verdure to
-the very summits, and bays and lagoons offering excellent harbours.
-Unfortunately I had not an opportunity of examining, in an archæologic
-point of view, more than a part of the north side of the island and
-the islet of Ceiba. My kind hosts of the settlement in the island, Don
-JOSÉ LOBO, Donna JULIA SOLORZANO, S:rita VIRGINIA MORA, Don JACINTO
-MORA and others, zealously assisted me in my zoological as well as
-archæological investigations. Through their warm-hearted benevolence
-my stay in Zapatera became the most pleasant remembrance of my long
-journey.
-
-The results of my antiquarian researches in _Zapatera_ may be referred
-to three stations: 1:0. The first station is _Punta del Sapote_; the
-extreme north-western point of the island, where statues, potteries,
-and stone relics were found. This station is beyond all comparison
-the most important one, because it has never, as far as I know, been
-examined, nor even mentioned. It possesses so much greater importance,
-as several statues were found in their original position, thus
-affording an insight into the manner how they were used. 2:0. The
-second station is _Punta de las Figuras_. It forms part of the edge of
-the crater, sloping softly towards the lake, between Laguna de Apoyo
-and Bahia de Chiquero. It has been previously visited by SQUIER, who
-has given figures of several of the statues. Besides those mentioned
-by him, many of which I did not find, I lighted upon some that had
-escaped his attention. In this locality only insignificant remains of
-pottery were met with. 3:0. The third station is the little island
-of _Ceiba_, which, instead of statues, that are wanting, offers some
-very well preserved rock-carvings of evidently very ancient date, and,
-besides, valuable relics of earthen-ware and stone. Although my visit
-to Zapatera was posterior in time to my stay in Ometepec, I shall begin
-the detailed description of the antiquities with those of the first
-station in Zapatera.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-I
-
-STATUES IN PUNTA DEL SAPOTE.
-
-
-Punta del Sapote forms a broad, rounded peninsula, the greatest length
-of which is in N.E. and S.W. Its middle part is a large plateau,
-about 150 m. high, sloping rapidly both towards the lake and the neck
-of the peninsula, and thus forming an isolated height of somewhat
-more than one kilometer in length by scarcely one kilometer in
-breadth. The central portion of this plateau is perfectly level and,
-judging by the numerous statues met with here, and the regular form
-of the stone-mounds, round which they were placed, appears to have
-been a sacred place during the Niquiran period. On the very isthmus
-between the peninsula and the island of _Zapatera_ rose a conical
-stone-structure, 30-40 m. high; it consisted of enormous, unhewn
-blocks, placed upon one another in pretty regular layers. Its diameter
-at the base might be estimated at about 40 m. The top of the cone was
-truncated, and appeared to form a plane of 6-8 m. in diameter. The
-steep sides were so densely covered by spinous bushes and lians, that
-I was soon obliged to desist from my attempts to mount the summit.
-The whole structure resembled a kind of beacon, and has possibly been
-a place of sacrifice, although its dimensions were so large, that it
-cannot well be regarded as such a «sacrificial pillar» as is mentioned
-by PETER MARTYR under the name of «_Tezarit_». Maybe a little «casita»
-has stood on the platform above. Something of the same kind is known
-from _Uxmal_.
-
-Due north of this cone, on the top of the above mentioned plateau, were
-six stone-mounds of oval form, but of very different size. The largest
-(Pl. 41: 1) measured about fifty m. in length by thirty m. in breadth,
-the smallest (Pl. 41: 6) about fifteen m. in length by somewhat less
-than half in breadth. The greatest diameter of each mound was in N. and
-S. The stones of these mounds varied of course in size, but for the
-most part they were large, more or less cubical, from half a meter to
-one meter long and about half a meter broad. Their often regular shape
-and pretty plane sides, particularly in the mound 1, might lead one to
-infer that some of them have been hewn, and have formed the foundations
-and possibly also the walls of buildings, the ground plans of which are
-indicated by the form of the mounds and the situation of the statues,
-of which we are soon going to speak.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 1.
-
-At the mound 1 (Pl. 41), the largest of all, and the one situated
-farthest to the north and west, several statues were found remaining
-in the same position, that they originally must have occupied, because
-the mound was still surrounded by six figures, standing in its
-circumference; and larger or smaller fragments of the pedestals of
-three others were found in the ground, although the statues themselves
-were thrown down beside them, and more or less broken. Judging by the
-regular distances between these statues, it is probable, that there
-have been twelve figures standing in the periphery of this building or
-temple. The fact that those remaining in the ground fronted outwards,
-and that their backs, which were turned towards the building, were not
-smooth, but only plane-cut, strengthens my hypothesis that the figures
-have formed part of a stone- or logwall enclosing the building. All
-those statues of the mound 1, of which the upper parts remained, with
-the exception of D, and another not delineated one, carried on their
-heads a more or less long and broad projection in the form of a tenon,
-and on this account I venture to propose the hypothesis, that they have
-served to support the wall-plate of a more or less circular building.
-All the statues were monoliths, cut from blocks of blackish basalt of a
-pretty considerable hardness. The roof itself has probably been covered
-with palm leaves, a supposition confirmed by certain indications in
-CEREZEDA and OVIEDO. That the temples should have been open, as SQUIER
-seems to think, I venture to doubt, on account of the above described
-form of the statues; this appears to show that they must have been
-united with one another by a wall, probably of cut stones.
-
-
-A
-
-Pl. 1.
-
-Male, standing figure, in an easy posture, with the arms hanging
-straight down. It stood quite upright, but was buried in the earth
-to the elbows; by digging round it, it was laid bare to just below
-the knees. It was the finest and most nobly sculptured of all the
-Nicaraguan statues that I have had an opportunity of seeing. The face,
-neck, and chest were carefully elaborated, the mouth closed with full
-lips, the Adam’s apple marked out at the throat, the muscles of the
-chest, as well as of the arms, correctly rendered; the hands on the
-contrary were somewhat stiff, with the thumbs in the same plane with
-the other fingers. The shoulders, elbows, and hips were well formed
-(the arms were, however, not detached from the body), but passed
-gradually backwards into the plane-cut back of the stone. The head
-was covered with a large, rounded hood or cap, projecting above, and
-drawn out in rounded flaps at the sides of the neck. Upwards and
-backwards this hood passed into a kind of capital, ornamented at the
-sides with a semi-circular depression, bordered by a rounded rim, with
-globularly enlarged ends. The tenon-shaped projection above the head
-was unusually large, tapering upwards, surrounded in front by a double
-frame, at the sides by a simple, broad, sharply cut one. The statue
-was perfectly equilateral. It did not seem to have been exposed to any
-injury whatever, and was on the whole the best preserved of all in this
-locality. The whole length of the statue from the upper edge of the
-tenon to the knee was 225 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 58 cm.,
-the length of the tenon 65 cm.
-
-
-B
-
-Pl. 2 and 3.
-
-Female, standing figure, its head slightly bent forwards, and its
-arms hanging straight down. It was found erect, but imbedded in the
-earth to the navel; the head was broken off, but was found close to
-the statue. The statue was very well sculptured, but not so carefully
-finished as the preceding one. The forehead was adorned with a low
-turban or round band, upon which was placed the heavy capital, with
-carvings in relief on the sides. The capital was surmounted by the
-square-shaped tenon, the lower part of which was surrounded by twenty
-staves with rounded tips. These ornaments seem to indicate, that in
-this statue, as well as in the former one, which was adorned with a
-double frame, the lower part of the tenon has been visible, and only
-its uppermost portion inserted into the plate of the building. The face
-and chest were well preserved, although not so accurately rendered as
-in A. The mouth was half-open, the eyes were well marked, deep cut, the
-ears hidden by large, square, flat, and grooved pieces. The breasts
-were held up by a double, round band. The breadth across the shoulders
-was extraordinarily great. The shoulders were high and thin, the arms
-very short and feeble in proportion to the body, not entirely detached,
-but much more so than in A. The length of the statue from the upper
-edge of the tenon to the knee was 226 cm., the breadth across the
-shoulders 66 cm.; the length of the tenon 34 cm.
-
-
-C
-
-Pl. 4.
-
-Male, half-sitting figure, with straight hanging arms; of considerably
-less size than A and B, and very badly damaged. The head and neck
-were broken off, and crushed into small fragments, impossible to
-reconstruct. The pedestal was round, column-shaped, without any
-ornaments. The figure had powerful arms, detached from the sides of the
-body. The legs were unusually thick and strong, the feet clumsy, with
-thick, short toes. In the middle of the chest there was a carved oval,
-with a little circle in its centre. The length of the statue from the
-shoulder to the sole of the foot was 110 cm., the breadth across the
-shoulders 56 cm.
-
-
-C 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-Male, sitting figure, with its hands crossed on its knees. The pedestal
-was square, remaining erect in the ground. The statue itself was
-broken in six pieces, its face entirely crushed. It carried on its
-head a round, column-shaped head-dress, similar to that delineated in
-figure F, ornamented with transverse furrows and ending upwards in a
-tenon. The ears were hidden by square, flat pieces 21 cm. in length,
-resembling those of figure B. The head itself was 39 cm. long from the
-base of the head-dress to the chin; 31 cm. broad across the forehead.
-The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm.
-
-
-D
-
-Pl. 5.
-
-Male, standing figure. Head, chest with arms, and upper part of legs
-broken off, and lying in four pieces on the ground. The pedestal
-was square, with the upper part ornamented with angular wreaths; it
-remained fixed in the ground in its original place, and carried still
-the feet and the legs (to the knees) of the figure. The face was of
-quite a different type from those of A and B, with very prominent
-cheek-bones, large lips, and strongly protruding under-jaw; it was
-adorned with a crown-shaped head-gear. The ears were also here hidden
-by flat pieces, thickening upwards, with the lower corners rounded.
-The back of this statue, as well as its position in the periphery of
-the stone-mound, points to its having formed part of the wall of the
-building; but it seems not, however, to have served the purpose of
-supporting the roof, because the upper part of the crown was finely
-chiselled, and exhibited no trace of a tenon. It differed in this point
-from all the other statues in the circumference of the mound 1, with
-the exception of E 1, that was situated almost opposite to D at the
-western longside. The height of the head from the upper rim of the
-crown to the lower edge of the chin was 45 cm. The length of the trunk
-from the shoulders to the thighs was 60 cm. The breadth across the
-shoulders was 54 cm.
-
-
-D 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-At a distance of 5 m. from D, in the periphery of the mound, there
-rose obliquely from the ground a male, half-sitting statue with its
-arms crossed. The head and the uppermost part of the chest with
-the exception of the right shoulder were wanting, and could not be
-identified among the existing fragments. It wore a beard reaching to
-the crossed arms, being in this respect as well as in posture and
-workmanship very like F. It measured 102 cm. from the shoulder to the
-thighs. The breadth across the shoulders seemed to have been less than
-50 cm.
-
-
-D 2
-
-Not figured.
-
-Near the place that ought to have been occupied by the next statue,
-there were lying fragments of an unusually narrow, square pedestal or
-pillar. It was narrower than the following E, but in other respects it
-resembled this more than it did any of the others found here.
-
-
-E
-
-Pl. 5.
-
-Contrary to the other images of this mound, indeed, of this whole
-locality, it did not represent a human figure, but formed a square
-pillar, provided with carvings on its front side. It carried a narrower
-superstructure (tenon), bordered in front by a sharp-cut frame, 6 cm.
-broad, 3 cm. deep. The carvings on the front side of the pillar itself
-consisted of wreaths somewhat more than 2 cm. deep with a breadth
-varying from 3 to 5 cm. They appeared to represent the head of an
-animal with an eye surrounded by two concentric circles. The sides of
-the pillar were narrower, smooth, without any traces of wreaths, but
-bordered by a square-cut frame, 6 cm. broad and 3 cm. deep. The back of
-the pillar, which was turned towards the building, was rough, without
-any frame. The front side was provided with a frame only above, and
-along the eastern side. The front side of the pillar was 50 cm. broad,
-the lateral sides 37 cm. broad. The tenon was 40 cm. in height by 38
-cm. in breadth. The pillar was so deeply imbedded in the ground, that
-in spite of our digging strenuously, I did not succeed to lay bare more
-than about 125 cm. of its length, reckoned from the upper edge of the
-tenon.
-
-
-E 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-Male, standing, much damaged. The human figure supported on his head
-the head of a massive animal of the feline genus, by its form most
-reminding one of the _African_ or _Persian_ lion(!). The statue was
-thrown down and broken in several pieces; only the head of the animal
-was so far preserved as to enable one to discern something of the
-original sculpture. Upon this head was part of a square tenon. The
-length of the statue from the upper edge of the forehead to the thighs
-was 84 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 39 cm., the length of the
-face 24 cm. The head of the animal was 54 cm. high and 52 cm broad.
-
-
-E 2
-
-Not figured.
-
-Fragments of a female, sitting statue were shattered in the vicinity
-of the place, that should have been occupied by the tenth statue. The
-head was adorned with a turban-shaped head-dress, without any trace of
-a tenon. It is, however, very uncertain whether this statue has formed
-part of the series.
-
-Between the last-mentioned statue and F there was not the least vestige
-to be found of that statue which ought to have been the eleventh in
-number, when reckoned from A.
-
-
-F
-
-Pl. 6, 7, and 8.
-
-Male, half-sitting figure, with its right arm hanging straight down,
-and its left one bent, and resting on the chest. According to my
-impression, received on regarding the statue and sketching it, it
-represented a chieftain or warrior with a mask before his face and a
-helmet on his head. I have arrived at this conclusion from the reasons,
-viz. that the face was here incomparably much stiffer than in the
-other images, without the slightest attempt of indicating the muscles,
-the cheeks, or the mouth; further that the eyes were marked by two
-concentric circles with a little (peeping-)hole in the centre, and
-that the whole face and the covering of the head were so much broader
-proportionally to the breadth of the body than in the other statues.
-(A somewhat similar head was found on the heavily injured statue at
-the mound 5.) The head-cover may be considered to exhibit the form
-of a helmet; this reached to the shoulders at both sides, hiding the
-ears completely; but nearly at the place of the ears there was on each
-side a shallow circular depression with a small excavation, probably
-representing a hole, in the centre. From the lower part of the helmet
-a thick elevation, grooved length-wise in front, came down over the
-chest. It may be regarded as representing a breast-armour, or possibly
-a beard. From the face itself, below the nose, a piece of the same
-shape as the just described elevation was seen to descend, but it was
-of much smaller dimensions. The left shoulder with the bent arm was
-somewhat more raised than the right. Both shoulders were uncommonly
-large and broad, so that the artist almost seems to have intended to
-indicate the blade-bone. The arms were pressed close to the body,
-disproportionately narrow when viewed from the front, but more than
-sufficiently broad when viewed from the side. On its left bent fore-arm
-the statue held a little round shield, at the anterior margin of which
-the hand projected, showing, unusually enough, the thumb of the same
-length with the index. The chest and abdomen were sculptured with some
-signs of muscles. The legs were short and thick, the feet clumsy, with
-no traces of toes. The image stood on a pedestal, the upper part of
-which showed a deep cavetto. The pedestal was deeply immersed into the
-ground. Immediately above the helmet was the square tenon. The length
-of the statue from the upper edge of the tenon to the upper edge of
-the pedestal was 207 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 57 cm.,
-that of the head 36 cm. The statue was on the whole well preserved, and
-stood, no doubt, in its original situation.
-
-As it seems to be beyond a doubt that the above described statues,
-which were found standing more or less erect, and at almost equal
-distances, nearly five meters from one another, remained in the
-situations where they had been originally placed, it cannot be
-considered too bold, to suppose that we have here before us an ancient
-temple exhibiting an example of how such a building might be arranged
-with the Niquirans. It is evident that the ground-plan of the edifice
-has been a broad oval, and it is highly probable, on account of the
-back of the statues not being elaborated, but only roughly cut, that
-it has not been open, but enclosed by walls, the statues serving as
-pilasters. However, it must be admitted that this latter circumstance
-is far from being proved. The figures A and B, being larger than the
-others in the periphery, and more deeply fixed in the ground, may
-possibly have stood at each side of the entrance or perhaps of a flight
-of steps, leading up into the temple. The roof was probably supported
-by a plate of stone or wood, carrying light rafters, covered with
-palm leaves or such like materials.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 2.
-
-This mound, also oval, was much smaller than mound 1; its longer
-diameter was eighteen meters, the shorter twelve. It was situated due
-E. of 1, separated from it by a depression in the ground, ten to twelve
-meters in breadth, and was made up of more or less irregular stones. It
-is impossible to decide whether this mound has also been surrounded by
-a series of statues, and in such a case, by which, because even those
-statues which were found in the neighborhood of it, did not remain
-in situ, but were overthrown, and more or less broken. The same was
-also the case with the four remaining stone-mounds. Thus I shall only
-briefly indicate their situations, and then return to the description
-of the statues in the order that they were measured and delineated.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 3.
-
-It was situated due S. of mound 2, and held rather the same dimensions,
-but it was less symmetrical in form. Near it only R and R 1, two large
-stone-slabs, lids, or parts of a wall, ornamented with human figures in
-high-relief, were found.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 4.
-
-Due S. of mound 1. Respectively twelve and ten meters in diameter. Near
-it the statues M, P and Q were found, none of which can, however, be
-with certainty alleged to have been roof-supporter. P has surely stood
-quite free.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 5.
-
-Situated furthest southwards, of the same dimensions as mound 2, but
-containing a much less quantity of stones. Only one statue, F 1, was
-found there.
-
-
-STONE-MOUND 6.
-
-The smallest of all, situated furthest to the east, of a more irregular
-form. In its vicinity three statues were found, of which only one, O,
-was delineated. The others were crushed into small fragments.
-
-The smaller objects found by excavations made in, and beside these
-mounds, will be spoken of in connection with the other ceramic relics,
-discovered in Ometepec and Zapatera.
-
-I now return to the description of the several statues.
-
-
-G
-
-Pl. 9 and 10.
-
-This statue, a double figure, was dug up out of the ground between
-the mounds 1 and 2. It has probably stood free, because considerable
-portions of its back were well elaborated. It is quite evident, that
-it has not served to support a roof, as the upper part of the head
-of the upper figure wanted every trace of a tenon, and was carefully
-finished. It represented a male figure, somewhat stooping, with bent
-arms, the hands leaning on the hips. Upon this human figure that of an
-animal was seated, embracing with its fore-paws the head of the male
-figure. The animal was probably intended to represent a monkey. The
-male figure had an ugly face, with a long straight nose; the eyes were
-formed by quite circular cavities, the mouth was widely open, and the
-chin very short. The ears were covered by thick, square, flat pieces,
-as in the image B. The neck was long, the shoulders were much raised,
-large and powerful; the arms were bent, pressed close to the sides of
-the body, very narrow when seen from the front, broad and flat when
-seen side-ways. The chest and stomach were pretty roughly worked; the
-muscles however were sharply marked. The legs were short, without any
-trace of muscles or even of knees. The feet were completely wanting,
-the legs being abruptly cut off. The second figure, the monkey, rested
-its lower jaw upon the head of the principal figure, clasping the hind
-part of it with its long fingers. The head was large, with prominent
-muzzle and jaws, low, curved forehead, and broad nose, with round
-nostrils. The hanging ears were long and broad, rounded backwards. The
-mouth was open, showing strong, sharp teeth. The fore-legs or arms
-were very long, the fore-arm was bent at a right angle to the upper
-arm, the shoulder-blades were very broad and powerful. The back was
-strongly curved inwards, the tail long, longer than the animal itself,
-hanging straight down. The hind legs were short, strongly bent, drawn
-up towards the abdomen, and abruptly cut off above the feet, as in the
-principal figure. The length of the statue from the top of the animal’s
-head to the upper edge of the pedestal was 175 cm. The breadth of the
-human figure across the shoulders was 31 cm.; the breadth of the monkey
-across the shoulders was 21 cm.
-
-
-G 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-It was of the same kind as G, i. e. representing a human figure, on
-whose shoulders and head an animal was seated. It was much damaged,
-and almost impossible to delineate. The anterior portion of the
-animal’s head was crushed, as were also the legs and arms of the human
-image, whose face seemed designed to represent a skull with a long
-neck. The face of the principal figure was 21 cm. long. The length of
-the animal from the crown of the head to the root of the tail was 50
-cm. The legs and claws of this animal were larger than those of the
-monkey in G.
-
-
-G 2
-
-Not figured.
-
-Male torso, impossible to complete. It was lying near G, and seemed to
-have belonged to the mound 2. It measured 57 cm. from the shoulder to
-the thighs. The breadth across the shoulders was 48 cm.
-
-
-H
-
-Pl. 11.
-
-Male, sitting image. This is the first representative of a kind of
-idol, of which, as far as I know, not more than a single one from
-Central America previously has been figured.[6] SQUIER has also given
-an illustration of a statue from _Pensacola_ (Las Isletas), in which a
-head of an animal is placed upon the head of a human figure, but there
-the animal’s head evidently serves only as a helmet; this seems also
-to be the case with the above-mentioned image E 1, from the western
-side of the stone-mound 1. With regard to the present image, on the
-contrary, I believe that the head of the animal is the more important
-figure, representing a deity, the human figure being nothing but the
-bearer of the god, viz. a kind of caryatid. I formed this opinion on
-account of the very strongly marked supporting postures exhibited by
-the three human figures, bearing heads of animals, which follow next in
-my description. Of the image H only the upper portion remained; this
-showed, that the human figure had been sitting, or half-sitting, but
-not in what manner the arms had been used as supports. The head of the
-animal was a splendid head of a jaguar, very finely elaborated, and
-pretty well preserved. The mouth was somewhat open, showing distinctly
-elaborated lips, blunt molars and sharp, large cuspids. The muzzle was
-somewhat longer than necessary, the nostrils oval, somewhat widened;
-the eyes formed oval cavities, powerfully cut; the ears were rather
-small, with the margins, as it were, indented. Two volutes and a
-powerful intumescence at the sides were possibly designed to mark the
-strong muscles of the head. The human figure was carefully elaborated.
-The face was well preserved, with the exception of the mouth and the
-chin, that were cut off with a chisel, or some other keen instrument.
-The forehead was rather low and separated from the head of the jaguar,
-by a roll or fillet. The nose was large, almost straight; the eyes
-were rather small, the cheeks full, the cheek-bones not prominent. The
-ears were unusually small, of natural shape. The neck was particularly
-vigorous, the muscles of the breast well developed. The shoulders
-and upper arms were full, and well cut, the arms not quite detached
-from the sides. The back of the statue not being elaborated seems to
-indicate that it has been placed against or in a wall. That it has not
-served the purpose of supporting a roof, is proved by the finely hewn
-upper side of the jaguar’s head with its erect ears. The head of the
-jaguar was 63 cm. long; its height from the top to the lower hinder
-corner was 42 cm. The height of the ear was 10 cm. The length of the
-face of the human figure was 24 cm.
-
-[6] SQUIER, l. c., p. 64, and the plate facing the same page.
-
-
-I
-
-Pl. 12.
-
-Male, kneeling figure, supporting the head of a great vulture or «Rey
-de Zopilotes». It belonged to the same category as H, but has probably
-stood isolated, as the back was as neatly cut as the front. The head of
-the vulture was colossal in proportion to the human figure supporting
-it, and very carefully sculptured. The beak was very true to nature,
-the eye formed a semi-circular cavity, the anterior corner of the
-eye was well indicated. Backwards projected a massive round process,
-a sort of crest on the back of the head. On the top of the head was
-a tenon-shaped projection, which, however, could hardly have served
-the purpose of a tenon, as it was unusually thin in comparison with
-the tenons found on the statues around the mound 1. It may possibly
-have been designed to represent the comb of the beak of the vulture,
-though in such a case it was placed too far backwards. The anterior
-part of the head and the cheeks were carved with softness and elegance.
-Behind the head of the human figure the head of the vulture was united
-to its support by a snailshaped spiral (volute) with wide aperture.
-Although the kneeling male figure was not perhaps so well worked as
-the image H, yet it was well balanced, and of an easy posture. The
-forehead was straight, the nose slightly curved, the mouth closed,
-the lower lip thin, prominent; the cheeks were rather thin, the ears
-disproportionately large, and placed too far backwards. The neck
-was long, the Adam’s apple was indicated on the throat. The chest
-was rather little developed, the shoulders and upper arms vigorous,
-the hands pressed against the sides of the legs. The male organ was
-placed high up on the abdomen. The legs below the knees were of equal
-thickness throughout, without any trace of muscles, smoothly rounded
-backwards, without feet. The pedestal being broken, the statue was
-thrown down in the middle of the «plaza», the open place or square
-between the mounds 1, 2, 3 and 4. The length of the vulture’s head from
-the anterior edge of the beak to the posterior edge of the process at
-the back of the head was 100 cm., the height of the head from the top
-to the inferior edge of the lower jaw 37 cm. The whole length of the
-statue from the upper edge of the tenon-shaped projection to the upper
-edge of the pedestal was 154 cm. The upper part of the pedestal formed
-a square plinth, on which the human figure was kneeling.
-
-
-K
-
-Pl. 13.
-
-Male, sitting figure, with its head strongly bent forward, supporting
-on its shoulders and the back of its head the large head of an animal,
-which was possibly meant to represent the head of a tortoise or a
-lizard. This head was rather little elaborated, evenly rounded above,
-having in front a round, beak-shaped mouth. A circular cavity before
-and over the posterior corner of the mouth represented the eye. At the
-back this head carried two high, rectangular, double plates, which
-may possibly be regarded as representing the beginning of the back
-armour of the tortoise, or perhaps the scales of a lizard or a serpent.
-The human figure was very well elaborated; next to the figure A it
-was certainly, from an artistic point of view, the most carefully
-finished one of all the statues at Punta del Sapote. The head was bent
-strongly forwards, as if depressed by the gigantic load; the forehead
-was high, the nose straight, the eyes were well cut out, the cheeks
-rounded, the ears small. The neck was stretched forth, very thick
-and muscular. The shoulders were not so powerful as should have been
-expected from the thickness of the neck, but they were neatly molded.
-The trunk and the back were very nobly and elegantly sculptured, and
-formed the best portion of the statue. The upper arms were rigorous
-and well proportioned, the lower arms perhaps a little too short. The
-hands were closed, resting on the knees. The legs were thick, and not
-so well worked as the upper portion of the statue, the feet clumsy,
-without distinct toes. The figure was seated on a high socle, with a
-low foot-stool under its feet. As was demonstrated by the unusually
-careful workmanship expended on the back portions, the statue has quite
-certainly stood isolated. The height of the statue from the summit of
-the head of the animal to the upper edge of the pedestal was 137 cm.
-The length of the face of the human figure was 20 cm. The length of the
-head of the animal was 82 cm., its greatest height 36 cm. This statue
-was pretty deeply imbedded in the earth, and was found nearly in the
-middle of the open place between the stone-mounds 2, 3, and 4.
-
-
-K 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-Male, standing figure. This statue did not belong to the same category
-with H, I and K, but had probably served as support in the wall of a
-building, because the turban-shaped head-dress was surmounted by a
-tenon, and the back was not elaborated. It had suffered so much from
-the violence of human hands, and from the effects of the climate, that
-its outlines could hardly be distinguished. From the upper edge of the
-tenon to the thighs it measured 123 cm. The length of the face was 24
-cm. It was found immediately north of the mound 6.
-
-
-L
-
-Pl. 14.
-
-Male, sitting figure, with its head bent forward, supporting the
-gigantic head of a crocodile. The back side being only plane-cut, it
-has probably stood against a wall; but as it wanted a tenon, it did
-not seem to have supported the roof. In posture it much resembled K
-and M, but it was worked without the elegance that distinguished K. It
-is highly probable that the head of the animal represented that of a
-crocodile, although it was executed, in a rough manner, the style being
-altogether peculiar to this statue; the head was square-cut and the
-outlines not at all rounded. The characteristic knob or protuberance
-on the snout of the crocodile was boldly molded, but square. The eyes
-were marked by triangular cavities, the teeth pyramidal, sharp-pointed.
-The ears were the only portions of the head exhibiting curved outlines;
-their form was almost human. The human figure, as has been said before,
-was of far coarser workmanship than the statue K. The face was well
-preserved, the forehead high, the nose small, the mouth half-opened,
-the ears large and hanging, resembling those of a dog. The neck was
-very long and thick. The muscles of the breast were vigorous. The arms
-were fleshy and vigorous, straight, stretched down, leaning with the
-palms against the upper surface of the block, on which the figure was
-seated. The thick fingers were extended straight down. The legs were
-rather thick; the feet, which were short and clumsy, with slightly
-indicated toes, rested on a little foot-stool. The figure, sitting with
-the hands pressed against the stone block, exhibited a posture quite
-able to support a very heavy weight. The block that served as a seat,
-had the form of a truncated pyramid. The statue was overthrown; it was
-lying pretty close to the mound 2, between it and mound 1. The height
-of the statue from the highest point of the head of the crocodile to
-the upper edge of the pedestal was 147 cm. The length of the face of
-the human figure was 19 cm. The length of the head of the crocodile was
-91 cm., its height 47 cm.
-
-
-M
-
-Pl. 15.
-
-Female, sitting with straight arms, the hands pressed against the
-stone seat in a posture just able to sustain the pressure of a
-heavy load. The head was wanting, but the well marked posture, as
-compared with that of the just described figure, seems to justify the
-conclusion that this figure has also supported upon its head the
-large head of some animal. The entire figure was heavy and clumsy,
-but the circumstance of the muscles of the body being indicated both
-in front and behind, makes it not improbable that this statue has
-stood insulated, like K. The arms were quite detached from the body,
-and uncommonly thick and heavy, as were also the legs. The hands were
-heavily pressed against the block, on which the figure was seated, the
-right hand with the palm, the left one with the knuckles. The most
-remarkable feature of this statue was perhaps the bench on which it
-was seated; this was cut out from the block so as to be quite free and
-detached. The statue, like all above described ones, was sculptured
-from a single block, a monolith. The height of the statue from the
-shoulders to the upper edge of the pedestal was 107 cm. The breadth
-across the shoulders was 69 cm. It was found pretty close to the mound
-4.
-
-
-M 1
-
-Not figured.
-
-Male, standing figure, its head adorned by a high conical head-dress.
-Very like the figure F. Its face was hidden by a mask, with round holes
-for the eyes. It had a long, hanging beard or breast-armour. The arms
-were stretched straight down. It was broken in four fragments, and was
-found in the periphery of the mound 5.
-
-
-N
-
-Pl. 16.
-
-Female, sitting figure, with a child in its lap. It has probably stood
-insulated, as the back portions were pretty well elaborated, and,
-besides, the pedestal was adorned with a free border, which was not
-the case in any of the statues remaining in the circumference of the
-mound 1. This statue was, more-over, remarkable by its large head, not
-being turned straight forward, but somewhat upwards and side-ways. The
-statue was rudely executed, far inferior in workmanship to most of
-those mentioned before. There was no attempt at imitating the muscles
-of the body; the arms and legs were thin and short, not detached from
-the block. It was only in the molding of the face that some endeavours
-to follow nature were to be detected; the eyes were formed by deep,
-oval cavities; the nostrils and cheeks were indicated; the mouth was
-closed, with thick lips; the ears were very large and projecting. The
-short, vigorous neck was ornamented by a broad neck-lace, formed of
-three round bands. The head was covered by a turban-shaped head-dress.
-The right shoulder was somewhat higher than the left. On the front of
-the body only the two semi-spherical breasts were elaborated; with
-this exception, the chest and abdomen were on a line with the block
-itself. The figure held before it a child or a smaller figure with
-very large head, large, projecting ears, clumsy body, and short, thin
-legs. In execution this statue strongly reminded of the figure η from
-Punta de las Figuras, though it was superior with regard to the face.
-It was found near the mound 3, but not in its periphery. The height
-of the statue from the upper edge of the turban to the upper edge of
-the pedestal was 170 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of
-the turban was 34 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm. The
-length of the smaller figure was 51 cm.
-
-
-O
-
-Pl. 17.
-
-Female, standing figure. It reminded somewhat of the preceding one,
-but was much better executed. It certainly had a free position, as the
-back and shoulders were well sculptured. It carried on its head a very
-large, round, thick slab of stone, between which and the head there
-was a kind of turban, made of two round rolls. The face was unusually
-broad, and particularly remarkable in that respect that the eyes were
-placed obliquely. It was the only statue in which such was the case.
-The nose was large, straight; the mouth broad, closed; the ears very
-large, prominent, the left one longer than the right one. The shoulders
-and breast were pretty well elaborated. The lower portions were broken
-in many pieces. The diameter of the slab on the head was 72 cm.; its
-thickness 45 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of the
-turban was 32 cm., its breadth 31 cm. The breadth across the shoulders
-was 72 cm. The statue was found at the periphery of the mound 6.
-
-
-P
-
-Pl. 18.
-
-Male, sitting figure, with crossed legs, and the hands crossed in
-its lap. The figure was unusually small, and not very artistically
-executed. The head was large and very broad, adorned by a low turban
-with flaps projecting side-wise. The forehead was low, the nose large;
-the eyes were formed by unusually large, circular cavities; the mouth
-was small; the ears were large, but not so prominent as in the image O.
-The chest and back were equally elaborated, though the muscles were but
-slightly marked. The arms were long, and, unusually enough, cut out so
-as to be perfectly detached from the sides. The legs were very short
-and weak. The figure was seated immediately on the square pedestal,
-that was surrounded above by a prominent border on all the sides. The
-front of the pedestal was ornamented by an engraved cross, its sides
-and back by rhombic figures, forming inter-woven garlands. This statue
-has certainly been insulated. It measured 92 cm. from the upper edge of
-the turban to the upper edge of the pedestal. The length of the face
-from the lower edge of the turban was 25 cm., its breadth 35 cm. The
-breadth across the shoulders was 54 cm.
-
-
-Q
-
-Pl. 19.
-
-Male, sitting figure. The broad, short face showed it to appertain
-to the same type as the figures N, O and P, which it resembled also
-with regard to the careless workmanship. It wore on its head a conical
-hat, with a raised, circular ornament on each side; the hat widened
-below into a thick brim, adorned by an ornament in relief, formed like
-a chain. The face was but little elaborated, the forehead low, the
-nose long, broad, and straight; the eyes were middle-sized, circular
-cavities; the mouth was broad, open, almost square. The ears were long,
-extending, with _perforated_ lobes. The neck was short. The chest
-and abdomen showed some signs of muscles. The shoulders were quite
-straight. The arms were narrow, without muscles; the left one hanging
-straight down, with the fingers extended; the right one bent upward
-towards the shoulder, with the fingers doubled, so as to form a hole.
-It has probably clasped a lance or stick, or something of that kind.
-The legs were rather large, broken above the knees. The back of the
-statue was only plane-cut. The length from the lower edge of the hat to
-the thighs was 103 cm.; that of the face from the same point 33 cm.;
-the breadth of the face 32 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 52
-cm. The statue was found near the western margin of the mound 4.
-
-
-R
-
-Pl. 20.
-
-High-relief, representing a female figure. With regard to the type of
-the face, it came near to the immediately preceding ones. It was a
-big-headed figure of full size, sculptured in feeble high-relief on
-a large rectangular slab of stone, about 25 cm. in thickness. It had
-been very badly injured, so that only the left half of the figure could
-be anyhow discerned. The face was almost circular, the eye a circular
-cavity, the nose wanting, the mouth closed, the ear large, hanging,
-like the ear of a dog, the shoulder rounded, the arm bent inwards
-across the body, the leg slightly bent. The figure has been surrounded
-by a frame, nearly 20 cm. broad, and 4 cm. high. The length of the
-figure to the thighs was 106 cm. The length of the face 38 cm.; the
-breadth of the face 37 cm.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-With regard to the type of the face, the figures found in this locality
-may be divided into two distinctly different classes viz., the images A
-to M, with oval faces, and, in general, of more artistic workmanship,
-and the images N, O, P, Q, R, with broad, almost circular faces, and
-more rudely executed. The latter are possibly of more ancient date than
-the former. None of the latter was found at the mound 1.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-II
-
-STATUES IN PUNTA DE LAS FIGURAS.
-
-
-Squier visited this locality in December 1849; it is a little plateau,
-formed by an extension of the margin of the crater surrounding the
-Bahia de Chiquero. To the west it slopes pretty abruptly towards the
-Bahia; to the north it shelves gradually towards the low promontory,
-_Punta de las Figuras_, which is separated from the south-eastern point
-of the islet of Ceiba, _Punta de Pantheon_, by a sound, 50 m. broad; to
-the east the plateau descends rapidly towards the lake of Nicaragua,
-and to the south it falls steeply towards the little crater-lake
-_Laguna de Apoyo_. It is densely covered by gigantic trees, and between
-these by under-brush and lians, confusedly entangled. Here I found
-five large stone-mounds, that may possibly be the remains of temples
-or other large buildings. The relative situation of these mounds is
-approximately shown by the plan Pl. 41. Besides these larger mounds,
-which were more or less oval, with the longer diameter varying from
-20 to 40 meters, several smaller, and more irregular ones, were met
-with. These, however, are not indicated in the plan. The mound I was
-that nearest to Bahia de Chiquero, the mound V the nearest to Laguna
-de Apoyo. In this locality no statues were found that could with
-any degree of certainty be regarded as remaining in their original
-places, nor were any lying or standing in such a position that it
-could be decided, whether they had been placed _in the peripheries_ of
-the mounds, _within_ the buildings, or _in the open spaces_ between
-the mounds. In this respect the former locality was by far more
-interesting. The statues were less well preserved, and had evidently
-been subjected to greater violence, probably also to attempts at
-removal. Indeed we know through SQUIER, that such has been the case.
-Some statues had been transported to Granada before his visit, and
-SQUIER himself sent some to Washington.
-
-
-α
-
-Pl. 21 and 22.
-
-      It has been before figured by SQUIER, l.
-    c., vol. ii., in the plate facing p. 54, fig. 2, and
-    described pp. 53, 54, and 58. In SQUIER’s
-    list it has the no. 2. BANCROFT has
-    mentioned it in «The Native Races of the Pacific
-    shores of North America», vol. iv., p. 41, with a
-    copy of SQUIER’s figure p. 42, fig. 3.
-
-It was a male figure, sitting on the ground, with the knees drawn high
-up, and the head bent forwards. On the back of the head and the neck,
-there rested a solid mass of stone, gradually passing into the outlines
-of the neck and the back. This mass tapered upwards, and seemed to
-have passed into a pyramidical tenon, which, however, was broken off.
-The face was broad, with rounded retiring forehead, the nose long and
-straight. The eyes were formed by circular cavities; the mouth was
-half-open; the ears were large and prominent. By the shape of the
-face, the figure recalled the image Q from _Punta del Sapote_. The
-neck was much too thick to be a human neck. The chest was only little
-elaborated, the shoulders much raised, the arms well cut, the left hand
-pressed against the left foot, the right one drawn back somewhat more.
-The legs were well molded, like the arms; the knees drawn up nearly
-to the chin. The back was round-cut. The pedestal was carefully hewn,
-forming a square pillar of considerable height, tapering downwards. Its
-uppermost portion, on which the figure was seated, formed a kind of
-_round_ capital, ornamented on the side by a triple engraved angular
-wreath. The height of the statue from the crown of the head to the
-upper margin of the pedestal was 80 cm.; the length of the face was 34
-cm., its breadth 25 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 44 cm. The
-statue has probably stood insulated. It was entire, lying south-west of
-the stone-mound I, nearest to the shore of the Bahia (except the figure
-γ) and had probably been the object of endeavours to remove it.
-
-
-β
-
-Pl. 23.
-
-      It is figured by SQUIER, l. c., in the
-    plate facing p. 65, and described pp. 64 and 65.
-    BANCROFT, l. c., p. 40, fig. 2.
-
-Male figure, sitting on the ground. With regard to the posture it came
-most near to the image α, but could not be said to possess a human
-aspect. Indeed it deserved, if any, to be called a monster. SQUIER
-thought that it represented a tiger, but if we compare the head of the
-present statue with the head of the jaguar in the statue H, from _Punta
-del Sapote_, this opinion does not seem very likely. The face exhibited
-a low, arched forehead, small oval eyes, a broad, flat, long nose or
-muzzle with small, round nostrils. The mouth was not open. The upper
-lip was clearly to be distinguished, although it had been broken. The
-chin was broad; the ears were oval, placed far up. The neck was very
-thick and powerful, the body colossal, with large abdomen. The whole
-back of the body was also elaborated. The shoulders were highly raised,
-the upper arm was long, broad and thick, the lower arm short, at a
-right angle to the upper arm, the paws resting on the abdomen. The legs
-were very short, especially the small of the legs. The feet were pretty
-like human feet, with distinct toes. The upper part of the pedestal was
-enlarged in the shape of an Ω, ornamented at the sides with a garland,
-like that of the image α. The height of the statue from the highest
-point of the trunk to the upper edge of the pedestal was 150 cm. The
-height of the face was 40 cm., its breadth 30 cm. When found, it stood
-upright, immediately north of the mound III.
-
-
-γ
-
-Pl. 24 and 25.
-
-It is not mentioned by SQUIER.
-
-Male, sitting figure. The head was broken off. The figure itself was
-much damaged; but the pedestal was well preserved, and exhibited fine
-ornaments. The chest of the figure was strongly arched, the upper
-arm short and broad, the lower arm and the fingers were long. On the
-sides of the cornice of the pedestal, there was a symmetrical ornament
-of round coils; the sides of the pedestal itself were decorated with
-an oval coil twisted about quite symmetrically, in an excavated
-rectangular field; in front there was an angular ornament. The back of
-the figure and of the pedestal was not elaborated, but rather rough. It
-may thus be reasonably inferred that the statue has stood in or against
-a wall. The height of the statue from the upper edge of the shoulders
-to the lower edge of the feet was 52 cm. The height of the pedestal
-from the upper edge to the beginning of the lower, uncut part, which
-was intended to be imbedded in the ground, was 110 cm. This statue was
-not found on the plateau of Punta de las Figuras, but had been dragged
-off and was now lying, half in the water, on the shore of Bahia de
-Chiquero.
-
-
-δ
-
-Pl. 25.
-
-      Figured by SQUIER, l. c., on the plate
-    facing p. 58, signed no. 4, treated pp. 54 and 58.
-    BANCROFT, l. c., p. 40, fig. 1.
-
-It was no more a statue, but only a pedestal. The little, sitting
-figure described and designed by SQUIER was now entirely crushed and
-moldered. The pedestal was, however, the most elaborately finished
-of all found here. It was round, tapering gently downwards, adorned
-upwards with the same kind of angular ornament, as that mentioned on
-the front of the preceding pedestal; almost at the middle of its length
-it was surrounded by a broad band, embellished in the same fashion. The
-pedestal, lying on the ground, had quite the form of a canon. From the
-upper edge to the lower broken end it measured 215 cm.; the diameter at
-the upper end was 66 cm. It was found between the mounds I and II.
-
-
-ε
-
-Pl. 26.
-
-      Figured by SQUIER, l. c., in the plate
-    facing p. 58, signed no. 5, described p. 59.
-
-Male, half-sitting figure, representing a very fat person with his
-hands resting on his hips. The face was badly injured, but showed
-that the forehead and the nose were straighter than those figured by
-SQUIER. The ears were long, hanging, like the ears of a dog. The upper
-arm was very short; the abdomen swollen. Legs and feet were thick and
-clumsy. The back piece was very large in proportion to the figure, only
-plane-cut, and seemed to indicate that the statue had formed part of
-a wall or even served as a kind of coulisse or side-wall in a cella.
-The lower part of the back piece was pierced with a circular hole;
-another much larger hole perforates the pedestal, which was perfectly
-unadorned. The statue measured 98 cm. from the crown of the head to the
-sole of the foot. It was found lying near the preceding.
-
-
-ζ
-
-Pl. 27 and 28.
-
-      Figured by SQUIER, l. c., on the
-    plate facing p. 52, described p. 52 and 58.
-    BANCROFT, l. c., p. 42, fig. 3.
-
-Male, standing figure, with the hands resting on the abdomen. In this
-statue also the back piece was very large, proportionately even larger
-than in the preceding; on this account it may be conjectured to have
-had a similar use. The face was rather large and round, the forehead
-somewhat retiring, the eyes small, oval, the nose short, broad, and
-straight, the mouth closed, with thick lips, the chin broad; the ears
-were hidden by the projecting back piece which embraced, as it were,
-and overlapped the face. The chest was well cut. The arms, when viewed
-from the front, were very thin, pressed close to the sides of the
-body and to the back piece; when seen from the side, they are, on the
-contrary, broad and fleshy. The hands rested on the abdomen with the
-fingers somewhat extended. The legs were rather clumsy. The broad back
-piece projected above the head like a colossal mitre, ornamented in
-front with bosses and scrolls, and surrounded by a broad frame. The
-height of the entire statue from the top of the upper piece to the sole
-of the figure’s foot, was 210 cm.; its greatest breadth from the chest
-of the figure to the hinder margin of the back piece was 86 cm. The
-height of the figure from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot
-was 140 cm. The length of the face was 31 cm., its breadth across the
-shoulders was 36 cm. It had been raised up at a recent date, and now
-stood south of the mound Ι.
-
-
-η
-
-Pl. 29.
-
-Not mentioned by SQUIER.
-
-Male figure, sitting almost on the ground, bearing on the top of its
-head another head with a large neck. It is by half statue, by half
-high-relief. The body of the principal figure was cut out to the
-shoulders; then followed a portion of the stone that was quite rude
-on the sides and the back. On the front of this stone the neck and
-head of the statue and the long-necked head of a man or an animal that
-surmounts it, were sculptured in high-relief. The upper head had a low
-forehead, small, round, excavated eyes, long nose or muzzle of equal
-breadth, closed mouth, and long, prominent, hanging ears. The neck was
-very long and was placed immediately upon the head of the principal
-figure. The face of this figure presented a low forehead, large, oval,
-excavated eyes, a short nose broadening downwards, thick cheeks, small
-closed mouth, broad thick chin, and prominent, but not very long
-ears. The neck was short and vigorous. The chest exhibited no sign of
-muscles, being only a round-cut part of the original stone-pillar,
-and passing directly into the abdomen, and then into the front of the
-pedestal. The arms and legs were carved in a kind of relief. The hands
-rested on the abdomen. The pedestal was cylindrical; its uppermost
-portion, on which the figure was seated, was somewhat smaller than the
-rest of it. The height of the statue from the top of the upper head to
-the upper edge of the pedestal was 120 cm. The length of the upper face
-was 14 cm. The face of the principal figure was 27 cm. long, 22 cm.
-broad. The statue was found at the southern margin of the stone-mound
-V, nearest of all the figures to Laguna de Apoyo.
-
-
-θ
-
-Pl. 30.
-
-Not mentioned by SQUIER.
-
-Fragment of a high-relief or one-sided statue with only the head cut
-free. In comparison with the other high-reliefs found here, its size
-was colossal. Contrary to all other Nicaraguan high-reliefs that I
-have had an opportunity of seeing, it was wholly in profile. The slab
-from which it was sculptured was very thin as compared to the size of
-the figure, no more than 30 cm. in thickness. It was broken in more
-than 20 pieces, only the head and part of the chest with the arm being
-in such a state as allowed of their being delineated. The head was
-slightly curved, carved on both sides, but having an eye, formed of two
-concentric excavations, only on the left or upper side. The head was
-truncated before, without any trace of a muzzle or mouth, and provided
-backwards with a very well sculptured buck’s (?) horn, though only on
-the upper side. The chest was indicated only by a slight curve. The
-arm, on the contrary, was pretty well molded, and the fingers were
-proportional. The lower part of the chest was quite unhewn, as was also
-the hind portion of the lower part of the head. It carried on the head
-a square crest or tenon, divided into three parts by transversal lines.
-The length of the head was 53 cm., its height from the upper edge of
-the tenon to the lower edge of the horn was 64 cm. The diameter of the
-eye was 12 cm. The length of the arm from the shoulder to the tip of
-the ringfinger was 102 cm. The statue was lying on the ground a little
-west of the mound V.
-
-
-ι
-
-Pl. 31.
-
-      Figured by SQUIER, l. c., p. 61,
-    signed No. 9, described pp. 60, 61 and 62.
-    BANCROFT, l. c., p. 44, fig. 6.
-
-High-relief, male figure, on a slab about 40 cm. in thickness. It
-represented a figure lying on its back, if the slab has been a
-covercle, or standing, if it has been a part of a wall, with straight
-arms, detached from the sides of the body. The face appeared to be
-covered by a mask (compare the figure F of _Punta del Sapote_); this
-seemed to be denoted by the large circular holes for the eyes, and the
-broad, hanging breast-plate or beard; the ears were protected by two
-flaps extending from the helmet or head-ornament. With the exception of
-the stiff mask before the face, the figure was well elaborated, with
-some hints of the muscles of the shoulders, abdomen, and legs. Above
-the slab there was a projection, broadening upwards, which seemed
-to be a repetition of the helmet of the head. The outer edges of the
-slab formed a border five to six cm. broad and 3 cm. high. The slab
-was broken in two pieces, the lower portion was found lying far from
-the upper one. The entire slab measured 182 cm. from the upper edge of
-the upper projection to the lower edge of the border below the feet;
-its breadth across the body of the figure was 74 cm. The length of the
-figure from the top of the head to the lower edge of the feet was 135
-cm. The length of the face was 28 cm., its breadth 27 cm. The length
-of the breast-plate from the chin was 30 cm. The breadth across the
-shoulders 45 cm. The statue was found on the ground immediately north
-of the mound I; the lower piece was found west of the mound III.
-
-
-κ
-
-Pl. 32.
-
-Not mentioned by SQUIER.
-
-Male figure in relief. Broken in several fragments and impossible to
-reconstruct. Only the face could be delineated. The face was well
-preserved and originally uncommonly well executed. It was quite
-expressive; the forehead was broad, not low, covered with a round cap
-or low turban; the eyes were narrow, elliptical, boldly cut; the nose
-was straight, broadening downwards; the mouth half-open, with thin, but
-well-formed lips; the cheeks were lean, but carefully sculptured; the
-chin was broad and powerful. The ears were large, very prominent. The
-length of the face from the lower edge of the turban to the lower edge
-of the chin was 35 cm.; its breadth 26 cm. The thickness of the slab of
-stone was about 30 cm. Most fragments of this relief were lying at the
-western margin of the mound V.
-
-
-λ
-
-Pl. 32.
-
-Not mentioned by SQUIER.
-
-Relief representing a male figure with the face of a skull. It was of
-much rougher workmanship than the reliefs before described. The face
-was formed only by an evenly curved, broadly oval elevation, with two
-circular cavities to mark the eyes, an irregularly triangular one for
-the nose, and a linear one for the mouth. The chest was evenly rounded,
-the arms only indicated by two round bands along the breast, ending
-abruptly with five narrow, round staves, placed at right angles to the
-arms, and designed to represent the fingers. The lower part of the
-slab with the legs was lost. Above the head were two sugar-loaf-shaped
-elevations, and above these a third one with parallel sides, downwards
-rounded. The slab had square incisions at the same height with the neck
-and the hands. The length of the figure from the crown of the head to
-the beginning of the hip was 82 cm. The length of the face was 32 cm.;
-its breadth 20 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 24 cm.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Several fragments of broken statues were found on the plateau, but so
-shattered, disfigured, and intermixed with one another, that it would
-have taken much time and patience to reconstruct them. Several of the
-statues, mentioned by SQUIER as being in comparatively good condition,
-for inst. his nos. 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 18 were no more to be
-found in the place. Some of these have possibly been destroyed by human
-violence or by the effects of the climate during the thirty years
-between our visits, others may have been carried off to be deposited in
-museums or to form the hearth-stone of some Indian rancho.
-
-In general, the statues of this locality chiefly remind of the last
-described group of statues at _Punta del Sapote_. Perhaps, from an
-artistic point of view, they must be considered as inferior even to
-these. None of the statues at _Punta de las Figuras_ can be compared as
-a work of art, to the figures of the mound 1 at Punta del Sapote.
-
-The fact that in most of the statues, found in Zapatera, the organs of
-generation were represented, and often more conspicuous than natural,
-gives corroboration to the suggestion of SQUIER that a phallic worship
-or a worship of the reciprocal principles existed among the Niquirans.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-III
-
-ROCK-CARVINGS IN THE ISLAND OF CEIBA.
-
-
-Ceiba has certainly been densely populated in ancient times. This
-fact is testified by the rich quantities of relics discovered there
-from time to time. In _Rivas_ Dr. FLINT showed me objects of bronze,
-stone, and earthen-ware as well as small ornaments of thin golden
-plate, spirally twisted glass-staves a. o., that were found in Ceiba.
-And although my own excavations did not turn out so productive as
-I had been led to expect by the rich treasures I had seen from the
-island, they, however, yielded extremely valuable contributions to
-my collection. These will be spoken of below, in connection with the
-results of my diggings in Zapatera and Ometepec. No statues are now to
-be found in the island, but it is reported by tradition that several
-were formerly to be found at the north side of the island, which were
-carried off long ago to a hacienda in the isthmus. These statues
-are said to have been comparatively small-sized. On the other hand,
-the island is rich in rock-carvings, and its highest point, a flat
-mountain ridge, level as floor, has, from this cause, received the
-name of _Cerro de Pantheon_. This mountain ridge is, in my opinion,
-the continuation of that edge of a crater which surrounds Bahia de
-Chiquero. The carvings found on its south-western spur, _Punta de
-Pantheon_, cut in the solid rock at a depth of two meters below the
-lowest surface of the lake, prove that the island has sunk at a late
-period, and thus corroborate my hypothesis of the earlier connection
-between Ceiba and Zapatera. This connection has been dissolved by the
-gradual sinking of the volcano.
-
-The western portion of the island is plain, partly cultivated, partly
-covered by bush, the eastern is very rugged. Cerro de Pantheon, its
-highest point, is about 60 meters above the surface of the lake. This
-mountain ridge is 80 to 100 meters in length by 10 to 15 in breadth,
-and offers an extraordinarily well-fit place for rock-carvings. And,
-indeed, the ancient inhabitants of the island have made such an eager
-use of this opportunity that the whole crown of the ridge is densely
-covered with sculptures. This crown, as has been mentioned before,
-forms a perfectly level surface; indeed, it is not quite impossible
-that human hands may have helped nature to level it. On the part of
-the mountain chiefly occupied by the rock-carvings, the vegetation was
-very scanty, consisting of low shrubs and stiff grass. I could not
-detect any carvings on the different sides of the mountain, nor on the
-large loose blocks of stone north of Cerro de Pantheon. But on large
-flat or round blocks, detached long ago from the side of the mountain,
-and lying all the way down to the southern shore at Punta de Pantheon,
-numerous carvings were found. Such were also to be seen there in the
-solid rock as well on land as on that part of the rock that stretches
-into the lake. I can here give illustrations only of the lesser part
-of the carvings. The wreaths were generally even, boldly cut, 4-6 cm.
-broad, 2-3 cm. deep.
-
-
-_a_
-
-Pl. 37.
-
-It represented the upper part of a human figure. The face was broad,
-with round eyes, broad nose, and square mouth. The head was surmounted
-by four plumes, meant, according to the conception of my Indians, to
-represent a crown of feathers. On this account, they honoured the
-figure with the name of «La Reyna». The chest was short and broad, the
-arms very long, the hands circular, the left one much larger than the
-right one, both provided with eight radiating fingers. The length of
-the figure from the crown of the head to the lower edge of the breast
-was 64 cm.; the breadth between the elbows 127 cm.
-
-
-_b_
-
-Pl. 37.
-
-It may possibly have been intended to represent a very primitive human
-figure. The face was formed by two concentric circles; the eyes and
-the mouth were represented by three small shallow cavities. On the
-head there was a kind of head-ornament, broader upwards, or possibly
-the face of an animal, also marked with three cavities. The body was
-a rectangular enlargement without arms, with a straight furrow in its
-middle; from its lower edge there issued one long, straight leg, ending
-in a short foot, broadening outwards. The entire length of the figure
-was 82 cm.; the breadth of the face was 16 cm.
-
-
-_c_
-
-Pl. 37.
-
-This was possibly also meant to be a human figure, though the legs were
-wanting. The face was a broad oval, with three holes situated more
-to the right, representing the eyes and the mouth. On the head was a
-little, tiara-shaped ornament. The arms were short, without any traces
-of hands. The whole length was 70 cm., the breadth of the face was 20
-cm.
-
-
-_d_
-
-Pl. 37.
-
-Human figure with arms and one leg. The face was nearly triangular with
-rounded corners. Three holes represented the eyes and the mouth. On the
-head was a high ornament, like that of the preceding figure. The arms
-were hanging, of the same thickness with the shoulders. One short and
-thick leg with a pointed foot. The length of the figure was 92 cm.; its
-breadth across the shoulders was 26 cm.
-
-
-_e_
-
-Pl. 37.
-
-A spirally wound line running out into some irregular curves, the last
-part quite straight. The diameter of the spiral was 20 cm.
-
-
-_f_
-
-Pl. 38.
-
-A human figure; the face in profile, high and narrow, with pointed
-nose and thick, round chin. The eye was a pretty large, oval cavity.
-Above the head were three plumes, broadening towards the end. Opposite
-to the face was placed a figure possibly meant to represent the head
-of an animal, its eye marked by an oval cavity. The neck of the human
-figure was represented by a rectangle; the body appeared in profile,
-the breast was convex, the back slightly concave. The arms and legs
-were represented «en face», the left arm in two parts, the right one in
-one; the left hand with two fingers, the right one with six. The legs
-were short, curved; the feet indicated by two ovals. Between the legs a
-second face was sculptured; the eyes were two small cavities, the nose
-was a long furrow broader downwards, the mouth a furrow broader in the
-middle. The length of the figure from the top of the head to the lower
-edge of the foot was 161 cm.; the breadth across the shoulders 55 cm.
-
-
-_g_
-
-Pl. 38.
-
-A monkey in profile; the head circular without any traces of eye or
-nose; the body convex before, straight behind; the arm raised, with
-three-fingered hand, the tail projecting at a right angle, its end
-spirally wound; the leg bent, with two feet, and the sexual organ
-behind. The length from the top of the head to the lower foot was 80 cm.
-
-
-_h_
-
-Pl. 38.
-
-A monkey, very similar to the preceding, with larger and more convex
-body; the arm with three indistinct fingers, the legs very short. The
-length was 63 cm.
-
-
-_i_
-
-Pl. 38.
-
-A cross, or rather three crosses within one another, the outermost
-carved with coarser lines than the inner ones. The height of the
-innermost cross was 15 cm., of the second 22 cm., and of the third or
-uttermost 38 cm.
-
-
-_k_
-
-Pl. 39.
-
-Two crosses within each other, encircled by a curved line, forming an
-angle at every one of the corners of the outer cross. The lines of the
-inner cross were nearly six cm. broad. At the upper and lower ends of
-the outer cross was an isolated rectangular elevation, and a more or
-less square one in each of the angles of the cross. The length of the
-inner cross was 16 cm., of the outer one, 28 cm. The greatest diameter
-of the surrounding curved figure was 48 cm.
-
-All the above described rock-carvings, viz. _a-k_, were to be found on
-the level summit of Cerro de Pantheon; _k_ was situated almost at the
-centre of the plateau, its upper short arm pointing exactly northwards.
-This circumstance may perhaps be fortuitous; nevertheless it ought to
-be mentioned, because the arms of _i_ are also directed towards the
-four principal points of the compass. Pretty near _a_ was the beginning
-of a small round water-worn rock-hollow, 30 cm. in diameter.
-
-
-_l_
-
-Pl. 39.
-
-A winding line, one end of which formed a not quite regular spiral, and
-the middle portion several irregular flexions and angles, the other
-extremity being perfectly straight. This winding line was cut in the
-solid rock at the promontory Punta de Pantheon.
-
-
-_m_
-
-Pl. 39.
-
-A double figure consisting of a labyrinth-shaped carving, united with
-a spirally wound line, the outer circumference of which was formed by
-almost square tongues, and the inner part by an irregular spiral. The
-length of the labyrinth-shaped figure was 58 cm., the greatest diameter
-of the spiral figure 54 cm. It was sculptured in the solid rock near
-the preceding figure, at the extremity of the promontory, and was now
-partly covered by water.
-
-
-_n_
-
-Pl. 39.
-
-Almost identical in form with the spiral figure of the preceding
-carving, but more regular. The inner spiral had more turnings, four in
-number. The greatest diameter, if the projections are included, was 86
-cm. It was also cut in the solid rock at the promontory itself, near
-the line of water.
-
-
-_o_
-
-Pl. 40.
-
-A queerly composed figure. The greatest length was 109 cm. It was found
-some little way from the shore at Punta de Pantheon, cut in the solid
-rock.
-
-
-_p_
-
-Pl. 40.
-
-Some coarsely carved faces; only one had the nose marked, the other
-four exhibiting only eyes and mouth. The length of the largest face
-was 25 cm., of the smallest 20 cm. A little spherical excavation, a
-rock-hollow, was to be seen between two of the faces. They were carved
-in a loose block of stone, about two meters in diameter, lying a little
-way up from the shore.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-IV
-
-CERAMIC OBJECTS FROM OMETEPEC, ZAPATERA and CEIBA.
-
-
-    1. Pl. 33. Human figure of terra cotta; painted with a
-       blackish colour; still well preserved. Height 72 mm.
-       _Ceiba._
-
-    2. Pl. 33. Human figure, sitting, with the arms against
-       the hips; of terra cotta; painted with brown-red and
-       black colours on a light yellow ground. Height 144
-       mm. _Ometepec_, stat. 4.
-
-    3. Pl. 33. Headless figure, resembling the preceding;
-       terra cotta; painted only in two colours, light
-       yellow and brown-red. Height from the shoulders 90
-       mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 1.
-
-    4. Pl. 33. Spherical urn with raised ornaments and
-       perforated lid; very finely painted, brown-red with
-       black and light yellow. Diameter 127 mm.; height 83
-       mm. _Ometepec_, stat. 5.
-
-    5. Pl. 33. Open cup or bowl of thick terra cotta,
-       minutely painted with fine ornaments; ground colour
-       a light yellow, painted with red, red-brown and
-       black. Diameter 70 mm.; height 40 mm. _Ometepec_,
-       stat. 1.
-
-    6. Pl. 33. Open flat cup or bowl on a foot, with
-       handles; of thick, fine and smooth earthen-ware,
-       painted dark brown. Diameter 75 mm., height 40 mm.
-       _Ceiba._
-
-    7. Pl. 33. Spherical urn with ears; of half-burnt clay.
-       Diameter 65 mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from
-       the mound 6.
-
-    8. Pl. 33. High cover for a little spherical urn;
-       painted brown; fine burnt clay. Diameter 48 mm.
-       _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 3.
-
-    9. Pl. 34. High vase of thick earthen-ware. It has been
-       painted brown-red. Elegantly adorned with small knobs
-       of clay attached to the surface. It was broken in many
-       pieces, but most of the fragments were recovered,
-       so that it could be restored. It is distinguished by
-       its graceful form. Height 420 mm.; diameter at the
-       base 150 mm.; upper diameter 300 mm. Thickness of the
-       material 8-10 mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote,
-       the mound 3.
-
-    10. Pl. 34. Fragment of a vase of the same form as
-        the preceding. Thickness of the material 9-10 mm.
-        _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.
-
-    11. Pl. 34. Fragment of a vase, probably of the same
-        form as 9. Thickness of the material 9-13 mm.
-        _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 1.
-
-    12. Pl. 34. Handle of a shallow bowl; of burnt clay.
-        It represents the nose of an animal of prey. It
-        has been painted, but the colour has been almost
-        completely worn off. _Zapatera_, Punta de las
-        Figuras.
-
-    13. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, has served as handle for
-        a cup; of fine burnt clay; painted black. _Ceiba._
-
-    14. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of a larger
-        bowl; terra cotta; painted in a light brown colour.
-        _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote.
-
-    15. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of an arched bowl
-        with its upper edge turned outwards; fine terra
-        cotta; painted with red and yellow. _Zapatera_,
-        Punta del Sapote.
-
-    16. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, ornament for a can; fine
-        terra cotta; painted with red and yellow bands.
-        _Ometepec_, stat. 4.
-
-    17. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of a plate; fine
-        terra cotta; painted black. _Zapatera_, Punta del
-        Sapote.
-
-    18. Pl. 35. Lid of an oval cup, perforated; fine terra
-        cotta; painted in a red-brown colour. _Zapatera_,
-        Punta del Sapote.
-
-    19. Pl. 35. Fragment of the side of a larger bowl or
-        tinacca, with a figure in relief, representing a
-        monkey’s arm; terra cotta; painted with a red-brown
-        colour. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote.
-
-    20. Pl. 35. Small bottle with round bottom; terra
-        cotta; painted yellow. _Zapatera_, Punta de las
-        Figuras.
-
-    21. Pl. 35. Head of a bird, serving as foot of a large
-        plate; terra cotta; painted red. _Zapatera_, Punta
-        del Sapote, the mound 6.
-
-    22. Pl. 35. Upper part of a bottle or urn, forming
-        the head of an animal, with open jaws. The bottle
-        has had two entrances. Terra cotta; painted in a
-        yellowish grey colour. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote.
-
-    23. Pl. 35. Head of an animal, handle of a large bowl;
-        terra cotta; painted red. _Zapatera_, Punta del
-        Sapote.
-
-    29. Pl. 36. Fragment of an urn with upright edge and
-        angular ornaments. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the
-        mound 5.
-
-    30. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a large plate;
-        fine terra cotta; painted deep brown. _Zapatera_,
-        Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.
-
-    31. Pl. 36. Head of a lizard, fragment of a toy; terra
-        cotta; painted in a light yellow colour. _Zapatera_,
-        Punta de las Figuras.
-
-    32. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a plate;
-        terra cotta; painted, but the colour has vanished.
-        _Zapatera_, Punta de las Figuras.
-
-    33. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a plate; fine
-        terra cotta; painted black. _Ceiba._
-
-    34. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, fragment of a toy; terra
-        cotta; painted in a light yellow colour. _Zapatera_,
-        Punta de las Figuras.
-
-    35. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle or foot of a
-        plate; terra cotta; painted brown. _Zapatera_, Punta
-        de las Figuras.
-
-    36. Pl. 36. Handle of a larger cup, or tinacca, in the
-        form of a column embraced by a hand. Red clay; not
-        painted. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 6.
-
-    37. Pl. 36. Small low cup with an ear; fine clay;
-        painted dark brown. _Ceiba._
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX
-
-Smaller objects of stone
-
-
-    24. Pl. 35. Head of an animal, well cut. It seems to
-        have formed part of the side of a stone vase or can.
-        _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote.
-
-    25. Pl. 35. File or rasp. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote,
-        the mound 3.
-
-    26. Pl. 35. Molidor or pestle for pounding seed.
-        _Ometepec_, stat. 3.
-
-    27. Pl. 35. Chisel. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the
-        mound 3.
-
-    28. Pl. 35. Chisel. _Ceiba._
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS.
-
-
-                                                         Pag.
-    Introduction                                           1.
-    Statues in _Punta del Sapote_                    13.
-    Statues in _Punta de las Figuras_                33.
-    Rock-carvings in the island of _Ceiba_           42.
-    Ceramic objects from _Ometepec_, _Zapatera_
-           and _Ceiba_                               48.
-    Appendix: Smaller objects of stone                    50.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 1._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 2._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 3._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 4._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 5._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 6._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 7._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 8._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 9._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 10._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 11._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 12._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 13._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 14._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 15._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 16._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 17._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 18._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 19._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 20._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 21._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 22._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 23._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 24._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 25._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 26._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 27._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 28._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 29._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 30._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 31._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 32._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 33._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 34._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 35._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 36._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 37._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 38._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 39._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 40._]
-
-[Illustration: _Pl. 41._
-
-_Punta del Sapote._
-
-_Punta de las figuras._]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: MAP of NICARAGUA and COSTA RICA to illustrate the
-journey of CARL BOVALLIUS 1882-1883.]
-
-[Illustration: Sketch of a Map of The Island of Zapatera by CARL
-BOVALLIUS.]
-
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-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Nicaraguan Antiquities</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Carl Bovallius</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 05, 2021 [eBook #64707]</div>
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-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES ***</div>
-
-<p class="f150 space-above2"><b>SWEDISH SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY<br /> AND GEOGRAPHY</b></p>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h1>NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES</h1>
-
-<p class="center space-above3">BY</p>
-<p class="f150 space-below2"><b>CARL BOVALLIUS</b></p>
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center">STOCKHOLM, 1886<br />KONGL. BOKTRYCKERIET<br />
-P. A. NORSTEDT &amp; SÖNER</p>
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="f120">TO<br />THE ROYAL ANTIQUARY OF SWEDEN</p>
-
-<p class="f150 space-below2"><b><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> HANS HILDEBRAND</b></p>
-
-<p class="center">THIS WORK,<br /> THE PUBLICATION OF WHICH HAS BEEN POSSIBLE<br />
-ONLY BY HIS KIND EXERTIONS,<br /> IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED<br />
-BY THE AUTHOR.</p>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/letter_n.jpg" width="100" height="166" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="space-above3">&nbsp;</p>
-<p class="drop-cap no-indent "><span class="smcap">Nicaragua</span>
-is a very rich field for research to the student of American
-Archæology, and so I found it during my two years stay in Central
-America. I had there the good fortune several times to meet with
-localities more or less rich in remains from the prehistoric or
-rather pre-spanish period. Not very much being known about Central
-American antiquities, and the literature on this subject being very
-poor, especially with regard to the Nicaraguan ones, I purpose
-here to describe briefly and to figure the more important statues,
-rock-carvings, ceramic objects etc., found by me in Nicaragua and
-partly delineated or photographed on the spot, partly brought home
-to Sweden. Unfortunately I wanted the means of carrying home any of
-the statues; but my Nicaraguan collections contain a number of more
-easily transportable relics, mostly examples of pottery. These are
-now deposited in the ethnographic collection of the R. Swedish State
-Museum. The accompanying plates are all executed after my original
-sketches or photographs taken on the spot. Most of the statues have
-never before been figured or described; some of them are mentioned and
-figured by <span class="smcap">E. G. Squier</span><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
-in his splendid work on Nicaragua. As it turned out, however, on
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
-comparisons being made by me on the spot, that some of Squier’s
-figures do not quite agree with the originals, I have thought fit to
-publish also my own drawings of these previously figured statues, 6 in
-number.</p>
-
-<p>Although this sketch is certainly not the place for an account of
-the history of Central America or Nicaragua, yet I may be permitted
-to give a brief statement of those few and disconnected notices that
-we possess with regard to the nations inhabiting Nicaragua at that
-period, when the antiquities here spoken of were probably executed.
-The sources of our knowledge of these people and their culture are,
-besides the above quoted work of <span class="smcap">Squier</span>, the old Spanish
-chroniclers, <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span>, <span class="smcap">Torquemada</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Herrera</span>, and <span class="smcap">Guarros</span>,
-the memoirs of <span class="smcap">Las Casas</span> and <span class="smcap">Peter Martyr</span>,
-the relation of <span class="smcap">Thomas Gage</span>, and scattered
-notices in the works of <span class="smcap">Gomara</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Ixtlilxochitl</span>, <span class="smcap">Dampier</span> a. o.</p>
-
-<p class="space-above3">At the time of the Spanish invasion under the command
-of <span class="gesperrt">Don Gil Gonzales de Avila</span> in the years 1521 and
-1522, the region now occupied by the republic of Nicaragua and the north-eastern
-part of the republic of Costa Rica, was inhabited by Indian nations of four
-different stocks, which very probably may be considered as being of
-different origin and having immigrated into the country at widely
-separated periods.</p>
-
-<p>The Atlantic coast with its luxuriant vegetation but damp climate
-and the adjacent mountainous country with its vast primeval forests
-were the home of more or less <span class="gesperrt">nomadic tribes</span>, remaining at a
-low stage of civilization. It may be inferred, however, from certain
-indications in the account of the third voyage of Columbus, and
-from the scanty notices of several of the so-called buccaneers or
-filibusters, that those Indians were more advanced in culture and
-manner of life than the hordes, that may be regarded as their
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
-descendants at the present day: the <span class="gesperrt">Moscos</span>, the <span class="gesperrt">Ramas</span>,
-the <span class="gesperrt">Simoos</span> or <span class="gesperrt">Smoos</span> a. o.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
-
-<p>Between this strip of country on the eastern shore and the two great
-lakes, <span class="gesperrt">Xolotlan</span> (Managua) and <span class="gesperrt">Cocibolca</span>
-(the lake of Nicaragua), the intermediate highland, which shelves gradually
-towards the lakes, was inhabited by los <span class="gesperrt">Chontales</span>, as they
-are denominated by <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span>. The name is still
-preserved in «Departemento de <span class="gesperrt">Chontales</span>». They lived
-in large villages and towns and were agriculturists. Possibly they were of the
-same stock as, or closely related to, the large <span class="gesperrt">Maya</span>-family
-which extended over the eastern parts of Honduras and Guatemala
-and furnished the population of Yucatan. This guess acquires a
-certain probability by the fact of several words in their language
-being similar to the corresponding ones in some Maya-dialects. The
-<span class="gesperrt">Poas</span>, <span class="gesperrt">Toacas</span>,
-<span class="gesperrt">Lacandones</span>, and <span class="gesperrt">Guatusos</span>
-may possibly be their descendants. These also are living at a decidedly
-lower stage of civilization than their supposed ancestors.</p>
-
-<p>If the eastern part of Nicaragua, on account of its almost impenetrable
-forests and damp climate, is less fit to be the dwelling-place of a
-highly cultivated people, the western portion, on the contrary, is much
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
-more happily endowed in this respect and seems to be marked out by
-nature itself to become one of the centres of mankind’s civilization.
-By its smiling valleys, fertile plains, and thinner, but shadowy
-forests, by its splendid lakes, gently flowing rivers, and verdant
-mountains the country appears well able to tempt even the most
-exacting people to settle in it. Indeed the country, on the arrival
-of the Spaniards, was found to be very densely populated, and divided
-amongst a great number of small sovereignities, which could however be
-referred to two separate stocks, differing in language and character.
-One of these, the third one of those stocks from which has sprung the
-population of Nicaragua, was los <span class="gesperrt">Choroteganos</span> or <span class="gesperrt">Mangues</span>.
-They occupied the territory between the two large lakes and all the
-fertile level country west and north of Lake Managua down to the
-Pacific and Bahia de Fonseca. <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span> asserts that
-they were the aborigines and ancient masters of the country, without being
-able however to state any proofs in support of his opinion. Of los
-<span class="gesperrt">Choroteganos</span> four groups are usually distinguished: 1:0)
-Los <i>Cholutecas</i> on the shores of Bahia de Fonseca; their principal town
-was the present <span class="gesperrt">Choluteca</span>. 2:0) Los <i>Nagrandanos</i> between
-Lake Managua and the Pacific; their capital was <span class="gesperrt">Subtiaba</span>, near
-the present Leon. 3:0) Los <i>Dirianos</i> between the lakes Managua and
-Nicaragua and down to the coast of the Pacific. Their largest town was
-<span class="gesperrt">Salteba</span> near the present Granada and 4:0) Los <i>Orotinas</i>
-far separated from their relations, inhabiting the peninsula of Nicoya and
-the territory of Guanacaste, which comprises the north-eastern part
-of the republic of Costa Rica. Opinions vary, however, with regard to
-these groups, several authors being inclined to regard los <i>Cholutecas</i>
-as a detached branch of los Pipiles in El Salvador; they would then be
-of Toltecan origin. Certainly there is a number of local names within
-their district which seem to corroborate this opinion. Other writers
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
-are disposed to ascribe a Mexican origin to the Orotinas and lastly Dr.
-<span class="smcap">Berendt</span><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
-suggests that the whole Chorotegan stock may be considered as a Toltecan
-offspring, the name Choroteganos being only a corruption of Cholutecas.</p>
-
-<p>The last or fourth of the tribes inhabiting Nicaragua was los
-<span class="gesperrt">Niquiranos</span>. The territory occupied by this people was the
-smallest of all, viz.; the narrow isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and
-the Pacific, together with the large islands, Ometepec and <a href="#MAP_ZAP">Zapatera</a>,
-in <a href="#MAP_NIC">Lake Nicaragua</a>. But although comparatively small in extent this
-territory was perhaps the most richly blessed of all in this country,
-the darling one of nature. According to the concurrent testimonies of
-the old chroniclers the Niquirans were a Mexican people settled in the
-country at a comparatively late period. It is not clear whether they
-were Toltecs or Aztecs, and this question cannot probably be decided
-until the ancient remains, surely very numerous, that they have left
-behind them, shall have been accurately studied and compared with the
-better known Mexican antiquities. For my own part I incline to the
-opinion that they were Aztecs, and had immigrated into the country
-rather late, perhaps little more than a hundred years before the
-Spanish invasion. They lived in a state of permanent hostility with
-the Chorotegans and had probably, on their irruption, expelled the
-Orotinas, who were thus cut off from the main stock of the Chorotegans.
-The intelligent and well built Indians on the island of Ometepec are
-doubtless the descendants of the Niquirans; this is corroborated by
-their language, which the successful investigations of <span class="smcap">Squier</span>
-have shown to be of Mexican origin and presenting a very close
-similarity to the pure Aztec tongue. They are now a laborious and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
-peaceful race, somewhat shy of strangers; in general they speak
-Spanish, but may be heard occasionally to talk Indian dialect with
-one another; with regard to this dialect they are, however, extremely
-unwilling to afford any explanations, generally answering «es muy
-antiguo» «no sé nada». The Indians of Belen and the surrounding region
-remind one of the Ometepec Indians, but are evidently intermixed with
-foreign elements.</p>
-
-<p>According to <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span>, <span class="smcap">Torquemada</span>,
-and <span class="smcap">Cerezeda</span>, the last one of whom accompanied
-<span class="smcap">Gil Gonzales de Avila</span> in his expedition 1522, and
-thus is able to speak, like <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span>, from his own
-personal observations, the Niquirans had reached a higher degree of
-civilization than their neighbours. However, the Chorotegans were also
-pretty far advanced in culture.</p>
-
-<p>Indeed, reading the scanty descriptions of the last days of these
-nations, one feels tempted to assert that in harmonic development
-of the mental faculties they were superior to that nation, which,
-by its crowds of rapacious and sanguinary adventurers, honoured in
-history with the name of «los Conquistadores», has fixed upon itself
-the heavy responsibility for the annihilation of this civilization.
-For indeed so swift and radical was this annihilation, through the
-fanatical vandalism of «christian» priests and the bloody crimes of a
-greedy soldatesca, that history knows of no similar example. Thus the
-investigator of the comparatively modern culture of Central America is
-obliged to travel by more toilsome and doubtful roads than the student
-of the ancient forms of civilization of Egypt and India, although these
-were dead several thousands of years ago.</p>
-
-<p>So much, however, has come to the knowledge of our time, as suffices
-to prove that the nations of Central America were very far advanced in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
-political and social development as well as in science and art. But no
-other way is left to us of gaining an insight in this culture, than
-to search the country perseveringly for the purpose of disclosing the
-monuments, hidden in the ground or enviously concealed by the primeval
-vegetation, that now reigns alone in many of those places, which were
-formerly occupied by populous and flourishing cities, and artistically
-ornamented temples.</p>
-
-<p>By comparing these monuments with those of Mexican culture, somewhat
-better known in certain respects, we may hope finally to arrive at
-the solution of some of the intricate problems concerning the ancient
-nations of Central America and their history.</p>
-
-<p class="space-above3">The antiquities figured by me were found for the greatest part in
-the <a href="#MAP_ZAP">island of <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span></a>, the rock-carvings in the islet of
-<span class="gesperrt">Ceiba</span> close to Zapatera, only some few ceramic objects are from
-the island of <span class="gesperrt">Ometepec</span>. All these localities are contained
-within the territory occupied by the Niquirans, and on this account
-may probably be considered as specimens of <span class="gesperrt">Aztec</span> art,
-or of an art very closely related to this. Those few statues that I have
-seen in the neighbourhood of <span class="gesperrt">Granada</span> and in <span class="gesperrt">Las Isletas</span>
-immediately off Granada, as well as the statues and high-reliefs in
-the little volcanic island of <span class="gesperrt">Momotombito</span> in Lake Managua, the
-former belonging probably to los <span class="gesperrt">Dirianos</span>, the latter to los
-<span class="gesperrt">Nagrandanos</span>, appear to me to be much more rudely executed,
-without any attempt to copy the human body; whereas many of the statues
-of <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span> testify to a pretty accurate study of
-the human body, often presenting faithfully elaborated muscle portions etc.,
-so as to make it probable that the Niquiran artists used models.
-There certainly are found rather fantastic figures even among these
-statues, but in general their originators prove to be artists of a more
-realistic conception, and at the same time of more developed technics
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
-than the Chorotegan artists. From the monuments etc. found farther
-northwards at <span class="gesperrt">Copan</span>, <span class="gesperrt">Quiriguá</span>,
-<span class="gesperrt">Uxmal</span>, <span class="gesperrt">Palenque</span>,
-and other places in Central America, the works here described differ
-most considerably, indeed so much that it is not easy to point out more
-than a few common artistic features.</p>
-
-<p>With the exception of the meagre notices, communicated by
-<span class="smcap">Oviedo</span> and <span class="smcap">Cerezeda</span> and their compilers,
-the source of our knowledge of <span class="gesperrt">Nicaraguan</span> antiquities is
-<span class="smcap">E. G. Squier’s</span> interesting work «Nicaragua: its people, scenery,
-monuments and the proposed interoceanic canal». After <span class="smcap">Squier</span>
-some other American investigators have followed in the road opened by
-him; Dr. <span class="smcap">Earl Flint</span> of Rivas has during many years searched for
-and collected antiquities, partly in the Department of Rivas, partly
-in the island of Ometepec. I am obliged to Dr. <span class="smcap">Flint</span> for much
-valuable information on the present subject, kindly communicated to
-me, when I had the pleasure of meeting with him at Rivas in January
-1883. He has sent the collections gradually brought together by
-himself, to the <span class="gesperrt">Smithsonian Institution</span>. In «<span class="gesperrt">Archæological
-researches in Nicaragua</span>»<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
-Dr. <span class="smcap">J. F. Bransford</span> gives a
-highly interesting description of his researches in Ometepec, where
-he made a large collection of grave-urns, other vessels of pottery,
-and smaller relics of stone and metal. He occupied himself principally
-in investigating burying-places on the west side of the island and he
-has thrown a new light on this part of Niquiran archæology. His very
-large collection, of 788 numeros, is deposited in the collections of
-the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. He has also figured several
-rock-carvings from Ometepec; these seem to be a little ruder and less
-complicated than those delineated by me from the island of Ceiba.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
-Dr. <span class="smcap">Bransford</span> also describes several ancient relics from
-<span class="gesperrt">Talmac</span>, <span class="gesperrt">San Juan del Sur</span> in the
-department of Rivas, and some localities in Nicoya, in the republic of Costa Rica. From a
-linguistic point of view Dr. <span class="smcap">Berendt</span><a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> has given very valuable
-contributions to our knowledge of the ancient civilisation of Nicaragua
-by his sharp-sighted and successful investigations into the Indian
-idioms of that country and into those of Mexico and of the northern
-parts of Central America.</p>
-
-<p class="space-above3">In the night of the New-Year’s-eve 1882-1883 I arrived at
-<span class="gesperrt">Ometepec</span> from Granada, and
-took up my head-quarters at the little borough of <span
-class="gesperrt">Muyogalpa</span>, in the north-west corner of the
-island. From this point excursions were made in different directions,
-and, although my time was pretty severely taxed by zoological
-researches, I found however some opportunities of undertaking
-archæological diggings.</p>
-
-<p>Hardly one kilometer to the west of the burying-place examined by
-Dr. <span class="smcap">Bransford</span>, a symmetrical mound, rising one meter and a
-half above the ground, was dug through (Station 1). It contained a
-little bowl, pieces of a larger urn of an unusual thickness, feet and
-fragments of a tripod vase, and a little bronze figure of a saint,
-the last one evidently a foreign guest among the other objects. At
-<span class="gesperrt">Los Angeles</span> (Stat. 2) two statues, both very badly frayed,
-were measured and sketched; some insignificant fragments of pottery
-were digged out. At a bay (Stat. 3) on the north side, between
-<span class="gesperrt">Muyogalpa</span> and <span class="gesperrt">Alta Gracia</span>, in
-a place said by the Indians to have formerly been a town, fragments of divers small pottery,
-two stone chisels, one «molidor», and perforated and polished shells of a
-species of Oliva and a species of Voluta, from the neighboring coast of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
-the Pacific, were dug out. In a valley, or rather ravine (Stat. 4),
-near <span class="gesperrt">Alta Gracia</span>, where a heap of pretty large, partly cut
-stones seemed to indicate the site of a large building, several
-fragments of pottery were found together with a cup of earthen ware,
-and a well preserved little sitting image of painted terra cotta,
-pretty similar to that figured by <span class="smcap">Bransford</span>, l. c., p. 59. At
-a height of nearly 350 m. above the level of the lake on the west side
-of the majestically beautiful volcanic cone (Stat. 5), while digging
-in a rather extensive stone-mound, a very pretty, vaulted earthen urn
-with lid, painted in three colours, was found, and, besides, a great
-many fragments of pottery. I made excavations also at six other places
-in Ometepec, for inst. in the isthmus between Ometepec and Madera, but
-without any results worthy of record.</p>
-
-<p>I stayed in this charming double-island for more than a month, roving
-through it on horse-back and on foot in all directions, ascending the
-volcano, rowing and sailing over the delightful lagoons and bays, that
-border its shores, and amongst which I shall late forget that very
-paradise for the hunter, <span class="gesperrt">Laguna de Santa Rosa</span> and
-<span class="gesperrt">Charco Verde</span>. Having left Ometepec about the beginning of February,
-my next visit was to «<span class="gesperrt">tierra firme</span>», where I made some easily
-executed, but not very successful excavations, immediately to the
-north of <span class="gesperrt">San Jorge</span>. From <span class="gesperrt">Departemento de Rivas</span>’ I sailed
-to <span class="gesperrt">Las Isletas</span>, also called <span class="gesperrt">Los Corales</span>, an extremely
-beautiful little archipelago, just southwards of <span class="gesperrt">Granada</span>. The
-whole group owes its existence to the volcano <span class="gesperrt">Mombacho</span>, which
-towers high above it, the islands consisting exclusively of the remains
-of one or more eruptions of <span class="gesperrt">Mombacho</span>. But the vegetation
-here is so powerful and luxuriant, that it has changed those piles of black
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
-stones into smiling islands, which the traveller is never tired of
-admiring. Only on the outside of the archipelago, where the often angry
-lake of Nicaragua has checked the development of the verdant cover, the
-black, gloomy basalt is still open to the view, lashed by white-foaming
-waves. In several of the islets statues were measured and delineated,
-but unfortunately the photographic apparatus could not be used on
-this occasion. After a stay of some days among <span class="gesperrt">Las Isletas</span>
-and a short visit to <span class="gesperrt">Granada</span> for the purpose of completing my
-photographic outfit, I set sail for <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span>. On my arrival I
-encamped for a long time on the playa of <span class="gesperrt">Bahia de Chiquero</span>.
-Along the playa of the semi-circular bay there are now five houses, the
-homes of as many families, being the only inhabitants at the present
-time of this large and fertile island, which was, no doubt, formerly
-populated by many thousands of Niquirans, possessing rich towns and
-splendid temples. The islet of <span class="gesperrt">Ceiba</span> is situated off Bahia de
-Chiquero (see map 2). According to my opinion, <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span> is
-certainly a volcanic island, but in this manner, that its north-western
-part is the summit of a sunken volcanic cone, Bahia de Chiquero being
-the crater itself, the narrow, elevated mountain ridge which surrounds
-the bay, forming the edge of the crater and the islet of Ceiba the
-continuation of this edge, <span class="gesperrt">Laguna de Apoyo</span>, situated scarcely
-one kilometer from the shore, may then be regarded as a side-crater.</p>
-
-<p><span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span> exhibits an abundant variety of beautiful
-scenery, delightful valleys, watered by streams and rivulets, fertile
-elevated plains, magnificent mountain-cones, clothed in verdure to
-the very summits, and bays and lagoons offering excellent harbours.
-Unfortunately I had not an opportunity of examining, in an archæologic
-point of view, more than a part of the north side of the island and
-the islet of Ceiba. My kind hosts of the settlement in the island, Don
-<span class="smcap">José Lobo</span>, Donna <span class="smcap">Julia Solorzano</span>, S:rita <span class="smcap">Virginia
-Mora</span>, Don <span class="smcap">Jacinto Mora</span> and others, zealously assisted me
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
-in my zoological as well as archæological investigations. Through their
-warm-hearted benevolence my stay in Zapatera became the most pleasant
-remembrance of my long journey.</p>
-
-<p>The results of my antiquarian researches in <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span>
-may be referred to three stations: 1:0. The first station is <i>Punta del
-Sapote</i>; the extreme north-western point of the island, where statues,
-potteries, and stone relics were found. This station is beyond all
-comparison the most important one, because it has never, as far as I
-know, been examined, nor even mentioned. It possesses so much greater
-importance, as several statues were found in their original position,
-thus affording an insight into the manner how they were used. 2:0.
-The second station is <i>Punta de las Figuras</i>. It forms part of the
-edge of the crater, sloping softly towards the lake, between Laguna
-de Apoyo and Bahia de Chiquero. It has been previously visited by
-<span class="smcap">Squier</span>, who has given figures of several of the statues.
-Besides those mentioned by him, many of which I did not find, I lighted
-upon some that had escaped his attention. In this locality only
-insignificant remains of pottery were met with. 3:0. The third station
-is the little island of <i>Ceiba</i>, which, instead of statues, that are
-wanting, offers some very well preserved rock-carvings of evidently
-very ancient date, and, besides, valuable relics of earthen-ware and
-stone. Although my visit to Zapatera was posterior in time to my stay
-in Ometepec, I shall begin the detailed description of the antiquities
-with those of the first station in Zapatera.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_01.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="119" />
-</div>
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak"><big>I</big><br /> <small>STATUES IN</small><br />
-PUNTA DEL SAPOTE.</h2></div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/letter_p.jpg" width="100" height="166" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="space-above3">&nbsp;</p>
-<p class="drop-cap no-indent "><span class="smcap">Punta del Sapote</span>
-forms a broad, rounded peninsula, the greatest length of which is in
-N.E. and S.W. Its middle part is a large plateau, about 150 m. high,
-sloping rapidly both towards the lake and the neck of the peninsula,
-and thus forming an isolated height of somewhat more than one kilometer
-in length by scarcely one kilometer in breadth. The central portion
-of this plateau is perfectly level and, judging by the numerous
-statues met with here, and the regular form of the stone-mounds, round
-which they were placed, appears to have been a sacred place during
-the Niquiran period. On the very isthmus between the peninsula and
-the island of <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span> rose a conical
-stone-structure, 30-40 m. high; it consisted of enormous, unhewn
-blocks, placed upon one another in pretty regular layers. Its diameter
-at the base might be estimated at about 40 m. The top of the cone was
-truncated, and appeared to form a plane of 6-8 m. in diameter. The
-steep sides were so densely covered by spinous bushes and lians, that
-I was soon obliged to desist from my attempts to mount the summit.
-The whole structure resembled a kind of beacon, and has possibly been
-a place of sacrifice, although its dimensions were so large, that it
-cannot well be regarded as such a «sacrificial pillar» as is mentioned
-by <span class="smcap">Peter Martyr</span> under the name of
-«<span class="gesperrt">Tezarit</span>». Maybe a little «casita» has stood
-on the platform above. Something of the same kind is known from
-<span class="gesperrt">Uxmal</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Due north of this cone, on the top of the above mentioned plateau, were
-six stone-mounds of oval form, but of very different size. The largest
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
-(<a href="#PLATE_41A">Pl. 41: 1</a>) measured about fifty m. in length by thirty m. in breadth,
-the smallest (<a href="#PLATE_41A">Pl. 41: 6</a>) about fifteen m. in length by somewhat less
-than half in breadth. The greatest diameter of each mound was in N. and
-S. The stones of these mounds varied of course in size, but for the
-most part they were large, more or less cubical, from half a meter to
-one meter long and about half a meter broad. Their often regular shape
-and pretty plane sides, particularly in the mound 1, might lead one to
-infer that some of them have been hewn, and have formed the foundations
-and possibly also the walls of buildings, the ground plans of which are
-indicated by the form of the mounds and the situation of the statues,
-of which we are soon going to speak.</p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 1.</h3>
-
-<p>At the mound 1 (<a href="#PLATE_41A">Pl. 41</a>), the largest of all, and the one
-situated farthest to the north and west, several statues were found remaining
-in the same position, that they originally must have occupied, because
-the mound was still surrounded by six figures, standing in its
-circumference; and larger or smaller fragments of the pedestals of
-three others were found in the ground, although the statues themselves
-were thrown down beside them, and more or less broken. Judging by the
-regular distances between these statues, it is probable, that there
-have been twelve figures standing in the periphery of this building or
-temple. The fact that those remaining in the ground fronted outwards,
-and that their backs, which were turned towards the building, were not
-smooth, but only plane-cut, strengthens my hypothesis that the figures
-have formed part of a stone- or logwall enclosing the building. All
-those statues of the mound 1, of which the upper parts remained, with
-the exception of D, and another not delineated one, carried on their
-heads a more or less long and broad projection in the form of a tenon,
-and on this account I venture to propose the hypothesis, that they have
-served to support the wall-plate of a more or less circular building.
-All the statues were monoliths, cut from blocks of blackish basalt of a
-pretty considerable hardness. The roof itself has probably been covered
-with palm leaves, a supposition confirmed by certain indications in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
-<span class="smcap">Cerezeda</span> and <span class="smcap">Oviedo</span>.
-That the temples should have been open, as <span class="smcap">Squier</span>
-seems to think, I venture to doubt, on account of the above described
-form of the statues; this appears to show that they must have been
-united with one another by a wall, probably of cut stones.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>A</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_1">Pl. 1</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, standing figure, in an easy posture, with the arms hanging
-straight down. It stood quite upright, but was buried in the earth
-to the elbows; by digging round it, it was laid bare to just below
-the knees. It was the finest and most nobly sculptured of all the
-Nicaraguan statues that I have had an opportunity of seeing. The face,
-neck, and chest were carefully elaborated, the mouth closed with full
-lips, the Adam’s apple marked out at the throat, the muscles of the
-chest, as well as of the arms, correctly rendered; the hands on the
-contrary were somewhat stiff, with the thumbs in the same plane with
-the other fingers. The shoulders, elbows, and hips were well formed
-(the arms were, however, not detached from the body), but passed
-gradually backwards into the plane-cut back of the stone. The head
-was covered with a large, rounded hood or cap, projecting above, and
-drawn out in rounded flaps at the sides of the neck. Upwards and
-backwards this hood passed into a kind of capital, ornamented at the
-sides with a semi-circular depression, bordered by a rounded rim, with
-globularly enlarged ends. The tenon-shaped projection above the head
-was unusually large, tapering upwards, surrounded in front by a double
-frame, at the sides by a simple, broad, sharply cut one. The statue
-was perfectly equilateral. It did not seem to have been exposed to any
-injury whatever, and was on the whole the best preserved of all in this
-locality. The whole length of the statue from the upper edge of the
-tenon to the knee was 225 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 58 cm.,
-the length of the tenon 65 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>B</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_2">Pl. 2</a> and <a href="#PLATE_3">3</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Female, standing figure, its head slightly bent forwards, and its arms
-hanging straight down. It was found erect, but imbedded in the earth to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
-the navel; the head was broken off, but was found close to the statue.
-The statue was very well sculptured, but not so carefully finished
-as the preceding one. The forehead was adorned with a low turban or
-round band, upon which was placed the heavy capital, with carvings in
-relief on the sides. The capital was surmounted by the square-shaped
-tenon, the lower part of which was surrounded by twenty staves with
-rounded tips. These ornaments seem to indicate, that in this statue,
-as well as in the former one, which was adorned with a double frame,
-the lower part of the tenon has been visible, and only its uppermost
-portion inserted into the plate of the building. The face and chest
-were well preserved, although not so accurately rendered as in A. The
-mouth was half-open, the eyes were well marked, deep cut, the ears
-hidden by large, square, flat, and grooved pieces. The breasts were
-held up by a double, round band. The breadth across the shoulders was
-extraordinarily great. The shoulders were high and thin, the arms very
-short and feeble in proportion to the body, not entirely detached, but
-much more so than in A. The length of the statue from the upper edge of
-the tenon to the knee was 226 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 66
-cm.; the length of the tenon 34 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>C</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_4">Pl. 4</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, half-sitting figure, with straight hanging arms; of considerably
-less size than A and B, and very badly damaged. The head and neck
-were broken off, and crushed into small fragments, impossible to
-reconstruct. The pedestal was round, column-shaped, without any
-ornaments. The figure had powerful arms, detached from the sides of the
-body. The legs were unusually thick and strong, the feet clumsy, with
-thick, short toes. In the middle of the chest there was a carved oval,
-with a little circle in its centre. The length of the statue from the
-shoulder to the sole of the foot was 110 cm., the breadth across the
-shoulders 56 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>C 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure, with its hands crossed on its knees. The pedestal
-was square, remaining erect in the ground. The statue itself was broken
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
-in six pieces, its face entirely crushed. It carried on its head
-a round, column-shaped head-dress, similar to that delineated in
-figure F, ornamented with transverse furrows and ending upwards in a
-tenon. The ears were hidden by square, flat pieces 21 cm. in length,
-resembling those of figure B. The head itself was 39 cm. long from the
-base of the head-dress to the chin; 31 cm. broad across the forehead.
-The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>D</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_5D">Pl. 5</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, standing figure. Head, chest with arms, and upper part of legs
-broken off, and lying in four pieces on the ground. The pedestal
-was square, with the upper part ornamented with angular wreaths; it
-remained fixed in the ground in its original place, and carried still
-the feet and the legs (to the knees) of the figure. The face was of
-quite a different type from those of A and B, with very prominent
-cheek-bones, large lips, and strongly protruding under-jaw; it was
-adorned with a crown-shaped head-gear. The ears were also here hidden
-by flat pieces, thickening upwards, with the lower corners rounded.
-The back of this statue, as well as its position in the periphery of
-the stone-mound, points to its having formed part of the wall of the
-building; but it seems not, however, to have served the purpose of
-supporting the roof, because the upper part of the crown was finely
-chiselled, and exhibited no trace of a tenon. It differed in this point
-from all the other statues in the circumference of the mound 1, with
-the exception of E 1, that was situated almost opposite to D at the
-western longside. The height of the head from the upper rim of the
-crown to the lower edge of the chin was 45 cm. The length of the trunk
-from the shoulders to the thighs was 60 cm. The breadth across the
-shoulders was 54 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>D 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>At a distance of 5 m. from D, in the periphery of the mound, there rose
-obliquely from the ground a male, half-sitting statue with its arms
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
-crossed. The head and the uppermost part of the chest with the
-exception of the right shoulder were wanting, and could not be
-identified among the existing fragments. It wore a beard reaching to
-the crossed arms, being in this respect as well as in posture and
-workmanship very like F. It measured 102 cm. from the shoulder to the
-thighs. The breadth across the shoulders seemed to have been less than
-50 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>D 2</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Near the place that ought to have been occupied by the next statue,
-there were lying fragments of an unusually narrow, square pedestal or
-pillar. It was narrower than the following E, but in other respects it
-resembled this more than it did any of the others found here.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>E</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_5E">Pl. 5</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Contrary to the other images of this mound, indeed, of this whole
-locality, it did not represent a human figure, but formed a square
-pillar, provided with carvings on its front side. It carried a narrower
-superstructure (tenon), bordered in front by a sharp-cut frame, 6 cm.
-broad, 3 cm. deep. The carvings on the front side of the pillar itself
-consisted of wreaths somewhat more than 2 cm. deep with a breadth
-varying from 3 to 5 cm. They appeared to represent the head of an
-animal with an eye surrounded by two concentric circles. The sides of
-the pillar were narrower, smooth, without any traces of wreaths, but
-bordered by a square-cut frame, 6 cm. broad and 3 cm. deep. The back of
-the pillar, which was turned towards the building, was rough, without
-any frame. The front side was provided with a frame only above, and
-along the eastern side. The front side of the pillar was 50 cm. broad,
-the lateral sides 37 cm. broad. The tenon was 40 cm. in height by 38
-cm. in breadth. The pillar was so deeply imbedded in the ground, that
-in spite of our digging strenuously, I did not succeed to lay bare more
-than about 125 cm. of its length, reckoned from the upper edge of the tenon.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>E 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, standing, much damaged. The human figure supported on his head
-the head of a massive animal of the feline genus, by its form most
-reminding one of the <i>African</i> or <i>Persian</i> lion(!). The statue was
-thrown down and broken in several pieces; only the head of the animal
-was so far preserved as to enable one to discern something of the
-original sculpture. Upon this head was part of a square tenon. The
-length of the statue from the upper edge of the forehead to the thighs
-was 84 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 39 cm., the length of the
-face 24 cm. The head of the animal was 54 cm. high and 52 cm broad.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>E 2</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Fragments of a female, sitting statue were shattered in the vicinity
-of the place, that should have been occupied by the tenth statue. The
-head was adorned with a turban-shaped head-dress, without any trace of
-a tenon. It is, however, very uncertain whether this statue has formed
-part of the series.</p>
-
-<p>Between the last-mentioned statue and F there was not the least vestige
-to be found of that statue which ought to have been the eleventh in
-number, when reckoned from A.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>F</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_6">Pl. 6</a>,
-<a href="#PLATE_7">7</a>, and <a href="#PLATE_8">8</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, half-sitting figure, with its right arm hanging straight down,
-and its left one bent, and resting on the chest. According to my
-impression, received on regarding the statue and sketching it, it
-represented a chieftain or warrior with a mask before his face and a
-helmet on his head. I have arrived at this conclusion from the reasons,
-viz. that the face was here incomparably much stiffer than in the other
-images, without the slightest attempt of indicating the muscles, the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
-cheeks, or the mouth; further that the eyes were marked by two
-concentric circles with a little (peeping-)hole in the centre, and
-that the whole face and the covering of the head were so much broader
-proportionally to the breadth of the body than in the other statues.
-(A somewhat similar head was found on the heavily injured statue at
-the mound 5.) The head-cover may be considered to exhibit the form
-of a helmet; this reached to the shoulders at both sides, hiding the
-ears completely; but nearly at the place of the ears there was on each
-side a shallow circular depression with a small excavation, probably
-representing a hole, in the centre. From the lower part of the helmet
-a thick elevation, grooved length-wise in front, came down over the
-chest. It may be regarded as representing a breast-armour, or possibly
-a beard. From the face itself, below the nose, a piece of the same
-shape as the just described elevation was seen to descend, but it was
-of much smaller dimensions. The left shoulder with the bent arm was
-somewhat more raised than the right. Both shoulders were uncommonly
-large and broad, so that the artist almost seems to have intended to
-indicate the blade-bone. The arms were pressed close to the body,
-disproportionately narrow when viewed from the front, but more than
-sufficiently broad when viewed from the side. On its left bent fore-arm
-the statue held a little round shield, at the anterior margin of which
-the hand projected, showing, unusually enough, the thumb of the same
-length with the index. The chest and abdomen were sculptured with some
-signs of muscles. The legs were short and thick, the feet clumsy, with
-no traces of toes. The image stood on a pedestal, the upper part of
-which showed a deep cavetto. The pedestal was deeply immersed into the
-ground. Immediately above the helmet was the square tenon. The length
-of the statue from the upper edge of the tenon to the upper edge of
-the pedestal was 207 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 57 cm.,
-that of the head 36 cm. The statue was on the whole well preserved, and
-stood, no doubt, in its original situation.</p>
-
-<p>As it seems to be beyond a doubt that the above described statues,
-which were found standing more or less erect, and at almost equal
-distances, nearly five meters from one another, remained in the
-situations where they had been originally placed, it cannot be
-considered too bold, to suppose that we have here before us an ancient
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
-temple exhibiting an example of how such a building might be arranged
-with the Niquirans. It is evident that the ground-plan of the edifice
-has been a broad oval, and it is highly probable, on account of the
-back of the statues not being elaborated, but only roughly cut, that
-it has not been open, but enclosed by walls, the statues serving as
-pilasters. However, it must be admitted that this latter circumstance
-is far from being proved. The figures A and B, being larger than the
-others in the periphery, and more deeply fixed in the ground, may
-possibly have stood at each side of the entrance or perhaps of a flight
-of steps, leading up into the temple. The roof was probably supported
-by a plate of stone or wood, carrying light rafters, covered with
-palm leaves or such like materials.</p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 2.</h3>
-
-<p>This mound, also oval, was much smaller than mound 1; its longer
-diameter was eighteen meters, the shorter twelve. It was situated due
-E. of 1, separated from it by a depression in the ground, ten to twelve
-meters in breadth, and was made up of more or less irregular stones. It
-is impossible to decide whether this mound has also been surrounded by
-a series of statues, and in such a case, by which, because even those
-statues which were found in the neighborhood of it, did not remain
-in situ, but were overthrown, and more or less broken. The same was
-also the case with the four remaining stone-mounds. Thus I shall only
-briefly indicate their situations, and then return to the description
-of the statues in the order that they were measured and delineated.</p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 3.</h3>
-
-<p>It was situated due S. of mound 2, and held rather the same dimensions,
-but it was less symmetrical in form. Near it only R and R 1, two large
-stone-slabs, lids, or parts of a wall, ornamented with human figures in
-high-relief, were found.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 4.</h3>
-
-<p>Due S. of mound 1. Respectively twelve and ten meters in diameter.
-Near it the statues M, P and Q were found, none of which can, however,
-be with certainty alleged to have been roof-supporter. P has surely stood
-quite free.</p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 5.</h3>
-
-<p>Situated furthest southwards, of the same dimensions as mound 2, but
-containing a much less quantity of stones. Only one statue, F 1, was
-found there.</p>
-
-<h3>STONE-MOUND 6.</h3>
-
-<p>The smallest of all, situated furthest to the east, of a more irregular
-form. In its vicinity three statues were found, of which only one, O,
-was delineated. The others were crushed into small fragments.</p>
-
-<p>The smaller objects found by excavations made in, and beside these
-mounds, will be spoken of in connection with the other ceramic relics,
-discovered in Ometepec and Zapatera.</p>
-
-<p>I now return to the description of the several statues.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>G</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_9">Pl. 9</a> and <a href="#PLATE_10">10</a>.</p>
-
-<p>This statue, a double figure, was dug up out of the ground between
-the mounds 1 and 2. It has probably stood free, because considerable
-portions of its back were well elaborated. It is quite evident, that it
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
-has not served to support a roof, as the upper part of the head of
-the upper figure wanted every trace of a tenon, and was carefully
-finished. It represented a male figure, somewhat stooping, with bent
-arms, the hands leaning on the hips. Upon this human figure that of an
-animal was seated, embracing with its fore-paws the head of the male
-figure. The animal was probably intended to represent a monkey. The
-male figure had an ugly face, with a long straight nose; the eyes were
-formed by quite circular cavities, the mouth was widely open, and the
-chin very short. The ears were covered by thick, square, flat pieces,
-as in the image B. The neck was long, the shoulders were much raised,
-large and powerful; the arms were bent, pressed close to the sides of
-the body, very narrow when seen from the front, broad and flat when
-seen side-ways. The chest and stomach were pretty roughly worked; the
-muscles however were sharply marked. The legs were short, without any
-trace of muscles or even of knees. The feet were completely wanting,
-the legs being abruptly cut off. The second figure, the monkey, rested
-its lower jaw upon the head of the principal figure, clasping the hind
-part of it with its long fingers. The head was large, with prominent
-muzzle and jaws, low, curved forehead, and broad nose, with round
-nostrils. The hanging ears were long and broad, rounded backwards. The
-mouth was open, showing strong, sharp teeth. The fore-legs or arms
-were very long, the fore-arm was bent at a right angle to the upper
-arm, the shoulder-blades were very broad and powerful. The back was
-strongly curved inwards, the tail long, longer than the animal itself,
-hanging straight down. The hind legs were short, strongly bent, drawn
-up towards the abdomen, and abruptly cut off above the feet, as in the
-principal figure. The length of the statue from the top of the animal’s
-head to the upper edge of the pedestal was 175 cm. The breadth of the
-human figure across the shoulders was 31 cm.; the breadth of the monkey
-across the shoulders was 21 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>G 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>It was of the same kind as G, i. e. representing a human figure, on
-whose shoulders and head an animal was seated. It was much damaged, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
-almost impossible to delineate. The anterior portion of the animal’s
-head was crushed, as were also the legs and arms of the human image,
-whose face seemed designed to represent a skull with a long neck. The
-face of the principal figure was 21 cm. long. The length of the animal
-from the crown of the head to the root of the tail was 50 cm. The legs
-and claws of this animal were larger than those of the monkey in G.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>G 2</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Male torso, impossible to complete. It was lying near G, and seemed to
-have belonged to the mound 2. It measured 57 cm. from the shoulder to
-the thighs. The breadth across the shoulders was 48 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>H</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_11">Pl. 11</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting image. This is the first representative of a kind of
-idol, of which, as far as I know, not more than a single one from
-Central America previously has been figured.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
-<span class="smcap">Squier</span> has also given an illustration of a
-statue from <span class="gesperrt">Pensacola</span> (Las Isletas), in
-which a head of an animal is placed upon the head of a human figure,
-but there the animal’s head evidently serves only as a helmet; this
-seems also to be the case with the above-mentioned image E 1, from
-the western side of the stone-mound 1. With regard to the present
-image, on the contrary, I believe that the head of the animal is the
-more important figure, representing a deity, the human figure being
-nothing but the bearer of the god, viz. a kind of caryatid. I formed
-this opinion on account of the very strongly marked supporting postures
-exhibited by the three human figures, bearing heads of animals,
-which follow next in my description. Of the image H only the upper
-portion remained; this showed, that the human figure had been sitting,
-or half-sitting, but not in what manner the arms had been used as
-supports. The head of the animal was a splendid head of a jaguar, very
-finely elaborated, and pretty well preserved. The mouth was somewhat
-open, showing distinctly elaborated lips, blunt molars and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
-sharp, large cuspids. The muzzle was somewhat longer than necessary,
-the nostrils oval, somewhat widened; the eyes formed oval cavities,
-powerfully cut; the ears were rather small, with the margins, as it
-were, indented. Two volutes and a powerful intumescence at the sides
-were possibly designed to mark the strong muscles of the head. The
-human figure was carefully elaborated. The face was well preserved,
-with the exception of the mouth and the chin, that were cut off with
-a chisel, or some other keen instrument. The forehead was rather low
-and separated from the head of the jaguar, by a roll or fillet. The
-nose was large, almost straight; the eyes were rather small, the cheeks
-full, the cheek-bones not prominent. The ears were unusually small, of
-natural shape. The neck was particularly vigorous, the muscles of the
-breast well developed. The shoulders and upper arms were full, and well
-cut, the arms not quite detached from the sides. The back of the statue
-not being elaborated seems to indicate that it has been placed against
-or in a wall. That it has not served the purpose of supporting a roof,
-is proved by the finely hewn upper side of the jaguar’s head with its
-erect ears. The head of the jaguar was 63 cm. long; its height from the
-top to the lower hinder corner was 42 cm. The height of the ear was 10
-cm. The length of the face of the human figure was 24 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>I</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_12">Pl. 12</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, kneeling figure, supporting the head of a great vulture or «Rey
-de Zopilotes». It belonged to the same category as H, but has probably
-stood isolated, as the back was as neatly cut as the front. The head of
-the vulture was colossal in proportion to the human figure supporting
-it, and very carefully sculptured. The beak was very true to nature,
-the eye formed a semi-circular cavity, the anterior corner of the eye
-was well indicated. Backwards projected a massive round process, a
-sort of crest on the back of the head. On the top of the head was a
-tenon-shaped projection, which, however, could hardly have served the
-purpose of a tenon, as it was unusually thin in comparison with the
-tenons found on the statues around the mound 1. It may possibly have
-been designed to represent the comb of the beak of the vulture, though
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
-in such a case it was placed too far backwards. The anterior part
-of the head and the cheeks were carved with softness and elegance.
-Behind the head of the human figure the head of the vulture was united
-to its support by a snailshaped spiral (volute) with wide aperture.
-Although the kneeling male figure was not perhaps so well worked as
-the image H, yet it was well balanced, and of an easy posture. The
-forehead was straight, the nose slightly curved, the mouth closed,
-the lower lip thin, prominent; the cheeks were rather thin, the ears
-disproportionately large, and placed too far backwards. The neck
-was long, the Adam’s apple was indicated on the throat. The chest
-was rather little developed, the shoulders and upper arms vigorous,
-the hands pressed against the sides of the legs. The male organ was
-placed high up on the abdomen. The legs below the knees were of equal
-thickness throughout, without any trace of muscles, smoothly rounded
-backwards, without feet. The pedestal being broken, the statue was
-thrown down in the middle of the «plaza», the open place or square
-between the mounds 1, 2, 3 and 4. The length of the vulture’s head from
-the anterior edge of the beak to the posterior edge of the process at
-the back of the head was 100 cm., the height of the head from the top
-to the inferior edge of the lower jaw 37 cm. The whole length of the
-statue from the upper edge of the tenon-shaped projection to the upper
-edge of the pedestal was 154 cm. The upper part of the pedestal formed
-a square plinth, on which the human figure was kneeling.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>K</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_13">Pl. 13</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure, with its head strongly bent forward, supporting
-on its shoulders and the back of its head the large head of an animal,
-which was possibly meant to represent the head of a tortoise or a
-lizard. This head was rather little elaborated, evenly rounded above,
-having in front a round, beak-shaped mouth. A circular cavity before
-and over the posterior corner of the mouth represented the eye. At the
-back this head carried two high, rectangular, double plates, which may
-possibly be regarded as representing the beginning of the back armour
-of the tortoise, or perhaps the scales of a lizard or a serpent. The
-human figure was very well elaborated; next to the figure A it was
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
-certainly, from an artistic point of view, the most carefully finished
-one of all the statues at Punta del Sapote. The head was bent strongly
-forwards, as if depressed by the gigantic load; the forehead was high,
-the nose straight, the eyes were well cut out, the cheeks rounded, the
-ears small. The neck was stretched forth, very thick and muscular.
-The shoulders were not so powerful as should have been expected from
-the thickness of the neck, but they were neatly molded. The trunk and
-the back were very nobly and elegantly sculptured, and formed the
-best portion of the statue. The upper arms were rigorous and well
-proportioned, the lower arms perhaps a little too short. The hands
-were closed, resting on the knees. The legs were thick, and not so
-well worked as the upper portion of the statue, the feet clumsy,
-without distinct toes. The figure was seated on a high socle, with a
-low foot-stool under its feet. As was demonstrated by the unusually
-careful workmanship expended on the back portions, the statue has quite
-certainly stood isolated. The height of the statue from the summit of
-the head of the animal to the upper edge of the pedestal was 137 cm.
-The length of the face of the human figure was 20 cm. The length of the
-head of the animal was 82 cm., its greatest height 36 cm. This statue
-was pretty deeply imbedded in the earth, and was found nearly in the
-middle of the open place between the stone-mounds 2, 3, and 4.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>K 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, standing figure. This statue did not belong to the same category
-with H, I and K, but had probably served as support in the wall of a
-building, because the turban-shaped head-dress was surmounted by a
-tenon, and the back was not elaborated. It had suffered so much from
-the violence of human hands, and from the effects of the climate, that
-its outlines could hardly be distinguished. From the upper edge of the
-tenon to the thighs it measured 123 cm. The length of the face was 24
-cm. It was found immediately north of the mound 6.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>L</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_14">Pl. 14</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure, with its head bent forward, supporting the
-gigantic head of a crocodile. The back side being only plane-cut, it
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
-has probably stood against a wall; but as it wanted a tenon, it did
-not seem to have supported the roof. In posture it much resembled K
-and M, but it was worked without the elegance that distinguished K. It
-is highly probable that the head of the animal represented that of a
-crocodile, although it was executed, in a rough manner, the style being
-altogether peculiar to this statue; the head was square-cut and the
-outlines not at all rounded. The characteristic knob or protuberance
-on the snout of the crocodile was boldly molded, but square. The eyes
-were marked by triangular cavities, the teeth pyramidal, sharp-pointed.
-The ears were the only portions of the head exhibiting curved outlines;
-their form was almost human. The human figure, as has been said before,
-was of far coarser workmanship than the statue K. The face was well
-preserved, the forehead high, the nose small, the mouth half-opened,
-the ears large and hanging, resembling those of a dog. The neck was
-very long and thick. The muscles of the breast were vigorous. The arms
-were fleshy and vigorous, straight, stretched down, leaning with the
-palms against the upper surface of the block, on which the figure was
-seated. The thick fingers were extended straight down. The legs were
-rather thick; the feet, which were short and clumsy, with slightly
-indicated toes, rested on a little foot-stool. The figure, sitting with
-the hands pressed against the stone block, exhibited a posture quite
-able to support a very heavy weight. The block that served as a seat,
-had the form of a truncated pyramid. The statue was overthrown; it was
-lying pretty close to the mound 2, between it and mound 1. The height
-of the statue from the highest point of the head of the crocodile to
-the upper edge of the pedestal was 147 cm. The length of the face of
-the human figure was 19 cm. The length of the head of the crocodile was
-91 cm., its height 47 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>M</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_15">Pl. 15</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Female, sitting with straight arms, the hands pressed against the stone
-seat in a posture just able to sustain the pressure of a heavy load.
-The head was wanting, but the well marked posture, as compared with
-that of the just described figure, seems to justify the conclusion that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
-this figure has also supported upon its head the large head of some
-animal. The entire figure was heavy and clumsy, but the circumstance
-of the muscles of the body being indicated both in front and behind,
-makes it not improbable that this statue has stood insulated, like K.
-The arms were quite detached from the body, and uncommonly thick and
-heavy, as were also the legs. The hands were heavily pressed against
-the block, on which the figure was seated, the right hand with the
-palm, the left one with the knuckles. The most remarkable feature of
-this statue was perhaps the bench on which it was seated; this was cut
-out from the block so as to be quite free and detached. The statue,
-like all above described ones, was sculptured from a single block, a
-monolith. The height of the statue from the shoulders to the upper edge
-of the pedestal was 107 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 69 cm.
-It was found pretty close to the mound 4.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>M 1</b><br /><small>Not figured</small>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, standing figure, its head adorned by a high conical head-dress.
-Very like the figure F. Its face was hidden by a mask, with round holes
-for the eyes. It had a long, hanging beard or breast-armour. The arms
-were stretched straight down. It was broken in four fragments, and was
-found in the periphery of the mound 5.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>N</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_16">Pl. 16</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Female, sitting figure, with a child in its lap. It has probably stood
-insulated, as the back portions were pretty well elaborated, and,
-besides, the pedestal was adorned with a free border, which was not
-the case in any of the statues remaining in the circumference of the
-mound 1. This statue was, more-over, remarkable by its large head, not
-being turned straight forward, but somewhat upwards and side-ways. The
-statue was rudely executed, far inferior in workmanship to most of
-those mentioned before. There was no attempt at imitating the muscles
-of the body; the arms and legs were thin and short, not detached from
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
-the block. It was only in the molding of the face that some endeavours
-to follow nature were to be detected; the eyes were formed by deep,
-oval cavities; the nostrils and cheeks were indicated; the mouth was
-closed, with thick lips; the ears were very large and projecting. The
-short, vigorous neck was ornamented by a broad neck-lace, formed of
-three round bands. The head was covered by a turban-shaped head-dress.
-The right shoulder was somewhat higher than the left. On the front of
-the body only the two semi-spherical breasts were elaborated; with
-this exception, the chest and abdomen were on a line with the block
-itself. The figure held before it a child or a smaller figure with
-very large head, large, projecting ears, clumsy body, and short, thin
-legs. In execution this statue strongly reminded of the figure η from
-Punta de las Figuras, though it was superior with regard to the face.
-It was found near the mound 3, but not in its periphery. The height
-of the statue from the upper edge of the turban to the upper edge of
-the pedestal was 170 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of
-the turban was 34 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm. The
-length of the smaller figure was 51 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>O</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_17">Pl. 17</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Female, standing figure. It reminded somewhat of the preceding one,
-but was much better executed. It certainly had a free position, as the
-back and shoulders were well sculptured. It carried on its head a very
-large, round, thick slab of stone, between which and the head there
-was a kind of turban, made of two round rolls. The face was unusually
-broad, and particularly remarkable in that respect that the eyes were
-placed obliquely. It was the only statue in which such was the case.
-The nose was large, straight; the mouth broad, closed; the ears very
-large, prominent, the left one longer than the right one. The shoulders
-and breast were pretty well elaborated. The lower portions were broken
-in many pieces. The diameter of the slab on the head was 72 cm.; its
-thickness 45 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of the
-turban was 32 cm., its breadth 31 cm. The breadth across the shoulders
-was 72 cm. The statue was found at the periphery of the mound 6.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>P</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_18">Pl. 18</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure, with crossed legs, and the hands crossed in
-its lap. The figure was unusually small, and not very artistically
-executed. The head was large and very broad, adorned by a low turban
-with flaps projecting side-wise. The forehead was low, the nose large;
-the eyes were formed by unusually large, circular cavities; the mouth
-was small; the ears were large, but not so prominent as in the image O.
-The chest and back were equally elaborated, though the muscles were but
-slightly marked. The arms were long, and, unusually enough, cut out so
-as to be perfectly detached from the sides. The legs were very short
-and weak. The figure was seated immediately on the square pedestal,
-that was surrounded above by a prominent border on all the sides. The
-front of the pedestal was ornamented by an engraved cross, its sides
-and back by rhombic figures, forming inter-woven garlands. This statue
-has certainly been insulated. It measured 92 cm. from the upper edge of
-the turban to the upper edge of the pedestal. The length of the face
-from the lower edge of the turban was 25 cm., its breadth 35 cm. The
-breadth across the shoulders was 54 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>Q</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_19">Pl. 19</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure. The broad, short face showed it to appertain
-to the same type as the figures N, O and P, which it resembled also
-with regard to the careless workmanship. It wore on its head a conical
-hat, with a raised, circular ornament on each side; the hat widened
-below into a thick brim, adorned by an ornament in relief, formed like
-a chain. The face was but little elaborated, the forehead low, the
-nose long, broad, and straight; the eyes were middle-sized, circular
-cavities; the mouth was broad, open, almost square. The ears were long,
-extending, with <i>perforated</i> lobes. The neck was short. The chest
-and abdomen showed some signs of muscles. The shoulders were quite
-straight. The arms were narrow, without muscles; the left one hanging
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
-straight down, with the fingers extended; the right one bent upward
-towards the shoulder, with the fingers doubled, so as to form a hole.
-It has probably clasped a lance or stick, or something of that kind.
-The legs were rather large, broken above the knees. The back of the
-statue was only plane-cut. The length from the lower edge of the hat to
-the thighs was 103 cm.; that of the face from the same point 33 cm.;
-the breadth of the face 32 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 52
-cm. The statue was found near the western margin of the mound 4.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><b>R</b><br /><a href="#PLATE_20">Pl. 20</a>.</p>
-
-<p>High-relief, representing a female figure. With regard to the type of
-the face, it came near to the immediately preceding ones. It was a
-big-headed figure of full size, sculptured in feeble high-relief on
-a large rectangular slab of stone, about 25 cm. in thickness. It had
-been very badly injured, so that only the left half of the figure could
-be anyhow discerned. The face was almost circular, the eye a circular
-cavity, the nose wanting, the mouth closed, the ear large, hanging,
-like the ear of a dog, the shoulder rounded, the arm bent inwards
-across the body, the leg slightly bent. The figure has been surrounded
-by a frame, nearly 20 cm. broad, and 4 cm. high. The length of the
-figure to the thighs was 106 cm. The length of the face 38 cm.; the
-breadth of the face 37 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="space-above3">With regard to the type of the face, the
-figures found in this locality may be divided into two distinctly
-different classes viz., the images A to M, with oval faces, and, in
-general, of more artistic workmanship, and the images N, O, P, Q, R,
-with broad, almost circular faces, and more rudely executed. The latter
-are possibly of more ancient date than the former. None of the latter
-was found at the mound 1.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_02.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="99" />
-</div>
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak"><big>II</big><br /> <small>STATUES IN</small><br />
-PUNTA DE LAS FIGURAS.</h2></div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/letter_s.jpg" width="100" height="163" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="space-above3">&nbsp;</p>
-<p class="drop-cap no-indent "><span class="smcap">Squier</span>
-visited this locality in December 1849; it is a little plateau,
-formed by an extension of the margin of the crater surrounding the
-Bahia de Chiquero. To the west it slopes pretty abruptly towards the
-Bahia; to the north it shelves gradually towards the low promontory,
-<span class="gesperrt">Punta de las Figuras</span>, which is
-separated from the south-eastern point of the islet of Ceiba,
-<span class="gesperrt">Punta de Pantheon</span>, by a sound, 50 m. broad;
-to the east the plateau descends rapidly towards the lake of Nicaragua,
-and to the south it falls steeply towards the little crater-lake <span
-class="gesperrt">Laguna de Apoyo</span>. It is densely covered by
-gigantic trees, and between these by under-brush and lians, confusedly
-entangled. Here I found five large stone-mounds, that may possibly
-be the remains of temples or other large buildings. The relative
-situation of these mounds is approximately shown by the plan <a href="#PLATE_41B">Pl. 41</a>.
-Besides these larger mounds, which were more or less oval, with the
-longer diameter varying from 20 to 40 meters, several smaller, and more
-irregular ones, were met with. These, however, are not indicated in
-the plan. The mound I was that nearest to Bahia de Chiquero, the mound
-V the nearest to Laguna de Apoyo. In this locality no statues were
-found that could with any degree of certainty be regarded as remaining
-in their original places, nor were any lying or standing in such a
-position that it could be decided, whether they had been placed <i>in the
-peripheries</i> of the mounds, <i>within</i> the buildings, or <i>in the open
-spaces</i> between the mounds. In this respect the former locality was by
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
-far more interesting. The statues were less well preserved, and had
-evidently been subjected to greater violence, probably also to attempts
-at removal. Indeed we know through <span class="smcap">Squier</span>,
-that such has been the case. Some statues had been transported to Granada before his
-visit, and <span class="smcap">Squier</span> himself sent some to Washington.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>α</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_21">Pl. 21</a>
-and <a href="#PLATE_22">22</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">It has been before figured by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>,
-l. c., vol. ii., in the plate facing  p. 54, fig. 2, and described pp.
-53, 54, and 58. In <span class="smcap">Squier</span>’s list it has the
-no. 2. <span class="smcap">Bancroft</span> has mentioned it in «The
-Native Races of the Pacific shores of North America», vol. iv.,  p. 41,
-with a copy of <span class="smcap">Squier</span>’s figure  p. 42, fig. 3. </p>
-
-<p>It was a male figure, sitting on the ground, with the knees drawn high
-up, and the head bent forwards. On the back of the head and the neck,
-there rested a solid mass of stone, gradually passing into the outlines
-of the neck and the back. This mass tapered upwards, and seemed to
-have passed into a pyramidical tenon, which, however, was broken off.
-The face was broad, with rounded retiring forehead, the nose long and
-straight. The eyes were formed by circular cavities; the mouth was
-half-open; the ears were large and prominent. By the shape of the face,
-the figure recalled the image Q from <span class="gesperrt">Punta del Sapote</span>.
-The neck was much too thick to be a human neck. The chest was only little
-elaborated, the shoulders much raised, the arms well cut, the left hand
-pressed against the left foot, the right one drawn back somewhat more.
-The legs were well molded, like the arms; the knees drawn up nearly
-to the chin. The back was round-cut. The pedestal was carefully hewn,
-forming a square pillar of considerable height, tapering downwards. Its
-uppermost portion, on which the figure was seated, formed a kind of
-<i>round</i> capital, ornamented on the side by a triple engraved angular
-wreath. The height of the statue from the crown of the head to the
-upper margin of the pedestal was 80 cm.; the length of the face was 34
-cm., its breadth 25 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 44 cm. The
-statue has probably stood insulated. It was entire, lying south-west of
-the stone-mound I, nearest to the shore of the Bahia (except the figure
-γ) and had probably been the object of endeavours to remove it.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>β</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_23">Pl. 23</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">It is figured by <span
-class="smcap">Squier</span>, l. c., in the plate facing  p. 65, and
-described pp. 64 and 65. <span class="smcap">Bancroft</span>, l. c.,
-p. 40, fig. 2.</p>
-
-<p>Male figure, sitting on the ground. With regard to the posture it
-came most near to the image α, but could not be said to possess a
-human aspect. Indeed it deserved, if any, to be called a monster.
-<span class="smcap">Squier</span> thought that it represented a tiger, but if
-we compare the head of the present statue with the head of the jaguar in the
-statue H, from <span class="gesperrt">Punta del Sapote</span>, this opinion does
-not seem very likely. The face exhibited a low, arched forehead, small oval eyes,
- a broad, flat, long nose or muzzle with small, round nostrils. The mouth
-was not open. The upper lip was clearly to be distinguished, although
-it had been broken. The chin was broad; the ears were oval, placed far
-up. The neck was very thick and powerful, the body colossal, with large
-abdomen. The whole back of the body was also elaborated. The shoulders
-were highly raised, the upper arm was long, broad and thick, the lower
-arm short, at a right angle to the upper arm, the paws resting on the
-abdomen. The legs were very short, especially the small of the legs.
-The feet were pretty like human feet, with distinct toes. The upper
-part of the pedestal was enlarged in the shape of an Ω, ornamented at
-the sides with a garland, like that of the image α. The height of the
-statue from the highest point of the trunk to the upper edge of the
-pedestal was 150 cm. The height of the face was 40 cm., its breadth 30
-cm. When found, it stood upright, immediately north of the mound III.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>γ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_24">Pl. 24</a> and <a href="#PLATE_25">25</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="f90">It is not mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Male, sitting figure. The head was broken off. The figure itself was
-much damaged; but the pedestal was well preserved, and exhibited fine
-ornaments. The chest of the figure was strongly arched, the upper arm
-short and broad, the lower arm and the fingers were long. On the sides
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
-of the cornice of the pedestal, there was a symmetrical ornament of
-round coils; the sides of the pedestal itself were decorated with
-an oval coil twisted about quite symmetrically, in an excavated
-rectangular field; in front there was an angular ornament. The back of
-the figure and of the pedestal was not elaborated, but rather rough. It
-may thus be reasonably inferred that the statue has stood in or against
-a wall. The height of the statue from the upper edge of the shoulders
-to the lower edge of the feet was 52 cm. The height of the pedestal
-from the upper edge to the beginning of the lower, uncut part, which
-was intended to be imbedded in the ground, was 110 cm. This statue was
-not found on the plateau of Punta de las Figuras, but had been dragged
-off and was now lying, half in the water, on the shore of Bahia de Chiquero.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>δ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_25">Pl. 25</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">Figured by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>, l.
-c., on the plate facing p. 58, signed no. 4, treated pp. 54 and 58.
-<span class="smcap">Bancroft</span>, l. c., p. 40, fig. 1.</p>
-
-<p>It was no more a statue, but only a pedestal. The little, sitting
-figure described and designed by <span class="smcap">Squier</span> was now
-entirely crushed and moldered. The pedestal was, however, the most elaborately
-finished of all found here. It was round, tapering gently downwards,
-adorned upwards with the same kind of angular ornament, as that
-mentioned on the front of the preceding pedestal; almost at the middle
-of its length it was surrounded by a broad band, embellished in the
-same fashion. The pedestal, lying on the ground, had quite the form of
-a canon. From the upper edge to the lower broken end it measured 215
-cm.; the diameter at the upper end was 66 cm. It was found between the
-mounds I and II.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>ε</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_26">Pl. 26</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">Figured by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>, l. c.,
-in the plate facing p. 58, signed no. 5, described p. 59.</p>
-
-<p>Male, half-sitting figure, representing a very fat person with his
-hands resting on his hips. The face was badly injured, but showed that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
-the forehead and the nose were straighter than those figured by
-<span class="smcap">Squier</span>. The ears were long, hanging, like the ears of a dog.
-The upper arm was very short; the abdomen swollen. Legs and feet were
-thick and clumsy. The back piece was very large in proportion to the
-figure, only plane-cut, and seemed to indicate that the statue had
-formed part of a wall or even served as a kind of coulisse or side-wall
-in a cella. The lower part of the back piece was pierced with a
-circular hole; another much larger hole perforates the pedestal, which
-was perfectly unadorned. The statue measured 98 cm. from the crown of
-the head to the sole of the foot. It was found lying near the preceding.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>ζ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_27">Pl. 27</a>
-and <a href="#PLATE_28">28</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">Figured by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>,
-l. c., on the plate facing p. 52, described p. 52 and 58. <span
-class="smcap">Bancroft</span>, l. c., p. 42, fig. 3. </p>
-
-<p>Male, standing figure, with the hands resting on the abdomen. In this
-statue also the back piece was very large, proportionately even larger
-than in the preceding; on this account it may be conjectured to have
-had a similar use. The face was rather large and round, the forehead
-somewhat retiring, the eyes small, oval, the nose short, broad, and
-straight, the mouth closed, with thick lips, the chin broad; the ears
-were hidden by the projecting back piece which embraced, as it were,
-and overlapped the face. The chest was well cut. The arms, when viewed
-from the front, were very thin, pressed close to the sides of the
-body and to the back piece; when seen from the side, they are, on the
-contrary, broad and fleshy. The hands rested on the abdomen with the
-fingers somewhat extended. The legs were rather clumsy. The broad back
-piece projected above the head like a colossal mitre, ornamented in
-front with bosses and scrolls, and surrounded by a broad frame. The
-height of the entire statue from the top of the upper piece to the sole
-of the figure’s foot, was 210 cm.; its greatest breadth from the chest
-of the figure to the hinder margin of the back piece was 86 cm. The
-height of the figure from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot
-was 140 cm. The length of the face was 31 cm., its breadth across the
-shoulders was 36 cm. It had been raised up at a recent date, and now
-stood south of the mound Ι.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>η</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_29">Pl. 29</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="f90">Not mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Male figure, sitting almost on the ground, bearing on the top of its
-head another head with a large neck. It is by half statue, by half
-high-relief. The body of the principal figure was cut out to the
-shoulders; then followed a portion of the stone that was quite rude
-on the sides and the back. On the front of this stone the neck and
-head of the statue and the long-necked head of a man or an animal that
-surmounts it, were sculptured in high-relief. The upper head had a low
-forehead, small, round, excavated eyes, long nose or muzzle of equal
-breadth, closed mouth, and long, prominent, hanging ears. The neck was
-very long and was placed immediately upon the head of the principal
-figure. The face of this figure presented a low forehead, large, oval,
-excavated eyes, a short nose broadening downwards, thick cheeks, small
-closed mouth, broad thick chin, and prominent, but not very long
-ears. The neck was short and vigorous. The chest exhibited no sign of
-muscles, being only a round-cut part of the original stone-pillar,
-and passing directly into the abdomen, and then into the front of the
-pedestal. The arms and legs were carved in a kind of relief. The hands
-rested on the abdomen. The pedestal was cylindrical; its uppermost
-portion, on which the figure was seated, was somewhat smaller than the
-rest of it. The height of the statue from the top of the upper head to
-the upper edge of the pedestal was 120 cm. The length of the upper face
-was 14 cm. The face of the principal figure was 27 cm. long, 22 cm.
-broad. The statue was found at the southern margin of the stone-mound
-V, nearest of all the figures to Laguna de Apoyo.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>θ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_30">Pl. 30</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="f90">Not mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Fragment of a high-relief or one-sided statue with only the head cut
-free. In comparison with the other high-reliefs found here, its size
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
-was colossal. Contrary to all other Nicaraguan high-reliefs that I
-have had an opportunity of seeing, it was wholly in profile. The slab
-from which it was sculptured was very thin as compared to the size of
-the figure, no more than 30 cm. in thickness. It was broken in more
-than 20 pieces, only the head and part of the chest with the arm being
-in such a state as allowed of their being delineated. The head was
-slightly curved, carved on both sides, but having an eye, formed of two
-concentric excavations, only on the left or upper side. The head was
-truncated before, without any trace of a muzzle or mouth, and provided
-backwards with a very well sculptured buck’s (?) horn, though only on
-the upper side. The chest was indicated only by a slight curve. The
-arm, on the contrary, was pretty well molded, and the fingers were
-proportional. The lower part of the chest was quite unhewn, as was also
-the hind portion of the lower part of the head. It carried on the head
-a square crest or tenon, divided into three parts by transversal lines.
-The length of the head was 53 cm., its height from the upper edge of
-the tenon to the lower edge of the horn was 64 cm. The diameter of the
-eye was 12 cm. The length of the arm from the shoulder to the tip of
-the ringfinger was 102 cm. The statue was lying on the ground a little
-west of the mound V.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>ι</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_31">Pl. 31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot">Figured by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>,
-l. c., p. 61, signed No. 9, described pp. 60, 61 and 62. <span
-class="smcap">Bancroft</span>, l. c., p. 44, fig. 6.</p>
-
-<p>High-relief, male figure, on a slab about 40 cm. in thickness. It
-represented a figure lying on its back, if the slab has been a
-covercle, or standing, if it has been a part of a wall, with straight
-arms, detached from the sides of the body. The face appeared to be
-covered by a mask (compare the figure F of <span class="gesperrt">Punta del Sapote</span>);
-this seemed to be denoted by the large circular holes for the eyes,
-and the broad, hanging breast-plate or beard; the ears were protected
-by two flaps extending from the helmet or head-ornament. With the
-exception of the stiff mask before the face, the figure was well
-elaborated, with some hints of the muscles of the shoulders, abdomen,
-and legs. Above the slab there was a projection, broadening upwards,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
-which seemed to be a repetition of the helmet of the head. The outer
-edges of the slab formed a border five to six cm. broad and 3 cm. high.
-The slab was broken in two pieces, the lower portion was found lying
-far from the upper one. The entire slab measured 182 cm. from the upper
-edge of the upper projection to the lower edge of the border below the
-feet; its breadth across the body of the figure was 74 cm. The length
-of the figure from the top of the head to the lower edge of the feet
-was 135 cm. The length of the face was 28 cm., its breadth 27 cm. The
-length of the breast-plate from the chin was 30 cm. The breadth across
-the shoulders 45 cm. The statue was found on the ground immediately
-north of the mound I; the lower piece was found west of the mound III.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>κ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_32A">Pl. 32</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="f90">Not mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Male figure in relief. Broken in several fragments and impossible to
-reconstruct. Only the face could be delineated. The face was well
-preserved and originally uncommonly well executed. It was quite
-expressive; the forehead was broad, not low, covered with a round cap
-or low turban; the eyes were narrow, elliptical, boldly cut; the nose
-was straight, broadening downwards; the mouth half-open, with thin, but
-well-formed lips; the cheeks were lean, but carefully sculptured; the
-chin was broad and powerful. The ears were large, very prominent. The
-length of the face from the lower edge of the turban to the lower edge
-of the chin was 35 cm.; its breadth 26 cm. The thickness of the slab of
-stone was about 30 cm. Most fragments of this relief were lying at the
-western margin of the mound V.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b>λ</b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_32B">Pl. 32</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="f90">Not mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span>.</p>
-
-<p>Relief representing a male figure with the face of a skull. It was of
-much rougher workmanship than the reliefs before described. The face was
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
-formed only by an evenly curved, broadly oval elevation, with two
-circular cavities to mark the eyes, an irregularly triangular one for
-the nose, and a linear one for the mouth. The chest was evenly rounded,
-the arms only indicated by two round bands along the breast, ending
-abruptly with five narrow, round staves, placed at right angles to the
-arms, and designed to represent the fingers. The lower part of the
-slab with the legs was lost. Above the head were two sugar-loaf-shaped
-elevations, and above these a third one with parallel sides, downwards
-rounded. The slab had square incisions at the same height with the neck
-and the hands. The length of the figure from the crown of the head to
-the beginning of the hip was 82 cm. The length of the face was 32 cm.;
-its breadth 20 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 24 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="space-above3">Several fragments of broken statues were found on the plateau,
-but so shattered, disfigured, and intermixed with one another, that it would
-have taken much time and patience to reconstruct them. Several of the
-statues, mentioned by <span class="smcap">Squier</span> as being in comparatively
-good condition, for inst. his nos. 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 18 were
-no more to be found in the place. Some of these have possibly been
-destroyed by human violence or by the effects of the climate during the
-thirty years between our visits, others may have been carried off to be
-deposited in museums or to form the hearth-stone of some Indian rancho.</p>
-
-<p>In general, the statues of this locality chiefly remind of the last
-described group of statues at <span class="gesperrt">Punta del Sapote</span>.
-Perhaps, from an artistic point of view, they must be considered as inferior even
-to these. None of the statues at <span class="gesperrt">Punta de las Figuras</span>
-can be compared as a work of art, to the figures of the mound 1 at Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p>The fact that in most of the statues, found in Zapatera, the organs of
-generation were represented, and often more conspicuous than natural,
-gives corroboration to the suggestion of <span class="smcap">Squier</span>
-that a phallic worship or a worship of the reciprocal principles existed
-among the Niquirans.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_02.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="99" />
-</div>
-<hr class="r5" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak"><big>III</big><br /> <small>STATUES IN</small><br />
-THE ISLAND OF CEIBA.</h2></div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/letter_c.jpg" width="80" height="166" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="space-above3">&nbsp;</p>
-<p class="drop-cap no-indent "><span class="smcap">Ceiba</span> has
-certainly been densely populated in ancient times. This fact is
-testified by the rich quantities of relics discovered there from
-time to time. In <span class="gesperrt">Rivas</span> Dr. <span
-class="smcap">Flint</span> showed me objects of bronze, stone, and
-earthen-ware as well as small ornaments of thin golden plate, spirally
-twisted glass-staves a. o., that were found in Ceiba. And although
-my own excavations did not turn out so productive as I had been led
-to expect by the rich treasures I had seen from the island, they,
-however, yielded extremely valuable contributions to my collection.
-These will be spoken of below, in connection with the results of my
-diggings in Zapatera and Ometepec. No statues are now to be found in
-the island, but it is reported by tradition that several were formerly
-to be found at the north side of the island, which were carried off
-long ago to a hacienda in the isthmus. These statues are said to have
-been comparatively small-sized. On the other hand, the island is
-rich in rock-carvings, and its highest point, a flat mountain ridge,
-level as floor, has, from this cause, received the name of <span
-class="gesperrt">Cerro de Pantheon</span>. This mountain ridge is, in
-my opinion, the continuation of that edge of a crater which surrounds
-Bahia de Chiquero. The carvings found on its south-western spur,
-<span class="gesperrt">Punta de Pantheon</span>, cut in the solid rock at
-a depth of two meters below the lowest surface of the lake, prove that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
-the island has sunk at a late period, and thus corroborate my
-hypothesis of the earlier connection between Ceiba and Zapatera. This
-connection has been dissolved by the gradual sinking of the volcano.</p>
-
-<p>The western portion of the island is plain, partly cultivated, partly
-covered by bush, the eastern is very rugged. Cerro de Pantheon, its
-highest point, is about 60 meters above the surface of the lake. This
-mountain ridge is 80 to 100 meters in length by 10 to 15 in breadth,
-and offers an extraordinarily well-fit place for rock-carvings. And,
-indeed, the ancient inhabitants of the island have made such an eager
-use of this opportunity that the whole crown of the ridge is densely
-covered with sculptures. This crown, as has been mentioned before,
-forms a perfectly level surface; indeed, it is not quite impossible
-that human hands may have helped nature to level it. On the part of
-the mountain chiefly occupied by the rock-carvings, the vegetation was
-very scanty, consisting of low shrubs and stiff grass. I could not
-detect any carvings on the different sides of the mountain, nor on the
-large loose blocks of stone north of Cerro de Pantheon. But on large
-flat or round blocks, detached long ago from the side of the mountain,
-and lying all the way down to the southern shore at Punta de Pantheon,
-numerous carvings were found. Such were also to be seen there in the
-solid rock as well on land as on that part of the rock that stretches
-into the lake. I can here give illustrations only of the lesser part
-of the carvings. The wreaths were generally even, boldly cut, 4-6 cm.
-broad, 2-3 cm. deep.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>a</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_37">Pl. 37</a>.</p>
-
-<p>It represented the upper part of a human figure. The face was broad,
-with round eyes, broad nose, and square mouth. The head was surmounted
-by four plumes, meant, according to the conception of my Indians, to
-represent a crown of feathers. On this account, they honoured the
-figure with the name of «La Reyna». The chest was short and broad, the
-arms very long, the hands circular, the left one much larger than the
-right one, both provided with eight radiating fingers. The length of
-the figure from the crown of the head to the lower edge of the breast
-was 64 cm.; the breadth between the elbows 127 cm.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>b</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_37">Pl. 37</a>.</p>
-
-<p>It may possibly have been intended to represent a very primitive human
-figure. The face was formed by two concentric circles; the eyes and
-the mouth were represented by three small shallow cavities. On the
-head there was a kind of head-ornament, broader upwards, or possibly
-the face of an animal, also marked with three cavities. The body was
-a rectangular enlargement without arms, with a straight furrow in its
-middle; from its lower edge there issued one long, straight leg, ending
-in a short foot, broadening outwards. The entire length of the figure
-was 82 cm.; the breadth of the face was 16 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>c</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_37">Pl. 37</a>.</p>
-
-<p>This was possibly also meant to be a human figure, though the legs were
-wanting. The face was a broad oval, with three holes situated more
-to the right, representing the eyes and the mouth. On the head was a
-little, tiara-shaped ornament. The arms were short, without any traces
-of hands. The whole length was 70 cm., the breadth of the face was 20 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>d</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_37">Pl. 37</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Human figure with arms and one leg. The face was nearly triangular with
-rounded corners. Three holes represented the eyes and the mouth. On the
-head was a high ornament, like that of the preceding figure. The arms
-were hanging, of the same thickness with the shoulders. One short and
-thick leg with a pointed foot. The length of the figure was 92 cm.; its
-breadth across the shoulders was 26 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>e</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_37">Pl. 37</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A spirally wound line running out into some irregular curves, the last
-part quite straight. The diameter of the spiral was 20 cm.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>f</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_38">Pl. 38</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A human figure; the face in profile, high and narrow, with pointed
-nose and thick, round chin. The eye was a pretty large, oval cavity.
-Above the head were three plumes, broadening towards the end. Opposite
-to the face was placed a figure possibly meant to represent the head
-of an animal, its eye marked by an oval cavity. The neck of the human
-figure was represented by a rectangle; the body appeared in profile,
-the breast was convex, the back slightly concave. The arms and legs
-were represented «en face», the left arm in two parts, the right one in
-one; the left hand with two fingers, the right one with six. The legs
-were short, curved; the feet indicated by two ovals. Between the legs a
-second face was sculptured; the eyes were two small cavities, the nose
-was a long furrow broader downwards, the mouth a furrow broader in the
-middle. The length of the figure from the top of the head to the lower
-edge of the foot was 161 cm.; the breadth across the shoulders 55 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>g</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_38">Pl. 38</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A monkey in profile; the head circular without any traces of eye or
-nose; the body convex before, straight behind; the arm raised, with
-three-fingered hand, the tail projecting at a right angle, its end
-spirally wound; the leg bent, with two feet, and the sexual organ
-behind. The length from the top of the head to the lower foot was 80 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>h</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_38">Pl. 38</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A monkey, very similar to the preceding, with larger and more convex
-body; the arm with three indistinct fingers, the legs very short. The
-length was 63 cm.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>i</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_38">Pl. 38</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A cross, or rather three crosses within one another, the outermost
-carved with coarser lines than the inner ones. The height of the
-innermost cross was 15 cm., of the second 22 cm., and of the third or
-uttermost 38 cm.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>k</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_39">Pl. 39</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Two crosses within each other, encircled by a curved line, forming an
-angle at every one of the corners of the outer cross. The lines of the
-inner cross were nearly six cm. broad. At the upper and lower ends of
-the outer cross was an isolated rectangular elevation, and a more or
-less square one in each of the angles of the cross. The length of the
-inner cross was 16 cm., of the outer one, 28 cm. The greatest diameter
-of the surrounding curved figure was 48 cm.</p>
-
-<p>All the above described rock-carvings, viz. <i>a-k</i>, were to be found on
-the level summit of Cerro de Pantheon; <i>k</i> was situated almost at the
-centre of the plateau, its upper short arm pointing exactly northwards.
-This circumstance may perhaps be fortuitous; nevertheless it ought to
-be mentioned, because the arms of <i>i</i> are also directed towards the
-four principal points of the compass. Pretty near <i>a</i> was the beginning
-of a small round water-worn rock-hollow, 30 cm. in diameter.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>l</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_39">Pl. 39</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A winding line, one end of which formed a not quite regular spiral, and
-the middle portion several irregular flexions and angles, the other
-extremity being perfectly straight. This winding line was cut in the
-solid rock at the promontory Punta de Pantheon.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>m</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_39">Pl. 39</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A double figure consisting of a labyrinth-shaped carving, united with
-a spirally wound line, the outer circumference of which was formed by
-almost square tongues, and the inner part by an irregular spiral. The
-length of the labyrinth-shaped figure was 58 cm., the greatest diameter
-of the spiral figure 54 cm. It was sculptured in the solid rock near
-the preceding figure, at the extremity of the promontory, and was now
-partly covered by water.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>n</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_39">Pl. 39</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Almost identical in form with the spiral figure of the preceding
-carving, but more regular. The inner spiral had more turnings, four in
-number. The greatest diameter, if the projections are included, was 86
-cm. It was also cut in the solid rock at the promontory itself, near
-the line of water.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>o</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_40">Pl. 40</a>.</p>
-
-<p>A queerly composed figure. The greatest length was 109 cm. It was found
-some little way from the shore at Punta de Pantheon, cut in the solid rock.</p>
-
-<p class="f150"><big><b><i>p</i></b></big><br /><a href="#PLATE_40">Pl. 40</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Some coarsely carved faces; only one had the nose marked, the other
-four exhibiting only eyes and mouth. The length of the largest face
-was 25 cm., of the smallest 20 cm. A little spherical excavation, a
-rock-hollow, was to be seen between two of the faces. They were carved
-in a loose block of stone, about two meters in diameter, lying a little
-way up from the shore.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_02.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="99" />
-</div>
-<hr class="r5" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak"><big>IV</big><br /> CERAMIC OBJECTS<br />
-<small>FROM</small><br /> OMETEPEC, ZAPATERA and CEIBA.</h2></div>
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">1. Pl. 33</a>. Human figure of terra cotta;
-painted with a blackish colour; still well preserved. Height 72 mm. <i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">2. Pl. 33</a>. Human
-figure, sitting, with the arms against the hips; of terra cotta;
-painted with brown-red and black colours on a light yellow ground.
-Height 144 mm. <i>Ometepec</i>, stat. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">3. Pl. 33</a>. Headless
-figure, resembling the preceding; terra cotta; painted only in two
-colours, light yellow and brown-red. Height from the shoulders 90 mm.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 1.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">4. Pl. 33.</a>
-Spherical urn with raised ornaments and perforated lid; very finely
-painted, brown-red with black and light yellow. Diameter 127 mm.;
-height 83 mm. <i>Ometepec</i>, stat. 5.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">5. Pl. 33</a>. Open cup
-or bowl of thick terra cotta, minutely painted with fine ornaments;
-ground colour a light yellow, painted with red, red-brown and black.
-Diameter 70 mm.; height 40 mm. <i>Ometepec</i>, stat. 1.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">6. Pl. 33</a>. Open
-flat cup or bowl on a foot, with handles; of thick, fine and smooth
-earthen-ware, painted dark brown. Diameter 75 mm., height 40 mm.
-<i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">7. Pl. 33</a>.
-Spherical urn with ears; of half-burnt clay. Diameter 65 mm.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 6.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_33">8. Pl. 33</a>. High
-cover for a little spherical urn; painted brown; fine burnt clay.
-Diameter 48 mm. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent">&nbsp;<a href="#PLATE_34">9. Pl. 34</a>. High vase of thick earthen-ware. It has been
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
-painted brown-red. Elegantly adorned with small knobs of clay attached
-to the surface. It was broken in many pieces, but most of the fragments
-were recovered, so that it could be restored. It is distinguished by
-its graceful form. Height 420 mm.; diameter at the base 150 mm.; upper
-diameter 300 mm. Thickness of the material 8-10 mm. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta
-del Sapote, the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">10. Pl. 34</a>. Fragment of a
-vase of the same form as the preceding. Thickness of the material 9-10
-mm. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">11. Pl. 34</a>. Fragment of
-a vase, probably of the same form as 9. Thickness of the material 9-13
-mm. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 1.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">12. Pl. 34</a>. Handle of a
-shallow bowl; of burnt clay. It represents the nose of an animal of
-prey. It has been painted, but the colour has been almost completely
-worn off. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">13. Pl. 34</a>. Head of an
-animal, has served as handle for a cup; of fine burnt clay; painted
-black. <i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">14. Pl. 34</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a larger bowl; terra cotta; painted in a light brown
-colour. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">15. Pl. 34</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of an arched bowl with its upper edge turned outwards;
-fine terra cotta; painted with red and yellow. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del
-Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">16. Pl. 34</a>. Head of an
-animal, ornament for a can; fine terra cotta; painted with red and
-yellow bands. <i>Ometepec</i>, stat. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_34">17. Pl. 34</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a plate; fine terra cotta; painted black. <i>Zapatera</i>,
-Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">18. Pl. 35</a>. Lid of an
-oval cup, perforated; fine terra cotta; painted in a red-brown colour.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">19. Pl. 35</a>. Fragment
-of the side of a larger bowl or tinacca, with a figure in relief,
-representing a monkey’s arm; terra cotta; painted with a red-brown
-colour. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">20. Pl. 35</a>. Small bottle
-with round bottom; terra cotta; painted yellow. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de
-las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">21. Pl. 35</a>. Head of
-a bird, serving as foot of a large plate; terra cotta; painted red.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 6.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">22. Pl. 35</a>. Upper part
-of a bottle or urn, forming the head of an animal, with open jaws.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
-The bottle has had two entrances. Terra cotta; painted in a
-yellowish grey colour. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">23. Pl. 35</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a large bowl; terra cotta; painted red. <i>Zapatera</i>,
-Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">29. Pl. 36</a>. Fragment of
-an urn with upright edge and angular ornaments. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del
-Sapote, the mound 5.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">30. Pl. 36</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a large plate; fine terra cotta; painted deep brown.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">31. Pl. 36</a>. Head of a
-lizard, fragment of a toy; terra cotta; painted in a light yellow
-colour. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">32. Pl. 36</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a plate; terra cotta; painted, but the colour has
-vanished. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">33. Pl. 36</a>. Head of an
-animal, handle of a plate; fine terra cotta; painted black. <i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">34. Pl. 36</a>. Head of an
-animal, fragment of a toy; terra cotta; painted in a light yellow
-colour. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">35. Pl. 36</a>. Head of
-an animal, handle or foot of a plate; terra cotta; painted brown.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta de las Figuras.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">36. Pl. 36</a>. Handle of a
-larger cup, or tinacca, in the form of a column embraced by a hand. Red
-clay; not painted. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 6.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_36">37. Pl. 36</a>. Small low cup
-with an ear; fine clay; painted dark brown. <i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX</a></h2></div>
-
-<p class="f120 space-below1">Smaller objects of stone</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">24. Pl. 35</a>. Head of an
-animal, well cut. It seems to have formed part of the side of a stone
-vase or can. <i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">25. Pl. 35</a>. File or rasp.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">26. Pl. 35</a>. Molidor or
-pestle for pounding seed. <i>Ometepec</i>, stat. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent"><a href="#PLATE_35">27. Pl. 35</a>. Chisel.
-<i>Zapatera</i>, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3.</p>
-
-<p class="neg-indent space-below2"><a href="#PLATE_35">28. Pl. 35</a>.
-Chisel. <i>Ceiba.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_03.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="105" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter"><h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS.</h2></div>
-
-<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="TOC" cellpadding="0" >
-  <tbody><tr>
-      <td class="tdr " colspan="2">Pag.</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Introduction</td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">&nbsp;1.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Statues in <span class="gesperrt">Punta del Sapote</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Statues in <span class="gesperrt">Punta de las Figuras</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Rock-carvings in the island of <span class="gesperrt">Ceiba</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Ceramic objects from <span class="gesperrt">Ometepec</span>, <span class="gesperrt">Zapatera</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;and <span class="gesperrt">Ceiba</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Appendix:&nbsp;Smaller&nbsp;objects&nbsp;of&nbsp;stone<span class="ws8">&nbsp;</span></td>
-      <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX">50.</a>&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr>
- </tbody>
-</table>
-<hr class="r5" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/illo_04.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="105" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 1.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_1" src="images/i057.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="566" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>A.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 2.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_2" src="images/i059.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="595" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>B.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 3.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_3" src="images/i061.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="568" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>B.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 4.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_4" src="images/i063.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="567" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>C.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 5.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_5D" src="images/i065a.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="223" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>D.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_5E" src="images/i065b.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="470" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>E.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 6.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_6" src="images/i067.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="562" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>F.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 7.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_7" src="images/i069.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="590" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>F.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 8.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_8" src="images/i071.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="596" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>F.</b></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 9.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_9" src="images/i073.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="663" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>G.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 10.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_10" src="images/i075.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="620" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>G.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 11.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_11" src="images/i077.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="427" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>H.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 12.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_12" src="images/i079.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="496" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>I.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 13.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_13" src="images/i081.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="516" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>K.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 14.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_14" src="images/i083.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="405" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>L.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 15.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_15" src="images/i085.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="371" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>M.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 16.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_16" src="images/i087.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="615" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>N.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 17.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_17" src="images/i089.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="424" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>O.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 18.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_18" src="images/i091.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="557" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>P.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 19.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_19" src="images/i093.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="584" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>Q.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 20.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_20" src="images/i095.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="489" />
-    <p class="f150"><b>R.</b></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 21.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_21" src="images/i097.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="523" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>α.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 22.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_22" src="images/i099.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="619" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>α.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 23.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_23" src="images/i101.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="461" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>β.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 24.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_24" src="images/i103.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="616" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>γ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcontainer">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 25.</b></p>
-  <div class="figsub">
-   <img id="PLATE_25" src="images/i105a.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="642" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>δ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-  </div>
-  <div class="figsub">
-   <a><img  src="images/i105b.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="634" /></a>
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>γ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-   </div>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 26.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_26" src="images/i107.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="637" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>ε.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 27.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_27" src="images/i109.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="595" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>ζ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 28.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_28" src="images/i111.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="696" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>ζ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 29.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_29" src="images/i113.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="689" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>η.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 30.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_30" src="images/i115.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="544" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>θ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 31.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_31" src="images/i117.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="606" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>ι.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 32.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_32A" src="images/i119a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="226" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>κ.</b></span></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_32B" src="images/i119b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="493" />
-    <p class="center"><span class="fontsize_250"><b>λ.</b></span></p>
-    <img src="images/scale.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="69" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 33.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_33" src="images/i121.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="772" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 34.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_34" src="images/i123.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="787" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 35.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_35" src="images/i125.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="767" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 36.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_36" src="images/i127.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="779" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 37.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_37" src="images/i129.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="735" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 38.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_38" src="images/i131.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="752" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 39.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_39" src="images/i133.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="725" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 40.</b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_40" src="images/i135.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="702" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f150"><b>Pl. 41.</b></p>
-    <p class="f150"><b><i>Punta del Sapote.</i></b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_41A" src="images/i137a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="466" />
-    <p class="f150"><b><i>Punta de las figuras.</i></b></p>
-    <img id="PLATE_41B" src="images/i137b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="481" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f120">MAP of NICARAGUA and COSTA RICA<br />
-          to illustrate the journey of<br /> CARL BOVALLIUS<br /> 1882-1883.</p>
-    <img id="MAP_NIC" src="images/nic_map_north.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="481" />
-    <img src="images/nic_map_south.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="454" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <p class="f120">Sketch of a Map of<br /> <b>The Island of Zapatera</b><br /> by<br /> CARL BOVALLIUS.</p>
-    <img id="MAP_ZAP" src="images/map_zapatera.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="573" />
-</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="f150"><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
-Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed
-interoceanic canal. With numerous original maps and illustrations. In
-two volumes. London, 1852.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
-I cannot but contradict, on the ground of my own investigations, the
-suggestion of Squier, that the nomadic tribes on the east coast of
-Nicaragua were related to the Caribs, and especially «the Melchoras on
-the river San Juan are certainly of Carib stock». All the individuals
-of the Simoo, Rama and Melchora tribe, that I have seen and measured,
-correspond far more, both in general habitus and cranial characters, to
-the Talamanca Indians and Guatusos, indeed even to the Indios mansos in
-Chontales and in Northern Nicaragua, than to the Caribs of Honduras who
-are proved to be true Caribs, or to the Magdalena Indians in Columbia
-who are supposed to belong to the Carib stock. The differences are so
-great as to make it probable that Squier’s supposition arises from a
-confusion of names, more particularly because the name of Caribs was
-applied to all Indios bravos of eastern Nicaragua during the Spanish
-time, long before the brave Caribs of S:t Vincent, the last remains
-of that people in the West-Indies, after a long and hard struggle
-for freedom were expatriated and carried to Ruatan, from where they
-transmigrated afterwards of their own will to the opposite coast of Honduras.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
-«Geographical Distribution of the Ancient Central American
-Civilisation», in Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York,
-vol. 8, 1870, p. 142.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
-Smithsonian Contributions to knowledge (383), vol. 25. Washington 1885 (1881).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
-See above.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
-<a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
-<span class="smcap">Squier</span>, l. c., p. 64, and the plate facing the same page.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="transnote bbox space-above2">
-<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
-<hr class="r5" />
-<p class="indent">Typographical errors have been silently corrected.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES ***</div>
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