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diff --git a/old/64707-0.txt b/old/64707-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 970d894..0000000 --- a/old/64707-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2455 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nicaraguan Antiquities, by Carl Bovallius - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Nicaraguan Antiquities - -Author: Carl Bovallius - -Release Date: March 05, 2021 [eBook #64707] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected. - - - - - SWEDISH SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY - - NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES - - BY - CARL BOVALLIUS - - STOCKHOLM, 1886 - KONGL. BOKTRYCKERIET - P. A. NORSTEDT & SÖNER - - TO - THE ROYAL ANTIQUARY OF SWEDEN - - DR. HANS HILDEBRAND - - THIS WORK, - THE PUBLICATION OF WHICH HAS BEEN POSSIBLE - ONLY BY HIS KIND EXERTIONS, - IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED - BY THE AUTHOR. - - -Nicaragua is a very rich field for research to the student of American -Archæology, and so I found it during my two years stay in Central -America. I had there the good fortune several times to meet with -localities more or less rich in remains from the prehistoric or -rather pre-spanish period. Not very much being known about Central -American antiquities, and the literature on this subject being very -poor, especially with regard to the Nicaraguan ones, I purpose -here to describe briefly and to figure the more important statues, -rock-carvings, ceramic objects etc., found by me in Nicaragua and -partly delineated or photographed on the spot, partly brought home -to Sweden. Unfortunately I wanted the means of carrying home any of -the statues; but my Nicaraguan collections contain a number of more -easily transportable relics, mostly examples of pottery. These are -now deposited in the ethnographic collection of the R. Swedish State -Museum. The accompanying plates are all executed after my original -sketches or photographs taken on the spot. Most of the statues have -never before been figured or described; some of them are mentioned and -figured by E. G. SQUIER[1] in his splendid work on Nicaragua. As it -turned out, however, on comparisons being made by me on the spot, that -some of Squier’s figures do not quite agree with the originals, I have -thought fit to publish also my own drawings of these previously figured -statues, 6 in number. - -[1] Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed -interoceanic canal. With numerous original maps and illustrations. In -two volumes. London, 1852. - -Although this sketch is certainly not the place for an account of the -history of Central America or Nicaragua, yet I may be permitted to give -a brief statement of those few and disconnected notices that we possess -with regard to the nations inhabiting Nicaragua at that period, when -the antiquities here spoken of were probably executed. The sources of -our knowledge of these people and their culture are, besides the above -quoted work of SQUIER, the old Spanish chroniclers, OVIEDO, TORQUEMADA, -HERRERA, and GUARROS, the memoirs of LAS CASAS and PETER MARTYR, the -relation of THOMAS GAGE, and scattered notices in the works of GOMARA, -IXTLILXOCHITL, DAMPIER a. o. - - * * * * * - -At the time of the Spanish invasion under the command of _Don Gil -Gonzales de Avila_ in the years 1521 and 1522, the region now occupied -by the republic of Nicaragua and the north-eastern part of the republic -of Costa Rica, was inhabited by Indian nations of four different -stocks, which very probably may be considered as being of different -origin and having immigrated into the country at widely separated -periods. - -The Atlantic coast with its luxuriant vegetation but damp climate and -the adjacent mountainous country with its vast primeval forests were -the home of more or less _nomadic tribes_, remaining at a low stage of -civilization. It may be inferred, however, from certain indications -in the account of the third voyage of Columbus, and from the scanty -notices of several of the so-called buccaneers or filibusters, that -those Indians were more advanced in culture and manner of life than the -hordes, that may be regarded as their descendants at the present day: -the _Moscos_, the _Ramas_, the _Simoos_ or _Smoos_ a. o.[2] - -Between this strip of country on the eastern shore and the two great -lakes, _Xolotlan_ (Managua) and _Cocibolca_ (the lake of Nicaragua), -the intermediate highland, which shelves gradually towards the lakes, -was inhabited by los _Chontales_, as they are denominated by OVIEDO. -The name is still preserved in «Departemento de _Chontales_». They -lived in large villages and towns and were agriculturists. Possibly -they were of the same stock as, or closely related to, the large -_Maya_-family which extended over the eastern parts of Honduras and -Guatemala and furnished the population of Yucatan. This guess acquires -a certain probability by the fact of several words in their language -being similar to the corresponding ones in some Maya-dialects. The -_Poas_, _Toacas_, _Lacandones_, and _Guatusos_ may possibly be their -descendants. These also are living at a decidedly lower stage of -civilization than their supposed ancestors. - -[2] I cannot but contradict, on the ground of my own investigations, -the suggestion of Squier, that the nomadic tribes on the east coast of -Nicaragua were related to the Caribs, and especially «the Melchoras on -the river San Juan are certainly of Carib stock». All the individuals -of the Simoo, Rama and Melchora tribe, that I have seen and measured, -correspond far more, both in general habitus and cranial characters, to -the Talamanca Indians and Guatusos, indeed even to the Indios mansos in -Chontales and in Northern Nicaragua, than to the Caribs of Honduras who -are proved to be true Caribs, or to the Magdalena Indians in Columbia -who are supposed to belong to the Carib stock. The differences are so -great as to make it probable that Squier’s supposition arises from a -confusion of names, more particularly because the name of Caribs was -applied to all Indios bravos of eastern Nicaragua during the Spanish -time, long before the brave Caribs of S:t Vincent, the last remains -of that people in the West-Indies, after a long and hard struggle -for freedom were expatriated and carried to Ruatan, from where they -transmigrated afterwards of their own will to the opposite coast of -Honduras. - -If the eastern part of Nicaragua, on account of its almost impenetrable -forests and damp climate, is less fit to be the dwelling-place of a -highly cultivated people, the western portion, on the contrary, is -much more happily endowed in this respect and seems to be marked -out by nature itself to become one of the centres of mankind’s -civilization. By its smiling valleys, fertile plains, and thinner, but -shadowy forests, by its splendid lakes, gently flowing rivers, and -verdant mountains the country appears well able to tempt even the most -exacting people to settle in it. Indeed the country, on the arrival -of the Spaniards, was found to be very densely populated, and divided -amongst a great number of small sovereignities, which could however be -referred to two separate stocks, differing in language and character. -One of these, the third one of those stocks from which has sprung the -population of Nicaragua, was los _Choroteganos_ or _Mangues_. They -occupied the territory between the two large lakes and all the fertile -level country west and north of Lake Managua down to the Pacific and -Bahia de Fonseca. OVIEDO asserts that they were the aborigines and -ancient masters of the country, without being able however to state any -proofs in support of his opinion. Of los _Choroteganos_ four groups -are usually distinguished: 1:0) Los _Cholutecas_ on the shores of -Bahia de Fonseca; their principal town was the present _Choluteca_. -2:0) Los _Nagrandanos_ between Lake Managua and the Pacific; their -capital was _Subtiaba_, near the present Leon. 3:0) Los _Dirianos_ -between the lakes Managua and Nicaragua and down to the coast of the -Pacific. Their largest town was _Salteba_ near the present Granada and -4:0) Los _Orotinas_ far separated from their relations, inhabiting the -peninsula of Nicoya and the territory of Guanacaste, which comprises -the north-eastern part of the republic of Costa Rica. Opinions vary, -however, with regard to these groups, several authors being inclined -to regard los _Cholutecas_ as a detached branch of los Pipiles in El -Salvador; they would then be of Toltecan origin. Certainly there is a -number of local names within their district which seem to corroborate -this opinion. Other writers are disposed to ascribe a Mexican origin -to the Orotinas and lastly Dr. BERENDT[3] suggests that the whole -Chorotegan stock may be considered as a Toltecan offspring, the name -Choroteganos being only a corruption of Cholutecas. - -[3] «Geographical Distribution of the Ancient Central American -Civilisation», in Journal of the American Geographical Society of New -York, vol. 8, 1870, p. 142. - -The last or fourth of the tribes inhabiting Nicaragua was los -_Niquiranos_. The territory occupied by this people was the smallest of -all, viz.; the narrow isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, -together with the large islands, Ometepec and Zapatera, in Lake -Nicaragua. But although comparatively small in extent this territory -was perhaps the most richly blessed of all in this country, the darling -one of nature. According to the concurrent testimonies of the old -chroniclers the Niquirans were a Mexican people settled in the country -at a comparatively late period. It is not clear whether they were -Toltecs or Aztecs, and this question cannot probably be decided until -the ancient remains, surely very numerous, that they have left behind -them, shall have been accurately studied and compared with the better -known Mexican antiquities. For my own part I incline to the opinion -that they were Aztecs, and had immigrated into the country rather late, -perhaps little more than a hundred years before the Spanish invasion. -They lived in a state of permanent hostility with the Chorotegans and -had probably, on their irruption, expelled the Orotinas, who were -thus cut off from the main stock of the Chorotegans. The intelligent -and well built Indians on the island of Ometepec are doubtless the -descendants of the Niquirans; this is corroborated by their language, -which the successful investigations of SQUIER have shown to be of -Mexican origin and presenting a very close similarity to the pure Aztec -tongue. They are now a laborious and peaceful race, somewhat shy of -strangers; in general they speak Spanish, but may be heard occasionally -to talk Indian dialect with one another; with regard to this dialect -they are, however, extremely unwilling to afford any explanations, -generally answering «es muy antiguo» «no sé nada». The Indians of Belen -and the surrounding region remind one of the Ometepec Indians, but are -evidently intermixed with foreign elements. - -According to OVIEDO, TORQUEMADA, and CEREZEDA, the last one of whom -accompanied GIL GONZALES DE AVILA in his expedition 1522, and thus -is able to speak, like OVIEDO, from his own personal observations, -the Niquirans had reached a higher degree of civilization than their -neighbours. However, the Chorotegans were also pretty far advanced in -culture. - -Indeed, reading the scanty descriptions of the last days of these -nations, one feels tempted to assert that in harmonic development -of the mental faculties they were superior to that nation, which, -by its crowds of rapacious and sanguinary adventurers, honoured in -history with the name of «los Conquistadores», has fixed upon itself -the heavy responsibility for the annihilation of this civilization. -For indeed so swift and radical was this annihilation, through the -fanatical vandalism of «christian» priests and the bloody crimes of a -greedy soldatesca, that history knows of no similar example. Thus the -investigator of the comparatively modern culture of Central America is -obliged to travel by more toilsome and doubtful roads than the student -of the ancient forms of civilization of Egypt and India, although these -were dead several thousands of years ago. - -So much, however, has come to the knowledge of our time, as suffices to -prove that the nations of Central America were very far advanced in -political and social development as well as in science and art. But no -other way is left to us of gaining an insight in this culture, than -to search the country perseveringly for the purpose of disclosing the -monuments, hidden in the ground or enviously concealed by the primeval -vegetation, that now reigns alone in many of those places, which were -formerly occupied by populous and flourishing cities, and artistically -ornamented temples. - -By comparing these monuments with those of Mexican culture, somewhat -better known in certain respects, we may hope finally to arrive at -the solution of some of the intricate problems concerning the ancient -nations of Central America and their history. - - * * * * * - -The antiquities figured by me were found for the greatest part -in the island of _Zapatera_, the rock-carvings in the islet of -_Ceiba_ close to Zapatera, only some few ceramic objects are from -the island of _Ometepec_. All these localities are contained within -the territory occupied by the Niquirans, and on this account may -probably be considered as specimens of _Aztec_ art, or of an art -very closely related to this. Those few statues that I have seen in -the neighbourhood of _Granada_ and in _Las Isletas_ immediately off -Granada, as well as the statues and high-reliefs in the little volcanic -island of _Momotombito_ in Lake Managua, the former belonging probably -to los _Dirianos_, the latter to los _Nagrandanos_, appear to me to be -much more rudely executed, without any attempt to copy the human body; -whereas many of the statues of _Zapatera_ testify to a pretty accurate -study of the human body, often presenting faithfully elaborated muscle -portions etc., so as to make it probable that the Niquiran artists used -models. There certainly are found rather fantastic figures even among -these statues, but in general their originators prove to be artists of -a more realistic conception, and at the same time of more developed -technics than the Chorotegan artists. From the monuments etc. found -farther northwards at _Copan_, _Quiriguá_, _Uxmal_, _Palenque_, and -other places in Central America, the works here described differ most -considerably, indeed so much that it is not easy to point out more than -a few common artistic features. - -With the exception of the meagre notices, communicated by OVIEDO -and CEREZEDA and their compilers, the source of our knowledge of -_Nicaraguan_ antiquities is E. G. SQUIER’S interesting work «Nicaragua: -its people, scenery, monuments and the proposed interoceanic canal». -After SQUIER some other American investigators have followed in the -road opened by him; Dr. EARL FLINT of Rivas has during many years -searched for and collected antiquities, partly in the Department of -Rivas, partly in the island of Ometepec. I am obliged to Dr. FLINT for -much valuable information on the present subject, kindly communicated -to me, when I had the pleasure of meeting with him at Rivas in -January 1883. He has sent the collections gradually brought together -by himself, to the _Smithsonian Institution_. In «_Archæological -researches in Nicaragua_»[4] Dr. J. F. BRANSFORD gives a highly -interesting description of his researches in Ometepec, where he made -a large collection of grave-urns, other vessels of pottery, and -smaller relics of stone and metal. He occupied himself principally in -investigating burying-places on the west side of the island and he -has thrown a new light on this part of Niquiran archæology. His very -large collection, of 788 numeros, is deposited in the collections of -the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. He has also figured several -rock-carvings from Ometepec; these seem to be a little ruder and less -complicated than those delineated by me from the island of Ceiba. -Dr. BRANSFORD also describes several ancient relics from _Talmac_, -_San Juan del Sur_ in the department of Rivas, and some localities in -Nicoya, in the republic of Costa Rica. From a linguistic point of view -Dr. BERENDT[5] has given very valuable contributions to our knowledge -of the ancient civilisation of Nicaragua by his sharp-sighted and -successful investigations into the Indian idioms of that country and -into those of Mexico and of the northern parts of Central America. - -[4] Smithsonian Contributions to knowledge (383), vol. 25. Washington -1885 (1881). - -[5] See above. - - * * * * * - -In the night of the New-Year’s-eve 1882-1883 I arrived at _Ometepec_ -from Granada, and took up my head-quarters at the little borough of -_Muyogalpa_, in the north-west corner of the island. From this point -excursions were made in different directions, and, although my time was -pretty severely taxed by zoological researches, I found however some -opportunities of undertaking archæological diggings. - -Hardly one kilometer to the west of the burying-place examined by Dr. -BRANSFORD, a symmetrical mound, rising one meter and a half above the -ground, was dug through (Station 1). It contained a little bowl, pieces -of a larger urn of an unusual thickness, feet and fragments of a tripod -vase, and a little bronze figure of a saint, the last one evidently -a foreign guest among the other objects. At _Los Angeles_ (Stat. 2) -two statues, both very badly frayed, were measured and sketched; some -insignificant fragments of pottery were digged out. At a bay (Stat. 3) -on the north side, between _Muyogalpa_ and _Alta Gracia_, in a place -said by the Indians to have formerly been a town, fragments of divers -small pottery, two stone chisels, one «molidor», and perforated and -polished shells of a species of Oliva and a species of Voluta, from the -neighboring coast of the Pacific, were dug out. In a valley, or rather -ravine (Stat. 4), near _Alta Gracia_, where a heap of pretty large, -partly cut stones seemed to indicate the site of a large building, -several fragments of pottery were found together with a cup of earthen -ware, and a well preserved little sitting image of painted terra cotta, -pretty similar to that figured by BRANSFORD, l. c., p. 59. At a height -of nearly 350 m. above the level of the lake on the west side of the -majestically beautiful volcanic cone (Stat. 5), while digging in a -rather extensive stone-mound, a very pretty, vaulted earthen urn with -lid, painted in three colours, was found, and, besides, a great many -fragments of pottery. I made excavations also at six other places in -Ometepec, for inst. in the isthmus between Ometepec and Madera, but -without any results worthy of record. - -I stayed in this charming double-island for more than a month, roving -through it on horse-back and on foot in all directions, ascending the -volcano, rowing and sailing over the delightful lagoons and bays, -that border its shores, and amongst which I shall late forget that -very paradise for the hunter, _Laguna de Santa Rosa_ and _Charco -Verde_. Having left Ometepec about the beginning of February, my next -visit was to «_tierra firme_», where I made some easily executed, but -not very successful excavations, immediately to the north of _San -Jorge_. From _Departemento de Rivas_’ I sailed to _Las Isletas_, also -called _Los Corales_, an extremely beautiful little archipelago, just -southwards of _Granada_. The whole group owes its existence to the -volcano _Mombacho_, which towers high above it, the islands consisting -exclusively of the remains of one or more eruptions of _Mombacho_. But -the vegetation here is so powerful and luxuriant, that it has changed -those piles of black stones into smiling islands, which the traveller -is never tired of admiring. Only on the outside of the archipelago, -where the often angry lake of Nicaragua has checked the development -of the verdant cover, the black, gloomy basalt is still open to the -view, lashed by white-foaming waves. In several of the islets statues -were measured and delineated, but unfortunately the photographic -apparatus could not be used on this occasion. After a stay of some days -among _Las Isletas_ and a short visit to _Granada_ for the purpose -of completing my photographic outfit, I set sail for _Zapatera_. -On my arrival I encamped for a long time on the playa of _Bahia de -Chiquero_. Along the playa of the semi-circular bay there are now five -houses, the homes of as many families, being the only inhabitants -at the present time of this large and fertile island, which was, no -doubt, formerly populated by many thousands of Niquirans, possessing -rich towns and splendid temples. The islet of _Ceiba_ is situated off -Bahia de Chiquero (see map 2). According to my opinion, _Zapatera_ is -certainly a volcanic island, but in this manner, that its north-western -part is the summit of a sunken volcanic cone, Bahia de Chiquero being -the crater itself, the narrow, elevated mountain ridge which surrounds -the bay, forming the edge of the crater and the islet of Ceiba the -continuation of this edge, _Laguna de Apoyo_, situated scarcely one -kilometer from the shore, may then be regarded as a side-crater. - -_Zapatera_ exhibits an abundant variety of beautiful scenery, -delightful valleys, watered by streams and rivulets, fertile -elevated plains, magnificent mountain-cones, clothed in verdure to -the very summits, and bays and lagoons offering excellent harbours. -Unfortunately I had not an opportunity of examining, in an archæologic -point of view, more than a part of the north side of the island and -the islet of Ceiba. My kind hosts of the settlement in the island, Don -JOSÉ LOBO, Donna JULIA SOLORZANO, S:rita VIRGINIA MORA, Don JACINTO -MORA and others, zealously assisted me in my zoological as well as -archæological investigations. Through their warm-hearted benevolence -my stay in Zapatera became the most pleasant remembrance of my long -journey. - -The results of my antiquarian researches in _Zapatera_ may be referred -to three stations: 1:0. The first station is _Punta del Sapote_; the -extreme north-western point of the island, where statues, potteries, -and stone relics were found. This station is beyond all comparison -the most important one, because it has never, as far as I know, been -examined, nor even mentioned. It possesses so much greater importance, -as several statues were found in their original position, thus -affording an insight into the manner how they were used. 2:0. The -second station is _Punta de las Figuras_. It forms part of the edge of -the crater, sloping softly towards the lake, between Laguna de Apoyo -and Bahia de Chiquero. It has been previously visited by SQUIER, who -has given figures of several of the statues. Besides those mentioned -by him, many of which I did not find, I lighted upon some that had -escaped his attention. In this locality only insignificant remains of -pottery were met with. 3:0. The third station is the little island -of _Ceiba_, which, instead of statues, that are wanting, offers some -very well preserved rock-carvings of evidently very ancient date, and, -besides, valuable relics of earthen-ware and stone. Although my visit -to Zapatera was posterior in time to my stay in Ometepec, I shall begin -the detailed description of the antiquities with those of the first -station in Zapatera. - -[Illustration] - - - - -I - -STATUES IN PUNTA DEL SAPOTE. - - -Punta del Sapote forms a broad, rounded peninsula, the greatest length -of which is in N.E. and S.W. Its middle part is a large plateau, -about 150 m. high, sloping rapidly both towards the lake and the neck -of the peninsula, and thus forming an isolated height of somewhat -more than one kilometer in length by scarcely one kilometer in -breadth. The central portion of this plateau is perfectly level and, -judging by the numerous statues met with here, and the regular form -of the stone-mounds, round which they were placed, appears to have -been a sacred place during the Niquiran period. On the very isthmus -between the peninsula and the island of _Zapatera_ rose a conical -stone-structure, 30-40 m. high; it consisted of enormous, unhewn -blocks, placed upon one another in pretty regular layers. Its diameter -at the base might be estimated at about 40 m. The top of the cone was -truncated, and appeared to form a plane of 6-8 m. in diameter. The -steep sides were so densely covered by spinous bushes and lians, that -I was soon obliged to desist from my attempts to mount the summit. -The whole structure resembled a kind of beacon, and has possibly been -a place of sacrifice, although its dimensions were so large, that it -cannot well be regarded as such a «sacrificial pillar» as is mentioned -by PETER MARTYR under the name of «_Tezarit_». Maybe a little «casita» -has stood on the platform above. Something of the same kind is known -from _Uxmal_. - -Due north of this cone, on the top of the above mentioned plateau, were -six stone-mounds of oval form, but of very different size. The largest -(Pl. 41: 1) measured about fifty m. in length by thirty m. in breadth, -the smallest (Pl. 41: 6) about fifteen m. in length by somewhat less -than half in breadth. The greatest diameter of each mound was in N. and -S. The stones of these mounds varied of course in size, but for the -most part they were large, more or less cubical, from half a meter to -one meter long and about half a meter broad. Their often regular shape -and pretty plane sides, particularly in the mound 1, might lead one to -infer that some of them have been hewn, and have formed the foundations -and possibly also the walls of buildings, the ground plans of which are -indicated by the form of the mounds and the situation of the statues, -of which we are soon going to speak. - - -STONE-MOUND 1. - -At the mound 1 (Pl. 41), the largest of all, and the one situated -farthest to the north and west, several statues were found remaining -in the same position, that they originally must have occupied, because -the mound was still surrounded by six figures, standing in its -circumference; and larger or smaller fragments of the pedestals of -three others were found in the ground, although the statues themselves -were thrown down beside them, and more or less broken. Judging by the -regular distances between these statues, it is probable, that there -have been twelve figures standing in the periphery of this building or -temple. The fact that those remaining in the ground fronted outwards, -and that their backs, which were turned towards the building, were not -smooth, but only plane-cut, strengthens my hypothesis that the figures -have formed part of a stone- or logwall enclosing the building. All -those statues of the mound 1, of which the upper parts remained, with -the exception of D, and another not delineated one, carried on their -heads a more or less long and broad projection in the form of a tenon, -and on this account I venture to propose the hypothesis, that they have -served to support the wall-plate of a more or less circular building. -All the statues were monoliths, cut from blocks of blackish basalt of a -pretty considerable hardness. The roof itself has probably been covered -with palm leaves, a supposition confirmed by certain indications in -CEREZEDA and OVIEDO. That the temples should have been open, as SQUIER -seems to think, I venture to doubt, on account of the above described -form of the statues; this appears to show that they must have been -united with one another by a wall, probably of cut stones. - - -A - -Pl. 1. - -Male, standing figure, in an easy posture, with the arms hanging -straight down. It stood quite upright, but was buried in the earth -to the elbows; by digging round it, it was laid bare to just below -the knees. It was the finest and most nobly sculptured of all the -Nicaraguan statues that I have had an opportunity of seeing. The face, -neck, and chest were carefully elaborated, the mouth closed with full -lips, the Adam’s apple marked out at the throat, the muscles of the -chest, as well as of the arms, correctly rendered; the hands on the -contrary were somewhat stiff, with the thumbs in the same plane with -the other fingers. The shoulders, elbows, and hips were well formed -(the arms were, however, not detached from the body), but passed -gradually backwards into the plane-cut back of the stone. The head -was covered with a large, rounded hood or cap, projecting above, and -drawn out in rounded flaps at the sides of the neck. Upwards and -backwards this hood passed into a kind of capital, ornamented at the -sides with a semi-circular depression, bordered by a rounded rim, with -globularly enlarged ends. The tenon-shaped projection above the head -was unusually large, tapering upwards, surrounded in front by a double -frame, at the sides by a simple, broad, sharply cut one. The statue -was perfectly equilateral. It did not seem to have been exposed to any -injury whatever, and was on the whole the best preserved of all in this -locality. The whole length of the statue from the upper edge of the -tenon to the knee was 225 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 58 cm., -the length of the tenon 65 cm. - - -B - -Pl. 2 and 3. - -Female, standing figure, its head slightly bent forwards, and its -arms hanging straight down. It was found erect, but imbedded in the -earth to the navel; the head was broken off, but was found close to -the statue. The statue was very well sculptured, but not so carefully -finished as the preceding one. The forehead was adorned with a low -turban or round band, upon which was placed the heavy capital, with -carvings in relief on the sides. The capital was surmounted by the -square-shaped tenon, the lower part of which was surrounded by twenty -staves with rounded tips. These ornaments seem to indicate, that in -this statue, as well as in the former one, which was adorned with a -double frame, the lower part of the tenon has been visible, and only -its uppermost portion inserted into the plate of the building. The face -and chest were well preserved, although not so accurately rendered as -in A. The mouth was half-open, the eyes were well marked, deep cut, the -ears hidden by large, square, flat, and grooved pieces. The breasts -were held up by a double, round band. The breadth across the shoulders -was extraordinarily great. The shoulders were high and thin, the arms -very short and feeble in proportion to the body, not entirely detached, -but much more so than in A. The length of the statue from the upper -edge of the tenon to the knee was 226 cm., the breadth across the -shoulders 66 cm.; the length of the tenon 34 cm. - - -C - -Pl. 4. - -Male, half-sitting figure, with straight hanging arms; of considerably -less size than A and B, and very badly damaged. The head and neck -were broken off, and crushed into small fragments, impossible to -reconstruct. The pedestal was round, column-shaped, without any -ornaments. The figure had powerful arms, detached from the sides of the -body. The legs were unusually thick and strong, the feet clumsy, with -thick, short toes. In the middle of the chest there was a carved oval, -with a little circle in its centre. The length of the statue from the -shoulder to the sole of the foot was 110 cm., the breadth across the -shoulders 56 cm. - - -C 1 - -Not figured. - -Male, sitting figure, with its hands crossed on its knees. The pedestal -was square, remaining erect in the ground. The statue itself was -broken in six pieces, its face entirely crushed. It carried on its -head a round, column-shaped head-dress, similar to that delineated in -figure F, ornamented with transverse furrows and ending upwards in a -tenon. The ears were hidden by square, flat pieces 21 cm. in length, -resembling those of figure B. The head itself was 39 cm. long from the -base of the head-dress to the chin; 31 cm. broad across the forehead. -The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm. - - -D - -Pl. 5. - -Male, standing figure. Head, chest with arms, and upper part of legs -broken off, and lying in four pieces on the ground. The pedestal -was square, with the upper part ornamented with angular wreaths; it -remained fixed in the ground in its original place, and carried still -the feet and the legs (to the knees) of the figure. The face was of -quite a different type from those of A and B, with very prominent -cheek-bones, large lips, and strongly protruding under-jaw; it was -adorned with a crown-shaped head-gear. The ears were also here hidden -by flat pieces, thickening upwards, with the lower corners rounded. -The back of this statue, as well as its position in the periphery of -the stone-mound, points to its having formed part of the wall of the -building; but it seems not, however, to have served the purpose of -supporting the roof, because the upper part of the crown was finely -chiselled, and exhibited no trace of a tenon. It differed in this point -from all the other statues in the circumference of the mound 1, with -the exception of E 1, that was situated almost opposite to D at the -western longside. The height of the head from the upper rim of the -crown to the lower edge of the chin was 45 cm. The length of the trunk -from the shoulders to the thighs was 60 cm. The breadth across the -shoulders was 54 cm. - - -D 1 - -Not figured. - -At a distance of 5 m. from D, in the periphery of the mound, there -rose obliquely from the ground a male, half-sitting statue with its -arms crossed. The head and the uppermost part of the chest with -the exception of the right shoulder were wanting, and could not be -identified among the existing fragments. It wore a beard reaching to -the crossed arms, being in this respect as well as in posture and -workmanship very like F. It measured 102 cm. from the shoulder to the -thighs. The breadth across the shoulders seemed to have been less than -50 cm. - - -D 2 - -Not figured. - -Near the place that ought to have been occupied by the next statue, -there were lying fragments of an unusually narrow, square pedestal or -pillar. It was narrower than the following E, but in other respects it -resembled this more than it did any of the others found here. - - -E - -Pl. 5. - -Contrary to the other images of this mound, indeed, of this whole -locality, it did not represent a human figure, but formed a square -pillar, provided with carvings on its front side. It carried a narrower -superstructure (tenon), bordered in front by a sharp-cut frame, 6 cm. -broad, 3 cm. deep. The carvings on the front side of the pillar itself -consisted of wreaths somewhat more than 2 cm. deep with a breadth -varying from 3 to 5 cm. They appeared to represent the head of an -animal with an eye surrounded by two concentric circles. The sides of -the pillar were narrower, smooth, without any traces of wreaths, but -bordered by a square-cut frame, 6 cm. broad and 3 cm. deep. The back of -the pillar, which was turned towards the building, was rough, without -any frame. The front side was provided with a frame only above, and -along the eastern side. The front side of the pillar was 50 cm. broad, -the lateral sides 37 cm. broad. The tenon was 40 cm. in height by 38 -cm. in breadth. The pillar was so deeply imbedded in the ground, that -in spite of our digging strenuously, I did not succeed to lay bare more -than about 125 cm. of its length, reckoned from the upper edge of the -tenon. - - -E 1 - -Not figured. - -Male, standing, much damaged. The human figure supported on his head -the head of a massive animal of the feline genus, by its form most -reminding one of the _African_ or _Persian_ lion(!). The statue was -thrown down and broken in several pieces; only the head of the animal -was so far preserved as to enable one to discern something of the -original sculpture. Upon this head was part of a square tenon. The -length of the statue from the upper edge of the forehead to the thighs -was 84 cm., the breadth across the shoulders 39 cm., the length of the -face 24 cm. The head of the animal was 54 cm. high and 52 cm broad. - - -E 2 - -Not figured. - -Fragments of a female, sitting statue were shattered in the vicinity -of the place, that should have been occupied by the tenth statue. The -head was adorned with a turban-shaped head-dress, without any trace of -a tenon. It is, however, very uncertain whether this statue has formed -part of the series. - -Between the last-mentioned statue and F there was not the least vestige -to be found of that statue which ought to have been the eleventh in -number, when reckoned from A. - - -F - -Pl. 6, 7, and 8. - -Male, half-sitting figure, with its right arm hanging straight down, -and its left one bent, and resting on the chest. According to my -impression, received on regarding the statue and sketching it, it -represented a chieftain or warrior with a mask before his face and a -helmet on his head. I have arrived at this conclusion from the reasons, -viz. that the face was here incomparably much stiffer than in the -other images, without the slightest attempt of indicating the muscles, -the cheeks, or the mouth; further that the eyes were marked by two -concentric circles with a little (peeping-)hole in the centre, and -that the whole face and the covering of the head were so much broader -proportionally to the breadth of the body than in the other statues. -(A somewhat similar head was found on the heavily injured statue at -the mound 5.) The head-cover may be considered to exhibit the form -of a helmet; this reached to the shoulders at both sides, hiding the -ears completely; but nearly at the place of the ears there was on each -side a shallow circular depression with a small excavation, probably -representing a hole, in the centre. From the lower part of the helmet -a thick elevation, grooved length-wise in front, came down over the -chest. It may be regarded as representing a breast-armour, or possibly -a beard. From the face itself, below the nose, a piece of the same -shape as the just described elevation was seen to descend, but it was -of much smaller dimensions. The left shoulder with the bent arm was -somewhat more raised than the right. Both shoulders were uncommonly -large and broad, so that the artist almost seems to have intended to -indicate the blade-bone. The arms were pressed close to the body, -disproportionately narrow when viewed from the front, but more than -sufficiently broad when viewed from the side. On its left bent fore-arm -the statue held a little round shield, at the anterior margin of which -the hand projected, showing, unusually enough, the thumb of the same -length with the index. The chest and abdomen were sculptured with some -signs of muscles. The legs were short and thick, the feet clumsy, with -no traces of toes. The image stood on a pedestal, the upper part of -which showed a deep cavetto. The pedestal was deeply immersed into the -ground. Immediately above the helmet was the square tenon. The length -of the statue from the upper edge of the tenon to the upper edge of -the pedestal was 207 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 57 cm., -that of the head 36 cm. The statue was on the whole well preserved, and -stood, no doubt, in its original situation. - -As it seems to be beyond a doubt that the above described statues, -which were found standing more or less erect, and at almost equal -distances, nearly five meters from one another, remained in the -situations where they had been originally placed, it cannot be -considered too bold, to suppose that we have here before us an ancient -temple exhibiting an example of how such a building might be arranged -with the Niquirans. It is evident that the ground-plan of the edifice -has been a broad oval, and it is highly probable, on account of the -back of the statues not being elaborated, but only roughly cut, that -it has not been open, but enclosed by walls, the statues serving as -pilasters. However, it must be admitted that this latter circumstance -is far from being proved. The figures A and B, being larger than the -others in the periphery, and more deeply fixed in the ground, may -possibly have stood at each side of the entrance or perhaps of a flight -of steps, leading up into the temple. The roof was probably supported -by a plate of stone or wood, carrying light rafters, covered with -palm leaves or such like materials. - - -STONE-MOUND 2. - -This mound, also oval, was much smaller than mound 1; its longer -diameter was eighteen meters, the shorter twelve. It was situated due -E. of 1, separated from it by a depression in the ground, ten to twelve -meters in breadth, and was made up of more or less irregular stones. It -is impossible to decide whether this mound has also been surrounded by -a series of statues, and in such a case, by which, because even those -statues which were found in the neighborhood of it, did not remain -in situ, but were overthrown, and more or less broken. The same was -also the case with the four remaining stone-mounds. Thus I shall only -briefly indicate their situations, and then return to the description -of the statues in the order that they were measured and delineated. - - -STONE-MOUND 3. - -It was situated due S. of mound 2, and held rather the same dimensions, -but it was less symmetrical in form. Near it only R and R 1, two large -stone-slabs, lids, or parts of a wall, ornamented with human figures in -high-relief, were found. - - -STONE-MOUND 4. - -Due S. of mound 1. Respectively twelve and ten meters in diameter. Near -it the statues M, P and Q were found, none of which can, however, be -with certainty alleged to have been roof-supporter. P has surely stood -quite free. - - -STONE-MOUND 5. - -Situated furthest southwards, of the same dimensions as mound 2, but -containing a much less quantity of stones. Only one statue, F 1, was -found there. - - -STONE-MOUND 6. - -The smallest of all, situated furthest to the east, of a more irregular -form. In its vicinity three statues were found, of which only one, O, -was delineated. The others were crushed into small fragments. - -The smaller objects found by excavations made in, and beside these -mounds, will be spoken of in connection with the other ceramic relics, -discovered in Ometepec and Zapatera. - -I now return to the description of the several statues. - - -G - -Pl. 9 and 10. - -This statue, a double figure, was dug up out of the ground between -the mounds 1 and 2. It has probably stood free, because considerable -portions of its back were well elaborated. It is quite evident, that -it has not served to support a roof, as the upper part of the head -of the upper figure wanted every trace of a tenon, and was carefully -finished. It represented a male figure, somewhat stooping, with bent -arms, the hands leaning on the hips. Upon this human figure that of an -animal was seated, embracing with its fore-paws the head of the male -figure. The animal was probably intended to represent a monkey. The -male figure had an ugly face, with a long straight nose; the eyes were -formed by quite circular cavities, the mouth was widely open, and the -chin very short. The ears were covered by thick, square, flat pieces, -as in the image B. The neck was long, the shoulders were much raised, -large and powerful; the arms were bent, pressed close to the sides of -the body, very narrow when seen from the front, broad and flat when -seen side-ways. The chest and stomach were pretty roughly worked; the -muscles however were sharply marked. The legs were short, without any -trace of muscles or even of knees. The feet were completely wanting, -the legs being abruptly cut off. The second figure, the monkey, rested -its lower jaw upon the head of the principal figure, clasping the hind -part of it with its long fingers. The head was large, with prominent -muzzle and jaws, low, curved forehead, and broad nose, with round -nostrils. The hanging ears were long and broad, rounded backwards. The -mouth was open, showing strong, sharp teeth. The fore-legs or arms -were very long, the fore-arm was bent at a right angle to the upper -arm, the shoulder-blades were very broad and powerful. The back was -strongly curved inwards, the tail long, longer than the animal itself, -hanging straight down. The hind legs were short, strongly bent, drawn -up towards the abdomen, and abruptly cut off above the feet, as in the -principal figure. The length of the statue from the top of the animal’s -head to the upper edge of the pedestal was 175 cm. The breadth of the -human figure across the shoulders was 31 cm.; the breadth of the monkey -across the shoulders was 21 cm. - - -G 1 - -Not figured. - -It was of the same kind as G, i. e. representing a human figure, on -whose shoulders and head an animal was seated. It was much damaged, -and almost impossible to delineate. The anterior portion of the -animal’s head was crushed, as were also the legs and arms of the human -image, whose face seemed designed to represent a skull with a long -neck. The face of the principal figure was 21 cm. long. The length of -the animal from the crown of the head to the root of the tail was 50 -cm. The legs and claws of this animal were larger than those of the -monkey in G. - - -G 2 - -Not figured. - -Male torso, impossible to complete. It was lying near G, and seemed to -have belonged to the mound 2. It measured 57 cm. from the shoulder to -the thighs. The breadth across the shoulders was 48 cm. - - -H - -Pl. 11. - -Male, sitting image. This is the first representative of a kind of -idol, of which, as far as I know, not more than a single one from -Central America previously has been figured.[6] SQUIER has also given -an illustration of a statue from _Pensacola_ (Las Isletas), in which a -head of an animal is placed upon the head of a human figure, but there -the animal’s head evidently serves only as a helmet; this seems also -to be the case with the above-mentioned image E 1, from the western -side of the stone-mound 1. With regard to the present image, on the -contrary, I believe that the head of the animal is the more important -figure, representing a deity, the human figure being nothing but the -bearer of the god, viz. a kind of caryatid. I formed this opinion on -account of the very strongly marked supporting postures exhibited by -the three human figures, bearing heads of animals, which follow next in -my description. Of the image H only the upper portion remained; this -showed, that the human figure had been sitting, or half-sitting, but -not in what manner the arms had been used as supports. The head of the -animal was a splendid head of a jaguar, very finely elaborated, and -pretty well preserved. The mouth was somewhat open, showing distinctly -elaborated lips, blunt molars and sharp, large cuspids. The muzzle was -somewhat longer than necessary, the nostrils oval, somewhat widened; -the eyes formed oval cavities, powerfully cut; the ears were rather -small, with the margins, as it were, indented. Two volutes and a -powerful intumescence at the sides were possibly designed to mark the -strong muscles of the head. The human figure was carefully elaborated. -The face was well preserved, with the exception of the mouth and the -chin, that were cut off with a chisel, or some other keen instrument. -The forehead was rather low and separated from the head of the jaguar, -by a roll or fillet. The nose was large, almost straight; the eyes -were rather small, the cheeks full, the cheek-bones not prominent. The -ears were unusually small, of natural shape. The neck was particularly -vigorous, the muscles of the breast well developed. The shoulders -and upper arms were full, and well cut, the arms not quite detached -from the sides. The back of the statue not being elaborated seems to -indicate that it has been placed against or in a wall. That it has not -served the purpose of supporting a roof, is proved by the finely hewn -upper side of the jaguar’s head with its erect ears. The head of the -jaguar was 63 cm. long; its height from the top to the lower hinder -corner was 42 cm. The height of the ear was 10 cm. The length of the -face of the human figure was 24 cm. - -[6] SQUIER, l. c., p. 64, and the plate facing the same page. - - -I - -Pl. 12. - -Male, kneeling figure, supporting the head of a great vulture or «Rey -de Zopilotes». It belonged to the same category as H, but has probably -stood isolated, as the back was as neatly cut as the front. The head of -the vulture was colossal in proportion to the human figure supporting -it, and very carefully sculptured. The beak was very true to nature, -the eye formed a semi-circular cavity, the anterior corner of the -eye was well indicated. Backwards projected a massive round process, -a sort of crest on the back of the head. On the top of the head was -a tenon-shaped projection, which, however, could hardly have served -the purpose of a tenon, as it was unusually thin in comparison with -the tenons found on the statues around the mound 1. It may possibly -have been designed to represent the comb of the beak of the vulture, -though in such a case it was placed too far backwards. The anterior -part of the head and the cheeks were carved with softness and elegance. -Behind the head of the human figure the head of the vulture was united -to its support by a snailshaped spiral (volute) with wide aperture. -Although the kneeling male figure was not perhaps so well worked as -the image H, yet it was well balanced, and of an easy posture. The -forehead was straight, the nose slightly curved, the mouth closed, -the lower lip thin, prominent; the cheeks were rather thin, the ears -disproportionately large, and placed too far backwards. The neck -was long, the Adam’s apple was indicated on the throat. The chest -was rather little developed, the shoulders and upper arms vigorous, -the hands pressed against the sides of the legs. The male organ was -placed high up on the abdomen. The legs below the knees were of equal -thickness throughout, without any trace of muscles, smoothly rounded -backwards, without feet. The pedestal being broken, the statue was -thrown down in the middle of the «plaza», the open place or square -between the mounds 1, 2, 3 and 4. The length of the vulture’s head from -the anterior edge of the beak to the posterior edge of the process at -the back of the head was 100 cm., the height of the head from the top -to the inferior edge of the lower jaw 37 cm. The whole length of the -statue from the upper edge of the tenon-shaped projection to the upper -edge of the pedestal was 154 cm. The upper part of the pedestal formed -a square plinth, on which the human figure was kneeling. - - -K - -Pl. 13. - -Male, sitting figure, with its head strongly bent forward, supporting -on its shoulders and the back of its head the large head of an animal, -which was possibly meant to represent the head of a tortoise or a -lizard. This head was rather little elaborated, evenly rounded above, -having in front a round, beak-shaped mouth. A circular cavity before -and over the posterior corner of the mouth represented the eye. At the -back this head carried two high, rectangular, double plates, which -may possibly be regarded as representing the beginning of the back -armour of the tortoise, or perhaps the scales of a lizard or a serpent. -The human figure was very well elaborated; next to the figure A it -was certainly, from an artistic point of view, the most carefully -finished one of all the statues at Punta del Sapote. The head was bent -strongly forwards, as if depressed by the gigantic load; the forehead -was high, the nose straight, the eyes were well cut out, the cheeks -rounded, the ears small. The neck was stretched forth, very thick -and muscular. The shoulders were not so powerful as should have been -expected from the thickness of the neck, but they were neatly molded. -The trunk and the back were very nobly and elegantly sculptured, and -formed the best portion of the statue. The upper arms were rigorous -and well proportioned, the lower arms perhaps a little too short. The -hands were closed, resting on the knees. The legs were thick, and not -so well worked as the upper portion of the statue, the feet clumsy, -without distinct toes. The figure was seated on a high socle, with a -low foot-stool under its feet. As was demonstrated by the unusually -careful workmanship expended on the back portions, the statue has quite -certainly stood isolated. The height of the statue from the summit of -the head of the animal to the upper edge of the pedestal was 137 cm. -The length of the face of the human figure was 20 cm. The length of the -head of the animal was 82 cm., its greatest height 36 cm. This statue -was pretty deeply imbedded in the earth, and was found nearly in the -middle of the open place between the stone-mounds 2, 3, and 4. - - -K 1 - -Not figured. - -Male, standing figure. This statue did not belong to the same category -with H, I and K, but had probably served as support in the wall of a -building, because the turban-shaped head-dress was surmounted by a -tenon, and the back was not elaborated. It had suffered so much from -the violence of human hands, and from the effects of the climate, that -its outlines could hardly be distinguished. From the upper edge of the -tenon to the thighs it measured 123 cm. The length of the face was 24 -cm. It was found immediately north of the mound 6. - - -L - -Pl. 14. - -Male, sitting figure, with its head bent forward, supporting the -gigantic head of a crocodile. The back side being only plane-cut, it -has probably stood against a wall; but as it wanted a tenon, it did -not seem to have supported the roof. In posture it much resembled K -and M, but it was worked without the elegance that distinguished K. It -is highly probable that the head of the animal represented that of a -crocodile, although it was executed, in a rough manner, the style being -altogether peculiar to this statue; the head was square-cut and the -outlines not at all rounded. The characteristic knob or protuberance -on the snout of the crocodile was boldly molded, but square. The eyes -were marked by triangular cavities, the teeth pyramidal, sharp-pointed. -The ears were the only portions of the head exhibiting curved outlines; -their form was almost human. The human figure, as has been said before, -was of far coarser workmanship than the statue K. The face was well -preserved, the forehead high, the nose small, the mouth half-opened, -the ears large and hanging, resembling those of a dog. The neck was -very long and thick. The muscles of the breast were vigorous. The arms -were fleshy and vigorous, straight, stretched down, leaning with the -palms against the upper surface of the block, on which the figure was -seated. The thick fingers were extended straight down. The legs were -rather thick; the feet, which were short and clumsy, with slightly -indicated toes, rested on a little foot-stool. The figure, sitting with -the hands pressed against the stone block, exhibited a posture quite -able to support a very heavy weight. The block that served as a seat, -had the form of a truncated pyramid. The statue was overthrown; it was -lying pretty close to the mound 2, between it and mound 1. The height -of the statue from the highest point of the head of the crocodile to -the upper edge of the pedestal was 147 cm. The length of the face of -the human figure was 19 cm. The length of the head of the crocodile was -91 cm., its height 47 cm. - - -M - -Pl. 15. - -Female, sitting with straight arms, the hands pressed against the -stone seat in a posture just able to sustain the pressure of a -heavy load. The head was wanting, but the well marked posture, as -compared with that of the just described figure, seems to justify the -conclusion that this figure has also supported upon its head the -large head of some animal. The entire figure was heavy and clumsy, -but the circumstance of the muscles of the body being indicated both -in front and behind, makes it not improbable that this statue has -stood insulated, like K. The arms were quite detached from the body, -and uncommonly thick and heavy, as were also the legs. The hands were -heavily pressed against the block, on which the figure was seated, the -right hand with the palm, the left one with the knuckles. The most -remarkable feature of this statue was perhaps the bench on which it -was seated; this was cut out from the block so as to be quite free and -detached. The statue, like all above described ones, was sculptured -from a single block, a monolith. The height of the statue from the -shoulders to the upper edge of the pedestal was 107 cm. The breadth -across the shoulders was 69 cm. It was found pretty close to the mound -4. - - -M 1 - -Not figured. - -Male, standing figure, its head adorned by a high conical head-dress. -Very like the figure F. Its face was hidden by a mask, with round holes -for the eyes. It had a long, hanging beard or breast-armour. The arms -were stretched straight down. It was broken in four fragments, and was -found in the periphery of the mound 5. - - -N - -Pl. 16. - -Female, sitting figure, with a child in its lap. It has probably stood -insulated, as the back portions were pretty well elaborated, and, -besides, the pedestal was adorned with a free border, which was not -the case in any of the statues remaining in the circumference of the -mound 1. This statue was, more-over, remarkable by its large head, not -being turned straight forward, but somewhat upwards and side-ways. The -statue was rudely executed, far inferior in workmanship to most of -those mentioned before. There was no attempt at imitating the muscles -of the body; the arms and legs were thin and short, not detached from -the block. It was only in the molding of the face that some endeavours -to follow nature were to be detected; the eyes were formed by deep, -oval cavities; the nostrils and cheeks were indicated; the mouth was -closed, with thick lips; the ears were very large and projecting. The -short, vigorous neck was ornamented by a broad neck-lace, formed of -three round bands. The head was covered by a turban-shaped head-dress. -The right shoulder was somewhat higher than the left. On the front of -the body only the two semi-spherical breasts were elaborated; with -this exception, the chest and abdomen were on a line with the block -itself. The figure held before it a child or a smaller figure with -very large head, large, projecting ears, clumsy body, and short, thin -legs. In execution this statue strongly reminded of the figure η from -Punta de las Figuras, though it was superior with regard to the face. -It was found near the mound 3, but not in its periphery. The height -of the statue from the upper edge of the turban to the upper edge of -the pedestal was 170 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of -the turban was 34 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 60 cm. The -length of the smaller figure was 51 cm. - - -O - -Pl. 17. - -Female, standing figure. It reminded somewhat of the preceding one, -but was much better executed. It certainly had a free position, as the -back and shoulders were well sculptured. It carried on its head a very -large, round, thick slab of stone, between which and the head there -was a kind of turban, made of two round rolls. The face was unusually -broad, and particularly remarkable in that respect that the eyes were -placed obliquely. It was the only statue in which such was the case. -The nose was large, straight; the mouth broad, closed; the ears very -large, prominent, the left one longer than the right one. The shoulders -and breast were pretty well elaborated. The lower portions were broken -in many pieces. The diameter of the slab on the head was 72 cm.; its -thickness 45 cm. The length of the face from the lower edge of the -turban was 32 cm., its breadth 31 cm. The breadth across the shoulders -was 72 cm. The statue was found at the periphery of the mound 6. - - -P - -Pl. 18. - -Male, sitting figure, with crossed legs, and the hands crossed in -its lap. The figure was unusually small, and not very artistically -executed. The head was large and very broad, adorned by a low turban -with flaps projecting side-wise. The forehead was low, the nose large; -the eyes were formed by unusually large, circular cavities; the mouth -was small; the ears were large, but not so prominent as in the image O. -The chest and back were equally elaborated, though the muscles were but -slightly marked. The arms were long, and, unusually enough, cut out so -as to be perfectly detached from the sides. The legs were very short -and weak. The figure was seated immediately on the square pedestal, -that was surrounded above by a prominent border on all the sides. The -front of the pedestal was ornamented by an engraved cross, its sides -and back by rhombic figures, forming inter-woven garlands. This statue -has certainly been insulated. It measured 92 cm. from the upper edge of -the turban to the upper edge of the pedestal. The length of the face -from the lower edge of the turban was 25 cm., its breadth 35 cm. The -breadth across the shoulders was 54 cm. - - -Q - -Pl. 19. - -Male, sitting figure. The broad, short face showed it to appertain -to the same type as the figures N, O and P, which it resembled also -with regard to the careless workmanship. It wore on its head a conical -hat, with a raised, circular ornament on each side; the hat widened -below into a thick brim, adorned by an ornament in relief, formed like -a chain. The face was but little elaborated, the forehead low, the -nose long, broad, and straight; the eyes were middle-sized, circular -cavities; the mouth was broad, open, almost square. The ears were long, -extending, with _perforated_ lobes. The neck was short. The chest -and abdomen showed some signs of muscles. The shoulders were quite -straight. The arms were narrow, without muscles; the left one hanging -straight down, with the fingers extended; the right one bent upward -towards the shoulder, with the fingers doubled, so as to form a hole. -It has probably clasped a lance or stick, or something of that kind. -The legs were rather large, broken above the knees. The back of the -statue was only plane-cut. The length from the lower edge of the hat to -the thighs was 103 cm.; that of the face from the same point 33 cm.; -the breadth of the face 32 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 52 -cm. The statue was found near the western margin of the mound 4. - - -R - -Pl. 20. - -High-relief, representing a female figure. With regard to the type of -the face, it came near to the immediately preceding ones. It was a -big-headed figure of full size, sculptured in feeble high-relief on -a large rectangular slab of stone, about 25 cm. in thickness. It had -been very badly injured, so that only the left half of the figure could -be anyhow discerned. The face was almost circular, the eye a circular -cavity, the nose wanting, the mouth closed, the ear large, hanging, -like the ear of a dog, the shoulder rounded, the arm bent inwards -across the body, the leg slightly bent. The figure has been surrounded -by a frame, nearly 20 cm. broad, and 4 cm. high. The length of the -figure to the thighs was 106 cm. The length of the face 38 cm.; the -breadth of the face 37 cm. - - * * * * * - -With regard to the type of the face, the figures found in this locality -may be divided into two distinctly different classes viz., the images A -to M, with oval faces, and, in general, of more artistic workmanship, -and the images N, O, P, Q, R, with broad, almost circular faces, and -more rudely executed. The latter are possibly of more ancient date than -the former. None of the latter was found at the mound 1. - -[Illustration] - - - - -II - -STATUES IN PUNTA DE LAS FIGURAS. - - -Squier visited this locality in December 1849; it is a little plateau, -formed by an extension of the margin of the crater surrounding the -Bahia de Chiquero. To the west it slopes pretty abruptly towards the -Bahia; to the north it shelves gradually towards the low promontory, -_Punta de las Figuras_, which is separated from the south-eastern point -of the islet of Ceiba, _Punta de Pantheon_, by a sound, 50 m. broad; to -the east the plateau descends rapidly towards the lake of Nicaragua, -and to the south it falls steeply towards the little crater-lake -_Laguna de Apoyo_. It is densely covered by gigantic trees, and between -these by under-brush and lians, confusedly entangled. Here I found -five large stone-mounds, that may possibly be the remains of temples -or other large buildings. The relative situation of these mounds is -approximately shown by the plan Pl. 41. Besides these larger mounds, -which were more or less oval, with the longer diameter varying from -20 to 40 meters, several smaller, and more irregular ones, were met -with. These, however, are not indicated in the plan. The mound I was -that nearest to Bahia de Chiquero, the mound V the nearest to Laguna -de Apoyo. In this locality no statues were found that could with -any degree of certainty be regarded as remaining in their original -places, nor were any lying or standing in such a position that it -could be decided, whether they had been placed _in the peripheries_ of -the mounds, _within_ the buildings, or _in the open spaces_ between -the mounds. In this respect the former locality was by far more -interesting. The statues were less well preserved, and had evidently -been subjected to greater violence, probably also to attempts at -removal. Indeed we know through SQUIER, that such has been the case. -Some statues had been transported to Granada before his visit, and -SQUIER himself sent some to Washington. - - -α - -Pl. 21 and 22. - - It has been before figured by SQUIER, l. - c., vol. ii., in the plate facing p. 54, fig. 2, and - described pp. 53, 54, and 58. In SQUIER’s - list it has the no. 2. BANCROFT has - mentioned it in «The Native Races of the Pacific - shores of North America», vol. iv., p. 41, with a - copy of SQUIER’s figure p. 42, fig. 3. - -It was a male figure, sitting on the ground, with the knees drawn high -up, and the head bent forwards. On the back of the head and the neck, -there rested a solid mass of stone, gradually passing into the outlines -of the neck and the back. This mass tapered upwards, and seemed to -have passed into a pyramidical tenon, which, however, was broken off. -The face was broad, with rounded retiring forehead, the nose long and -straight. The eyes were formed by circular cavities; the mouth was -half-open; the ears were large and prominent. By the shape of the -face, the figure recalled the image Q from _Punta del Sapote_. The -neck was much too thick to be a human neck. The chest was only little -elaborated, the shoulders much raised, the arms well cut, the left hand -pressed against the left foot, the right one drawn back somewhat more. -The legs were well molded, like the arms; the knees drawn up nearly -to the chin. The back was round-cut. The pedestal was carefully hewn, -forming a square pillar of considerable height, tapering downwards. Its -uppermost portion, on which the figure was seated, formed a kind of -_round_ capital, ornamented on the side by a triple engraved angular -wreath. The height of the statue from the crown of the head to the -upper margin of the pedestal was 80 cm.; the length of the face was 34 -cm., its breadth 25 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 44 cm. The -statue has probably stood insulated. It was entire, lying south-west of -the stone-mound I, nearest to the shore of the Bahia (except the figure -γ) and had probably been the object of endeavours to remove it. - - -β - -Pl. 23. - - It is figured by SQUIER, l. c., in the - plate facing p. 65, and described pp. 64 and 65. - BANCROFT, l. c., p. 40, fig. 2. - -Male figure, sitting on the ground. With regard to the posture it came -most near to the image α, but could not be said to possess a human -aspect. Indeed it deserved, if any, to be called a monster. SQUIER -thought that it represented a tiger, but if we compare the head of the -present statue with the head of the jaguar in the statue H, from _Punta -del Sapote_, this opinion does not seem very likely. The face exhibited -a low, arched forehead, small oval eyes, a broad, flat, long nose or -muzzle with small, round nostrils. The mouth was not open. The upper -lip was clearly to be distinguished, although it had been broken. The -chin was broad; the ears were oval, placed far up. The neck was very -thick and powerful, the body colossal, with large abdomen. The whole -back of the body was also elaborated. The shoulders were highly raised, -the upper arm was long, broad and thick, the lower arm short, at a -right angle to the upper arm, the paws resting on the abdomen. The legs -were very short, especially the small of the legs. The feet were pretty -like human feet, with distinct toes. The upper part of the pedestal was -enlarged in the shape of an Ω, ornamented at the sides with a garland, -like that of the image α. The height of the statue from the highest -point of the trunk to the upper edge of the pedestal was 150 cm. The -height of the face was 40 cm., its breadth 30 cm. When found, it stood -upright, immediately north of the mound III. - - -γ - -Pl. 24 and 25. - -It is not mentioned by SQUIER. - -Male, sitting figure. The head was broken off. The figure itself was -much damaged; but the pedestal was well preserved, and exhibited fine -ornaments. The chest of the figure was strongly arched, the upper -arm short and broad, the lower arm and the fingers were long. On the -sides of the cornice of the pedestal, there was a symmetrical ornament -of round coils; the sides of the pedestal itself were decorated with -an oval coil twisted about quite symmetrically, in an excavated -rectangular field; in front there was an angular ornament. The back of -the figure and of the pedestal was not elaborated, but rather rough. It -may thus be reasonably inferred that the statue has stood in or against -a wall. The height of the statue from the upper edge of the shoulders -to the lower edge of the feet was 52 cm. The height of the pedestal -from the upper edge to the beginning of the lower, uncut part, which -was intended to be imbedded in the ground, was 110 cm. This statue was -not found on the plateau of Punta de las Figuras, but had been dragged -off and was now lying, half in the water, on the shore of Bahia de -Chiquero. - - -δ - -Pl. 25. - - Figured by SQUIER, l. c., on the plate - facing p. 58, signed no. 4, treated pp. 54 and 58. - BANCROFT, l. c., p. 40, fig. 1. - -It was no more a statue, but only a pedestal. The little, sitting -figure described and designed by SQUIER was now entirely crushed and -moldered. The pedestal was, however, the most elaborately finished -of all found here. It was round, tapering gently downwards, adorned -upwards with the same kind of angular ornament, as that mentioned on -the front of the preceding pedestal; almost at the middle of its length -it was surrounded by a broad band, embellished in the same fashion. The -pedestal, lying on the ground, had quite the form of a canon. From the -upper edge to the lower broken end it measured 215 cm.; the diameter at -the upper end was 66 cm. It was found between the mounds I and II. - - -ε - -Pl. 26. - - Figured by SQUIER, l. c., in the plate - facing p. 58, signed no. 5, described p. 59. - -Male, half-sitting figure, representing a very fat person with his -hands resting on his hips. The face was badly injured, but showed -that the forehead and the nose were straighter than those figured by -SQUIER. The ears were long, hanging, like the ears of a dog. The upper -arm was very short; the abdomen swollen. Legs and feet were thick and -clumsy. The back piece was very large in proportion to the figure, only -plane-cut, and seemed to indicate that the statue had formed part of -a wall or even served as a kind of coulisse or side-wall in a cella. -The lower part of the back piece was pierced with a circular hole; -another much larger hole perforates the pedestal, which was perfectly -unadorned. The statue measured 98 cm. from the crown of the head to the -sole of the foot. It was found lying near the preceding. - - -ζ - -Pl. 27 and 28. - - Figured by SQUIER, l. c., on the - plate facing p. 52, described p. 52 and 58. - BANCROFT, l. c., p. 42, fig. 3. - -Male, standing figure, with the hands resting on the abdomen. In this -statue also the back piece was very large, proportionately even larger -than in the preceding; on this account it may be conjectured to have -had a similar use. The face was rather large and round, the forehead -somewhat retiring, the eyes small, oval, the nose short, broad, and -straight, the mouth closed, with thick lips, the chin broad; the ears -were hidden by the projecting back piece which embraced, as it were, -and overlapped the face. The chest was well cut. The arms, when viewed -from the front, were very thin, pressed close to the sides of the -body and to the back piece; when seen from the side, they are, on the -contrary, broad and fleshy. The hands rested on the abdomen with the -fingers somewhat extended. The legs were rather clumsy. The broad back -piece projected above the head like a colossal mitre, ornamented in -front with bosses and scrolls, and surrounded by a broad frame. The -height of the entire statue from the top of the upper piece to the sole -of the figure’s foot, was 210 cm.; its greatest breadth from the chest -of the figure to the hinder margin of the back piece was 86 cm. The -height of the figure from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot -was 140 cm. The length of the face was 31 cm., its breadth across the -shoulders was 36 cm. It had been raised up at a recent date, and now -stood south of the mound Ι. - - -η - -Pl. 29. - -Not mentioned by SQUIER. - -Male figure, sitting almost on the ground, bearing on the top of its -head another head with a large neck. It is by half statue, by half -high-relief. The body of the principal figure was cut out to the -shoulders; then followed a portion of the stone that was quite rude -on the sides and the back. On the front of this stone the neck and -head of the statue and the long-necked head of a man or an animal that -surmounts it, were sculptured in high-relief. The upper head had a low -forehead, small, round, excavated eyes, long nose or muzzle of equal -breadth, closed mouth, and long, prominent, hanging ears. The neck was -very long and was placed immediately upon the head of the principal -figure. The face of this figure presented a low forehead, large, oval, -excavated eyes, a short nose broadening downwards, thick cheeks, small -closed mouth, broad thick chin, and prominent, but not very long -ears. The neck was short and vigorous. The chest exhibited no sign of -muscles, being only a round-cut part of the original stone-pillar, -and passing directly into the abdomen, and then into the front of the -pedestal. The arms and legs were carved in a kind of relief. The hands -rested on the abdomen. The pedestal was cylindrical; its uppermost -portion, on which the figure was seated, was somewhat smaller than the -rest of it. The height of the statue from the top of the upper head to -the upper edge of the pedestal was 120 cm. The length of the upper face -was 14 cm. The face of the principal figure was 27 cm. long, 22 cm. -broad. The statue was found at the southern margin of the stone-mound -V, nearest of all the figures to Laguna de Apoyo. - - -θ - -Pl. 30. - -Not mentioned by SQUIER. - -Fragment of a high-relief or one-sided statue with only the head cut -free. In comparison with the other high-reliefs found here, its size -was colossal. Contrary to all other Nicaraguan high-reliefs that I -have had an opportunity of seeing, it was wholly in profile. The slab -from which it was sculptured was very thin as compared to the size of -the figure, no more than 30 cm. in thickness. It was broken in more -than 20 pieces, only the head and part of the chest with the arm being -in such a state as allowed of their being delineated. The head was -slightly curved, carved on both sides, but having an eye, formed of two -concentric excavations, only on the left or upper side. The head was -truncated before, without any trace of a muzzle or mouth, and provided -backwards with a very well sculptured buck’s (?) horn, though only on -the upper side. The chest was indicated only by a slight curve. The -arm, on the contrary, was pretty well molded, and the fingers were -proportional. The lower part of the chest was quite unhewn, as was also -the hind portion of the lower part of the head. It carried on the head -a square crest or tenon, divided into three parts by transversal lines. -The length of the head was 53 cm., its height from the upper edge of -the tenon to the lower edge of the horn was 64 cm. The diameter of the -eye was 12 cm. The length of the arm from the shoulder to the tip of -the ringfinger was 102 cm. The statue was lying on the ground a little -west of the mound V. - - -ι - -Pl. 31. - - Figured by SQUIER, l. c., p. 61, - signed No. 9, described pp. 60, 61 and 62. - BANCROFT, l. c., p. 44, fig. 6. - -High-relief, male figure, on a slab about 40 cm. in thickness. It -represented a figure lying on its back, if the slab has been a -covercle, or standing, if it has been a part of a wall, with straight -arms, detached from the sides of the body. The face appeared to be -covered by a mask (compare the figure F of _Punta del Sapote_); this -seemed to be denoted by the large circular holes for the eyes, and the -broad, hanging breast-plate or beard; the ears were protected by two -flaps extending from the helmet or head-ornament. With the exception of -the stiff mask before the face, the figure was well elaborated, with -some hints of the muscles of the shoulders, abdomen, and legs. Above -the slab there was a projection, broadening upwards, which seemed -to be a repetition of the helmet of the head. The outer edges of the -slab formed a border five to six cm. broad and 3 cm. high. The slab -was broken in two pieces, the lower portion was found lying far from -the upper one. The entire slab measured 182 cm. from the upper edge of -the upper projection to the lower edge of the border below the feet; -its breadth across the body of the figure was 74 cm. The length of the -figure from the top of the head to the lower edge of the feet was 135 -cm. The length of the face was 28 cm., its breadth 27 cm. The length -of the breast-plate from the chin was 30 cm. The breadth across the -shoulders 45 cm. The statue was found on the ground immediately north -of the mound I; the lower piece was found west of the mound III. - - -κ - -Pl. 32. - -Not mentioned by SQUIER. - -Male figure in relief. Broken in several fragments and impossible to -reconstruct. Only the face could be delineated. The face was well -preserved and originally uncommonly well executed. It was quite -expressive; the forehead was broad, not low, covered with a round cap -or low turban; the eyes were narrow, elliptical, boldly cut; the nose -was straight, broadening downwards; the mouth half-open, with thin, but -well-formed lips; the cheeks were lean, but carefully sculptured; the -chin was broad and powerful. The ears were large, very prominent. The -length of the face from the lower edge of the turban to the lower edge -of the chin was 35 cm.; its breadth 26 cm. The thickness of the slab of -stone was about 30 cm. Most fragments of this relief were lying at the -western margin of the mound V. - - -λ - -Pl. 32. - -Not mentioned by SQUIER. - -Relief representing a male figure with the face of a skull. It was of -much rougher workmanship than the reliefs before described. The face -was formed only by an evenly curved, broadly oval elevation, with two -circular cavities to mark the eyes, an irregularly triangular one for -the nose, and a linear one for the mouth. The chest was evenly rounded, -the arms only indicated by two round bands along the breast, ending -abruptly with five narrow, round staves, placed at right angles to the -arms, and designed to represent the fingers. The lower part of the -slab with the legs was lost. Above the head were two sugar-loaf-shaped -elevations, and above these a third one with parallel sides, downwards -rounded. The slab had square incisions at the same height with the neck -and the hands. The length of the figure from the crown of the head to -the beginning of the hip was 82 cm. The length of the face was 32 cm.; -its breadth 20 cm. The breadth across the shoulders was 24 cm. - - * * * * * - -Several fragments of broken statues were found on the plateau, but so -shattered, disfigured, and intermixed with one another, that it would -have taken much time and patience to reconstruct them. Several of the -statues, mentioned by SQUIER as being in comparatively good condition, -for inst. his nos. 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 18 were no more to be -found in the place. Some of these have possibly been destroyed by human -violence or by the effects of the climate during the thirty years -between our visits, others may have been carried off to be deposited in -museums or to form the hearth-stone of some Indian rancho. - -In general, the statues of this locality chiefly remind of the last -described group of statues at _Punta del Sapote_. Perhaps, from an -artistic point of view, they must be considered as inferior even to -these. None of the statues at _Punta de las Figuras_ can be compared as -a work of art, to the figures of the mound 1 at Punta del Sapote. - -The fact that in most of the statues, found in Zapatera, the organs of -generation were represented, and often more conspicuous than natural, -gives corroboration to the suggestion of SQUIER that a phallic worship -or a worship of the reciprocal principles existed among the Niquirans. - -[Illustration] - - - - -III - -ROCK-CARVINGS IN THE ISLAND OF CEIBA. - - -Ceiba has certainly been densely populated in ancient times. This -fact is testified by the rich quantities of relics discovered there -from time to time. In _Rivas_ Dr. FLINT showed me objects of bronze, -stone, and earthen-ware as well as small ornaments of thin golden -plate, spirally twisted glass-staves a. o., that were found in Ceiba. -And although my own excavations did not turn out so productive as -I had been led to expect by the rich treasures I had seen from the -island, they, however, yielded extremely valuable contributions to -my collection. These will be spoken of below, in connection with the -results of my diggings in Zapatera and Ometepec. No statues are now to -be found in the island, but it is reported by tradition that several -were formerly to be found at the north side of the island, which were -carried off long ago to a hacienda in the isthmus. These statues -are said to have been comparatively small-sized. On the other hand, -the island is rich in rock-carvings, and its highest point, a flat -mountain ridge, level as floor, has, from this cause, received the -name of _Cerro de Pantheon_. This mountain ridge is, in my opinion, -the continuation of that edge of a crater which surrounds Bahia de -Chiquero. The carvings found on its south-western spur, _Punta de -Pantheon_, cut in the solid rock at a depth of two meters below the -lowest surface of the lake, prove that the island has sunk at a late -period, and thus corroborate my hypothesis of the earlier connection -between Ceiba and Zapatera. This connection has been dissolved by the -gradual sinking of the volcano. - -The western portion of the island is plain, partly cultivated, partly -covered by bush, the eastern is very rugged. Cerro de Pantheon, its -highest point, is about 60 meters above the surface of the lake. This -mountain ridge is 80 to 100 meters in length by 10 to 15 in breadth, -and offers an extraordinarily well-fit place for rock-carvings. And, -indeed, the ancient inhabitants of the island have made such an eager -use of this opportunity that the whole crown of the ridge is densely -covered with sculptures. This crown, as has been mentioned before, -forms a perfectly level surface; indeed, it is not quite impossible -that human hands may have helped nature to level it. On the part of -the mountain chiefly occupied by the rock-carvings, the vegetation was -very scanty, consisting of low shrubs and stiff grass. I could not -detect any carvings on the different sides of the mountain, nor on the -large loose blocks of stone north of Cerro de Pantheon. But on large -flat or round blocks, detached long ago from the side of the mountain, -and lying all the way down to the southern shore at Punta de Pantheon, -numerous carvings were found. Such were also to be seen there in the -solid rock as well on land as on that part of the rock that stretches -into the lake. I can here give illustrations only of the lesser part -of the carvings. The wreaths were generally even, boldly cut, 4-6 cm. -broad, 2-3 cm. deep. - - -_a_ - -Pl. 37. - -It represented the upper part of a human figure. The face was broad, -with round eyes, broad nose, and square mouth. The head was surmounted -by four plumes, meant, according to the conception of my Indians, to -represent a crown of feathers. On this account, they honoured the -figure with the name of «La Reyna». The chest was short and broad, the -arms very long, the hands circular, the left one much larger than the -right one, both provided with eight radiating fingers. The length of -the figure from the crown of the head to the lower edge of the breast -was 64 cm.; the breadth between the elbows 127 cm. - - -_b_ - -Pl. 37. - -It may possibly have been intended to represent a very primitive human -figure. The face was formed by two concentric circles; the eyes and -the mouth were represented by three small shallow cavities. On the -head there was a kind of head-ornament, broader upwards, or possibly -the face of an animal, also marked with three cavities. The body was -a rectangular enlargement without arms, with a straight furrow in its -middle; from its lower edge there issued one long, straight leg, ending -in a short foot, broadening outwards. The entire length of the figure -was 82 cm.; the breadth of the face was 16 cm. - - -_c_ - -Pl. 37. - -This was possibly also meant to be a human figure, though the legs were -wanting. The face was a broad oval, with three holes situated more -to the right, representing the eyes and the mouth. On the head was a -little, tiara-shaped ornament. The arms were short, without any traces -of hands. The whole length was 70 cm., the breadth of the face was 20 -cm. - - -_d_ - -Pl. 37. - -Human figure with arms and one leg. The face was nearly triangular with -rounded corners. Three holes represented the eyes and the mouth. On the -head was a high ornament, like that of the preceding figure. The arms -were hanging, of the same thickness with the shoulders. One short and -thick leg with a pointed foot. The length of the figure was 92 cm.; its -breadth across the shoulders was 26 cm. - - -_e_ - -Pl. 37. - -A spirally wound line running out into some irregular curves, the last -part quite straight. The diameter of the spiral was 20 cm. - - -_f_ - -Pl. 38. - -A human figure; the face in profile, high and narrow, with pointed -nose and thick, round chin. The eye was a pretty large, oval cavity. -Above the head were three plumes, broadening towards the end. Opposite -to the face was placed a figure possibly meant to represent the head -of an animal, its eye marked by an oval cavity. The neck of the human -figure was represented by a rectangle; the body appeared in profile, -the breast was convex, the back slightly concave. The arms and legs -were represented «en face», the left arm in two parts, the right one in -one; the left hand with two fingers, the right one with six. The legs -were short, curved; the feet indicated by two ovals. Between the legs a -second face was sculptured; the eyes were two small cavities, the nose -was a long furrow broader downwards, the mouth a furrow broader in the -middle. The length of the figure from the top of the head to the lower -edge of the foot was 161 cm.; the breadth across the shoulders 55 cm. - - -_g_ - -Pl. 38. - -A monkey in profile; the head circular without any traces of eye or -nose; the body convex before, straight behind; the arm raised, with -three-fingered hand, the tail projecting at a right angle, its end -spirally wound; the leg bent, with two feet, and the sexual organ -behind. The length from the top of the head to the lower foot was 80 cm. - - -_h_ - -Pl. 38. - -A monkey, very similar to the preceding, with larger and more convex -body; the arm with three indistinct fingers, the legs very short. The -length was 63 cm. - - -_i_ - -Pl. 38. - -A cross, or rather three crosses within one another, the outermost -carved with coarser lines than the inner ones. The height of the -innermost cross was 15 cm., of the second 22 cm., and of the third or -uttermost 38 cm. - - -_k_ - -Pl. 39. - -Two crosses within each other, encircled by a curved line, forming an -angle at every one of the corners of the outer cross. The lines of the -inner cross were nearly six cm. broad. At the upper and lower ends of -the outer cross was an isolated rectangular elevation, and a more or -less square one in each of the angles of the cross. The length of the -inner cross was 16 cm., of the outer one, 28 cm. The greatest diameter -of the surrounding curved figure was 48 cm. - -All the above described rock-carvings, viz. _a-k_, were to be found on -the level summit of Cerro de Pantheon; _k_ was situated almost at the -centre of the plateau, its upper short arm pointing exactly northwards. -This circumstance may perhaps be fortuitous; nevertheless it ought to -be mentioned, because the arms of _i_ are also directed towards the -four principal points of the compass. Pretty near _a_ was the beginning -of a small round water-worn rock-hollow, 30 cm. in diameter. - - -_l_ - -Pl. 39. - -A winding line, one end of which formed a not quite regular spiral, and -the middle portion several irregular flexions and angles, the other -extremity being perfectly straight. This winding line was cut in the -solid rock at the promontory Punta de Pantheon. - - -_m_ - -Pl. 39. - -A double figure consisting of a labyrinth-shaped carving, united with -a spirally wound line, the outer circumference of which was formed by -almost square tongues, and the inner part by an irregular spiral. The -length of the labyrinth-shaped figure was 58 cm., the greatest diameter -of the spiral figure 54 cm. It was sculptured in the solid rock near -the preceding figure, at the extremity of the promontory, and was now -partly covered by water. - - -_n_ - -Pl. 39. - -Almost identical in form with the spiral figure of the preceding -carving, but more regular. The inner spiral had more turnings, four in -number. The greatest diameter, if the projections are included, was 86 -cm. It was also cut in the solid rock at the promontory itself, near -the line of water. - - -_o_ - -Pl. 40. - -A queerly composed figure. The greatest length was 109 cm. It was found -some little way from the shore at Punta de Pantheon, cut in the solid -rock. - - -_p_ - -Pl. 40. - -Some coarsely carved faces; only one had the nose marked, the other -four exhibiting only eyes and mouth. The length of the largest face -was 25 cm., of the smallest 20 cm. A little spherical excavation, a -rock-hollow, was to be seen between two of the faces. They were carved -in a loose block of stone, about two meters in diameter, lying a little -way up from the shore. - -[Illustration] - - - - -IV - -CERAMIC OBJECTS FROM OMETEPEC, ZAPATERA and CEIBA. - - - 1. Pl. 33. Human figure of terra cotta; painted with a - blackish colour; still well preserved. Height 72 mm. - _Ceiba._ - - 2. Pl. 33. Human figure, sitting, with the arms against - the hips; of terra cotta; painted with brown-red and - black colours on a light yellow ground. Height 144 - mm. _Ometepec_, stat. 4. - - 3. Pl. 33. Headless figure, resembling the preceding; - terra cotta; painted only in two colours, light - yellow and brown-red. Height from the shoulders 90 - mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 1. - - 4. Pl. 33. Spherical urn with raised ornaments and - perforated lid; very finely painted, brown-red with - black and light yellow. Diameter 127 mm.; height 83 - mm. _Ometepec_, stat. 5. - - 5. Pl. 33. Open cup or bowl of thick terra cotta, - minutely painted with fine ornaments; ground colour - a light yellow, painted with red, red-brown and - black. Diameter 70 mm.; height 40 mm. _Ometepec_, - stat. 1. - - 6. Pl. 33. Open flat cup or bowl on a foot, with - handles; of thick, fine and smooth earthen-ware, - painted dark brown. Diameter 75 mm., height 40 mm. - _Ceiba._ - - 7. Pl. 33. Spherical urn with ears; of half-burnt clay. - Diameter 65 mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from - the mound 6. - - 8. Pl. 33. High cover for a little spherical urn; - painted brown; fine burnt clay. Diameter 48 mm. - _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, from the mound 3. - - 9. Pl. 34. High vase of thick earthen-ware. It has been - painted brown-red. Elegantly adorned with small knobs - of clay attached to the surface. It was broken in many - pieces, but most of the fragments were recovered, - so that it could be restored. It is distinguished by - its graceful form. Height 420 mm.; diameter at the - base 150 mm.; upper diameter 300 mm. Thickness of the - material 8-10 mm. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, - the mound 3. - - 10. Pl. 34. Fragment of a vase of the same form as - the preceding. Thickness of the material 9-10 mm. - _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 3. - - 11. Pl. 34. Fragment of a vase, probably of the same - form as 9. Thickness of the material 9-13 mm. - _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 1. - - 12. Pl. 34. Handle of a shallow bowl; of burnt clay. - It represents the nose of an animal of prey. It - has been painted, but the colour has been almost - completely worn off. _Zapatera_, Punta de las - Figuras. - - 13. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, has served as handle for - a cup; of fine burnt clay; painted black. _Ceiba._ - - 14. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of a larger - bowl; terra cotta; painted in a light brown colour. - _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote. - - 15. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of an arched bowl - with its upper edge turned outwards; fine terra - cotta; painted with red and yellow. _Zapatera_, - Punta del Sapote. - - 16. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, ornament for a can; fine - terra cotta; painted with red and yellow bands. - _Ometepec_, stat. 4. - - 17. Pl. 34. Head of an animal, handle of a plate; fine - terra cotta; painted black. _Zapatera_, Punta del - Sapote. - - 18. Pl. 35. Lid of an oval cup, perforated; fine terra - cotta; painted in a red-brown colour. _Zapatera_, - Punta del Sapote. - - 19. Pl. 35. Fragment of the side of a larger bowl or - tinacca, with a figure in relief, representing a - monkey’s arm; terra cotta; painted with a red-brown - colour. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote. - - 20. Pl. 35. Small bottle with round bottom; terra - cotta; painted yellow. _Zapatera_, Punta de las - Figuras. - - 21. Pl. 35. Head of a bird, serving as foot of a large - plate; terra cotta; painted red. _Zapatera_, Punta - del Sapote, the mound 6. - - 22. Pl. 35. Upper part of a bottle or urn, forming - the head of an animal, with open jaws. The bottle - has had two entrances. Terra cotta; painted in a - yellowish grey colour. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote. - - 23. Pl. 35. Head of an animal, handle of a large bowl; - terra cotta; painted red. _Zapatera_, Punta del - Sapote. - - 29. Pl. 36. Fragment of an urn with upright edge and - angular ornaments. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the - mound 5. - - 30. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a large plate; - fine terra cotta; painted deep brown. _Zapatera_, - Punta del Sapote, the mound 3. - - 31. Pl. 36. Head of a lizard, fragment of a toy; terra - cotta; painted in a light yellow colour. _Zapatera_, - Punta de las Figuras. - - 32. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a plate; - terra cotta; painted, but the colour has vanished. - _Zapatera_, Punta de las Figuras. - - 33. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle of a plate; fine - terra cotta; painted black. _Ceiba._ - - 34. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, fragment of a toy; terra - cotta; painted in a light yellow colour. _Zapatera_, - Punta de las Figuras. - - 35. Pl. 36. Head of an animal, handle or foot of a - plate; terra cotta; painted brown. _Zapatera_, Punta - de las Figuras. - - 36. Pl. 36. Handle of a larger cup, or tinacca, in the - form of a column embraced by a hand. Red clay; not - painted. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the mound 6. - - 37. Pl. 36. Small low cup with an ear; fine clay; - painted dark brown. _Ceiba._ - - - - -APPENDIX - -Smaller objects of stone - - - 24. Pl. 35. Head of an animal, well cut. It seems to - have formed part of the side of a stone vase or can. - _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote. - - 25. Pl. 35. File or rasp. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, - the mound 3. - - 26. Pl. 35. Molidor or pestle for pounding seed. - _Ometepec_, stat. 3. - - 27. Pl. 35. Chisel. _Zapatera_, Punta del Sapote, the - mound 3. - - 28. Pl. 35. Chisel. _Ceiba._ - -[Illustration] - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Pag. - Introduction 1. - Statues in _Punta del Sapote_ 13. - Statues in _Punta de las Figuras_ 33. - Rock-carvings in the island of _Ceiba_ 42. - Ceramic objects from _Ometepec_, _Zapatera_ - and _Ceiba_ 48. - Appendix: Smaller objects of stone 50. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 1._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 2._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 3._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 4._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 5._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 6._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 7._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 8._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 9._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 10._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 11._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 12._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 13._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 14._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 15._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 16._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 17._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 18._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 19._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 20._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 21._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 22._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 23._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 24._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 25._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 26._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 27._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 28._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 29._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 30._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 31._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 32._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 33._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 34._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 35._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 36._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 37._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 38._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 39._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 40._] - -[Illustration: _Pl. 41._ - -_Punta del Sapote._ - -_Punta de las figuras._] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: MAP of NICARAGUA and COSTA RICA to illustrate the -journey of CARL BOVALLIUS 1882-1883.] - -[Illustration: Sketch of a Map of The Island of Zapatera by CARL -BOVALLIUS.] - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICARAGUAN ANTIQUITIES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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