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diff --git a/old/64553-0.txt b/old/64553-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 45ff52e..0000000 --- a/old/64553-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3682 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cameroons, by Albert F. Calvert - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Cameroons - -Author: Albert F. Calvert - -Release Date: February 14, 2021 [eBook #64553] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - available at The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS *** - - - - - THE CAMEROONS - - [Illustration: VICTORIA, CAMEROON.] - - - - - THE - CAMEROONS - - BY - ALBERT F. CALVERT, F.C.S., - - _Knight Grand Cross of The Royal Order of Isabel - the Catholic, Knight Grand Cross of The - Royal Order of Alfonso XII., etc._ - - AUTHOR OF - - _The German African Empire_, _South-West Africa_, - _Nigeria and its Tinfields_, _The Political Value of our Colonies_, - _The Exploration of Australia_, - _Mineral Resources of Minas Geraes, Brazil, etc._ - - - London: - T. WERNER LAURIE, LTD., - 8, ESSEX STREET, LONDON. - 1917. - - - - - _E. Goodman & Son, The Phœnix Press, Taunton._ - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Although the designs, which German philosophers conceived and German -statesmen and strategists spent thirty years in perfecting, for the -conquest of our Cape territories and the creation of a Greater Germany -extending from the Mediterranean to Table Bay, are best illustrated and -exposed by the defiantly defensive policy they pursued in South-West -Africa, the rise, development and fall of the German Colonial Empire is -more completely epitomised in the chapter dealing with the Cameroons. - -The establishment of the German East African protectorate forms a story -that is intensely interesting, inasmuch as it reveals the duplicity of -Teutonic methods in their relations with native races, European rivals -and their own agents. Bismarck, the last barbarian of genius, repudiated -Dr. Karl Peters when, equipped with private capital and acting on his -own initiative, he was acquiring in the hinterland of Zanzibar a -well-watered, fertile province equal in extent to South Germany, and -obtaining from the Sultan the concession for the ports of Dar-es-Salaam -and Pangani. It was necessary in 1884 for Germany to assure England that -the Imperial Government had no intention of securing possessions in a -region which was admittedly within Britain’s sphere of influence, and -Bismarck pursued Dr. Peters to Africa with an official intimation that -the State would not grant him protection for the lives of his party, or -for any possessions he might acquire opposite Zanzibar. But when the -intrepid Teuton, as the representative of the German East Africa -Company, had accomplished the spade work and returned to Berlin, the -Government continued negotiations with the Sultan through their -Consul-General at Zanzibar. The formal ratification of the treaties made -in the name of the Company, was followed by a revolt of the Arabs, and -when the Company’s representatives had been allowed to be murdered or -put to flight, Bismarck was able to declare that the situation that had -arisen was beyond the control of private enterprise, and an expedition, -under Major von Wissman, was accordingly despatched to East Africa to -suppress the slave traffic which still flourished in that region. For -the furtherance of such a humane and civilising purpose, the -co-operation of the British fleet was readily enlisted, and with this -support and the energetic measures taken by von Wissman’s army of -ex-British native soldiers, the disaffected populace was eventually -“pacified,” even if the slave traffic was not suppressed. The Company’s -claims to the territorial concessions granted under the treaties having -been made good--Great Britain could not, in politeness, protest against -the acquisition of Mount Kilimanjaro, since the amiable Kaiser had -expressed a sentimental wish that the highest peak in Africa might be -within the sphere of German _kultur_!--the Reichstag voted ten and a -half million marks for the maintenance and development of these newly -acquired territories. Then, and not until then, did England realise that -with the connivance of Downing Street and the assistance of British -men-of-war, this rich and important territory, with an area of 384,000 -square miles, had become a Protectorate of Germany. Having duped -England, punished the natives, and established their rule, it was only -necessary to recall Dr. Peters and hand him over to the tender mercies -of his official and political enemies, to make this chapter of the -history of German empire building characteristic in its completeness. - -What Germany succeeded in doing in East Africa after years of intrigue -and deceit, and the expenditure of much blood and money, she -accomplished in the acquisition of Togoland with a minimum of cost or -trouble. Dr. Nachtigal, in the capacity of German Trade Commissioner, -was sent to West Africa by his Government to enquire into and report -upon the progress of German commerce in those latitudes. He was -despatched at a time when the English Government had completed their -leisurely deliberations upon the appeal of the peoples of Togoland and -the Cameroons to be taken under the protection of the British flag, and -Mr. Hewitt, a British Consul, was voyaging to the Gulf of Guinea for the -purpose of complying with the native request, when Nachtigal arrived -there on his commercial mission. The German Commissioner, acting under -instructions from the Imperial Chancellor, hastily unfurled the flag of -the Fatherland at Lome, in Togoland, and succeeded in reaching Duala, -and formally placing the Cameroons under German rule, before Hewitt -arrived upon the scene. Lord Granville addressed a reproof to Bismarck -for not having divulged the nature of the errand upon which Nachtigal -had been sent, and the incident was closed. In the three decades that -followed, the German administrators in Togoland, with the thoroughness -with which the Teuton is gifted, taught the natives the “sharp lesson” -considered necessary to prepare them for the reception of Germany’s -civilising rule, furnished the colony with 200 miles of railway, over -750 miles of excellent roads of native construction, a score of postal -and telegraph stations, and a telephone system, and established a -wireless station--the most powerful in the world outside Europe--which -was not only in communication with Berlin, 3,450 miles distant, but with -East Africa, the Cameroons and South-West Africa. The final -installations at Kamina were completed in June, 1914; in August the -German operators learnt by wireless that Great Britain had declared war -on Germany; and on 26th August the Kamina Station notified Berlin that -the colony of Togoland, the smallest, completest, and only financially -independent German possession, had capitulated to an Anglo-French force. - -The German annexation of South-West Africa was a more intolerably -humiliating and provocative act of aggression; it is one that only -now--after the territory has been recovered by the brilliant campaign of -the Union Army under General Louis Botha--can be forgiven Lord -Granville. Prior to 1883 the natives of Damaraland and Namaqualand, -suspicious of the intentions of Germany, had petitioned to be taken -under British protection. Downing Street experienced a temporary -uneasiness, but Bismarck’s assurance that Germany had no intention of -establishing Crown colonies in Africa, extinguished the fleeting -distrust. The Cape Colony was not so easily satisfied. A British -Commissioner, who was appointed to confer with the native chiefs, -reported favourably upon the proposal to officially confirm the -authority of the Cape Government over the region extending northward -from the Orange River to Portuguese Angoland. Sir Bartle Frere, the -Governor of Cape Colony, urged upon the home Government the desirability -of the step, and the Colonial Office decided upon the formal acquisition -of the port at Walfisch Bay. Bismarck, hesitating to commit what might -be construed as a deliberately hostile act, invited Great Britain to -state her intentions with regard to the rest of the south-west -territory, but failing to receive any definite reply, he decided upon -bold if impudent measures, and in April, 1884, the Chancellor announced -that the territory north of the Orange River was under the protection of -the German Empire. As Bryden says, in his _History of South Africa_, -“it was an unfriendly act, carried out in an unpleasant manner, and the -British Colonists in South Africa are not soon likely to allow it to -pass out of remembrance.” It not only destroyed the symmetry of a -British South Africa, and gave Germany rights in territories marching -with British colonies, but it added 322,450 square miles of African -territory to the German Colonial Empire, for which a Bremen merchant -named Luderitz parted with a hundred pounds and a score of old muskets. - -Germany’s method of developing her new possession in South-West Africa -was entirely in keeping with her manner of acquiring it. From the first -she proceeded to colonise on military lines. Railways were constructed -with regard to their strategic importance; they were made on what is -still called the Cape gauge; and were directed towards the Union border. -A standing army was raised and compulsory service was instituted. An -artillery depot established at Windhoek, the capital, contained a -worthless collection of old gun-carriages and bales of locally-collected -hay. This was to secure the colony against the imaginary evil intentions -of the inoffensive and unarmed Ovambos, who inhabit the north-east -corner of the colony. At Keetmanshoop, some hundreds of miles further -from Amboland, but within 150 miles of Cape territory, was a great -arsenal, furnished with guns and shells, rifles and cartridges, -ambulances, transport vehicles, and military stores and supplies -sufficient to equip and maintain an army of fifteen thousand men for two -years. In the face of these facts and figures, we may be forgiven for -doubting the honesty of the German Colonial Secretary’s denial that -Germany ever had any intention of occupying, either permanently or -temporarily, the territory of the South African Union, and of -disregarding the expression of Lord Haldane’s pious belief that the -Kaiser’s life’s purpose was “to make the world better,” and that in -Germany’s method of colonial expansion, “she was penetrating everywhere -to the profit of mankind.” - -In some ways the story of Germany’s annexation of the Cameroon -provinces, and her subsequent extension of that area, is the most -interesting of all, because if she secured her footing in East Africa by -subterfuge, and in South-West Africa by the exercise of sharp practice -supplemented by a certain display of bold decision, she edged her way -into the Gulf of Guinea by virtue of no other quality than that of -sheer bluff, but, having consolidated herself in the positions she had -thus gained in West Africa, she allowed the world to understand that she -was determined to expand her sphere of influence, if necessary, by -recourse to arms. In 1885 Germany legalised her occupation of the -Cameroons by placating France with an exchange of unimportant -territories, and renouncing in favour of Britain her nominal claims to -St. Lucia and to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger River. - -Having thus solidified their position, and secured themselves against -what Passarge calls “the intrigues and provocations of the English,” the -German administrators proceeded to Germanize their new province and -systematically to develop its tropical resources. Although they -established customs houses, courts of justice and post-offices, and -constructed about 125 miles of a projected railway system of 285 miles, -and, between 1898 and 1911, increased the total trade of the colony by -nearly forty million marks, the colony did not prove a departmental or -material success. The staffs of the Experimental Institute of -Agriculture at Victoria and the Department of Agriculture at Buea, -devoted their energies to the scientific raising of tropical economic -plants, to experiments in plantation culture, and to the training of -young natives in the virtues of Teutonic industry and organisation, -while, by Government Proclamation, all native children were compelled to -attend the Government schools, acquire an intelligent knowledge of the -language and history of Germany, and practice the art of singing German -patriotic songs. Despite this paternal concern for the agricultural and -educational well-being of the natives, the application of German methods -proved a disappointment. The children at the end of their school course -considered themselves too superior to undertake manual labour, while the -men, resenting the German indifference to their national feeling and -inherited methods of work, developed the spirit of native unrest. A lack -of sympathetic understanding of the natives was attended by culpably -injudicious treatment of them by the German officials, and the relations -between the authorities and the aborigines led to the frequent -employment of the Imperial troops, while the inadequacy of means of -internal communication rendered the progress of “one of the most -productive countries in the world” both slow and difficult. - -But, disappointing and costly as was the German failure to administer -and develop the Cameroons, the Teutonic lust for territory was unabated, -and, in its resolve to extend its holding in this quarter of the globe, -the Government did not hesitate to emperil the peace of Europe. When the -German cruiser _Panther_ appeared at Agadir, in July, 1911, the object -of the Wilhelmstrasse was not to protect purely imaginary German -interests in that part of Morocco, but to maintain a menacing attitude -that would compel the French to cede to the Bully of Europe their -territory to the south of the German Cameroons. The negotiations for the -transfer were concluded in June, 1913, and fifteen months later French -and British troops commenced a joint expedition to wrest from the German -authority, by military means, the province from which the former had -been ejected by diplomatic blackmail and the insistant rattle of the -sword in the scabbard. - -It is instructive to recall the methods by which Germany acquired her -African possessions, if only for the partial answer it provides to the -question as to what the Allies intend to do with them. It is absolutely -certain that however the Allies agree to dispose of the four colonies in -question, they will never be restored to Germany, notwithstanding the -fact that Herr Dernburg has committed the Emperor to the pledge that he -will never consent to make peace except on terms which include their -surrender. Germany got into Africa as a burglar effects an entrance into -a well-stored building, but it is not because her gains were ill-gotten -that she will be deprived of them. Having experimented in the -civilisation of natives for three decades, she has revealed an utter -inability to colonise for the benefit of mankind, but the hopeless -failure of the German system of imposing her rule upon subject races, is -not the reason why she will henceforth be debarred from participation in -the work of civilising the world. The colonial possessions of Germany, -as well as of England, France and Belgium, form part of the stakes for -which all Europe is in arms, and they will become the spoils of the -conquerors. As the Imperial Chancellor has announced, the future of the -Cameroons will be decided not in West Africa, but in another theatre of -war. - -Germany’s explanation of her desire to acquire colonies was based upon -her need for extra territory capable of supporting her growing -population. For this purpose she acquired East Africa, and immediately -set about the task of raising, equipping and drilling a large force of -black troops. She seized the French Cameroons, and at once increased the -handful of natives which the French had found sufficient for the -maintenance of order in the colony, to an army of 1,550 black and 185 -white troops, and she had planned the formation of additional corps of -mounted infantry, and the rearming of all the troops with modern rifles. -As soon as wireless telegraphy became a practical means of -communication, a wireless station was installed in Togoland which -rendered the little colony of inestimable potential value from a -military point of view, while in South-West Africa, the extent and -completeness of her defensive and offensive preparations, is abundant -proof that the real value to Germany of this territory lay in the -proximity of the region to the Boer States, disaffected to Great -Britain. “The land was not taken for _bona fide_ colonisation,” wrote -the Rev. William Greswell over thirty years ago, “only as a _point -d’appui_.” Germany pushed forward her military preparations in East, -West and South Africa, as she did in Prussia, because she had convinced -herself of England’s ultimate inability to hold India, Egypt and her -colonial dominions. Her professors assured the Kaiser and his junker -parasites, that the English had lost both “the qualities of creative -genius in religion and the valour in arms of a military caste”, that we -had become “a timorous, craven nation, trusting to its fleet”; and that, -while we had “failed to impress our dominion” on the chiefs of the -Indian Tributary States, the colonies were “shivering with impatience -under the last slight remnant of the English yoke.” - -Because of their arrogant attempt to put their theories and their -conclusions to the test, the German people are being stripped of all -their overseas possessions. They have already lost their South-West -Protectorate and Togoland, and the Allies are now successfully engaged -in crushing German resistance in Eastern Africa. It is not my purpose in -this little book to follow the fortunes of the Allied troops; it will be -time enough to write the story of the campaigns when the task is -accomplished, and the future administrations of the colonies are in -operation. My object in the following pages is to give the public the -particulars about the Cameroons which I have collected not without the -expenditure of a considerable amount of time and trouble. A natural -desire to ascertain the nature of the difficulties that would have to be -surmounted by the allied forces, and a desire to learn something of the -natural resources and commercial potentialities of the territory that -was about to be acquired, sent me to bookshops and libraries in search -of works that would satisfy my curiosity. I was disappointed to find -that the information I wanted was not available in English form, English -authors having decided, apparently, that the colony did not lend itself -to interesting or marketable compilation, and since the British -Government had not accredited a Consul to the Cameroons, not even a -belated Consular Report was procurable. In this extremity I turned my -attention to such German publications as were obtainable in this country -and, from the official writings of Dr. Paul Rohrback, Dr. Grotefeld, Dr. -Paul Preuss, Dr. Walter Busse, Herr Eltester, and Siegfreid Passarge, I -gathered a mass of information concerning the geographical and -geological features, the vegetation and forestry, and the natives and -native cultivation, together with an interesting summary of the progress -made under the German system of development and the success they had -attained in their experiments in plantation cultivation. In a paper -written by Captain W. A. Nugent, R.A., who had been a member of the -Boundary Commission in 1907, and acted as British Commissioner -appointed to survey and fix the boundary between the German Cameroons -and Nigeria in 1912, I found a full and admirable description of the -territory traversed. This volume contains the result of my researches, -selected and arranged in such a manner as will, I trust, be found -acceptable to English readers who share my curiosity concerning the -natural resources, the commercial position and the prospects of the -colony, and who also entertain the hope that part of it, at least, will -ultimately form a link in the chain of British overseas dominions. - - ALBERT F. CALVERT. - -ROYSTON, - - ETON AVENUE, N.W. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - -DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 1 - -PLANTATION CULTIVATION 24 - -NATIVE EDUCATION 56 - -THE CAMEROON-NIGERIAN BOUNDARY 62 - - - - -COLOURED PLATE - - -Victoria, Cameroon _Frontispiece_ - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PLATE - -Duala 1 - -The Quay at Duala 2 - -Landing-place at Duala 3 - -Post Office, Duala 4 - -Court House at Duala 5 - -Hospital at Duala 6 - -Natives’ Metal Work 7 - -The Bâle Mission at Duala 8 - -Workshop of the Bâle Mission, Duala 9 - -Manga Beli’s Palace, Duala 10 - -The Native Quarter, Duala 11 - -Business Offices in Duala 12 - -Natives Wood Carving 13 - -The Woermann Floating Dock at Duala 14 - -Landing Jetty 15 - -Constructing the Central Railway from Duala to the -Nyong River 16 - -View of the Wuri River at Bonaberi 17 - -The Wuri River above Duala 18 - -Elephant Grass 19 - -Buea, former Seat of the German Government of -Cameroon. Great Cameroon Mountains in the -Background 20 - -View of Buea 21 - -The late German Governor’s Palace, Buea 22 - -Buea 23 - -Algau Cattle grazing near Buea 24 - -Grazing Land near Buea 25 - -Tobacco Plantation near Buea 26 - -The new Okoti Crater on the Cameroon Mountain -taken from the East 27 - -Forest on the Cameroon Peak at an elevation of 1,800 -metres 28 - -View of Victoria 29 - -Victoria, with the Great Cameroon Mountain and -Little Cameroon Mountain 30 - -View of Ambas Bay 31 - -Steep Coast near Victoria 32 - -Botanical Gardens, Victoria 33 - -Office in the Botanical Gardens, Victoria 34 - -Buildings of the Victoria Co., Victoria 35 - -Vegetation in the Forest 36 - -Kribi, at the Mouth of the Kribi River, the Chief -Trading-place on the Coast of South Cameroon 37 - -Kribi 38 - -Low-lying Coast near Kribi 39 - -Mission House at Kribi 40 - -Boa-constrictor 41 - -Natives of Bule 42 - -Marshy Land in the Oil-palm Region near the Coast 43 - -Oil-palm in a Maize Field 44 - -Preparation of Palm-oil by Native Methods 45 - -Oil-palms 46 - -Cocoa Tree with Fruit 47 - -Seven-year-old Oil-palm Trees 48 - -The Oil-palm. Crown with Clusters of Fruit 49 - -Station Yard at Edea 50 - -The Sanaga River near Edea 51 - -The Sanaga River near Edea 52 - -Bridge over the Southern Arm of the Sanaga River -(Duala-Nyong Railway) 53 - -Entrance to the Forest near Edea 54 - -Woermann Line Boats on the Sanaga River 55 - -Rapids in the Sanaga River 56 - -Maize Stores at Jaunde 57 - -Park-like District in a Clearing of the Forest on the -Edea-Jaunde Road 58 - -Native Soldiers at Jaunde 59 - -Native Troops in Camp 60 - -Native Troops on Active Service 61 - -Native Village. Gabled Huts 62 - -On the Upper Nyong River 63 - -Colonial Troops at a Factory on the Upper Nyong -River 64 - -Ferry Boat on the Nyong River 65 - -Steamer at the Landing-place of a Factory on the -Nyong River 66 - -Collecting Rubber in the Forest 67 - -Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River) 68 - -Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River) 69 - -Manager’s House on the Dehane Rubber Plantation 70 - -Clearing the Ground for Planting Rubber Trees 71 - -Ground Cleared for Planting 72 - -Mixed Trees in a Plantation 73 - -Pay Day on a Rubber Plantation 74 - -A Path through the Dehane Plantation on the Nyong -River 75 - -Natives Waiting for the Dinner Bell 76 - -Banana Trees on a Rubber Plantation 77 - -A Four-year-old Rubber Tree ready for Tapping 78 - -Natives at Dehane 79 - -Roll Call of Labourers on a Plantation 80 - -Elephant Grass 81 - -Tapping the Rubber Tree 82 - -Small huts for Patients suffering from Sleeping -Sickness 83 - -Forest on the Banks of the Mungo River 84 - -Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River 85 - -Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River 86 - -The “Mungo” German Government Steamer on the -River 87 - -A Tree Trunk used as a Bridge 88 - -Village of Ninong at the Western Base of the Manenguba -Mountains 89 - -The Elong Mountain in the Bamenda Range seen from -the foot of the Manenguba Mountains 90 - -Forest on the Banks of the Cross River 91 - -Fishing on the Cross River 92 - -The Cross River at Nssanakang 93 - -Factory on the Cross River for Trading with the -Natives 94 - -Banana Trees near Ossidinge 95 - -A Village in Keakaland, Ossidinge 96 - -Head-dress and Tribal Marks of Keaka Women 97 - -Native Musical Instruments in Keakaland 98 - -Caravan Crossing the Ndi River near Fontschanda 99 - -Typical Vegetation 100 - -A Palm Grove 101 - -A Suspension Bridge 102 - -A Suspension Bridge 103 - -Suspension Bridge over the Fi, near Tinto 104 - -Fumban in Bamum 105 - -Native Market at Bamum. Provisions and Kolo -Nuts being Sold 106 - -Ndjoia, Sultan of Bamum, between two War Drums, -at Fumban 107 - -Sultan of Bamum with the Captains of his Troops 108 - -Made by the Natives of Bamum 109 - -Trial Field for Cotton and Tobacco at the Government -Station, Fumban, Bamum 110 - -Bamum. Note the Frieze of Animals under the Grass -Roof 111 - -Street Scene in Bamum 112 - -Street Scene in Bamum 113 - -Street Scene in Bamum 114 - -A House in Bamum 115 - -A Street in the Women’s Quarter 116 - -Cotton Field near Bamum 117 - -Dracæna the Fetish Trees of West Africa 118 - -Market-place at Banjo with the Banjo Mountains in -the Distance 119 - -The “Malam” of Banjo in Hausa State Costume 120 - -Banjo, a Settlement in the Interior 121 - -Vegetation in the Forest 122 - -The “Island” Mountain District in North Adamaua -between Ntem and the Ribäu Slope on the Banjo -Road 123 - -Granite Mountain in Central Cameroon 124 - -Sudan Natives of Central Cameroon. Wute Natives -in War Costume 125 - -War Games of the Wute Natives 126 - -Woman of the Wute Tribe 127 - -Woman of the Wute Tribe 128 - -Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wute Archers 129 - -Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wutes with -their War Drums 130 - -Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua 131 - -Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua 132 - -The Faro above Tschamba 133 - -Caravan Travelling. Resting 134 - -Kumbo Highlands on the way to Lake Mauwe, -between Bakumbi and Banka 135 - -Kumbo Highlands between Banka and Lake Mauwe 136 - -The Remains of a Volcano in the Kumbo Highlands 137 - -Forest in the Highlands 138 - -Change from Forest to Grass Country on the broken -edge of the Inner Highlands near Fontem 139 - -Cultivated Portions of Grass Country 140 - -Typical Grass Country in Bafu-Fondong, on the Great -Dschang-Bamenda Road 141 - -Women Working in the Fields in the Grass Country, -North-west Cameroon 142 - -Death Dance of the Natives near Dschang 143 - -The Chief Bafu-Fondong on his Throne 144 - -Tatooed Fondong Negro 145 - -A Chief’s Wife in the Grass Country 146 - -Parasites on a Tree, near the Grass Country 147 - -Bali Negress in the Grass Country 148 - -Mbo, a Fortified Station near the Grass Country 149 - -Kusseri, a Fortified Station in North Cameroon 150 - -The Resident’s House at Kusseri 151 - -Mecca Pilgrims at Kusseri 152 - -Log Path through a Swamp 153 - -Horsemen in North Cameroon 154 - -View of Elephant Lake 155 - -Village of Kilgrim in the Mandara Mountains 156 - -The Lagone River at Musgum 157 - -Caravan Crossing a River 158 - -Njoja, with his Wives and Children, sitting in front of -his Palace 159 - -Bakwiri Women and Children Dancing 160 - -The Head Chief Balwen in his War Costume 161 - -Chieftain in Gala Attire 162 - -Hausa Girl at a Spring 163 - -Natives of North Cameroon 164 - -Deng-Deng, a Settlement in the Interior 165 - -Dikoa, a Settlement in the Interior 166 - -Ebolowa, a Settlement in the Interior 167 - -Floods near Ssigal 168 - -Sultan of Ngaumdere with his Bodyguard 169 - -Market at Ngaumdere 170 - -Main Buildings of the Bibundi Plantation 171 - -Bungalow on the Bibundi Plantation 172 - -Plantation in Full Bearing 173 - -Baia Youths 174 - -Baia Women 175 - -Dead Elephant 176 - -Walrus 177 - -A Hausa Village 178 - -A Native Village. Musgum Huts 179 - -A Native Village. Huts with Cone-shaped Roofs 180 - -Caravan Travelling. Hiring Carriers 181 - -Rubber Caravan 182 - -Ivory Caravan 183 - -Scene at an Ivory Factory 184 - -Weighing the Ivory 185 - -Factory in the Interior of South Cameroon 186 - -Roll-call of Labourers 187 - -Bridging over a Ravine 188 - -Sawing Wood 189 - -Njem Woman, South Cameroon 190 - -Prow of a War Canoe 191 - -MAPS -vPLATE - -Density of the Population 192 - -Flora 193 - -Fauna 194 - -River Basins 195 - -Ivory Districts 196 - -Chart showing Entrance to Duala from the Sea 197 - -Hausa Territory 198 - -Profile of Cameroon 199 - -A. F. Calvert’s Map of Cameroon 200 - - - - -THE CAMEROONS - - - - -DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. - - -The large bay or estuary in the Gulf of Guinea, lying south of Nigeria -and facing the island of Fernando-Po, was discovered by Portuguese -navigators in the fifteenth or sixteenth century and christened the Rio -dos Camaroes (the River of Prawns), from the abundance of Crustacea that -infested its waters. The name was also used to designate the -neighbouring mountains, which rise to the north-west of the bay. The -English usage, until the end of the nineteenth century, was to confine -the term, the Cameroons, to the mountain range, and to speak of the -estuary as the Cameroon River. It was left to the acquisitive Germans to -extend the use of the name in its Teutonic form--Kamerun--to the whole -Protectorate. - -The establishment of German trading firms and factories at various -places on the West African coast suggested to the Imperial Chancellor -the practicability of laying the foundations of his projected German -Colonial Empire in the Cameroon region of the Dark Continent. On March -19th, 1884, Dr. Nachtigal, a former Consul at Tunis, was instructed to -proceed on this civilising mission, and on July 5th and 6th he hoisted -the German flag at Bayida and Lome, in Togoland. On the 10th of that -month the English gunboat _Goshawk_ entered the Cameroon River, and the -mission’s hope of further extending the sphere of German influence on -the coast of West Africa appeared doomed to extinction. But the -_Goshawk_ departed on the following day, leaving the field clear for -Nachtigal, who rushed through some agreements with the chiefs Deido, -Bell and Akva, declared the country to be under the protection of -Germany on July 14th, and appointed Doctor Buchner Provisional Governor -of the newly acquired territory. The new Governor acknowledged the -protest against German occupation, which was formally made by the -British Consul on July 19th, and proceeded to hoist the German flag at -Bumbia, Maliba, and Batanga. - -In this nefarious and undignified manner the German Government obtained -a foothold in the Gulf of Guinea, but it still remained for them to -regulate their intrusion among the nations already established in the -region. In order to solidify the position they had taken up, and, in -the phrase employed by Siegfreid Passarge, “to withstand the intrigues -and provocations of the English,” who laid claims to Victoria and the -Rio del Rey coast, it was necessary to have the treaty of occupation -confirmed. On May 7th, 1885, a treaty was concluded by which the British -waived their claims in favour of Germany, who reciprocated by renouncing -their nominal claims to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger, and to St. -Lucia. In the same year the French ceded Great Batanga and the island -west of Kwakwa-Kriek in exchange for the German possession of Konakry. -These treaties legalised the position, and Germany was left a free hand -to develop her possessions in the Cameroons, under the Governorship of -Baron von Goden. - -In July, 1911, the German cruiser _Panther_ appeared off the coast of -Morocco, at Agadir, for the alleged purpose of protecting German -interests, of which no trace existed in that quarter of the globe. The -incident was ultimately closed by the cession to Germany of the French -territory to the south of their Cameroon colony, which was subsequently -incorporated with it under the name of New Cameroon. The transfer was -made in June, 1913. Under French domination, three military stations, -garrisoned with a total force of four officers, twelve non-commissioned -officers, and 200 native troops, had been sufficient to preserve order, -but the new rulers had their own ideas as to the military requirements -of their growing Empire. We read in _Jahrbuch über die Deutscher -Kolonien_ (1913) that the German defence force numbers 185 Europeans and -1,550 natives, while it was the intention of the Government to form an -additional corps of mounted infantry, to establish a stud farm for the -breeding of troop horses, and to arm all the troops with 98·3 carbines. -Since the declaration of war in August last, Togoland has capitulated to -the French and British, and the German Cameroons are now being -systematically and successfully invaded by the allied forces. The -political future of these territories is, as yet, undetermined, but -however they may be ultimately allocated, German domination in West -Africa, with its blundering mismanagement and bumptious militarism, is a -chapter of colonial history that is closed for ever. - - -THE EXPLORATION OF THE INTERIOR. - -Although the commercial activities of the tribes inhabiting the African -Mohammedan empires, and the construction of trade routes connecting -Senegal with the Red Sea, had opened up the Soudan to Europeans, the -territory which since 1884 has been known as German Cameroon was -practically unexplored at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In -1822 an English expedition succeeded in reaching Lake Tchad and -exploring its western and southern boundaries. This discovery was -supplemented in 1851-52 by Barth and Overweg. Barth went from Kuka to -Yola, and discovered the upper course of the Benue. He penetrated -further, through the country south of Lake Chad to Bagirmi. In 1854 -Baikie went up the Benue, as far as Djen, about fifty kilometres from -Yola. Rohlf’s journey in 1865-67 and Nachtigal’s in 1869-74 are of -little importance. In 1879 began the activity of Edward Flegel, who, on -the steamer _Henry Benn_, navigated the Benue as far as Garna. Of much -greater importance were the explorations of the Benue district in 1882 -and 1883, the southern limit of which was marked by the towns of -Ngaumdere, Banjo, Gaschaka, and Takum. - -The knowledge of the coastal district was extremely limited. Burton and -Mann had ascended the Cameroon mountains in 1861-62. In 1872-75 three -German scientists, Buchholz, Reichenow and Lüders, made important -zoological discoveries, while Rogozinsky, a Pole, in 1883, reached as -far as Lake Barombi. But all efforts to penetrate into the interior were -frustrated by the impracticable condition of the roads, the -unhealthiness of the coast district--which was for the greater part -uninhabited virgin forest--and by the hostile attitude of the natives. - -After many fruitless endeavours to explore this coastal region, an -expedition in 1888 succeeded in crossing from Batanga by way of Njong -and Sanaga, and in settling the boundary between Bantio and Sudannegern. -The effort to reach the Cameroon estuary was frustrated by the -opposition of the Bakoko; and after a journey of much difficulty the -expedition returned to the coast. In 1899 a station was established and -a foothold secured. In the same year the region north of Duala was -explored, and the forest district traversed, the plateau of Baliland was -ascended, and the grassy lands reached. With indescribable difficulty -the districts from Ibi on the Benue to Yola were traversed. In 1902-4 an -Anglo-German expedition, after a very minute survey, fixed the boundary -line between Yola and Lake Chad, and in 1908 an agreement was made -between Germany and France regarding the south and east boundaries. In -1907-8 the frontier between Cameroon and the Nigerias was surveyed by -the British and German representatives, and the approximate line of -demarcation subsequently settled between the two Governments was fixed -and marked by an Anglo-German commission in 1912-13. - - -BOUNDARIES AND TOWNS. - -The Cameroons are bounded on the north-west by Nigeria, on the -north-east and east by the French possessions of the Military Territory -of Chad and the Middle Congo and the French possession of Gaboon. The -frontier runs in a north-easterly direction from near Calabar in the -Southern Provinces of Nigeria to Lake Chad, and then in a general -south-south-east direction to about lat. 2° N., from whence it strikes -south-west by west, reaching the Atlantic just south of Spanish Guinea, -which is thus surrounded on the north, east and south by German -territory. The general outline of the country thus described is broken -in the middle east by a triangular piece of land which gives access to -the Ubangi river, an affluent of the Congo, at Singa, in lat. 3° 40´ N.; -whilst in the south-east corner a strip of land seventy miles broad -runs southwards, giving access to the Congo itself in about lat. 1° S. - -The Protectorate, with an area of 290 square miles, had in 1913 an -estimated native population of 2,650,000, and a European population of -1,871, of whom 1,643 were Germans. - -The chief towns on the coast, from north to south, are Victoria, Duala -(the capital), Kribi, and Ukoko. Buea is a large town on the eastern -slopes of the Cameroon mountain, and Edea is on the Sanaga, about forty -miles from its mouth. In the mountainous region in the north-west are -Bare, Dschang, Bali, Bamenda, Wum, Esu, and Kentu; to the east of these -is Fumban, and to the west, in the low-lying country near the Nigerian -border, Ossidinge. In the western portion of the plateau are Tibati, -Banyo and Tingere, and in the centre, at the junction of the main routes -of the interior, is Ngaumdere. In the country north of the plateau the -chief towns are Garua, an important trading centre on the Benue, Lere, -Binder, Marua, Mora, Dikoa, and Kusseri. In the southern part of the -country are Yaunde, Dume, Bertua, Gaza, Carnot, Bania, Lomie, and -Akoafim. Molondu is in the extreme south-east. - - -THE PROGRESS OF THE PROTECTORATE. - -In the first twenty-eight years of their occupation the Germans had -established courts of justice at Buea, Duala, Kribi, and Lomie, custom -houses at Duala and Buea, thirty-eight post offices throughout the -territory, and had maintained order among the natives by means of twelve -companies of Imperial troops. They had constructed and opened 108 -kilometres of the 1-m. gauge line of 160 kilometres from Duala to the -Manenguæ Mountains, and had opened the central line from Duala to -Widimange, on the Nyong River--a distance of 293 kilometres of 1-m. -gauge line--as far as Edea, ninety kilometres from Duala. The imports -had increased from 9,296,796 marks in 1898 to 29,317,514 marks in 1911, -and their exports in the same period had risen from 4,601,620 to -21,250,883 marks, a total increase in the trade of the colony of nearly -thirty-seven million marks. The want of means of communication was found -a hindrance in the economic development of the territory, which was -admittedly possessed of “unlimited liabilities.” Vast tracts in the -interior were proved to be suited for cotton cultivation; oil palms, -cocoa, and rubber were ascertained to be of “incalculable wealth,” and -the Cameroons were described by Dr. Grotewold as among the most -productive countries in the world. - -But the administration, or the critics of the administration of the -Protectorate, had discovered that the lack of proper means of -communication was not the only factor that retarded the progress of this -richly endowed country. The unrest amongst the natives had revealed on -the part of the authorities the lack of that sympathetic understanding -of their native subjects which makes for successful colonisation. Their -treatment of the natives was culpably injudicious, and their mistakes in -dealing with them were so frequent and serious that the relations -between the Government and the native population were constantly -strained, and the services of the Imperial troops were in great demand. - - -GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. - -The country on the whole is mountainous and forms the north-west limit -of the central African plateau. The coastland is flat alluvial country -spreading out on either side of the Cameroon Mountains, and broken up -with mangrove swamps, lagoons and deep estuaries. The Rio del Rey region -on the west of the Cameroon Mountains is a stretch of alluvial land -with a breadth of thirty to forty kilometres, which forms the extreme -eastern portion of the great alluvial plain extending from the Gold -Coast to the Cameroon, and attaining its greatest development in the -Niger Delta. Within the alluvial the volcanic massive of the Cameroon -Mountain rises to a height of 4,070 m., and divides the land into two -parts, which are connected only by a small and high strip of territory. -To the east of the dividing mountain lies Dualaland. The other three -orographical regions which comprise the Cameroon country includes the -Cameroon plateau, which forms the largest and most important part of the -colony; the enormous region of Adamana, which is generally level and -nowhere reaches an elevation of more than 600 metres; and the extensive -swampy lands of the Lake Chad basin which are under water during several -months of the year. - -The greater part of the colony is covered with red, loamy, sandy -weatherings, which are characteristic of the tropics. If this red earth -contains hard concretions of brown iron ore, they are named “Laterit.” -These cellular-like volcanic scoria are characteristic of the surface of -the soil generally, and especially in those districts where the loamy -deposits have been washed away by heavy rains. Vegetable soil is more -abundant in the rainy regions of the south, and also in the lowlands. -Indeed the result of this humid weathering is a kind of whitish yellowy -kaolin, or china clay, which is found in the south plateau. A blackish -mould to a thickness of one or two feet covers the lowland south of Lake -Chad, and is there called “Firki.” Whilst in the south of the colony red -and yellow clayey soil preponderates, the further north one goes to the -dryer regions, reddish sand, a product of the physical weathering, is to -be found. - - -CLIMATE. - -In the coast region of the Cameroons the climate is warm and moist, with -a high rainfall. The temperature is not excessively high, the heat being -tempered by the cold Benguela current coming northward from the Polar -regions. According to Knox (_The Climate of Africa_) February is the -warmest month and July the coolest, the maximum and minimum temperatures -being 89·7° F. and 66° F. respectively. The mean temperature at Victoria -and Duala is about 77° F. The coast is one of the most unhealthy places -in Africa, but the conditions are considerably better and more suited -to Europeans in the high-lying districts in the north. The climate of -the latter is largely of the continental type, characterised by extremes -of temperature. At Bali the mean temperature is about 64° F., the -maximum 87° to 90° F., and the minimum 43° to 45° F. At Fort Crampel, on -the eastern side of the plateau, the maximum temperature reaches 113° -F., and the minimum 49° F. On the Ngaumdere plateau it is sometimes very -cold, and sleet storms are not uncommon, the temperature sometimes -falling to 37° F. - -As regards rainfall, there are as a rule four more or less distinct -seasons in the southern and central regions--the chief dry season at the -beginning of the year, the so-called long wet season from June to -September, a short dry season in October and November, and a short -period of great rainfall in part of November and in December--but the -divisions indicated are by no means well marked. The Adamana district, -situated on the north of the plateau, lies beyond the equatorial beet, -and there are consequently only two seasons, one wet and one dry. - -The massive of the Cameroon Mountains presents a district which is -singular with regard to its climate, vegetation and animal life. At its -base is a primeval forest, and the climate is tropical and humid. -Debundja and Bibundo have practically no dry season, the rain being -continuous nearly the whole year round. On the east side, the rainy -season lasts for only two to three months in the year. Buea, which lies -on the lower slopes of the misty region, has a fresh, cool climate, and -is quite free from malaria. The temperature varies frequently, in some -cases from 1·5° to 2° Cent. in the course of two or three minutes. -Instead of the usual heavy tropical rains, it has only a drizzling rain, -and the humidity penetrates everywhere, even the dwellings. On the upper -slopes, when the north-east wind blows, it is icy cold, except at -midday. Hoar frost is frequent and snow fairly so. The mountain is -nearly always cloud-capped, and it is seldom possible to obtain a really -clear view of the summit. - - -VEGETATION AND FORESTRY. - -The combination of tropical heat and rain in the alternate regions of -forests and brushwood swamps produces a tropical growth of cocoa palms, -cotton plants, flax and fibrous trees, and rubber vines in prodigal -luxuriance and variety. The virgin forests are tropical to a height of -about 1,000 m., when they become less dense, and the oak ferns make -their appearance. Between 1,500 and 1,800 m. the wild coffee shrub grows -abundantly, the oak ferns disappear, and are succeeded by glades and -brushwood. At an altitude of 2,200 m. the forest suddenly comes to an -end and the grass land begins. Only in the ravines, in which the soil is -moist and sheltered from the winds, the forest continues to the 2,700 m. -level. The high forest--the most magnificent of all tropical forest -formations--is characterised by its amazing variety of entirely -different trees, including, among others, the great wool tree, the -mahogany tree, the yellow and red wood trees, the oil-palm, and rubber. -Among the trees of the brushwood districts the principal are acacias and -the oil-palm, which to a height of from 700 to 900 m. covers the slopes -of the Cameroon plateau to the coast. - -The chief planting activity appears to have been at -Johann-Albrechts-Höhe, and in the Dibombari district on the Northern -Railway. A forestry plantation at Manoka, near Duala, was abandoned on -account of its remoteness, the difficulty of water supply, and the -constant lack of labour. The principal work for the making of forest -and state reserves has been conducted in Yabassi, Yaunde, Edea, and -Dschang. The efforts of the forest department and of private persons -have been concerned mainly with: (_a_) Investigations of woods suitable -for beams, wharves, and for boat and waggon building; (_b_) trials of -woods resistant to _teredo navalis_ for small boats; and (_c_) -experimental shipments to German South-West Africa of woods serviceable -for building, mining and street paving. - -A large increase, amounting to 270 per cent. in the production of -building and other timber, took place in 1911. The first place in the -exports is held by Cameroons mahogany, which is stated to be increasing -gradually in value in the market; its exports having risen in value from -£7,022 in 1910 to £22,000 in 1912. The next wood in importance is -Cameroons ebony, the exports of which have been as follows: 1909, 672 -tons, worth £3,038; 1910, 1,221 tons, worth £6,090; 1911, 1,652 tons, -worth £6,777; whilst in 1912 the value of the shipment was £9,055. The -increase of exports has been largely due to an increase of cutting by -the natives, and this has entailed a considerable amount of robbery by -them. As a consequence, timber exploitation on Government lands was -entirely prohibited to natives in the period 1912-13, and concessions -were given to Europeans with much caution; a decrease in the production -was therefore expected. A difficulty regarding the exploitation of -timber in the Cameroons is the lack of good waterways in the forest -regions. - - -CATTLE RAISING. - -In spite of the very great difficulties caused by the tsetse fly, much -attention has been paid to stock-breeding in the Cameroons, although -with the exception of certain efforts made in Kusseri, in the extreme -north, and in Garua, in Adamana, nothing in the nature of methodical -horse-breeding by natives exists. The indigenous cattle are of two -kinds, the dwarf cattle and the humped cattle. Cattle-breeding in the -proper sense is only found among the Fulla tribe in Adamana, in Banyo -and the Lake Chad regions. From these places there was once an active -export of cattle to the neighbouring British and French Protectorates, -but this has been diminished in recent years owing to a large export -duty. The interest in cattle-production on the part of the natives has -been increased in recent years, under official encouragement, in the -districts of Dschang and Bamenda. - -The Fulla cattle are greatly prized in the central districts, in which, -by reason of the ravages of the tsetse fly, no cattle can be bred, and -when railway communication has cleared the infected regions, a thriving -cattle export industry to the coast will be developed. The increased -prosperity of the rubber districts of the south, especially Molondu, -Dume and Lomie, has led, in recent years, to a demand for meat among the -natives, and this has been supplied from the Hausa and Fulani herds. In -1911 about 20,000 head of large stock and 8,000 of small stock were sent -from Adamana to the south, and this is estimated to mean an exchange -between the north and the south to the value of about £150,000. - -As is usual in West Africa, the natives possess neglected goats, sheep -and fowls, and in some cases pigs, though this is only true to a very -small extent in the southern districts. - - -NATIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. - -The chief agricultural products of the Cameroons are rubber, palm -kernels, cocoa and palm oil, and the Protectorate may be said, in a -general way, to present three chief agricultural areas: the southern, -with rubber in increasing production; the middle province around the -Cameroon river basin, with their plantations and areas rich in oil -palms; and the grass country, northward, suited specially for cattle -breeding. Nearly all the rubber exploited has been derived from the -native exploitation of wild plants. Almost all the male population of -Lomie, Molondu, Dume, and Dengdeng was concerned in rubber collection in -1910-11, in which years more than 1,000 coloured middlemen bought the -rubber from the natives and sold it to the forty-nine mercantile firms -who had no fewer than 230 stations established for its purchase. The -comparatively small share of rubber plantations in the whole production -of the Protectorate is shown by the fact that, of a total export of -5,957,516 lbs. in 1911, all except 23,912 lbs. was from wild plants; -whilst in 1912 cultivated plants accounted for only 53,040 lbs. in a -total shipment of 6,184,222 lbs. The results of the attempts to induce -the natives to take up new cultivations depend on the presence or -absence in their district of wild plants that they can exploit. Whilst, -for example, the inhabitants of the Lomie district, who still know of -rich stands of wild rubber plants, are hardly to be excited to commence -rubber cultivation, it has been experienced in Kribi, where these do -not exist, that the distribution of young plants are gratefully received -and readily planted. - -It is also recorded that oil-palm cultivation has been introduced with -some success to the natives, in the districts of Lomie and Yaunde, but -any “cultivation” by the natives is very simple in nature, consisting -merely in the keeping of the stands clear of “bush.” The large decrease -in the exports of ivory in recent years is due in great measure to the -exhaustion of the stores of ivory hoarded by the natives and the extent -of elephant shooting in the past ten years. The exports in 1910 amounted -to sixteen tons, valued at £124, and although there was a slight -increase of quantity in the following year, the export in 1912 showed a -large diminution. The other native products are chiefly djair nuts, shea -nuts, kola, and gum arabic, but there has been comparatively little -activity as regards the actual cultivation of crops, because of the -natural richness of the country in products which enable the inhabitants -to buy what they require. The raising of food crops exists, however, for -special demands, such as arise near railways, administrative stations -and larger towns, and the chief places on the caravan routes and rivers. -Near such places the native raises maize, plantains, bananas, cassava, -sweet potatoes and ground nuts, as well as sorghum (dura or dari) in the -northern districts, and some kola and sesame in isolated places. In -several districts a certain amount of tobacco is planted; there is also -some little fruit raising, notably in the villages of Ambam. In the -highlands of Dschang, and in other places, such as Ebelowe and Yaunde, -new crops, such as the English potato, “black bush” beans and turnips, -for which the climate seems to be suited, have been introduced. Numerous -inhabitants of the districts of Duala and Edea have in recent years laid -out farms for the raising of cassava, plantains, maize, yams, and other -products. - -North of the watershed the principal crops are guinea-corn, millet, -ground-nuts, cassava, and sweet potatoes; cotton and tobacco are also -cultivated by the Chamba pagans, Zumperis and Munchis. The corn is -planted in April at the end of the rainy season, the method of -cultivation being as follows. The ground is first cleared of weeds and -the remains of the last year’s crop. It is then prepared for sowing by -digging shallow trenches with a rough kind of hoe, the earth being piled -up to form ridges between the trenches. Guinea-corn (_Sorghum vulgare_), -the staple food of the country, is planted in these ridges. It grows to -a great height, often fifteen to twenty feet, and is harvested in -November. Millet is planted in the furrows; it ripens rapidly and is -harvested in July. Cotton is ready for picking after December; tobacco -and cassava are cultivated during the dry season on the hillsides, the -streams being used for irrigation. - -From October to March, during the dry season, the natives are engaged in -stacking their corn into mud-walled granaries, and threshing what they -require for immediate use. These months are also spent in repairing the -damage done to the villages, grass being cut and tied into bundles for -thatching roofs, and making new zana matting. The dry season is also the -hunting season, when the long grass has been laid low by fire. This -grass-burning is an annual institution, although the Government has -given orders prohibiting it on account of the damage done to trees. But -the hill tribes care very little for trees or grass, and a good deal for -meat. - -As in all parts where the tsetse fly prevails, and the employment of -cattle for ploughing is impossible, the land is chiefly cultivated with -the hoe; and as the West African hoe is a tool which calls for the -exercise of patience rather than skill or strength, the native leaves -the field work to his women. From this form of servitude the women will -not be emancipated until cattle are rendered immune from tsetse fly and -the hoe is supplanted by the plough. - - - - -PLANTATION CULTIVATION. - - -The Cameroons were regarded by the Germans as a plantation country of -the highest promise, and the proximity of the Cameroon Mountain to the -coast, facilitating the realisation of the products, render this part of -the colony an ideal area for the planter. All the largest plantations -are situated in this district, which has been extensively developed, and -its products have already assumed considerable proportions in the export -statistics of the dependency. The laying out of a plantation in Cameroon -is by no means an easy task, as the fertile soil must be drawn from the -primeval forest. And as the Cameroon primeval forest has no equal for -vastness and impenetrability, laborious and costly preliminary work is -necessary before any real planting can be attempted. On the whole it is -very much the same as in East Africa, with the distinction that as a -rule in the latter colony there is only the so-called bush to clear, -while in Cameroon one has to deal with high-grown primeval forest. - -The cultivation of cocoa prospers on the slopes of the Cameroon -Mountain, where the climate and soil resemble those of the adjacent -Islands of St. Thomas and Fernando-Po, and its cultivation is almost -confined to the Cameroon Mountain and to some plantations in Sanaga and -Kampo. It is to be hoped that with the further opening up of the -country, many districts will be found suitable for its cultivation. In -this case the many years’ experience on the Cameroon Mountain will -facilitate the spreading. The cocoa-tree is, on an average, six to eight -m. high, with a trunk diameter of about fifteen to twenty-five cm., and -it begins to produce after four or five years. At harvest time the fruit -must be carefully gathered, to avoid injuring the tree. The opening of -the fruit to obtain the seeds is done with a cane, or by beating open -the fruit on a stone. When the seeds are taken from the fruit, they -undergo the important process of fermentation. It would take too long to -relate the different methods employed, but it may be mentioned that the -fermentation process affects the taste and aroma of the cocoa very much, -drawing away the bitterness of the bean, modifying its sharp taste, and -developing the aroma and the red-brown colour. - -A still further proceeding is the drying of the beans, which is done -either by the heat of the sun and the fresh air on threshing floors with -removable roof, or by artificial heat in drying apparatus. Some days -after the cocoa has been carefully dried, it is ready for exportation. -It is packed in sacks or matting, and in the past it has been dispatched -principally to Germany to be worked up in the factories. The kernels are -ground and the grease when extracted is used in the form of cocoa-butter -for medicinal purposes and for the fabrication of soap. The export of -cocoa, which amounted to 2,450 tons in 1908, reached a total of 4,550 -tons, valued at £212,500, in 1912. - - -RUBBER. - -The attention of the rubber dealers was at first confined to certain -lianas, especially the Landolphia florida, which was regarded as the -greatest rubber-yielding plant in the colonies. But in the beginning of -the century it was discovered that the great virgin forests of South -Cameroon contained vast numbers of Kickxia-elastica trees, and that -extensive subsidiary tracts covered with the same plant existed in the -savannahs of South Adamana, in the Kumbo highlands, and the region of -Lake Chad. Kickxia-elastica, known in the trade as “silk rubber,” was -first discovered on the West African Coast in Lagos in 1894, and by -October of the following year the exports had reached well over a -million pounds. The eagerness of the natives to exploit this very -valuable product led to the total destruction of the rubber-yielding -trees, with the result that by 1906 the export had entirely ceased. Dr. -Schlecter introduced the Kickxia rubber trees from Lagos into the -Cameroons, where he proved that 1½ lbs. of dry rubber may be obtained -from the six-year-old trees, a result which was more than confirmed -subsequently by Dr. O. Warburg, the well-known authority on rubber. The -first shipments of rubber from the Kickxia trees were obtained from the -wild rubber trees known as Funtumia-elastica, and it has only been -during the last few years that the Germans, realising that the Kickxia -rubber trees are indigenous to the colony, have cultivated it, and there -are now large plantations of Kickxia in the Cameroons containing -millions of trees, which are doing well. - -From the tapping of wild Funtumia trees, it is known that this species -yields latex more readily than others, and that it is almost as -sensitive to drastic tapping as Castilloa. Tapping of the cultivated -tree has occurred experimentally in Cameroon. These trees, however, do -not stand closely-planted, but singly or in rows, and the results must -be judged accordingly. It can be assumed that from 3 to 3¾ ozs. are to -be expected from six-year-old trees planted at good distances from each -other, and 1 to 2 ozs. from closely-planted trees. The method of tapping -practised in the last experiments with Funtumia differed from all other -methods, in that vertical incisions the whole length of the trunk were -made. As to its advantage over the herring-bone system, further -observations and a more extended series of comparative tapping trials -are first necessary. The rubber is procured by boiling the latex after -diluting it with water; treatment with hydrofluoric acid yields a better -product. Although Funtumia rubber is at present inferior in quality to -that of Hevea and Ficus, and at most is equal to that of the Castilloa, -still it may be confidently anticipated that with more suitable -preparation it will yield a good serviceable product. - - -THE COST OF PRODUCTION. - -Most of the Kickxia plantations are laid out on land which has been -cleared of jungle, a process which does not entail a heavy outlay. The -expenses, including all costs for inspection, tools, labour, &c., -amount to about £10 per acre. A fair supply of native labour is -available, and the average wage, including board, is about £10 per -annum. The cost of the upkeep of the planted areas should not exceed -30s. per acre for the first year, 22s. 6d. per acre for the second year, -and 18s. 6d. and 10s. for the third and fourth years respectively. The -estimated inclusive cost of tapping the trees and delivering the produce -in Europe should not exceed 1s. 3d. per lb. The value of Kickxia rubber, -if properly prepared, is almost equal to that of the best Para rubber, -and it is certainly safe to estimate that it will always fetch within -1s. of Para. These figures compare very favourably with those obtaining -in other plantations, and they are given here as an indication that in -its rubber exports alone the Cameroon territory has a profitable future -before it. - -In considering the question as to whether Germany will ever be in a -position to supply her own demands in rubber from her own colonies, Dr. -Paul Preuss, writing in the _India Rubber Journal_, says that it depends -on three factors: (1) Soil, (2) Climate, (3) Labour. “Regarding soil,” -he says, “the Colonies of Cameroon and New Guinea alone possess several -hundred thousand acres of land suited for the cultivation of the most -valuable rubber trees. The climate there is also very favourable. Taking -the annual requirements of Germany in rubber at 16,000 tons, this -quantity can be produced from an area of 150,000 to 170,000 acres -exclusively planted with Hevea, and from 200,000 to 250,000 acres under -cultivation with the various species already planted, but with Hevea -predominating. Even if the demand for the raw material should -considerably increase, the answer to this question would be an -affirmative as regards soil and climate; whether, however, with the -accompanying development in the cultivation of cacao, cotton, cocoa-nut -and oil-palms, &c., the necessary labour will be procurable for such an -extension in rubber cultivation, the question cannot be answered.” It -has been stated that in the coming years, when the rubber plantations -are ready for tapping, and the tobacco plantations are demanding the -services of thousands of natives, the insufficiency of labour will prove -a serious problem, and the importation of Chinese labour was submitted -to the consideration of the German Government as a feasible solution. - - -RICE, COFFEE, COCOA, AND TOBACCO. - -During recent years the cultivation of rice has received more attention, -especially in the experimental gardens. The forest land inhabitants have -also begun to lay out water and hill rice fields in great extent, and it -is only a question of time for the Cameroons to become a rice producing -country. But whether the negroes will ever be capable of carrying out -the troublesome cultivation of water rice, with the necessary -transplanting and careful watering, is regarded as doubtful. - -One can depend with greater confidence on the exportation of maize and -millet from the forest land and the drier hinterland, as soon as means -of transport are provided, as it has been found that the black can be -entrusted with this cultivation. Rice, as well as maize and millet, and -also bananas and pines, which grow in great quantities, would be, as -native cultivation solely, open to question. - -Regarding the cultivation of coffee, the greatest hopes were raised in -the first years of occupation of the colony. The Cameroon Mountains -resemble in every respect the island of San Thomé and Fernando-Po, -where, in 1884, a flourishing coffee cultivation existed. Nothing was -more natural than the expectation than that a fresh impetus would be -given to coffee cultivation on the mainland, but these hopes were not -fulfilled, and now scarcely any coffee plantations are to be found. Tea -was planted in Buea by Deistel, and the tea-shrub developed splendidly. - -Plantation cocoa has borne the preponderating share of the total exports -of that product in recent years, the areas in bearing having increased -as follows: 1909, 13,328 acres; 1910, 15,290 acres; 1911, 17,560 acres; -1912, 20,438 acres. The large increase of exports in 1912 is attributed -to the very favourable weather in that year. It is stated that more -care, with artificial manuring, is wanted in the cultivation, and that -the chief diseases and pests of cocoa, such as brown rot, “cockchafer -grubs,” and “bark bugs,” are not under control. Nevertheless the future -for cocoa is believed to be good. - -Much was expected of tobacco planting, especially in Bibundi, where -tobacco was planted at first, and the quality was excellent, although -the cultivation was proved to be too dear and too difficult on account -of the dampness of the climate. In 1902 there was a deficit of 200,000 -marks, and for some time the cultivation was discontinued. Attempts -were made in 1911 to encourage tobacco planting in the German colonies -by the guarantees of a definite price for quantities of at least 100 -cwts. raised and prepared in those colonies. The planted area in -plantations in the Cameroons increased from fifty acres in 1911 to 383 -in 1912; 230 acres of the latter had yielded a crop. In view of the -expensive nature of the cultivation, it was hoped that Cameroons’ leaf -for wrappers would gain a good market. - -The planting of the Kola-nut was undertaken very energetically, and in -1904, 400 were planted in Garna, but with what result is unknown. The -experimental cultivations in the gardens of Victoria have produced no -palpable result. The trees flourished and bore fruit, but it was -entirely consumed by worms. The natives, on the other hand, cultivate -this tree in great extent in the forest land, and especially in the -Kimbo highland. Among different plants, especially in the trial gardens, -are the vanilla, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and other spices. Vanilla was -quite destroyed by blight in Victoria. Pepper, cloves and cinnamon all -furnish excellent productions. - - -PALM OIL CULTIVATION. - -The oil-palm in the old days was the glorious heritage of the native, -who found a ready sale for such oil as his women-folk were able to -extract by a slow and laborious process. It is likely that the native -believed that so long as he retained the tree and the fruit, his -time-honoured oil business would never be taken from him, but the great -and growing demand for oil has beaten him, and he is fast losing the -trade because he can no longer make the quantity that the market -requires. Palm oil is now requisitioned for a hundred-and-one new uses. -It is no longer the monopoly of the soap-maker or the chandler. Palm oil -deodorised by hydrogen is needed for the “nut butters” of the -vegetarian; makers of nitro-glycerine explosives derive their glycerine -constituents more and more from palm oil; whilst the exploiters of -novelties in metal polishes ransack the ship’s hold for leakages from -the palm-oil cask. Oil must be had in increasing quantity; machinery -speeds up the production; yet still the cry is for more oil, until the -European himself attempts to become owner of thousands of trees, eagerly -and not too scrupulously encroaching on lands that once were considered -native, in the vain hope of finding a speedier road to prosperity. - - -THE PALM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS. - -The profitable carrying on of this industry depends on the demand for -palm oil and the use which can be made of the residues. That the supply -of palm kernels themselves should decline is unthinkable. The steady -increase in their growth in all parts of the West African Coast is -conclusive evidence of their almost limitless possibilities. Moreover, -the statistics clearly show the extensive nature of the demand. Great -Britain and Germany are no longer the only purchasers; South Africa has -entered the market, as well as Holland and France, though their lots are -comparatively small, and could not in any way effect the profitable -exploitation of kernel-crushing on a large scale. - -In a paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute, entitled “The War: -British and German Trade in Nigeria,” Mr. R. E. Dennett, of the Forest -Department, Nigeria, made it abundantly evident that Germany had been -farming the commerce of the Protectorates to the detriment of the -Britisher. He showed from statistics that Germany’s export trade to -Nigeria greatly exceeded ours, while of the Nigerian produce which left -the country, Germany in 1913 took nearly all the copra, half the cocoa, -more than two-thirds of the palm kernels, one-eighth of the palm oil, -half the hides, one-third of the mahogany, more than half the -ground-nuts, over a third of the shea nuts, and all the palm kernel -cake. - -On the subject of the palm tree and its products, Mr. Dennett is both -interesting and instructive, and in view of its inevitable increase in -importance as a British industry, the following extracts from his paper -may be usefully reproduced here. - -“People who have little or no knowledge of the palm tree (_Elæis -guineensis_) confuse the palm fruit with the palm kernel. The palm -kernel of commerce is the seed of the palm tree. This is surrounded by a -hard shell, and it is then called the palm nut. This shell is in its -turn covered by an oily fibrous matter, and is then known as the palm -fruit. If we take this fruit and cut it into two parts, we can see these -three parts of the fruit more distinctly; first the outer yellow -covering or the fibrous pericarp, from which the palm oil of commerce is -extracted; then the shell, and finally the kernel, from which the white -palm kernel oil is extracted. - -“The composition of this fruit is as follows:-- - - Pericarp Oil 18 per cent. - Fibre and Moisture 12 “ - Shell and Disk 58 “ - Kernel 12 “ - --- - Total 100 “ - -“The uses of the palm oil tree are various. It yields the palm oil and -kernels of commerce. It gives the native a drink he is very fond of, -called palm wine, which, when fermented, gives our cooks yeast for -bread-making. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths as fuel, as -they give off great heat. At the present time there are three methods of -making palm oil: (_a_) from the fresh fruit, (_b_) from partially -fermented fruit, and (_c_) from well fermented fruit. - - -THE NATIVE AS CULTIVATOR. - -“Bunches of fruit having been severed from the parent tree, are sliced -and hammered by natives, using long poles, until the fruit becomes -detached from the bunch. The fresh fruit is either prepared at once into -what is called soft oil, or allowed to ferment, or partially ferment, -and made into hard oil. The procedure followed in making either of -these kinds of oil is much the same. The fruit is placed either into -canoes or clay troughs, water is poured over them, and then, by treading -or beating, the fibrous matter containing the oil is separated from the -nuts. The nuts are then taken out and placed in the sun to dry, while -the fibrous matter, by further beating or treading, is made to yield the -oil which floats to the surface of the water. This oil is ladled out -into pots and boiled, and then allowed to rest, so that all dirt or -sediment falls to the bottom of the pot. This clean oil, soft or hard, -is the palm oil of commerce. This oil is taken in calabashes or tins to -the traders’ factory, which, generally speaking, is near to a river or a -railway, and there put into casks and sent to the nearest port for -shipment to Europe. - -“There are, practically speaking, two kinds of palm oil exported from -the West Coast, i.e., hard and soft, but soft oil is of two -qualities--Lagos and ordinary soft oil. As a rule, Lagos and soft oil is -worth £3 to £4 more than hard oil, the reason being that there is about -8 per cent. more glycerine in the soft than in the hard. The percentage -of glycerine varies in inverse proportion with the acidity. - -“In the olden days one of the chief occupations of slaves was that of -cracking palm nuts; now this work is left to boys and women. After the -nuts have been dried in the sun, they are heaped up under little sheds -to protect them from the rain. In places where rocks are plentiful the -nuts are taken there and cracked on them by a stone held in the hand of -the cracker. In other places the nuts are put on a block of wood resting -on the ground between the cracker’s legs and struck with a piece of iron -held in the cracker’s right hand. In this way one worker will crack from -15 lbs. to 25 lbs. of kernels per day. The kernels are then packed in -different kinds of baskets and taken to markets near rivers, where they -are bought by native middlemen. Competition is very keen, and so these -middlemen are tempted to adulterate the kernels by adding shells to them -or by soaking them in water for two or three days. Finally, they are -taken in canoes down rivers or by rail to the European traders and sold -by measurement at so much a bushel.... Think of it! 241,000 tons of palm -kernels shipped to Hamburg in 1913, and nearly every nut containing one -kernel is cracked by hand.” - - -THE FUTURE OF PALM OIL AND KERNEL INDUSTRY. - -Although the palm kernel industry has not attained important dimensions -in the Cameroons, there is no reason why it should not form one of the -staple products of the colony, or why the whole of the trade in palm -kernels should not be transferred from Germany to this country. Hitherto -the quarter of a million tons of palm kernels--valued at over -£4,000,000--exported annually from British West Africa has gone to -Germany, where crushing-mills and manufacturing plants have been -established, while considerable quantities of high-priced kernel oil, in -manufactured or unmanufactured form, have been exported from Germany to -Great Britain. About 50 per cent. of the produce of the crushed palm -kernels is marketed in the form of oil, and the balance is made up into -palm kernel cake, practically the whole of which is consumed in Germany, -where it commands a good price and is in great demand, especially among -dairy farmers. - -This profitable German industry has now been suspended owing to the war, -which has rendered it necessary for planters to find a new market for -their produce, and the opportunity seems propitious for an endeavour to -establish it in Great Britain upon a substantial scale. With a view to -arousing interest in the subject in commercial and agricultural circles, -Sir Owen Phillipps, K.C.M.G., Chairman of the West African section of -the London Chamber of Commerce, has issued a timely pamphlet in which -the present position of the trade is described and its potentialities -are indicated. The Anglicisation of the industry, in addition to -promoting Imperial commercial intercourse, and securing increased -industrial employment in the United Kingdom, would furnish British -farmers--who are complaining of the enhanced prices of present -foods--with a new supply of a relatively cheap and excellent feeding -material. - -The profitable exploitation of this crushing industry depends upon the -capacity of the British market to absorb a larger supply of palm kernel -oil and upon the possibility of inducing British farmers to adopt the -use of palm kernel cake. There are at present two mills, both at -Liverpool, for dealing with palm kernels, capable together of crushing -annually about 70,000 tons, leaving a balance unprovided for of at least -180,000 tons. To cope with this additional quantity several of the great -milling companies of Liverpool, London, Hull, &c., have already made and -are making alterations in their machinery in order to crush palm -kernels, so that in the near future much greater quantities will be -dealt with. A new mill on the Thames, at Erith, is also being erected, -which, when completed after the war, will be capable of crushing a very -large quantity. - - -PALM KERNEL CAKE FOOD. - -In order to ascertain whether British farmers would be prepared to make -a larger use of palm kernel cake, Sir Owen Phillipps placed himself in -communication with the leading agricultural authorities in all parts of -the country--principals of agricultural colleges, experimental stations, -&c., and these gentlemen have taken up the matter with the greatest -enthusiasm. They are practically unanimous in asserting that the fact of -large quantities of palm kernel cake being available at a price -comparing favourably with that of other similar foods (now becoming more -expensive than formerly) has only to be brought to the notice of farmers -to ensure a greatly increased demand; in fact, that farmers are looking -out for a new and comparatively cheap feeding material. Many of the -principals and professors of the colleges referred to in various parts -of the country have undertaken an elaborate series of comparative -experimental feeding tests with palm kernel and other cakes, so as to -demonstrate the merits of the former. When these are completed the -results will be made widely known to the agricultural community. - -In an article published in the _Field_ on “Palm Kernel Cake,” Mr. F. J. -Lloyd, F.I.C., points out that a really good cake, made from this -product, is now available in this country. The nutrients in palm kernel -cake are quite exceptionally digestible, and one German authority says -that, “owing to its pleasant taste, its great digestibility, and the way -in which cattle thrive on it, no cake fetches so high a price.” It -increases the yield of milk, improves the quality as regards butter fat, -and is said to impart a good colour to the butter, so that it is -especially valuable for winter feeding. Though mainly used in Germany -for dairy cattle, Professor Lloyd adds that it has also been given with -satisfactory results to steers, sheep, and pigs. - - -PALM KERNEL STATISTICS. - -The _Bulletin_ of the Imperial Institute contains an article calling -attention to the magnitude of the trade in palm kernels, and discussing -its commercial aspect. The following table shows the quantities and -values from each of the chief producing countries in West Africa in -1912:-- - - _Quantities._ _Values._ - -British Possessions: _Tons._ _Tons._ £ £ - Gambia 445 6,518 - GoldCoast 14,629 205,365 - Nigeria 184,624 2,797,411 - Sierra Leone 50,751 793,178 - -------- 250,449 --------- 3,802,472 - -French Possessions: - Dahomey 36,708 535,937 - Gaboon 354 4,671 - Guinea 5,054 41,079 - Ivory Coast 6,692 70,710 - Senegal 1,736 28,221 - ------ 50,544 ------ 680,618 - -Belgian Congo -- -- 110,835 - -German Possessions: - Kamerun 15,742 220,300 - Togoland 11,456 168,978 - ------- 27,198 ------- 389,278 - ------- ---------- -Totals 328,191 £4,983,203 - -This article also gives the average value of the kernels, which in -Hamburg ranges from £18 2s. to £19 2s. per ton (June, 1914); the value -in Liverpool was £17 17s. 6d. to £18 18s. 9d. per ton in July last, and -in September was £16 7s. 6d. to £17 10s. per ton. - -Palm kernel oil is used for the same purposes as cocoa-nut oil, viz., -the manufacture of soap and candles and the preparation of various -edible fats, such as margarine, cooking fats, vegetable “butters,” and -chocolate fats. By suitable treatment it can be separated into a liquid -portion (olein) and a hard white fat (palm kernel stearin), and in this -way the consistence of the material can be varied for the preparation of -different edible products. These edible palm kernel oil products are -prepared on a very large scale in Germany and elsewhere, and are largely -imported into this country. With palm kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the -value of palm kernel oil in the United Kingdom is from £36 5s. to £36 -15s. per ton, with Ceylon cocoa-nut oil at £40 per ton. - -It is added that British oil-seed crushers who undertook to work them -would find no difficulty in getting a market for the oil among -soap-makers and makers of edible fats. Although the article points out -that some difficulty might be experienced in finding a market quickly in -the United Kingdom for the palm kernel cake, because English farmers do -not readily take up feeding stuffs which are new to them, it will be -gathered from what has already been said that, thanks to the initiative -of Sir Owen Phillipps, this difficulty is likely to be overcome, and the -opportunity is a particularly good one now that other feeding stuffs -are becoming more expensive, as that is a point which will have great -influence. It is not a new feeding material, but all the evidence points -simply to the fact that it has only to become better known and available -on a large scale to result in mutual benefits to the farmer, the miller, -the manufacturer, and the West African colonies. - - -COTTON. - -The cultivation of fibrous plants, which have made a highly satisfactory -start in Togoland and East Africa, are to be found in Cameroon only in -the preliminary stage. In the experimental garden, Sanseveria, the -Romelia-pita from Central America, manilla hemp, Musa textiles, as well -as the Uttari jute, have been planted. - -Cotton should have a much greater future than the so-called fibrous -plant. It is cultivated at present to a great extent south of Lake Chad -by the natives, and the cultivation of cotton has been called -systematic, as only one to two year-old plants are harvested. In that -region the conditions are so favourable that a considerable development -of the cotton cultivation may be counted upon, as soon as more -favourable communication conditions are made. In the Benue Valley, -cotton has also been cultivated for several decades. The whole of the -forest and coastland are unfit for this cultivation, and it is somewhat -surprising to hear that on the uncultivated lands of the Mandara -Mountains, a very beautiful long fibrous cotton grows. At the -instigation of the Colonial Agricultural Committee, cotton cultivation -made a tremendous start in Togo, and in East Africa as well as in the -Cameroons. - -The export of timber has increased by leaps and bounds in recent years. -While in 1909 timber to the value of only £8,500 was imported, this sum -in 1912 had risen to £35,000, and, with the extension of the railway -system, the revenue from this source can be increased almost -indefinitely. - - -EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURAL WORK. - -Dr. Walter Busse, of the Imperial German Colonial Office, writing in the -“Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” on “The Organisation of -Experimental Work in Agriculture in the German Colonies,” tells us that -in Cameroon, as in other parts where land is being opened up for -agriculture, the conditions of settlement of the natives, the density of -the population, the general standard of civilisation, and the capacity -of the natives for any particular kind of activity, all play an -important role. “And in proportion as the people incline towards -agriculture, so attention must be paid to the inclinations and needs of -the separate races, and lastly to the extent, organisation and methods -of native agriculture.... The German Colonial Government,” the German -colonial official proceeds to explain, “has laid it down as a principle -that native agriculture in the tropical colonies should be allowed to -develop freely side by side with plantations under European control, -wherever this does not interfere with higher interests. Local conditions -will decide how far in each particular region this or that method of -organising agriculture is to be preferred. But wherever climate, soil -and condition of settlement do not admit of plantation culture, and a -native population capable of production is present, the Government will, -as a matter of course, encourage native agriculture as much as possible, -and by this means create an improved economic position.” - -Unfortunately for the native, as Hanns Vischer points out in his article -on “Native Education in German Africa,” his national feeling, his own -industry and aptitude for work, was entirely ignored by the Government, -and “higher interests” frequently interfered to retard the development -of native enterprise, while the Teutonic professors proved too -determined, for the good of colonial agriculture, to transfer to it “the -long-approved system of German agriculture, which rests on a strong -scientific foundation, built on the results of exact investigation and -methods.” Germany started her experimental work as soon as she entered -upon the occupation of colonies, with the establishment of gardens for -raising imported economic plants, such as coffee, cocoa, rubber, &c., in -the interest of plantation culture, and for the advancement of gardening -and fruit production. When European planters commenced to take up -agriculture on their own account, it was found that the experimental -work of the botanical gardens was no longer adequate to the new -requirements. For this purpose, experimental work on a purely -agricultural basis, and an effort to effect an improvement of native -agriculture, became necessary. To meet these demands, institutes were -established, and agricultural staffs were organised, and the measures -taken in Togoland in 1900, for the introduction and extension of cotton -cultivation, became the standard for agricultural experimental work in -the other tropical African colonies of Cameroon and East Africa. - - -THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. - -The Experimental Institute of Agriculture at Victoria remained as the -centre for the whole of the experimental work in Cameroon until the year -1911, when the Imperial Government created a Department of Agriculture -at Buea to deal with all questions relating to organisation, while the -Victoria Institution continued to undertake the technical and scientific -investigations. At first the agricultural work was mainly devoted to -assisting the planting industry in the Cameroon Mountains, but as the -colony became opened up, fresh problems presented themselves. The -reckless exploitation of the _Funtumia elastica_ and Landolphia vines in -the rubber forests led to the establishment of a special rubber -inspectorate, and various arrangements were made for the development of -all branches of native cultivation. Special small experimental gardens -were created in the larger administrative stations of the interior and -placed under the management of a European farmer or gardener, to deal -with the cultivation by natives of products suitable for export. Later, -a cocoa inspectorate was established to organise native cocoa -cultivation in districts in which European cocoa plantations did not and -were not likely to exist, and an experimental station was founded in the -Jaunde district to encourage the cultivation of such crops as -ground-nuts, plantain and manioc, with a view to export. At Kuti and -Pittoa two agricultural experimental stations were established, -primarily for the cultivation of cotton, but other branches of -agriculture, including stock-raising, were embraced in the programme of -work at these stations. In 1913 the agricultural staff consisted of -fourteen first-grade, seven second-grade and twenty-eight third-grade -officers. - -The Institute at Victoria comprised a botanic garden and botanical and -chemical laboratories, and the work carried on there included the -raising of tropical economic plants, experiments in plantation culture -and manuring, &c. Since 1910 young natives were trained as plantation -managers in the agricultural school attached to the institute. At the -cattle-breeding stations at Buea, Dschang and Djuttitsa (in the Dschang -district), and Jaunde, the breeding of Allgau bulls and cross-breeding -experiments with Allgau bulls and the indigenous humped cows were -carried on with the object of obtaining draught cattle for the several -districts and supplying meat and dairy produce to the Europeans. At the -Dschang School of Agriculture, young natives were instructed in the use -of the plough and in other rational methods of agriculture. At the Kuti -station, in the Bamum district, and the Pittao station, in the Adamana -district, the advancement of cotton cultivation is the primary study, -but the programmes of work also include comparative cultivation -experiments with indigenous cereals, pulses, root-crops, and fodder -plants, the use of the plough, manuring and rotation experiments, -cattle-breeding and cattle-keeping, and the training of native -travelling instructors. - -The Rubber Inspectorate established stations for rubber cultivation at -Sangmalima (Ebolowa district), Akonolinga (Jaunde district), Dume (Dume -district), and Djahposten (Lomie district), and the work comprised the -distribution of Funtumia and Hevea plants to the natives, the -superintendence of new plantations, the regeneration of the stocks of -wild rubber which had become exhausted by careless exploitation, and the -instruction of the natives in the tapping of rubber trees and the -preparation and preservation of the rubber. - -In order to deal adequately with the agricultural questions which arose -locally in the various districts, most of the administrative stations -possessed--apart from the established experimental gardens--agricultural -officers whose duty it was to superintend local experimental fields and -gardens. Such officers were employed, among other places, at Duala, -Edea, Bara, Yoko, and Bamenda, the chief aim of the experimental gardens -at these places being to develop the cultivation of export products, -while experiments with foreign economic plants, yielding produce -suitable for export, were also conducted. - - -MINERAL RESOURCES. - -The mining industry has not yet penetrated into the Cameroons, and the -mineral deposits of the country are commercially improved. Cretaceous -and Tertiary rocks occur in the coastal area and extend northward to the -Nigerian border. Gneisses and schists of pre-Cambrian age, with -intrusive granites, extend over wide areas in the hinterland, and -volcanic rocks of supposed Tertiary age are very abundant. Pegmatites -and quartz veins are associated with granite intrusions in the -pre-Cambrian rocks. These carry tourmaline in the region north of Duala, -as in the Dschang district. Quartz veins with small amounts of pyrite -and arsenopyrite also occur. - -Tinstone, which occurs in pegmatite veins in Nigeria, may be expected to -be encountered in the Cameroons, but although prospecting has been -carried on in various parts of the region bordering on Nigeria, in the -hope of finding tinstone and wolframite, no results have been obtained. -The only trace of gold yet discovered was an occurrence of spangles of -gold of theoretical interest only, which was found in a dyke rock (a -bostoorite) on the eastern boundary of the Ossidinge district. - -Promising finds of mica have been made in the pegmatites of the -Ossidinge and Kentu districts, and galena also occurs in the cretaceous -sandstone in the Ossidinge district; but hitherto no argentiferous -lead-zinc ores comparable with those of Nigeria have been located. - -Iron ores, some of which are manganiferous, are abundant in the country. -Many of these are of the lateritic type, and furnish material for native -smelting, as in other parts of Western Africa. In some localities, iron -ore has been formed by the decomposition of basalt. Masses of red and -brown ores of this type are found on hill-slopes in the neighbourhood -of Bali and Bamenda. A sample of this ore was found to contain 42·25 per -cent. of metallic iron, 0·35 of manganese, 0·17 of phosphorus, and 12·26 -of silica. Richer ores of the magnetic type are found among the -pro-Cambrian gneisses. - -Limestones are scarce and of unserviceable quality, but clays and loams, -suitable for brick-making, are abundant. Indications of the presence of -petroleum in the neighbourhood of Duala were falsified by borings. -Asphal is said to occur at Ossidinge and Mamfe on the Cross River. A -thin layer of coal yielding 48·3 per cent. of ash has been located at -Mamfe. Salt springs exist in the Ossidinge district, and the yield of as -much as from 5 to 8 per cent. of sodium-chloride from samples of brine, -is believed to indicate that salt beds may be found beneath the surface -in this district. - - - - -NATIVE EDUCATION. - - -In order to ascertain the work done by Europeans, the Government and the -Missionary Societies in schools for the natives of their various African -possessions, the German Colonial Institute in 1911 sent out to the -colonies over 2,000 printed _questionnaires_, with a request to the -authorities to return answers according to the state of the schools on -June 1st in that year. From the information filled in and returned, Herr -Missions-Inspector Schlunk, of Hamburg, was able to publish a voluminous -report on the subject, and the state of affairs thus revealed is -illustrative of the best and worst features of the Teutonic colonising -system. The facts in themselves concerning the educational work -accomplished in the way of providing the natives with schools and -teachers are remarkable. - -In Cameroon the first educational work among the natives was begun by -the London Baptist Mission in 1845, and in 1885, the year in which the -Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United -States of America entered the field, the London Baptists resigned their -organisation to the Missions Gesellschaft, of Basel. Two years later the -first Government School was opened in Duala, and in the following four -years the Apostolic Vicariat Kamerun, of Limburg on the Lahn, and the -German Baptists, of Steglitz, established schools in the colony. In -Cameroon, as in Togo, the Government were behind the missions in the -number of schools and scholars, having, in 1911, only eight elementary -schools, as against the nine of the American Presbyterians, thirty-eight -of the German Baptists, eighty-six of the Roman Catholic, and 275 of the -Basel Mission. Altogether there were in the colony 499 elementary -schools, with forty-two European and 611 native teachers, and 32,056 -pupils; twenty-one higher schools, with thirty-three European and thirty -native teachers, and 1,802 pupils; eleven industrial schools, with -twenty-two European and five native teachers, and 259 pupils; or a total -of 531 schools, with ninety-seven European and 646 native teachers, and -34,117 pupils. Of the teachers 3·3 per cent. and of the pupils 8·1 per -cent. were females. - - -THE SCHOOL COURSE. - -In both Togo and Cameroon, the course of the elementary schools began -with an infant class and lasted four or five years, the objects of the -schools in both colonies having been to provide Christian instruction to -natives and to train pupils for the higher schools with a view to their -entering the service of Europeans. Instruction in German began in the -first year, and in the third year pupils were required to read and write -German fluently in both characters. The curriculum for the last year -included the history of the German Empire since the Franco-German War of -1870-71, the history of the German Emperors since January 18th, 1871, -the Geography of Germany, and the singing of German patriotic songs. - -In the higher schools, the object of the teachers was to “impart such -knowledge as is required in the service of Europeans,” and all -instruction was given in the German language. The schools for practical -work trained girls for domestic work, laundry work and farming, while -boys received instruction in carpentering, cabinet-making, smiths’ work, -boot-making and tailoring, printing and book-binding. At the completion -of their course, all pupils were obliged to remain in the service of the -Government for two or more years. In both Togoland and Cameroon, the -Government had a school of agriculture, where pupils were instructed in -farming, especially cotton-growing and the use of the plough, and at -some of the mission schools in the latter colony the pupils were trained -in brick-making and cocoa-planting, and the work connected with -water-supply and bridge-making. - -In both colonies the schools generally were open on five or six days a -week, with from twenty to thirty-five hours’ instruction per week, -according to the grade of the several schools. The average length of -holidays for Mission and Government schools was from two to three months -per annum. Unfortunately, no statement of revenue or expenditure is -included in the case of Togoland beyond the fact that the Government -made a yearly grant of £750, distributed among the various schools for -the encouragement of German language-study. In Cameroon, in 1910, the -Basel Mission spent £5,386 on teachers’ salaries, and the Roman -Catholics £1,626. The cost of the Government schools in that year was -£1,963. Generally no school fees were paid except in some of the higher -schools in Togo, where pupils paid 50s. per annum, and at Garna, in -Cameroon, the Government pupils paid 30s. per annum in kind. - - -THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. - -In Cameroon a Government Proclamation of April 25th, 1910, made school -attendance obligatory for all native children, instruction in German -from the first class was made law, and the punishment for a child who -left school before completing the whole course was fixed at a fine of £2 -10s. or a flogging. Although children generally were anxious to attend -school in order to qualify for service with Europeans, truantry appears -to have become more popular after obligatory attendance was introduced, -and the native police were kept busy in bringing back absentees. School -children, who were distinguished by the wearing of brass-buttons and -cockades, showed a tendency to become denationalised: few of them -returned to the family farms when they completed their school course, -which had the effect of causing them to lose touch with their own tribe -and families. - -It is impossible, after reading Herr Missions-Inspector Schlunk’s -report, to refuse admiration to the thoroughness of the German system of -instituting these inquiries, or to the care with which the Germans lay -themselves out to Teutonise their native subjects. Their organising -ability, as revealed in their methods of imparting instruction to the -natives and preparing their minds for the reception of _kultur_, is -amazing, but as Hanns Vischer shows in his analysis of this informative -publication, contributed to the _Journal of the African Society_, their -method has its disadvantages. “Little love and scarcely any respect for -the native,” he comments, “are to be found among the various reports. No -mention is ever made of the natives’ national feeling. Natives are -taught German history and the names of the German Emperors, and they can -sing German patriotic songs. From every colony we hear that the boys who -have been to school seldom or never return to their own surroundings, -and although this is regretted, as being detrimental to the interests of -a peasant community, no mention is made of the breaking-up of the native -family and the inevitable harm which must follow. The importance of -practical instruction is everywhere recommended to teach the native to -work, but no mention is made of the natives’ own industry and love for -work which might be developed.” - - - - -THE CAMEROON-NIGERIAN BOUNDARY. - - -The country bordering on the Nigerian boundary from Yola to Obokum on -the Cross River, a distance of 360 miles, and the peoples inhabiting the -several districts it passes through, have been admirably dealt with by -Captain W. V. Nugent, R.A. Captain Nugent, who had been a member of the -Commission under Colonel Whitlock which surveyed this area between 1907 -and 1909, was sent out in August, 1912, to mark the boundary between the -Cameroon and the Nigerias along the line which had been previously -settled approximately on the map at a conference between the British and -German Governments. The British Commissioner and his assistants met -Lieut. Detzner, the German Commissioner, on October 8th, 1912, and the -work of demarcation continued without interruption for six months, -during which time 116 pillars were placed in position. Both -Commissioners wrote accounts of this Anglo-German Frontier Demarcation -Expedition, but, while Lieut. Detzner’s official article on the subject, -published in _Deutsches Kolonialblatt_ (1913) is a dull, pedantic and -unsatisfactory document, the paper read by Captain Nugent before the -Royal Geographical Society in March, 1914, is compact of information and -extremely interesting, and it is from his descriptions that I have -derived the following details and extracts. - -The frontier line divides the mountains, torrential streams and -sparsely-inhabited areas of the Cameroons form the wide fertile plains, -great navigable waterways and densely populated districts on the -Nigerian side of the border. The fact that Benue River and its three -great southern tributaries, the Teraba, Donga and Katsena Rivers, all -rise on the plateaux of the Central Cameroon, and only become navigable -for canoes upon entering Nigerian territory, explain the unequal -distribution of man over the country; for, while the savage pagan tribes -have withdrawn to the almost inaccessible hilltops, the more civilised -agricultural and trading peoples have kept to the well-watered plains. - - -THE FULANI REGION. - -The boundary line, which commences at Byaaer, a three days’ march from -Yola, crosses the M’Bulo plain and follows the Upper M’Bulo river to its -source in the Shebshi Mountains. “The plain,” to quote from Captain -Nugent’s description, “is covered with thin bush, and dotted with -villages, each with its surrounding patches of cultivation. The -formation is brown laterite, the rocks containing occasional bands and -lumps of ironstone.” The lower slopes of the isolated granite hills, -which rise above the general level, are covered with pagan villages. -“The people inhabiting the plains on both sides of the boundary are -Fulanis, subject to the Emirs of Yola and Nassarawa; but the tops of -isolated mountains, and the narrow valleys between the long spurs -jutting out from the Shebshi group, are inhabited by pagans, offshoots -of the Chamba and Dakka tribes. The habits and customs of the Fulanis -are well known--they are by nature herdsmen, just as the Hausas are born -traders and the pagans agriculturists. The country is rich in flocks and -herds of cattle, sheep and goats. A large trade is also done in horses. -The villages consist of round huts of sun-baked mud, with conical roofs -thatched with dry grass. Sometimes, when the village is only intended to -be temporary, the walls of the huts are made of zana matting, which is -also used to enclose the compounds, or groups of huts inhabited by one -family. Every village has its assembly place, generally under a large -shady tree, where the headman and his advisers sit all day and smoke, -while the slaves work in the fields or drive the cattle to pasture. -Slave-dealing is still carried on in this country, advantage being taken -of the proximity of the boundary, which makes it so easy to evade -justice.... The work of marking the boundary was watched with the -greatest interest by the Fulani population. The ‘kings’ of all the towns -on the English side, and a good many from the German side, came to -salute us, generally bringing a present of a fowl or a basket of limes. -Each ‘king’ carries a long stick, surmounted by a brass crown, the -emblem of his office under the Government. There are first, second and -third class ‘kings’; the size of the crown varies accordingly.” - -The line in crossing the Shebshi Mountains passes over the summit of -Mount Dakka, upon which the boundary pillar is 5,388 feet above sea -level. “The view from Dakka is magnificent. On all sides are tumbled -masses of mountain, much cut up by deep ravines and rocky gorges, -through which the many headwaters of the M’Bulo and Kam rivers tear -headlong to the plains. On the German side, Vogel Spitz rises amid -innumerable peaks and valleys to a height of nearly 7,000 feet, -overlooking some hundred square miles of still unknown country. The -northern spurs, projecting into the Cameroons, enclose high table-lands, -extraordinarily fertile and highly cultivated.... The boundary crosses -the plateau near the only practicable pass, the road being entirely on -the German side, so that one result of the demarcation is to close the -direct trade route between M’Bulo and Kam Valleys until a new pass is -discovered. There are plenty of tracks over these mountains, but very -few practicable for animals. A bull which costs £1 at Tibak, in the -M’Bulo Valley, is worth £3 or £4 at Gankita, in the Kam Valley, the -distance as the crow flies between these two places being no more than -twelve miles.” - - -THE SHEBSHI MOUNTAINEERS. - -“The Shebshi Mountains are interesting from the fact that they would -form the principal obstacle, a well-nigh insuperable one, to the -construction of a direct line of railway from Calabar, or a point on the -Cross River, _via_ Takum and Bakundi, to Yola. Yola is one of the few -important points in Nigeria which does not appear likely to be linked up -with the coast by a railway for many years to come. The German railway -from Duala to the north, if it ever does reach Garua, will pass to the -east of the Shebshis, where many obstacles, almost as formidable, will -have to be overcome.... - -“The people inhabiting the Shebshi Mountains and their foothills are -principally Chamba and Dakka pagans. They have many points in common -with other hill pagans of Northern Nigeria and Adamawa. The effect of -Mohammedan inroads upon these tribes is especially evident. They may be -divided into two classes: firstly, those who are slaves and mingle -freely with the Fulanis, their villages being in the plain; and, -secondly, those who hold themselves aloof on the hill-tops. The former -have copied many things from the Fulanis, such as clothing, houses, -&c.--almost everything, in fact, except their pastoral proclivities. The -pagan will keep goats and fowls, but he will have nothing to do with -horses and cattle. - -“It is with the hill-top pagans, however, that we are principally -concerned, as nine-tenths of the whole boundary zone are inhabited by -people of this denomination. The first sign of the lower stage of -civilization is the absence of clothing. A tuft of grass is the national -dress, and even this is often dispensed with. - -“The villages consist of little beehive-shaped huts of mud or grass, -perched on apparently inaccessible heights, or cunningly hidden away in -mazes of dense tropical vegetation. The inhabitants bear a great -resemblance to monkeys, being small in stature, but extraordinarily -active. The steepest and most difficult ascent over rocks and ravines is -to them as easy as a straight, broad, level road. In fact, I have often -noticed that these pagans, made to carry a load on the level, are -utterly at a loss. They only come down from their rocky fastnesses to -cultivate their fields, or to make war on their neighbours. They are -armed with bows and poisoned arrows, from which it is never safe for -them to be parted, even when working in the fields. They are almost -invariably at war with a neighbouring village, the probable reason being -that some of their women have been carried off. No regular trade is -indulged in, but they are very fond of salt, which they obtain from -Hausa traders. A bag of salt which costs half-a-crown on the coast has a -purchasing power of at least ten shillings in this country. - -“Each village is an independent community under a chief. The inhabitants -are entirely ignorant of the world beyond the next village to their own. -The nominal chief of the village has not, as a rule, as much influence -as the local ju-ju man or witch doctor, whose power over these extremely -superstitious people is directly proportionate to his success in -imposing upon their credulity. Any calamity, such as an epidemic of -sickness or a sudden death, is always attributed to the evil eye, and -some member of the community is at once suspected, and either killed or -sold to passing Hausa traders. If a chief dies, the village always moves -to another site. This partly accounts for the number of deserted -villages and ruins found in the Shebshi Mountains. - -“The Chambas are industrious agriculturists, and keep large numbers of -goats and fowls in their villages. The farms are generally at the foot -of the hills. After the harvest the people brew large supplies of spirit -from the grain, and get drunk for several days together. These orgies -generally result in fighting among themselves. The principal industry, -besides agriculture, is working in iron. They make their own farm -implements, spear and arrow heads, and pipe-stems.” - - -THE TERABA VALLEY. - -From Dakka the boundary line follows the Kam for about a dozen miles, -and then, leaving the river, it runs over a block of hills which form -the fringe of a vast unknown tract of the Cameroon country. Here the -hill-top villages are few, the inhabitants are wilder and more squalid -than the Dakka natives, and the land is the haunt of the elephant, the -lion, the bush-cow and the leopard. From these hills the boundary -descends into the valley of the River Lumen, which runs for twenty or -thirty miles under a dark arch of overhanging trees. The water of the -Lumen is very cold, even in the heat of the day, and the sands of the -river are full of iron. The line crosses the Lumen and mounts a high -ridge, called Shina, to descend again into the vast plain of the River -Teraba. Along the banks of the Teraba are numerous Hausa and Jukum -villages, situated on important trade roads between Northern Nigeria and -Cameroon, the principal trade being in rubber, kola nuts, sheep, and -goats. There are no cattle, as many kinds of biting fly, including the -tsetse, have their breeding places in this area. As the Teraba is -typical of all the great southern tributaries of the Benue, the -following short description, which Captain Nugent gives of one of the -upper reaches, will be read with interest:-- - -“Fifteen miles above Karbabi the river bends sharply at right angles, -forming noisy rapids. Above the rapids the bed is rocky with deep pools. -Under the tall trees along the banks are open glades like an English -beech wood, entirely free from undergrowth, the ground being carpeted -with soft moss. There are the feeding-grounds of huge herds of -hippopotami, who live in the pools in the daytime. The river is here 200 -to 300 yards wide, with high banks; the channel winds among huge -boulders, forming a chain of pools, but leaving a narrow deep waterway -among the larger rocks. The pools are like dark mirrors, silent and -stagnant, yet bright and clear, reflecting the trees on the opposite -bank in full detail. Wild geese and ibis fly overhead, whilst large -alligators move about like torpedoes, with their noses out of the water, -leaving long trails of bubbles on the surface. - -“There is no village within many miles of this place, and it was only -with the greatest difficulty that we could obtain guides, as there are -no tracks except those made by the larger game. The inhabitants of the -pools were thoroughly startled at our approach. There seemed to be a -sort of collusion between the different birds and beasts. The shrieking -ibis warned the alligators asleep on the rocks in the sun, they, in -alarm, slid into the water and warned the river-horse that something was -amiss; the river-horse in his turn went pounding up-stream, under water, -coming up to breathe at intervals behind the rocks and branches. The -snorting was terrific. We estimated that there were between thirty and -forty hippopotami in the largest pool. I have never seen a -wilder-looking place; it seemed to be alive with everything except -humanity. - - -IN THE CANNIBAL COUNTRY. - -“The boundary after crossing the Gazuba River, a tributary of the -Teraba, again ascends into an unexplored continuation of the Banjo -highlands, and drops into the plain of the Donga Valley. The inhabitants -here are a mixture of Jukums and Zumperis, but there are numerous -settlements of Hausas, whose trade consists of smuggling rubber and kola -nuts into Nigeria without paying the German tax. The pagans, who live in -‘swallow-nest’ villages on the heights, cultivate guinea-corn and root -crops, while yams, cassava and sweet potatoes grow in abundance in the -interstices between the huts. The boundary reaches the Donga, and after -following the river for fifteen miles and crossing the plateau of the -Wanya Mountains, reaches the plain of the Bamana Valley, in which oil -palms are first encountered. - -“The country between the Gamana and Katsena Rivers is inhabited by -Zumperi pagans, who are cannibals and live on hill-tops. They are of -small stature and of remarkably repulsive appearance. Every other man -appeared to be suffering from goitre or elephantiasis--whether the -legacy of cannibalism, or the effect of drinking infected water, it is -difficult to say. The people are industrious, and besides corn, grow -large quantities of cotton and tobacco on the hillsides. They breed dogs -for eating purposes, and all the villages are full of yelping curs, -covered with sores like their owners. In one village a large deposit of -human skulls was seen. The villages are well built and surrounded by mud -walls and ditches. Among the numerous ‘ju-jus’ found in the deserted -huts was a grotesque mask, which was apparently kept to frighten the -women. Any woman seeing it must die at once. When the community is short -of meat, the local witch doctor puts on the mask and runs about the -hills until he meets a likely looking victim, who is then killed and -eaten. The Zumperis are great hunters, and have killed off nearly all -the game in their country except leopards.” - - -MUNCHI CIVILISATION. - -From the Zumperi country the Commission traversed the undulating plain -that connects it with the valley of the Katsena, the last of the three -great tributaries of the Benue, and ascending this valley reached the -Agara or Misa Munchis district. The branch of the large and powerful -Munchi tribe which inhabits this area have preserved themselves from -contamination with the neighbouring tribes, by whom they are greatly -feared. The Munchis of the plains, who are of good physique and very -intelligent, are supposed to have come originally from a country called -Para, somewhere north of Yola, and they still call themselves Para among -themselves. Many of their customs are similar to the Zulus, with whom -they have often been compared, and the majority of their laws are -identical with those of Leviticus. Their villages are well built and -clean, and the men are brave in war and industrious in peace. Their -marriage customs, in addition to the payment of a dowry, include -exchanges of sisters, daughters and sometimes wives. Polygamy is rife, -and the value of a dowry varies from two cows in the case of a young -girl, to one cow or less in the case of a widow or elderly woman. - -“The Munchis are of striking appearance. Those near the boundary are -poor and wear few clothes. They go in for extravagant hairdressing, the -most popular coiffure being a shaven head with one or two balls of hair -left growing. Others wear their hair in beaded strands, falling over the -side of the face. The tribal markings are a number of raised tattoo -marks, in the form of a crescent, on both sides of the temple. These are -universal, and are compulsory for both sexes, but the marks disappear in -old age. Other markings are tattoed stars and rings on the forehead, -chest and back, but these are all optional. The two front teeth of the -upper jaw are filed into V-shape. - -“The Munchis are excellent farmers, and grow guinea-corn, yams, millet, -beniseed, maize, and ground-nuts in large quantities. They also -cultivate cotton, from which they weave good cloth, dyeing is with -indigo, which is grown round every compound. Each village has at least -one public dye-pit. Tobacco is also grown, and is either used as snuff -or smoked in large pipes with bowls of clay and stems of smelted brass. - -“They are clever workers in wood and iron, making chairs and stools, in -the carving of which they display some art and much ingenuity. The iron -ore found locally used to be smelted in large quantities, and the -remains of old workings can be seen in many places, but trade iron bars -are now more generally used: from these spears and arrow-heads, hoes, -knives, and daggers are constructed. The small knives are curious in -shape, the handles being iron loops, which fit over the palm of the -hand. The hoes have broad, heavy blades, fitted with short, crooked -wooded handles, and are most effective agricultural implements. The -principal weapons of offence are bows and arrows, the arrows being -poisoned with a compound of crushed and boiled strophanthus seeds, -snakes’ heads, and poisonous plants, &c., which when freshly made is -very potent, the slightest scratch causing a man to die in agony in -twenty minutes. The fumes from this poison, when it is being boiled, are -very deadly, even in the open air. The mixing is always done by one of -the numerous ju-ju men, who profess to have antidotes, both external and -internal, but there is no authenticated case of a cure having been seen -by any European up to date. - -“In every village there is a large war-drum, constructed from a -hollowed-out log, over which is stretched a hide. The Munchis are expert -in the use of these drums for signalling purposes, and messages are -sent in code from village to village throughout their country with great -rapidity and accuracy. - -“They are very fond of dances and plays, which, accompanied by songs, -are held on the occasion of the death of a chief or the headman of a -compound, also at births and marriages. These dances are often kept up -for several days when the host is rich enough to supply the food and -drink, the latter being an intoxicating liquid distilled from -guinea-corn. - - -THE GRASS LAND REGION. - -“Leaving the Munchis’ country, the Commission came to the junction of -the Amiri and Mahana Rivers--whose steep banks are lined with -magnificent trees, from which hang long ribbon orchids over a series of -deep clear pools full of large fish--in a region of open grass land. The -road up the Amiri Valley passes through extensive yam fields and Olitti -and Atcho villages, composed of roomy, massive houses in small -stone-walled compounds, protected with loop-holed thorn palisades. Grass -land is reached at a height of 4,000 feet, and the path after crossing -five separate peaks of 2,000 feet reaches the main ridge about 5,000 -feet above sea level. To the north and east, as far as the eye can see, -stretches open grass land, with range upon range of blue mountains in -the distance. Across the plain sweep parallel shining rivers, -disappearing through gaps in the hills to the north. To the south and -west, the great forest-clad plain extends to the Cross River, whose -valley forty miles away is marked by a long bank of clouds. All around -is high tableland, cut up into small plateaux by numerous ravines, down -which countless streams tear headlong to the plains.” - -Descending from the main plateau, which is covered with thick short -grass and appears to be an ideal district for cattle raising, the -Commission came to the first villages of the Anyangs, who are almost -invariably at war with the grass land people. “Their villages are hidden -away in the forest, and consist of long, low, rectangular mud houses -with roofs of palm-leaves, on either side of a squalid street. The -people are very poor, and live almost entirely on plantains, their farms -being in small clearings, widely separated. Pigs are kept in large -numbers in the villages. Further south, the people met with are Bokis, -who extend to the Cross River.... The village boundaries, although in -dense forest, are well known to the natives, who are extremely jealous -of their rubber-collecting rights.” - -The geological structure of the boundary zone, taken as a whole, is said -to present few features of interest. Traces of tin were found in some of -the rivers flowing north from the watershed of the Cross River and Benue -system, and nearly all the rivers crossed by the Commission contained -traces of monazite. The occasional belts of forest along the streams in -the open bush country, north of the watershed between the Benue and -Cross River systems, are mostly full of vine rubber (_Landolphia_). The -forest line to the south of the Benue-Cross River watershed extends -without a break to the Cross River, and from there to the sea. The trees -grow to a great height, and the whole forest abounds in ebony, mahogany -and other valuable timbers. The rains in the boundary districts begin in -March with a few violent tornadoes, which become more frequent and less -violent until May, and from that month till September heavy rain falls -almost every day. By the end of September the rivers are in full flood, -and the low-lying country is under water. In October the steady rain -ceases, and at the end of the month the dry season sets in. - - -NEW CAMEROON. - -The region of New Cameroon which was added to the German territory under -the Franco-German Agreement of November 4th, 1911, was represented as -being swampy, depopulated, and devastated by sleeping sickness, and the -Teuton acquisition was greeted with general derision. But a more -thorough investigation of the possession has shown that it is not so bad -as it was painted, and while there are tracts that hold out no promises -of profitable development, there are districts in the New Cameroon which -will handsomely repay exploitation. The German “frontier” expedition -into the interior has published descriptions of a steppe region covered -with tall grasses, bushes, and trees interspersed with grassy plains. -The country abounds with a variety of animals, including giraffes, -antelopes, gazelles, buffaloes, zebras, rhinoceri, elephants, and apes, -and the Lagone and its tributaries contain large quantities of fish. It -is inhabited by the Lakka tribe, a very independent race of Sudan -negroes, who live in villages and disclose many differences in -languages, manners, and customs. Hunting and fishing are their secondary -occupation, but their regular occupation is agriculture. Their -well-tilled fields, fertilised with the ashes of burnt grass, produce -millet, ground-nuts, tobacco, hemp, and cotton, and their greatest -delicacies are dried fish and caterpillars. They possess a few horses -and goats, and the women employ themselves in pottery and basket work -when not engaged in agriculture. Herr Eltester says that the Pangwe -tribe, inhabiting the Muni district, are distinguished by every -conceivable bad quality. They are thieves, liars, and idlers, and are -given to indolence. The men sit around in the villages and smoke, the -boys lay traps for wild animals, and the women till the fields. - - -THE DIFFICULTIES OF DEVELOPMENT. - -The greatest drawback to the systematic development of the Cameroons is -the naturally bad means of communication as regards both roads and -waterways. The country being largely of steppe-like formation, the -rivers are frequently interrupted by rapids and waterfalls. The chief -rivers, the Munga, Wuri, and Sanaga, are only navigable by steamers for -a distance of seventy kilometres. Beyond this point, litter-transport -has to be employed, and as bearers can only carry loads of 60 to 70 lbs. -for a distance of from twenty to twenty-five kilometres a day, and as -the distance from Duala, the coast station, to Central Cameroon is a -thirty days’ journey, and to Lake Chad twenty days’, few products, -except ivory and rubber, can bear this expensive means of transport. The -most important tasks before the Government which is entrusted with the -future of the Cameroons is the amplification of the means of -communication, the encouragement of native civilisation, the -exploitation of the economic resources of the valuable hinterland, and -the extension of the plantation system. The enormous physical -difficulties in the way of railway construction must not be -under-estimated. The country is covered with colossal tropical growths, -which must be cleared, the plague of sleeping-sickness must be stamped -out, and the dreaded tsetse fly banished. In such regions railway -building is arduous and costly, but not until the rich regions hitherto -unreached have been brought into communication with the coast, will the -Cameroons begin to profit by its “unlimited possibilities.” - -[Illustration: PLATE 1 - -DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 2. - -THE QUAY AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 3. - -LANDING-PLACE AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 4. - -POST OFFICE, DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 5. - -COURT HOUSE AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 6. - -HOSPITAL AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 7. - -NATIVES’ METAL WORK.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 8. - -THE BÂLE MISSION AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 9. - -WORKSHOP OF THE BÂLE MISSION, DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 10. - -MANGA BELI’S PALACE, DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 11. - -THE NATIVE QUARTER, DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 12. - -BUSINESS OFFICES IN DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 13. - -NATIVES WOOD CARVING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 14. - -THE WOERMANN FLOATING DOCK AT DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 15. - -LANDING JETTY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 16. - -CONSTRUCTING THE CENTRAL RAILWAY FROM DUALA TO THE NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 17. - -VIEW OF THE WURI RIVER AT BONABERI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 18. - -THE WURI RIVER ABOVE DUALA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 19. - -ELEPHANT GRASS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 20. - -BUEA, FORMER SEAT OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON. GREAT CAMEROON -MOUNTAINS IN THE BACKGROUND.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 21. - -VIEW OF BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 22. - -THE LATE GERMAN GOVERNOR’S PALACE, BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 23. - -BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 24. - -ALGAU CATTLE GRAZING NEAR BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 25. - -GRAZING LAND NEAR BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 26. - -TOBACCO PLANTATION NEAR BUEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 27. - -THE NEW OKOTI CRATER ON THE CAMEROON MOUNTAIN TAKEN FROM THE EAST.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 28. - -FOREST ON THE CAMEROON PEAK, AT AN ELEVATION OF 1,800 METRES.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 29. - -VIEW OF VICTORIA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 30. - -VICTORIA, WITH THE GREAT CAMEROON MOUNTAIN AND LITTLE CAMEROON -MOUNTAIN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 31. - -VIEW OF AMBAS BAY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 32. - -STEEP COAST NEAR VICTORIA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 33. - -BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 34. - -OFFICE IN THE BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 35. - -BUILDINGS OF THE VICTORIA CO., VICTORIA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 36. - -VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 37. - -KRIBI, AT THE MOUTH OF THE KRIBI RIVER, THE CHIEF TRADING-PLACE ON THE -COAST OF SOUTH CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 38. - -KRIBI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 39. - -LOW-LYING COAST NEAR KRIBI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 40. - -MISSION HOUSE AT KRIBI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 41. - -BOA-CONSTRICTOR.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 42. - -NATIVES OF BULE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 43. - -MARSHY LAND IN THE OIL-PALM REGION NEAR THE COAST.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 44. - -OIL-PALM IN A MAIZE FIELD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 45. - -PREPARATION OF PALM-OIL BY NATIVE METHODS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 46. - -OIL-PALMS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 47. - -COCOA TREE WITH FRUIT.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 48. - -SEVEN-YEAR-OLD OIL-PALM TREES.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 49. - -THE OIL-PALM. CROWN WITH CLUSTERS OF FRUIT.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 50. - -STATION YARD AT EDEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 51 - -THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 52. - -THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 53. - -BRIDGE OVER THE SOUTHERN ARM OF THE SANAGA RIVER (DUALA-NYONG -RAILWAY).] - -[Illustration: PLATE 54. - -ENTRANCE TO THE FOREST NEAR EDEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 55. - -WOERMANN LINE BOATS ON THE SANAGA RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 56. - -RAPIDS IN THE SANAGA RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 57. - -MAIZE STORES AT JAUNDE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 58. - -PARK-LIKE DISTRICT IN A CLEARING OF THE FOREST ON THE EDEA-JAUNDE -ROAD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 59. - -NATIVE SOLDIERS AT JAUNDE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 60. - -NATIVE TROOPS IN CAMP.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 61. - -NATIVE TROOPS ON ACTIVE SERVICE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 62. - -NATIVE VILLAGE. GABLED HUTS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 63. - -ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 64. - -COLONIAL TROOPS AT A FACTORY ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 65. - -FERRY BOAT ON THE NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 66. - -STEAMER AT THE LANDING-PLACE OF A FACTORY ON THE NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 67. - -COLLECTING RUBBER IN THE FOREST.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 68. - -DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).] - -[Illustration: PLATE 69 - -DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).] - -[Illustration: PLATE 70. - -MANAGER’S HOUSE ON THE DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 71. - -CLEARING THE GROUND FOR PLANTING RUBBER TREES.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 72. - -GROUND CLEARED FOR PLANTING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 73. - -MIXED TREES IN A PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 74. - -PAY DAY ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 75. - -A PATH THROUGH THE DEHANE PLANTATION ON THE NYONG RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 76. - -NATIVES WAITING FOR THE DINNER BELL.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 77. - -BANANA TREES ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 78. - -A FOUR-YEAR-OLD RUBBER TREE READY FOR TAPPING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 79. - -NATIVES AT DEHANE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 80. - -ROLL CALL OF LABOURERS ON A PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 81. - -ELEPHANT GRASS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 82. - -TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 83. - -SMALL HUTS FOR PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SLEEPING SICKNESS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 84. - -FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE MUNGO RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 85. - -NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 86. - -NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 87. - -THE “MUNGO” GERMAN GOVERNMENT STEAMER ON THE RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 88. - -A TREE TRUNK USED AS A BRIDGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 89. - -VILLAGE OF NINONG AT THE WESTERN BASE OF THE MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 90. - -THE ELONG MOUNTAIN IN THE BAMENDA RANGE SEEN FROM THE FOOT OF THE -MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 91. - -FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE CROSS RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 92. - -FISHING ON THE CROSS RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 93. - -THE CROSS RIVER AT NSSANAKANG.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 94. - -FACTORY ON THE CROSS RIVER FOR TRADING WITH THE NATIVES.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 95. - -BANANA TREES NEAR OSSIDINGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 96. - -A VILLAGE IN KEAKALAND, OSSIDINGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 97. - -HEAD-DRESS AND TRIBAL MARKS OF KEAKA WOMEN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 98. - -NATIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN KEAKALAND.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 99. - -CARAVAN CROSSING THE NDI RIVER, NEAR FONTSCHANDA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 100. - -TYPICAL VEGETATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 101. - -A PALM GROVE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 102. - -A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 103. - -A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 104. - -SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE FI, NEAR TINTO.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 105. - -FUMBAN IN BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 106. - -NATIVE MARKET AT BAMUM. PROVISIONS AND KOLO NUTS BEING SOLD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 107. - -NDJOIA, SULTAN OF BAMUM, BETWEEN TWO WAR DRUMS, AT FUMBAN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 108. - -SULTAN OF BAMUM WITH THE CAPTAINS OF HIS TROOPS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 109. - -MADE BY THE NATIVES OF BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 110. - -TRIAL FIELD FOR COTTON AND TOBACCO AT THE GOVERNMENT STATION, FUMBAN, -BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 111. - -BAMUM. NOTE THE FRIEZE OF ANIMALS UNDER THE GRASS ROOF.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 112. - -STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 113. - -STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 114. - -STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 115. - -A HOUSE IN BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 116. - -A STREET IN THE WOMEN’S QUARTER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 117. - -COTTON FIELD NEAR BAMUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 118. - -DRACÆNA, THE FETISH TREES OF WEST AFRICA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 119. - -MARKET-PLACE AT BANJO, WITH THE BANJO MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTANCE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 120. - -THE “MALAM” OF BANJO IN HAUSA STATE COSTUME.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 121. - -BANJO, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 122. - -VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 123. - -THE “ISLAND” MOUNTAIN DISTRICT IN NORTH ADAMAUA BETWEEN NTEM AND THE -RIBÄU SLOPE ON THE BANJO ROAD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 124. - -GRANITE MOUNTAIN IN CENTRAL CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 125. - -SUDAN NATIVES OF CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE NATIVES IN WAR COSTUME.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 126. - -WAR GAMES OF THE WUTE NATIVES.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 127. - -WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 128. - -WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 129. - -SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE ARCHERS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 130. - -SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTES WITH THEIR WAR DRUMS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 131. - -HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 132. - -HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 133. - -THE FARO ABOVE TSCHAMBA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 134. - -CARAVAN TRAVELLING--RESTING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 135. - -KUMBO HIGHLANDS ON THE WAY TO LAKE MAUWE, BETWEEN BAKUMBI AND BANKA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 136. - -KUMBO HIGHLANDS BETWEEN BANKA AND LAKE MAUWE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 137. - -THE REMAINS OF A VOLCANO IN THE KUMBO HIGHLANDS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 138. - -FOREST IN THE HIGHLANDS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 139. - -CHANGE FROM FOREST TO GRASS COUNTRY ON THE BROKEN EDGE OF THE INNER -HIGHLANDS NEAR FONTEM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 140. - -CULTIVATED PORTIONS OF GRASS COUNTRY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 141. - -TYPICAL GRASS COUNTRY IN BAFU-FONDONG, ON THE GREAT DSCHANG-BAMENDA -ROAD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 142. - -WOMEN WORKING IN THE FIELDS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY, NORTH-WEST CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 143. - -DEATH DANCE OF THE NATIVES NEAR DSCHANG.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 144. - -THE CHIEF BAFU-FONDONG ON HIS THRONE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 145. - -TATOOED FONDONG NEGRO.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 146. - -A CHIEF’S WIFE IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 147. - -PARASITES ON A TREE, NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 148. - -BALI NEGRESS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 149. - -MBO, A FORTIFIED STATION NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 150. - -KUSSERI, A FORTIFIED STATION IN NORTH CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 151. - -THE RESIDENT’S HOUSE AT KUSSERI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 152. - -MECCA PILGRIMS AT KUSSERI.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 153. - -LOG PATH THROUGH A SWAMP.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 154. - -HORSEMEN IN NORTH CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 155. - -VIEW OF ELEPHANT LAKE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 156. - -VILLAGE OF KILGRIM IN THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 157. - -THE LAGONE RIVER AT MUSGUM.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 158. - -CARAVAN CROSSING A RIVER.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 159. - -NJOJA, WITH HIS WIVES AND CHILDREN, SITTING IN FRONT OF HIS PALACE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 160. - -BAKWIRI WOMEN AND CHILDREN DANCING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 161. - -THE HEAD CHIEF BALWEN IN HIS WAR COSTUME.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 162. - -CHIEFTAIN IN GALA ATTIRE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 163. - -HAUSA GIRL AT A SPRING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 167. - -NATIVES OF NORTH CAMEROON. - -1. The “Lamido” of Banjo (Fullah). - -2. Hausa Traders. - -3. Arab from Lake Chad.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 165. - -DENG-DENG, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 166. - -DIKOA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 167. - -EBOLOWA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 168. - -FLOODS NEAR SSIGAL.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 169. - -SULTAN OF NGAUMDERE WITH HIS BODYGUARD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 170. - -MARKET AT NGAUMDERE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 171. - -MAIN BUILDINGS OF THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 172. - -BUNGALOW ON THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 173. - -PLANTATION IN FULL BEARING.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 174. - -BAIA YOUTHS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 175. - -BAIA WOMEN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 176. - -DEAD ELEPHANT.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 177. - -WALRUS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 178. - -A HAUSA VILLAGE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 179. - -A NATIVE VILLAGE. MUSGUM HUTS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 180. - -A NATIVE VILLAGE. HUTS WITH CONE-SHAPED ROOFS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 181. - -CARAVAN TRAVELLING. HIRING CARRIERS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 182. - -RUBBER CARAVAN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 183. - -IVORY CARAVAN.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 184. - -SCENE AT AN IVORY FACTORY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 185. - -WEIGHING THE IVORY.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 186. - -FACTORY IN THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 187. - -ROLL-CALL OF LABOURERS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 188. - -BRIDGING OVER A RAVINE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 189. - -SAWING WOOD.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 190. - -NJEM WOMAN, SOUTH CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 191. - -PROW OF A WAR CANOE.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 192. - -DENSITY OF THE POPULATION.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 193. - -FLORA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 194. - -FAUNA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 195. - -RIVER BASINS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 196. - -IVORY DISTRICTS.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 197. - -CHART SHOWING ENTRANCE TO DUALA FROM THE SEA.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 198. - -HAUSA TERRITORY.] - -[Illustration: PROFILE OF CAMEROON. - -Profil I. Von Kribi über Lomle nach Wesso am Ssanga. - -Profil II. Von Lomic über Kunde-Ngaumdere-Garua zum Tschad. - -Profil III. Durch das Mandara-Gebirge zum Logone. - -Profil IV. Durch die Massivregion von Adamaua von W. nach O. zum -Benuë-und Kebbi-Gneisland. - -Profil V. Vom Kamerunberg über Tinto und das Kumbohochland nach Garua. - -I. From Kribi through Lomie to Wesso on the Ssanga. - -II. From Lomie through Kunde, Ngaumdere, Garua to Tschad. - -III. Through the Mandara Mountains to the Logone. - -IV. Through the Peak Region from Adamaua in the W. to Benue and Kebbi -Gneiss Region in the E. - -V. From Cameroon Mountain through Tinto and the Kumbo Highlands to -Garua.] - -[Illustration: PLATE 200. - -CAMEROON.] - -[Illustration: FRENCH CONGO - -A. F. CALVERT’S MAP OF CAMEROON.] - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. 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