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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #64553 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64553)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cameroons, by Albert F. Calvert
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Cameroons
-
-Author: Albert F. Calvert
-
-Release Date: February 14, 2021 [eBook #64553]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-             http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             available at The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS ***
-
-
-
-
-                             THE CAMEROONS
-
-                  [Illustration: VICTORIA, CAMEROON.]
-
-
-
-
-                                  THE
-                               CAMEROONS
-
-                                  BY
-                      ALBERT F. CALVERT, F.C.S.,
-
-           _Knight Grand Cross of The Royal Order of Isabel
-                the Catholic, Knight Grand Cross of The
-                  Royal Order of Alfonso XII., etc._
-
-                               AUTHOR OF
-
-           _The German African Empire_, _South-West Africa_,
-  _Nigeria and its Tinfields_, _The Political Value of our Colonies_,
-                    _The Exploration of Australia_,
-           _Mineral Resources of Minas Geraes, Brazil, etc._
-
-
-                                London:
-                        T. WERNER LAURIE, LTD.,
-                       8, ESSEX STREET, LONDON.
-                                 1917.
-
-
-
-
-            _E. Goodman & Son, The Phœnix Press, Taunton._
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-Although the designs, which German philosophers conceived and German
-statesmen and strategists spent thirty years in perfecting, for the
-conquest of our Cape territories and the creation of a Greater Germany
-extending from the Mediterranean to Table Bay, are best illustrated and
-exposed by the defiantly defensive policy they pursued in South-West
-Africa, the rise, development and fall of the German Colonial Empire is
-more completely epitomised in the chapter dealing with the Cameroons.
-
-The establishment of the German East African protectorate forms a story
-that is intensely interesting, inasmuch as it reveals the duplicity of
-Teutonic methods in their relations with native races, European rivals
-and their own agents. Bismarck, the last barbarian of genius, repudiated
-Dr. Karl Peters when, equipped with private capital and acting on his
-own initiative, he was acquiring in the hinterland of Zanzibar a
-well-watered, fertile province equal in extent to South Germany, and
-obtaining from the Sultan the concession for the ports of Dar-es-Salaam
-and Pangani. It was necessary in 1884 for Germany to assure England that
-the Imperial Government had no intention of securing possessions in a
-region which was admittedly within Britain’s sphere of influence, and
-Bismarck pursued Dr. Peters to Africa with an official intimation that
-the State would not grant him protection for the lives of his party, or
-for any possessions he might acquire opposite Zanzibar. But when the
-intrepid Teuton, as the representative of the German East Africa
-Company, had accomplished the spade work and returned to Berlin, the
-Government continued negotiations with the Sultan through their
-Consul-General at Zanzibar. The formal ratification of the treaties made
-in the name of the Company, was followed by a revolt of the Arabs, and
-when the Company’s representatives had been allowed to be murdered or
-put to flight, Bismarck was able to declare that the situation that had
-arisen was beyond the control of private enterprise, and an expedition,
-under Major von Wissman, was accordingly despatched to East Africa to
-suppress the slave traffic which still flourished in that region. For
-the furtherance of such a humane and civilising purpose, the
-co-operation of the British fleet was readily enlisted, and with this
-support and the energetic measures taken by von Wissman’s army of
-ex-British native soldiers, the disaffected populace was eventually
-“pacified,” even if the slave traffic was not suppressed. The Company’s
-claims to the territorial concessions granted under the treaties having
-been made good--Great Britain could not, in politeness, protest against
-the acquisition of Mount Kilimanjaro, since the amiable Kaiser had
-expressed a sentimental wish that the highest peak in Africa might be
-within the sphere of German _kultur_!--the Reichstag voted ten and a
-half million marks for the maintenance and development of these newly
-acquired territories. Then, and not until then, did England realise that
-with the connivance of Downing Street and the assistance of British
-men-of-war, this rich and important territory, with an area of 384,000
-square miles, had become a Protectorate of Germany. Having duped
-England, punished the natives, and established their rule, it was only
-necessary to recall Dr. Peters and hand him over to the tender mercies
-of his official and political enemies, to make this chapter of the
-history of German empire building characteristic in its completeness.
-
-What Germany succeeded in doing in East Africa after years of intrigue
-and deceit, and the expenditure of much blood and money, she
-accomplished in the acquisition of Togoland with a minimum of cost or
-trouble. Dr. Nachtigal, in the capacity of German Trade Commissioner,
-was sent to West Africa by his Government to enquire into and report
-upon the progress of German commerce in those latitudes. He was
-despatched at a time when the English Government had completed their
-leisurely deliberations upon the appeal of the peoples of Togoland and
-the Cameroons to be taken under the protection of the British flag, and
-Mr. Hewitt, a British Consul, was voyaging to the Gulf of Guinea for the
-purpose of complying with the native request, when Nachtigal arrived
-there on his commercial mission. The German Commissioner, acting under
-instructions from the Imperial Chancellor, hastily unfurled the flag of
-the Fatherland at Lome, in Togoland, and succeeded in reaching Duala,
-and formally placing the Cameroons under German rule, before Hewitt
-arrived upon the scene. Lord Granville addressed a reproof to Bismarck
-for not having divulged the nature of the errand upon which Nachtigal
-had been sent, and the incident was closed. In the three decades that
-followed, the German administrators in Togoland, with the thoroughness
-with which the Teuton is gifted, taught the natives the “sharp lesson”
-considered necessary to prepare them for the reception of Germany’s
-civilising rule, furnished the colony with 200 miles of railway, over
-750 miles of excellent roads of native construction, a score of postal
-and telegraph stations, and a telephone system, and established a
-wireless station--the most powerful in the world outside Europe--which
-was not only in communication with Berlin, 3,450 miles distant, but with
-East Africa, the Cameroons and South-West Africa. The final
-installations at Kamina were completed in June, 1914; in August the
-German operators learnt by wireless that Great Britain had declared war
-on Germany; and on 26th August the Kamina Station notified Berlin that
-the colony of Togoland, the smallest, completest, and only financially
-independent German possession, had capitulated to an Anglo-French force.
-
-The German annexation of South-West Africa was a more intolerably
-humiliating and provocative act of aggression; it is one that only
-now--after the territory has been recovered by the brilliant campaign of
-the Union Army under General Louis Botha--can be forgiven Lord
-Granville. Prior to 1883 the natives of Damaraland and Namaqualand,
-suspicious of the intentions of Germany, had petitioned to be taken
-under British protection. Downing Street experienced a temporary
-uneasiness, but Bismarck’s assurance that Germany had no intention of
-establishing Crown colonies in Africa, extinguished the fleeting
-distrust. The Cape Colony was not so easily satisfied. A British
-Commissioner, who was appointed to confer with the native chiefs,
-reported favourably upon the proposal to officially confirm the
-authority of the Cape Government over the region extending northward
-from the Orange River to Portuguese Angoland. Sir Bartle Frere, the
-Governor of Cape Colony, urged upon the home Government the desirability
-of the step, and the Colonial Office decided upon the formal acquisition
-of the port at Walfisch Bay. Bismarck, hesitating to commit what might
-be construed as a deliberately hostile act, invited Great Britain to
-state her intentions with regard to the rest of the south-west
-territory, but failing to receive any definite reply, he decided upon
-bold if impudent measures, and in April, 1884, the Chancellor announced
-that the territory north of the Orange River was under the protection of
-the German Empire. As Bryden says, in his _History of South Africa_,
-“it was an unfriendly act, carried out in an unpleasant manner, and the
-British Colonists in South Africa are not soon likely to allow it to
-pass out of remembrance.” It not only destroyed the symmetry of a
-British South Africa, and gave Germany rights in territories marching
-with British colonies, but it added 322,450 square miles of African
-territory to the German Colonial Empire, for which a Bremen merchant
-named Luderitz parted with a hundred pounds and a score of old muskets.
-
-Germany’s method of developing her new possession in South-West Africa
-was entirely in keeping with her manner of acquiring it. From the first
-she proceeded to colonise on military lines. Railways were constructed
-with regard to their strategic importance; they were made on what is
-still called the Cape gauge; and were directed towards the Union border.
-A standing army was raised and compulsory service was instituted. An
-artillery depot established at Windhoek, the capital, contained a
-worthless collection of old gun-carriages and bales of locally-collected
-hay. This was to secure the colony against the imaginary evil intentions
-of the inoffensive and unarmed Ovambos, who inhabit the north-east
-corner of the colony. At Keetmanshoop, some hundreds of miles further
-from Amboland, but within 150 miles of Cape territory, was a great
-arsenal, furnished with guns and shells, rifles and cartridges,
-ambulances, transport vehicles, and military stores and supplies
-sufficient to equip and maintain an army of fifteen thousand men for two
-years. In the face of these facts and figures, we may be forgiven for
-doubting the honesty of the German Colonial Secretary’s denial that
-Germany ever had any intention of occupying, either permanently or
-temporarily, the territory of the South African Union, and of
-disregarding the expression of Lord Haldane’s pious belief that the
-Kaiser’s life’s purpose was “to make the world better,” and that in
-Germany’s method of colonial expansion, “she was penetrating everywhere
-to the profit of mankind.”
-
-In some ways the story of Germany’s annexation of the Cameroon
-provinces, and her subsequent extension of that area, is the most
-interesting of all, because if she secured her footing in East Africa by
-subterfuge, and in South-West Africa by the exercise of sharp practice
-supplemented by a certain display of bold decision, she edged her way
-into the Gulf of Guinea by virtue of no other quality than that of
-sheer bluff, but, having consolidated herself in the positions she had
-thus gained in West Africa, she allowed the world to understand that she
-was determined to expand her sphere of influence, if necessary, by
-recourse to arms. In 1885 Germany legalised her occupation of the
-Cameroons by placating France with an exchange of unimportant
-territories, and renouncing in favour of Britain her nominal claims to
-St. Lucia and to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger River.
-
-Having thus solidified their position, and secured themselves against
-what Passarge calls “the intrigues and provocations of the English,” the
-German administrators proceeded to Germanize their new province and
-systematically to develop its tropical resources. Although they
-established customs houses, courts of justice and post-offices, and
-constructed about 125 miles of a projected railway system of 285 miles,
-and, between 1898 and 1911, increased the total trade of the colony by
-nearly forty million marks, the colony did not prove a departmental or
-material success. The staffs of the Experimental Institute of
-Agriculture at Victoria and the Department of Agriculture at Buea,
-devoted their energies to the scientific raising of tropical economic
-plants, to experiments in plantation culture, and to the training of
-young natives in the virtues of Teutonic industry and organisation,
-while, by Government Proclamation, all native children were compelled to
-attend the Government schools, acquire an intelligent knowledge of the
-language and history of Germany, and practice the art of singing German
-patriotic songs. Despite this paternal concern for the agricultural and
-educational well-being of the natives, the application of German methods
-proved a disappointment. The children at the end of their school course
-considered themselves too superior to undertake manual labour, while the
-men, resenting the German indifference to their national feeling and
-inherited methods of work, developed the spirit of native unrest. A lack
-of sympathetic understanding of the natives was attended by culpably
-injudicious treatment of them by the German officials, and the relations
-between the authorities and the aborigines led to the frequent
-employment of the Imperial troops, while the inadequacy of means of
-internal communication rendered the progress of “one of the most
-productive countries in the world” both slow and difficult.
-
-But, disappointing and costly as was the German failure to administer
-and develop the Cameroons, the Teutonic lust for territory was unabated,
-and, in its resolve to extend its holding in this quarter of the globe,
-the Government did not hesitate to emperil the peace of Europe. When the
-German cruiser _Panther_ appeared at Agadir, in July, 1911, the object
-of the Wilhelmstrasse was not to protect purely imaginary German
-interests in that part of Morocco, but to maintain a menacing attitude
-that would compel the French to cede to the Bully of Europe their
-territory to the south of the German Cameroons. The negotiations for the
-transfer were concluded in June, 1913, and fifteen months later French
-and British troops commenced a joint expedition to wrest from the German
-authority, by military means, the province from which the former had
-been ejected by diplomatic blackmail and the insistant rattle of the
-sword in the scabbard.
-
-It is instructive to recall the methods by which Germany acquired her
-African possessions, if only for the partial answer it provides to the
-question as to what the Allies intend to do with them. It is absolutely
-certain that however the Allies agree to dispose of the four colonies in
-question, they will never be restored to Germany, notwithstanding the
-fact that Herr Dernburg has committed the Emperor to the pledge that he
-will never consent to make peace except on terms which include their
-surrender. Germany got into Africa as a burglar effects an entrance into
-a well-stored building, but it is not because her gains were ill-gotten
-that she will be deprived of them. Having experimented in the
-civilisation of natives for three decades, she has revealed an utter
-inability to colonise for the benefit of mankind, but the hopeless
-failure of the German system of imposing her rule upon subject races, is
-not the reason why she will henceforth be debarred from participation in
-the work of civilising the world. The colonial possessions of Germany,
-as well as of England, France and Belgium, form part of the stakes for
-which all Europe is in arms, and they will become the spoils of the
-conquerors. As the Imperial Chancellor has announced, the future of the
-Cameroons will be decided not in West Africa, but in another theatre of
-war.
-
-Germany’s explanation of her desire to acquire colonies was based upon
-her need for extra territory capable of supporting her growing
-population. For this purpose she acquired East Africa, and immediately
-set about the task of raising, equipping and drilling a large force of
-black troops. She seized the French Cameroons, and at once increased the
-handful of natives which the French had found sufficient for the
-maintenance of order in the colony, to an army of 1,550 black and 185
-white troops, and she had planned the formation of additional corps of
-mounted infantry, and the rearming of all the troops with modern rifles.
-As soon as wireless telegraphy became a practical means of
-communication, a wireless station was installed in Togoland which
-rendered the little colony of inestimable potential value from a
-military point of view, while in South-West Africa, the extent and
-completeness of her defensive and offensive preparations, is abundant
-proof that the real value to Germany of this territory lay in the
-proximity of the region to the Boer States, disaffected to Great
-Britain. “The land was not taken for _bona fide_ colonisation,” wrote
-the Rev. William Greswell over thirty years ago, “only as a _point
-d’appui_.” Germany pushed forward her military preparations in East,
-West and South Africa, as she did in Prussia, because she had convinced
-herself of England’s ultimate inability to hold India, Egypt and her
-colonial dominions. Her professors assured the Kaiser and his junker
-parasites, that the English had lost both “the qualities of creative
-genius in religion and the valour in arms of a military caste”, that we
-had become “a timorous, craven nation, trusting to its fleet”; and that,
-while we had “failed to impress our dominion” on the chiefs of the
-Indian Tributary States, the colonies were “shivering with impatience
-under the last slight remnant of the English yoke.”
-
-Because of their arrogant attempt to put their theories and their
-conclusions to the test, the German people are being stripped of all
-their overseas possessions. They have already lost their South-West
-Protectorate and Togoland, and the Allies are now successfully engaged
-in crushing German resistance in Eastern Africa. It is not my purpose in
-this little book to follow the fortunes of the Allied troops; it will be
-time enough to write the story of the campaigns when the task is
-accomplished, and the future administrations of the colonies are in
-operation. My object in the following pages is to give the public the
-particulars about the Cameroons which I have collected not without the
-expenditure of a considerable amount of time and trouble. A natural
-desire to ascertain the nature of the difficulties that would have to be
-surmounted by the allied forces, and a desire to learn something of the
-natural resources and commercial potentialities of the territory that
-was about to be acquired, sent me to bookshops and libraries in search
-of works that would satisfy my curiosity. I was disappointed to find
-that the information I wanted was not available in English form, English
-authors having decided, apparently, that the colony did not lend itself
-to interesting or marketable compilation, and since the British
-Government had not accredited a Consul to the Cameroons, not even a
-belated Consular Report was procurable. In this extremity I turned my
-attention to such German publications as were obtainable in this country
-and, from the official writings of Dr. Paul Rohrback, Dr. Grotefeld, Dr.
-Paul Preuss, Dr. Walter Busse, Herr Eltester, and Siegfreid Passarge, I
-gathered a mass of information concerning the geographical and
-geological features, the vegetation and forestry, and the natives and
-native cultivation, together with an interesting summary of the progress
-made under the German system of development and the success they had
-attained in their experiments in plantation cultivation. In a paper
-written by Captain W. A. Nugent, R.A., who had been a member of the
-Boundary Commission in 1907, and acted as British Commissioner
-appointed to survey and fix the boundary between the German Cameroons
-and Nigeria in 1912, I found a full and admirable description of the
-territory traversed. This volume contains the result of my researches,
-selected and arranged in such a manner as will, I trust, be found
-acceptable to English readers who share my curiosity concerning the
-natural resources, the commercial position and the prospects of the
-colony, and who also entertain the hope that part of it, at least, will
-ultimately form a link in the chain of British overseas dominions.
-
-                                                     ALBERT F. CALVERT.
-
-ROYSTON,
-
-   ETON AVENUE, N.W.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-
-                                                                    PAGE
-
-DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION                                              1
-
-PLANTATION CULTIVATION                                                24
-
-NATIVE EDUCATION                                                      56
-
-THE CAMEROON-NIGERIAN BOUNDARY                                        62
-
-
-
-
-COLOURED PLATE
-
-
-Victoria, Cameroon                                         _Frontispiece_
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-
-                                                                   PLATE
-
-Duala                                                                  1
-
-The Quay at Duala                                                      2
-
-Landing-place at Duala                                                 3
-
-Post Office, Duala                                                     4
-
-Court House at Duala                                                   5
-
-Hospital at Duala                                                      6
-
-Natives’ Metal Work                                                    7
-
-The Bâle Mission at Duala                                              8
-
-Workshop of the Bâle Mission, Duala                                    9
-
-Manga Beli’s Palace, Duala                                            10
-
-The Native Quarter, Duala                                             11
-
-Business Offices in Duala                                             12
-
-Natives Wood Carving                                                  13
-
-The Woermann Floating Dock at Duala                                   14
-
-Landing Jetty                                                         15
-
-Constructing the Central Railway from Duala to the
-Nyong River                                                           16
-
-View of the Wuri River at Bonaberi                                    17
-
-The Wuri River above Duala                                            18
-
-Elephant Grass                                                        19
-
-Buea, former Seat of the German Government of
-Cameroon. Great Cameroon Mountains in the
-Background                                                            20
-
-View of Buea                                                          21
-
-The late German Governor’s Palace, Buea                               22
-
-Buea                                                                  23
-
-Algau Cattle grazing near Buea                                        24
-
-Grazing Land near Buea                                                25
-
-Tobacco Plantation near Buea                                          26
-
-The new Okoti Crater on the Cameroon Mountain
-taken from the East                                                   27
-
-Forest on the Cameroon Peak at an elevation of 1,800
-metres                                                                28
-
-View of Victoria                                                      29
-
-Victoria, with the Great Cameroon Mountain and
-Little Cameroon Mountain                                              30
-
-View of Ambas Bay                                                     31
-
-Steep Coast near Victoria                                             32
-
-Botanical Gardens, Victoria                                           33
-
-Office in the Botanical Gardens, Victoria                             34
-
-Buildings of the Victoria Co., Victoria                               35
-
-Vegetation in the Forest                                              36
-
-Kribi, at the Mouth of the Kribi River, the Chief
-Trading-place on the Coast of South Cameroon                          37
-
-Kribi                                                                 38
-
-Low-lying Coast near Kribi                                            39
-
-Mission House at Kribi                                                40
-
-Boa-constrictor                                                       41
-
-Natives of Bule                                                       42
-
-Marshy Land in the Oil-palm Region near the Coast                     43
-
-Oil-palm in a Maize Field                                             44
-
-Preparation of Palm-oil by Native Methods                             45
-
-Oil-palms                                                             46
-
-Cocoa Tree with Fruit                                                 47
-
-Seven-year-old Oil-palm Trees                                         48
-
-The Oil-palm.    Crown with Clusters of Fruit                         49
-
-Station Yard at Edea                                                  50
-
-The Sanaga River near Edea                                            51
-
-The Sanaga River near Edea                                            52
-
-Bridge over the Southern Arm of the Sanaga River
-(Duala-Nyong Railway)                                                 53
-
-Entrance to the Forest near Edea                                      54
-
-Woermann Line Boats on the Sanaga River                               55
-
-Rapids in the Sanaga River                                            56
-
-Maize Stores at Jaunde                                                57
-
-Park-like District in a Clearing of the Forest on the
-Edea-Jaunde Road                                                      58
-
-Native Soldiers at Jaunde                                             59
-
-Native Troops in Camp                                                 60
-
-Native Troops on Active Service                                       61
-
-Native Village.    Gabled Huts                                        62
-
-On the Upper Nyong River                                              63
-
-Colonial Troops at a Factory on the Upper Nyong
-River                                                                 64
-
-Ferry Boat on the Nyong River                                         65
-
-Steamer at the Landing-place of a Factory on the
-Nyong River                                                           66
-
-Collecting Rubber in the Forest                                       67
-
-Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River)                                68
-
-Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River)                                69
-
-Manager’s House on the Dehane Rubber Plantation                       70
-
-Clearing the Ground for Planting Rubber Trees                         71
-
-Ground Cleared for Planting                                           72
-
-Mixed Trees in a Plantation                                           73
-
-Pay Day on a Rubber Plantation                                        74
-
-A Path through the Dehane Plantation on the Nyong
-River                                                                 75
-
-Natives Waiting for the Dinner Bell                                   76
-
-Banana Trees on a Rubber Plantation                                   77
-
-A Four-year-old Rubber Tree ready for Tapping                         78
-
-Natives at Dehane                                                     79
-
-Roll Call of Labourers on a Plantation                                80
-
-Elephant Grass                                                        81
-
-Tapping the Rubber Tree                                               82
-
-Small huts for Patients suffering from Sleeping
-Sickness                                                              83
-
-Forest on the Banks of the Mungo River                                84
-
-Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River                         85
-
-Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River                         86
-
-The “Mungo” German Government Steamer on the
-River                                                                 87
-
-A Tree Trunk used as a Bridge                                         88
-
-Village of Ninong at the Western Base of the Manenguba
-Mountains                                                             89
-
-The Elong Mountain in the Bamenda Range seen from
-the foot of the Manenguba Mountains                                   90
-
-Forest on the Banks of the Cross River                                91
-
-Fishing on the Cross River                                            92
-
-The Cross River at Nssanakang                                         93
-
-Factory on the Cross River for Trading with the
-Natives                                                               94
-
-Banana Trees near Ossidinge                                           95
-
-A Village in Keakaland, Ossidinge                                     96
-
-Head-dress and Tribal Marks of Keaka Women                            97
-
-Native Musical Instruments in Keakaland                               98
-
-Caravan Crossing the Ndi River near Fontschanda                       99
-
-Typical Vegetation                                                   100
-
-A Palm Grove                                                         101
-
-A Suspension Bridge                                                  102
-
-A Suspension Bridge                                                  103
-
-Suspension Bridge over the Fi, near Tinto                            104
-
-Fumban in Bamum                                                      105
-
-Native Market at Bamum. Provisions and Kolo
-Nuts being Sold                                                      106
-
-Ndjoia, Sultan of Bamum, between two War Drums,
-at Fumban                                                            107
-
-Sultan of Bamum with the Captains of his Troops                      108
-
-Made by the Natives of Bamum                                         109
-
-Trial Field for Cotton and Tobacco at the Government
-Station, Fumban, Bamum                                               110
-
-Bamum. Note the Frieze of Animals under the Grass
-Roof                                                                 111
-
-Street Scene in Bamum                                                112
-
-Street Scene in Bamum                                                113
-
-Street Scene in Bamum                                                114
-
-A House in Bamum                                                     115
-
-A Street in the Women’s Quarter                                      116
-
-Cotton Field near Bamum                                              117
-
-Dracæna the Fetish Trees of West Africa                              118
-
-Market-place at Banjo with the Banjo Mountains in
-the Distance                                                         119
-
-The “Malam” of Banjo in Hausa State Costume                          120
-
-Banjo, a Settlement in the Interior                                  121
-
-Vegetation in the Forest                                             122
-
-The “Island” Mountain District in North Adamaua
-between Ntem and the Ribäu Slope on the Banjo
-Road                                                                 123
-
-Granite Mountain in Central Cameroon                                 124
-
-Sudan Natives of Central Cameroon. Wute Natives
-in War Costume                                                       125
-
-War Games of the Wute Natives                                        126
-
-Woman of the Wute Tribe                                              127
-
-Woman of the Wute Tribe                                              128
-
-Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wute Archers                      129
-
-Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wutes with
-their War Drums                                                      130
-
-Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua                                        131
-
-Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua                                        132
-
-The Faro above Tschamba                                              133
-
-Caravan Travelling. Resting                                          134
-
-Kumbo Highlands on the way to Lake Mauwe,
-between Bakumbi and Banka                                            135
-
-Kumbo Highlands between Banka and Lake Mauwe                         136
-
-The Remains of a Volcano in the Kumbo Highlands                      137
-
-Forest in the Highlands                                              138
-
-Change from Forest to Grass Country on the broken
-edge of the Inner Highlands near Fontem                              139
-
-Cultivated Portions of Grass Country                                 140
-
-Typical Grass Country in Bafu-Fondong, on the Great
-Dschang-Bamenda Road                                                 141
-
-Women Working in the Fields in the Grass Country,
-North-west Cameroon                                                  142
-
-Death Dance of the Natives near Dschang                              143
-
-The Chief Bafu-Fondong on his Throne                                 144
-
-Tatooed Fondong Negro                                                145
-
-A Chief’s Wife in the Grass Country                                  146
-
-Parasites on a Tree, near the Grass Country                          147
-
-Bali Negress in the Grass Country                                    148
-
-Mbo, a Fortified Station near the Grass Country                      149
-
-Kusseri, a Fortified Station in North Cameroon                       150
-
-The Resident’s House at Kusseri                                      151
-
-Mecca Pilgrims at Kusseri                                            152
-
-Log Path through a Swamp                                             153
-
-Horsemen in North Cameroon                                           154
-
-View of Elephant Lake                                                155
-
-Village of Kilgrim in the Mandara Mountains                          156
-
-The Lagone River at Musgum                                           157
-
-Caravan Crossing a River                                             158
-
-Njoja, with his Wives and Children, sitting in front of
-his Palace                                                           159
-
-Bakwiri Women and Children Dancing                                   160
-
-The Head Chief Balwen in his War Costume                             161
-
-Chieftain in Gala Attire                                             162
-
-Hausa Girl at a Spring                                               163
-
-Natives of North Cameroon                                            164
-
-Deng-Deng, a Settlement in the Interior                              165
-
-Dikoa, a Settlement in the Interior                                  166
-
-Ebolowa, a Settlement in the Interior                                167
-
-Floods near Ssigal                                                   168
-
-Sultan of Ngaumdere with his Bodyguard                               169
-
-Market at Ngaumdere                                                  170
-
-Main Buildings of the Bibundi Plantation                             171
-
-Bungalow on the Bibundi Plantation                                   172
-
-Plantation in Full Bearing                                           173
-
-Baia Youths                                                          174
-
-Baia Women                                                           175
-
-Dead Elephant                                                        176
-
-Walrus                                                               177
-
-A Hausa Village                                                      178
-
-A Native Village. Musgum Huts                                        179
-
-A Native Village. Huts with Cone-shaped Roofs                        180
-
-Caravan Travelling. Hiring Carriers                                  181
-
-Rubber Caravan                                                       182
-
-Ivory Caravan                                                        183
-
-Scene at an Ivory Factory                                            184
-
-Weighing the Ivory                                                   185
-
-Factory in the Interior of South Cameroon                            186
-
-Roll-call of Labourers                                               187
-
-Bridging over a Ravine                                               188
-
-Sawing Wood                                                          189
-
-Njem Woman, South Cameroon                                           190
-
-Prow of a War Canoe                                                  191
-
-MAPS
-vPLATE
-
-Density of the Population                                            192
-
-Flora                                                                193
-
-Fauna                                                                194
-
-River Basins                                                         195
-
-Ivory Districts                                                      196
-
-Chart showing Entrance to Duala from the Sea                         197
-
-Hausa Territory                                                      198
-
-Profile of Cameroon                                                  199
-
-A. F. Calvert’s Map of Cameroon                                      200
-
-
-
-
-THE CAMEROONS
-
-
-
-
-DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION.
-
-
-The large bay or estuary in the Gulf of Guinea, lying south of Nigeria
-and facing the island of Fernando-Po, was discovered by Portuguese
-navigators in the fifteenth or sixteenth century and christened the Rio
-dos Camaroes (the River of Prawns), from the abundance of Crustacea that
-infested its waters. The name was also used to designate the
-neighbouring mountains, which rise to the north-west of the bay. The
-English usage, until the end of the nineteenth century, was to confine
-the term, the Cameroons, to the mountain range, and to speak of the
-estuary as the Cameroon River. It was left to the acquisitive Germans to
-extend the use of the name in its Teutonic form--Kamerun--to the whole
-Protectorate.
-
-The establishment of German trading firms and factories at various
-places on the West African coast suggested to the Imperial Chancellor
-the practicability of laying the foundations of his projected German
-Colonial Empire in the Cameroon region of the Dark Continent. On March
-19th, 1884, Dr. Nachtigal, a former Consul at Tunis, was instructed to
-proceed on this civilising mission, and on July 5th and 6th he hoisted
-the German flag at Bayida and Lome, in Togoland. On the 10th of that
-month the English gunboat _Goshawk_ entered the Cameroon River, and the
-mission’s hope of further extending the sphere of German influence on
-the coast of West Africa appeared doomed to extinction. But the
-_Goshawk_ departed on the following day, leaving the field clear for
-Nachtigal, who rushed through some agreements with the chiefs Deido,
-Bell and Akva, declared the country to be under the protection of
-Germany on July 14th, and appointed Doctor Buchner Provisional Governor
-of the newly acquired territory. The new Governor acknowledged the
-protest against German occupation, which was formally made by the
-British Consul on July 19th, and proceeded to hoist the German flag at
-Bumbia, Maliba, and Batanga.
-
-In this nefarious and undignified manner the German Government obtained
-a foothold in the Gulf of Guinea, but it still remained for them to
-regulate their intrusion among the nations already established in the
-region. In order to solidify the position they had taken up, and, in
-the phrase employed by Siegfreid Passarge, “to withstand the intrigues
-and provocations of the English,” who laid claims to Victoria and the
-Rio del Rey coast, it was necessary to have the treaty of occupation
-confirmed. On May 7th, 1885, a treaty was concluded by which the British
-waived their claims in favour of Germany, who reciprocated by renouncing
-their nominal claims to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger, and to St.
-Lucia. In the same year the French ceded Great Batanga and the island
-west of Kwakwa-Kriek in exchange for the German possession of Konakry.
-These treaties legalised the position, and Germany was left a free hand
-to develop her possessions in the Cameroons, under the Governorship of
-Baron von Goden.
-
-In July, 1911, the German cruiser _Panther_ appeared off the coast of
-Morocco, at Agadir, for the alleged purpose of protecting German
-interests, of which no trace existed in that quarter of the globe. The
-incident was ultimately closed by the cession to Germany of the French
-territory to the south of their Cameroon colony, which was subsequently
-incorporated with it under the name of New Cameroon. The transfer was
-made in June, 1913. Under French domination, three military stations,
-garrisoned with a total force of four officers, twelve non-commissioned
-officers, and 200 native troops, had been sufficient to preserve order,
-but the new rulers had their own ideas as to the military requirements
-of their growing Empire. We read in _Jahrbuch über die Deutscher
-Kolonien_ (1913) that the German defence force numbers 185 Europeans and
-1,550 natives, while it was the intention of the Government to form an
-additional corps of mounted infantry, to establish a stud farm for the
-breeding of troop horses, and to arm all the troops with 98·3 carbines.
-Since the declaration of war in August last, Togoland has capitulated to
-the French and British, and the German Cameroons are now being
-systematically and successfully invaded by the allied forces. The
-political future of these territories is, as yet, undetermined, but
-however they may be ultimately allocated, German domination in West
-Africa, with its blundering mismanagement and bumptious militarism, is a
-chapter of colonial history that is closed for ever.
-
-
-THE EXPLORATION OF THE INTERIOR.
-
-Although the commercial activities of the tribes inhabiting the African
-Mohammedan empires, and the construction of trade routes connecting
-Senegal with the Red Sea, had opened up the Soudan to Europeans, the
-territory which since 1884 has been known as German Cameroon was
-practically unexplored at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In
-1822 an English expedition succeeded in reaching Lake Tchad and
-exploring its western and southern boundaries. This discovery was
-supplemented in 1851-52 by Barth and Overweg. Barth went from Kuka to
-Yola, and discovered the upper course of the Benue. He penetrated
-further, through the country south of Lake Chad to Bagirmi. In 1854
-Baikie went up the Benue, as far as Djen, about fifty kilometres from
-Yola. Rohlf’s journey in 1865-67 and Nachtigal’s in 1869-74 are of
-little importance. In 1879 began the activity of Edward Flegel, who, on
-the steamer _Henry Benn_, navigated the Benue as far as Garna. Of much
-greater importance were the explorations of the Benue district in 1882
-and 1883, the southern limit of which was marked by the towns of
-Ngaumdere, Banjo, Gaschaka, and Takum.
-
-The knowledge of the coastal district was extremely limited. Burton and
-Mann had ascended the Cameroon mountains in 1861-62. In 1872-75 three
-German scientists, Buchholz, Reichenow and Lüders, made important
-zoological discoveries, while Rogozinsky, a Pole, in 1883, reached as
-far as Lake Barombi. But all efforts to penetrate into the interior were
-frustrated by the impracticable condition of the roads, the
-unhealthiness of the coast district--which was for the greater part
-uninhabited virgin forest--and by the hostile attitude of the natives.
-
-After many fruitless endeavours to explore this coastal region, an
-expedition in 1888 succeeded in crossing from Batanga by way of Njong
-and Sanaga, and in settling the boundary between Bantio and Sudannegern.
-The effort to reach the Cameroon estuary was frustrated by the
-opposition of the Bakoko; and after a journey of much difficulty the
-expedition returned to the coast. In 1899 a station was established and
-a foothold secured. In the same year the region north of Duala was
-explored, and the forest district traversed, the plateau of Baliland was
-ascended, and the grassy lands reached. With indescribable difficulty
-the districts from Ibi on the Benue to Yola were traversed. In 1902-4 an
-Anglo-German expedition, after a very minute survey, fixed the boundary
-line between Yola and Lake Chad, and in 1908 an agreement was made
-between Germany and France regarding the south and east boundaries. In
-1907-8 the frontier between Cameroon and the Nigerias was surveyed by
-the British and German representatives, and the approximate line of
-demarcation subsequently settled between the two Governments was fixed
-and marked by an Anglo-German commission in 1912-13.
-
-
-BOUNDARIES AND TOWNS.
-
-The Cameroons are bounded on the north-west by Nigeria, on the
-north-east and east by the French possessions of the Military Territory
-of Chad and the Middle Congo and the French possession of Gaboon. The
-frontier runs in a north-easterly direction from near Calabar in the
-Southern Provinces of Nigeria to Lake Chad, and then in a general
-south-south-east direction to about lat. 2° N., from whence it strikes
-south-west by west, reaching the Atlantic just south of Spanish Guinea,
-which is thus surrounded on the north, east and south by German
-territory. The general outline of the country thus described is broken
-in the middle east by a triangular piece of land which gives access to
-the Ubangi river, an affluent of the Congo, at Singa, in lat. 3° 40´ N.;
-whilst in the south-east corner a strip of land seventy miles broad
-runs southwards, giving access to the Congo itself in about lat. 1° S.
-
-The Protectorate, with an area of 290 square miles, had in 1913 an
-estimated native population of 2,650,000, and a European population of
-1,871, of whom 1,643 were Germans.
-
-The chief towns on the coast, from north to south, are Victoria, Duala
-(the capital), Kribi, and Ukoko. Buea is a large town on the eastern
-slopes of the Cameroon mountain, and Edea is on the Sanaga, about forty
-miles from its mouth. In the mountainous region in the north-west are
-Bare, Dschang, Bali, Bamenda, Wum, Esu, and Kentu; to the east of these
-is Fumban, and to the west, in the low-lying country near the Nigerian
-border, Ossidinge. In the western portion of the plateau are Tibati,
-Banyo and Tingere, and in the centre, at the junction of the main routes
-of the interior, is Ngaumdere. In the country north of the plateau the
-chief towns are Garua, an important trading centre on the Benue, Lere,
-Binder, Marua, Mora, Dikoa, and Kusseri. In the southern part of the
-country are Yaunde, Dume, Bertua, Gaza, Carnot, Bania, Lomie, and
-Akoafim. Molondu is in the extreme south-east.
-
-
-THE PROGRESS OF THE PROTECTORATE.
-
-In the first twenty-eight years of their occupation the Germans had
-established courts of justice at Buea, Duala, Kribi, and Lomie, custom
-houses at Duala and Buea, thirty-eight post offices throughout the
-territory, and had maintained order among the natives by means of twelve
-companies of Imperial troops. They had constructed and opened 108
-kilometres of the 1-m. gauge line of 160 kilometres from Duala to the
-Manenguæ Mountains, and had opened the central line from Duala to
-Widimange, on the Nyong River--a distance of 293 kilometres of 1-m.
-gauge line--as far as Edea, ninety kilometres from Duala. The imports
-had increased from 9,296,796 marks in 1898 to 29,317,514 marks in 1911,
-and their exports in the same period had risen from 4,601,620 to
-21,250,883 marks, a total increase in the trade of the colony of nearly
-thirty-seven million marks. The want of means of communication was found
-a hindrance in the economic development of the territory, which was
-admittedly possessed of “unlimited liabilities.” Vast tracts in the
-interior were proved to be suited for cotton cultivation; oil palms,
-cocoa, and rubber were ascertained to be of “incalculable wealth,” and
-the Cameroons were described by Dr. Grotewold as among the most
-productive countries in the world.
-
-But the administration, or the critics of the administration of the
-Protectorate, had discovered that the lack of proper means of
-communication was not the only factor that retarded the progress of this
-richly endowed country. The unrest amongst the natives had revealed on
-the part of the authorities the lack of that sympathetic understanding
-of their native subjects which makes for successful colonisation. Their
-treatment of the natives was culpably injudicious, and their mistakes in
-dealing with them were so frequent and serious that the relations
-between the Government and the native population were constantly
-strained, and the services of the Imperial troops were in great demand.
-
-
-GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES.
-
-The country on the whole is mountainous and forms the north-west limit
-of the central African plateau. The coastland is flat alluvial country
-spreading out on either side of the Cameroon Mountains, and broken up
-with mangrove swamps, lagoons and deep estuaries. The Rio del Rey region
-on the west of the Cameroon Mountains is a stretch of alluvial land
-with a breadth of thirty to forty kilometres, which forms the extreme
-eastern portion of the great alluvial plain extending from the Gold
-Coast to the Cameroon, and attaining its greatest development in the
-Niger Delta. Within the alluvial the volcanic massive of the Cameroon
-Mountain rises to a height of 4,070 m., and divides the land into two
-parts, which are connected only by a small and high strip of territory.
-To the east of the dividing mountain lies Dualaland. The other three
-orographical regions which comprise the Cameroon country includes the
-Cameroon plateau, which forms the largest and most important part of the
-colony; the enormous region of Adamana, which is generally level and
-nowhere reaches an elevation of more than 600 metres; and the extensive
-swampy lands of the Lake Chad basin which are under water during several
-months of the year.
-
-The greater part of the colony is covered with red, loamy, sandy
-weatherings, which are characteristic of the tropics. If this red earth
-contains hard concretions of brown iron ore, they are named “Laterit.”
-These cellular-like volcanic scoria are characteristic of the surface of
-the soil generally, and especially in those districts where the loamy
-deposits have been washed away by heavy rains. Vegetable soil is more
-abundant in the rainy regions of the south, and also in the lowlands.
-Indeed the result of this humid weathering is a kind of whitish yellowy
-kaolin, or china clay, which is found in the south plateau. A blackish
-mould to a thickness of one or two feet covers the lowland south of Lake
-Chad, and is there called “Firki.” Whilst in the south of the colony red
-and yellow clayey soil preponderates, the further north one goes to the
-dryer regions, reddish sand, a product of the physical weathering, is to
-be found.
-
-
-CLIMATE.
-
-In the coast region of the Cameroons the climate is warm and moist, with
-a high rainfall. The temperature is not excessively high, the heat being
-tempered by the cold Benguela current coming northward from the Polar
-regions. According to Knox (_The Climate of Africa_) February is the
-warmest month and July the coolest, the maximum and minimum temperatures
-being 89·7° F. and 66° F. respectively. The mean temperature at Victoria
-and Duala is about 77° F. The coast is one of the most unhealthy places
-in Africa, but the conditions are considerably better and more suited
-to Europeans in the high-lying districts in the north. The climate of
-the latter is largely of the continental type, characterised by extremes
-of temperature. At Bali the mean temperature is about 64° F., the
-maximum 87° to 90° F., and the minimum 43° to 45° F. At Fort Crampel, on
-the eastern side of the plateau, the maximum temperature reaches 113°
-F., and the minimum 49° F. On the Ngaumdere plateau it is sometimes very
-cold, and sleet storms are not uncommon, the temperature sometimes
-falling to 37° F.
-
-As regards rainfall, there are as a rule four more or less distinct
-seasons in the southern and central regions--the chief dry season at the
-beginning of the year, the so-called long wet season from June to
-September, a short dry season in October and November, and a short
-period of great rainfall in part of November and in December--but the
-divisions indicated are by no means well marked. The Adamana district,
-situated on the north of the plateau, lies beyond the equatorial beet,
-and there are consequently only two seasons, one wet and one dry.
-
-The massive of the Cameroon Mountains presents a district which is
-singular with regard to its climate, vegetation and animal life. At its
-base is a primeval forest, and the climate is tropical and humid.
-Debundja and Bibundo have practically no dry season, the rain being
-continuous nearly the whole year round. On the east side, the rainy
-season lasts for only two to three months in the year. Buea, which lies
-on the lower slopes of the misty region, has a fresh, cool climate, and
-is quite free from malaria. The temperature varies frequently, in some
-cases from 1·5° to 2° Cent. in the course of two or three minutes.
-Instead of the usual heavy tropical rains, it has only a drizzling rain,
-and the humidity penetrates everywhere, even the dwellings. On the upper
-slopes, when the north-east wind blows, it is icy cold, except at
-midday. Hoar frost is frequent and snow fairly so. The mountain is
-nearly always cloud-capped, and it is seldom possible to obtain a really
-clear view of the summit.
-
-
-VEGETATION AND FORESTRY.
-
-The combination of tropical heat and rain in the alternate regions of
-forests and brushwood swamps produces a tropical growth of cocoa palms,
-cotton plants, flax and fibrous trees, and rubber vines in prodigal
-luxuriance and variety. The virgin forests are tropical to a height of
-about 1,000 m., when they become less dense, and the oak ferns make
-their appearance. Between 1,500 and 1,800 m. the wild coffee shrub grows
-abundantly, the oak ferns disappear, and are succeeded by glades and
-brushwood. At an altitude of 2,200 m. the forest suddenly comes to an
-end and the grass land begins. Only in the ravines, in which the soil is
-moist and sheltered from the winds, the forest continues to the 2,700 m.
-level. The high forest--the most magnificent of all tropical forest
-formations--is characterised by its amazing variety of entirely
-different trees, including, among others, the great wool tree, the
-mahogany tree, the yellow and red wood trees, the oil-palm, and rubber.
-Among the trees of the brushwood districts the principal are acacias and
-the oil-palm, which to a height of from 700 to 900 m. covers the slopes
-of the Cameroon plateau to the coast.
-
-The chief planting activity appears to have been at
-Johann-Albrechts-Höhe, and in the Dibombari district on the Northern
-Railway. A forestry plantation at Manoka, near Duala, was abandoned on
-account of its remoteness, the difficulty of water supply, and the
-constant lack of labour. The principal work for the making of forest
-and state reserves has been conducted in Yabassi, Yaunde, Edea, and
-Dschang. The efforts of the forest department and of private persons
-have been concerned mainly with: (_a_) Investigations of woods suitable
-for beams, wharves, and for boat and waggon building; (_b_) trials of
-woods resistant to _teredo navalis_ for small boats; and (_c_)
-experimental shipments to German South-West Africa of woods serviceable
-for building, mining and street paving.
-
-A large increase, amounting to 270 per cent. in the production of
-building and other timber, took place in 1911. The first place in the
-exports is held by Cameroons mahogany, which is stated to be increasing
-gradually in value in the market; its exports having risen in value from
-£7,022 in 1910 to £22,000 in 1912. The next wood in importance is
-Cameroons ebony, the exports of which have been as follows: 1909, 672
-tons, worth £3,038; 1910, 1,221 tons, worth £6,090; 1911, 1,652 tons,
-worth £6,777; whilst in 1912 the value of the shipment was £9,055. The
-increase of exports has been largely due to an increase of cutting by
-the natives, and this has entailed a considerable amount of robbery by
-them. As a consequence, timber exploitation on Government lands was
-entirely prohibited to natives in the period 1912-13, and concessions
-were given to Europeans with much caution; a decrease in the production
-was therefore expected. A difficulty regarding the exploitation of
-timber in the Cameroons is the lack of good waterways in the forest
-regions.
-
-
-CATTLE RAISING.
-
-In spite of the very great difficulties caused by the tsetse fly, much
-attention has been paid to stock-breeding in the Cameroons, although
-with the exception of certain efforts made in Kusseri, in the extreme
-north, and in Garua, in Adamana, nothing in the nature of methodical
-horse-breeding by natives exists. The indigenous cattle are of two
-kinds, the dwarf cattle and the humped cattle. Cattle-breeding in the
-proper sense is only found among the Fulla tribe in Adamana, in Banyo
-and the Lake Chad regions. From these places there was once an active
-export of cattle to the neighbouring British and French Protectorates,
-but this has been diminished in recent years owing to a large export
-duty. The interest in cattle-production on the part of the natives has
-been increased in recent years, under official encouragement, in the
-districts of Dschang and Bamenda.
-
-The Fulla cattle are greatly prized in the central districts, in which,
-by reason of the ravages of the tsetse fly, no cattle can be bred, and
-when railway communication has cleared the infected regions, a thriving
-cattle export industry to the coast will be developed. The increased
-prosperity of the rubber districts of the south, especially Molondu,
-Dume and Lomie, has led, in recent years, to a demand for meat among the
-natives, and this has been supplied from the Hausa and Fulani herds. In
-1911 about 20,000 head of large stock and 8,000 of small stock were sent
-from Adamana to the south, and this is estimated to mean an exchange
-between the north and the south to the value of about £150,000.
-
-As is usual in West Africa, the natives possess neglected goats, sheep
-and fowls, and in some cases pigs, though this is only true to a very
-small extent in the southern districts.
-
-
-NATIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.
-
-The chief agricultural products of the Cameroons are rubber, palm
-kernels, cocoa and palm oil, and the Protectorate may be said, in a
-general way, to present three chief agricultural areas: the southern,
-with rubber in increasing production; the middle province around the
-Cameroon river basin, with their plantations and areas rich in oil
-palms; and the grass country, northward, suited specially for cattle
-breeding. Nearly all the rubber exploited has been derived from the
-native exploitation of wild plants. Almost all the male population of
-Lomie, Molondu, Dume, and Dengdeng was concerned in rubber collection in
-1910-11, in which years more than 1,000 coloured middlemen bought the
-rubber from the natives and sold it to the forty-nine mercantile firms
-who had no fewer than 230 stations established for its purchase. The
-comparatively small share of rubber plantations in the whole production
-of the Protectorate is shown by the fact that, of a total export of
-5,957,516 lbs. in 1911, all except 23,912 lbs. was from wild plants;
-whilst in 1912 cultivated plants accounted for only 53,040 lbs. in a
-total shipment of 6,184,222 lbs. The results of the attempts to induce
-the natives to take up new cultivations depend on the presence or
-absence in their district of wild plants that they can exploit. Whilst,
-for example, the inhabitants of the Lomie district, who still know of
-rich stands of wild rubber plants, are hardly to be excited to commence
-rubber cultivation, it has been experienced in Kribi, where these do
-not exist, that the distribution of young plants are gratefully received
-and readily planted.
-
-It is also recorded that oil-palm cultivation has been introduced with
-some success to the natives, in the districts of Lomie and Yaunde, but
-any “cultivation” by the natives is very simple in nature, consisting
-merely in the keeping of the stands clear of “bush.” The large decrease
-in the exports of ivory in recent years is due in great measure to the
-exhaustion of the stores of ivory hoarded by the natives and the extent
-of elephant shooting in the past ten years. The exports in 1910 amounted
-to sixteen tons, valued at £124, and although there was a slight
-increase of quantity in the following year, the export in 1912 showed a
-large diminution. The other native products are chiefly djair nuts, shea
-nuts, kola, and gum arabic, but there has been comparatively little
-activity as regards the actual cultivation of crops, because of the
-natural richness of the country in products which enable the inhabitants
-to buy what they require. The raising of food crops exists, however, for
-special demands, such as arise near railways, administrative stations
-and larger towns, and the chief places on the caravan routes and rivers.
-Near such places the native raises maize, plantains, bananas, cassava,
-sweet potatoes and ground nuts, as well as sorghum (dura or dari) in the
-northern districts, and some kola and sesame in isolated places. In
-several districts a certain amount of tobacco is planted; there is also
-some little fruit raising, notably in the villages of Ambam. In the
-highlands of Dschang, and in other places, such as Ebelowe and Yaunde,
-new crops, such as the English potato, “black bush” beans and turnips,
-for which the climate seems to be suited, have been introduced. Numerous
-inhabitants of the districts of Duala and Edea have in recent years laid
-out farms for the raising of cassava, plantains, maize, yams, and other
-products.
-
-North of the watershed the principal crops are guinea-corn, millet,
-ground-nuts, cassava, and sweet potatoes; cotton and tobacco are also
-cultivated by the Chamba pagans, Zumperis and Munchis. The corn is
-planted in April at the end of the rainy season, the method of
-cultivation being as follows. The ground is first cleared of weeds and
-the remains of the last year’s crop. It is then prepared for sowing by
-digging shallow trenches with a rough kind of hoe, the earth being piled
-up to form ridges between the trenches. Guinea-corn (_Sorghum vulgare_),
-the staple food of the country, is planted in these ridges. It grows to
-a great height, often fifteen to twenty feet, and is harvested in
-November. Millet is planted in the furrows; it ripens rapidly and is
-harvested in July. Cotton is ready for picking after December; tobacco
-and cassava are cultivated during the dry season on the hillsides, the
-streams being used for irrigation.
-
-From October to March, during the dry season, the natives are engaged in
-stacking their corn into mud-walled granaries, and threshing what they
-require for immediate use. These months are also spent in repairing the
-damage done to the villages, grass being cut and tied into bundles for
-thatching roofs, and making new zana matting. The dry season is also the
-hunting season, when the long grass has been laid low by fire. This
-grass-burning is an annual institution, although the Government has
-given orders prohibiting it on account of the damage done to trees. But
-the hill tribes care very little for trees or grass, and a good deal for
-meat.
-
-As in all parts where the tsetse fly prevails, and the employment of
-cattle for ploughing is impossible, the land is chiefly cultivated with
-the hoe; and as the West African hoe is a tool which calls for the
-exercise of patience rather than skill or strength, the native leaves
-the field work to his women. From this form of servitude the women will
-not be emancipated until cattle are rendered immune from tsetse fly and
-the hoe is supplanted by the plough.
-
-
-
-
-PLANTATION CULTIVATION.
-
-
-The Cameroons were regarded by the Germans as a plantation country of
-the highest promise, and the proximity of the Cameroon Mountain to the
-coast, facilitating the realisation of the products, render this part of
-the colony an ideal area for the planter. All the largest plantations
-are situated in this district, which has been extensively developed, and
-its products have already assumed considerable proportions in the export
-statistics of the dependency. The laying out of a plantation in Cameroon
-is by no means an easy task, as the fertile soil must be drawn from the
-primeval forest. And as the Cameroon primeval forest has no equal for
-vastness and impenetrability, laborious and costly preliminary work is
-necessary before any real planting can be attempted. On the whole it is
-very much the same as in East Africa, with the distinction that as a
-rule in the latter colony there is only the so-called bush to clear,
-while in Cameroon one has to deal with high-grown primeval forest.
-
-The cultivation of cocoa prospers on the slopes of the Cameroon
-Mountain, where the climate and soil resemble those of the adjacent
-Islands of St. Thomas and Fernando-Po, and its cultivation is almost
-confined to the Cameroon Mountain and to some plantations in Sanaga and
-Kampo. It is to be hoped that with the further opening up of the
-country, many districts will be found suitable for its cultivation. In
-this case the many years’ experience on the Cameroon Mountain will
-facilitate the spreading. The cocoa-tree is, on an average, six to eight
-m. high, with a trunk diameter of about fifteen to twenty-five cm., and
-it begins to produce after four or five years. At harvest time the fruit
-must be carefully gathered, to avoid injuring the tree. The opening of
-the fruit to obtain the seeds is done with a cane, or by beating open
-the fruit on a stone. When the seeds are taken from the fruit, they
-undergo the important process of fermentation. It would take too long to
-relate the different methods employed, but it may be mentioned that the
-fermentation process affects the taste and aroma of the cocoa very much,
-drawing away the bitterness of the bean, modifying its sharp taste, and
-developing the aroma and the red-brown colour.
-
-A still further proceeding is the drying of the beans, which is done
-either by the heat of the sun and the fresh air on threshing floors with
-removable roof, or by artificial heat in drying apparatus. Some days
-after the cocoa has been carefully dried, it is ready for exportation.
-It is packed in sacks or matting, and in the past it has been dispatched
-principally to Germany to be worked up in the factories. The kernels are
-ground and the grease when extracted is used in the form of cocoa-butter
-for medicinal purposes and for the fabrication of soap. The export of
-cocoa, which amounted to 2,450 tons in 1908, reached a total of 4,550
-tons, valued at £212,500, in 1912.
-
-
-RUBBER.
-
-The attention of the rubber dealers was at first confined to certain
-lianas, especially the Landolphia florida, which was regarded as the
-greatest rubber-yielding plant in the colonies. But in the beginning of
-the century it was discovered that the great virgin forests of South
-Cameroon contained vast numbers of Kickxia-elastica trees, and that
-extensive subsidiary tracts covered with the same plant existed in the
-savannahs of South Adamana, in the Kumbo highlands, and the region of
-Lake Chad. Kickxia-elastica, known in the trade as “silk rubber,” was
-first discovered on the West African Coast in Lagos in 1894, and by
-October of the following year the exports had reached well over a
-million pounds. The eagerness of the natives to exploit this very
-valuable product led to the total destruction of the rubber-yielding
-trees, with the result that by 1906 the export had entirely ceased. Dr.
-Schlecter introduced the Kickxia rubber trees from Lagos into the
-Cameroons, where he proved that 1½ lbs. of dry rubber may be obtained
-from the six-year-old trees, a result which was more than confirmed
-subsequently by Dr. O. Warburg, the well-known authority on rubber. The
-first shipments of rubber from the Kickxia trees were obtained from the
-wild rubber trees known as Funtumia-elastica, and it has only been
-during the last few years that the Germans, realising that the Kickxia
-rubber trees are indigenous to the colony, have cultivated it, and there
-are now large plantations of Kickxia in the Cameroons containing
-millions of trees, which are doing well.
-
-From the tapping of wild Funtumia trees, it is known that this species
-yields latex more readily than others, and that it is almost as
-sensitive to drastic tapping as Castilloa. Tapping of the cultivated
-tree has occurred experimentally in Cameroon. These trees, however, do
-not stand closely-planted, but singly or in rows, and the results must
-be judged accordingly. It can be assumed that from 3 to 3¾ ozs. are to
-be expected from six-year-old trees planted at good distances from each
-other, and 1 to 2 ozs. from closely-planted trees. The method of tapping
-practised in the last experiments with Funtumia differed from all other
-methods, in that vertical incisions the whole length of the trunk were
-made. As to its advantage over the herring-bone system, further
-observations and a more extended series of comparative tapping trials
-are first necessary. The rubber is procured by boiling the latex after
-diluting it with water; treatment with hydrofluoric acid yields a better
-product. Although Funtumia rubber is at present inferior in quality to
-that of Hevea and Ficus, and at most is equal to that of the Castilloa,
-still it may be confidently anticipated that with more suitable
-preparation it will yield a good serviceable product.
-
-
-THE COST OF PRODUCTION.
-
-Most of the Kickxia plantations are laid out on land which has been
-cleared of jungle, a process which does not entail a heavy outlay. The
-expenses, including all costs for inspection, tools, labour, &c.,
-amount to about £10 per acre. A fair supply of native labour is
-available, and the average wage, including board, is about £10 per
-annum. The cost of the upkeep of the planted areas should not exceed
-30s. per acre for the first year, 22s. 6d. per acre for the second year,
-and 18s. 6d. and 10s. for the third and fourth years respectively. The
-estimated inclusive cost of tapping the trees and delivering the produce
-in Europe should not exceed 1s. 3d. per lb. The value of Kickxia rubber,
-if properly prepared, is almost equal to that of the best Para rubber,
-and it is certainly safe to estimate that it will always fetch within
-1s. of Para. These figures compare very favourably with those obtaining
-in other plantations, and they are given here as an indication that in
-its rubber exports alone the Cameroon territory has a profitable future
-before it.
-
-In considering the question as to whether Germany will ever be in a
-position to supply her own demands in rubber from her own colonies, Dr.
-Paul Preuss, writing in the _India Rubber Journal_, says that it depends
-on three factors: (1) Soil, (2) Climate, (3) Labour. “Regarding soil,”
-he says, “the Colonies of Cameroon and New Guinea alone possess several
-hundred thousand acres of land suited for the cultivation of the most
-valuable rubber trees. The climate there is also very favourable. Taking
-the annual requirements of Germany in rubber at 16,000 tons, this
-quantity can be produced from an area of 150,000 to 170,000 acres
-exclusively planted with Hevea, and from 200,000 to 250,000 acres under
-cultivation with the various species already planted, but with Hevea
-predominating. Even if the demand for the raw material should
-considerably increase, the answer to this question would be an
-affirmative as regards soil and climate; whether, however, with the
-accompanying development in the cultivation of cacao, cotton, cocoa-nut
-and oil-palms, &c., the necessary labour will be procurable for such an
-extension in rubber cultivation, the question cannot be answered.” It
-has been stated that in the coming years, when the rubber plantations
-are ready for tapping, and the tobacco plantations are demanding the
-services of thousands of natives, the insufficiency of labour will prove
-a serious problem, and the importation of Chinese labour was submitted
-to the consideration of the German Government as a feasible solution.
-
-
-RICE, COFFEE, COCOA, AND TOBACCO.
-
-During recent years the cultivation of rice has received more attention,
-especially in the experimental gardens. The forest land inhabitants have
-also begun to lay out water and hill rice fields in great extent, and it
-is only a question of time for the Cameroons to become a rice producing
-country. But whether the negroes will ever be capable of carrying out
-the troublesome cultivation of water rice, with the necessary
-transplanting and careful watering, is regarded as doubtful.
-
-One can depend with greater confidence on the exportation of maize and
-millet from the forest land and the drier hinterland, as soon as means
-of transport are provided, as it has been found that the black can be
-entrusted with this cultivation. Rice, as well as maize and millet, and
-also bananas and pines, which grow in great quantities, would be, as
-native cultivation solely, open to question.
-
-Regarding the cultivation of coffee, the greatest hopes were raised in
-the first years of occupation of the colony. The Cameroon Mountains
-resemble in every respect the island of San Thomé and Fernando-Po,
-where, in 1884, a flourishing coffee cultivation existed. Nothing was
-more natural than the expectation than that a fresh impetus would be
-given to coffee cultivation on the mainland, but these hopes were not
-fulfilled, and now scarcely any coffee plantations are to be found. Tea
-was planted in Buea by Deistel, and the tea-shrub developed splendidly.
-
-Plantation cocoa has borne the preponderating share of the total exports
-of that product in recent years, the areas in bearing having increased
-as follows: 1909, 13,328 acres; 1910, 15,290 acres; 1911, 17,560 acres;
-1912, 20,438 acres. The large increase of exports in 1912 is attributed
-to the very favourable weather in that year. It is stated that more
-care, with artificial manuring, is wanted in the cultivation, and that
-the chief diseases and pests of cocoa, such as brown rot, “cockchafer
-grubs,” and “bark bugs,” are not under control. Nevertheless the future
-for cocoa is believed to be good.
-
-Much was expected of tobacco planting, especially in Bibundi, where
-tobacco was planted at first, and the quality was excellent, although
-the cultivation was proved to be too dear and too difficult on account
-of the dampness of the climate. In 1902 there was a deficit of 200,000
-marks, and for some time the cultivation was discontinued. Attempts
-were made in 1911 to encourage tobacco planting in the German colonies
-by the guarantees of a definite price for quantities of at least 100
-cwts. raised and prepared in those colonies. The planted area in
-plantations in the Cameroons increased from fifty acres in 1911 to 383
-in 1912; 230 acres of the latter had yielded a crop. In view of the
-expensive nature of the cultivation, it was hoped that Cameroons’ leaf
-for wrappers would gain a good market.
-
-The planting of the Kola-nut was undertaken very energetically, and in
-1904, 400 were planted in Garna, but with what result is unknown. The
-experimental cultivations in the gardens of Victoria have produced no
-palpable result. The trees flourished and bore fruit, but it was
-entirely consumed by worms. The natives, on the other hand, cultivate
-this tree in great extent in the forest land, and especially in the
-Kimbo highland. Among different plants, especially in the trial gardens,
-are the vanilla, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and other spices. Vanilla was
-quite destroyed by blight in Victoria. Pepper, cloves and cinnamon all
-furnish excellent productions.
-
-
-PALM OIL CULTIVATION.
-
-The oil-palm in the old days was the glorious heritage of the native,
-who found a ready sale for such oil as his women-folk were able to
-extract by a slow and laborious process. It is likely that the native
-believed that so long as he retained the tree and the fruit, his
-time-honoured oil business would never be taken from him, but the great
-and growing demand for oil has beaten him, and he is fast losing the
-trade because he can no longer make the quantity that the market
-requires. Palm oil is now requisitioned for a hundred-and-one new uses.
-It is no longer the monopoly of the soap-maker or the chandler. Palm oil
-deodorised by hydrogen is needed for the “nut butters” of the
-vegetarian; makers of nitro-glycerine explosives derive their glycerine
-constituents more and more from palm oil; whilst the exploiters of
-novelties in metal polishes ransack the ship’s hold for leakages from
-the palm-oil cask. Oil must be had in increasing quantity; machinery
-speeds up the production; yet still the cry is for more oil, until the
-European himself attempts to become owner of thousands of trees, eagerly
-and not too scrupulously encroaching on lands that once were considered
-native, in the vain hope of finding a speedier road to prosperity.
-
-
-THE PALM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS.
-
-The profitable carrying on of this industry depends on the demand for
-palm oil and the use which can be made of the residues. That the supply
-of palm kernels themselves should decline is unthinkable. The steady
-increase in their growth in all parts of the West African Coast is
-conclusive evidence of their almost limitless possibilities. Moreover,
-the statistics clearly show the extensive nature of the demand. Great
-Britain and Germany are no longer the only purchasers; South Africa has
-entered the market, as well as Holland and France, though their lots are
-comparatively small, and could not in any way effect the profitable
-exploitation of kernel-crushing on a large scale.
-
-In a paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute, entitled “The War:
-British and German Trade in Nigeria,” Mr. R. E. Dennett, of the Forest
-Department, Nigeria, made it abundantly evident that Germany had been
-farming the commerce of the Protectorates to the detriment of the
-Britisher. He showed from statistics that Germany’s export trade to
-Nigeria greatly exceeded ours, while of the Nigerian produce which left
-the country, Germany in 1913 took nearly all the copra, half the cocoa,
-more than two-thirds of the palm kernels, one-eighth of the palm oil,
-half the hides, one-third of the mahogany, more than half the
-ground-nuts, over a third of the shea nuts, and all the palm kernel
-cake.
-
-On the subject of the palm tree and its products, Mr. Dennett is both
-interesting and instructive, and in view of its inevitable increase in
-importance as a British industry, the following extracts from his paper
-may be usefully reproduced here.
-
-“People who have little or no knowledge of the palm tree (_Elæis
-guineensis_) confuse the palm fruit with the palm kernel. The palm
-kernel of commerce is the seed of the palm tree. This is surrounded by a
-hard shell, and it is then called the palm nut. This shell is in its
-turn covered by an oily fibrous matter, and is then known as the palm
-fruit. If we take this fruit and cut it into two parts, we can see these
-three parts of the fruit more distinctly; first the outer yellow
-covering or the fibrous pericarp, from which the palm oil of commerce is
-extracted; then the shell, and finally the kernel, from which the white
-palm kernel oil is extracted.
-
-“The composition of this fruit is as follows:--
-
-    Pericarp Oil        18 per cent.
-    Fibre and Moisture  12    “
-    Shell and Disk      58    “
-    Kernel              12    “
-                       ---
-          Total        100    “
-
-“The uses of the palm oil tree are various. It yields the palm oil and
-kernels of commerce. It gives the native a drink he is very fond of,
-called palm wine, which, when fermented, gives our cooks yeast for
-bread-making. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths as fuel, as
-they give off great heat. At the present time there are three methods of
-making palm oil: (_a_) from the fresh fruit, (_b_) from partially
-fermented fruit, and (_c_) from well fermented fruit.
-
-
-THE NATIVE AS CULTIVATOR.
-
-“Bunches of fruit having been severed from the parent tree, are sliced
-and hammered by natives, using long poles, until the fruit becomes
-detached from the bunch. The fresh fruit is either prepared at once into
-what is called soft oil, or allowed to ferment, or partially ferment,
-and made into hard oil. The procedure followed in making either of
-these kinds of oil is much the same. The fruit is placed either into
-canoes or clay troughs, water is poured over them, and then, by treading
-or beating, the fibrous matter containing the oil is separated from the
-nuts. The nuts are then taken out and placed in the sun to dry, while
-the fibrous matter, by further beating or treading, is made to yield the
-oil which floats to the surface of the water. This oil is ladled out
-into pots and boiled, and then allowed to rest, so that all dirt or
-sediment falls to the bottom of the pot. This clean oil, soft or hard,
-is the palm oil of commerce. This oil is taken in calabashes or tins to
-the traders’ factory, which, generally speaking, is near to a river or a
-railway, and there put into casks and sent to the nearest port for
-shipment to Europe.
-
-“There are, practically speaking, two kinds of palm oil exported from
-the West Coast, i.e., hard and soft, but soft oil is of two
-qualities--Lagos and ordinary soft oil. As a rule, Lagos and soft oil is
-worth £3 to £4 more than hard oil, the reason being that there is about
-8 per cent. more glycerine in the soft than in the hard. The percentage
-of glycerine varies in inverse proportion with the acidity.
-
-“In the olden days one of the chief occupations of slaves was that of
-cracking palm nuts; now this work is left to boys and women. After the
-nuts have been dried in the sun, they are heaped up under little sheds
-to protect them from the rain. In places where rocks are plentiful the
-nuts are taken there and cracked on them by a stone held in the hand of
-the cracker. In other places the nuts are put on a block of wood resting
-on the ground between the cracker’s legs and struck with a piece of iron
-held in the cracker’s right hand. In this way one worker will crack from
-15 lbs. to 25 lbs. of kernels per day. The kernels are then packed in
-different kinds of baskets and taken to markets near rivers, where they
-are bought by native middlemen. Competition is very keen, and so these
-middlemen are tempted to adulterate the kernels by adding shells to them
-or by soaking them in water for two or three days. Finally, they are
-taken in canoes down rivers or by rail to the European traders and sold
-by measurement at so much a bushel.... Think of it! 241,000 tons of palm
-kernels shipped to Hamburg in 1913, and nearly every nut containing one
-kernel is cracked by hand.”
-
-
-THE FUTURE OF PALM OIL AND KERNEL INDUSTRY.
-
-Although the palm kernel industry has not attained important dimensions
-in the Cameroons, there is no reason why it should not form one of the
-staple products of the colony, or why the whole of the trade in palm
-kernels should not be transferred from Germany to this country. Hitherto
-the quarter of a million tons of palm kernels--valued at over
-£4,000,000--exported annually from British West Africa has gone to
-Germany, where crushing-mills and manufacturing plants have been
-established, while considerable quantities of high-priced kernel oil, in
-manufactured or unmanufactured form, have been exported from Germany to
-Great Britain. About 50 per cent. of the produce of the crushed palm
-kernels is marketed in the form of oil, and the balance is made up into
-palm kernel cake, practically the whole of which is consumed in Germany,
-where it commands a good price and is in great demand, especially among
-dairy farmers.
-
-This profitable German industry has now been suspended owing to the war,
-which has rendered it necessary for planters to find a new market for
-their produce, and the opportunity seems propitious for an endeavour to
-establish it in Great Britain upon a substantial scale. With a view to
-arousing interest in the subject in commercial and agricultural circles,
-Sir Owen Phillipps, K.C.M.G., Chairman of the West African section of
-the London Chamber of Commerce, has issued a timely pamphlet in which
-the present position of the trade is described and its potentialities
-are indicated. The Anglicisation of the industry, in addition to
-promoting Imperial commercial intercourse, and securing increased
-industrial employment in the United Kingdom, would furnish British
-farmers--who are complaining of the enhanced prices of present
-foods--with a new supply of a relatively cheap and excellent feeding
-material.
-
-The profitable exploitation of this crushing industry depends upon the
-capacity of the British market to absorb a larger supply of palm kernel
-oil and upon the possibility of inducing British farmers to adopt the
-use of palm kernel cake. There are at present two mills, both at
-Liverpool, for dealing with palm kernels, capable together of crushing
-annually about 70,000 tons, leaving a balance unprovided for of at least
-180,000 tons. To cope with this additional quantity several of the great
-milling companies of Liverpool, London, Hull, &c., have already made and
-are making alterations in their machinery in order to crush palm
-kernels, so that in the near future much greater quantities will be
-dealt with. A new mill on the Thames, at Erith, is also being erected,
-which, when completed after the war, will be capable of crushing a very
-large quantity.
-
-
-PALM KERNEL CAKE FOOD.
-
-In order to ascertain whether British farmers would be prepared to make
-a larger use of palm kernel cake, Sir Owen Phillipps placed himself in
-communication with the leading agricultural authorities in all parts of
-the country--principals of agricultural colleges, experimental stations,
-&c., and these gentlemen have taken up the matter with the greatest
-enthusiasm. They are practically unanimous in asserting that the fact of
-large quantities of palm kernel cake being available at a price
-comparing favourably with that of other similar foods (now becoming more
-expensive than formerly) has only to be brought to the notice of farmers
-to ensure a greatly increased demand; in fact, that farmers are looking
-out for a new and comparatively cheap feeding material. Many of the
-principals and professors of the colleges referred to in various parts
-of the country have undertaken an elaborate series of comparative
-experimental feeding tests with palm kernel and other cakes, so as to
-demonstrate the merits of the former. When these are completed the
-results will be made widely known to the agricultural community.
-
-In an article published in the _Field_ on “Palm Kernel Cake,” Mr. F. J.
-Lloyd, F.I.C., points out that a really good cake, made from this
-product, is now available in this country. The nutrients in palm kernel
-cake are quite exceptionally digestible, and one German authority says
-that, “owing to its pleasant taste, its great digestibility, and the way
-in which cattle thrive on it, no cake fetches so high a price.” It
-increases the yield of milk, improves the quality as regards butter fat,
-and is said to impart a good colour to the butter, so that it is
-especially valuable for winter feeding. Though mainly used in Germany
-for dairy cattle, Professor Lloyd adds that it has also been given with
-satisfactory results to steers, sheep, and pigs.
-
-
-PALM KERNEL STATISTICS.
-
-The _Bulletin_ of the Imperial Institute contains an article calling
-attention to the magnitude of the trade in palm kernels, and discussing
-its commercial aspect. The following table shows the quantities and
-values from each of the chief producing countries in West Africa in
-1912:--
-
-                      _Quantities._                 _Values._
-
-British Possessions:     _Tons._      _Tons._          £           £
-  Gambia                   445                     6,518
-  GoldCoast             14,629                   205,365
-  Nigeria              184,624                 2,797,411
-  Sierra Leone          50,751                   793,178
-                      --------     250,449     ---------      3,802,472
-
-French Possessions:
-  Dahomey               36,708                   535,937
-  Gaboon                   354                     4,671
-  Guinea                 5,054                    41,079
-  Ivory Coast            6,692                    70,710
-  Senegal                1,736                    28,221
-                        ------      50,544        ------        680,618
-
-Belgian Congo            --                        --           110,835
-
-German Possessions:
-  Kamerun               15,742                   220,300
-  Togoland              11,456                   168,978
-                        -------     27,198       -------        389,278
-                                   -------                   ----------
-Totals                             328,191                   £4,983,203
-
-This article also gives the average value of the kernels, which in
-Hamburg ranges from £18 2s. to £19 2s. per ton (June, 1914); the value
-in Liverpool was £17 17s. 6d. to £18 18s. 9d. per ton in July last, and
-in September was £16 7s. 6d. to £17 10s. per ton.
-
-Palm kernel oil is used for the same purposes as cocoa-nut oil, viz.,
-the manufacture of soap and candles and the preparation of various
-edible fats, such as margarine, cooking fats, vegetable “butters,” and
-chocolate fats. By suitable treatment it can be separated into a liquid
-portion (olein) and a hard white fat (palm kernel stearin), and in this
-way the consistence of the material can be varied for the preparation of
-different edible products. These edible palm kernel oil products are
-prepared on a very large scale in Germany and elsewhere, and are largely
-imported into this country. With palm kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the
-value of palm kernel oil in the United Kingdom is from £36 5s. to £36
-15s. per ton, with Ceylon cocoa-nut oil at £40 per ton.
-
-It is added that British oil-seed crushers who undertook to work them
-would find no difficulty in getting a market for the oil among
-soap-makers and makers of edible fats. Although the article points out
-that some difficulty might be experienced in finding a market quickly in
-the United Kingdom for the palm kernel cake, because English farmers do
-not readily take up feeding stuffs which are new to them, it will be
-gathered from what has already been said that, thanks to the initiative
-of Sir Owen Phillipps, this difficulty is likely to be overcome, and the
-opportunity is a particularly good one now that other feeding stuffs
-are becoming more expensive, as that is a point which will have great
-influence. It is not a new feeding material, but all the evidence points
-simply to the fact that it has only to become better known and available
-on a large scale to result in mutual benefits to the farmer, the miller,
-the manufacturer, and the West African colonies.
-
-
-COTTON.
-
-The cultivation of fibrous plants, which have made a highly satisfactory
-start in Togoland and East Africa, are to be found in Cameroon only in
-the preliminary stage. In the experimental garden, Sanseveria, the
-Romelia-pita from Central America, manilla hemp, Musa textiles, as well
-as the Uttari jute, have been planted.
-
-Cotton should have a much greater future than the so-called fibrous
-plant. It is cultivated at present to a great extent south of Lake Chad
-by the natives, and the cultivation of cotton has been called
-systematic, as only one to two year-old plants are harvested. In that
-region the conditions are so favourable that a considerable development
-of the cotton cultivation may be counted upon, as soon as more
-favourable communication conditions are made. In the Benue Valley,
-cotton has also been cultivated for several decades. The whole of the
-forest and coastland are unfit for this cultivation, and it is somewhat
-surprising to hear that on the uncultivated lands of the Mandara
-Mountains, a very beautiful long fibrous cotton grows. At the
-instigation of the Colonial Agricultural Committee, cotton cultivation
-made a tremendous start in Togo, and in East Africa as well as in the
-Cameroons.
-
-The export of timber has increased by leaps and bounds in recent years.
-While in 1909 timber to the value of only £8,500 was imported, this sum
-in 1912 had risen to £35,000, and, with the extension of the railway
-system, the revenue from this source can be increased almost
-indefinitely.
-
-
-EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURAL WORK.
-
-Dr. Walter Busse, of the Imperial German Colonial Office, writing in the
-“Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” on “The Organisation of
-Experimental Work in Agriculture in the German Colonies,” tells us that
-in Cameroon, as in other parts where land is being opened up for
-agriculture, the conditions of settlement of the natives, the density of
-the population, the general standard of civilisation, and the capacity
-of the natives for any particular kind of activity, all play an
-important role. “And in proportion as the people incline towards
-agriculture, so attention must be paid to the inclinations and needs of
-the separate races, and lastly to the extent, organisation and methods
-of native agriculture.... The German Colonial Government,” the German
-colonial official proceeds to explain, “has laid it down as a principle
-that native agriculture in the tropical colonies should be allowed to
-develop freely side by side with plantations under European control,
-wherever this does not interfere with higher interests. Local conditions
-will decide how far in each particular region this or that method of
-organising agriculture is to be preferred. But wherever climate, soil
-and condition of settlement do not admit of plantation culture, and a
-native population capable of production is present, the Government will,
-as a matter of course, encourage native agriculture as much as possible,
-and by this means create an improved economic position.”
-
-Unfortunately for the native, as Hanns Vischer points out in his article
-on “Native Education in German Africa,” his national feeling, his own
-industry and aptitude for work, was entirely ignored by the Government,
-and “higher interests” frequently interfered to retard the development
-of native enterprise, while the Teutonic professors proved too
-determined, for the good of colonial agriculture, to transfer to it “the
-long-approved system of German agriculture, which rests on a strong
-scientific foundation, built on the results of exact investigation and
-methods.” Germany started her experimental work as soon as she entered
-upon the occupation of colonies, with the establishment of gardens for
-raising imported economic plants, such as coffee, cocoa, rubber, &c., in
-the interest of plantation culture, and for the advancement of gardening
-and fruit production. When European planters commenced to take up
-agriculture on their own account, it was found that the experimental
-work of the botanical gardens was no longer adequate to the new
-requirements. For this purpose, experimental work on a purely
-agricultural basis, and an effort to effect an improvement of native
-agriculture, became necessary. To meet these demands, institutes were
-established, and agricultural staffs were organised, and the measures
-taken in Togoland in 1900, for the introduction and extension of cotton
-cultivation, became the standard for agricultural experimental work in
-the other tropical African colonies of Cameroon and East Africa.
-
-
-THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
-
-The Experimental Institute of Agriculture at Victoria remained as the
-centre for the whole of the experimental work in Cameroon until the year
-1911, when the Imperial Government created a Department of Agriculture
-at Buea to deal with all questions relating to organisation, while the
-Victoria Institution continued to undertake the technical and scientific
-investigations. At first the agricultural work was mainly devoted to
-assisting the planting industry in the Cameroon Mountains, but as the
-colony became opened up, fresh problems presented themselves. The
-reckless exploitation of the _Funtumia elastica_ and Landolphia vines in
-the rubber forests led to the establishment of a special rubber
-inspectorate, and various arrangements were made for the development of
-all branches of native cultivation. Special small experimental gardens
-were created in the larger administrative stations of the interior and
-placed under the management of a European farmer or gardener, to deal
-with the cultivation by natives of products suitable for export. Later,
-a cocoa inspectorate was established to organise native cocoa
-cultivation in districts in which European cocoa plantations did not and
-were not likely to exist, and an experimental station was founded in the
-Jaunde district to encourage the cultivation of such crops as
-ground-nuts, plantain and manioc, with a view to export. At Kuti and
-Pittoa two agricultural experimental stations were established,
-primarily for the cultivation of cotton, but other branches of
-agriculture, including stock-raising, were embraced in the programme of
-work at these stations. In 1913 the agricultural staff consisted of
-fourteen first-grade, seven second-grade and twenty-eight third-grade
-officers.
-
-The Institute at Victoria comprised a botanic garden and botanical and
-chemical laboratories, and the work carried on there included the
-raising of tropical economic plants, experiments in plantation culture
-and manuring, &c. Since 1910 young natives were trained as plantation
-managers in the agricultural school attached to the institute. At the
-cattle-breeding stations at Buea, Dschang and Djuttitsa (in the Dschang
-district), and Jaunde, the breeding of Allgau bulls and cross-breeding
-experiments with Allgau bulls and the indigenous humped cows were
-carried on with the object of obtaining draught cattle for the several
-districts and supplying meat and dairy produce to the Europeans. At the
-Dschang School of Agriculture, young natives were instructed in the use
-of the plough and in other rational methods of agriculture. At the Kuti
-station, in the Bamum district, and the Pittao station, in the Adamana
-district, the advancement of cotton cultivation is the primary study,
-but the programmes of work also include comparative cultivation
-experiments with indigenous cereals, pulses, root-crops, and fodder
-plants, the use of the plough, manuring and rotation experiments,
-cattle-breeding and cattle-keeping, and the training of native
-travelling instructors.
-
-The Rubber Inspectorate established stations for rubber cultivation at
-Sangmalima (Ebolowa district), Akonolinga (Jaunde district), Dume (Dume
-district), and Djahposten (Lomie district), and the work comprised the
-distribution of Funtumia and Hevea plants to the natives, the
-superintendence of new plantations, the regeneration of the stocks of
-wild rubber which had become exhausted by careless exploitation, and the
-instruction of the natives in the tapping of rubber trees and the
-preparation and preservation of the rubber.
-
-In order to deal adequately with the agricultural questions which arose
-locally in the various districts, most of the administrative stations
-possessed--apart from the established experimental gardens--agricultural
-officers whose duty it was to superintend local experimental fields and
-gardens. Such officers were employed, among other places, at Duala,
-Edea, Bara, Yoko, and Bamenda, the chief aim of the experimental gardens
-at these places being to develop the cultivation of export products,
-while experiments with foreign economic plants, yielding produce
-suitable for export, were also conducted.
-
-
-MINERAL RESOURCES.
-
-The mining industry has not yet penetrated into the Cameroons, and the
-mineral deposits of the country are commercially improved. Cretaceous
-and Tertiary rocks occur in the coastal area and extend northward to the
-Nigerian border. Gneisses and schists of pre-Cambrian age, with
-intrusive granites, extend over wide areas in the hinterland, and
-volcanic rocks of supposed Tertiary age are very abundant. Pegmatites
-and quartz veins are associated with granite intrusions in the
-pre-Cambrian rocks. These carry tourmaline in the region north of Duala,
-as in the Dschang district. Quartz veins with small amounts of pyrite
-and arsenopyrite also occur.
-
-Tinstone, which occurs in pegmatite veins in Nigeria, may be expected to
-be encountered in the Cameroons, but although prospecting has been
-carried on in various parts of the region bordering on Nigeria, in the
-hope of finding tinstone and wolframite, no results have been obtained.
-The only trace of gold yet discovered was an occurrence of spangles of
-gold of theoretical interest only, which was found in a dyke rock (a
-bostoorite) on the eastern boundary of the Ossidinge district.
-
-Promising finds of mica have been made in the pegmatites of the
-Ossidinge and Kentu districts, and galena also occurs in the cretaceous
-sandstone in the Ossidinge district; but hitherto no argentiferous
-lead-zinc ores comparable with those of Nigeria have been located.
-
-Iron ores, some of which are manganiferous, are abundant in the country.
-Many of these are of the lateritic type, and furnish material for native
-smelting, as in other parts of Western Africa. In some localities, iron
-ore has been formed by the decomposition of basalt. Masses of red and
-brown ores of this type are found on hill-slopes in the neighbourhood
-of Bali and Bamenda. A sample of this ore was found to contain 42·25 per
-cent. of metallic iron, 0·35 of manganese, 0·17 of phosphorus, and 12·26
-of silica. Richer ores of the magnetic type are found among the
-pro-Cambrian gneisses.
-
-Limestones are scarce and of unserviceable quality, but clays and loams,
-suitable for brick-making, are abundant. Indications of the presence of
-petroleum in the neighbourhood of Duala were falsified by borings.
-Asphal is said to occur at Ossidinge and Mamfe on the Cross River. A
-thin layer of coal yielding 48·3 per cent. of ash has been located at
-Mamfe. Salt springs exist in the Ossidinge district, and the yield of as
-much as from 5 to 8 per cent. of sodium-chloride from samples of brine,
-is believed to indicate that salt beds may be found beneath the surface
-in this district.
-
-
-
-
-NATIVE EDUCATION.
-
-
-In order to ascertain the work done by Europeans, the Government and the
-Missionary Societies in schools for the natives of their various African
-possessions, the German Colonial Institute in 1911 sent out to the
-colonies over 2,000 printed _questionnaires_, with a request to the
-authorities to return answers according to the state of the schools on
-June 1st in that year. From the information filled in and returned, Herr
-Missions-Inspector Schlunk, of Hamburg, was able to publish a voluminous
-report on the subject, and the state of affairs thus revealed is
-illustrative of the best and worst features of the Teutonic colonising
-system. The facts in themselves concerning the educational work
-accomplished in the way of providing the natives with schools and
-teachers are remarkable.
-
-In Cameroon the first educational work among the natives was begun by
-the London Baptist Mission in 1845, and in 1885, the year in which the
-Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United
-States of America entered the field, the London Baptists resigned their
-organisation to the Missions Gesellschaft, of Basel. Two years later the
-first Government School was opened in Duala, and in the following four
-years the Apostolic Vicariat Kamerun, of Limburg on the Lahn, and the
-German Baptists, of Steglitz, established schools in the colony. In
-Cameroon, as in Togo, the Government were behind the missions in the
-number of schools and scholars, having, in 1911, only eight elementary
-schools, as against the nine of the American Presbyterians, thirty-eight
-of the German Baptists, eighty-six of the Roman Catholic, and 275 of the
-Basel Mission. Altogether there were in the colony 499 elementary
-schools, with forty-two European and 611 native teachers, and 32,056
-pupils; twenty-one higher schools, with thirty-three European and thirty
-native teachers, and 1,802 pupils; eleven industrial schools, with
-twenty-two European and five native teachers, and 259 pupils; or a total
-of 531 schools, with ninety-seven European and 646 native teachers, and
-34,117 pupils. Of the teachers 3·3 per cent. and of the pupils 8·1 per
-cent. were females.
-
-
-THE SCHOOL COURSE.
-
-In both Togo and Cameroon, the course of the elementary schools began
-with an infant class and lasted four or five years, the objects of the
-schools in both colonies having been to provide Christian instruction to
-natives and to train pupils for the higher schools with a view to their
-entering the service of Europeans. Instruction in German began in the
-first year, and in the third year pupils were required to read and write
-German fluently in both characters. The curriculum for the last year
-included the history of the German Empire since the Franco-German War of
-1870-71, the history of the German Emperors since January 18th, 1871,
-the Geography of Germany, and the singing of German patriotic songs.
-
-In the higher schools, the object of the teachers was to “impart such
-knowledge as is required in the service of Europeans,” and all
-instruction was given in the German language. The schools for practical
-work trained girls for domestic work, laundry work and farming, while
-boys received instruction in carpentering, cabinet-making, smiths’ work,
-boot-making and tailoring, printing and book-binding. At the completion
-of their course, all pupils were obliged to remain in the service of the
-Government for two or more years. In both Togoland and Cameroon, the
-Government had a school of agriculture, where pupils were instructed in
-farming, especially cotton-growing and the use of the plough, and at
-some of the mission schools in the latter colony the pupils were trained
-in brick-making and cocoa-planting, and the work connected with
-water-supply and bridge-making.
-
-In both colonies the schools generally were open on five or six days a
-week, with from twenty to thirty-five hours’ instruction per week,
-according to the grade of the several schools. The average length of
-holidays for Mission and Government schools was from two to three months
-per annum. Unfortunately, no statement of revenue or expenditure is
-included in the case of Togoland beyond the fact that the Government
-made a yearly grant of £750, distributed among the various schools for
-the encouragement of German language-study. In Cameroon, in 1910, the
-Basel Mission spent £5,386 on teachers’ salaries, and the Roman
-Catholics £1,626. The cost of the Government schools in that year was
-£1,963. Generally no school fees were paid except in some of the higher
-schools in Togo, where pupils paid 50s. per annum, and at Garna, in
-Cameroon, the Government pupils paid 30s. per annum in kind.
-
-
-THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS.
-
-In Cameroon a Government Proclamation of April 25th, 1910, made school
-attendance obligatory for all native children, instruction in German
-from the first class was made law, and the punishment for a child who
-left school before completing the whole course was fixed at a fine of £2
-10s. or a flogging. Although children generally were anxious to attend
-school in order to qualify for service with Europeans, truantry appears
-to have become more popular after obligatory attendance was introduced,
-and the native police were kept busy in bringing back absentees. School
-children, who were distinguished by the wearing of brass-buttons and
-cockades, showed a tendency to become denationalised: few of them
-returned to the family farms when they completed their school course,
-which had the effect of causing them to lose touch with their own tribe
-and families.
-
-It is impossible, after reading Herr Missions-Inspector Schlunk’s
-report, to refuse admiration to the thoroughness of the German system of
-instituting these inquiries, or to the care with which the Germans lay
-themselves out to Teutonise their native subjects. Their organising
-ability, as revealed in their methods of imparting instruction to the
-natives and preparing their minds for the reception of _kultur_, is
-amazing, but as Hanns Vischer shows in his analysis of this informative
-publication, contributed to the _Journal of the African Society_, their
-method has its disadvantages. “Little love and scarcely any respect for
-the native,” he comments, “are to be found among the various reports. No
-mention is ever made of the natives’ national feeling. Natives are
-taught German history and the names of the German Emperors, and they can
-sing German patriotic songs. From every colony we hear that the boys who
-have been to school seldom or never return to their own surroundings,
-and although this is regretted, as being detrimental to the interests of
-a peasant community, no mention is made of the breaking-up of the native
-family and the inevitable harm which must follow. The importance of
-practical instruction is everywhere recommended to teach the native to
-work, but no mention is made of the natives’ own industry and love for
-work which might be developed.”
-
-
-
-
-THE CAMEROON-NIGERIAN BOUNDARY.
-
-
-The country bordering on the Nigerian boundary from Yola to Obokum on
-the Cross River, a distance of 360 miles, and the peoples inhabiting the
-several districts it passes through, have been admirably dealt with by
-Captain W. V. Nugent, R.A. Captain Nugent, who had been a member of the
-Commission under Colonel Whitlock which surveyed this area between 1907
-and 1909, was sent out in August, 1912, to mark the boundary between the
-Cameroon and the Nigerias along the line which had been previously
-settled approximately on the map at a conference between the British and
-German Governments. The British Commissioner and his assistants met
-Lieut. Detzner, the German Commissioner, on October 8th, 1912, and the
-work of demarcation continued without interruption for six months,
-during which time 116 pillars were placed in position. Both
-Commissioners wrote accounts of this Anglo-German Frontier Demarcation
-Expedition, but, while Lieut. Detzner’s official article on the subject,
-published in _Deutsches Kolonialblatt_ (1913) is a dull, pedantic and
-unsatisfactory document, the paper read by Captain Nugent before the
-Royal Geographical Society in March, 1914, is compact of information and
-extremely interesting, and it is from his descriptions that I have
-derived the following details and extracts.
-
-The frontier line divides the mountains, torrential streams and
-sparsely-inhabited areas of the Cameroons form the wide fertile plains,
-great navigable waterways and densely populated districts on the
-Nigerian side of the border. The fact that Benue River and its three
-great southern tributaries, the Teraba, Donga and Katsena Rivers, all
-rise on the plateaux of the Central Cameroon, and only become navigable
-for canoes upon entering Nigerian territory, explain the unequal
-distribution of man over the country; for, while the savage pagan tribes
-have withdrawn to the almost inaccessible hilltops, the more civilised
-agricultural and trading peoples have kept to the well-watered plains.
-
-
-THE FULANI REGION.
-
-The boundary line, which commences at Byaaer, a three days’ march from
-Yola, crosses the M’Bulo plain and follows the Upper M’Bulo river to its
-source in the Shebshi Mountains. “The plain,” to quote from Captain
-Nugent’s description, “is covered with thin bush, and dotted with
-villages, each with its surrounding patches of cultivation. The
-formation is brown laterite, the rocks containing occasional bands and
-lumps of ironstone.” The lower slopes of the isolated granite hills,
-which rise above the general level, are covered with pagan villages.
-“The people inhabiting the plains on both sides of the boundary are
-Fulanis, subject to the Emirs of Yola and Nassarawa; but the tops of
-isolated mountains, and the narrow valleys between the long spurs
-jutting out from the Shebshi group, are inhabited by pagans, offshoots
-of the Chamba and Dakka tribes. The habits and customs of the Fulanis
-are well known--they are by nature herdsmen, just as the Hausas are born
-traders and the pagans agriculturists. The country is rich in flocks and
-herds of cattle, sheep and goats. A large trade is also done in horses.
-The villages consist of round huts of sun-baked mud, with conical roofs
-thatched with dry grass. Sometimes, when the village is only intended to
-be temporary, the walls of the huts are made of zana matting, which is
-also used to enclose the compounds, or groups of huts inhabited by one
-family. Every village has its assembly place, generally under a large
-shady tree, where the headman and his advisers sit all day and smoke,
-while the slaves work in the fields or drive the cattle to pasture.
-Slave-dealing is still carried on in this country, advantage being taken
-of the proximity of the boundary, which makes it so easy to evade
-justice.... The work of marking the boundary was watched with the
-greatest interest by the Fulani population. The ‘kings’ of all the towns
-on the English side, and a good many from the German side, came to
-salute us, generally bringing a present of a fowl or a basket of limes.
-Each ‘king’ carries a long stick, surmounted by a brass crown, the
-emblem of his office under the Government. There are first, second and
-third class ‘kings’; the size of the crown varies accordingly.”
-
-The line in crossing the Shebshi Mountains passes over the summit of
-Mount Dakka, upon which the boundary pillar is 5,388 feet above sea
-level. “The view from Dakka is magnificent. On all sides are tumbled
-masses of mountain, much cut up by deep ravines and rocky gorges,
-through which the many headwaters of the M’Bulo and Kam rivers tear
-headlong to the plains. On the German side, Vogel Spitz rises amid
-innumerable peaks and valleys to a height of nearly 7,000 feet,
-overlooking some hundred square miles of still unknown country. The
-northern spurs, projecting into the Cameroons, enclose high table-lands,
-extraordinarily fertile and highly cultivated.... The boundary crosses
-the plateau near the only practicable pass, the road being entirely on
-the German side, so that one result of the demarcation is to close the
-direct trade route between M’Bulo and Kam Valleys until a new pass is
-discovered. There are plenty of tracks over these mountains, but very
-few practicable for animals. A bull which costs £1 at Tibak, in the
-M’Bulo Valley, is worth £3 or £4 at Gankita, in the Kam Valley, the
-distance as the crow flies between these two places being no more than
-twelve miles.”
-
-
-THE SHEBSHI MOUNTAINEERS.
-
-“The Shebshi Mountains are interesting from the fact that they would
-form the principal obstacle, a well-nigh insuperable one, to the
-construction of a direct line of railway from Calabar, or a point on the
-Cross River, _via_ Takum and Bakundi, to Yola. Yola is one of the few
-important points in Nigeria which does not appear likely to be linked up
-with the coast by a railway for many years to come. The German railway
-from Duala to the north, if it ever does reach Garua, will pass to the
-east of the Shebshis, where many obstacles, almost as formidable, will
-have to be overcome....
-
-“The people inhabiting the Shebshi Mountains and their foothills are
-principally Chamba and Dakka pagans. They have many points in common
-with other hill pagans of Northern Nigeria and Adamawa. The effect of
-Mohammedan inroads upon these tribes is especially evident. They may be
-divided into two classes: firstly, those who are slaves and mingle
-freely with the Fulanis, their villages being in the plain; and,
-secondly, those who hold themselves aloof on the hill-tops. The former
-have copied many things from the Fulanis, such as clothing, houses,
-&c.--almost everything, in fact, except their pastoral proclivities. The
-pagan will keep goats and fowls, but he will have nothing to do with
-horses and cattle.
-
-“It is with the hill-top pagans, however, that we are principally
-concerned, as nine-tenths of the whole boundary zone are inhabited by
-people of this denomination. The first sign of the lower stage of
-civilization is the absence of clothing. A tuft of grass is the national
-dress, and even this is often dispensed with.
-
-“The villages consist of little beehive-shaped huts of mud or grass,
-perched on apparently inaccessible heights, or cunningly hidden away in
-mazes of dense tropical vegetation. The inhabitants bear a great
-resemblance to monkeys, being small in stature, but extraordinarily
-active. The steepest and most difficult ascent over rocks and ravines is
-to them as easy as a straight, broad, level road. In fact, I have often
-noticed that these pagans, made to carry a load on the level, are
-utterly at a loss. They only come down from their rocky fastnesses to
-cultivate their fields, or to make war on their neighbours. They are
-armed with bows and poisoned arrows, from which it is never safe for
-them to be parted, even when working in the fields. They are almost
-invariably at war with a neighbouring village, the probable reason being
-that some of their women have been carried off. No regular trade is
-indulged in, but they are very fond of salt, which they obtain from
-Hausa traders. A bag of salt which costs half-a-crown on the coast has a
-purchasing power of at least ten shillings in this country.
-
-“Each village is an independent community under a chief. The inhabitants
-are entirely ignorant of the world beyond the next village to their own.
-The nominal chief of the village has not, as a rule, as much influence
-as the local ju-ju man or witch doctor, whose power over these extremely
-superstitious people is directly proportionate to his success in
-imposing upon their credulity. Any calamity, such as an epidemic of
-sickness or a sudden death, is always attributed to the evil eye, and
-some member of the community is at once suspected, and either killed or
-sold to passing Hausa traders. If a chief dies, the village always moves
-to another site. This partly accounts for the number of deserted
-villages and ruins found in the Shebshi Mountains.
-
-“The Chambas are industrious agriculturists, and keep large numbers of
-goats and fowls in their villages. The farms are generally at the foot
-of the hills. After the harvest the people brew large supplies of spirit
-from the grain, and get drunk for several days together. These orgies
-generally result in fighting among themselves. The principal industry,
-besides agriculture, is working in iron. They make their own farm
-implements, spear and arrow heads, and pipe-stems.”
-
-
-THE TERABA VALLEY.
-
-From Dakka the boundary line follows the Kam for about a dozen miles,
-and then, leaving the river, it runs over a block of hills which form
-the fringe of a vast unknown tract of the Cameroon country. Here the
-hill-top villages are few, the inhabitants are wilder and more squalid
-than the Dakka natives, and the land is the haunt of the elephant, the
-lion, the bush-cow and the leopard. From these hills the boundary
-descends into the valley of the River Lumen, which runs for twenty or
-thirty miles under a dark arch of overhanging trees. The water of the
-Lumen is very cold, even in the heat of the day, and the sands of the
-river are full of iron. The line crosses the Lumen and mounts a high
-ridge, called Shina, to descend again into the vast plain of the River
-Teraba. Along the banks of the Teraba are numerous Hausa and Jukum
-villages, situated on important trade roads between Northern Nigeria and
-Cameroon, the principal trade being in rubber, kola nuts, sheep, and
-goats. There are no cattle, as many kinds of biting fly, including the
-tsetse, have their breeding places in this area. As the Teraba is
-typical of all the great southern tributaries of the Benue, the
-following short description, which Captain Nugent gives of one of the
-upper reaches, will be read with interest:--
-
-“Fifteen miles above Karbabi the river bends sharply at right angles,
-forming noisy rapids. Above the rapids the bed is rocky with deep pools.
-Under the tall trees along the banks are open glades like an English
-beech wood, entirely free from undergrowth, the ground being carpeted
-with soft moss. There are the feeding-grounds of huge herds of
-hippopotami, who live in the pools in the daytime. The river is here 200
-to 300 yards wide, with high banks; the channel winds among huge
-boulders, forming a chain of pools, but leaving a narrow deep waterway
-among the larger rocks. The pools are like dark mirrors, silent and
-stagnant, yet bright and clear, reflecting the trees on the opposite
-bank in full detail. Wild geese and ibis fly overhead, whilst large
-alligators move about like torpedoes, with their noses out of the water,
-leaving long trails of bubbles on the surface.
-
-“There is no village within many miles of this place, and it was only
-with the greatest difficulty that we could obtain guides, as there are
-no tracks except those made by the larger game. The inhabitants of the
-pools were thoroughly startled at our approach. There seemed to be a
-sort of collusion between the different birds and beasts. The shrieking
-ibis warned the alligators asleep on the rocks in the sun, they, in
-alarm, slid into the water and warned the river-horse that something was
-amiss; the river-horse in his turn went pounding up-stream, under water,
-coming up to breathe at intervals behind the rocks and branches. The
-snorting was terrific. We estimated that there were between thirty and
-forty hippopotami in the largest pool. I have never seen a
-wilder-looking place; it seemed to be alive with everything except
-humanity.
-
-
-IN THE CANNIBAL COUNTRY.
-
-“The boundary after crossing the Gazuba River, a tributary of the
-Teraba, again ascends into an unexplored continuation of the Banjo
-highlands, and drops into the plain of the Donga Valley. The inhabitants
-here are a mixture of Jukums and Zumperis, but there are numerous
-settlements of Hausas, whose trade consists of smuggling rubber and kola
-nuts into Nigeria without paying the German tax. The pagans, who live in
-‘swallow-nest’ villages on the heights, cultivate guinea-corn and root
-crops, while yams, cassava and sweet potatoes grow in abundance in the
-interstices between the huts. The boundary reaches the Donga, and after
-following the river for fifteen miles and crossing the plateau of the
-Wanya Mountains, reaches the plain of the Bamana Valley, in which oil
-palms are first encountered.
-
-“The country between the Gamana and Katsena Rivers is inhabited by
-Zumperi pagans, who are cannibals and live on hill-tops. They are of
-small stature and of remarkably repulsive appearance. Every other man
-appeared to be suffering from goitre or elephantiasis--whether the
-legacy of cannibalism, or the effect of drinking infected water, it is
-difficult to say. The people are industrious, and besides corn, grow
-large quantities of cotton and tobacco on the hillsides. They breed dogs
-for eating purposes, and all the villages are full of yelping curs,
-covered with sores like their owners. In one village a large deposit of
-human skulls was seen. The villages are well built and surrounded by mud
-walls and ditches. Among the numerous ‘ju-jus’ found in the deserted
-huts was a grotesque mask, which was apparently kept to frighten the
-women. Any woman seeing it must die at once. When the community is short
-of meat, the local witch doctor puts on the mask and runs about the
-hills until he meets a likely looking victim, who is then killed and
-eaten. The Zumperis are great hunters, and have killed off nearly all
-the game in their country except leopards.”
-
-
-MUNCHI CIVILISATION.
-
-From the Zumperi country the Commission traversed the undulating plain
-that connects it with the valley of the Katsena, the last of the three
-great tributaries of the Benue, and ascending this valley reached the
-Agara or Misa Munchis district. The branch of the large and powerful
-Munchi tribe which inhabits this area have preserved themselves from
-contamination with the neighbouring tribes, by whom they are greatly
-feared. The Munchis of the plains, who are of good physique and very
-intelligent, are supposed to have come originally from a country called
-Para, somewhere north of Yola, and they still call themselves Para among
-themselves. Many of their customs are similar to the Zulus, with whom
-they have often been compared, and the majority of their laws are
-identical with those of Leviticus. Their villages are well built and
-clean, and the men are brave in war and industrious in peace. Their
-marriage customs, in addition to the payment of a dowry, include
-exchanges of sisters, daughters and sometimes wives. Polygamy is rife,
-and the value of a dowry varies from two cows in the case of a young
-girl, to one cow or less in the case of a widow or elderly woman.
-
-“The Munchis are of striking appearance. Those near the boundary are
-poor and wear few clothes. They go in for extravagant hairdressing, the
-most popular coiffure being a shaven head with one or two balls of hair
-left growing. Others wear their hair in beaded strands, falling over the
-side of the face. The tribal markings are a number of raised tattoo
-marks, in the form of a crescent, on both sides of the temple. These are
-universal, and are compulsory for both sexes, but the marks disappear in
-old age. Other markings are tattoed stars and rings on the forehead,
-chest and back, but these are all optional. The two front teeth of the
-upper jaw are filed into V-shape.
-
-“The Munchis are excellent farmers, and grow guinea-corn, yams, millet,
-beniseed, maize, and ground-nuts in large quantities. They also
-cultivate cotton, from which they weave good cloth, dyeing is with
-indigo, which is grown round every compound. Each village has at least
-one public dye-pit. Tobacco is also grown, and is either used as snuff
-or smoked in large pipes with bowls of clay and stems of smelted brass.
-
-“They are clever workers in wood and iron, making chairs and stools, in
-the carving of which they display some art and much ingenuity. The iron
-ore found locally used to be smelted in large quantities, and the
-remains of old workings can be seen in many places, but trade iron bars
-are now more generally used: from these spears and arrow-heads, hoes,
-knives, and daggers are constructed. The small knives are curious in
-shape, the handles being iron loops, which fit over the palm of the
-hand. The hoes have broad, heavy blades, fitted with short, crooked
-wooded handles, and are most effective agricultural implements. The
-principal weapons of offence are bows and arrows, the arrows being
-poisoned with a compound of crushed and boiled strophanthus seeds,
-snakes’ heads, and poisonous plants, &c., which when freshly made is
-very potent, the slightest scratch causing a man to die in agony in
-twenty minutes. The fumes from this poison, when it is being boiled, are
-very deadly, even in the open air. The mixing is always done by one of
-the numerous ju-ju men, who profess to have antidotes, both external and
-internal, but there is no authenticated case of a cure having been seen
-by any European up to date.
-
-“In every village there is a large war-drum, constructed from a
-hollowed-out log, over which is stretched a hide. The Munchis are expert
-in the use of these drums for signalling purposes, and messages are
-sent in code from village to village throughout their country with great
-rapidity and accuracy.
-
-“They are very fond of dances and plays, which, accompanied by songs,
-are held on the occasion of the death of a chief or the headman of a
-compound, also at births and marriages. These dances are often kept up
-for several days when the host is rich enough to supply the food and
-drink, the latter being an intoxicating liquid distilled from
-guinea-corn.
-
-
-THE GRASS LAND REGION.
-
-“Leaving the Munchis’ country, the Commission came to the junction of
-the Amiri and Mahana Rivers--whose steep banks are lined with
-magnificent trees, from which hang long ribbon orchids over a series of
-deep clear pools full of large fish--in a region of open grass land. The
-road up the Amiri Valley passes through extensive yam fields and Olitti
-and Atcho villages, composed of roomy, massive houses in small
-stone-walled compounds, protected with loop-holed thorn palisades. Grass
-land is reached at a height of 4,000 feet, and the path after crossing
-five separate peaks of 2,000 feet reaches the main ridge about 5,000
-feet above sea level. To the north and east, as far as the eye can see,
-stretches open grass land, with range upon range of blue mountains in
-the distance. Across the plain sweep parallel shining rivers,
-disappearing through gaps in the hills to the north. To the south and
-west, the great forest-clad plain extends to the Cross River, whose
-valley forty miles away is marked by a long bank of clouds. All around
-is high tableland, cut up into small plateaux by numerous ravines, down
-which countless streams tear headlong to the plains.”
-
-Descending from the main plateau, which is covered with thick short
-grass and appears to be an ideal district for cattle raising, the
-Commission came to the first villages of the Anyangs, who are almost
-invariably at war with the grass land people. “Their villages are hidden
-away in the forest, and consist of long, low, rectangular mud houses
-with roofs of palm-leaves, on either side of a squalid street. The
-people are very poor, and live almost entirely on plantains, their farms
-being in small clearings, widely separated. Pigs are kept in large
-numbers in the villages. Further south, the people met with are Bokis,
-who extend to the Cross River.... The village boundaries, although in
-dense forest, are well known to the natives, who are extremely jealous
-of their rubber-collecting rights.”
-
-The geological structure of the boundary zone, taken as a whole, is said
-to present few features of interest. Traces of tin were found in some of
-the rivers flowing north from the watershed of the Cross River and Benue
-system, and nearly all the rivers crossed by the Commission contained
-traces of monazite. The occasional belts of forest along the streams in
-the open bush country, north of the watershed between the Benue and
-Cross River systems, are mostly full of vine rubber (_Landolphia_). The
-forest line to the south of the Benue-Cross River watershed extends
-without a break to the Cross River, and from there to the sea. The trees
-grow to a great height, and the whole forest abounds in ebony, mahogany
-and other valuable timbers. The rains in the boundary districts begin in
-March with a few violent tornadoes, which become more frequent and less
-violent until May, and from that month till September heavy rain falls
-almost every day. By the end of September the rivers are in full flood,
-and the low-lying country is under water. In October the steady rain
-ceases, and at the end of the month the dry season sets in.
-
-
-NEW CAMEROON.
-
-The region of New Cameroon which was added to the German territory under
-the Franco-German Agreement of November 4th, 1911, was represented as
-being swampy, depopulated, and devastated by sleeping sickness, and the
-Teuton acquisition was greeted with general derision. But a more
-thorough investigation of the possession has shown that it is not so bad
-as it was painted, and while there are tracts that hold out no promises
-of profitable development, there are districts in the New Cameroon which
-will handsomely repay exploitation. The German “frontier” expedition
-into the interior has published descriptions of a steppe region covered
-with tall grasses, bushes, and trees interspersed with grassy plains.
-The country abounds with a variety of animals, including giraffes,
-antelopes, gazelles, buffaloes, zebras, rhinoceri, elephants, and apes,
-and the Lagone and its tributaries contain large quantities of fish. It
-is inhabited by the Lakka tribe, a very independent race of Sudan
-negroes, who live in villages and disclose many differences in
-languages, manners, and customs. Hunting and fishing are their secondary
-occupation, but their regular occupation is agriculture. Their
-well-tilled fields, fertilised with the ashes of burnt grass, produce
-millet, ground-nuts, tobacco, hemp, and cotton, and their greatest
-delicacies are dried fish and caterpillars. They possess a few horses
-and goats, and the women employ themselves in pottery and basket work
-when not engaged in agriculture. Herr Eltester says that the Pangwe
-tribe, inhabiting the Muni district, are distinguished by every
-conceivable bad quality. They are thieves, liars, and idlers, and are
-given to indolence. The men sit around in the villages and smoke, the
-boys lay traps for wild animals, and the women till the fields.
-
-
-THE DIFFICULTIES OF DEVELOPMENT.
-
-The greatest drawback to the systematic development of the Cameroons is
-the naturally bad means of communication as regards both roads and
-waterways. The country being largely of steppe-like formation, the
-rivers are frequently interrupted by rapids and waterfalls. The chief
-rivers, the Munga, Wuri, and Sanaga, are only navigable by steamers for
-a distance of seventy kilometres. Beyond this point, litter-transport
-has to be employed, and as bearers can only carry loads of 60 to 70 lbs.
-for a distance of from twenty to twenty-five kilometres a day, and as
-the distance from Duala, the coast station, to Central Cameroon is a
-thirty days’ journey, and to Lake Chad twenty days’, few products,
-except ivory and rubber, can bear this expensive means of transport. The
-most important tasks before the Government which is entrusted with the
-future of the Cameroons is the amplification of the means of
-communication, the encouragement of native civilisation, the
-exploitation of the economic resources of the valuable hinterland, and
-the extension of the plantation system. The enormous physical
-difficulties in the way of railway construction must not be
-under-estimated. The country is covered with colossal tropical growths,
-which must be cleared, the plague of sleeping-sickness must be stamped
-out, and the dreaded tsetse fly banished. In such regions railway
-building is arduous and costly, but not until the rich regions hitherto
-unreached have been brought into communication with the coast, will the
-Cameroons begin to profit by its “unlimited possibilities.”
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 1
-
-DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 2.
-
-THE QUAY AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 3.
-
-LANDING-PLACE AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 4.
-
-POST OFFICE, DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 5.
-
-COURT HOUSE AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 6.
-
-HOSPITAL AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 7.
-
-NATIVES’ METAL WORK.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 8.
-
-THE BÂLE MISSION AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 9.
-
-WORKSHOP OF THE BÂLE MISSION, DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 10.
-
-MANGA BELI’S PALACE, DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 11.
-
-THE NATIVE QUARTER, DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 12.
-
-BUSINESS OFFICES IN DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 13.
-
-NATIVES WOOD CARVING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 14.
-
-THE WOERMANN FLOATING DOCK AT DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 15.
-
-LANDING JETTY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 16.
-
-CONSTRUCTING THE CENTRAL RAILWAY FROM DUALA TO THE NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 17.
-
-VIEW OF THE WURI RIVER AT BONABERI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 18.
-
-THE WURI RIVER ABOVE DUALA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 19.
-
-ELEPHANT GRASS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 20.
-
-BUEA, FORMER SEAT OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON. GREAT CAMEROON
-MOUNTAINS IN THE BACKGROUND.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 21.
-
-VIEW OF BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 22.
-
-THE LATE GERMAN GOVERNOR’S PALACE, BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 23.
-
-BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 24.
-
-ALGAU CATTLE GRAZING NEAR BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 25.
-
-GRAZING LAND NEAR BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 26.
-
-TOBACCO PLANTATION NEAR BUEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 27.
-
-THE NEW OKOTI CRATER ON THE CAMEROON MOUNTAIN TAKEN FROM THE EAST.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 28.
-
-FOREST ON THE CAMEROON PEAK, AT AN ELEVATION OF 1,800 METRES.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 29.
-
-VIEW OF VICTORIA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 30.
-
-VICTORIA, WITH THE GREAT CAMEROON MOUNTAIN AND LITTLE CAMEROON
-MOUNTAIN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 31.
-
-VIEW OF AMBAS BAY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 32.
-
-STEEP COAST NEAR VICTORIA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 33.
-
-BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 34.
-
-OFFICE IN THE BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 35.
-
-BUILDINGS OF THE VICTORIA CO., VICTORIA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 36.
-
-VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 37.
-
-KRIBI, AT THE MOUTH OF THE KRIBI RIVER, THE CHIEF TRADING-PLACE ON THE
-COAST OF SOUTH CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 38.
-
-KRIBI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 39.
-
-LOW-LYING COAST NEAR KRIBI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 40.
-
-MISSION HOUSE AT KRIBI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 41.
-
-BOA-CONSTRICTOR.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 42.
-
-NATIVES OF BULE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 43.
-
-MARSHY LAND IN THE OIL-PALM REGION NEAR THE COAST.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 44.
-
-OIL-PALM IN A MAIZE FIELD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 45.
-
-PREPARATION OF PALM-OIL BY NATIVE METHODS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 46.
-
-OIL-PALMS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 47.
-
-COCOA TREE WITH FRUIT.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 48.
-
-SEVEN-YEAR-OLD OIL-PALM TREES.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 49.
-
-THE OIL-PALM. CROWN WITH CLUSTERS OF FRUIT.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 50.
-
-STATION YARD AT EDEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 51
-
-THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 52.
-
-THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 53.
-
-BRIDGE OVER THE SOUTHERN ARM OF THE SANAGA RIVER (DUALA-NYONG
-RAILWAY).]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 54.
-
-ENTRANCE TO THE FOREST NEAR EDEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 55.
-
-WOERMANN LINE BOATS ON THE SANAGA RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 56.
-
-RAPIDS IN THE SANAGA RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 57.
-
-MAIZE STORES AT JAUNDE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 58.
-
-PARK-LIKE DISTRICT IN A CLEARING OF THE FOREST ON THE EDEA-JAUNDE
-ROAD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 59.
-
-NATIVE SOLDIERS AT JAUNDE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 60.
-
-NATIVE TROOPS IN CAMP.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 61.
-
-NATIVE TROOPS ON ACTIVE SERVICE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 62.
-
-NATIVE VILLAGE. GABLED HUTS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 63.
-
-ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 64.
-
-COLONIAL TROOPS AT A FACTORY ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 65.
-
-FERRY BOAT ON THE NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 66.
-
-STEAMER AT THE LANDING-PLACE OF A FACTORY ON THE NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 67.
-
-COLLECTING RUBBER IN THE FOREST.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 68.
-
-DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 69
-
-DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 70.
-
-MANAGER’S HOUSE ON THE DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 71.
-
-CLEARING THE GROUND FOR PLANTING RUBBER TREES.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 72.
-
-GROUND CLEARED FOR PLANTING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 73.
-
-MIXED TREES IN A PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 74.
-
-PAY DAY ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 75.
-
-A PATH THROUGH THE DEHANE PLANTATION ON THE NYONG RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 76.
-
-NATIVES WAITING FOR THE DINNER BELL.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 77.
-
-BANANA TREES ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 78.
-
-A FOUR-YEAR-OLD RUBBER TREE READY FOR TAPPING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 79.
-
-NATIVES AT DEHANE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 80.
-
-ROLL CALL OF LABOURERS ON A PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 81.
-
-ELEPHANT GRASS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 82.
-
-TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 83.
-
-SMALL HUTS FOR PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SLEEPING SICKNESS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 84.
-
-FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE MUNGO RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 85.
-
-NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 86.
-
-NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 87.
-
-THE “MUNGO” GERMAN GOVERNMENT STEAMER ON THE RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 88.
-
-A TREE TRUNK USED AS A BRIDGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 89.
-
-VILLAGE OF NINONG AT THE WESTERN BASE OF THE MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 90.
-
-THE ELONG MOUNTAIN IN THE BAMENDA RANGE SEEN FROM THE FOOT OF THE
-MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 91.
-
-FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE CROSS RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 92.
-
-FISHING ON THE CROSS RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 93.
-
-THE CROSS RIVER AT NSSANAKANG.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 94.
-
-FACTORY ON THE CROSS RIVER FOR TRADING WITH THE NATIVES.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 95.
-
-BANANA TREES NEAR OSSIDINGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 96.
-
-A VILLAGE IN KEAKALAND, OSSIDINGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 97.
-
-HEAD-DRESS AND TRIBAL MARKS OF KEAKA WOMEN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 98.
-
-NATIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN KEAKALAND.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 99.
-
-CARAVAN CROSSING THE NDI RIVER, NEAR FONTSCHANDA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 100.
-
-TYPICAL VEGETATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 101.
-
-A PALM GROVE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 102.
-
-A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 103.
-
-A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 104.
-
-SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE FI, NEAR TINTO.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 105.
-
-FUMBAN IN BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 106.
-
-NATIVE MARKET AT BAMUM. PROVISIONS AND KOLO NUTS BEING SOLD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 107.
-
-NDJOIA, SULTAN OF BAMUM, BETWEEN TWO WAR DRUMS, AT FUMBAN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 108.
-
-SULTAN OF BAMUM WITH THE CAPTAINS OF HIS TROOPS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 109.
-
-MADE BY THE NATIVES OF BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 110.
-
-TRIAL FIELD FOR COTTON AND TOBACCO AT THE GOVERNMENT STATION, FUMBAN,
-BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 111.
-
-BAMUM. NOTE THE FRIEZE OF ANIMALS UNDER THE GRASS ROOF.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 112.
-
-STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 113.
-
-STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 114.
-
-STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 115.
-
-A HOUSE IN BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 116.
-
-A STREET IN THE WOMEN’S QUARTER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 117.
-
-COTTON FIELD NEAR BAMUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 118.
-
-DRACÆNA, THE FETISH TREES OF WEST AFRICA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 119.
-
-MARKET-PLACE AT BANJO, WITH THE BANJO MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTANCE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 120.
-
-THE “MALAM” OF BANJO IN HAUSA STATE COSTUME.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 121.
-
-BANJO, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 122.
-
-VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 123.
-
-THE “ISLAND” MOUNTAIN DISTRICT IN NORTH ADAMAUA BETWEEN NTEM AND THE
-RIBÄU SLOPE ON THE BANJO ROAD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 124.
-
-GRANITE MOUNTAIN IN CENTRAL CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 125.
-
-SUDAN NATIVES OF CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE NATIVES IN WAR COSTUME.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 126.
-
-WAR GAMES OF THE WUTE NATIVES.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 127.
-
-WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 128.
-
-WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 129.
-
-SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE ARCHERS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 130.
-
-SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTES WITH THEIR WAR DRUMS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 131.
-
-HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 132.
-
-HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 133.
-
-THE FARO ABOVE TSCHAMBA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 134.
-
-CARAVAN TRAVELLING--RESTING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 135.
-
-KUMBO HIGHLANDS ON THE WAY TO LAKE MAUWE, BETWEEN BAKUMBI AND BANKA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 136.
-
-KUMBO HIGHLANDS BETWEEN BANKA AND LAKE MAUWE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 137.
-
-THE REMAINS OF A VOLCANO IN THE KUMBO HIGHLANDS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 138.
-
-FOREST IN THE HIGHLANDS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 139.
-
-CHANGE FROM FOREST TO GRASS COUNTRY ON THE BROKEN EDGE OF THE INNER
-HIGHLANDS NEAR FONTEM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 140.
-
-CULTIVATED PORTIONS OF GRASS COUNTRY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 141.
-
-TYPICAL GRASS COUNTRY IN BAFU-FONDONG, ON THE GREAT DSCHANG-BAMENDA
-ROAD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 142.
-
-WOMEN WORKING IN THE FIELDS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY, NORTH-WEST CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 143.
-
-DEATH DANCE OF THE NATIVES NEAR DSCHANG.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 144.
-
-THE CHIEF BAFU-FONDONG ON HIS THRONE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 145.
-
-TATOOED FONDONG NEGRO.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 146.
-
-A CHIEF’S WIFE IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 147.
-
-PARASITES ON A TREE, NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 148.
-
-BALI NEGRESS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 149.
-
-MBO, A FORTIFIED STATION NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 150.
-
-KUSSERI, A FORTIFIED STATION IN NORTH CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 151.
-
-THE RESIDENT’S HOUSE AT KUSSERI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 152.
-
-MECCA PILGRIMS AT KUSSERI.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 153.
-
-LOG PATH THROUGH A SWAMP.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 154.
-
-HORSEMEN IN NORTH CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 155.
-
-VIEW OF ELEPHANT LAKE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 156.
-
-VILLAGE OF KILGRIM IN THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 157.
-
-THE LAGONE RIVER AT MUSGUM.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 158.
-
-CARAVAN CROSSING A RIVER.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 159.
-
-NJOJA, WITH HIS WIVES AND CHILDREN, SITTING IN FRONT OF HIS PALACE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 160.
-
-BAKWIRI WOMEN AND CHILDREN DANCING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 161.
-
-THE HEAD CHIEF BALWEN IN HIS WAR COSTUME.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 162.
-
-CHIEFTAIN IN GALA ATTIRE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 163.
-
-HAUSA GIRL AT A SPRING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 167.
-
-NATIVES OF NORTH CAMEROON.
-
-1. The “Lamido” of Banjo (Fullah).
-
-2. Hausa Traders.
-
-3. Arab from Lake Chad.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 165.
-
-DENG-DENG, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 166.
-
-DIKOA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 167.
-
-EBOLOWA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 168.
-
-FLOODS NEAR SSIGAL.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 169.
-
-SULTAN OF NGAUMDERE WITH HIS BODYGUARD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 170.
-
-MARKET AT NGAUMDERE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 171.
-
-MAIN BUILDINGS OF THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 172.
-
-BUNGALOW ON THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 173.
-
-PLANTATION IN FULL BEARING.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 174.
-
-BAIA YOUTHS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 175.
-
-BAIA WOMEN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 176.
-
-DEAD ELEPHANT.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 177.
-
-WALRUS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 178.
-
-A HAUSA VILLAGE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 179.
-
-A NATIVE VILLAGE. MUSGUM HUTS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 180.
-
-A NATIVE VILLAGE. HUTS WITH CONE-SHAPED ROOFS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 181.
-
-CARAVAN TRAVELLING. HIRING CARRIERS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 182.
-
-RUBBER CARAVAN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 183.
-
-IVORY CARAVAN.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 184.
-
-SCENE AT AN IVORY FACTORY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 185.
-
-WEIGHING THE IVORY.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 186.
-
-FACTORY IN THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 187.
-
-ROLL-CALL OF LABOURERS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 188.
-
-BRIDGING OVER A RAVINE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 189.
-
-SAWING WOOD.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 190.
-
-NJEM WOMAN, SOUTH CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 191.
-
-PROW OF A WAR CANOE.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 192.
-
-DENSITY OF THE POPULATION.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 193.
-
-FLORA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 194.
-
-FAUNA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 195.
-
-RIVER BASINS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 196.
-
-IVORY DISTRICTS.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 197.
-
-CHART SHOWING ENTRANCE TO DUALA FROM THE SEA.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 198.
-
-HAUSA TERRITORY.]
-
-[Illustration: PROFILE OF CAMEROON.
-
-Profil I. Von Kribi über Lomle nach Wesso am Ssanga.
-
-Profil II. Von Lomic über Kunde-Ngaumdere-Garua zum Tschad.
-
-Profil III. Durch das Mandara-Gebirge zum Logone.
-
-Profil IV. Durch die Massivregion von Adamaua von W. nach O. zum
-Benuë-und Kebbi-Gneisland.
-
-Profil V. Vom Kamerunberg über Tinto und das Kumbohochland nach Garua.
-
-I. From Kribi through Lomie to Wesso on the Ssanga.
-
-II. From Lomie through Kunde, Ngaumdere, Garua to Tschad.
-
-III. Through the Mandara Mountains to the Logone.
-
-IV. Through the Peak Region from Adamaua in the W. to Benue and Kebbi
-Gneiss Region in the E.
-
-V. From Cameroon Mountain through Tinto and the Kumbo Highlands to
-Garua.]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE 200.
-
-CAMEROON.]
-
-[Illustration: FRENCH CONGO
-
-A. F. CALVERT’S MAP OF CAMEROON.]
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS ***
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-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cameroons, by Albert F. Calvert</div>
-
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-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Cameroons</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Albert F. Calvert</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 14, 2021 [eBook #64553]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
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-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS ***</div>
-<hr class="full" />
-
-<p class="figcenter">
-<a href="images/cover.jpg">
-<img src="images/cover.jpg" height="550" alt="[Image of
-the book's cover unavailable.]" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
-style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%;
-padding:1%;">
-<tr><td>
-
-<p class="c"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents.</a></p>
-
-<p class="c"><a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a><br /> <span class="nonvis">(In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers]
-clicking on the image will bring up a larger version.)</span></p>
-
-<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_i" id="page_i">{i}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ii" id="page_ii">{ii}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="c">THE CAMEROONS</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iii" id="page_iii">{iii}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="front">
-<a href="images/front.jpg">
-<img src="images/front.jpg" width="70%" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a>
-
-<p>VICTORIA, CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<h1><span class="redd">
-<small>THE</small><br />
-CAMEROONS</span></h1>
-
-<p class="c">BY<br /><big>
-ALBERT F. CALVERT, F.C.S.,</big><br />
-<br />
-<i>Knight Grand Cross of The Royal Order of Isabel<br />
-the Catholic, Knight Grand Cross of The<br />
-Royal Order of Alfonso XII., etc.</i><br />
-<br /><small>
-AUTHOR OF</small><br />
-<br />
-<i>The German African Empire</i>, <i>South-West Africa</i>,<br />
-<i>Nigeria and its Tinfields</i>, <i>The Political Value of our Colonies</i>,<br />
-<i>The Exploration of Australia</i>,<br />
-<i>Mineral Resources of Minas Geraes, Brazil, etc.</i><br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<span class="eng">London</span>:<br />
-T. WERNER LAURIE, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span>,<br />
-<span class="smcap">8, Essex Street, London</span>.<br />
-1917.<br /></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iv" id="page_iv">{iv}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_v" id="page_v">{v}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="c"><small><i>E. Goodman &amp; Son, The Phœnix Press, Taunton.</i></small></p>
-
-<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
-
-<p class="nind"><span class="letra">A</span>LTHOUGH the designs, which German philosophers conceived and German
-statesmen and strategists spent thirty years in perfecting, for the
-conquest of our Cape territories and the creation of a Greater Germany
-extending from the Mediterranean to Table Bay, are best illustrated and
-exposed by the defiantly defensive policy they pursued in South-West
-Africa, the rise, development and fall of the German Colonial Empire is
-more completely epitomised in the chapter dealing with the Cameroons.</p>
-
-<p>The establishment of the German East African protectorate forms a story
-that is intensely interesting, inasmuch as it reveals the duplicity of
-Teutonic methods in their relations with native races, European rivals
-and their own agents. Bismarck, the last barbarian of genius, repudiated
-Dr. Karl Peters when, equipped with private capital and acting on his
-own initiative, he was acquiring in the hinterland of Zanzibar a
-well-watered, fertile province equal in extent to South Germany, and
-obtaining from the Sultan the concession for the ports of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vi" id="page_vi">{vi}</a></span> Dar-es-Salaam
-and Pangani. It was necessary in 1884 for Germany to assure England that
-the Imperial Government had no intention of securing possessions in a
-region which was admittedly within Britain’s sphere of influence, and
-Bismarck pursued Dr. Peters to Africa with an official intimation that
-the State would not grant him protection for the lives of his party, or
-for any possessions he might acquire opposite Zanzibar. But when the
-intrepid Teuton, as the representative of the German East Africa
-Company, had accomplished the spade work and returned to Berlin, the
-Government continued negotiations with the Sultan through their
-Consul-General at Zanzibar. The formal ratification of the treaties made
-in the name of the Company, was followed by a revolt of the Arabs, and
-when the Company’s representatives had been allowed to be murdered or
-put to flight, Bismarck was able to declare that the situation that had
-arisen was beyond the control of private enterprise, and an expedition,
-under Major von Wissman, was accordingly despatched to East Africa to
-suppress the slave traffic which still flourished in that region. For
-the furtherance of such a humane and civilising purpose, the
-co-operation of the British fleet was readily<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vii" id="page_vii">{vii}</a></span> enlisted, and with this
-support and the energetic measures taken by von Wissman’s army of
-ex-British native soldiers, the disaffected populace was eventually
-“pacified,” even if the slave traffic was not suppressed. The Company’s
-claims to the territorial concessions granted under the treaties having
-been made good&mdash;Great Britain could not, in politeness, protest against
-the acquisition of Mount Kilimanjaro, since the amiable Kaiser had
-expressed a sentimental wish that the highest peak in Africa might be
-within the sphere of German <i>kultur</i>!&mdash;the Reichstag voted ten and a
-half million marks for the maintenance and development of these newly
-acquired territories. Then, and not until then, did England realise that
-with the connivance of Downing Street and the assistance of British
-men-of-war, this rich and important territory, with an area of 384,000
-square miles, had become a Protectorate of Germany. Having duped
-England, punished the natives, and established their rule, it was only
-necessary to recall Dr. Peters and hand him over to the tender mercies
-of his official and political enemies, to make this chapter of the
-history of German empire building characteristic in its completeness.</p>
-
-<p>What Germany succeeded in doing in East Africa<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_viii" id="page_viii">{viii}</a></span> after years of intrigue
-and deceit, and the expenditure of much blood and money, she
-accomplished in the acquisition of Togoland with a minimum of cost or
-trouble. Dr. Nachtigal, in the capacity of German Trade Commissioner,
-was sent to West Africa by his Government to enquire into and report
-upon the progress of German commerce in those latitudes. He was
-despatched at a time when the English Government had completed their
-leisurely deliberations upon the appeal of the peoples of Togoland and
-the Cameroons to be taken under the protection of the British flag, and
-Mr. Hewitt, a British Consul, was voyaging to the Gulf of Guinea for the
-purpose of complying with the native request, when Nachtigal arrived
-there on his commercial mission. The German Commissioner, acting under
-instructions from the Imperial Chancellor, hastily unfurled the flag of
-the Fatherland at Lome, in Togoland, and succeeded in reaching Duala,
-and formally placing the Cameroons under German rule, before Hewitt
-arrived upon the scene. Lord Granville addressed a reproof to Bismarck
-for not having divulged the nature of the errand upon which Nachtigal
-had been sent, and the incident was closed. In the three decades that
-followed, the German administrators in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ix" id="page_ix">{ix}</a></span> Togoland, with the thoroughness
-with which the Teuton is gifted, taught the natives the “sharp lesson”
-considered necessary to prepare them for the reception of Germany’s
-civilising rule, furnished the colony with 200 miles of railway, over
-750 miles of excellent roads of native construction, a score of postal
-and telegraph stations, and a telephone system, and established a
-wireless station&mdash;the most powerful in the world outside Europe&mdash;which
-was not only in communication with Berlin, 3,450 miles distant, but with
-East Africa, the Cameroons and South-West Africa. The final
-installations at Kamina were completed in June, 1914; in August the
-German operators learnt by wireless that Great Britain had declared war
-on Germany; and on 26th August the Kamina Station notified Berlin that
-the colony of Togoland, the smallest, completest, and only financially
-independent German possession, had capitulated to an Anglo-French force.</p>
-
-<p>The German annexation of South-West Africa was a more intolerably
-humiliating and provocative act of aggression; it is one that only
-now&mdash;after the territory has been recovered by the brilliant campaign of
-the Union Army under General Louis Botha&mdash;can be forgiven Lord
-Granville. Prior to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_x" id="page_x">{x}</a></span> 1883 the natives of Damaraland and Namaqualand,
-suspicious of the intentions of Germany, had petitioned to be taken
-under British protection. Downing Street experienced a temporary
-uneasiness, but Bismarck’s assurance that Germany had no intention of
-establishing Crown colonies in Africa, extinguished the fleeting
-distrust. The Cape Colony was not so easily satisfied. A British
-Commissioner, who was appointed to confer with the native chiefs,
-reported favourably upon the proposal to officially confirm the
-authority of the Cape Government over the region extending northward
-from the Orange River to Portuguese Angoland. Sir Bartle Frere, the
-Governor of Cape Colony, urged upon the home Government the desirability
-of the step, and the Colonial Office decided upon the formal acquisition
-of the port at Walfisch Bay. Bismarck, hesitating to commit what might
-be construed as a deliberately hostile act, invited Great Britain to
-state her intentions with regard to the rest of the south-west
-territory, but failing to receive any definite reply, he decided upon
-bold if impudent measures, and in April, 1884, the Chancellor announced
-that the territory north of the Orange River was under the protection of
-the German Empire. As Bryden says,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xi" id="page_xi">{xi}</a></span> in his <i>History of South Africa</i>,
-“it was an unfriendly act, carried out in an unpleasant manner, and the
-British Colonists in South Africa are not soon likely to allow it to
-pass out of remembrance.” It not only destroyed the symmetry of a
-British South Africa, and gave Germany rights in territories marching
-with British colonies, but it added 322,450 square miles of African
-territory to the German Colonial Empire, for which a Bremen merchant
-named Luderitz parted with a hundred pounds and a score of old muskets.</p>
-
-<p>Germany’s method of developing her new possession in South-West Africa
-was entirely in keeping with her manner of acquiring it. From the first
-she proceeded to colonise on military lines. Railways were constructed
-with regard to their strategic importance; they were made on what is
-still called the Cape gauge; and were directed towards the Union border.
-A standing army was raised and compulsory service was instituted. An
-artillery depot established at Windhoek, the capital, contained a
-worthless collection of old gun-carriages and bales of locally-collected
-hay. This was to secure the colony against the imaginary evil intentions
-of the inoffensive and unarmed Ovambos, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xii" id="page_xii">{xii}</a></span> inhabit the north-east
-corner of the colony. At Keetmanshoop, some hundreds of miles further
-from Amboland, but within 150 miles of Cape territory, was a great
-arsenal, furnished with guns and shells, rifles and cartridges,
-ambulances, transport vehicles, and military stores and supplies
-sufficient to equip and maintain an army of fifteen thousand men for two
-years. In the face of these facts and figures, we may be forgiven for
-doubting the honesty of the German Colonial Secretary’s denial that
-Germany ever had any intention of occupying, either permanently or
-temporarily, the territory of the South African Union, and of
-disregarding the expression of Lord Haldane’s pious belief that the
-Kaiser’s life’s purpose was “to make the world better,” and that in
-Germany’s method of colonial expansion, “she was penetrating everywhere
-to the profit of mankind.”</p>
-
-<p>In some ways the story of Germany’s annexation of the Cameroon
-provinces, and her subsequent extension of that area, is the most
-interesting of all, because if she secured her footing in East Africa by
-subterfuge, and in South-West Africa by the exercise of sharp practice
-supplemented by a certain display of bold decision, she edged her way
-into the Gulf of Guinea by virtue of no other quality than<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiii" id="page_xiii">{xiii}</a></span> that of
-sheer bluff, but, having consolidated herself in the positions she had
-thus gained in West Africa, she allowed the world to understand that she
-was determined to expand her sphere of influence, if necessary, by
-recourse to arms. In 1885 Germany legalised her occupation of the
-Cameroons by placating France with an exchange of unimportant
-territories, and renouncing in favour of Britain her nominal claims to
-St. Lucia and to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger River.</p>
-
-<p>Having thus solidified their position, and secured themselves against
-what Passarge calls “the intrigues and provocations of the English,” the
-German administrators proceeded to Germanize their new province and
-systematically to develop its tropical resources. Although they
-established customs houses, courts of justice and post-offices, and
-constructed about 125 miles of a projected railway system of 285 miles,
-and, between 1898 and 1911, increased the total trade of the colony by
-nearly forty million marks, the colony did not prove a departmental or
-material success. The staffs of the Experimental Institute of
-Agriculture at Victoria and the Department of Agriculture at Buea,
-devoted their energies to the scientific raising of tropical economic
-plants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiv" id="page_xiv">{xiv}</a></span> to experiments in plantation culture, and to the training of
-young natives in the virtues of Teutonic industry and organisation,
-while, by Government Proclamation, all native children were compelled to
-attend the Government schools, acquire an intelligent knowledge of the
-language and history of Germany, and practice the art of singing German
-patriotic songs. Despite this paternal concern for the agricultural and
-educational well-being of the natives, the application of German methods
-proved a disappointment. The children at the end of their school course
-considered themselves too superior to undertake manual labour, while the
-men, resenting the German indifference to their national feeling and
-inherited methods of work, developed the spirit of native unrest. A lack
-of sympathetic understanding of the natives was attended by culpably
-injudicious treatment of them by the German officials, and the relations
-between the authorities and the aborigines led to the frequent
-employment of the Imperial troops, while the inadequacy of means of
-internal communication rendered the progress of “one of the most
-productive countries in the world” both slow and difficult.</p>
-
-<p>But, disappointing and costly as was the German<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xv" id="page_xv">{xv}</a></span> failure to administer
-and develop the Cameroons, the Teutonic lust for territory was unabated,
-and, in its resolve to extend its holding in this quarter of the globe,
-the Government did not hesitate to emperil the peace of Europe. When the
-German cruiser <i>Panther</i> appeared at Agadir, in July, 1911, the object
-of the Wilhelmstrasse was not to protect purely imaginary German
-interests in that part of Morocco, but to maintain a menacing attitude
-that would compel the French to cede to the Bully of Europe their
-territory to the south of the German Cameroons. The negotiations for the
-transfer were concluded in June, 1913, and fifteen months later French
-and British troops commenced a joint expedition to wrest from the German
-authority, by military means, the province from which the former had
-been ejected by diplomatic blackmail and the insistant rattle of the
-sword in the scabbard.</p>
-
-<p>It is instructive to recall the methods by which Germany acquired her
-African possessions, if only for the partial answer it provides to the
-question as to what the Allies intend to do with them. It is absolutely
-certain that however the Allies agree to dispose of the four colonies in
-question, they will never be restored to Germany, notwithstanding the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvi" id="page_xvi">{xvi}</a></span>
-fact that Herr Dernburg has committed the Emperor to the pledge that he
-will never consent to make peace except on terms which include their
-surrender. Germany got into Africa as a burglar effects an entrance into
-a well-stored building, but it is not because her gains were ill-gotten
-that she will be deprived of them. Having experimented in the
-civilisation of natives for three decades, she has revealed an utter
-inability to colonise for the benefit of mankind, but the hopeless
-failure of the German system of imposing her rule upon subject races, is
-not the reason why she will henceforth be debarred from participation in
-the work of civilising the world. The colonial possessions of Germany,
-as well as of England, France and Belgium, form part of the stakes for
-which all Europe is in arms, and they will become the spoils of the
-conquerors. As the Imperial Chancellor has announced, the future of the
-Cameroons will be decided not in West Africa, but in another theatre of
-war.</p>
-
-<p>Germany’s explanation of her desire to acquire colonies was based upon
-her need for extra territory capable of supporting her growing
-population. For this purpose she acquired East Africa, and immediately
-set about the task of raising, equipping and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvii" id="page_xvii">{xvii}</a></span> drilling a large force of
-black troops. She seized the French Cameroons, and at once increased the
-handful of natives which the French had found sufficient for the
-maintenance of order in the colony, to an army of 1,550 black and 185
-white troops, and she had planned the formation of additional corps of
-mounted infantry, and the rearming of all the troops with modern rifles.
-As soon as wireless telegraphy became a practical means of
-communication, a wireless station was installed in Togoland which
-rendered the little colony of inestimable potential value from a
-military point of view, while in South-West Africa, the extent and
-completeness of her defensive and offensive preparations, is abundant
-proof that the real value to Germany of this territory lay in the
-proximity of the region to the Boer States, disaffected to Great
-Britain. “The land was not taken for <i>bona fide</i> colonisation,” wrote
-the Rev. William Greswell over thirty years ago, “only as a <i>point
-d’appui</i>.” Germany pushed forward her military preparations in East,
-West and South Africa, as she did in Prussia, because she had convinced
-herself of England’s ultimate inability to hold India, Egypt and her
-colonial dominions. Her professors assured the Kaiser and his junker
-parasites, that the English had<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xviii" id="page_xviii">{xviii}</a></span> lost both “the qualities of creative
-genius in religion and the valour in arms of a military caste”, that we
-had become “a timorous, craven nation, trusting to its fleet”; and that,
-while we had “failed to impress our dominion” on the chiefs of the
-Indian Tributary States, the colonies were “shivering with impatience
-under the last slight remnant of the English yoke.”</p>
-
-<p>Because of their arrogant attempt to put their theories and their
-conclusions to the test, the German people are being stripped of all
-their overseas possessions. They have already lost their South-West
-Protectorate and Togoland, and the Allies are now successfully engaged
-in crushing German resistance in Eastern Africa. It is not my purpose in
-this little book to follow the fortunes of the Allied troops; it will be
-time enough to write the story of the campaigns when the task is
-accomplished, and the future administrations of the colonies are in
-operation. My object in the following pages is to give the public the
-particulars about the Cameroons which I have collected not without the
-expenditure of a considerable amount of time and trouble. A natural
-desire to ascertain the nature of the difficulties that would have to be
-surmounted by the allied forces, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xix" id="page_xix">{xix}</a></span> desire to learn something of the
-natural resources and commercial potentialities of the territory that
-was about to be acquired, sent me to bookshops and libraries in search
-of works that would satisfy my curiosity. I was disappointed to find
-that the information I wanted was not available in English form, English
-authors having decided, apparently, that the colony did not lend itself
-to interesting or marketable compilation, and since the British
-Government had not accredited a Consul to the Cameroons, not even a
-belated Consular Report was procurable. In this extremity I turned my
-attention to such German publications as were obtainable in this country
-and, from the official writings of Dr. Paul Rohrback, Dr. Grotefeld, Dr.
-Paul Preuss, Dr. Walter Busse, Herr Eltester, and Siegfreid Passarge, I
-gathered a mass of information concerning the geographical and
-geological features, the vegetation and forestry, and the natives and
-native cultivation, together with an interesting summary of the progress
-made under the German system of development and the success they had
-attained in their experiments in plantation cultivation. In a paper
-written by Captain W. A. Nugent, R.A., who had been a member of the
-Boundary Commission in 1907, and acted as British<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xx" id="page_xx">{xx}</a></span> Commissioner
-appointed to survey and fix the boundary between the German Cameroons
-and Nigeria in 1912, I found a full and admirable description of the
-territory traversed. This volume contains the result of my researches,
-selected and arranged in such a manner as will, I trust, be found
-acceptable to English readers who share my curiosity concerning the
-natural resources, the commercial position and the prospects of the
-colony, and who also entertain the hope that part of it, at least, will
-ultimately form a link in the chain of British overseas dominions.</p>
-
-<p class="r">
-ALBERT F. CALVERT.<br />
-</p>
-
-<p class="hang">
-<span class="smcap">Royston,<br />
-Eton Avenue, N.W.</span>
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxi" id="page_xxi">{xxi}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
-<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#DISCOVERY_AND_EXPLORATION">Discovery and Exploration</a></span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLANTATION_CULTIVATION">Plantation Cultivation</a></span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_24">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#NATIVE_EDUCATION">Native Education</a></span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_56">56</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_CAMEROON-NIGERIAN_BOUNDARY">The Cameroon-Nigerian Boundary</a></span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_62">62</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxii" id="page_xxii">{xxii}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxiii" id="page_xxiii">{xxiii}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-
-<tr><th><a name="COLOURED_PLATE" id="COLOURED_PLATE"></a>COLOURED PLATE</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#front">Victoria, Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><th><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td>&nbsp; </td><td class="rt"><small><span class="smcap">Plate</span></small></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_001">Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_001">1</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_002">The Quay at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_002">2</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_003">Landing-place at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_003">3</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_004">Post Office, Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_004">4</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_005">Court House at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_005">5</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_006">Hospital at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_006">6</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_007">Natives’ Metal Work</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_007">7</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_008">The Bâle Mission at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_008">8</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_009">Workshop of the Bâle Mission, Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_009">9</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_010">Manga Beli’s Palace, Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_010">10</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_011">The Native Quarter, Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_011">11</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_012">Business Offices in Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_012">12</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_013">Natives Wood Carving</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_013">13</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_014">The Woermann Floating Dock at Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_014">14</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_015">Landing Jetty</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_015">15</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_016">Constructing the Central Railway from Duala to the Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_016">16</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_017">View of the Wuri River at Bonaberi</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_017">17</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_018">The Wuri River above Duala</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_018">18</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_019">Elephant Grass</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_019">19</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_020">Buea, former Seat of the German Government of Cameroon. Great Cameroon Mountains in the Background</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_020">20</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxiv" id="page_xxiv">{xxiv}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_021">View of Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_021">21</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_022">The late German Governor’s Palace, Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_022">22</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_023">Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_023">23</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_024">Algau Cattle grazing near Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_024">24</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_025">Grazing Land near Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_025">25</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_026">Tobacco Plantation near Buea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_026">26</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_027">The new Okoti Crater on the Cameroon Mountain taken from the East</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_027">27</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_028">Forest on the Cameroon Peak at an elevation of 1,800 metres</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_028">28</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_029">View of Victoria</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_029">29</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_030">Victoria, with the Great Cameroon Mountain and Little Cameroon Mountain</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_030">30</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_031">View of Ambas Bay</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_031">31</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_032">Steep Coast near Victoria</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_032">32</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_033">Botanical Gardens, Victoria</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_033">33</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_034">Office in the Botanical Gardens, Victoria</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_034">34</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_035">Buildings of the Victoria Co., Victoria</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_035">35</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_036">Vegetation in the Forest</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_036">36</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_037">Kribi, at the Mouth of the Kribi River, the Chief Trading-place on the Coast of South Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_037">37</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_038">Kribi</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_038">38</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_039">Low-lying Coast near Kribi</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_039">39</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_040">Mission House at Kribi</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_040">40</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_041">Boa-constrictor</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_041">41</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_042">Natives of Bule</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_042">42</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_043">Marshy Land in the Oil-palm Region near the Coast</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_043">43</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxv" id="page_xxv">{xxv}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_044">Oil-palm in a Maize Field</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_044">44</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_045">Preparation of Palm-oil by Native Methods</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_045">45</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_046">Oil-palms</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_046">46</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_047">Cocoa Tree with Fruit</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_047">47</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_048">Seven-year-old Oil-palm Trees</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_048">48</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_049">The Oil-palm.    Crown with Clusters of Fruit</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_049">49</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_050">Station Yard at Edea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_050">50</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_051">The Sanaga River near Edea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_051">51</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_052">The Sanaga River near Edea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_052">52</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_053">Bridge over the Southern Arm of the Sanaga River (Duala-Nyong Railway)</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_053">53</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_054">Entrance to the Forest near Edea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_054">54</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_055">Woermann Line Boats on the Sanaga River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_055">55</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_056">Rapids in the Sanaga River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_056">56</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_057">Maize Stores at Jaunde</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_057">57</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_058">Park-like District in a Clearing of the Forest on the Edea-Jaunde Road</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_058">58</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_059">Native Soldiers at Jaunde</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_059">59</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_060">Native Troops in Camp</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_060">60</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_061">Native Troops on Active Service</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_061">61</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_062">Native Village.    Gabled Huts</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_062">62</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_063">On the Upper Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_063">63</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_064">Colonial Troops at a Factory on the Upper Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_064">64</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_065">Ferry Boat on the Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_065">65</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_066">Steamer at the Landing-place of a Factory on the Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_066">66</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_067">Collecting Rubber in the Forest</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_067">67</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxvi" id="page_xxvi">{xxvi}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_068">Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River)</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_068">68</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_069">Dehane Rubber Plantation (Nyong River)</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_069">69</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_070">Manager’s House on the Dehane Rubber Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_070">70</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_071">Clearing the Ground for Planting Rubber Trees</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_071">71</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_072">Ground Cleared for Planting</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_072">72</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_073">Mixed Trees in a Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_073">73</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_074">Pay Day on a Rubber Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_074">74</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_075">A Path through the Dehane Plantation on the Nyong River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_075">75</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_076">Natives Waiting for the Dinner Bell</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_076">76</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_077">Banana Trees on a Rubber Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_077">77</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_078">A Four-year-old Rubber Tree ready for Tapping</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_078">78</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_079">Natives at Dehane</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_079">79</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_080">Roll Call of Labourers on a Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_080">80</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_081">Elephant Grass</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_081">81</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_082">Tapping the Rubber Tree</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_082">82</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_083">Small huts for Patients suffering from Sleeping Sickness</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_083">83</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_084">Forest on the Banks of the Mungo River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_084">84</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_085">Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_085">85</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_086">Native Suspension Bridge over the Mungo River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_086">86</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_087">The “Mungo” German Government Steamer on the River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_087">87</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_088">A Tree Trunk used as a Bridge</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_088">88</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_089">Village of Ninong at the Western Base of the Manenguba Mountains</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_089">89</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_090">The Elong Mountain in the Bamenda Range seen from the foot of the Manenguba Mountains</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_090">90</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxvii" id="page_xxvii">{xxvii}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_091">Forest on the Banks of the Cross River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_091">91</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_092">Fishing on the Cross River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_092">92</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_093">The Cross River at Nssanakang</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_093">93</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_094">Factory on the Cross River for Trading with the Natives</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_094">94</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_095">Banana Trees near Ossidinge</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_095">95</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_096">A Village in Keakaland, Ossidinge</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_096">96</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_097">Head-dress and Tribal Marks of Keaka Women</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_097">97</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_098">Native Musical Instruments in Keakaland</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_098">98</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_099">Caravan Crossing the Ndi River near Fontschanda</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_099">99</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_100">Typical Vegetation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_100">100</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_101">A Palm Grove</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_101">101</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_102">A Suspension Bridge</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_102">102</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_103">A Suspension Bridge</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_103">103</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_104">Suspension Bridge over the Fi, near Tinto</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_104">104</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_105">Fumban in Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_105">105</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_106">Native Market at Bamum. Provisions and Kolo Nuts being Sold</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_106">106</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_107">Ndjoia, Sultan of Bamum, between two War Drums, at Fumban</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_107">107</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_108">Sultan of Bamum with the Captains of his Troops</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_108">108</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_109">Made by the Natives of Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_109">109</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_110">Trial Field for Cotton and Tobacco at the Government Station, Fumban, Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_110">110</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_111">Bamum. Note the Frieze of Animals under the Grass Roof</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_111">111</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_112">Street Scene in Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_112">112</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_113">Street Scene in Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_113">113</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_114">Street Scene in Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_114">114</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxviii" id="page_xxviii">{xxviii}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_115">A House in Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_115">115</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_116">A Street in the Women’s Quarter</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_116">116</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_117">Cotton Field near Bamum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_117">117</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_118">Dracæna the Fetish Trees of West Africa</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_118">118</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_119">Market-place at Banjo with the Banjo Mountains in the Distance</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_119">119</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_120">The “Malam” of Banjo in Hausa State Costume</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_120">120</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_121">Banjo, a Settlement in the Interior</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_121">121</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_122">Vegetation in the Forest</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_122">122</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_123">The “Island” Mountain District in North Adamaua between Ntem and the Ribäu Slope on the Banjo Road</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_123">123</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_124">Granite Mountain in Central Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_124">124</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_125">Sudan Natives of Central Cameroon. Wute Natives in War Costume</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_125">125</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_126">War Games of the Wute Natives</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_126">126</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_127">Woman of the Wute Tribe</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_127">127</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_128">Woman of the Wute Tribe</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_128">128</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_129">Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wute Archers</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_129">129</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_130">Sudan Natives in Central Cameroon. Wutes with their War Drums</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_130">130</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_131">Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_131">131</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_132">Hump-backed Cattle of Adamaua</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_132">132</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_133">The Faro above Tschamba</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_133">133</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_134">Caravan Travelling. Resting</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_134">134</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_135">Kumbo Highlands on the way to Lake Mauwe, between Bakumbi and Banka</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_135">135</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_136">Kumbo Highlands between Banka and Lake Mauwe</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_136">136</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_137">The Remains of a Volcano in the Kumbo Highlands</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_137">137</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxix" id="page_xxix">{xxix}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_138">Forest in the Highlands</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_138">138</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_139">Change from Forest to Grass Country on the broken edge of the Inner Highlands near Fontem</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_139">139</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_140">Cultivated Portions of Grass Country</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_140">140</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_141">Typical Grass Country in Bafu-Fondong, on the Great Dschang-Bamenda Road</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_141">141</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_142">Women Working in the Fields in the Grass Country, North-west Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_142">142</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_143">Death Dance of the Natives near Dschang</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_143">143</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_144">The Chief Bafu-Fondong on his Throne</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_144">144</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_145">Tatooed Fondong Negro</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_145">145</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_146">A Chief’s Wife in the Grass Country</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_146">146</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_147">Parasites on a Tree, near the Grass Country</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_147">147</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_148">Bali Negress in the Grass Country</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_148">148</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_149">Mbo, a Fortified Station near the Grass Country</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_149">149</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_150">Kusseri, a Fortified Station in North Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_150">150</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_151">The Resident’s House at Kusseri</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_151">151</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_152">Mecca Pilgrims at Kusseri</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_152">152</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_153">Log Path through a Swamp</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_153">153</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_154">Horsemen in North Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_154">154</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_155">View of Elephant Lake</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_155">155</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_156">Village of Kilgrim in the Mandara Mountains</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_156">156</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_157">The Lagone River at Musgum</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_157">157</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_158">Caravan Crossing a River</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_158">158</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_159">Njoja, with his Wives and Children, sitting in front of his Palace</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_159">159</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_160">Bakwiri Women and Children Dancing</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_160">160</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_161">The Head Chief Balwen in his War Costume</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_161">161</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_162">Chieftain in Gala Attire</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_162">162</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxx" id="page_xxx">{xxx}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_163">Hausa Girl at a Spring</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_163">163</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_164">Natives of North Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_164">164</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_165">Deng-Deng, a Settlement in the Interior</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_165">165</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_166">Dikoa, a Settlement in the Interior</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_166">166</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_167">Ebolowa, a Settlement in the Interior</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_167">167</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_168">Floods near Ssigal</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_168">168</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_169">Sultan of Ngaumdere with his Bodyguard</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_169">169</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_170">Market at Ngaumdere</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_170">170</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_171">Main Buildings of the Bibundi Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_171">171</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_172">Bungalow on the Bibundi Plantation</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_172">172</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_173">Plantation in Full Bearing</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_173">173</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_174">Baia Youths</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_174">174</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_175">Baia Women</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_175">175</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_176">Dead Elephant</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_176">176</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_177">Walrus</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_177">177</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_178">A Hausa Village</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_178">178</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_179">A Native Village. Musgum Huts</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_179">179</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_180">A Native Village. Huts with Cone-shaped Roofs</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_180">180</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_181">Caravan Travelling. Hiring Carriers</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_181">181</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_182">Rubber Caravan</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_182">182</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_183">Ivory Caravan</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_183">183</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_184">Scene at an Ivory Factory</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_184">184</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_185">Weighing the Ivory</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_185">185</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_186">Factory in the Interior of South Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_186">186</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_187">Roll-call of Labourers</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_187">187</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_188">Bridging over a Ravine</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_188">188</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_189">Sawing Wood</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_189">189</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_190">Njem Woman, South Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_190">190</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxxi" id="page_xxxi">{xxxi}</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_191">Prow of a War Canoe</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_191">191</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><th>MAPS</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td>&nbsp; </td><td class="rt"><span class="smcap">Plate</span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_192">Density of the Population</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_192">192</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_193">Flora</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_193">193</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_194">Fauna</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_194">194</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_195">River Basins</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_195">195</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_196">Ivory Districts</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_196">196</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_197">Chart showing Entrance to Duala from the Sea</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_197">197</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_198">Hausa Territory</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_198">198</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_199">Profile of Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_199">199</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><a href="#plt_200">A. F. Calvert’s Map of Cameroon</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#plt_200">200</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxxii" id="page_xxxii">{xxxii}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1">{1}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<h1>THE CAMEROONS</h1>
-
-<h2><a name="DISCOVERY_AND_EXPLORATION" id="DISCOVERY_AND_EXPLORATION"></a>DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION.</h2>
-
-<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE large bay or estuary in the Gulf of Guinea, lying south of Nigeria
-and facing the island of Fernando-Po, was discovered by Portuguese
-navigators in the fifteenth or sixteenth century and christened the Rio
-dos Camaroes (the River of Prawns), from the abundance of Crustacea that
-infested its waters. The name was also used to designate the
-neighbouring mountains, which rise to the north-west of the bay. The
-English usage, until the end of the nineteenth century, was to confine
-the term, the Cameroons, to the mountain range, and to speak of the
-estuary as the Cameroon River. It was left to the acquisitive Germans to
-extend the use of the name in its Teutonic form&mdash;Kamerun&mdash;to the whole
-Protectorate.</p>
-
-<p>The establishment of German trading firms and factories at various
-places on the West African coast suggested to the Imperial Chancellor
-the practicability of laying the foundations of his projected German
-Colonial Empire in the Cameroon region of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2">{2}</a></span> the Dark Continent. On March
-19th, 1884, Dr. Nachtigal, a former Consul at Tunis, was instructed to
-proceed on this civilising mission, and on July 5th and 6th he hoisted
-the German flag at Bayida and Lome, in Togoland. On the 10th of that
-month the English gunboat <i>Goshawk</i> entered the Cameroon River, and the
-mission’s hope of further extending the sphere of German influence on
-the coast of West Africa appeared doomed to extinction. But the
-<i>Goshawk</i> departed on the following day, leaving the field clear for
-Nachtigal, who rushed through some agreements with the chiefs Deido,
-Bell and Akva, declared the country to be under the protection of
-Germany on July 14th, and appointed Doctor Buchner Provisional Governor
-of the newly acquired territory. The new Governor acknowledged the
-protest against German occupation, which was formally made by the
-British Consul on July 19th, and proceeded to hoist the German flag at
-Bumbia, Maliba, and Batanga.</p>
-
-<p>In this nefarious and undignified manner the German Government obtained
-a foothold in the Gulf of Guinea, but it still remained for them to
-regulate their intrusion among the nations already established in the
-region. In order to solidify the position<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3">{3}</a></span> they had taken up, and, in
-the phrase employed by Siegfreid Passarge, “to withstand the intrigues
-and provocations of the English,” who laid claims to Victoria and the
-Rio del Rey coast, it was necessary to have the treaty of occupation
-confirmed. On May 7th, 1885, a treaty was concluded by which the British
-waived their claims in favour of Germany, who reciprocated by renouncing
-their nominal claims to Forcados, at the mouth of the Niger, and to St.
-Lucia. In the same year the French ceded Great Batanga and the island
-west of Kwakwa-Kriek in exchange for the German possession of Konakry.
-These treaties legalised the position, and Germany was left a free hand
-to develop her possessions in the Cameroons, under the Governorship of
-Baron von Goden.</p>
-
-<p>In July, 1911, the German cruiser <i>Panther</i> appeared off the coast of
-Morocco, at Agadir, for the alleged purpose of protecting German
-interests, of which no trace existed in that quarter of the globe. The
-incident was ultimately closed by the cession to Germany of the French
-territory to the south of their Cameroon colony, which was subsequently
-incorporated with it under the name of New Cameroon. The transfer was
-made in June, 1913. Under French<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4">{4}</a></span> domination, three military stations,
-garrisoned with a total force of four officers, twelve non-commissioned
-officers, and 200 native troops, had been sufficient to preserve order,
-but the new rulers had their own ideas as to the military requirements
-of their growing Empire. We read in <i>Jahrbuch über die Deutscher
-Kolonien</i> (1913) that the German defence force numbers 185 Europeans and
-1,550 natives, while it was the intention of the Government to form an
-additional corps of mounted infantry, to establish a stud farm for the
-breeding of troop horses, and to arm all the troops with 98·3 carbines.
-Since the declaration of war in August last, Togoland has capitulated to
-the French and British, and the German Cameroons are now being
-systematically and successfully invaded by the allied forces. The
-political future of these territories is, as yet, undetermined, but
-however they may be ultimately allocated, German domination in West
-Africa, with its blundering mismanagement and bumptious militarism, is a
-chapter of colonial history that is closed for ever.</p>
-
-<h3>THE EXPLORATION OF THE INTERIOR.</h3>
-
-<p>Although the commercial activities of the tribes inhabiting the African
-Mohammedan empires, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5">{5}</a></span> the construction of trade routes connecting
-Senegal with the Red Sea, had opened up the Soudan to Europeans, the
-territory which since 1884 has been known as German Cameroon was
-practically unexplored at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In
-1822 an English expedition succeeded in reaching Lake Tchad and
-exploring its western and southern boundaries. This discovery was
-supplemented in 1851-52 by Barth and Overweg. Barth went from Kuka to
-Yola, and discovered the upper course of the Benue. He penetrated
-further, through the country south of Lake Chad to Bagirmi. In 1854
-Baikie went up the Benue, as far as Djen, about fifty kilometres from
-Yola. Rohlf’s journey in 1865-67 and Nachtigal’s in 1869-74 are of
-little importance. In 1879 began the activity of Edward Flegel, who, on
-the steamer <i>Henry Benn</i>, navigated the Benue as far as Garna. Of much
-greater importance were the explorations of the Benue district in 1882
-and 1883, the southern limit of which was marked by the towns of
-Ngaumdere, Banjo, Gaschaka, and Takum.</p>
-
-<p>The knowledge of the coastal district was extremely limited. Burton and
-Mann had ascended the Cameroon mountains in 1861-62. In 1872-75 three
-German scientists, Buchholz, Reichenow and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6">{6}</a></span> Lüders, made important
-zoological discoveries, while Rogozinsky, a Pole, in 1883, reached as
-far as Lake Barombi. But all efforts to penetrate into the interior were
-frustrated by the impracticable condition of the roads, the
-unhealthiness of the coast district&mdash;which was for the greater part
-uninhabited virgin forest&mdash;and by the hostile attitude of the natives.</p>
-
-<p>After many fruitless endeavours to explore this coastal region, an
-expedition in 1888 succeeded in crossing from Batanga by way of Njong
-and Sanaga, and in settling the boundary between Bantio and Sudannegern.
-The effort to reach the Cameroon estuary was frustrated by the
-opposition of the Bakoko; and after a journey of much difficulty the
-expedition returned to the coast. In 1899 a station was established and
-a foothold secured. In the same year the region north of Duala was
-explored, and the forest district traversed, the plateau of Baliland was
-ascended, and the grassy lands reached. With indescribable difficulty
-the districts from Ibi on the Benue to Yola were traversed. In 1902-4 an
-Anglo-German expedition, after a very minute survey, fixed the boundary
-line between Yola and Lake Chad, and in 1908 an agreement was made
-between Germany<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7">{7}</a></span> and France regarding the south and east boundaries. In
-1907-8 the frontier between Cameroon and the Nigerias was surveyed by
-the British and German representatives, and the approximate line of
-demarcation subsequently settled between the two Governments was fixed
-and marked by an Anglo-German commission in 1912-13.</p>
-
-<h3>BOUNDARIES AND TOWNS.</h3>
-
-<p>The Cameroons are bounded on the north-west by Nigeria, on the
-north-east and east by the French possessions of the Military Territory
-of Chad and the Middle Congo and the French possession of Gaboon. The
-frontier runs in a north-easterly direction from near Calabar in the
-Southern Provinces of Nigeria to Lake Chad, and then in a general
-south-south-east direction to about lat. 2° N., from whence it strikes
-south-west by west, reaching the Atlantic just south of Spanish Guinea,
-which is thus surrounded on the north, east and south by German
-territory. The general outline of the country thus described is broken
-in the middle east by a triangular piece of land which gives access to
-the Ubangi river, an affluent of the Congo, at Singa, in lat. 3° 40´ N.;
-whilst in the south-east corner a strip of land seventy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8">{8}</a></span> miles broad
-runs southwards, giving access to the Congo itself in about lat. 1° S.</p>
-
-<p>The Protectorate, with an area of 290 square miles, had in 1913 an
-estimated native population of 2,650,000, and a European population of
-1,871, of whom 1,643 were Germans.</p>
-
-<p>The chief towns on the coast, from north to south, are Victoria, Duala
-(the capital), Kribi, and Ukoko. Buea is a large town on the eastern
-slopes of the Cameroon mountain, and Edea is on the Sanaga, about forty
-miles from its mouth. In the mountainous region in the north-west are
-Bare, Dschang, Bali, Bamenda, Wum, Esu, and Kentu; to the east of these
-is Fumban, and to the west, in the low-lying country near the Nigerian
-border, Ossidinge. In the western portion of the plateau are Tibati,
-Banyo and Tingere, and in the centre, at the junction of the main routes
-of the interior, is Ngaumdere. In the country north of the plateau the
-chief towns are Garua, an important trading centre on the Benue, Lere,
-Binder, Marua, Mora, Dikoa, and Kusseri. In the southern part of the
-country are Yaunde, Dume, Bertua, Gaza, Carnot, Bania, Lomie, and
-Akoafim. Molondu is in the extreme south-east.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9">{9}</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>THE PROGRESS OF THE PROTECTORATE.</h3>
-
-<p>In the first twenty-eight years of their occupation the Germans had
-established courts of justice at Buea, Duala, Kribi, and Lomie, custom
-houses at Duala and Buea, thirty-eight post offices throughout the
-territory, and had maintained order among the natives by means of twelve
-companies of Imperial troops. They had constructed and opened 108
-kilometres of the 1-m. gauge line of 160 kilometres from Duala to the
-Manenguæ Mountains, and had opened the central line from Duala to
-Widimange, on the Nyong River&mdash;a distance of 293 kilometres of 1-m.
-gauge line&mdash;as far as Edea, ninety kilometres from Duala. The imports
-had increased from 9,296,796 marks in 1898 to 29,317,514 marks in 1911,
-and their exports in the same period had risen from 4,601,620 to
-21,250,883 marks, a total increase in the trade of the colony of nearly
-thirty-seven million marks. The want of means of communication was found
-a hindrance in the economic development of the territory, which was
-admittedly possessed of “unlimited liabilities.” Vast tracts in the
-interior were proved to be suited for cotton cultivation; oil palms,
-cocoa, and rubber were ascertained to be of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10">{10}</a></span> “incalculable wealth,” and
-the Cameroons were described by Dr. Grotewold as among the most
-productive countries in the world.</p>
-
-<p>But the administration, or the critics of the administration of the
-Protectorate, had discovered that the lack of proper means of
-communication was not the only factor that retarded the progress of this
-richly endowed country. The unrest amongst the natives had revealed on
-the part of the authorities the lack of that sympathetic understanding
-of their native subjects which makes for successful colonisation. Their
-treatment of the natives was culpably injudicious, and their mistakes in
-dealing with them were so frequent and serious that the relations
-between the Government and the native population were constantly
-strained, and the services of the Imperial troops were in great demand.</p>
-
-<h3>GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES.</h3>
-
-<p>The country on the whole is mountainous and forms the north-west limit
-of the central African plateau. The coastland is flat alluvial country
-spreading out on either side of the Cameroon Mountains, and broken up
-with mangrove swamps, lagoons and deep estuaries. The Rio del Rey region
-on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11">{11}</a></span> west of the Cameroon Mountains is a stretch of alluvial land
-with a breadth of thirty to forty kilometres, which forms the extreme
-eastern portion of the great alluvial plain extending from the Gold
-Coast to the Cameroon, and attaining its greatest development in the
-Niger Delta. Within the alluvial the volcanic massive of the Cameroon
-Mountain rises to a height of 4,070 m., and divides the land into two
-parts, which are connected only by a small and high strip of territory.
-To the east of the dividing mountain lies Dualaland. The other three
-orographical regions which comprise the Cameroon country includes the
-Cameroon plateau, which forms the largest and most important part of the
-colony; the enormous region of Adamana, which is generally level and
-nowhere reaches an elevation of more than 600 metres; and the extensive
-swampy lands of the Lake Chad basin which are under water during several
-months of the year.</p>
-
-<p>The greater part of the colony is covered with red, loamy, sandy
-weatherings, which are characteristic of the tropics. If this red earth
-contains hard concretions of brown iron ore, they are named “Laterit.”
-These cellular-like volcanic scoria are characteristic of the surface of
-the soil generally, and especially in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" id="page_12">{12}</a></span> those districts where the loamy
-deposits have been washed away by heavy rains. Vegetable soil is more
-abundant in the rainy regions of the south, and also in the lowlands.
-Indeed the result of this humid weathering is a kind of whitish yellowy
-kaolin, or china clay, which is found in the south plateau. A blackish
-mould to a thickness of one or two feet covers the lowland south of Lake
-Chad, and is there called “Firki.” Whilst in the south of the colony red
-and yellow clayey soil preponderates, the further north one goes to the
-dryer regions, reddish sand, a product of the physical weathering, is to
-be found.</p>
-
-<h3>CLIMATE.</h3>
-
-<p>In the coast region of the Cameroons the climate is warm and moist, with
-a high rainfall. The temperature is not excessively high, the heat being
-tempered by the cold Benguela current coming northward from the Polar
-regions. According to Knox (<i>The Climate of Africa</i>) February is the
-warmest month and July the coolest, the maximum and minimum temperatures
-being 89·7° F. and 66° F. respectively. The mean temperature at Victoria
-and Duala is about 77° F. The coast is one of the most unhealthy places
-in Africa, but the conditions are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13">{13}</a></span> considerably better and more suited
-to Europeans in the high-lying districts in the north. The climate of
-the latter is largely of the continental type, characterised by extremes
-of temperature. At Bali the mean temperature is about 64° F., the
-maximum 87° to 90° F., and the minimum 43° to 45° F. At Fort Crampel, on
-the eastern side of the plateau, the maximum temperature reaches 113°
-F., and the minimum 49° F. On the Ngaumdere plateau it is sometimes very
-cold, and sleet storms are not uncommon, the temperature sometimes
-falling to 37° F.</p>
-
-<p>As regards rainfall, there are as a rule four more or less distinct
-seasons in the southern and central regions&mdash;the chief dry season at the
-beginning of the year, the so-called long wet season from June to
-September, a short dry season in October and November, and a short
-period of great rainfall in part of November and in December&mdash;but the
-divisions indicated are by no means well marked. The Adamana district,
-situated on the north of the plateau, lies beyond the equatorial beet,
-and there are consequently only two seasons, one wet and one dry.</p>
-
-<p>The massive of the Cameroon Mountains presents<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14">{14}</a></span> a district which is
-singular with regard to its climate, vegetation and animal life. At its
-base is a primeval forest, and the climate is tropical and humid.
-Debundja and Bibundo have practically no dry season, the rain being
-continuous nearly the whole year round. On the east side, the rainy
-season lasts for only two to three months in the year. Buea, which lies
-on the lower slopes of the misty region, has a fresh, cool climate, and
-is quite free from malaria. The temperature varies frequently, in some
-cases from 1·5° to 2° Cent. in the course of two or three minutes.
-Instead of the usual heavy tropical rains, it has only a drizzling rain,
-and the humidity penetrates everywhere, even the dwellings. On the upper
-slopes, when the north-east wind blows, it is icy cold, except at
-midday. Hoar frost is frequent and snow fairly so. The mountain is
-nearly always cloud-capped, and it is seldom possible to obtain a really
-clear view of the summit.</p>
-
-<h3>VEGETATION AND FORESTRY.</h3>
-
-<p>The combination of tropical heat and rain in the alternate regions of
-forests and brushwood swamps produces a tropical growth of cocoa palms,
-cotton plants, flax and fibrous trees, and rubber vines in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15">{15}</a></span> prodigal
-luxuriance and variety. The virgin forests are tropical to a height of
-about 1,000 m., when they become less dense, and the oak ferns make
-their appearance. Between 1,500 and 1,800 m. the wild coffee shrub grows
-abundantly, the oak ferns disappear, and are succeeded by glades and
-brushwood. At an altitude of 2,200 m. the forest suddenly comes to an
-end and the grass land begins. Only in the ravines, in which the soil is
-moist and sheltered from the winds, the forest continues to the 2,700 m.
-level. The high forest&mdash;the most magnificent of all tropical forest
-formations&mdash;is characterised by its amazing variety of entirely
-different trees, including, among others, the great wool tree, the
-mahogany tree, the yellow and red wood trees, the oil-palm, and rubber.
-Among the trees of the brushwood districts the principal are acacias and
-the oil-palm, which to a height of from 700 to 900 m. covers the slopes
-of the Cameroon plateau to the coast.</p>
-
-<p>The chief planting activity appears to have been at
-Johann-Albrechts-Höhe, and in the Dibombari district on the Northern
-Railway. A forestry plantation at Manoka, near Duala, was abandoned on
-account of its remoteness, the difficulty of water supply, and the
-constant lack of labour. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" id="page_16">{16}</a></span> principal work for the making of forest
-and state reserves has been conducted in Yabassi, Yaunde, Edea, and
-Dschang. The efforts of the forest department and of private persons
-have been concerned mainly with: (<i>a</i>) Investigations of woods suitable
-for beams, wharves, and for boat and waggon building; (<i>b</i>) trials of
-woods resistant to <i>teredo navalis</i> for small boats; and (<i>c</i>)
-experimental shipments to German South-West Africa of woods serviceable
-for building, mining and street paving.</p>
-
-<p>A large increase, amounting to 270 per cent. in the production of
-building and other timber, took place in 1911. The first place in the
-exports is held by Cameroons mahogany, which is stated to be increasing
-gradually in value in the market; its exports having risen in value from
-£7,022 in 1910 to £22,000 in 1912. The next wood in importance is
-Cameroons ebony, the exports of which have been as follows: 1909, 672
-tons, worth £3,038; 1910, 1,221 tons, worth £6,090; 1911, 1,652 tons,
-worth £6,777; whilst in 1912 the value of the shipment was £9,055. The
-increase of exports has been largely due to an increase of cutting by
-the natives, and this has entailed a considerable amount of robbery by
-them. As a consequence, timber exploitation on Government<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17">{17}</a></span> lands was
-entirely prohibited to natives in the period 1912-13, and concessions
-were given to Europeans with much caution; a decrease in the production
-was therefore expected. A difficulty regarding the exploitation of
-timber in the Cameroons is the lack of good waterways in the forest
-regions.</p>
-
-<h3>CATTLE RAISING.</h3>
-
-<p>In spite of the very great difficulties caused by the tsetse fly, much
-attention has been paid to stock-breeding in the Cameroons, although
-with the exception of certain efforts made in Kusseri, in the extreme
-north, and in Garua, in Adamana, nothing in the nature of methodical
-horse-breeding by natives exists. The indigenous cattle are of two
-kinds, the dwarf cattle and the humped cattle. Cattle-breeding in the
-proper sense is only found among the Fulla tribe in Adamana, in Banyo
-and the Lake Chad regions. From these places there was once an active
-export of cattle to the neighbouring British and French Protectorates,
-but this has been diminished in recent years owing to a large export
-duty. The interest in cattle-production on the part of the natives has
-been increased in recent years, under official encouragement, in the
-districts of Dschang and Bamenda.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18">{18}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The Fulla cattle are greatly prized in the central districts, in which,
-by reason of the ravages of the tsetse fly, no cattle can be bred, and
-when railway communication has cleared the infected regions, a thriving
-cattle export industry to the coast will be developed. The increased
-prosperity of the rubber districts of the south, especially Molondu,
-Dume and Lomie, has led, in recent years, to a demand for meat among the
-natives, and this has been supplied from the Hausa and Fulani herds. In
-1911 about 20,000 head of large stock and 8,000 of small stock were sent
-from Adamana to the south, and this is estimated to mean an exchange
-between the north and the south to the value of about £150,000.</p>
-
-<p>As is usual in West Africa, the natives possess neglected goats, sheep
-and fowls, and in some cases pigs, though this is only true to a very
-small extent in the southern districts.</p>
-
-<h3>NATIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.</h3>
-
-<p>The chief agricultural products of the Cameroons are rubber, palm
-kernels, cocoa and palm oil, and the Protectorate may be said, in a
-general way, to present three chief agricultural areas: the southern,
-with rubber in increasing production; the middle province<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_19" id="page_19">{19}</a></span> around the
-Cameroon river basin, with their plantations and areas rich in oil
-palms; and the grass country, northward, suited specially for cattle
-breeding. Nearly all the rubber exploited has been derived from the
-native exploitation of wild plants. Almost all the male population of
-Lomie, Molondu, Dume, and Dengdeng was concerned in rubber collection in
-1910-11, in which years more than 1,000 coloured middlemen bought the
-rubber from the natives and sold it to the forty-nine mercantile firms
-who had no fewer than 230 stations established for its purchase. The
-comparatively small share of rubber plantations in the whole production
-of the Protectorate is shown by the fact that, of a total export of
-5,957,516 lbs. in 1911, all except 23,912 lbs. was from wild plants;
-whilst in 1912 cultivated plants accounted for only 53,040 lbs. in a
-total shipment of 6,184,222 lbs. The results of the attempts to induce
-the natives to take up new cultivations depend on the presence or
-absence in their district of wild plants that they can exploit. Whilst,
-for example, the inhabitants of the Lomie district, who still know of
-rich stands of wild rubber plants, are hardly to be excited to commence
-rubber cultivation, it has been experienced in Kribi, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20">{20}</a></span> these do
-not exist, that the distribution of young plants are gratefully received
-and readily planted.</p>
-
-<p>It is also recorded that oil-palm cultivation has been introduced with
-some success to the natives, in the districts of Lomie and Yaunde, but
-any “cultivation” by the natives is very simple in nature, consisting
-merely in the keeping of the stands clear of “bush.” The large decrease
-in the exports of ivory in recent years is due in great measure to the
-exhaustion of the stores of ivory hoarded by the natives and the extent
-of elephant shooting in the past ten years. The exports in 1910 amounted
-to sixteen tons, valued at £124, and although there was a slight
-increase of quantity in the following year, the export in 1912 showed a
-large diminution. The other native products are chiefly djair nuts, shea
-nuts, kola, and gum arabic, but there has been comparatively little
-activity as regards the actual cultivation of crops, because of the
-natural richness of the country in products which enable the inhabitants
-to buy what they require. The raising of food crops exists, however, for
-special demands, such as arise near railways, administrative stations
-and larger towns, and the chief places on the caravan routes and rivers.
-Near such places the native raises maize,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21">{21}</a></span> plantains, bananas, cassava,
-sweet potatoes and ground nuts, as well as sorghum (dura or dari) in the
-northern districts, and some kola and sesame in isolated places. In
-several districts a certain amount of tobacco is planted; there is also
-some little fruit raising, notably in the villages of Ambam. In the
-highlands of Dschang, and in other places, such as Ebelowe and Yaunde,
-new crops, such as the English potato, “black bush” beans and turnips,
-for which the climate seems to be suited, have been introduced. Numerous
-inhabitants of the districts of Duala and Edea have in recent years laid
-out farms for the raising of cassava, plantains, maize, yams, and other
-products.</p>
-
-<p>North of the watershed the principal crops are guinea-corn, millet,
-ground-nuts, cassava, and sweet potatoes; cotton and tobacco are also
-cultivated by the Chamba pagans, Zumperis and Munchis. The corn is
-planted in April at the end of the rainy season, the method of
-cultivation being as follows. The ground is first cleared of weeds and
-the remains of the last year’s crop. It is then prepared for sowing by
-digging shallow trenches with a rough kind of hoe, the earth being piled
-up to form ridges between the trenches. Guinea-corn (<i>Sorghum vulgare</i>),
-the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22">{22}</a></span> staple food of the country, is planted in these ridges. It grows to
-a great height, often fifteen to twenty feet, and is harvested in
-November. Millet is planted in the furrows; it ripens rapidly and is
-harvested in July. Cotton is ready for picking after December; tobacco
-and cassava are cultivated during the dry season on the hillsides, the
-streams being used for irrigation.</p>
-
-<p>From October to March, during the dry season, the natives are engaged in
-stacking their corn into mud-walled granaries, and threshing what they
-require for immediate use. These months are also spent in repairing the
-damage done to the villages, grass being cut and tied into bundles for
-thatching roofs, and making new zana matting. The dry season is also the
-hunting season, when the long grass has been laid low by fire. This
-grass-burning is an annual institution, although the Government has
-given orders prohibiting it on account of the damage done to trees. But
-the hill tribes care very little for trees or grass, and a good deal for
-meat.</p>
-
-<p>As in all parts where the tsetse fly prevails, and the employment of
-cattle for ploughing is impossible, the land is chiefly cultivated with
-the hoe; and as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23">{23}</a></span> West African hoe is a tool which calls for the
-exercise of patience rather than skill or strength, the native leaves
-the field work to his women. From this form of servitude the women will
-not be emancipated until cattle are rendered immune from tsetse fly and
-the hoe is supplanted by the plough.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" id="page_24">{24}</a></span></p>
-
-<h2><a name="PLANTATION_CULTIVATION" id="PLANTATION_CULTIVATION"></a>PLANTATION CULTIVATION.</h2>
-
-<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE Cameroons were regarded by the Germans as a plantation country of
-the highest promise, and the proximity of the Cameroon Mountain to the
-coast, facilitating the realisation of the products, render this part of
-the colony an ideal area for the planter. All the largest plantations
-are situated in this district, which has been extensively developed, and
-its products have already assumed considerable proportions in the export
-statistics of the dependency. The laying out of a plantation in Cameroon
-is by no means an easy task, as the fertile soil must be drawn from the
-primeval forest. And as the Cameroon primeval forest has no equal for
-vastness and impenetrability, laborious and costly preliminary work is
-necessary before any real planting can be attempted. On the whole it is
-very much the same as in East Africa, with the distinction that as a
-rule in the latter colony there is only the so-called bush to clear,
-while in Cameroon one has to deal with high-grown primeval forest.</p>
-
-<p>The cultivation of cocoa prospers on the slopes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25">{25}</a></span> of the Cameroon
-Mountain, where the climate and soil resemble those of the adjacent
-Islands of St. Thomas and Fernando-Po, and its cultivation is almost
-confined to the Cameroon Mountain and to some plantations in Sanaga and
-Kampo. It is to be hoped that with the further opening up of the
-country, many districts will be found suitable for its cultivation. In
-this case the many years’ experience on the Cameroon Mountain will
-facilitate the spreading. The cocoa-tree is, on an average, six to eight
-m. high, with a trunk diameter of about fifteen to twenty-five cm., and
-it begins to produce after four or five years. At harvest time the fruit
-must be carefully gathered, to avoid injuring the tree. The opening of
-the fruit to obtain the seeds is done with a cane, or by beating open
-the fruit on a stone. When the seeds are taken from the fruit, they
-undergo the important process of fermentation. It would take too long to
-relate the different methods employed, but it may be mentioned that the
-fermentation process affects the taste and aroma of the cocoa very much,
-drawing away the bitterness of the bean, modifying its sharp taste, and
-developing the aroma and the red-brown colour.</p>
-
-<p>A still further proceeding is the drying of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26">{26}</a></span> beans, which is done
-either by the heat of the sun and the fresh air on threshing floors with
-removable roof, or by artificial heat in drying apparatus. Some days
-after the cocoa has been carefully dried, it is ready for exportation.
-It is packed in sacks or matting, and in the past it has been dispatched
-principally to Germany to be worked up in the factories. The kernels are
-ground and the grease when extracted is used in the form of cocoa-butter
-for medicinal purposes and for the fabrication of soap. The export of
-cocoa, which amounted to 2,450 tons in 1908, reached a total of 4,550
-tons, valued at £212,500, in 1912.</p>
-
-<h3>RUBBER.</h3>
-
-<p>The attention of the rubber dealers was at first confined to certain
-lianas, especially the Landolphia florida, which was regarded as the
-greatest rubber-yielding plant in the colonies. But in the beginning of
-the century it was discovered that the great virgin forests of South
-Cameroon contained vast numbers of Kickxia-elastica trees, and that
-extensive subsidiary tracts covered with the same plant existed in the
-savannahs of South Adamana, in the Kumbo highlands, and the region of
-Lake Chad. Kickxia-elastica,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27">{27}</a></span> known in the trade as “silk rubber,” was
-first discovered on the West African Coast in Lagos in 1894, and by
-October of the following year the exports had reached well over a
-million pounds. The eagerness of the natives to exploit this very
-valuable product led to the total destruction of the rubber-yielding
-trees, with the result that by 1906 the export had entirely ceased. Dr.
-Schlecter introduced the Kickxia rubber trees from Lagos into the
-Cameroons, where he proved that 1½ lbs. of dry rubber may be obtained
-from the six-year-old trees, a result which was more than confirmed
-subsequently by Dr. O. Warburg, the well-known authority on rubber. The
-first shipments of rubber from the Kickxia trees were obtained from the
-wild rubber trees known as Funtumia-elastica, and it has only been
-during the last few years that the Germans, realising that the Kickxia
-rubber trees are indigenous to the colony, have cultivated it, and there
-are now large plantations of Kickxia in the Cameroons containing
-millions of trees, which are doing well.</p>
-
-<p>From the tapping of wild Funtumia trees, it is known that this species
-yields latex more readily than others, and that it is almost as
-sensitive to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28">{28}</a></span> drastic tapping as Castilloa. Tapping of the cultivated
-tree has occurred experimentally in Cameroon. These trees, however, do
-not stand closely-planted, but singly or in rows, and the results must
-be judged accordingly. It can be assumed that from 3 to 3¾ ozs. are to
-be expected from six-year-old trees planted at good distances from each
-other, and 1 to 2 ozs. from closely-planted trees. The method of tapping
-practised in the last experiments with Funtumia differed from all other
-methods, in that vertical incisions the whole length of the trunk were
-made. As to its advantage over the herring-bone system, further
-observations and a more extended series of comparative tapping trials
-are first necessary. The rubber is procured by boiling the latex after
-diluting it with water; treatment with hydrofluoric acid yields a better
-product. Although Funtumia rubber is at present inferior in quality to
-that of Hevea and Ficus, and at most is equal to that of the Castilloa,
-still it may be confidently anticipated that with more suitable
-preparation it will yield a good serviceable product.</p>
-
-<h3>THE COST OF PRODUCTION.</h3>
-
-<p>Most of the Kickxia plantations are laid out on land which has been
-cleared of jungle, a process which does not entail a heavy outlay. The
-expenses,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29">{29}</a></span> including all costs for inspection, tools, labour, &amp;c.,
-amount to about £10 per acre. A fair supply of native labour is
-available, and the average wage, including board, is about £10 per
-annum. The cost of the upkeep of the planted areas should not exceed
-30s. per acre for the first year, 22s. 6d. per acre for the second year,
-and 18s. 6d. and 10s. for the third and fourth years respectively. The
-estimated inclusive cost of tapping the trees and delivering the produce
-in Europe should not exceed 1s. 3d. per lb. The value of Kickxia rubber,
-if properly prepared, is almost equal to that of the best Para rubber,
-and it is certainly safe to estimate that it will always fetch within
-1s. of Para. These figures compare very favourably with those obtaining
-in other plantations, and they are given here as an indication that in
-its rubber exports alone the Cameroon territory has a profitable future
-before it.</p>
-
-<p>In considering the question as to whether Germany will ever be in a
-position to supply her own demands in rubber from her own colonies, Dr.
-Paul Preuss, writing in the <i>India Rubber Journal</i>, says that it depends
-on three factors: (1) Soil, (2) Climate, (3) Labour. “Regarding soil,”
-he says, “the Colonies<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30">{30}</a></span> of Cameroon and New Guinea alone possess several
-hundred thousand acres of land suited for the cultivation of the most
-valuable rubber trees. The climate there is also very favourable. Taking
-the annual requirements of Germany in rubber at 16,000 tons, this
-quantity can be produced from an area of 150,000 to 170,000 acres
-exclusively planted with Hevea, and from 200,000 to 250,000 acres under
-cultivation with the various species already planted, but with Hevea
-predominating. Even if the demand for the raw material should
-considerably increase, the answer to this question would be an
-affirmative as regards soil and climate; whether, however, with the
-accompanying development in the cultivation of cacao, cotton, cocoa-nut
-and oil-palms, &amp;c., the necessary labour will be procurable for such an
-extension in rubber cultivation, the question cannot be answered.” It
-has been stated that in the coming years, when the rubber plantations
-are ready for tapping, and the tobacco plantations are demanding the
-services of thousands of natives, the insufficiency of labour will prove
-a serious problem, and the importation of Chinese labour was submitted
-to the consideration of the German Government as a feasible solution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" id="page_31">{31}</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>RICE, COFFEE, COCOA, AND TOBACCO.</h3>
-
-<p>During recent years the cultivation of rice has received more attention,
-especially in the experimental gardens. The forest land inhabitants have
-also begun to lay out water and hill rice fields in great extent, and it
-is only a question of time for the Cameroons to become a rice producing
-country. But whether the negroes will ever be capable of carrying out
-the troublesome cultivation of water rice, with the necessary
-transplanting and careful watering, is regarded as doubtful.</p>
-
-<p>One can depend with greater confidence on the exportation of maize and
-millet from the forest land and the drier hinterland, as soon as means
-of transport are provided, as it has been found that the black can be
-entrusted with this cultivation. Rice, as well as maize and millet, and
-also bananas and pines, which grow in great quantities, would be, as
-native cultivation solely, open to question.</p>
-
-<p>Regarding the cultivation of coffee, the greatest hopes were raised in
-the first years of occupation of the colony. The Cameroon Mountains
-resemble in every respect the island of San Thomé and Fernando-Po,
-where, in 1884, a flourishing coffee cultivation<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32">{32}</a></span> existed. Nothing was
-more natural than the expectation than that a fresh impetus would be
-given to coffee cultivation on the mainland, but these hopes were not
-fulfilled, and now scarcely any coffee plantations are to be found. Tea
-was planted in Buea by Deistel, and the tea-shrub developed splendidly.</p>
-
-<p>Plantation cocoa has borne the preponderating share of the total exports
-of that product in recent years, the areas in bearing having increased
-as follows: 1909, 13,328 acres; 1910, 15,290 acres; 1911, 17,560 acres;
-1912, 20,438 acres. The large increase of exports in 1912 is attributed
-to the very favourable weather in that year. It is stated that more
-care, with artificial manuring, is wanted in the cultivation, and that
-the chief diseases and pests of cocoa, such as brown rot, “cockchafer
-grubs,” and “bark bugs,” are not under control. Nevertheless the future
-for cocoa is believed to be good.</p>
-
-<p>Much was expected of tobacco planting, especially in Bibundi, where
-tobacco was planted at first, and the quality was excellent, although
-the cultivation was proved to be too dear and too difficult on account
-of the dampness of the climate. In 1902 there was a deficit of 200,000
-marks, and for some time the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33">{33}</a></span> cultivation was discontinued. Attempts
-were made in 1911 to encourage tobacco planting in the German colonies
-by the guarantees of a definite price for quantities of at least 100
-cwts. raised and prepared in those colonies. The planted area in
-plantations in the Cameroons increased from fifty acres in 1911 to 383
-in 1912; 230 acres of the latter had yielded a crop. In view of the
-expensive nature of the cultivation, it was hoped that Cameroons’ leaf
-for wrappers would gain a good market.</p>
-
-<p>The planting of the Kola-nut was undertaken very energetically, and in
-1904, 400 were planted in Garna, but with what result is unknown. The
-experimental cultivations in the gardens of Victoria have produced no
-palpable result. The trees flourished and bore fruit, but it was
-entirely consumed by worms. The natives, on the other hand, cultivate
-this tree in great extent in the forest land, and especially in the
-Kimbo highland. Among different plants, especially in the trial gardens,
-are the vanilla, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and other spices. Vanilla was
-quite destroyed by blight in Victoria. Pepper, cloves and cinnamon all
-furnish excellent productions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34">{34}</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>PALM OIL CULTIVATION.</h3>
-
-<p>The oil-palm in the old days was the glorious heritage of the native,
-who found a ready sale for such oil as his women-folk were able to
-extract by a slow and laborious process. It is likely that the native
-believed that so long as he retained the tree and the fruit, his
-time-honoured oil business would never be taken from him, but the great
-and growing demand for oil has beaten him, and he is fast losing the
-trade because he can no longer make the quantity that the market
-requires. Palm oil is now requisitioned for a hundred-and-one new uses.
-It is no longer the monopoly of the soap-maker or the chandler. Palm oil
-deodorised by hydrogen is needed for the “nut butters” of the
-vegetarian; makers of nitro-glycerine explosives derive their glycerine
-constituents more and more from palm oil; whilst the exploiters of
-novelties in metal polishes ransack the ship’s hold for leakages from
-the palm-oil cask. Oil must be had in increasing quantity; machinery
-speeds up the production; yet still the cry is for more oil, until the
-European himself attempts to become owner of thousands of trees, eagerly
-and not too scrupulously encroaching on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35">{35}</a></span> lands that once were considered
-native, in the vain hope of finding a speedier road to prosperity.</p>
-
-<h3>THE PALM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS.</h3>
-
-<p>The profitable carrying on of this industry depends on the demand for
-palm oil and the use which can be made of the residues. That the supply
-of palm kernels themselves should decline is unthinkable. The steady
-increase in their growth in all parts of the West African Coast is
-conclusive evidence of their almost limitless possibilities. Moreover,
-the statistics clearly show the extensive nature of the demand. Great
-Britain and Germany are no longer the only purchasers; South Africa has
-entered the market, as well as Holland and France, though their lots are
-comparatively small, and could not in any way effect the profitable
-exploitation of kernel-crushing on a large scale.</p>
-
-<p>In a paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute, entitled “The War:
-British and German Trade in Nigeria,” Mr. R. E. Dennett, of the Forest
-Department, Nigeria, made it abundantly evident that Germany had been
-farming the commerce of the Protectorates to the detriment of the
-Britisher. He showed from statistics that Germany’s export<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36">{36}</a></span> trade to
-Nigeria greatly exceeded ours, while of the Nigerian produce which left
-the country, Germany in 1913 took nearly all the copra, half the cocoa,
-more than two-thirds of the palm kernels, one-eighth of the palm oil,
-half the hides, one-third of the mahogany, more than half the
-ground-nuts, over a third of the shea nuts, and all the palm kernel
-cake.</p>
-
-<p>On the subject of the palm tree and its products, Mr. Dennett is both
-interesting and instructive, and in view of its inevitable increase in
-importance as a British industry, the following extracts from his paper
-may be usefully reproduced here.</p>
-
-<p>“People who have little or no knowledge of the palm tree (<i>Elæis
-guineensis</i>) confuse the palm fruit with the palm kernel. The palm
-kernel of commerce is the seed of the palm tree. This is surrounded by a
-hard shell, and it is then called the palm nut. This shell is in its
-turn covered by an oily fibrous matter, and is then known as the palm
-fruit. If we take this fruit and cut it into two parts, we can see these
-three parts of the fruit more distinctly; first the outer yellow
-covering or the fibrous pericarp, from which the palm oil of commerce is
-extracted; then the shell, and finally the kernel, from which the white
-palm kernel oil is extracted.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37">{37}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>“The composition of this fruit is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td>Pericarp Oil</td><td class="rt">18</td><td class="c">&nbsp; per cent.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Fibre and Moisture</td><td class="rt">12</td><td class="c">”</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Shell and Disk</td><td class="rt">58</td><td class="c">”</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Kernel</td><td class="rt">12</td><td class="c">”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">Total</td><td class="rtbt">100</td><td class="c">”</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“The uses of the palm oil tree are various. It yields the palm oil and
-kernels of commerce. It gives the native a drink he is very fond of,
-called palm wine, which, when fermented, gives our cooks yeast for
-bread-making. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths as fuel, as
-they give off great heat. At the present time there are three methods of
-making palm oil: (<i>a</i>) from the fresh fruit, (<i>b</i>) from partially
-fermented fruit, and (<i>c</i>) from well fermented fruit.</p>
-
-<h3>THE NATIVE AS CULTIVATOR.</h3>
-
-<p>“Bunches of fruit having been severed from the parent tree, are sliced
-and hammered by natives, using long poles, until the fruit becomes
-detached from the bunch. The fresh fruit is either prepared at once into
-what is called soft oil, or allowed to ferment, or partially ferment,
-and made into hard oil. The procedure followed in making either of
-these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38">{38}</a></span> kinds of oil is much the same. The fruit is placed either into
-canoes or clay troughs, water is poured over them, and then, by treading
-or beating, the fibrous matter containing the oil is separated from the
-nuts. The nuts are then taken out and placed in the sun to dry, while
-the fibrous matter, by further beating or treading, is made to yield the
-oil which floats to the surface of the water. This oil is ladled out
-into pots and boiled, and then allowed to rest, so that all dirt or
-sediment falls to the bottom of the pot. This clean oil, soft or hard,
-is the palm oil of commerce. This oil is taken in calabashes or tins to
-the traders’ factory, which, generally speaking, is near to a river or a
-railway, and there put into casks and sent to the nearest port for
-shipment to Europe.</p>
-
-<p>“There are, practically speaking, two kinds of palm oil exported from
-the West Coast, i.e., hard and soft, but soft oil is of two
-qualities&mdash;Lagos and ordinary soft oil. As a rule, Lagos and soft oil is
-worth £3 to £4 more than hard oil, the reason being that there is about
-8 per cent. more glycerine in the soft than in the hard. The percentage
-of glycerine varies in inverse proportion with the acidity.</p>
-
-<p>“In the olden days one of the chief occupations of slaves was that of
-cracking palm nuts; now this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39">{39}</a></span> work is left to boys and women. After the
-nuts have been dried in the sun, they are heaped up under little sheds
-to protect them from the rain. In places where rocks are plentiful the
-nuts are taken there and cracked on them by a stone held in the hand of
-the cracker. In other places the nuts are put on a block of wood resting
-on the ground between the cracker’s legs and struck with a piece of iron
-held in the cracker’s right hand. In this way one worker will crack from
-15 lbs. to 25 lbs. of kernels per day. The kernels are then packed in
-different kinds of baskets and taken to markets near rivers, where they
-are bought by native middlemen. Competition is very keen, and so these
-middlemen are tempted to adulterate the kernels by adding shells to them
-or by soaking them in water for two or three days. Finally, they are
-taken in canoes down rivers or by rail to the European traders and sold
-by measurement at so much a bushel.... Think of it! 241,000 tons of palm
-kernels shipped to Hamburg in 1913, and nearly every nut containing one
-kernel is cracked by hand.”</p>
-
-<h3>THE FUTURE OF PALM OIL AND KERNEL INDUSTRY.</h3>
-
-<p>Although the palm kernel industry has not attained important dimensions
-in the Cameroons,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40">{40}</a></span> there is no reason why it should not form one of the
-staple products of the colony, or why the whole of the trade in palm
-kernels should not be transferred from Germany to this country. Hitherto
-the quarter of a million tons of palm kernels&mdash;valued at over
-£4,000,000&mdash;exported annually from British West Africa has gone to
-Germany, where crushing-mills and manufacturing plants have been
-established, while considerable quantities of high-priced kernel oil, in
-manufactured or unmanufactured form, have been exported from Germany to
-Great Britain. About 50 per cent. of the produce of the crushed palm
-kernels is marketed in the form of oil, and the balance is made up into
-palm kernel cake, practically the whole of which is consumed in Germany,
-where it commands a good price and is in great demand, especially among
-dairy farmers.</p>
-
-<p>This profitable German industry has now been suspended owing to the war,
-which has rendered it necessary for planters to find a new market for
-their produce, and the opportunity seems propitious for an endeavour to
-establish it in Great Britain upon a substantial scale. With a view to
-arousing interest in the subject in commercial and agricultural circles,
-Sir Owen Phillipps, K.C.M.G., Chairman of the West<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41">{41}</a></span> African section of
-the London Chamber of Commerce, has issued a timely pamphlet in which
-the present position of the trade is described and its potentialities
-are indicated. The Anglicisation of the industry, in addition to
-promoting Imperial commercial intercourse, and securing increased
-industrial employment in the United Kingdom, would furnish British
-farmers&mdash;who are complaining of the enhanced prices of present
-foods&mdash;with a new supply of a relatively cheap and excellent feeding
-material.</p>
-
-<p>The profitable exploitation of this crushing industry depends upon the
-capacity of the British market to absorb a larger supply of palm kernel
-oil and upon the possibility of inducing British farmers to adopt the
-use of palm kernel cake. There are at present two mills, both at
-Liverpool, for dealing with palm kernels, capable together of crushing
-annually about 70,000 tons, leaving a balance unprovided for of at least
-180,000 tons. To cope with this additional quantity several of the great
-milling companies of Liverpool, London, Hull, &amp;c., have already made and
-are making alterations in their machinery in order to crush palm
-kernels, so that in the near future much greater quantities will be
-dealt with.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42">{42}</a></span> A new mill on the Thames, at Erith, is also being erected,
-which, when completed after the war, will be capable of crushing a very
-large quantity.</p>
-
-<h3>PALM KERNEL CAKE FOOD.</h3>
-
-<p>In order to ascertain whether British farmers would be prepared to make
-a larger use of palm kernel cake, Sir Owen Phillipps placed himself in
-communication with the leading agricultural authorities in all parts of
-the country&mdash;principals of agricultural colleges, experimental stations,
-&amp;c., and these gentlemen have taken up the matter with the greatest
-enthusiasm. They are practically unanimous in asserting that the fact of
-large quantities of palm kernel cake being available at a price
-comparing favourably with that of other similar foods (now becoming more
-expensive than formerly) has only to be brought to the notice of farmers
-to ensure a greatly increased demand; in fact, that farmers are looking
-out for a new and comparatively cheap feeding material. Many of the
-principals and professors of the colleges referred to in various parts
-of the country have undertaken an elaborate series of comparative
-experimental feeding tests with palm kernel<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43">{43}</a></span> and other cakes, so as to
-demonstrate the merits of the former. When these are completed the
-results will be made widely known to the agricultural community.</p>
-
-<p>In an article published in the <i>Field</i> on “Palm Kernel Cake,” Mr. F. J.
-Lloyd, F.I.C., points out that a really good cake, made from this
-product, is now available in this country. The nutrients in palm kernel
-cake are quite exceptionally digestible, and one German authority says
-that, “owing to its pleasant taste, its great digestibility, and the way
-in which cattle thrive on it, no cake fetches so high a price.” It
-increases the yield of milk, improves the quality as regards butter fat,
-and is said to impart a good colour to the butter, so that it is
-especially valuable for winter feeding. Though mainly used in Germany
-for dairy cattle, Professor Lloyd adds that it has also been given with
-satisfactory results to steers, sheep, and pigs.</p>
-
-<h3>PALM KERNEL STATISTICS.</h3>
-
-<p>The <i>Bulletin</i> of the Imperial Institute contains an article calling
-attention to the magnitude of the trade in palm kernels, and discussing
-its commercial<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44">{44}</a></span> aspect. The following table shows the quantities and
-values from each of the chief producing countries in West Africa in
-1912:&mdash;</p>
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:90%;">
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="c"><i>Quantities.</i></td>
-<td class="c"><i>Values.</i></td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>British Possessions:</td>
-
-<td class="c"><i>Tons.</i></td>
-
-<td class="c"><i>Tons.</i></td>
-
-<td class="c">£</td>
-
-<td class="c">£</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Gambia</td>
-<td class="rt">445</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">6,518</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; GoldCoast</td>
-<td class="rt">14,629</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">205,365</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Nigeria</td>
-<td class="rt">184,624</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">2,797,411</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Sierra Leone</td>
-<td class="rt">50,751</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">793,178</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">250,449</td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">3,802,472</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>French Possessions:</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Dahomey</td>
-<td class="rt">36,708</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">535,937</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Gaboon</td>
-<td class="rt">354</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">4,671</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Guinea</td>
-<td class="rt">5,054</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">41,079</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Ivory Coast</td>
-<td class="rt">6,692</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">70,710</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Senegal</td>
-<td class="rt">1,736</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">28,221</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">50,544</td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">680,618</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>Belgian Congo</td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">110,835</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>German Possessions:</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Kamerun</td>
-<td class="rt">15,742</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">220,300</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td>&nbsp; Togoland</td>
-<td class="rt">11,456</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rt">168,978</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">27,198</td>
-<td class="c">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
-<td class="rt">389,278</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="c">Totals</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rtbt">328,191</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="rtbt">£4,983,203</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>This article also gives the average value of the kernels, which in
-Hamburg ranges from £18 2s. to £19 2s. per ton (June, 1914); the value
-in Liverpool was £17 17s. 6d. to £18 18s. 9d. per ton in July last, and
-in September was £16 7s. 6d. to £17 10s. per ton.</p>
-
-<p>Palm kernel oil is used for the same purposes as cocoa-nut oil, viz.,
-the manufacture of soap and candles and the preparation of various
-edible fats,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">{45}</a></span> such as margarine, cooking fats, vegetable “butters,” and
-chocolate fats. By suitable treatment it can be separated into a liquid
-portion (olein) and a hard white fat (palm kernel stearin), and in this
-way the consistence of the material can be varied for the preparation of
-different edible products. These edible palm kernel oil products are
-prepared on a very large scale in Germany and elsewhere, and are largely
-imported into this country. With palm kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the
-value of palm kernel oil in the United Kingdom is from £36 5s. to £36
-15s. per ton, with Ceylon cocoa-nut oil at £40 per ton.</p>
-
-<p>It is added that British oil-seed crushers who undertook to work them
-would find no difficulty in getting a market for the oil among
-soap-makers and makers of edible fats. Although the article points out
-that some difficulty might be experienced in finding a market quickly in
-the United Kingdom for the palm kernel cake, because English farmers do
-not readily take up feeding stuffs which are new to them, it will be
-gathered from what has already been said that, thanks to the initiative
-of Sir Owen Phillipps, this difficulty is likely to be overcome, and the
-opportunity is a particularly good one now that other<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46">{46}</a></span> feeding stuffs
-are becoming more expensive, as that is a point which will have great
-influence. It is not a new feeding material, but all the evidence points
-simply to the fact that it has only to become better known and available
-on a large scale to result in mutual benefits to the farmer, the miller,
-the manufacturer, and the West African colonies.</p>
-
-<h3>COTTON.</h3>
-
-<p>The cultivation of fibrous plants, which have made a highly satisfactory
-start in Togoland and East Africa, are to be found in Cameroon only in
-the preliminary stage. In the experimental garden, Sanseveria, the
-Romelia-pita from Central America, manilla hemp, Musa textiles, as well
-as the Uttari jute, have been planted.</p>
-
-<p>Cotton should have a much greater future than the so-called fibrous
-plant. It is cultivated at present to a great extent south of Lake Chad
-by the natives, and the cultivation of cotton has been called
-systematic, as only one to two year-old plants are harvested. In that
-region the conditions are so favourable that a considerable development
-of the cotton cultivation may be counted upon, as soon as more
-favourable communication conditions are made.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47">{47}</a></span> In the Benue Valley,
-cotton has also been cultivated for several decades. The whole of the
-forest and coastland are unfit for this cultivation, and it is somewhat
-surprising to hear that on the uncultivated lands of the Mandara
-Mountains, a very beautiful long fibrous cotton grows. At the
-instigation of the Colonial Agricultural Committee, cotton cultivation
-made a tremendous start in Togo, and in East Africa as well as in the
-Cameroons.</p>
-
-<p>The export of timber has increased by leaps and bounds in recent years.
-While in 1909 timber to the value of only £8,500 was imported, this sum
-in 1912 had risen to £35,000, and, with the extension of the railway
-system, the revenue from this source can be increased almost
-indefinitely.</p>
-
-<h3>EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURAL WORK.</h3>
-
-<p>Dr. Walter Busse, of the Imperial German Colonial Office, writing in the
-“Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” on “The Organisation of
-Experimental Work in Agriculture in the German Colonies,” tells us that
-in Cameroon, as in other parts where land is being opened up for
-agriculture, the conditions of settlement of the natives, the density of
-the population, the general standard of civilisation, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48">{48}</a></span> capacity
-of the natives for any particular kind of activity, all play an
-important role. “And in proportion as the people incline towards
-agriculture, so attention must be paid to the inclinations and needs of
-the separate races, and lastly to the extent, organisation and methods
-of native agriculture.... The German Colonial Government,” the German
-colonial official proceeds to explain, “has laid it down as a principle
-that native agriculture in the tropical colonies should be allowed to
-develop freely side by side with plantations under European control,
-wherever this does not interfere with higher interests. Local conditions
-will decide how far in each particular region this or that method of
-organising agriculture is to be preferred. But wherever climate, soil
-and condition of settlement do not admit of plantation culture, and a
-native population capable of production is present, the Government will,
-as a matter of course, encourage native agriculture as much as possible,
-and by this means create an improved economic position.”</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately for the native, as Hanns Vischer points out in his article
-on “Native Education in German Africa,” his national feeling, his own
-industry and aptitude for work, was entirely ignored by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49">{49}</a></span> Government,
-and “higher interests” frequently interfered to retard the development
-of native enterprise, while the Teutonic professors proved too
-determined, for the good of colonial agriculture, to transfer to it “the
-long-approved system of German agriculture, which rests on a strong
-scientific foundation, built on the results of exact investigation and
-methods.” Germany started her experimental work as soon as she entered
-upon the occupation of colonies, with the establishment of gardens for
-raising imported economic plants, such as coffee, cocoa, rubber, &amp;c., in
-the interest of plantation culture, and for the advancement of gardening
-and fruit production. When European planters commenced to take up
-agriculture on their own account, it was found that the experimental
-work of the botanical gardens was no longer adequate to the new
-requirements. For this purpose, experimental work on a purely
-agricultural basis, and an effort to effect an improvement of native
-agriculture, became necessary. To meet these demands, institutes were
-established, and agricultural staffs were organised, and the measures
-taken in Togoland in 1900, for the introduction and extension of cotton
-cultivation, became the standard for agricultural experimental work in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" id="page_50">{50}</a></span>
-the other tropical African colonies of Cameroon and East Africa.</p>
-
-<h3>THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.</h3>
-
-<p>The Experimental Institute of Agriculture at Victoria remained as the
-centre for the whole of the experimental work in Cameroon until the year
-1911, when the Imperial Government created a Department of Agriculture
-at Buea to deal with all questions relating to organisation, while the
-Victoria Institution continued to undertake the technical and scientific
-investigations. At first the agricultural work was mainly devoted to
-assisting the planting industry in the Cameroon Mountains, but as the
-colony became opened up, fresh problems presented themselves. The
-reckless exploitation of the <i>Funtumia elastica</i> and Landolphia vines in
-the rubber forests led to the establishment of a special rubber
-inspectorate, and various arrangements were made for the development of
-all branches of native cultivation. Special small experimental gardens
-were created in the larger administrative stations of the interior and
-placed under the management of a European farmer or gardener, to deal
-with the cultivation by natives of products suitable for export. Later,
-a cocoa in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51">{51}</a></span>spectorate was established to organise native cocoa
-cultivation in districts in which European cocoa plantations did not and
-were not likely to exist, and an experimental station was founded in the
-Jaunde district to encourage the cultivation of such crops as
-ground-nuts, plantain and manioc, with a view to export. At Kuti and
-Pittoa two agricultural experimental stations were established,
-primarily for the cultivation of cotton, but other branches of
-agriculture, including stock-raising, were embraced in the programme of
-work at these stations. In 1913 the agricultural staff consisted of
-fourteen first-grade, seven second-grade and twenty-eight third-grade
-officers.</p>
-
-<p>The Institute at Victoria comprised a botanic garden and botanical and
-chemical laboratories, and the work carried on there included the
-raising of tropical economic plants, experiments in plantation culture
-and manuring, &amp;c. Since 1910 young natives were trained as plantation
-managers in the agricultural school attached to the institute. At the
-cattle-breeding stations at Buea, Dschang and Djuttitsa (in the Dschang
-district), and Jaunde, the breeding of Allgau bulls and cross-breeding
-experiments with Allgau bulls and the indigenous humped cows were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" id="page_52">{52}</a></span>
-carried on with the object of obtaining draught cattle for the several
-districts and supplying meat and dairy produce to the Europeans. At the
-Dschang School of Agriculture, young natives were instructed in the use
-of the plough and in other rational methods of agriculture. At the Kuti
-station, in the Bamum district, and the Pittao station, in the Adamana
-district, the advancement of cotton cultivation is the primary study,
-but the programmes of work also include comparative cultivation
-experiments with indigenous cereals, pulses, root-crops, and fodder
-plants, the use of the plough, manuring and rotation experiments,
-cattle-breeding and cattle-keeping, and the training of native
-travelling instructors.</p>
-
-<p>The Rubber Inspectorate established stations for rubber cultivation at
-Sangmalima (Ebolowa district), Akonolinga (Jaunde district), Dume (Dume
-district), and Djahposten (Lomie district), and the work comprised the
-distribution of Funtumia and Hevea plants to the natives, the
-superintendence of new plantations, the regeneration of the stocks of
-wild rubber which had become exhausted by careless exploitation, and the
-instruction of the natives in the tapping of rubber trees and the
-preparation and preservation of the rubber.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53">{53}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>In order to deal adequately with the agricultural questions which arose
-locally in the various districts, most of the administrative stations
-possessed&mdash;apart from the established experimental gardens&mdash;agricultural
-officers whose duty it was to superintend local experimental fields and
-gardens. Such officers were employed, among other places, at Duala,
-Edea, Bara, Yoko, and Bamenda, the chief aim of the experimental gardens
-at these places being to develop the cultivation of export products,
-while experiments with foreign economic plants, yielding produce
-suitable for export, were also conducted.</p>
-
-<h3>MINERAL RESOURCES.</h3>
-
-<p>The mining industry has not yet penetrated into the Cameroons, and the
-mineral deposits of the country are commercially improved. Cretaceous
-and Tertiary rocks occur in the coastal area and extend northward to the
-Nigerian border. Gneisses and schists of pre-Cambrian age, with
-intrusive granites, extend over wide areas in the hinterland, and
-volcanic rocks of supposed Tertiary age are very abundant. Pegmatites
-and quartz veins are associated with granite intrusions in the
-pre-Cambrian rocks. These carry tourmaline in the region north of Duala,
-as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54">{54}</a></span> the Dschang district. Quartz veins with small amounts of pyrite
-and arsenopyrite also occur.</p>
-
-<p>Tinstone, which occurs in pegmatite veins in Nigeria, may be expected to
-be encountered in the Cameroons, but although prospecting has been
-carried on in various parts of the region bordering on Nigeria, in the
-hope of finding tinstone and wolframite, no results have been obtained.
-The only trace of gold yet discovered was an occurrence of spangles of
-gold of theoretical interest only, which was found in a dyke rock (a
-bostoorite) on the eastern boundary of the Ossidinge district.</p>
-
-<p>Promising finds of mica have been made in the pegmatites of the
-Ossidinge and Kentu districts, and galena also occurs in the cretaceous
-sandstone in the Ossidinge district; but hitherto no argentiferous
-lead-zinc ores comparable with those of Nigeria have been located.</p>
-
-<p>Iron ores, some of which are manganiferous, are abundant in the country.
-Many of these are of the lateritic type, and furnish material for native
-smelting, as in other parts of Western Africa. In some localities, iron
-ore has been formed by the decomposition of basalt. Masses of red and
-brown ores of this type are found on hill-slopes in the neighbourhood<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55">{55}</a></span>
-of Bali and Bamenda. A sample of this ore was found to contain 42·25 per
-cent. of metallic iron, 0·35 of manganese, 0·17 of phosphorus, and 12·26
-of silica. Richer ores of the magnetic type are found among the
-pro-Cambrian gneisses.</p>
-
-<p>Limestones are scarce and of unserviceable quality, but clays and loams,
-suitable for brick-making, are abundant. Indications of the presence of
-petroleum in the neighbourhood of Duala were falsified by borings.
-Asphal is said to occur at Ossidinge and Mamfe on the Cross River. A
-thin layer of coal yielding 48·3 per cent. of ash has been located at
-Mamfe. Salt springs exist in the Ossidinge district, and the yield of as
-much as from 5 to 8 per cent. of sodium-chloride from samples of brine,
-is believed to indicate that salt beds may be found beneath the surface
-in this district.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56">{56}</a></span></p>
-
-<h2><a name="NATIVE_EDUCATION" id="NATIVE_EDUCATION"></a>NATIVE EDUCATION.</h2>
-
-<p class="nind"><span class="letra">I</span>N order to ascertain the work done by Europeans, the Government and the
-Missionary Societies in schools for the natives of their various African
-possessions, the German Colonial Institute in 1911 sent out to the
-colonies over 2,000 printed <i>questionnaires</i>, with a request to the
-authorities to return answers according to the state of the schools on
-June 1st in that year. From the information filled in and returned, Herr
-Missions-Inspector Schlunk, of Hamburg, was able to publish a voluminous
-report on the subject, and the state of affairs thus revealed is
-illustrative of the best and worst features of the Teutonic colonising
-system. The facts in themselves concerning the educational work
-accomplished in the way of providing the natives with schools and
-teachers are remarkable.</p>
-
-<p>In Cameroon the first educational work among the natives was begun by
-the London Baptist Mission in 1845, and in 1885, the year in which the
-Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United
-States of America entered the field, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57">{57}</a></span> London Baptists resigned their
-organisation to the Missions Gesellschaft, of Basel. Two years later the
-first Government School was opened in Duala, and in the following four
-years the Apostolic Vicariat Kamerun, of Limburg on the Lahn, and the
-German Baptists, of Steglitz, established schools in the colony. In
-Cameroon, as in Togo, the Government were behind the missions in the
-number of schools and scholars, having, in 1911, only eight elementary
-schools, as against the nine of the American Presbyterians, thirty-eight
-of the German Baptists, eighty-six of the Roman Catholic, and 275 of the
-Basel Mission. Altogether there were in the colony 499 elementary
-schools, with forty-two European and 611 native teachers, and 32,056
-pupils; twenty-one higher schools, with thirty-three European and thirty
-native teachers, and 1,802 pupils; eleven industrial schools, with
-twenty-two European and five native teachers, and 259 pupils; or a total
-of 531 schools, with ninety-seven European and 646 native teachers, and
-34,117 pupils. Of the teachers 3·3 per cent. and of the pupils 8·1 per
-cent. were females.</p>
-
-<h3>THE SCHOOL COURSE.</h3>
-
-<p>In both Togo and Cameroon, the course of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58">{58}</a></span> elementary schools began
-with an infant class and lasted four or five years, the objects of the
-schools in both colonies having been to provide Christian instruction to
-natives and to train pupils for the higher schools with a view to their
-entering the service of Europeans. Instruction in German began in the
-first year, and in the third year pupils were required to read and write
-German fluently in both characters. The curriculum for the last year
-included the history of the German Empire since the Franco-German War of
-1870-71, the history of the German Emperors since January 18th, 1871,
-the Geography of Germany, and the singing of German patriotic songs.</p>
-
-<p>In the higher schools, the object of the teachers was to “impart such
-knowledge as is required in the service of Europeans,” and all
-instruction was given in the German language. The schools for practical
-work trained girls for domestic work, laundry work and farming, while
-boys received instruction in carpentering, cabinet-making, smiths’ work,
-boot-making and tailoring, printing and book-binding. At the completion
-of their course, all pupils were obliged to remain in the service of the
-Government for two or more years. In both Togoland and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59">{59}</a></span> Cameroon, the
-Government had a school of agriculture, where pupils were instructed in
-farming, especially cotton-growing and the use of the plough, and at
-some of the mission schools in the latter colony the pupils were trained
-in brick-making and cocoa-planting, and the work connected with
-water-supply and bridge-making.</p>
-
-<p>In both colonies the schools generally were open on five or six days a
-week, with from twenty to thirty-five hours’ instruction per week,
-according to the grade of the several schools. The average length of
-holidays for Mission and Government schools was from two to three months
-per annum. Unfortunately, no statement of revenue or expenditure is
-included in the case of Togoland beyond the fact that the Government
-made a yearly grant of £750, distributed among the various schools for
-the encouragement of German language-study. In Cameroon, in 1910, the
-Basel Mission spent £5,386 on teachers’ salaries, and the Roman
-Catholics £1,626. The cost of the Government schools in that year was
-£1,963. Generally no school fees were paid except in some of the higher
-schools in Togo, where pupils paid 50s. per annum, and at Garna, in
-Cameroon, the Government pupils paid 30s. per annum in kind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">{60}</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS.</h3>
-
-<p>In Cameroon a Government Proclamation of April 25th, 1910, made school
-attendance obligatory for all native children, instruction in German
-from the first class was made law, and the punishment for a child who
-left school before completing the whole course was fixed at a fine of £2
-10s. or a flogging. Although children generally were anxious to attend
-school in order to qualify for service with Europeans, truantry appears
-to have become more popular after obligatory attendance was introduced,
-and the native police were kept busy in bringing back absentees. School
-children, who were distinguished by the wearing of brass-buttons and
-cockades, showed a tendency to become denationalised: few of them
-returned to the family farms when they completed their school course,
-which had the effect of causing them to lose touch with their own tribe
-and families.</p>
-
-<p>It is impossible, after reading Herr Missions-Inspector Schlunk’s
-report, to refuse admiration to the thoroughness of the German system of
-instituting these inquiries, or to the care with which the Germans lay
-themselves out to Teutonise their native subjects.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" id="page_61">{61}</a></span> Their organising
-ability, as revealed in their methods of imparting instruction to the
-natives and preparing their minds for the reception of <i>kultur</i>, is
-amazing, but as Hanns Vischer shows in his analysis of this informative
-publication, contributed to the <i>Journal of the African Society</i>, their
-method has its disadvantages. “Little love and scarcely any respect for
-the native,” he comments, “are to be found among the various reports. No
-mention is ever made of the natives’ national feeling. Natives are
-taught German history and the names of the German Emperors, and they can
-sing German patriotic songs. From every colony we hear that the boys who
-have been to school seldom or never return to their own surroundings,
-and although this is regretted, as being detrimental to the interests of
-a peasant community, no mention is made of the breaking-up of the native
-family and the inevitable harm which must follow. The importance of
-practical instruction is everywhere recommended to teach the native to
-work, but no mention is made of the natives’ own industry and love for
-work which might be developed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62">{62}</a></span>”</p>
-
-<h2><a name="THE_CAMEROON-NIGERIAN_BOUNDARY" id="THE_CAMEROON-NIGERIAN_BOUNDARY"></a>THE CAMEROON-NIGERIAN BOUNDARY.</h2>
-
-<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE country bordering on the Nigerian boundary from Yola to Obokum on
-the Cross River, a distance of 360 miles, and the peoples inhabiting the
-several districts it passes through, have been admirably dealt with by
-Captain W. V. Nugent, R.A. Captain Nugent, who had been a member of the
-Commission under Colonel Whitlock which surveyed this area between 1907
-and 1909, was sent out in August, 1912, to mark the boundary between the
-Cameroon and the Nigerias along the line which had been previously
-settled approximately on the map at a conference between the British and
-German Governments. The British Commissioner and his assistants met
-Lieut. Detzner, the German Commissioner, on October 8th, 1912, and the
-work of demarcation continued without interruption for six months,
-during which time 116 pillars were placed in position. Both
-Commissioners wrote accounts of this Anglo-German Frontier Demarcation
-Expedition, but, while Lieut. Detzner’s official article on the subject,
-published in <i>Deutsches Kolonialblatt</i> (1913) is a dull, pedantic and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" id="page_63">{63}</a></span>
-unsatisfactory document, the paper read by Captain Nugent before the
-Royal Geographical Society in March, 1914, is compact of information and
-extremely interesting, and it is from his descriptions that I have
-derived the following details and extracts.</p>
-
-<p>The frontier line divides the mountains, torrential streams and
-sparsely-inhabited areas of the Cameroons form the wide fertile plains,
-great navigable waterways and densely populated districts on the
-Nigerian side of the border. The fact that Benue River and its three
-great southern tributaries, the Teraba, Donga and Katsena Rivers, all
-rise on the plateaux of the Central Cameroon, and only become navigable
-for canoes upon entering Nigerian territory, explain the unequal
-distribution of man over the country; for, while the savage pagan tribes
-have withdrawn to the almost inaccessible hilltops, the more civilised
-agricultural and trading peoples have kept to the well-watered plains.</p>
-
-<h3>THE FULANI REGION.</h3>
-
-<p>The boundary line, which commences at Byaaer, a three days’ march from
-Yola, crosses the M’Bulo plain and follows the Upper M’Bulo river to its
-source in the Shebshi Mountains. “The plain,” to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64">{64}</a></span> quote from Captain
-Nugent’s description, “is covered with thin bush, and dotted with
-villages, each with its surrounding patches of cultivation. The
-formation is brown laterite, the rocks containing occasional bands and
-lumps of ironstone.” The lower slopes of the isolated granite hills,
-which rise above the general level, are covered with pagan villages.
-“The people inhabiting the plains on both sides of the boundary are
-Fulanis, subject to the Emirs of Yola and Nassarawa; but the tops of
-isolated mountains, and the narrow valleys between the long spurs
-jutting out from the Shebshi group, are inhabited by pagans, offshoots
-of the Chamba and Dakka tribes. The habits and customs of the Fulanis
-are well known&mdash;they are by nature herdsmen, just as the Hausas are born
-traders and the pagans agriculturists. The country is rich in flocks and
-herds of cattle, sheep and goats. A large trade is also done in horses.
-The villages consist of round huts of sun-baked mud, with conical roofs
-thatched with dry grass. Sometimes, when the village is only intended to
-be temporary, the walls of the huts are made of zana matting, which is
-also used to enclose the compounds, or groups of huts inhabited by one
-family. Every village has its assembly place, generally under<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" id="page_65">{65}</a></span> a large
-shady tree, where the headman and his advisers sit all day and smoke,
-while the slaves work in the fields or drive the cattle to pasture.
-Slave-dealing is still carried on in this country, advantage being taken
-of the proximity of the boundary, which makes it so easy to evade
-justice.... The work of marking the boundary was watched with the
-greatest interest by the Fulani population. The ‘kings’ of all the towns
-on the English side, and a good many from the German side, came to
-salute us, generally bringing a present of a fowl or a basket of limes.
-Each ‘king’ carries a long stick, surmounted by a brass crown, the
-emblem of his office under the Government. There are first, second and
-third class ‘kings’; the size of the crown varies accordingly.”</p>
-
-<p>The line in crossing the Shebshi Mountains passes over the summit of
-Mount Dakka, upon which the boundary pillar is 5,388 feet above sea
-level. “The view from Dakka is magnificent. On all sides are tumbled
-masses of mountain, much cut up by deep ravines and rocky gorges,
-through which the many headwaters of the M’Bulo and Kam rivers tear
-headlong to the plains. On the German side, Vogel Spitz rises amid
-innumerable peaks and valleys to a height of nearly 7,000 feet,
-overlooking some hundred square<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66">{66}</a></span> miles of still unknown country. The
-northern spurs, projecting into the Cameroons, enclose high table-lands,
-extraordinarily fertile and highly cultivated.... The boundary crosses
-the plateau near the only practicable pass, the road being entirely on
-the German side, so that one result of the demarcation is to close the
-direct trade route between M’Bulo and Kam Valleys until a new pass is
-discovered. There are plenty of tracks over these mountains, but very
-few practicable for animals. A bull which costs £1 at Tibak, in the
-M’Bulo Valley, is worth £3 or £4 at Gankita, in the Kam Valley, the
-distance as the crow flies between these two places being no more than
-twelve miles.”</p>
-
-<h3>THE SHEBSHI MOUNTAINEERS.</h3>
-
-<p>“The Shebshi Mountains are interesting from the fact that they would
-form the principal obstacle, a well-nigh insuperable one, to the
-construction of a direct line of railway from Calabar, or a point on the
-Cross River, <i>via</i> Takum and Bakundi, to Yola. Yola is one of the few
-important points in Nigeria which does not appear likely to be linked up
-with the coast by a railway for many years to come. The German railway
-from Duala to the north, if it ever does reach<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67">{67}</a></span> Garua, will pass to the
-east of the Shebshis, where many obstacles, almost as formidable, will
-have to be overcome....</p>
-
-<p>“The people inhabiting the Shebshi Mountains and their foothills are
-principally Chamba and Dakka pagans. They have many points in common
-with other hill pagans of Northern Nigeria and Adamawa. The effect of
-Mohammedan inroads upon these tribes is especially evident. They may be
-divided into two classes: firstly, those who are slaves and mingle
-freely with the Fulanis, their villages being in the plain; and,
-secondly, those who hold themselves aloof on the hill-tops. The former
-have copied many things from the Fulanis, such as clothing, houses,
-&amp;c.&mdash;almost everything, in fact, except their pastoral proclivities. The
-pagan will keep goats and fowls, but he will have nothing to do with
-horses and cattle.</p>
-
-<p>“It is with the hill-top pagans, however, that we are principally
-concerned, as nine-tenths of the whole boundary zone are inhabited by
-people of this denomination. The first sign of the lower stage of
-civilization is the absence of clothing. A tuft of grass is the national
-dress, and even this is often dispensed with.</p>
-
-<p>“The villages consist of little beehive-shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68">{68}</a></span> huts of mud or grass,
-perched on apparently inaccessible heights, or cunningly hidden away in
-mazes of dense tropical vegetation. The inhabitants bear a great
-resemblance to monkeys, being small in stature, but extraordinarily
-active. The steepest and most difficult ascent over rocks and ravines is
-to them as easy as a straight, broad, level road. In fact, I have often
-noticed that these pagans, made to carry a load on the level, are
-utterly at a loss. They only come down from their rocky fastnesses to
-cultivate their fields, or to make war on their neighbours. They are
-armed with bows and poisoned arrows, from which it is never safe for
-them to be parted, even when working in the fields. They are almost
-invariably at war with a neighbouring village, the probable reason being
-that some of their women have been carried off. No regular trade is
-indulged in, but they are very fond of salt, which they obtain from
-Hausa traders. A bag of salt which costs half-a-crown on the coast has a
-purchasing power of at least ten shillings in this country.</p>
-
-<p>“Each village is an independent community under a chief. The inhabitants
-are entirely ignorant of the world beyond the next village to their own.
-The nominal chief of the village has not, as a rule, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69">{69}</a></span> much influence
-as the local ju-ju man or witch doctor, whose power over these extremely
-superstitious people is directly proportionate to his success in
-imposing upon their credulity. Any calamity, such as an epidemic of
-sickness or a sudden death, is always attributed to the evil eye, and
-some member of the community is at once suspected, and either killed or
-sold to passing Hausa traders. If a chief dies, the village always moves
-to another site. This partly accounts for the number of deserted
-villages and ruins found in the Shebshi Mountains.</p>
-
-<p>“The Chambas are industrious agriculturists, and keep large numbers of
-goats and fowls in their villages. The farms are generally at the foot
-of the hills. After the harvest the people brew large supplies of spirit
-from the grain, and get drunk for several days together. These orgies
-generally result in fighting among themselves. The principal industry,
-besides agriculture, is working in iron. They make their own farm
-implements, spear and arrow heads, and pipe-stems.”</p>
-
-<h3>THE TERABA VALLEY.</h3>
-
-<p>From Dakka the boundary line follows the Kam for about a dozen miles,
-and then, leaving the river,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70">{70}</a></span> it runs over a block of hills which form
-the fringe of a vast unknown tract of the Cameroon country. Here the
-hill-top villages are few, the inhabitants are wilder and more squalid
-than the Dakka natives, and the land is the haunt of the elephant, the
-lion, the bush-cow and the leopard. From these hills the boundary
-descends into the valley of the River Lumen, which runs for twenty or
-thirty miles under a dark arch of overhanging trees. The water of the
-Lumen is very cold, even in the heat of the day, and the sands of the
-river are full of iron. The line crosses the Lumen and mounts a high
-ridge, called Shina, to descend again into the vast plain of the River
-Teraba. Along the banks of the Teraba are numerous Hausa and Jukum
-villages, situated on important trade roads between Northern Nigeria and
-Cameroon, the principal trade being in rubber, kola nuts, sheep, and
-goats. There are no cattle, as many kinds of biting fly, including the
-tsetse, have their breeding places in this area. As the Teraba is
-typical of all the great southern tributaries of the Benue, the
-following short description, which Captain Nugent gives of one of the
-upper reaches, will be read with interest:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71">{71}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>“Fifteen miles above Karbabi the river bends sharply at right angles,
-forming noisy rapids. Above the rapids the bed is rocky with deep pools.
-Under the tall trees along the banks are open glades like an English
-beech wood, entirely free from undergrowth, the ground being carpeted
-with soft moss. There are the feeding-grounds of huge herds of
-hippopotami, who live in the pools in the daytime. The river is here 200
-to 300 yards wide, with high banks; the channel winds among huge
-boulders, forming a chain of pools, but leaving a narrow deep waterway
-among the larger rocks. The pools are like dark mirrors, silent and
-stagnant, yet bright and clear, reflecting the trees on the opposite
-bank in full detail. Wild geese and ibis fly overhead, whilst large
-alligators move about like torpedoes, with their noses out of the water,
-leaving long trails of bubbles on the surface.</p>
-
-<p>“There is no village within many miles of this place, and it was only
-with the greatest difficulty that we could obtain guides, as there are
-no tracks except those made by the larger game. The inhabitants of the
-pools were thoroughly startled at our approach. There seemed to be a
-sort of collusion between the different birds and beasts. The shrieking
-ibis warned the alligators asleep on the rocks in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72">{72}</a></span> the sun, they, in
-alarm, slid into the water and warned the river-horse that something was
-amiss; the river-horse in his turn went pounding up-stream, under water,
-coming up to breathe at intervals behind the rocks and branches. The
-snorting was terrific. We estimated that there were between thirty and
-forty hippopotami in the largest pool. I have never seen a
-wilder-looking place; it seemed to be alive with everything except
-humanity.</p>
-
-<h3>IN THE CANNIBAL COUNTRY.</h3>
-
-<p>“The boundary after crossing the Gazuba River, a tributary of the
-Teraba, again ascends into an unexplored continuation of the Banjo
-highlands, and drops into the plain of the Donga Valley. The inhabitants
-here are a mixture of Jukums and Zumperis, but there are numerous
-settlements of Hausas, whose trade consists of smuggling rubber and kola
-nuts into Nigeria without paying the German tax. The pagans, who live in
-‘swallow-nest’ villages on the heights, cultivate guinea-corn and root
-crops, while yams, cassava and sweet potatoes grow in abundance in the
-interstices between the huts. The boundary reaches the Donga, and after
-following the river for fifteen miles and crossing the plateau of the
-Wanya Moun<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" id="page_73">{73}</a></span>tains, reaches the plain of the Bamana Valley, in which oil
-palms are first encountered.</p>
-
-<p>“The country between the Gamana and Katsena Rivers is inhabited by
-Zumperi pagans, who are cannibals and live on hill-tops. They are of
-small stature and of remarkably repulsive appearance. Every other man
-appeared to be suffering from goitre or elephantiasis&mdash;whether the
-legacy of cannibalism, or the effect of drinking infected water, it is
-difficult to say. The people are industrious, and besides corn, grow
-large quantities of cotton and tobacco on the hillsides. They breed dogs
-for eating purposes, and all the villages are full of yelping curs,
-covered with sores like their owners. In one village a large deposit of
-human skulls was seen. The villages are well built and surrounded by mud
-walls and ditches. Among the numerous ‘ju-jus’ found in the deserted
-huts was a grotesque mask, which was apparently kept to frighten the
-women. Any woman seeing it must die at once. When the community is short
-of meat, the local witch doctor puts on the mask and runs about the
-hills until he meets a likely looking victim, who is then killed and
-eaten. The Zumperis are great hunters, and have killed off nearly all
-the game in their country except leopards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74">{74}</a></span>”</p>
-
-<h3>MUNCHI CIVILISATION.</h3>
-
-<p>From the Zumperi country the Commission traversed the undulating plain
-that connects it with the valley of the Katsena, the last of the three
-great tributaries of the Benue, and ascending this valley reached the
-Agara or Misa Munchis district. The branch of the large and powerful
-Munchi tribe which inhabits this area have preserved themselves from
-contamination with the neighbouring tribes, by whom they are greatly
-feared. The Munchis of the plains, who are of good physique and very
-intelligent, are supposed to have come originally from a country called
-Para, somewhere north of Yola, and they still call themselves Para among
-themselves. Many of their customs are similar to the Zulus, with whom
-they have often been compared, and the majority of their laws are
-identical with those of Leviticus. Their villages are well built and
-clean, and the men are brave in war and industrious in peace. Their
-marriage customs, in addition to the payment of a dowry, include
-exchanges of sisters, daughters and sometimes wives. Polygamy is rife,
-and the value of a dowry varies from two cows in the case of a young
-girl, to one cow or less in the case of a widow or elderly woman.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75">{75}</a></span></p>
-
-<p>“The Munchis are of striking appearance. Those near the boundary are
-poor and wear few clothes. They go in for extravagant hairdressing, the
-most popular coiffure being a shaven head with one or two balls of hair
-left growing. Others wear their hair in beaded strands, falling over the
-side of the face. The tribal markings are a number of raised tattoo
-marks, in the form of a crescent, on both sides of the temple. These are
-universal, and are compulsory for both sexes, but the marks disappear in
-old age. Other markings are tattoed stars and rings on the forehead,
-chest and back, but these are all optional. The two front teeth of the
-upper jaw are filed into V-shape.</p>
-
-<p>“The Munchis are excellent farmers, and grow guinea-corn, yams, millet,
-beniseed, maize, and ground-nuts in large quantities. They also
-cultivate cotton, from which they weave good cloth, dyeing is with
-indigo, which is grown round every compound. Each village has at least
-one public dye-pit. Tobacco is also grown, and is either used as snuff
-or smoked in large pipes with bowls of clay and stems of smelted brass.</p>
-
-<p>“They are clever workers in wood and iron, making chairs and stools, in
-the carving of which they display<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76">{76}</a></span> some art and much ingenuity. The iron
-ore found locally used to be smelted in large quantities, and the
-remains of old workings can be seen in many places, but trade iron bars
-are now more generally used: from these spears and arrow-heads, hoes,
-knives, and daggers are constructed. The small knives are curious in
-shape, the handles being iron loops, which fit over the palm of the
-hand. The hoes have broad, heavy blades, fitted with short, crooked
-wooded handles, and are most effective agricultural implements. The
-principal weapons of offence are bows and arrows, the arrows being
-poisoned with a compound of crushed and boiled strophanthus seeds,
-snakes’ heads, and poisonous plants, &amp;c., which when freshly made is
-very potent, the slightest scratch causing a man to die in agony in
-twenty minutes. The fumes from this poison, when it is being boiled, are
-very deadly, even in the open air. The mixing is always done by one of
-the numerous ju-ju men, who profess to have antidotes, both external and
-internal, but there is no authenticated case of a cure having been seen
-by any European up to date.</p>
-
-<p>“In every village there is a large war-drum, constructed from a
-hollowed-out log, over which is stretched a hide. The Munchis are expert
-in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77">{77}</a></span> use of these drums for signalling purposes, and messages are
-sent in code from village to village throughout their country with great
-rapidity and accuracy.</p>
-
-<p>“They are very fond of dances and plays, which, accompanied by songs,
-are held on the occasion of the death of a chief or the headman of a
-compound, also at births and marriages. These dances are often kept up
-for several days when the host is rich enough to supply the food and
-drink, the latter being an intoxicating liquid distilled from
-guinea-corn.</p>
-
-<h3>THE GRASS LAND REGION.</h3>
-
-<p>“Leaving the Munchis’ country, the Commission came to the junction of
-the Amiri and Mahana Rivers&mdash;whose steep banks are lined with
-magnificent trees, from which hang long ribbon orchids over a series of
-deep clear pools full of large fish&mdash;in a region of open grass land. The
-road up the Amiri Valley passes through extensive yam fields and Olitti
-and Atcho villages, composed of roomy, massive houses in small
-stone-walled compounds, protected with loop-holed thorn palisades. Grass
-land is reached at a height of 4,000 feet, and the path after crossing
-five separate peaks of 2,000 feet reaches the main ridge about 5,000
-feet above sea level. To the north and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78">{78}</a></span> east, as far as the eye can see,
-stretches open grass land, with range upon range of blue mountains in
-the distance. Across the plain sweep parallel shining rivers,
-disappearing through gaps in the hills to the north. To the south and
-west, the great forest-clad plain extends to the Cross River, whose
-valley forty miles away is marked by a long bank of clouds. All around
-is high tableland, cut up into small plateaux by numerous ravines, down
-which countless streams tear headlong to the plains.”</p>
-
-<p>Descending from the main plateau, which is covered with thick short
-grass and appears to be an ideal district for cattle raising, the
-Commission came to the first villages of the Anyangs, who are almost
-invariably at war with the grass land people. “Their villages are hidden
-away in the forest, and consist of long, low, rectangular mud houses
-with roofs of palm-leaves, on either side of a squalid street. The
-people are very poor, and live almost entirely on plantains, their farms
-being in small clearings, widely separated. Pigs are kept in large
-numbers in the villages. Further south, the people met with are Bokis,
-who extend to the Cross River.... The village boundaries, although in
-dense forest, are well known to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79">{79}</a></span> natives, who are extremely jealous
-of their rubber-collecting rights.”</p>
-
-<p>The geological structure of the boundary zone, taken as a whole, is said
-to present few features of interest. Traces of tin were found in some of
-the rivers flowing north from the watershed of the Cross River and Benue
-system, and nearly all the rivers crossed by the Commission contained
-traces of monazite. The occasional belts of forest along the streams in
-the open bush country, north of the watershed between the Benue and
-Cross River systems, are mostly full of vine rubber (<i>Landolphia</i>). The
-forest line to the south of the Benue-Cross River watershed extends
-without a break to the Cross River, and from there to the sea. The trees
-grow to a great height, and the whole forest abounds in ebony, mahogany
-and other valuable timbers. The rains in the boundary districts begin in
-March with a few violent tornadoes, which become more frequent and less
-violent until May, and from that month till September heavy rain falls
-almost every day. By the end of September the rivers are in full flood,
-and the low-lying country is under water. In October the steady rain
-ceases, and at the end of the month the dry season sets in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80">{80}</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>NEW CAMEROON.</h3>
-
-<p>The region of New Cameroon which was added to the German territory under
-the Franco-German Agreement of November 4th, 1911, was represented as
-being swampy, depopulated, and devastated by sleeping sickness, and the
-Teuton acquisition was greeted with general derision. But a more
-thorough investigation of the possession has shown that it is not so bad
-as it was painted, and while there are tracts that hold out no promises
-of profitable development, there are districts in the New Cameroon which
-will handsomely repay exploitation. The German “frontier” expedition
-into the interior has published descriptions of a steppe region covered
-with tall grasses, bushes, and trees interspersed with grassy plains.
-The country abounds with a variety of animals, including giraffes,
-antelopes, gazelles, buffaloes, zebras, rhinoceri, elephants, and apes,
-and the Lagone and its tributaries contain large quantities of fish. It
-is inhabited by the Lakka tribe, a very independent race of Sudan
-negroes, who live in villages and disclose many differences in
-languages, manners, and customs. Hunting and fishing are their secondary
-occupation, but their regular occupation<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81">{81}</a></span> is agriculture. Their
-well-tilled fields, fertilised with the ashes of burnt grass, produce
-millet, ground-nuts, tobacco, hemp, and cotton, and their greatest
-delicacies are dried fish and caterpillars. They possess a few horses
-and goats, and the women employ themselves in pottery and basket work
-when not engaged in agriculture. Herr Eltester says that the Pangwe
-tribe, inhabiting the Muni district, are distinguished by every
-conceivable bad quality. They are thieves, liars, and idlers, and are
-given to indolence. The men sit around in the villages and smoke, the
-boys lay traps for wild animals, and the women till the fields.</p>
-
-<h3>THE DIFFICULTIES OF DEVELOPMENT.</h3>
-
-<p>The greatest drawback to the systematic development of the Cameroons is
-the naturally bad means of communication as regards both roads and
-waterways. The country being largely of steppe-like formation, the
-rivers are frequently interrupted by rapids and waterfalls. The chief
-rivers, the Munga, Wuri, and Sanaga, are only navigable by steamers for
-a distance of seventy kilometres. Beyond this point, litter-transport
-has to be employed, and as bearers can only carry loads of 60 to 70 lbs.
-for a distance of from twenty to twenty-five kilometres a day, and as
-the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82">{82}</a></span> distance from Duala, the coast station, to Central Cameroon is a
-thirty days’ journey, and to Lake Chad twenty days’, few products,
-except ivory and rubber, can bear this expensive means of transport. The
-most important tasks before the Government which is entrusted with the
-future of the Cameroons is the amplification of the means of
-communication, the encouragement of native civilisation, the
-exploitation of the economic resources of the valuable hinterland, and
-the extension of the plantation system. The enormous physical
-difficulties in the way of railway construction must not be
-under-estimated. The country is covered with colossal tropical growths,
-which must be cleared, the plague of sleeping-sickness must be stamped
-out, and the dreaded tsetse fly banished. In such regions railway
-building is arduous and costly, but not until the rich regions hitherto
-unreached have been brought into communication with the coast, will the
-Cameroons begin to profit by its “unlimited possibilities.”
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83">{83}</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_001"><p class="plt">PLATE 1</p>
-<a href="images/plt_001.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_001.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_002"><p class="plt">PLATE 2</p>
-<a href="images/plt_002.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_002.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE QUAY AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_003"><p class="plt">PLATE 3</p>
-<a href="images/plt_003.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_003.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>LANDING-PLACE AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_004"><p class="plt">PLATE 4</p>
-<a href="images/plt_004.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_004.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>POST OFFICE, DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_005"><p class="plt">PLATE 5</p>
-<a href="images/plt_005.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_005.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>COURT HOUSE AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_006"><p class="plt">PLATE 6</p>
-<a href="images/plt_006.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_006.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HOSPITAL AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_007"><p class="plt">PLATE 7</p>
-<a href="images/plt_007.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_007.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES’ METAL WORK.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_008"><p class="plt">PLATE 8</p>
-<a href="images/plt_008.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_008.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE BÂLE MISSION AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_009"><p class="plt">PLATE 9</p>
-<a href="images/plt_009.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_009.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WORKSHOP OF THE BÂLE MISSION, DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_010"><p class="plt">PLATE 10</p>
-<a href="images/plt_010.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_010.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MANGA BELI’S PALACE, DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_011"><p class="plt">PLATE 11</p>
-<a href="images/plt_011.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_011.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE NATIVE QUARTER, DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_012"><p class="plt">PLATE 12</p>
-<a href="images/plt_012.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_012.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BUSINESS OFFICES IN DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_013"><p class="plt">PLATE 13</p>
-<a href="images/plt_013.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_013.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES WOOD CARVING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_014"><p class="plt">PLATE 14</p>
-<a href="images/plt_014.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_014.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE WOERMANN FLOATING DOCK AT DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_015"><p class="plt">PLATE 15</p>
-<a href="images/plt_015.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_015.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>LANDING JETTY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_016"><p class="plt">PLATE 16</p>
-<a href="images/plt_016.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_016.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CONSTRUCTING THE CENTRAL RAILWAY FROM DUALA TO THE NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_017"><p class="plt">PLATE 17</p>
-<a href="images/plt_017.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_017.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VIEW OF THE WURI RIVER AT BONABERI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_018"><p class="plt">PLATE 18</p>
-<a href="images/plt_018.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_018.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE WURI RIVER ABOVE DUALA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_019"><p class="plt">PLATE 19</p>
-<a href="images/plt_019.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_019.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ELEPHANT GRASS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_020"><p class="plt">PLATE 20</p>
-<a href="images/plt_020.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_020.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BUEA, FORMER SEAT OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON. GREAT CAMEROON
-MOUNTAINS IN THE BACKGROUND.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_021"><p class="plt">PLATE 21</p>
-<a href="images/plt_021.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_021.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VIEW OF BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_022"><p class="plt">PLATE 22</p>
-<a href="images/plt_022.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_022.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE LATE GERMAN GOVERNOR’S PALACE, BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_023"><p class="plt">PLATE 23</p>
-<a href="images/plt_023.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_023.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_024"><p class="plt">PLATE 24</p>
-<a href="images/plt_024.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_024.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ALGAU CATTLE GRAZING NEAR BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_025"><p class="plt">PLATE 25</p>
-<a href="images/plt_025.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_025.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>GRAZING LAND NEAR BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_026"><p class="plt">PLATE 26</p>
-<a href="images/plt_026.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_026.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TOBACCO PLANTATION NEAR BUEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_027"><p class="plt">PLATE 27</p>
-<a href="images/plt_027.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_027.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE NEW OKOTI CRATER ON THE CAMEROON MOUNTAIN TAKEN FROM THE EAST.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_028"><p class="plt">PLATE 28</p>
-<a href="images/plt_028.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_028.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FOREST ON THE CAMEROON PEAK, AT AN ELEVATION OF 1,800 METRES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_029"><p class="plt">PLATE 29</p>
-<a href="images/plt_029.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_029.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VIEW OF VICTORIA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_030"><p class="plt">PLATE 30</p>
-<a href="images/plt_030.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_030.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VICTORIA, WITH THE GREAT CAMEROON MOUNTAIN AND LITTLE CAMEROON
-MOUNTAIN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_031"><p class="plt">PLATE 31</p>
-<a href="images/plt_031.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_031.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VIEW OF AMBAS BAY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_032"><p class="plt">PLATE 32</p>
-<a href="images/plt_032.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_032.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STEEP COAST NEAR VICTORIA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_033"><p class="plt">PLATE 33</p>
-<a href="images/plt_033.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_033.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_034"><p class="plt">PLATE 34</p>
-<a href="images/plt_034.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_034.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>OFFICE IN THE BOTANICAL GARDENS, VICTORIA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_035"><p class="plt">PLATE 35</p>
-<a href="images/plt_035.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_035.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BUILDINGS OF THE VICTORIA CO., VICTORIA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_036"><p class="plt">PLATE 36</p>
-<a href="images/plt_036.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_036.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_037"><p class="plt">PLATE 37</p>
-<a href="images/plt_037.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_037.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>KRIBI, AT THE MOUTH OF THE KRIBI RIVER, THE CHIEF TRADING-PLACE ON THE
-COAST OF SOUTH CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_038"><p class="plt">PLATE 38</p>
-<a href="images/plt_038.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_038.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>KRIBI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_039"><p class="plt">PLATE 39</p>
-<a href="images/plt_039.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_039.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>LOW-LYING COAST NEAR KRIBI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_040"><p class="plt">PLATE 40</p>
-<a href="images/plt_040.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_040.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MISSION HOUSE AT KRIBI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_041"><p class="plt">PLATE 41</p>
-<a href="images/plt_041.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_041.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BOA-CONSTRICTOR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_042"><p class="plt">PLATE 42</p>
-<a href="images/plt_042.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_042.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES OF BULE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_043"><p class="plt">PLATE 43</p>
-<a href="images/plt_043.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_043.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MARSHY LAND IN THE OIL-PALM REGION NEAR THE COAST.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_044"><p class="plt">PLATE 44</p>
-<a href="images/plt_044.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_044.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>OIL-PALM IN A MAIZE FIELD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_045"><p class="plt">PLATE 45</p>
-<a href="images/plt_045.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_045.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PREPARATION OF PALM-OIL BY NATIVE METHODS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_046"><p class="plt">PLATE 46</p>
-<a href="images/plt_046.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_046.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>OIL-PALMS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_047"><p class="plt">PLATE 47</p>
-<a href="images/plt_047.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_047.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>COCOA TREE WITH FRUIT.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_048"><p class="plt">PLATE 48</p>
-<a href="images/plt_048.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_048.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SEVEN-YEAR-OLD OIL-PALM TREES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_049"><p class="plt">PLATE 49</p>
-<a href="images/plt_049.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_049.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE OIL-PALM. CROWN WITH CLUSTERS OF FRUIT.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_050"><p class="plt">PLATE 50</p>
-<a href="images/plt_050.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_050.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STATION YARD AT EDEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_051"><p class="plt">PLATE 51</p>
-<a href="images/plt_051.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_051.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_052"><p class="plt">PLATE 52</p>
-<a href="images/plt_052.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_052.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE SANAGA RIVER NEAR EDEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_053"><p class="plt">PLATE 53</p>
-<a href="images/plt_053.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_053.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BRIDGE OVER THE SOUTHERN ARM OF THE SANAGA RIVER (DUALA-NYONG
-RAILWAY).</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_054"><p class="plt">PLATE 54</p>
-<a href="images/plt_054.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_054.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ENTRANCE TO THE FOREST NEAR EDEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_055"><p class="plt">PLATE 55</p>
-<a href="images/plt_055.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_055.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WOERMANN LINE BOATS ON THE SANAGA RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_056"><p class="plt">PLATE 56</p>
-<a href="images/plt_056.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_056.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>RAPIDS IN THE SANAGA RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_057"><p class="plt">PLATE 57</p>
-<a href="images/plt_057.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_057.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MAIZE STORES AT JAUNDE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_058"><p class="plt">PLATE 58</p>
-<a href="images/plt_058.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_058.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PARK-LIKE DISTRICT IN A CLEARING OF THE FOREST ON THE EDEA-JAUNDE
-ROAD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_059"><p class="plt">PLATE 59</p>
-<a href="images/plt_059.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_059.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE SOLDIERS AT JAUNDE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_060"><p class="plt">PLATE 60</p>
-<a href="images/plt_060.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_060.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE TROOPS IN CAMP.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_061"><p class="plt">PLATE 61</p>
-<a href="images/plt_061.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_061.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE TROOPS ON ACTIVE SERVICE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_062"><p class="plt">PLATE 62</p>
-<a href="images/plt_062.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_062.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE VILLAGE. GABLED HUTS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_063"><p class="plt">PLATE 63</p>
-<a href="images/plt_063.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_063.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_064"><p class="plt">PLATE 64</p>
-<a href="images/plt_064.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_064.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>COLONIAL TROOPS AT A FACTORY ON THE UPPER NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_065"><p class="plt">PLATE 65</p>
-<a href="images/plt_065.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_065.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FERRY BOAT ON THE NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_066"><p class="plt">PLATE 66</p>
-<a href="images/plt_066.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_066.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STEAMER AT THE LANDING-PLACE OF A FACTORY ON THE NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_067"><p class="plt">PLATE 67</p>
-<a href="images/plt_067.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_067.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>COLLECTING RUBBER IN THE FOREST.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_068"><p class="plt">PLATE 68</p>
-<a href="images/plt_068.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_068.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_069"><p class="plt">PLATE 69</p>
-<a href="images/plt_069.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_069.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION (NYONG RIVER).</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_070"><p class="plt">PLATE 70</p>
-<a href="images/plt_070.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_070.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MANAGER’S HOUSE ON THE DEHANE RUBBER PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_071"><p class="plt">PLATE 71</p>
-<a href="images/plt_071.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_071.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CLEARING THE GROUND FOR PLANTING RUBBER TREES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_072"><p class="plt">PLATE 72</p>
-<a href="images/plt_072.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_072.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>GROUND CLEARED FOR PLANTING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_073"><p class="plt">PLATE 73</p>
-<a href="images/plt_073.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_073.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MIXED TREES IN A PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_074"><p class="plt">PLATE 74</p>
-<a href="images/plt_074.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_074.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PAY DAY ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_075"><p class="plt">PLATE 75</p>
-<a href="images/plt_075.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_075.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A PATH THROUGH THE DEHANE PLANTATION ON THE NYONG RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_076"><p class="plt">PLATE 76</p>
-<a href="images/plt_076.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_076.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES WAITING FOR THE DINNER BELL.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_077"><p class="plt">PLATE 77</p>
-<a href="images/plt_077.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_077.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BANANA TREES ON A RUBBER PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_078"><p class="plt">PLATE 78</p>
-<a href="images/plt_078.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_078.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A FOUR-YEAR-OLD RUBBER TREE READY FOR TAPPING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_079"><p class="plt">PLATE 79</p>
-<a href="images/plt_079.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_079.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES AT DEHANE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_080"><p class="plt">PLATE 80</p>
-<a href="images/plt_080.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_080.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ROLL CALL OF LABOURERS ON A PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_081"><p class="plt">PLATE 81</p>
-<a href="images/plt_081.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_081.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ELEPHANT GRASS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_082"><p class="plt">PLATE 82</p>
-<a href="images/plt_082.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_082.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_083"><p class="plt">PLATE 83</p>
-<a href="images/plt_083.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_083.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SMALL HUTS FOR PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SLEEPING SICKNESS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_084"><p class="plt">PLATE 84</p>
-<a href="images/plt_084.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_084.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE MUNGO RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_085"><p class="plt">PLATE 85</p>
-<a href="images/plt_085.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_085.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_086"><p class="plt">PLATE 86</p>
-<a href="images/plt_086.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_086.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE MUNGO RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_087"><p class="plt">PLATE 87</p>
-<a href="images/plt_087.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_087.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE “MUNGO” GERMAN GOVERNMENT STEAMER ON THE RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_088"><p class="plt">PLATE 88</p>
-<a href="images/plt_088.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_088.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A TREE TRUNK USED AS A BRIDGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_089"><p class="plt">PLATE 89</p>
-<a href="images/plt_089.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_089.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VILLAGE OF NINONG AT THE WESTERN BASE OF THE MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_090"><p class="plt">PLATE 90</p>
-<a href="images/plt_090.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_090.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE ELONG MOUNTAIN IN THE BAMENDA RANGE SEEN FROM THE FOOT OF THE
-MANENGUBA MOUNTAINS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_091"><p class="plt">PLATE 91</p>
-<a href="images/plt_091.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_091.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FOREST ON THE BANKS OF THE CROSS RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_092"><p class="plt">PLATE 92</p>
-<a href="images/plt_092.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_092.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FISHING ON THE CROSS RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_093"><p class="plt">PLATE 93</p>
-<a href="images/plt_093.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_093.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE CROSS RIVER AT NSSANAKANG.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_094"><p class="plt">PLATE 94</p>
-<a href="images/plt_094.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_094.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FACTORY ON THE CROSS RIVER FOR TRADING WITH THE NATIVES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_095"><p class="plt">PLATE 95</p>
-<a href="images/plt_095.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_095.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BANANA TREES NEAR OSSIDINGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_096"><p class="plt">PLATE 96</p>
-<a href="images/plt_096.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_096.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A VILLAGE IN KEAKALAND, OSSIDINGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_097"><p class="plt">PLATE 97</p>
-<a href="images/plt_097.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_097.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HEAD-DRESS AND TRIBAL MARKS OF KEAKA WOMEN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_098"><p class="plt">PLATE 98</p>
-<a href="images/plt_098.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_098.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN KEAKALAND.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_099"><p class="plt">PLATE 99</p>
-<a href="images/plt_099.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_099.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CARAVAN CROSSING THE NDI RIVER, NEAR FONTSCHANDA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_100"><p class="plt">PLATE 100</p>
-<a href="images/plt_100.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_100.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TYPICAL VEGETATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_101"><p class="plt">PLATE 101</p>
-<a href="images/plt_101.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_101.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A PALM GROVE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_102"><p class="plt">PLATE 102</p>
-<a href="images/plt_102.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_102.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_103"><p class="plt">PLATE 103</p>
-<a href="images/plt_103.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_103.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_104"><p class="plt">PLATE 104</p>
-<a href="images/plt_104.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_104.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE FI, NEAR TINTO.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_105"><p class="plt">PLATE 105</p>
-<a href="images/plt_105.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_105.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FUMBAN IN BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_106"><p class="plt">PLATE 106</p>
-<a href="images/plt_106.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_106.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVE MARKET AT BAMUM. PROVISIONS AND KOLO NUTS BEING SOLD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_107"><p class="plt">PLATE 107</p>
-<a href="images/plt_107.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_107.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NDJOIA, SULTAN OF BAMUM, BETWEEN TWO WAR DRUMS, AT FUMBAN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_108"><p class="plt">PLATE 108</p>
-<a href="images/plt_108.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_108.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SULTAN OF BAMUM WITH THE CAPTAINS OF HIS TROOPS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_109"><p class="plt">PLATE 109</p>
-<a href="images/plt_109.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_109.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MADE BY THE NATIVES OF BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_110"><p class="plt">PLATE 110</p>
-<a href="images/plt_110.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_110.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TRIAL FIELD FOR COTTON AND TOBACCO AT THE GOVERNMENT STATION, FUMBAN,
-BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_111"><p class="plt">PLATE 111</p>
-<a href="images/plt_111.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_111.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BAMUM. NOTE THE FRIEZE OF ANIMALS UNDER THE GRASS ROOF.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_112"><p class="plt">PLATE 112</p>
-<a href="images/plt_112.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_112.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_113"><p class="plt">PLATE 113</p>
-<a href="images/plt_113.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_113.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_114"><p class="plt">PLATE 114</p>
-<a href="images/plt_114.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_114.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>STREET SCENE IN BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_115"><p class="plt">PLATE 115</p>
-<a href="images/plt_115.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_115.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A HOUSE IN BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_116"><p class="plt">PLATE 116</p>
-<a href="images/plt_116.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_116.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A STREET IN THE WOMEN’S QUARTER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_117"><p class="plt">PLATE 117</p>
-<a href="images/plt_117.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_117.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>COTTON FIELD NEAR BAMUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_118"><p class="plt">PLATE 118</p>
-<a href="images/plt_118.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_118.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DRACÆNA, THE FETISH TREES OF WEST AFRICA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_119"><p class="plt">PLATE 119</p>
-<a href="images/plt_119.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_119.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MARKET-PLACE AT BANJO, WITH THE BANJO MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTANCE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_120"><p class="plt">PLATE 120</p>
-<a href="images/plt_120.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_120.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE “MALAM” OF BANJO IN HAUSA STATE COSTUME.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_121"><p class="plt">PLATE 121</p>
-<a href="images/plt_121.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_121.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BANJO, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_122"><p class="plt">PLATE 122</p>
-<a href="images/plt_122.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_122.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VEGETATION IN THE FOREST.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_123"><p class="plt">PLATE 123</p>
-<a href="images/plt_123.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_123.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE “ISLAND” MOUNTAIN DISTRICT IN NORTH ADAMAUA BETWEEN NTEM AND THE
-RIBÄU SLOPE ON THE BANJO ROAD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_124"><p class="plt">PLATE 124</p>
-<a href="images/plt_124.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_124.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>GRANITE MOUNTAIN IN CENTRAL CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_125"><p class="plt">PLATE 125</p>
-<a href="images/plt_125.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_125.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SUDAN NATIVES OF CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE NATIVES IN WAR COSTUME.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_126"><p class="plt">PLATE 126</p>
-<a href="images/plt_126.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_126.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WAR GAMES OF THE WUTE NATIVES.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_127"><p class="plt">PLATE 127</p>
-<a href="images/plt_127.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_127.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_128"><p class="plt">PLATE 128</p>
-<a href="images/plt_128.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_128.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WOMAN OF THE WUTE TRIBE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_129"><p class="plt">PLATE 129</p>
-<a href="images/plt_129.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_129.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTE ARCHERS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_130"><p class="plt">PLATE 130</p>
-<a href="images/plt_130.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_130.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SUDAN NATIVES IN CENTRAL CAMEROON. WUTES WITH THEIR WAR DRUMS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_131"><p class="plt">PLATE 131</p>
-<a href="images/plt_131.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_131.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_132"><p class="plt">PLATE 132</p>
-<a href="images/plt_132.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_132.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HUMP-BACKED CATTLE OF ADAMAUA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_133"><p class="plt">PLATE 133</p>
-<a href="images/plt_133.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_133.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE FARO ABOVE TSCHAMBA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_134"><p class="plt">PLATE 134</p>
-<a href="images/plt_134.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_134.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CARAVAN TRAVELLING&mdash;RESTING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_135"><p class="plt">PLATE 135</p>
-<a href="images/plt_135.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_135.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>KUMBO HIGHLANDS ON THE WAY TO LAKE MAUWE, BETWEEN BAKUMBI AND BANKA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_136"><p class="plt">PLATE 136</p>
-<a href="images/plt_136.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_136.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>KUMBO HIGHLANDS BETWEEN BANKA AND LAKE MAUWE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_137"><p class="plt">PLATE 137</p>
-<a href="images/plt_137.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_137.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE REMAINS OF A VOLCANO IN THE KUMBO HIGHLANDS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_138"><p class="plt">PLATE 138</p>
-<a href="images/plt_138.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_138.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FOREST IN THE HIGHLANDS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_139"><p class="plt">PLATE 139</p>
-<a href="images/plt_139.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_139.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CHANGE FROM FOREST TO GRASS COUNTRY ON THE BROKEN EDGE OF THE INNER
-HIGHLANDS NEAR FONTEM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_140"><p class="plt">PLATE 140</p>
-<a href="images/plt_140.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_140.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CULTIVATED PORTIONS OF GRASS COUNTRY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_141"><p class="plt">PLATE 141</p>
-<a href="images/plt_141.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_141.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TYPICAL GRASS COUNTRY IN BAFU-FONDONG, ON THE GREAT DSCHANG-BAMENDA
-ROAD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_142"><p class="plt">PLATE 142</p>
-<a href="images/plt_142.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_142.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WOMEN WORKING IN THE FIELDS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY, NORTH-WEST CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_143"><p class="plt">PLATE 143</p>
-<a href="images/plt_143.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_143.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DEATH DANCE OF THE NATIVES NEAR DSCHANG.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_144"><p class="plt">PLATE 144</p>
-<a href="images/plt_144.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_144.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE CHIEF BAFU-FONDONG ON HIS THRONE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_145"><p class="plt">PLATE 145</p>
-<a href="images/plt_145.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_145.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>TATOOED FONDONG NEGRO.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_146"><p class="plt">PLATE 146</p>
-<a href="images/plt_146.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_146.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A CHIEF’S WIFE IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_147"><p class="plt">PLATE 147</p>
-<a href="images/plt_147.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_147.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PARASITES ON A TREE, NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_148"><p class="plt">PLATE 148</p>
-<a href="images/plt_148.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_148.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BALI NEGRESS IN THE GRASS COUNTRY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_149"><p class="plt">PLATE 149</p>
-<a href="images/plt_149.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_149.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MBO, A FORTIFIED STATION NEAR THE GRASS COUNTRY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_150"><p class="plt">PLATE 150</p>
-<a href="images/plt_150.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_150.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>KUSSERI, A FORTIFIED STATION IN NORTH CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_151"><p class="plt">PLATE 151</p>
-<a href="images/plt_151.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_151.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE RESIDENT’S HOUSE AT KUSSERI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_152"><p class="plt">PLATE 152</p>
-<a href="images/plt_152.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_152.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MECCA PILGRIMS AT KUSSERI.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_153"><p class="plt">PLATE 153</p>
-<a href="images/plt_153.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_153.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>LOG PATH THROUGH A SWAMP.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_154"><p class="plt">PLATE 154</p>
-<a href="images/plt_154.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_154.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HORSEMEN IN NORTH CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_155"><p class="plt">PLATE 155</p>
-<a href="images/plt_155.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_155.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VIEW OF ELEPHANT LAKE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_156"><p class="plt">PLATE 156</p>
-<a href="images/plt_156.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_156.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>VILLAGE OF KILGRIM IN THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_157"><p class="plt">PLATE 157</p>
-<a href="images/plt_157.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_157.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE LAGONE RIVER AT MUSGUM.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_158"><p class="plt">PLATE 158</p>
-<a href="images/plt_158.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_158.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CARAVAN CROSSING A RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_159"><p class="plt">PLATE 159</p>
-<a href="images/plt_159.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_159.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NJOJA, WITH HIS WIVES AND CHILDREN, SITTING IN FRONT OF HIS PALACE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_160"><p class="plt">PLATE 160</p>
-<a href="images/plt_160.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_160.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BAKWIRI WOMEN AND CHILDREN DANCING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_161"><p class="plt">PLATE 161</p>
-<a href="images/plt_161.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_161.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>THE HEAD CHIEF BALWEN IN HIS WAR COSTUME.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_162"><p class="plt">PLATE 162</p>
-<a href="images/plt_162.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_162.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CHIEFTAIN IN GALA ATTIRE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_163"><p class="plt">PLATE 163</p>
-<a href="images/plt_163.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_163.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HAUSA GIRL AT A SPRING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_164"><p class="plt">PLATE 164</p>
-<a href="images/plt_164.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_164.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NATIVES OF NORTH CAMEROON.</p>
-
-<p>1. The “Lamido” of Banjo (Fullah).</p>
-
-<p>2. Hausa Traders.</p>
-
-<p>3. Arab from Lake Chad.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_165"><p class="plt">PLATE 165</p>
-<a href="images/plt_165.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_165.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DENG-DENG, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_166"><p class="plt">PLATE 166</p>
-<a href="images/plt_166.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_166.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DIKOA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_167"><p class="plt">PLATE 167</p>
-<a href="images/plt_167.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_167.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>EBOLOWA, A SETTLEMENT IN THE INTERIOR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_168"><p class="plt">PLATE 168</p>
-<a href="images/plt_168.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_168.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FLOODS NEAR SSIGAL.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_169"><p class="plt">PLATE 169</p>
-<a href="images/plt_169.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_169.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SULTAN OF NGAUMDERE WITH HIS BODYGUARD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_170"><p class="plt">PLATE 170</p>
-<a href="images/plt_170.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_170.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MARKET AT NGAUMDERE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_171"><p class="plt">PLATE 171</p>
-<a href="images/plt_171.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_171.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>MAIN BUILDINGS OF THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_172"><p class="plt">PLATE 172</p>
-<a href="images/plt_172.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_172.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BUNGALOW ON THE BIBUNDI PLANTATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_173"><p class="plt">PLATE 173</p>
-<a href="images/plt_173.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_173.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PLANTATION IN FULL BEARING.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_174"><p class="plt">PLATE 174</p>
-<a href="images/plt_174.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_174.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BAIA YOUTHS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_175"><p class="plt">PLATE 175</p>
-<a href="images/plt_175.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_175.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BAIA WOMEN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_176"><p class="plt">PLATE 176</p>
-<a href="images/plt_176.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_176.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DEAD ELEPHANT.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_177"><p class="plt">PLATE 177</p>
-<a href="images/plt_177.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_177.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WALRUS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_178"><p class="plt">PLATE 178</p>
-<a href="images/plt_178.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_178.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A HAUSA VILLAGE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_179"><p class="plt">PLATE 179</p>
-<a href="images/plt_179.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_179.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A NATIVE VILLAGE. MUSGUM HUTS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_180"><p class="plt">PLATE 180</p>
-<a href="images/plt_180.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_180.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>A NATIVE VILLAGE. HUTS WITH CONE-SHAPED ROOFS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_181"><p class="plt">PLATE 181</p>
-<a href="images/plt_181.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_181.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CARAVAN TRAVELLING. HIRING CARRIERS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_182"><p class="plt">PLATE 182</p>
-<a href="images/plt_182.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_182.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>RUBBER CARAVAN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_183"><p class="plt">PLATE 183</p>
-<a href="images/plt_183.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_183.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>IVORY CARAVAN.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_184"><p class="plt">PLATE 184</p>
-<a href="images/plt_184.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_184.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SCENE AT AN IVORY FACTORY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_185"><p class="plt">PLATE 185</p>
-<a href="images/plt_185.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_185.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>WEIGHING THE IVORY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_186"><p class="plt">PLATE 186</p>
-<a href="images/plt_186.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_186.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FACTORY IN THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_187"><p class="plt">PLATE 187</p>
-<a href="images/plt_187.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_187.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>ROLL-CALL OF LABOURERS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_188"><p class="plt">PLATE 188</p>
-<a href="images/plt_188.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_188.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>BRIDGING OVER A RAVINE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_189"><p class="plt">PLATE 189</p>
-<a href="images/plt_189.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_189.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>SAWING WOOD.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_190"><p class="plt">PLATE 190</p>
-<a href="images/plt_190.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_190.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>NJEM WOMAN, SOUTH CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_191"><p class="plt">PLATE 191</p>
-<a href="images/plt_191.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_191.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>PROW OF A WAR CANOE.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_192"><p class="plt">PLATE 192</p>
-<a href="images/plt_192.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_192.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>DENSITY OF THE POPULATION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_193"><p class="plt">PLATE 193</p>
-<a href="images/plt_193.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_193.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FLORA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_194"><p class="plt">PLATE 194</p>
-<a href="images/plt_194.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_194.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>FAUNA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_195"><p class="plt">PLATE 195</p>
-<a href="images/plt_195.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_195.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>RIVER BASINS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_196"><p class="plt">PLATE 196</p>
-<a href="images/plt_196.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_196.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>IVORY DISTRICTS.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_197"><p class="plt">PLATE 197</p>
-<a href="images/plt_197.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_197.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CHART SHOWING ENTRANCE TO DUALA FROM THE SEA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_198"><p class="plt">PLATE 198</p>
-<a href="images/plt_198.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_198.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>HAUSA TERRITORY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_199"><p class="plt">PLATE 199</p>
-<p>PROFILE OF CAMEROON.</p>
-<a href="images/plt_199.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_199.jpg"
-width="95%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p class="nonvis">[<a href="images/plt_199.jpg">Click for larger image.</a> (250kb)]
-<br />
-[<a href="images/plt_199-huge.jpg">Click for largest image.</a> (565kb)]</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">Profil I. Von Kribi über Lomle nach Wesso am Ssanga.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">Profil II. Von Lomic über Kunde-Ngaumdere-Garua zum Tschad.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">Profil III. Durch das Mandara-Gebirge zum Logone.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">Profil IV. Durch die Massivregion von Adamaua von W. nach O. zum
-Benuë-und Kebbi-Gneisland.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">Profil V. Vom Kamerunberg über Tinto und das Kumbohochland nach Garua.</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p style="text-align:left;">I. From Kribi through Lomie to Wesso on the Ssanga.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">II. From Lomie through Kunde, Ngaumdere, Garua to Tschad.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">III. Through the Mandara Mountains to the Logone.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">IV. Through the Peak Region from Adamaua in the W. to Benue and Kebbi
-Gneiss Region in the E.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align:left;">V. From Cameroon Mountain through Tinto and the Kumbo Highlands to
-Garua.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227">{227}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228">{228}</a></span>&nbsp; </p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="plt_200"><p class="plt">PLATE 200</p>
-<a href="images/plt_200.jpg">
-<img src="images/plt_200.jpg"
-width="75%"
-alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a>
-
-<p>CAMEROON.</p>
-
-<p>A. F. CALVERT’S MAP OF CAMEROON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMEROONS ***</div>
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