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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96ae4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64077 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64077) diff --git a/old/64077-0.txt b/old/64077-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 35ea093..0000000 --- a/old/64077-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1072 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate, by J. Durno - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate - -Author: J. Durno - -Release Date: December 18, 2020 [EBook #64077] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION--NEW-INVENTED STOVE-GRATE *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. - - * * * * * - - A - DESCRIPTION - Of a NEW-INVENTED - _Stove-Grate_, - - SHEWING ITS - USES _and_ ADVANTAGES - OVER ALL OTHERS; - Both in Point of EXPENCE, and every - Purpose of a CHAMBERFIRE. - - _LONDON_: - Printed by J. TOWERS in _Piccadilly_; - - And published by the Inventor, J. DURNO, - and sold by him at his House in _Jermyn-Street_; - R. DAVIS, the Corner of _Sackville-Street, - Piccadilly_; and M. COOPER in - _Paternoster-Row_. 1753. - - [Price Six-pence.] - - * * * * * - -[Illustration] - - - - -A DESCRIPTION Of a New-Invented STOVE-GRATE. - - -The State of the Weather in this Island is so extremely variable and -uncertain, that the Inhabitants are obliged to keep Fires to sit by -near Eight Months in the Year. - -AND ever since the Duty laid upon Coals, the Article of Fire has been -so very expensive in many Parts of the Kingdom, particularly in this -Metropolis, that it is to be hoped, any Attempt to make our Rooms more -warm and comfortable, and that at a much less Expence than usual; -always free from Smoke, and equally chearful as with the common Fires; -will meet with the Favour of the Publick. - -THESE are some of the Advantages proposed by a new-invented -STOVE-GRATE, the Description and Uses whereof are contained in the -following Sheets. - -AND surely, if ever any Invention, discovered by a Mechanick, -deserved the Attention of the Publick, this may justly lay claim to -it; since not only every Family, but every Individual, is in some -degree interested in it; and more especially as it is not offered as -uncertain Theory, but its Uses and Advantages, over all others, have -been confirmed by Trial and Experience: For one of the smallest Size -of these STOVE-GRATES has been set up, ever since the beginning of -last Winter, in a common Room at the Inventor’s House, where several -curious and ingenious Persons have been to see and observe the Effects -of it; and it has appeared to the Satisfaction of the best Judges, that -this same Room, built of common Quartering, and covered with Laths and -Plaister, - - Feet. Inches. - Long 26 : 6 : 0 - Broad 13 : 0 : 0 - High 10 : 6 : 0 - -with a Pair of large folding Doors at one End, and a Door opening to -the Stair Case at the other End, in which four or five Pecks of Coals -had usually been consumed every Day in a common Grate and Chimney, -has been kept warm, ever since the New Stove was erected, with no -greater Quantity than one Peck of Coals a Day; and with this singular -Advantage, that the Warmth is diffused, more regularly and uniformly, -over the whole Room, than it was before. - -THOSE who will take the Trouble of calling, will be able to form a more -distinct Idea of the Construction and Use of this Machine, than can -be conveyed by Writing: But as many People have neither the Curiosity -or Opportunity for occular Inspection, I shall give a particular -Description of it, as well as of all the other Machines, that have been -contrived for the like Purposes; and it will appear, by a fair and -impartial Comparison, that this is attended with greater Advantages, -and fewer Inconveniences, than any that has ever yet been offered to -the Publick. - -BUT, for the better understanding of what follows, it will be necessary -to explain some of the Properties of Air and Fire. - -THE chief Properties of Air, are Fluidity, Gravity, and Elasticity. - -_First_, THE Air is a Fluid, consisting of Parts which have not any -sensible Attraction or Cohesion betwixt themselves; but of such a Shape -or Form, as to glide one over another, and yield to the slightest -Impression: Of this we need no other Proof, than the Ease and Freedom -with which Animals breathe this Element, and pass through it, without -any sensible Resistance. - -_Secondly_, THAT the Air does gravitate, or act upon inferior Bodies -by its Weight, is demonstrable by a great many Experiments, and -particularly the Barometer, which by the rising and falling of the -Mercury, shews the greater or lesser Weight of the Column of Air -incumbent upon it. - -_Thirdly_, NOR is the Elasticity of the Air less demonstrable than -either its Fluidity or Gravity. - -AIR is an elastick Body, for if it be confined or compressed within a -less Space than its natural State requires, it will, the Moment the -Restraint is removed, dilate and expand itself so as to fill the same -Space as before; and that too with such Force, as to break in Pieces -the Glass or Earthen Vessel that contained it; as may be seen by the -common Experiment of a Bottle full of common Air, strongly cork’d, -and put under the Receiver on the Air-Pump, when the Air surrounding -the Bottle is pump’d out. But what is particularly remarkable with -reference to the Subject we are treating of, is, That Air is rarified -by Heat, and condensed by Cold; First, Air rarified and expanded by -Heat, becomes specifically lighter than it was before, and will ascend -in Air of greater Density: As Matter specifically lighter than Water, -Cork for Instance, if placed at the bottom of an empty Vessel, will, if -Water be poured into the Vessel, ascend above the Surface of the Water; -so rarified Air will rise in common Air till it comes to Air of equal -Weight, or is by Cold reduced to its former Density. - -FOR the same Reason, if a Fire be kindled in an open Place, the Heat -thereof will rarify the next circumambient Air; and that which is more -remote being heavier, will press every where, and in all Directions, -upon the Air that is rarified, and drive it to the Fire; the Flame and -Sparks whereof will, together with the rarified Air, ascend in a conic -Form, like the Flame of a Candle, in a trembling Motion, as it is more -or less acted upon by the Pressure of the cold Air: And the Reason why -the Flame is more contracted at the Top than Bottom, is, that the Heat -at Top being less intense, the next adjacent Air is less rarified, and -the gross Air confines it more. - -THEREFORE, when a Fire is lighted in a Chimney, the Heat rarifies the -Air over and next the Fire, and makes it rise in the Funnel, and the -common Air in the Room immediately supplies its Place, is rarified in -its turn, and rises also. - -THIS Motion being thus generated, is continued by small Inlets of Air, -through the Doors and Windows of the Room; and the larger the Fire, the -greater will be the current of Air through their Crevices. If the Doors -and Windows are so well fitted in their Frames, that all the Inlets -together cannot supply so much Air as is wanted to carry off the Smoke, -it will then hang about the Fire, gradually diminish, and at length -totally extinguish it. - -VARIOUS are the Improvements that have been made in the Construction -of Chimneys, to increase the Degree of Heat, to prevent Smoke, and to -save in the Article of Fuel. - -AND notwithstanding the many Attempts to remedy the Defects in one -or other of these Respects, the same have hitherto come short of the -End proposed. Take the Article of Smoke for Instance: No Builder of -Character will pretend to insure all the Rooms in a new-built House -from smoking, appears from this, that they generally at first finish -the Chimney Tops with what they call Roundings, and if, upon Trial, -those do not answer, they either Hovel, or fix Earthen Pots, like -a hollow Cylinder, or plant Tin Tubes on the Tops, not much unlike -Organ-Pipes inverted; all which Methods, not only spoil the Symmetry of -the Building, but what is still worse, they often leave the Chimnies as -Smoky as they were at first, after a considerable Sum has been spent on -a Cure. - -IN order to remedy all, or some of the Inconveniences already -mentioned, a great Variety of Chimnies, Stove-Grates, and Close-Stoves -have been invented. I shall describe some of the principal ones that -have fallen under my Observation; and shall endeavour, as I go along, -to point out their Advantages and Defects. - -FIRST, Mons. _Gauger_ has described seven sorts of Chimnies, which, -however, all agree in general as to the Construction and Disposition of -the principal Parts. - -HIS Manner of Performance is by Plates of Iron, Copper, and Brass, -placed in the Chimney, after its being prepared to receive them, at -four Inches from the Back, Jambs, and Hearth, with a Communication to -the external Air; which first entered under the Hearth-Plate, and made -several Turnings and Windings, through Partitions between the inside -of the Chimney, and those Plates representing, as it were, a re-curved -Canal; one End whereof joins the outward Air, and the other comes out -of the Top of one of the Jambs of the Chimney. The Use and Intent of -these Chimnies is only for burning of Wood, the Heat whereof is more -diffused than that of Turf or Peat. - -THE Invention was extremely ingenious, the Room was warmed, in all its -Parts, with great Equality; cold Air was prevented rushing through -Crevices; the Funnel was supplied by a Trap-Door, or Bellows, upon the -Hearth-Plate; and much less Wood served to make a Fire: but the Expence -was found to be so great, especially in old Chimnies, that they never -came into much use, and are now entirely laid aside: The upright Heat -was likewise all lost in all those Chimnies. - -SECONDLY, the ingenious Dr. _Desaguliers_ gives the Construction of two -kinds of Chimnies; one for burning Turf and Peat upon the Hearth, and -the other for Sea-Coal in a Stove-Grate, made in a particular Manner. - -IN the Description of the First, he says, That in Chimnies where Wood -is burnt the Cavities behind the Back and Sides, after the Manner -that the _French_ Author directs, are very useful; but where you have -the Heat very strong, it will be proper to make the Cavities as near -the Fire as possible; and tho’ the Course of the Air will be shorter, -yet the great Heat it acquires in that Case will make Amends for the -Shortness of the Passage. - -THE Shape and Manner of the Chimney is the same as directed by Mons. -_Gauger_, with this difference, that the Doctor’s has no Cavity -under the Hearth; only a divided Box made of Plate-Iron, upon which -the Fire is placed, and an horizontal Cavity behind the Back, faced -with Plate-Iron; so low, that the Fire lies against it: Through this -Preparation comes a Stream of external Air, in several Turnings and -Windings, and from thence is carried up a Passage within the Brick-Work -in one of the Corners, as high as the Mantle-Piece; from the Corner -it is brought forward to the under side of the Mantle-Piece, where -it makes several Turnings in a Tin Canal, from which it is at last -convey’d into the Room. - -HE likewise recommends the Trap-Bellows in this Construction of Stoves. - -THE Construction of the Second Sort consists of a Grate of a particular -Make, with a Box of Plate-Iron behind the Back, that has only three -Cavities; one End communicates with the outward Air to bring it through -those Cavities, obliquely, to the Corner in the Brick-Work; from thence -it is brought forward in the upper part of the Jamb, quite into the -Tin Canal, behind the Mantle-Piece, as in the last Construction; but -the same Inconvenience attends both these sort of Chimnies, that the -upright Heat, which is at least three-fourths of what proceeds from -the Fire, is almost wholly lost; as it is in all the open Fire-Places. - -THIRDLY, the _Dutch_ and _German_ Stoves, which are very different. - -THE _Dutch_ Stove has a Flue proceeding from the Top, which is -sometimes bent downwards, and then goes into the Chimney, through a -false Back, at about four Inches from the true Back: That Space has a -Communication with the Funnel, and all the other Parts of the Chimney -are wholly closed up. - -AND there are others which have the Flue straight upward, that goes -into the Chimney, and all the Funnel closed up round the Flue of the -Stove. The First Sort, in my Opinion, is the best; for there is not so -much of the upright Heat lost as in this, and the Chimney cannot so -readily smoke; because the Space between the false Back and the true -Back obstruct, in some degree, the Passage of the Air down the Chimney. -Both these sorts have a small Iron Door into the Room, which in some -degree changes the Air as it flows to that Opening; part of which goes -off with the Smoke, and its Place is supplied by the entering Air from -Doors, Windows, and Crevices. But as there is so small a Change of Air, -the Room will soon be warm, the Chimney being wholly closed up; very -little Air is required to supply the small Door of the Stove, and that -only can enter at the Door or Windows of the Room: Little Fuel serves, -for almost all the Heat is saved. This small change of Air makes these -Stoves wholesomer, or at least pleasanter, than the _German_ Stoves, -but there is little sight of the Fire; and no other Use can be made -of it but to warm the Room: And if any ill Smell should happen in the -Room, it is not easily carried off, by Reason of the slow change of Air -at the little Iron Door; and the Room is always somewhat suffocating, -especially to those who are not accustomed to it. - -THE _German_ Stove is not unlike a Chest for Cloaths set upon one End, -and is fixed into the Wall, with the Top turned outwards, or into -another Room, which open and shut as there is occasion for making and -mending the Fire: it warms a Room all over in a very little Time, with -little Fuel to make a Fire; no fresh Air can enter the Room if the -Door be left open, no more than it would in an open Oven, because there -is not the least Discharge of Air in the Room. But there is not any -Appearance of Fire to be seen in these Stoves, and they who used them -were obliged to breathe the same unchanged elemental Air, mixed with -that inspired by all the Company. - -FOURTHLY, the Chimney, in the House of Lords, which was designed by way -of an Improvement upon the Sieur _Gauger_’s Chimnies. - -FOR _First_, the outward Air, from below the House, in the Passage, -enters under the Iron Plate, (commonly called the Hearth-Plate) which -is prepared to receive it into a re-curved Canal, and from thence -passes up the back Plate of Iron, in the like Turnings and Windings, -near to the Top, where it is divided, and enters into two Tubes -of Copper, one placed on each side of the Funnel, of a sufficient -Length to appear above the Cornish; there they are joined to other -Conveyances; one of which is carried round the Throne, and ends -over-against the Fire; and the other Conveyance is continued to the -Window, above the Cornish, made of Tin, in form of a right-angled -Triangle, and is perforated to let out the Air. There is likewise a -Valve in each of these Copper Pipes or Tubes, placed at a considerable -distance from the Fire, to open and shut at pleasure, by a Thumb-Latch, -which being shut, imprisons the Air in its Passage upwards, until it -be hot, and when opened, discharges this warmed Air near the Cieling, -through those perforated Conveyances. - -ACCORDING to the Construction of this Fire-Place, it is next to an -Impossibility to warm that House with the greatest Fire that can -be made in it: For all the upright Heat is lost, occasioned by the -continual Current of Air coming in at the Doors and Crevices, which -forcibly drives almost all the Heat up the Chimney. - -_Secondly_, THE Streams of cold Air which enters under the Hearth and -Back Plates, (where a large Stove-Grate stands) in its various Turnings -and Windings, behind these Plates, and through those Tubes, is but very -little warmed in its Passage above the Fire in the Conveyances to the -Cieling; and it cannot receive any Heat from the Hearth-Plate, unless -the Fire was made upon it, as mentioned before; for the bottom Bars of -the Stove-Grate are at so great a distance from the Iron Hearth-Plate, -that the Fire, with its downward Heat, cannot reach it; and not above -Eight superficial Feet of the Back-Plate is warmed by the Fire, and -considering the distance from the hot part, to where the warm Air is -discharged into the House, nothing is clearer, than that it cannot -receive any considerable degree of Heat, in its Passage through the -Copper Pipes, that convey it to the Cieling; and where it is suspended, -and mixes slowly and imperceptibly with the colder Air in the lower -part of the House, so that little or no Warmth can be obtained by this -Conveyance. - -_Thirdly_, FROM hence it appears, that it would have been of much -greater Use to have discharged the hot Air immediately from the hot -Iron Back-Plate into the Room; its Effects in that Case would have been -sensibly felt, and it would then have ascended naturally, without the -help of Pipes, and warmed the circumambient Air as was intended; and -likewise would have supported the Fire, without the Assistance of any -Air from the Doors and Crevices. - -FIFTHLY, Stoves, placed at the End of long Rooms, Coffee-Houses, and -Tradesmen’s Shops, warm the Room in a little Time; but the Smoke and -upright Heat are both conveyed thro’ one and the same Tube of Iron, -jointed in several Pieces, to bring them round the Wall and Turnings -of the Chimney, where they are discharged: but never fail to send out -some part of the Air impregnated with Sulphur, so as to occasion a -disagreeable Smell, and often, Head-achs and Lowness of Spirits to -those that are not accustomed to these Stoves. - -SIXTHLY, The _French_ Stoves are much the same as the _Dutch_; and I -am informed, that they have many from _Holland_ and _Germany_; but -they have another Sort, which is the Mode at present; it resembles an -old-fashion’d low Chest of Drawers with a flat Top, and has swelling -or rising Mouldings on all Sides, which represent the Drawers: It is -composed of several Pieces of burnt Earth, in the manner of our Earthen -Ware, and is placed upon a Frame of Iron at Bottom, and all the Parts -are luted together to complete the Body: It is likewise bound about -with two Iron Belts to keep all tight, and has a little Door at one End -like a _Dutch_ Stove, where the Fire is put into it; it projects into -the Room some distance from the Chimney, and gives Heat from the four -Sides as well as the Top; There is a Flue proceeds from the back Part, -and an Iron Pipe fixed upon it, to reach the Chimney; which carries the -Smoke up the Funnel, and the Chimney is closed up all round the Iron -Pipe; it is on the same Principles as the _Dutch_ Stove, and is subject -to many more Inconveniences, which are not necessary to be mentioned. - -SEVENTHLY, The _Pensilvanian_ Stove-Grate comes lastly to be -considered, which is a curious Invention indeed, contrived about -Twelve or Fourteen Years ago, and particularly described by Mr. -_Franklin_ of _Philadelphia_, in a Treatise intitled, _An Account of -the New-Invented_ Pensilvanian _Fire-Places_, _printed at_ Philadelphia -_in_ 1744. I have lately examined one that was made in that Country, -all of cast Iron, which I believe to be the only one in _England_; and -at the same time I saw a perfect Model of it, which discovered the -whole Work at one View. - -THIS Stove-Grate must infallibly cure most of the Inconveniences, with -which the other sorts before-mentioned are attended, if the Smoke -Passages can be kept clean. You have a full Sight of the Fire, nor -does it lose any of the upright Heat, as in common Fire-Places, and -smoky Chimnies will be often cured by it. This Stove has likewise the -Advantage of a constant Supply of fresh Air, coming in warm through a -Canal, in the Manner before described by Dr. _Desaguliers_, with this -difference, that here the warm Air comes out on each Side of the Stove, -and is better adapted to warm the lower Air of the Room, than if it -came out higher in the Chimney. - -IN this Machine the Smoke first ascends, and then passing over the Iron -Plates that compose the warm Air Box, descends to the Bottom, where it -passes under a false Back, about three or four Inches from the true -Back of the Chimney; then ascends a second time up the Funnel of the -Chimney, and passes out at the Top. The Chimney is closed up on all -Sides, between the false Back and Breast of the Chimney, except only in -one Place, where is an Opening, with an Iron Door, large enough for a -Chimney-Sweeper to creep through, to sweep the Funnel; but at all other -times this Door is kept shut. There is also a Register fixed in the -Smoke-Passage, to give more or less Vent, as shall be required. - -THE whole is a compleat Piece of Machinery, and was first intended for -burning of Wood, which is the common Fuel of that Country; but, for -that Reason, is not so well adapted to burn Sea-Coal, whose bituminous -Quality would soon close up the narrow Smoke-Passage, and would often -require cleaning, and become very troublesome, it being difficult to -come at the Smoke-Passage; for if there be a Trap-Door made upon the -Hearth, you cannot clean the Smoke-Passage any farther than to the -Register, and there is no coming at the upper part without lifting up -the Top of the Machine, which is always luted down, and fastened with -Screw Nuts. - -THE Defects and Inconveniences that I have occasionally pointed out, in -the Chimneys and Stoves already described, put me upon contriving a new -Machine-Grate, which, upon Trial, answers all the Ends that I proposed -by it. - -IT is built, indeed, and constructed upon almost the same Principles -with the _Pensilvanian_ Stove, but with greater Advantages; for instead -of the narrow Passage for the Smoke in the _Pensilvanian_ Stove, there -is a Chamber made in the Brick-Work which effectually warms the -Air-Box, and is all covered over like an Oven, except a narrow Passage -made of Plate-Iron, with a Register in it, which has a Handle into -the Room, and may be turned upon its Axis to such a Degree of Vent, -as either to support or diminish, or even to extinguish the Fire. The -Register is so contrived, that it will probably want no cleaning in two -or three Years; but if it should, by lifting up the Chimney-Sweeper’s -Door, it is done in one Minute; and is equally adapted to burn Coals -or Wood, with more Safety and Ease than in a common Fire-Place. The -Chamber behind the Stove is cleaned when the Chimney is swept, by -taking out a Piece of concealed Iron, rabited into the Brick-Work at -the Side of the Stove, and always whiten’d over with the Brick Back. -The Chamber behind is of greater Use than warming the Air Box; for -being almost all closed up, it is not only Proof against the Influence -of the Houses and Chimnies about it that stand higher, but even against -Eddy, or Whirl-winds, if they should come down the Chimney; the Force -whereof is broke by the Top of the Chamber; and what comes through the -small Opening where the Register is placed, is immediately expanded and -loses its Force. - -THE whole of my Machine is less complex, and of more easy Construction -than any others I have mentioned, and which is all I have ever seen or -heard of; but has Advantages besides that, which no former Invention -can pretend to. - -_First_, IT warms the Room equally all over, and the Fire appears the -same as in a common Stove-Grate; yet any Place in the Room will be as -warm as that by the Side of the Fire. - -FOR this there is occular Demonstration, because Thermometers placed -in the remotest Parts of the Room will not differ above one Degree, -(a Difference which every body knows has scarce any Effect) from one -placed by the Side of the Chimney. - -_Secondly_, THE Chimney is so intirely closed up, that if you sit near -the Fire-Place, there is not the least cold Air from the Door, Window, -or any Crevice, that can offend you, as in common Fire-Places; where, -at the same time that you are burnt before, you are ready to freeze -behind: but, on the contrary, the warm Air here goes out at the Door -when opened, and will make you sensible of its Approach at Four or Five -Feet distance before you enter the Door. - -THE Doors, indeed, ought to be kept shut; because otherwise the warm -Air will be wasted, as with common Fires; but there is no manner of -Occasion for Skreens of any sort, because the Fire cannot hurt the -Face; neither can the cold Air offend the Back, as in common Rooms, -where there is a common Stove-Grate, and a large Draught up the Chimney. - -_Thirdly_, TO be soon and agreeably warmed, is not the only Advantage -we have from this Invention; but we are better warmed, at less than one -Third of the usual Expence, at a moderate Computation. When the Mercury -in my Thermometer, that was placed without Doors, stood the last Winter -at Four Degrees below the Freezing Point, a Peck of Coals (_i. e._ the -144th Part of a Chaldron,) was sufficient to warm the Room for the -whole Day, from Eight in the Morning to Eleven at Night. During all -that Time the Mercury within the Room stood from 60 to 64 Degrees; much -the same Degree of Heat with that of the 25th Day of last _June_, 1752, -at Two o’Clock in the Afternoon; and, when that Observation was made, -the Weather was as warm as usual at that Time of the Year. - -BUT before I set up this Stove, which is one of the smallest, there was -seldom spent, in the Room, less than a Bushel of Coals, and sometimes -more, in one Day, according to the Degree of Cold; and then we were -obliged to have a Skreen to keep off the cold Air from the Backs of -those who sat near the Fire; and only that Part of the Room was warm -which was nearest the Fire. - -THE Air that enters the Room, through the Iron Canal of the Air-Box, is -both fresh and warm; and computing the Swiftness of its Motion with the -Area of its Passage, it will appear, that Ten Barrels, or near 60 Cubic -Feet of Air is hourly introduced from the external Air, if the Door of -the Room be shut. - -THIS warm Air comes into the Room with such Rapidity from the hot Iron -Canal, that it turns several Paper Wheels with great Velocity, which -are placed near the Opening that lets it into the Room. But as soon -as the Door of the Room is opened, all the Wheels stand still; which -proves what has been said before, That much warm Air is wasted in -opening the Door; because the warm, or rarified Air, rushes through -the cold Air with great Force: And the cold Air that comes in at the -Door, being an over-balance to the Air entering from the hot Iron Canal -of the Stove, entirely stops it from coming into the Room while the -Door is open. - -IN like manner, if the Door of the Room be shut, and the Register that -is fixed in the Smoke-Passage be turned so near as almost to shut it -up, which may be done when the Coals upon the Fire are burnt to a Coke, -then the whole Heat of the Fire will be forced into the Room, the warm -Air will be stopt from coming through the hot Canal, and the Paper -Wheels will stand still, as they did when the Door of the Room was open. - -THIS may seem a little unaccountable, but, when considered, it is -plain, that the warm Air from the hot Canal cannot come into the Room, -which is already full of Air, and in a perfect State of Rest, because -there is no Passage for it to go out at; the Register having closed up -the Funnel, and the Doors and Windows of the Room being shut. - -THE Room, in this Case, will soon become suffocating, in the manner -of a _German_ Stove Room, and does exactly point out the Difference -between that Stove and mine. - -WHEREAS, on the contrary, when the Doors of the Room are shut, and the -Register gives a proper Vent to the Fire, the warm Air, in this Case, -is at Liberty to act as before, by warming the circumambient Air in its -Passage from the Mantle-Piece to the Cieling, where it mixes slowly and -imperceptibly with the grosser Air of the Room, which, in its turn, -flows towards the Stove and Fire; part whereof feeds the Fire, and -passes off with the Smoke; and the other part, after being rarified -by the Heat of the Stove and Fire, ascends by the Mantle-piece to the -Cieling, as it did before; repeating the like Circulation as long as -there is any Heat in the Stove. By which it appears, that the warm Air -that comes from the hot Iron Canal of the heated Air-Box, is sufficient -to support the Fire, and carry off the Smoke, without the Assistance of -any Air from the Crevices of the Doors and Windows of the Room. - -BY this Means, the Air in the Room is continually changed, and an -Advantage gained that could never be obtained by any former Contrivance -of the Kind; that at all Times the Air in the Room is as wholesome as -the external Air; and, in some Respects, more so: For it is apparent, -that the Air issuing into the Room through a hot Canal of Iron, can -never acquire any noxious Quality; and, on the contrary, in damp -Weather, when the Air is replete with Moisture, and noxious Particles, -it will be purified in its Passage, and the Moisture and Vapours will -be condensed, fall, and stick upon the Sides of the hot Canal. - -UPON this, as well as other Accounts, this Stove will be extremely -useful in Hospitals, and the Rooms of sick Persons, with great -Advantage to the Patients: But this I submit to those who are better -qualified to judge of such Matters. - -_Fourthly_, IN Common Stoves and Chimnies, the upright Heat (which has -been computed to be Three Fourths of the whole) is intirely lost, as -to the Purpose of warming the Room, or those that are in it. On the -contrary, in this Stove-Grate, a very inconsiderable part of the Heat -ascends with the Smoke, and all the rest is diffused gradually, and -equally, over the whole Room. - -_Fifthly_, THIS Fire-Place, thus prepared, prevents Smoke so -effectually, and so certainly, in all Degrees and Variations of -Wind and Weather, that the Inventor is willing to give his Machine, -_Gratis_, if ever the least Smoke is perceived in any Room where it is -erected; unless it may happen at the first lighting of the Fire, before -the Air in the Funnel is put in Motion; but I have never yet seen that -happen. - -THERE is no Occasion for Chimney-Boards in Summer, for by turning the -Register, the Air is shut out; so that both in Summer and Winter, the -Furniture and Gilding, is preserved from Smoke and damp Air; which are -the chief Causes of the one and the other’s being spoiled. - -_Sixthly_, IT will be obvious to every Person, who examines the -Construction of this Machine, that the Chimney will not require -sweeping in less than two or three Years; and that it is morally -impossible the Chimney can ever take Fire. - -_Seventhly_, IT has been already observed, that no part of the current -of Air, that passes continually through the Fire, is supplied from -the Doors, Windows, or Crevices of the Room: For the same Reason, the -Candles, in all sorts of Weather, will burn clear; the Light will be -pleasant, equal, and steady; and there will be a considerable Saving in -that Article. - -_Eighthly_, WHEN the Room is thoroughly warmed in the Day-time, it -will cool but a few Degrees during the Night; and by shutting up the -Fire-Place over Night, and excluding the external Air, the Fire will be -found in the Morning without any sensible Diminution, ready to blaze -out, by the Addition of a Stick of Wood, or a few Coals; which every -body knows is an Advantage, that never could be obtained in common -Chimnies, with a Coal Fire, without a great Expence, and much Danger. - -THESE, and many other Advantages, that would be tedious to enumerate at -present, will be found to result from this useful Invention. Several of -the Stove-Grates are already set up; and Orders given for the erecting -others in many Houses in _London_ and the Country. - -SOME are of Cast Iron, in its plain, natural Colour; and others have a -Case, richly ornamented, that is put on, and taken off, at Pleasure. -The Inventor hopes he shall be permitted to publish the Names and -Places of Abode, of those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who have encouraged -this undertaking. - -BY this Method it will be in the Power of those who incline to become -Purchasers, to inform themselves of the Truth of every Particular, by -Persons of undoubted Credit and Veracity; and to know, with Certainty, -what they are to expect, without laying out their Money, upon what they -might suppose, an unexperimented Project; the Success whereof might -otherwise be uncertain. - -THERE are Three Sizes of these Stove-Grates, adapted to the Dimensions -of the Rooms where they are set up. They are all made of Cast Iron, -which will endure longer, and come much cheaper, than if they were made -of wrought Iron. - - _Ft._ _In._ _Pts._ - The smallest { High 2 3 0 } - Size, Price { Broad in Front 1 5 0 } over all - 7_l._ 7_s._ set up { Depth from Front to 1 0 0 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 1 3 0 - Depth of the Bars 0 5 6 - From Front to Back 0 5 6 - Middle Size, { High 2 4 6 } - Pr. 10_l._ 10_l._ { Broad in Front 1 9 0 } over all - set up { Depth from Front to 1 0 0 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 1 7 6 - Depth of the Bars 0 8 0 - From Front to Back 0 8 0 - Largest Size, { High 2 10 0 } - Pr. 13_l._ 13_l._ { Broad in Front 0 2 4 } over all - set up { Depth from Front to 1 4 6 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 2 3 0 - Depth of the Bars 0 10 6 - From Front to Back 1 0 0 - -I FIND, by my own Experience, that the smallest Size of these Stoves, -will warm a Room of Twelve or Fourteen Foot Square, or the largest -Dressing Closet. The Middle-sized Grate will warm a Room of 20 Feet + -26, and 12 or 14 Feet high. The largest Size will warm a Room of 50 -Feet by 25, and about 20 or 22 Feet high. - -AS I have not advanced any thing, but what I have proved from my own -Experience, I shall omit what might be said from the Testimony of -others, to Time, and the real Merit of the Machine; which, in all -Respects, will answer for itself. For the Beginning of this Attempt was -founded upon Theory and Mechanick Principles, supported by Observation -and Experience of what had happened before. - -BUT had not the same Observation and Experience, likewise confirmed -the Use of this, and all the Advantages mentioned, I should not have -offered it to the Publick. - -_Jermyn-Street, March 22, 1753._ - - * * * * * - -_ADVERTISEMENT._ - -The Inventor of this Stove-Grate has contrived a Stove for a Laundry, -which answers all the Ends desirable, without any other Fire, and at -one Third part of the usual Expence that keeps a Fire in the common -Way. It is moveable to any part of the Room; and stands on a boarded -Floor with the greatest Safety. It likewise may be placed in a Room -where there is no Chimney, and will serve for Airing large Rooms, far -preferable to the common Braziers; it warms a Room sooner, with greater -Safety, and much less Expence: For Half a Bushel of Coals will go -farther than a Bushel of Charcoal in the common Way. - -_FINIS._ - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Punctuation has been made consistent. - -Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have -been corrected. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Description of a New-Invented -Stove-Grate, by J. 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Durno - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate - -Author: J. Durno - -Release Date: December 18, 2020 [EBook #64077] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION--NEW-INVENTED STOVE-GRATE *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="Title page." /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center boldfont xlargefont">A<br /> -<span class="smcap">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -Of a <span class="smcap">New-Invented</span><br /> -<span class="xxlargefont"><em>Stove-Grate</em>,</span></p> - -<p class="center largefont p2">SHEWING ITS<br /> -<span class="smcap">Uses</span> <em>and</em> <span class="smcap">Advantages</span><br /> -OVER ALL OTHERS;<br /> -Both in Point of <span class="smcap">Expence</span>, and every<br /> -Purpose of a <span class="smcap">ChamberFire</span>.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><em>LONDON</em>:<br /> -Printed by J. <span class="smcap">Towers</span> in <em>Piccadilly</em>;</p> - -<p class="center">And published by the Inventor, J. <span class="smcap">Durno</span>,<br /> -and sold by him at his House in <em>Jermyn-Street</em>;<br /> -R. <span class="smcap">Davis</span>, the Corner of <em>Sackville-Street,<br /> -Piccadilly</em>; and M. <span class="smcap">Cooper</span> in<br /> -<cite>Paternoster-Row</cite>. 1753.</p> - -<p class="center">[Price Six-pence.]</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="figcenter nobreak"> -<img src="images/image003.jpg" alt="First page header." /> -</div> - -<h1 class="nobreak largefont">A<br /> -<span class="smcap xlargefont">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -Of a New-Invented<br /> -<span class="smcap xlargefont">Stove-Grate</span>.</h1> -</div> - - -<div> - <img class="drop-capi" src="images/image003a.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<p class="drop-capi-t">The State of the Weather in this -Island is so extremely variable and -uncertain, that the Inhabitants are -obliged to keep Fires to sit by near -Eight Months in the Year.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> ever since the Duty laid upon Coals, -the Article of Fire has been so very expensive -in many Parts of the Kingdom, particularly -in this Metropolis, that it is to be -hoped, any Attempt to make our Rooms -more warm and comfortable, and that at a -much less Expence than usual; always free -from Smoke, and equally chearful as with -the common Fires; will meet with the -Favour of the Publick.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[4]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">These</span> are some of the Advantages proposed -by a new-invented <span class="smcap">Stove-Grate</span>, -the Description and Uses whereof are contained -in the following Sheets.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> surely, if ever any Invention, discovered -by a Mechanick, deserved the -Attention of the Publick, this may justly -lay claim to it; since not only every Family, -but every Individual, is in some degree interested -in it; and more especially as it is -not offered as uncertain Theory, but its Uses -and Advantages, over all others, have been -confirmed by Trial and Experience: For -one of the smallest Size of these <span class="smcap">Stove-Grates</span> -has been set up, ever since the -beginning of last Winter, in a common -Room at the Inventor’s House, where several -curious and ingenious Persons have been to -see and observe the Effects of it; and it has -appeared to the Satisfaction of the best Judges, -that this same Room, built of common -Quartering, and covered with Laths and -Plaister,</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Room dimensions"> -<tr><td class="tableft"></td><td class="tabcenter">Feet.</td> -<td class="tabcenter" colspan="3"><span style="padding-left:0.25em">Inches.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">Long</td><td class="tabcenter">26</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">6</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">Broad</td><td class="tabcenter">13</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">High</td><td class="tabcenter">10</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">6</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>with a Pair of large folding Doors at one<span class="pagenum">[5]</span> -End, and a Door opening to the Stair Case -at the other End, in which four or five Pecks -of Coals had usually been consumed every -Day in a common Grate and Chimney, has -been kept warm, ever since the New Stove -was erected, with no greater Quantity than -one Peck of Coals a Day; and with this -singular Advantage, that the Warmth is -diffused, more regularly and uniformly, over -the whole Room, than it was before.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Those</span> who will take the Trouble of -calling, will be able to form a more distinct -Idea of the Construction and Use of this -Machine, than can be conveyed by Writing: -But as many People have neither the Curiosity -or Opportunity for occular Inspection, -I shall give a particular Description of it, as -well as of all the other Machines, that have -been contrived for the like Purposes; and it -will appear, by a fair and impartial Comparison, -that this is attended with greater -Advantages, and fewer Inconveniences, than -any that has ever yet been offered to the -Publick.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span>, for the better understanding of what -follows, it will be necessary to explain some -of the Properties of Air and Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[6]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> chief Properties of Air, are Fluidity, -Gravity, and Elasticity.</p> - -<p><cite>First</cite>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Air is a Fluid, consisting of -Parts which have not any sensible Attraction -or Cohesion betwixt themselves; but of such -a Shape or Form, as to glide one over another, -and yield to the slightest Impression: Of this -we need no other Proof, than the Ease and -Freedom with which Animals breathe this -Element, and pass through it, without any -sensible Resistance.</p> - -<p><cite>Secondly</cite>, <span class="smcap">That</span> the Air does gravitate, -or act upon inferior Bodies by its Weight, is -demonstrable by a great many Experiments, -and particularly the Barometer, which by -the rising and falling of the Mercury, shews -the greater or lesser Weight of the Column -of Air incumbent upon it.</p> - -<p><cite>Thirdly</cite>, <span class="smcap">Nor</span> is the Elasticity of the Air -less demonstrable than either its Fluidity or -Gravity.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Air</span> is an elastick Body, for if it be confined -or compressed within a less Space than -its natural State requires, it will, the Moment -the Restraint is removed, dilate and expand -itself so as to fill the same Space as before;<span class="pagenum">[7]</span> -and that too with such Force, as to break in -Pieces the Glass or Earthen Vessel that contained -it; as may be seen by the common -Experiment of a Bottle full of common Air, -strongly cork’d, and put under the Receiver -on the Air-Pump, when the Air surrounding -the Bottle is pump’d out. But what is particularly -remarkable with reference to the -Subject we are treating of, is, That Air is -rarified by Heat, and condensed by Cold; -First, Air rarified and expanded by Heat, -becomes specifically lighter than it was -before, and will ascend in Air of greater -Density: As Matter specifically lighter than -Water, Cork for Instance, if placed at the -bottom of an empty Vessel, will, if Water -be poured into the Vessel, ascend above the -Surface of the Water; so rarified Air will -rise in common Air till it comes to Air of -equal Weight, or is by Cold reduced to its -former Density.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> the same Reason, if a Fire be kindled -in an open Place, the Heat thereof will rarify -the next circumambient Air; and that which -is more remote being heavier, will press -every where, and in all Directions, upon -the Air that is rarified, and drive it to the -Fire; the Flame and Sparks whereof will, -together with the rarified Air, ascend in a<span class="pagenum">[8]</span> -conic Form, like the Flame of a Candle, in -a trembling Motion, as it is more or less -acted upon by the Pressure of the cold Air: -And the Reason why the Flame is more -contracted at the Top than Bottom, is, that -the Heat at Top being less intense, the next -adjacent Air is less rarified, and the gross -Air confines it more.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Therefore</span>, when a Fire is lighted -in a Chimney, the Heat rarifies the Air over -and next the Fire, and makes it rise in the -Funnel, and the common Air in the Room -immediately supplies its Place, is rarified in -its turn, and rises also.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> Motion being thus generated, is -continued by small Inlets of Air, through -the Doors and Windows of the Room; and -the larger the Fire, the greater will be the -current of Air through their Crevices. If -the Doors and Windows are so well fitted in -their Frames, that all the Inlets together -cannot supply so much Air as is wanted to -carry off the Smoke, it will then hang about -the Fire, gradually diminish, and at length -totally extinguish it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Various</span> are the Improvements that -have been made in the Construction of<span class="pagenum">[9]</span> -Chimneys, to increase the Degree of Heat, -to prevent Smoke, and to save in the Article -of Fuel.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> notwithstanding the many Attempts -to remedy the Defects in one or other of -these Respects, the same have hitherto come -short of the End proposed. Take the Article -of Smoke for Instance: No Builder of -Character will pretend to insure all the -Rooms in a new-built House from smoking, -appears from this, that they generally at first -finish the Chimney Tops with what they -call Roundings, and if, upon Trial, those do -not answer, they either Hovel, or fix Earthen -Pots, like a hollow Cylinder, or plant Tin -Tubes on the Tops, not much unlike Organ-Pipes -inverted; all which Methods, not -only spoil the Symmetry of the Building, -but what is still worse, they often leave the -Chimnies as Smoky as they were at first, -after a considerable Sum has been spent on a -Cure.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> order to remedy all, or some of the -Inconveniences already mentioned, a great -Variety of Chimnies, Stove-Grates, and -Close-Stoves have been invented. I shall -describe some of the principal ones that have -fallen under my Observation; and shall<span class="pagenum">[10]</span> -endeavour, as I go along, to point out their -Advantages and Defects.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">First</span>, Mons. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i> has described -seven sorts of Chimnies, which, however, -all agree in general as to the Construction -and Disposition of the principal Parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">His</span> Manner of Performance is by Plates -of Iron, Copper, and Brass, placed in the -Chimney, after its being prepared to receive -them, at four Inches from the Back, Jambs, -and Hearth, with a Communication to the -external Air; which first entered under the -Hearth-Plate, and made several Turnings -and Windings, through Partitions between -the inside of the Chimney, and those Plates -representing, as it were, a re-curved Canal; -one End whereof joins the outward Air, -and the other comes out of the Top of one -of the Jambs of the Chimney. The Use -and Intent of these Chimnies is only for -burning of Wood, the Heat whereof is -more diffused than that of Turf or Peat.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Invention was extremely ingenious, -the Room was warmed, in all its Parts, with -great Equality; cold Air was prevented -rushing through Crevices; the Funnel was -supplied by a Trap-Door, or Bellows, upon<span class="pagenum">[11]</span> -the Hearth-Plate; and much less Wood -served to make a Fire: but the Expence -was found to be so great, especially in old -Chimnies, that they never came into much -use, and are now entirely laid aside: The -upright Heat was likewise all lost in all those -Chimnies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Secondly</span>, the ingenious Dr. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Desaguliers</i> -gives the Construction of two kinds of -Chimnies; one for burning Turf and Peat -upon the Hearth, and the other for Sea-Coal -in a Stove-Grate, made in a particular -Manner.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the Description of the First, he says, -That in Chimnies where Wood is burnt the -Cavities behind the Back and Sides, after -the Manner that the <em>French</em> Author directs, -are very useful; but where you have the -Heat very strong, it will be proper to make -the Cavities as near the Fire as possible; and -tho’ the Course of the Air will be shorter, -yet the great Heat it acquires in that Case -will make Amends for the Shortness of the -Passage.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Shape and Manner of the Chimney -is the same as directed by Mons. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i>, -with this difference, that the Doctor’s has<span class="pagenum">[12]</span> -no Cavity under the Hearth; only a divided -Box made of Plate-Iron, upon which the -Fire is placed, and an horizontal Cavity behind -the Back, faced with Plate-Iron; so -low, that the Fire lies against it: Through -this Preparation comes a Stream of external -Air, in several Turnings and Windings, and -from thence is carried up a Passage within -the Brick-Work in one of the Corners, as -high as the Mantle-Piece; from the Corner -it is brought forward to the under side of the -Mantle-Piece, where it makes several Turnings -in a Tin Canal, from which it is at last -convey’d into the Room.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">He</span> likewise recommends the Trap-Bellows -in this Construction of Stoves.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Construction of the Second Sort -consists of a Grate of a particular Make, -with a Box of Plate-Iron behind the Back, -that has only three Cavities; one End -communicates with the outward Air to -bring it through those Cavities, obliquely, to -the Corner in the Brick-Work; from thence -it is brought forward in the upper part of -the Jamb, quite into the Tin Canal, behind -the Mantle-Piece, as in the last Construction; -but the same Inconvenience attends both -these sort of Chimnies, that the upright<span class="pagenum">[13]</span> -Heat, which is at least three-fourths of -what proceeds from the Fire, is almost -wholly lost; as it is in all the open Fire-Places.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Thirdly</span>, the <em>Dutch</em> and <em>German</em> -Stoves, which are very different.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <em>Dutch</em> Stove has a Flue proceeding -from the Top, which is sometimes bent -downwards, and then goes into the Chimney, -through a false Back, at about four Inches -from the true Back: That Space has a -Communication with the Funnel, and all -the other Parts of the Chimney are wholly -closed up.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> there are others which have the -Flue straight upward, that goes into the -Chimney, and all the Funnel closed up -round the Flue of the Stove. The First -Sort, in my Opinion, is the best; for there -is not so much of the upright Heat lost as -in this, and the Chimney cannot so readily -smoke; because the Space between the false -Back and the true Back obstruct, in some -degree, the Passage of the Air down the -Chimney. Both these sorts have a small -Iron Door into the Room, which in some -degree changes the Air as it flows to that<span class="pagenum">[14]</span> -Opening; part of which goes off with the -Smoke, and its Place is supplied by the -entering Air from Doors, Windows, and -Crevices. But as there is so small a Change -of Air, the Room will soon be warm, the -Chimney being wholly closed up; very little -Air is required to supply the small Door of -the Stove, and that only can enter at the -Door or Windows of the Room: Little -Fuel serves, for almost all the Heat is saved. -This small change of Air makes these Stoves -wholesomer, or at least pleasanter, than the -<em>German</em> Stoves, but there is little sight of -the Fire; and no other Use can be made of -it but to warm the Room: And if any ill -Smell should happen in the Room, it is not -easily carried off, by Reason of the slow -change of Air at the little Iron Door; and -the Room is always somewhat suffocating, -especially to those who are not accustomed -to it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <em>German</em> Stove is not unlike a Chest -for Cloaths set upon one End, and is fixed -into the Wall, with the Top turned outwards, -or into another Room, which open and -shut as there is occasion for making and -mending the Fire: it warms a Room all over -in a very little Time, with little Fuel to -make a Fire; no fresh Air can enter the<span class="pagenum">[15]</span> -Room if the Door be left open, no more -than it would in an open Oven, because -there is not the least Discharge of Air in the -Room. But there is not any Appearance of -Fire to be seen in these Stoves, and they -who used them were obliged to breathe the -same unchanged elemental Air, mixed with -that inspired by all the Company.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fourthly</span>, the Chimney, in the -House of Lords, which was designed by -way of an Improvement upon the Sieur -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i>’s Chimnies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> <em>First</em>, the outward Air, from below -the House, in the Passage, enters under the -Iron Plate, (commonly called the Hearth-Plate) -which is prepared to receive it into a -re-curved Canal, and from thence passes up -the back Plate of Iron, in the like Turnings -and Windings, near to the Top, where it -is divided, and enters into two Tubes of -Copper, one placed on each side of the -Funnel, of a sufficient Length to appear above -the Cornish; there they are joined to -other Conveyances; one of which is carried -round the Throne, and ends over-against the -Fire; and the other Conveyance is continued -to the Window, above the Cornish, -made of Tin, in form of a right-angled<span class="pagenum">[16]</span> -Triangle, and is perforated to let out the -Air. There is likewise a Valve in each of -these Copper Pipes or Tubes, placed at a -considerable distance from the Fire, to open -and shut at pleasure, by a Thumb-Latch, -which being shut, imprisons the Air in its -Passage upwards, until it be hot, and when -opened, discharges this warmed Air near -the Cieling, through those perforated Conveyances.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">According</span> to the Construction of -this Fire-Place, it is next to an Impossibility -to warm that House with the greatest Fire -that can be made in it: For all the upright -Heat is lost, occasioned by the continual -Current of Air coming in at the Doors and -Crevices, which forcibly drives almost all the -Heat up the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Secondly</em>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Streams of cold Air -which enters under the Hearth and Back -Plates, (where a large Stove-Grate stands) -in its various Turnings and Windings, behind -these Plates, and through those Tubes, -is but very little warmed in its Passage above -the Fire in the Conveyances to the Cieling; -and it cannot receive any Heat from the -Hearth-Plate, unless the Fire was made upon -it, as mentioned before; for the bottom<span class="pagenum">[17]</span> -Bars of the Stove-Grate are at so great a -distance from the Iron Hearth-Plate, that -the Fire, with its downward Heat, cannot -reach it; and not above Eight superficial -Feet of the Back-Plate is warmed by the -Fire, and considering the distance from the -hot part, to where the warm Air is discharged -into the House, nothing is clearer, than that -it cannot receive any considerable degree of -Heat, in its Passage through the Copper -Pipes, that convey it to the Cieling; and -where it is suspended, and mixes slowly and -imperceptibly with the colder Air in the -lower part of the House, so that little or no -Warmth can be obtained by this Conveyance.</p> - -<p><em>Thirdly</em>, <span class="smcap">From</span> hence it appears, -that it would have been of much greater -Use to have discharged the hot Air immediately -from the hot Iron Back-Plate into the -Room; its Effects in that Case would have -been sensibly felt, and it would then have -ascended naturally, without the help of -Pipes, and warmed the circumambient Air -as was intended; and likewise would have -supported the Fire, without the Assistance -of any Air from the Doors and Crevices.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fifthly</span>, Stoves, placed at the End<span class="pagenum">[18]</span> -of long Rooms, Coffee-Houses, and Tradesmen’s -Shops, warm the Room in a little -Time; but the Smoke and upright Heat -are both conveyed thro’ one and the same -Tube of Iron, jointed in several Pieces, to -bring them round the Wall and Turnings -of the Chimney, where they are discharged: -but never fail to send out some part of the -Air impregnated with Sulphur, so as to -occasion a disagreeable Smell, and often, -Head-achs and Lowness of Spirits to those -that are not accustomed to these Stoves.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sixthly</span>, The <em>French</em> Stoves are -much the same as the <em>Dutch</em>; and I am -informed, that they have many from <em>Holland</em> -and <em>Germany</em>; but they have another Sort, -which is the Mode at present; it resembles -an old-fashion’d low Chest of Drawers with -a flat Top, and has swelling or rising -Mouldings on all Sides, which represent -the Drawers: It is composed of several -Pieces of burnt Earth, in the manner of -our Earthen Ware, and is placed upon a -Frame of Iron at Bottom, and all the Parts -are luted together to complete the Body: It -is likewise bound about with two Iron Belts -to keep all tight, and has a little Door at one -End like a <em>Dutch</em> Stove, where the Fire is -put into it; it projects into the Room some<span class="pagenum">[19]</span> -distance from the Chimney, and gives Heat -from the four Sides as well as the Top; -There is a Flue proceeds from the back -Part, and an Iron Pipe fixed upon it, to -reach the Chimney; which carries the -Smoke up the Funnel, and the Chimney is -closed up all round the Iron Pipe; it is on -the same Principles as the <em>Dutch</em> Stove, and -is subject to many more Inconveniences, -which are not necessary to be mentioned.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Seventhly</span>, The <em>Pensilvanian</em> Stove-Grate -comes lastly to be considered, which -is a curious Invention indeed, contrived -about Twelve or Fourteen Years ago, and -particularly described by Mr. <em>Franklin</em> of -<em>Philadelphia</em>, in a Treatise intitled, <cite>An -Account of the New-Invented</cite> Pensilvanian -<cite>Fire-Places</cite>, <em>printed at</em> Philadelphia <em>in</em> 1744. -I have lately examined one that was made -in that Country, all of cast Iron, which I -believe to be the only one in <em>England</em>; and -at the same time I saw a perfect Model of -it, which discovered the whole Work at -one View.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> Stove-Grate must infallibly cure -most of the Inconveniences, with which the -other sorts before-mentioned are attended, -if the Smoke Passages can be kept clean.<span class="pagenum">[20]</span> -You have a full Sight of the Fire, nor does -it lose any of the upright Heat, as in common -Fire-Places, and smoky Chimnies will -be often cured by it. This Stove has likewise -the Advantage of a constant Supply of -fresh Air, coming in warm through a Canal, -in the Manner before described by Dr. -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Desaguliers</i>, with this difference, that here -the warm Air comes out on each Side of -the Stove, and is better adapted to warm the -lower Air of the Room, than if it came -out higher in the Chimney.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> this Machine the Smoke first ascends, -and then passing over the Iron Plates that -compose the warm Air Box, descends to -the Bottom, where it passes under a false -Back, about three or four Inches from the -true Back of the Chimney; then ascends a -second time up the Funnel of the Chimney, -and passes out at the Top. The Chimney -is closed up on all Sides, between the false -Back and Breast of the Chimney, except -only in one Place, where is an Opening, -with an Iron Door, large enough for a -Chimney-Sweeper to creep through, to -sweep the Funnel; but at all other times -this Door is kept shut. There is also a -Register fixed in the Smoke-Passage, to give -more or less Vent, as shall be required.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[21]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> whole is a compleat Piece of -Machinery, and was first intended for burning -of Wood, which is the common Fuel -of that Country; but, for that Reason, is -not so well adapted to burn Sea-Coal, whose -bituminous Quality would soon close up the -narrow Smoke-Passage, and would often -require cleaning, and become very troublesome, -it being difficult to come at the -Smoke-Passage; for if there be a Trap-Door -made upon the Hearth, you cannot -clean the Smoke-Passage any farther than -to the Register, and there is no coming at -the upper part without lifting up the Top -of the Machine, which is always luted -down, and fastened with Screw Nuts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Defects and Inconveniences that -I have occasionally pointed out, in the -Chimneys and Stoves already described, put -me upon contriving a new Machine-Grate, -which, upon Trial, answers all the Ends -that I proposed by it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is built, indeed, and constructed upon -almost the same Principles with the <em>Pensilvanian</em> -Stove, but with greater Advantages; -for instead of the narrow Passage for the Smoke -in the <em>Pensilvanian</em> Stove, there is a Chamber -made in the Brick-Work which effectually<span class="pagenum">[22]</span> -warms the Air-Box, and is all covered over -like an Oven, except a narrow Passage made of -Plate-Iron, with a Register in it, which has -a Handle into the Room, and may be -turned upon its Axis to such a Degree of -Vent, as either to support or diminish, or -even to extinguish the Fire. The Register -is so contrived, that it will probably want no -cleaning in two or three Years; but if it -should, by lifting up the Chimney-Sweeper’s -Door, it is done in one Minute; and is -equally adapted to burn Coals or Wood, -with more Safety and Ease than in a common -Fire-Place. The Chamber behind the -Stove is cleaned when the Chimney is swept, -by taking out a Piece of concealed Iron, -rabited into the Brick-Work at the Side of -the Stove, and always whiten’d over with -the Brick Back. The Chamber behind is -of greater Use than warming the Air Box; -for being almost all closed up, it is not only -Proof against the Influence of the Houses -and Chimnies about it that stand higher, -but even against Eddy, or Whirl-winds, if -they should come down the Chimney; the -Force whereof is broke by the Top of the -Chamber; and what comes through the -small Opening where the Register is placed, -is immediately expanded and loses its Force.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> whole of my Machine is less complex,<span class="pagenum">[23]</span> -and of more easy Construction than -any others I have mentioned, and which is -all I have ever seen or heard of; but has -Advantages besides that, which no former -Invention can pretend to.</p> - -<p><em>First</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> warms the Room equally all -over, and the Fire appears the same as in a -common Stove-Grate; yet any Place in the -Room will be as warm as that by the Side -of the Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> this there is occular Demonstration, -because Thermometers placed in the remotest -Parts of the Room will not differ above one -Degree, (a Difference which every body -knows has scarce any Effect) from one -placed by the Side of the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Secondly</em>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Chimney is so intirely -closed up, that if you sit near the Fire-Place, -there is not the least cold Air from the -Door, Window, or any Crevice, that can -offend you, as in common Fire-Places; -where, at the same time that you are burnt -before, you are ready to freeze behind: but, -on the contrary, the warm Air here goes out -at the Door when opened, and will make -you sensible of its Approach at Four or Five -Feet distance before you enter the Door.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[24]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Doors, indeed, ought to be kept -shut; because otherwise the warm Air will -be wasted, as with common Fires; but there -is no manner of Occasion for Skreens of any -sort, because the Fire cannot hurt the Face; -neither can the cold Air offend the Back, -as in common Rooms, where there is a -common Stove-Grate, and a large Draught -up the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Thirdly</em>, <span class="smcap">To</span> be soon and agreeably -warmed, is not the only Advantage we have -from this Invention; but we are better -warmed, at less than one Third of the usual -Expence, at a moderate Computation. When -the Mercury in my Thermometer, that was -placed without Doors, stood the last Winter -at Four Degrees below the Freezing Point, -a Peck of Coals (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">i. e.</i> the 144th Part of a -Chaldron,) was sufficient to warm the Room -for the whole Day, from Eight in the Morning -to Eleven at Night. During all that -Time the Mercury within the Room stood -from 60 to 64 Degrees; much the same -Degree of Heat with that of the 25th Day -of last <em>June</em>, 1752, at Two o’Clock in -the Afternoon; and, when that Observation -was made, the Weather was as warm as -usual at that Time of the Year.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[25]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span> before I set up this Stove, which is -one of the smallest, there was seldom spent, -in the Room, less than a Bushel of Coals, -and sometimes more, in one Day, according -to the Degree of Cold; and then we were -obliged to have a Skreen to keep off the -cold Air from the Backs of those who sat -near the Fire; and only that Part of the -Room was warm which was nearest the -Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Air that enters the Room, through -the Iron Canal of the Air-Box, is both -fresh and warm; and computing the Swiftness -of its Motion with the Area of its -Passage, it will appear, that Ten Barrels, or -near 60 Cubic Feet of Air is hourly introduced -from the external Air, if the Door of -the Room be shut.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> warm Air comes into the Room -with such Rapidity from the hot Iron Canal, -that it turns several Paper Wheels with great -Velocity, which are placed near the Opening -that lets it into the Room. But as soon -as the Door of the Room is opened, all the -Wheels stand still; which proves what has -been said before, That much warm Air is -wasted in opening the Door; because the -warm, or rarified Air, rushes through the<span class="pagenum">[26]</span> -cold Air with great Force: And the cold -Air that comes in at the Door, being an -over-balance to the Air entering from the -hot Iron Canal of the Stove, entirely stops -it from coming into the Room while the -Door is open.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> like manner, if the Door of the -Room be shut, and the Register that is -fixed in the Smoke-Passage be turned so -near as almost to shut it up, which may be -done when the Coals upon the Fire are burnt -to a Coke, then the whole Heat of the Fire -will be forced into the Room, the warm -Air will be stopt from coming through the -hot Canal, and the Paper Wheels will stand -still, as they did when the Door of the -Room was open.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> may seem a little unaccountable, -but, when considered, it is plain, that the -warm Air from the hot Canal cannot come -into the Room, which is already full of Air, -and in a perfect State of Rest, because there -is no Passage for it to go out at; the Register -having closed up the Funnel, and the Doors -and Windows of the Room being shut.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Room, in this Case, will soon become -suffocating, in the manner of a <em>German</em><span class="pagenum">[27]</span> -Stove Room, and does exactly point out the -Difference between that Stove and mine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, on the contrary, when the -Doors of the Room are shut, and the Register -gives a proper Vent to the Fire, the -warm Air, in this Case, is at Liberty to act -as before, by warming the circumambient -Air in its Passage from the Mantle-Piece to -the Cieling, where it mixes slowly and imperceptibly -with the grosser Air of the -Room, which, in its turn, flows towards -the Stove and Fire; part whereof feeds the -Fire, and passes off with the Smoke; and -the other part, after being rarified by the -Heat of the Stove and Fire, ascends by the -Mantle-piece to the Cieling, as it did before; -repeating the like Circulation as long as there -is any Heat in the Stove. By which it appears, -that the warm Air that comes from -the hot Iron Canal of the heated Air-Box, -is sufficient to support the Fire, and carry -off the Smoke, without the Assistance of -any Air from the Crevices of the Doors -and Windows of the Room.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">By</span> this Means, the Air in the Room -is continually changed, and an Advantage -gained that could never be obtained by any -former Contrivance of the Kind; that at all<span class="pagenum">[28]</span> -Times the Air in the Room is as wholesome -as the external Air; and, in some Respects, -more so: For it is apparent, that the Air -issuing into the Room through a hot Canal -of Iron, can never acquire any noxious -Quality; and, on the contrary, in damp -Weather, when the Air is replete with -Moisture, and noxious Particles, it will be -purified in its Passage, and the Moisture and -Vapours will be condensed, fall, and stick -upon the Sides of the hot Canal.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Upon</span> this, as well as other Accounts, -this Stove will be extremely useful in Hospitals, -and the Rooms of sick Persons, with -great Advantage to the Patients: But this I -submit to those who are better qualified to -judge of such Matters.</p> - -<p><em>Fourthly</em>, <span class="smcap">In</span> Common Stoves and Chimnies, -the upright Heat (which has been -computed to be Three Fourths of the whole) -is intirely lost, as to the Purpose of warming -the Room, or those that are in it. On -the contrary, in this Stove-Grate, a very -inconsiderable part of the Heat ascends with -the Smoke, and all the rest is diffused gradually, -and equally, over the whole Room.</p> - -<p><em>Fifthly</em>, <span class="smcap">This</span> Fire-Place, thus prepared,<span class="pagenum">[29]</span> -prevents Smoke so effectually, and so certainly, -in all Degrees and Variations of -Wind and Weather, that the Inventor is -willing to give his Machine, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gratis</i>, if ever -the least Smoke is perceived in any Room -where it is erected; unless it may happen at -the first lighting of the Fire, before the Air -in the Funnel is put in Motion; but I have -never yet seen that happen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">There</span> is no Occasion for Chimney-Boards -in Summer, for by turning the Register, -the Air is shut out; so that both in -Summer and Winter, the Furniture and -Gilding, is preserved from Smoke and -damp Air; which are the chief Causes of -the one and the other’s being spoiled.</p> - -<p><em>Sixthly</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> will be obvious to every -Person, who examines the Construction of -this Machine, that the Chimney will not -require sweeping in less than two or three -Years; and that it is morally impossible the -Chimney can ever take Fire.</p> - -<p><em>Seventhly</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> has been already observed, -that no part of the current of Air, that passes -continually through the Fire, is supplied -from the Doors, Windows, or Crevices of -the Room: For the same Reason, the -Candles, in all sorts of Weather, will burn -clear; the Light will be pleasant, equal, -and steady; and there will be a considerable -Saving in that Article.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[30]</span></p> - -<p><em>Eighthly</em>, <span class="smcap">When</span> the Room is thoroughly -warmed in the Day-time, it will cool but -a few Degrees during the Night; and by -shutting up the Fire-Place over Night, and -excluding the external Air, the Fire will be -found in the Morning without any sensible -Diminution, ready to blaze out, by the Addition -of a Stick of Wood, or a few Coals; -which every body knows is an Advantage, -that never could be obtained in common -Chimnies, with a Coal Fire, without a great -Expence, and much Danger.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">These</span>, and many other Advantages, that -would be tedious to enumerate at present, -will be found to result from this useful Invention. -Several of the Stove-Grates are -already set up; and Orders given for the -erecting others in many Houses in <em>London</em> -and the Country.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Some</span> are of Cast Iron, in its plain, natural -Colour; and others have a Case, richly -ornamented, that is put on, and taken off, at -Pleasure. The Inventor hopes he shall be -permitted to publish the Names and Places -of Abode, of those Noblemen and Gentlemen, -who have encouraged this undertaking.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">By</span> this Method it will be in the Power -of those who incline to become Purchasers, -to inform themselves of the Truth of every -Particular, by Persons of undoubted Credit<span class="pagenum">[31]</span> -and Veracity; and to know, with Certainty, -what they are to expect, without laying out -their Money, upon what they might suppose, -an unexperimented Project; the Success -whereof might otherwise be uncertain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are Three Sizes of these Stove-Grates, -adapted to the Dimensions of the -Rooms where they are set up. They are -all made of Cast Iron, which will endure -longer, and come much cheaper, than if -they were made of wrought Iron.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stove sizes"> -<tr> - <td class="tableft" colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><em>Ft.</em></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><span style="padding-left:0.25em;padding-right:0.25em"><em>In.</em></span></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><em>Pts.</em></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em; max-width:7em">The smallest Size, Price 7<em>l.</em> 7<em>s.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">3</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">0</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">1</td> - <td class="tabcenter">3</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em">Middle Size, Pr. 10<em>l.</em> 10<em>l.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">4</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">6</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">9</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">1</td> - <td class="tabcenter">7</td><td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">8</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">8</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em; max-width:7em">Largest Size, Pr. 13<em>l.</em> 13<em>l.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">10</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">0</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">4</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">4</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter">3</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">10</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2 bbottom" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter bbottom">1</td><td class="tabcenter bbottom">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter bbottom">0</td><td class="bbottom"></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<p><span class="smcap">I find</span>, by my own Experience, that the -smallest Size of these Stoves, will warm a -Room of Twelve or Fourteen Foot Square,<span class="pagenum">[32]</span> -or the largest Dressing Closet. The Middle-sized -Grate will warm a Room of 20 Feet -+ 26, and 12 or 14 Feet high. The largest -Size will warm a Room of 50 Feet by 25, -and about 20 or 22 Feet high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">As</span> I have not advanced any thing, but -what I have proved from my own Experience, -I shall omit what might be said from the -Testimony of others, to Time, and the real -Merit of the Machine; which, in all Respects, -will answer for itself. For the Beginning of -this Attempt was founded upon Theory and -Mechanick Principles, supported by Observation -and Experience of what had happened -before.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span> had not the same Observation and -Experience, likewise confirmed the Use of -this, and all the Advantages mentioned, I -should not have offered it to the Publick.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>Jermyn-Street, March 22, 1753.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center largefont" style="letter-spacing:0.2em"><em>ADVERTISEMENT.</em></p> - -<p class="dropcap">The Inventor of this Stove-Grate has contrived a Stove -for a Laundry, which answers all the Ends desirable, -without any other Fire, and at one Third part of the usual -Expence that keeps a Fire in the common Way. It is -moveable to any part of the Room; and stands on a boarded -Floor with the greatest Safety. It likewise may be placed in -a Room where there is no Chimney, and will serve for Airing -large Rooms, far preferable to the common Braziers; it -warms a Room sooner, with greater Safety, and much less -Expence: For Half a Bushel of Coals will go farther than a -Bushel of Charcoal in the common Way.</p> - -<p class="center" style="letter-spacing:0.2em"><em>FINIS.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">Transcriber’s Notes:</h2> - -<p>Punctuation has been made consistent.</p> - -<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors -have been corrected.</p></div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Description of a New-Invented -Stove-Grate, by J. 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