diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/64077-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64077-0.txt | 1072 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1072 deletions
diff --git a/old/64077-0.txt b/old/64077-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 35ea093..0000000 --- a/old/64077-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1072 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate, by J. Durno - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate - -Author: J. Durno - -Release Date: December 18, 2020 [EBook #64077] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION--NEW-INVENTED STOVE-GRATE *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. - - * * * * * - - A - DESCRIPTION - Of a NEW-INVENTED - _Stove-Grate_, - - SHEWING ITS - USES _and_ ADVANTAGES - OVER ALL OTHERS; - Both in Point of EXPENCE, and every - Purpose of a CHAMBERFIRE. - - _LONDON_: - Printed by J. TOWERS in _Piccadilly_; - - And published by the Inventor, J. DURNO, - and sold by him at his House in _Jermyn-Street_; - R. DAVIS, the Corner of _Sackville-Street, - Piccadilly_; and M. COOPER in - _Paternoster-Row_. 1753. - - [Price Six-pence.] - - * * * * * - -[Illustration] - - - - -A DESCRIPTION Of a New-Invented STOVE-GRATE. - - -The State of the Weather in this Island is so extremely variable and -uncertain, that the Inhabitants are obliged to keep Fires to sit by -near Eight Months in the Year. - -AND ever since the Duty laid upon Coals, the Article of Fire has been -so very expensive in many Parts of the Kingdom, particularly in this -Metropolis, that it is to be hoped, any Attempt to make our Rooms more -warm and comfortable, and that at a much less Expence than usual; -always free from Smoke, and equally chearful as with the common Fires; -will meet with the Favour of the Publick. - -THESE are some of the Advantages proposed by a new-invented -STOVE-GRATE, the Description and Uses whereof are contained in the -following Sheets. - -AND surely, if ever any Invention, discovered by a Mechanick, -deserved the Attention of the Publick, this may justly lay claim to -it; since not only every Family, but every Individual, is in some -degree interested in it; and more especially as it is not offered as -uncertain Theory, but its Uses and Advantages, over all others, have -been confirmed by Trial and Experience: For one of the smallest Size -of these STOVE-GRATES has been set up, ever since the beginning of -last Winter, in a common Room at the Inventor’s House, where several -curious and ingenious Persons have been to see and observe the Effects -of it; and it has appeared to the Satisfaction of the best Judges, that -this same Room, built of common Quartering, and covered with Laths and -Plaister, - - Feet. Inches. - Long 26 : 6 : 0 - Broad 13 : 0 : 0 - High 10 : 6 : 0 - -with a Pair of large folding Doors at one End, and a Door opening to -the Stair Case at the other End, in which four or five Pecks of Coals -had usually been consumed every Day in a common Grate and Chimney, -has been kept warm, ever since the New Stove was erected, with no -greater Quantity than one Peck of Coals a Day; and with this singular -Advantage, that the Warmth is diffused, more regularly and uniformly, -over the whole Room, than it was before. - -THOSE who will take the Trouble of calling, will be able to form a more -distinct Idea of the Construction and Use of this Machine, than can -be conveyed by Writing: But as many People have neither the Curiosity -or Opportunity for occular Inspection, I shall give a particular -Description of it, as well as of all the other Machines, that have been -contrived for the like Purposes; and it will appear, by a fair and -impartial Comparison, that this is attended with greater Advantages, -and fewer Inconveniences, than any that has ever yet been offered to -the Publick. - -BUT, for the better understanding of what follows, it will be necessary -to explain some of the Properties of Air and Fire. - -THE chief Properties of Air, are Fluidity, Gravity, and Elasticity. - -_First_, THE Air is a Fluid, consisting of Parts which have not any -sensible Attraction or Cohesion betwixt themselves; but of such a Shape -or Form, as to glide one over another, and yield to the slightest -Impression: Of this we need no other Proof, than the Ease and Freedom -with which Animals breathe this Element, and pass through it, without -any sensible Resistance. - -_Secondly_, THAT the Air does gravitate, or act upon inferior Bodies -by its Weight, is demonstrable by a great many Experiments, and -particularly the Barometer, which by the rising and falling of the -Mercury, shews the greater or lesser Weight of the Column of Air -incumbent upon it. - -_Thirdly_, NOR is the Elasticity of the Air less demonstrable than -either its Fluidity or Gravity. - -AIR is an elastick Body, for if it be confined or compressed within a -less Space than its natural State requires, it will, the Moment the -Restraint is removed, dilate and expand itself so as to fill the same -Space as before; and that too with such Force, as to break in Pieces -the Glass or Earthen Vessel that contained it; as may be seen by the -common Experiment of a Bottle full of common Air, strongly cork’d, -and put under the Receiver on the Air-Pump, when the Air surrounding -the Bottle is pump’d out. But what is particularly remarkable with -reference to the Subject we are treating of, is, That Air is rarified -by Heat, and condensed by Cold; First, Air rarified and expanded by -Heat, becomes specifically lighter than it was before, and will ascend -in Air of greater Density: As Matter specifically lighter than Water, -Cork for Instance, if placed at the bottom of an empty Vessel, will, if -Water be poured into the Vessel, ascend above the Surface of the Water; -so rarified Air will rise in common Air till it comes to Air of equal -Weight, or is by Cold reduced to its former Density. - -FOR the same Reason, if a Fire be kindled in an open Place, the Heat -thereof will rarify the next circumambient Air; and that which is more -remote being heavier, will press every where, and in all Directions, -upon the Air that is rarified, and drive it to the Fire; the Flame and -Sparks whereof will, together with the rarified Air, ascend in a conic -Form, like the Flame of a Candle, in a trembling Motion, as it is more -or less acted upon by the Pressure of the cold Air: And the Reason why -the Flame is more contracted at the Top than Bottom, is, that the Heat -at Top being less intense, the next adjacent Air is less rarified, and -the gross Air confines it more. - -THEREFORE, when a Fire is lighted in a Chimney, the Heat rarifies the -Air over and next the Fire, and makes it rise in the Funnel, and the -common Air in the Room immediately supplies its Place, is rarified in -its turn, and rises also. - -THIS Motion being thus generated, is continued by small Inlets of Air, -through the Doors and Windows of the Room; and the larger the Fire, the -greater will be the current of Air through their Crevices. If the Doors -and Windows are so well fitted in their Frames, that all the Inlets -together cannot supply so much Air as is wanted to carry off the Smoke, -it will then hang about the Fire, gradually diminish, and at length -totally extinguish it. - -VARIOUS are the Improvements that have been made in the Construction -of Chimneys, to increase the Degree of Heat, to prevent Smoke, and to -save in the Article of Fuel. - -AND notwithstanding the many Attempts to remedy the Defects in one -or other of these Respects, the same have hitherto come short of the -End proposed. Take the Article of Smoke for Instance: No Builder of -Character will pretend to insure all the Rooms in a new-built House -from smoking, appears from this, that they generally at first finish -the Chimney Tops with what they call Roundings, and if, upon Trial, -those do not answer, they either Hovel, or fix Earthen Pots, like -a hollow Cylinder, or plant Tin Tubes on the Tops, not much unlike -Organ-Pipes inverted; all which Methods, not only spoil the Symmetry of -the Building, but what is still worse, they often leave the Chimnies as -Smoky as they were at first, after a considerable Sum has been spent on -a Cure. - -IN order to remedy all, or some of the Inconveniences already -mentioned, a great Variety of Chimnies, Stove-Grates, and Close-Stoves -have been invented. I shall describe some of the principal ones that -have fallen under my Observation; and shall endeavour, as I go along, -to point out their Advantages and Defects. - -FIRST, Mons. _Gauger_ has described seven sorts of Chimnies, which, -however, all agree in general as to the Construction and Disposition of -the principal Parts. - -HIS Manner of Performance is by Plates of Iron, Copper, and Brass, -placed in the Chimney, after its being prepared to receive them, at -four Inches from the Back, Jambs, and Hearth, with a Communication to -the external Air; which first entered under the Hearth-Plate, and made -several Turnings and Windings, through Partitions between the inside -of the Chimney, and those Plates representing, as it were, a re-curved -Canal; one End whereof joins the outward Air, and the other comes out -of the Top of one of the Jambs of the Chimney. The Use and Intent of -these Chimnies is only for burning of Wood, the Heat whereof is more -diffused than that of Turf or Peat. - -THE Invention was extremely ingenious, the Room was warmed, in all its -Parts, with great Equality; cold Air was prevented rushing through -Crevices; the Funnel was supplied by a Trap-Door, or Bellows, upon the -Hearth-Plate; and much less Wood served to make a Fire: but the Expence -was found to be so great, especially in old Chimnies, that they never -came into much use, and are now entirely laid aside: The upright Heat -was likewise all lost in all those Chimnies. - -SECONDLY, the ingenious Dr. _Desaguliers_ gives the Construction of two -kinds of Chimnies; one for burning Turf and Peat upon the Hearth, and -the other for Sea-Coal in a Stove-Grate, made in a particular Manner. - -IN the Description of the First, he says, That in Chimnies where Wood -is burnt the Cavities behind the Back and Sides, after the Manner -that the _French_ Author directs, are very useful; but where you have -the Heat very strong, it will be proper to make the Cavities as near -the Fire as possible; and tho’ the Course of the Air will be shorter, -yet the great Heat it acquires in that Case will make Amends for the -Shortness of the Passage. - -THE Shape and Manner of the Chimney is the same as directed by Mons. -_Gauger_, with this difference, that the Doctor’s has no Cavity -under the Hearth; only a divided Box made of Plate-Iron, upon which -the Fire is placed, and an horizontal Cavity behind the Back, faced -with Plate-Iron; so low, that the Fire lies against it: Through this -Preparation comes a Stream of external Air, in several Turnings and -Windings, and from thence is carried up a Passage within the Brick-Work -in one of the Corners, as high as the Mantle-Piece; from the Corner -it is brought forward to the under side of the Mantle-Piece, where -it makes several Turnings in a Tin Canal, from which it is at last -convey’d into the Room. - -HE likewise recommends the Trap-Bellows in this Construction of Stoves. - -THE Construction of the Second Sort consists of a Grate of a particular -Make, with a Box of Plate-Iron behind the Back, that has only three -Cavities; one End communicates with the outward Air to bring it through -those Cavities, obliquely, to the Corner in the Brick-Work; from thence -it is brought forward in the upper part of the Jamb, quite into the -Tin Canal, behind the Mantle-Piece, as in the last Construction; but -the same Inconvenience attends both these sort of Chimnies, that the -upright Heat, which is at least three-fourths of what proceeds from -the Fire, is almost wholly lost; as it is in all the open Fire-Places. - -THIRDLY, the _Dutch_ and _German_ Stoves, which are very different. - -THE _Dutch_ Stove has a Flue proceeding from the Top, which is -sometimes bent downwards, and then goes into the Chimney, through a -false Back, at about four Inches from the true Back: That Space has a -Communication with the Funnel, and all the other Parts of the Chimney -are wholly closed up. - -AND there are others which have the Flue straight upward, that goes -into the Chimney, and all the Funnel closed up round the Flue of the -Stove. The First Sort, in my Opinion, is the best; for there is not so -much of the upright Heat lost as in this, and the Chimney cannot so -readily smoke; because the Space between the false Back and the true -Back obstruct, in some degree, the Passage of the Air down the Chimney. -Both these sorts have a small Iron Door into the Room, which in some -degree changes the Air as it flows to that Opening; part of which goes -off with the Smoke, and its Place is supplied by the entering Air from -Doors, Windows, and Crevices. But as there is so small a Change of Air, -the Room will soon be warm, the Chimney being wholly closed up; very -little Air is required to supply the small Door of the Stove, and that -only can enter at the Door or Windows of the Room: Little Fuel serves, -for almost all the Heat is saved. This small change of Air makes these -Stoves wholesomer, or at least pleasanter, than the _German_ Stoves, -but there is little sight of the Fire; and no other Use can be made -of it but to warm the Room: And if any ill Smell should happen in the -Room, it is not easily carried off, by Reason of the slow change of Air -at the little Iron Door; and the Room is always somewhat suffocating, -especially to those who are not accustomed to it. - -THE _German_ Stove is not unlike a Chest for Cloaths set upon one End, -and is fixed into the Wall, with the Top turned outwards, or into -another Room, which open and shut as there is occasion for making and -mending the Fire: it warms a Room all over in a very little Time, with -little Fuel to make a Fire; no fresh Air can enter the Room if the -Door be left open, no more than it would in an open Oven, because there -is not the least Discharge of Air in the Room. But there is not any -Appearance of Fire to be seen in these Stoves, and they who used them -were obliged to breathe the same unchanged elemental Air, mixed with -that inspired by all the Company. - -FOURTHLY, the Chimney, in the House of Lords, which was designed by way -of an Improvement upon the Sieur _Gauger_’s Chimnies. - -FOR _First_, the outward Air, from below the House, in the Passage, -enters under the Iron Plate, (commonly called the Hearth-Plate) which -is prepared to receive it into a re-curved Canal, and from thence -passes up the back Plate of Iron, in the like Turnings and Windings, -near to the Top, where it is divided, and enters into two Tubes -of Copper, one placed on each side of the Funnel, of a sufficient -Length to appear above the Cornish; there they are joined to other -Conveyances; one of which is carried round the Throne, and ends -over-against the Fire; and the other Conveyance is continued to the -Window, above the Cornish, made of Tin, in form of a right-angled -Triangle, and is perforated to let out the Air. There is likewise a -Valve in each of these Copper Pipes or Tubes, placed at a considerable -distance from the Fire, to open and shut at pleasure, by a Thumb-Latch, -which being shut, imprisons the Air in its Passage upwards, until it -be hot, and when opened, discharges this warmed Air near the Cieling, -through those perforated Conveyances. - -ACCORDING to the Construction of this Fire-Place, it is next to an -Impossibility to warm that House with the greatest Fire that can -be made in it: For all the upright Heat is lost, occasioned by the -continual Current of Air coming in at the Doors and Crevices, which -forcibly drives almost all the Heat up the Chimney. - -_Secondly_, THE Streams of cold Air which enters under the Hearth and -Back Plates, (where a large Stove-Grate stands) in its various Turnings -and Windings, behind these Plates, and through those Tubes, is but very -little warmed in its Passage above the Fire in the Conveyances to the -Cieling; and it cannot receive any Heat from the Hearth-Plate, unless -the Fire was made upon it, as mentioned before; for the bottom Bars of -the Stove-Grate are at so great a distance from the Iron Hearth-Plate, -that the Fire, with its downward Heat, cannot reach it; and not above -Eight superficial Feet of the Back-Plate is warmed by the Fire, and -considering the distance from the hot part, to where the warm Air is -discharged into the House, nothing is clearer, than that it cannot -receive any considerable degree of Heat, in its Passage through the -Copper Pipes, that convey it to the Cieling; and where it is suspended, -and mixes slowly and imperceptibly with the colder Air in the lower -part of the House, so that little or no Warmth can be obtained by this -Conveyance. - -_Thirdly_, FROM hence it appears, that it would have been of much -greater Use to have discharged the hot Air immediately from the hot -Iron Back-Plate into the Room; its Effects in that Case would have been -sensibly felt, and it would then have ascended naturally, without the -help of Pipes, and warmed the circumambient Air as was intended; and -likewise would have supported the Fire, without the Assistance of any -Air from the Doors and Crevices. - -FIFTHLY, Stoves, placed at the End of long Rooms, Coffee-Houses, and -Tradesmen’s Shops, warm the Room in a little Time; but the Smoke and -upright Heat are both conveyed thro’ one and the same Tube of Iron, -jointed in several Pieces, to bring them round the Wall and Turnings -of the Chimney, where they are discharged: but never fail to send out -some part of the Air impregnated with Sulphur, so as to occasion a -disagreeable Smell, and often, Head-achs and Lowness of Spirits to -those that are not accustomed to these Stoves. - -SIXTHLY, The _French_ Stoves are much the same as the _Dutch_; and I -am informed, that they have many from _Holland_ and _Germany_; but -they have another Sort, which is the Mode at present; it resembles an -old-fashion’d low Chest of Drawers with a flat Top, and has swelling -or rising Mouldings on all Sides, which represent the Drawers: It is -composed of several Pieces of burnt Earth, in the manner of our Earthen -Ware, and is placed upon a Frame of Iron at Bottom, and all the Parts -are luted together to complete the Body: It is likewise bound about -with two Iron Belts to keep all tight, and has a little Door at one End -like a _Dutch_ Stove, where the Fire is put into it; it projects into -the Room some distance from the Chimney, and gives Heat from the four -Sides as well as the Top; There is a Flue proceeds from the back Part, -and an Iron Pipe fixed upon it, to reach the Chimney; which carries the -Smoke up the Funnel, and the Chimney is closed up all round the Iron -Pipe; it is on the same Principles as the _Dutch_ Stove, and is subject -to many more Inconveniences, which are not necessary to be mentioned. - -SEVENTHLY, The _Pensilvanian_ Stove-Grate comes lastly to be -considered, which is a curious Invention indeed, contrived about -Twelve or Fourteen Years ago, and particularly described by Mr. -_Franklin_ of _Philadelphia_, in a Treatise intitled, _An Account of -the New-Invented_ Pensilvanian _Fire-Places_, _printed at_ Philadelphia -_in_ 1744. I have lately examined one that was made in that Country, -all of cast Iron, which I believe to be the only one in _England_; and -at the same time I saw a perfect Model of it, which discovered the -whole Work at one View. - -THIS Stove-Grate must infallibly cure most of the Inconveniences, with -which the other sorts before-mentioned are attended, if the Smoke -Passages can be kept clean. You have a full Sight of the Fire, nor -does it lose any of the upright Heat, as in common Fire-Places, and -smoky Chimnies will be often cured by it. This Stove has likewise the -Advantage of a constant Supply of fresh Air, coming in warm through a -Canal, in the Manner before described by Dr. _Desaguliers_, with this -difference, that here the warm Air comes out on each Side of the Stove, -and is better adapted to warm the lower Air of the Room, than if it -came out higher in the Chimney. - -IN this Machine the Smoke first ascends, and then passing over the Iron -Plates that compose the warm Air Box, descends to the Bottom, where it -passes under a false Back, about three or four Inches from the true -Back of the Chimney; then ascends a second time up the Funnel of the -Chimney, and passes out at the Top. The Chimney is closed up on all -Sides, between the false Back and Breast of the Chimney, except only in -one Place, where is an Opening, with an Iron Door, large enough for a -Chimney-Sweeper to creep through, to sweep the Funnel; but at all other -times this Door is kept shut. There is also a Register fixed in the -Smoke-Passage, to give more or less Vent, as shall be required. - -THE whole is a compleat Piece of Machinery, and was first intended for -burning of Wood, which is the common Fuel of that Country; but, for -that Reason, is not so well adapted to burn Sea-Coal, whose bituminous -Quality would soon close up the narrow Smoke-Passage, and would often -require cleaning, and become very troublesome, it being difficult to -come at the Smoke-Passage; for if there be a Trap-Door made upon the -Hearth, you cannot clean the Smoke-Passage any farther than to the -Register, and there is no coming at the upper part without lifting up -the Top of the Machine, which is always luted down, and fastened with -Screw Nuts. - -THE Defects and Inconveniences that I have occasionally pointed out, in -the Chimneys and Stoves already described, put me upon contriving a new -Machine-Grate, which, upon Trial, answers all the Ends that I proposed -by it. - -IT is built, indeed, and constructed upon almost the same Principles -with the _Pensilvanian_ Stove, but with greater Advantages; for instead -of the narrow Passage for the Smoke in the _Pensilvanian_ Stove, there -is a Chamber made in the Brick-Work which effectually warms the -Air-Box, and is all covered over like an Oven, except a narrow Passage -made of Plate-Iron, with a Register in it, which has a Handle into -the Room, and may be turned upon its Axis to such a Degree of Vent, -as either to support or diminish, or even to extinguish the Fire. The -Register is so contrived, that it will probably want no cleaning in two -or three Years; but if it should, by lifting up the Chimney-Sweeper’s -Door, it is done in one Minute; and is equally adapted to burn Coals -or Wood, with more Safety and Ease than in a common Fire-Place. The -Chamber behind the Stove is cleaned when the Chimney is swept, by -taking out a Piece of concealed Iron, rabited into the Brick-Work at -the Side of the Stove, and always whiten’d over with the Brick Back. -The Chamber behind is of greater Use than warming the Air Box; for -being almost all closed up, it is not only Proof against the Influence -of the Houses and Chimnies about it that stand higher, but even against -Eddy, or Whirl-winds, if they should come down the Chimney; the Force -whereof is broke by the Top of the Chamber; and what comes through the -small Opening where the Register is placed, is immediately expanded and -loses its Force. - -THE whole of my Machine is less complex, and of more easy Construction -than any others I have mentioned, and which is all I have ever seen or -heard of; but has Advantages besides that, which no former Invention -can pretend to. - -_First_, IT warms the Room equally all over, and the Fire appears the -same as in a common Stove-Grate; yet any Place in the Room will be as -warm as that by the Side of the Fire. - -FOR this there is occular Demonstration, because Thermometers placed -in the remotest Parts of the Room will not differ above one Degree, -(a Difference which every body knows has scarce any Effect) from one -placed by the Side of the Chimney. - -_Secondly_, THE Chimney is so intirely closed up, that if you sit near -the Fire-Place, there is not the least cold Air from the Door, Window, -or any Crevice, that can offend you, as in common Fire-Places; where, -at the same time that you are burnt before, you are ready to freeze -behind: but, on the contrary, the warm Air here goes out at the Door -when opened, and will make you sensible of its Approach at Four or Five -Feet distance before you enter the Door. - -THE Doors, indeed, ought to be kept shut; because otherwise the warm -Air will be wasted, as with common Fires; but there is no manner of -Occasion for Skreens of any sort, because the Fire cannot hurt the -Face; neither can the cold Air offend the Back, as in common Rooms, -where there is a common Stove-Grate, and a large Draught up the Chimney. - -_Thirdly_, TO be soon and agreeably warmed, is not the only Advantage -we have from this Invention; but we are better warmed, at less than one -Third of the usual Expence, at a moderate Computation. When the Mercury -in my Thermometer, that was placed without Doors, stood the last Winter -at Four Degrees below the Freezing Point, a Peck of Coals (_i. e._ the -144th Part of a Chaldron,) was sufficient to warm the Room for the -whole Day, from Eight in the Morning to Eleven at Night. During all -that Time the Mercury within the Room stood from 60 to 64 Degrees; much -the same Degree of Heat with that of the 25th Day of last _June_, 1752, -at Two o’Clock in the Afternoon; and, when that Observation was made, -the Weather was as warm as usual at that Time of the Year. - -BUT before I set up this Stove, which is one of the smallest, there was -seldom spent, in the Room, less than a Bushel of Coals, and sometimes -more, in one Day, according to the Degree of Cold; and then we were -obliged to have a Skreen to keep off the cold Air from the Backs of -those who sat near the Fire; and only that Part of the Room was warm -which was nearest the Fire. - -THE Air that enters the Room, through the Iron Canal of the Air-Box, is -both fresh and warm; and computing the Swiftness of its Motion with the -Area of its Passage, it will appear, that Ten Barrels, or near 60 Cubic -Feet of Air is hourly introduced from the external Air, if the Door of -the Room be shut. - -THIS warm Air comes into the Room with such Rapidity from the hot Iron -Canal, that it turns several Paper Wheels with great Velocity, which -are placed near the Opening that lets it into the Room. But as soon -as the Door of the Room is opened, all the Wheels stand still; which -proves what has been said before, That much warm Air is wasted in -opening the Door; because the warm, or rarified Air, rushes through -the cold Air with great Force: And the cold Air that comes in at the -Door, being an over-balance to the Air entering from the hot Iron Canal -of the Stove, entirely stops it from coming into the Room while the -Door is open. - -IN like manner, if the Door of the Room be shut, and the Register that -is fixed in the Smoke-Passage be turned so near as almost to shut it -up, which may be done when the Coals upon the Fire are burnt to a Coke, -then the whole Heat of the Fire will be forced into the Room, the warm -Air will be stopt from coming through the hot Canal, and the Paper -Wheels will stand still, as they did when the Door of the Room was open. - -THIS may seem a little unaccountable, but, when considered, it is -plain, that the warm Air from the hot Canal cannot come into the Room, -which is already full of Air, and in a perfect State of Rest, because -there is no Passage for it to go out at; the Register having closed up -the Funnel, and the Doors and Windows of the Room being shut. - -THE Room, in this Case, will soon become suffocating, in the manner -of a _German_ Stove Room, and does exactly point out the Difference -between that Stove and mine. - -WHEREAS, on the contrary, when the Doors of the Room are shut, and the -Register gives a proper Vent to the Fire, the warm Air, in this Case, -is at Liberty to act as before, by warming the circumambient Air in its -Passage from the Mantle-Piece to the Cieling, where it mixes slowly and -imperceptibly with the grosser Air of the Room, which, in its turn, -flows towards the Stove and Fire; part whereof feeds the Fire, and -passes off with the Smoke; and the other part, after being rarified -by the Heat of the Stove and Fire, ascends by the Mantle-piece to the -Cieling, as it did before; repeating the like Circulation as long as -there is any Heat in the Stove. By which it appears, that the warm Air -that comes from the hot Iron Canal of the heated Air-Box, is sufficient -to support the Fire, and carry off the Smoke, without the Assistance of -any Air from the Crevices of the Doors and Windows of the Room. - -BY this Means, the Air in the Room is continually changed, and an -Advantage gained that could never be obtained by any former Contrivance -of the Kind; that at all Times the Air in the Room is as wholesome as -the external Air; and, in some Respects, more so: For it is apparent, -that the Air issuing into the Room through a hot Canal of Iron, can -never acquire any noxious Quality; and, on the contrary, in damp -Weather, when the Air is replete with Moisture, and noxious Particles, -it will be purified in its Passage, and the Moisture and Vapours will -be condensed, fall, and stick upon the Sides of the hot Canal. - -UPON this, as well as other Accounts, this Stove will be extremely -useful in Hospitals, and the Rooms of sick Persons, with great -Advantage to the Patients: But this I submit to those who are better -qualified to judge of such Matters. - -_Fourthly_, IN Common Stoves and Chimnies, the upright Heat (which has -been computed to be Three Fourths of the whole) is intirely lost, as -to the Purpose of warming the Room, or those that are in it. On the -contrary, in this Stove-Grate, a very inconsiderable part of the Heat -ascends with the Smoke, and all the rest is diffused gradually, and -equally, over the whole Room. - -_Fifthly_, THIS Fire-Place, thus prepared, prevents Smoke so -effectually, and so certainly, in all Degrees and Variations of -Wind and Weather, that the Inventor is willing to give his Machine, -_Gratis_, if ever the least Smoke is perceived in any Room where it is -erected; unless it may happen at the first lighting of the Fire, before -the Air in the Funnel is put in Motion; but I have never yet seen that -happen. - -THERE is no Occasion for Chimney-Boards in Summer, for by turning the -Register, the Air is shut out; so that both in Summer and Winter, the -Furniture and Gilding, is preserved from Smoke and damp Air; which are -the chief Causes of the one and the other’s being spoiled. - -_Sixthly_, IT will be obvious to every Person, who examines the -Construction of this Machine, that the Chimney will not require -sweeping in less than two or three Years; and that it is morally -impossible the Chimney can ever take Fire. - -_Seventhly_, IT has been already observed, that no part of the current -of Air, that passes continually through the Fire, is supplied from -the Doors, Windows, or Crevices of the Room: For the same Reason, the -Candles, in all sorts of Weather, will burn clear; the Light will be -pleasant, equal, and steady; and there will be a considerable Saving in -that Article. - -_Eighthly_, WHEN the Room is thoroughly warmed in the Day-time, it -will cool but a few Degrees during the Night; and by shutting up the -Fire-Place over Night, and excluding the external Air, the Fire will be -found in the Morning without any sensible Diminution, ready to blaze -out, by the Addition of a Stick of Wood, or a few Coals; which every -body knows is an Advantage, that never could be obtained in common -Chimnies, with a Coal Fire, without a great Expence, and much Danger. - -THESE, and many other Advantages, that would be tedious to enumerate at -present, will be found to result from this useful Invention. Several of -the Stove-Grates are already set up; and Orders given for the erecting -others in many Houses in _London_ and the Country. - -SOME are of Cast Iron, in its plain, natural Colour; and others have a -Case, richly ornamented, that is put on, and taken off, at Pleasure. -The Inventor hopes he shall be permitted to publish the Names and -Places of Abode, of those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who have encouraged -this undertaking. - -BY this Method it will be in the Power of those who incline to become -Purchasers, to inform themselves of the Truth of every Particular, by -Persons of undoubted Credit and Veracity; and to know, with Certainty, -what they are to expect, without laying out their Money, upon what they -might suppose, an unexperimented Project; the Success whereof might -otherwise be uncertain. - -THERE are Three Sizes of these Stove-Grates, adapted to the Dimensions -of the Rooms where they are set up. They are all made of Cast Iron, -which will endure longer, and come much cheaper, than if they were made -of wrought Iron. - - _Ft._ _In._ _Pts._ - The smallest { High 2 3 0 } - Size, Price { Broad in Front 1 5 0 } over all - 7_l._ 7_s._ set up { Depth from Front to 1 0 0 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 1 3 0 - Depth of the Bars 0 5 6 - From Front to Back 0 5 6 - Middle Size, { High 2 4 6 } - Pr. 10_l._ 10_l._ { Broad in Front 1 9 0 } over all - set up { Depth from Front to 1 0 0 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 1 7 6 - Depth of the Bars 0 8 0 - From Front to Back 0 8 0 - Largest Size, { High 2 10 0 } - Pr. 13_l._ 13_l._ { Broad in Front 0 2 4 } over all - set up { Depth from Front to 1 4 6 } - Back - The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove, - Broad in Front 2 3 0 - Depth of the Bars 0 10 6 - From Front to Back 1 0 0 - -I FIND, by my own Experience, that the smallest Size of these Stoves, -will warm a Room of Twelve or Fourteen Foot Square, or the largest -Dressing Closet. The Middle-sized Grate will warm a Room of 20 Feet + -26, and 12 or 14 Feet high. The largest Size will warm a Room of 50 -Feet by 25, and about 20 or 22 Feet high. - -AS I have not advanced any thing, but what I have proved from my own -Experience, I shall omit what might be said from the Testimony of -others, to Time, and the real Merit of the Machine; which, in all -Respects, will answer for itself. For the Beginning of this Attempt was -founded upon Theory and Mechanick Principles, supported by Observation -and Experience of what had happened before. - -BUT had not the same Observation and Experience, likewise confirmed -the Use of this, and all the Advantages mentioned, I should not have -offered it to the Publick. - -_Jermyn-Street, March 22, 1753._ - - * * * * * - -_ADVERTISEMENT._ - -The Inventor of this Stove-Grate has contrived a Stove for a Laundry, -which answers all the Ends desirable, without any other Fire, and at -one Third part of the usual Expence that keeps a Fire in the common -Way. It is moveable to any part of the Room; and stands on a boarded -Floor with the greatest Safety. It likewise may be placed in a Room -where there is no Chimney, and will serve for Airing large Rooms, far -preferable to the common Braziers; it warms a Room sooner, with greater -Safety, and much less Expence: For Half a Bushel of Coals will go -farther than a Bushel of Charcoal in the common Way. - -_FINIS._ - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Punctuation has been made consistent. - -Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have -been corrected. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Description of a New-Invented -Stove-Grate, by J. Durno - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION--NEW-INVENTED STOVE-GRATE *** - -***** This file should be named 64077-0.txt or 64077-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/0/7/64077/ - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |