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Durno - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Description of a New-Invented Stove-Grate - -Author: J. Durno - -Release Date: December 18, 2020 [EBook #64077] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION--NEW-INVENTED STOVE-GRATE *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="Title page." /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center boldfont xlargefont">A<br /> -<span class="smcap">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -Of a <span class="smcap">New-Invented</span><br /> -<span class="xxlargefont"><em>Stove-Grate</em>,</span></p> - -<p class="center largefont p2">SHEWING ITS<br /> -<span class="smcap">Uses</span> <em>and</em> <span class="smcap">Advantages</span><br /> -OVER ALL OTHERS;<br /> -Both in Point of <span class="smcap">Expence</span>, and every<br /> -Purpose of a <span class="smcap">ChamberFire</span>.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><em>LONDON</em>:<br /> -Printed by J. <span class="smcap">Towers</span> in <em>Piccadilly</em>;</p> - -<p class="center">And published by the Inventor, J. <span class="smcap">Durno</span>,<br /> -and sold by him at his House in <em>Jermyn-Street</em>;<br /> -R. <span class="smcap">Davis</span>, the Corner of <em>Sackville-Street,<br /> -Piccadilly</em>; and M. <span class="smcap">Cooper</span> in<br /> -<cite>Paternoster-Row</cite>. 1753.</p> - -<p class="center">[Price Six-pence.]</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="figcenter nobreak"> -<img src="images/image003.jpg" alt="First page header." /> -</div> - -<h1 class="nobreak largefont">A<br /> -<span class="smcap xlargefont">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -Of a New-Invented<br /> -<span class="smcap xlargefont">Stove-Grate</span>.</h1> -</div> - - -<div> - <img class="drop-capi" src="images/image003a.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<p class="drop-capi-t">The State of the Weather in this -Island is so extremely variable and -uncertain, that the Inhabitants are -obliged to keep Fires to sit by near -Eight Months in the Year.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> ever since the Duty laid upon Coals, -the Article of Fire has been so very expensive -in many Parts of the Kingdom, particularly -in this Metropolis, that it is to be -hoped, any Attempt to make our Rooms -more warm and comfortable, and that at a -much less Expence than usual; always free -from Smoke, and equally chearful as with -the common Fires; will meet with the -Favour of the Publick.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[4]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">These</span> are some of the Advantages proposed -by a new-invented <span class="smcap">Stove-Grate</span>, -the Description and Uses whereof are contained -in the following Sheets.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> surely, if ever any Invention, discovered -by a Mechanick, deserved the -Attention of the Publick, this may justly -lay claim to it; since not only every Family, -but every Individual, is in some degree interested -in it; and more especially as it is -not offered as uncertain Theory, but its Uses -and Advantages, over all others, have been -confirmed by Trial and Experience: For -one of the smallest Size of these <span class="smcap">Stove-Grates</span> -has been set up, ever since the -beginning of last Winter, in a common -Room at the Inventor’s House, where several -curious and ingenious Persons have been to -see and observe the Effects of it; and it has -appeared to the Satisfaction of the best Judges, -that this same Room, built of common -Quartering, and covered with Laths and -Plaister,</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Room dimensions"> -<tr><td class="tableft"></td><td class="tabcenter">Feet.</td> -<td class="tabcenter" colspan="3"><span style="padding-left:0.25em">Inches.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">Long</td><td class="tabcenter">26</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">6</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">Broad</td><td class="tabcenter">13</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tableft">High</td><td class="tabcenter">10</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td> -<td class="tabcenter">6</td><td class="tabcenter">:</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>with a Pair of large folding Doors at one<span class="pagenum">[5]</span> -End, and a Door opening to the Stair Case -at the other End, in which four or five Pecks -of Coals had usually been consumed every -Day in a common Grate and Chimney, has -been kept warm, ever since the New Stove -was erected, with no greater Quantity than -one Peck of Coals a Day; and with this -singular Advantage, that the Warmth is -diffused, more regularly and uniformly, over -the whole Room, than it was before.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Those</span> who will take the Trouble of -calling, will be able to form a more distinct -Idea of the Construction and Use of this -Machine, than can be conveyed by Writing: -But as many People have neither the Curiosity -or Opportunity for occular Inspection, -I shall give a particular Description of it, as -well as of all the other Machines, that have -been contrived for the like Purposes; and it -will appear, by a fair and impartial Comparison, -that this is attended with greater -Advantages, and fewer Inconveniences, than -any that has ever yet been offered to the -Publick.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span>, for the better understanding of what -follows, it will be necessary to explain some -of the Properties of Air and Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[6]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> chief Properties of Air, are Fluidity, -Gravity, and Elasticity.</p> - -<p><cite>First</cite>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Air is a Fluid, consisting of -Parts which have not any sensible Attraction -or Cohesion betwixt themselves; but of such -a Shape or Form, as to glide one over another, -and yield to the slightest Impression: Of this -we need no other Proof, than the Ease and -Freedom with which Animals breathe this -Element, and pass through it, without any -sensible Resistance.</p> - -<p><cite>Secondly</cite>, <span class="smcap">That</span> the Air does gravitate, -or act upon inferior Bodies by its Weight, is -demonstrable by a great many Experiments, -and particularly the Barometer, which by -the rising and falling of the Mercury, shews -the greater or lesser Weight of the Column -of Air incumbent upon it.</p> - -<p><cite>Thirdly</cite>, <span class="smcap">Nor</span> is the Elasticity of the Air -less demonstrable than either its Fluidity or -Gravity.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Air</span> is an elastick Body, for if it be confined -or compressed within a less Space than -its natural State requires, it will, the Moment -the Restraint is removed, dilate and expand -itself so as to fill the same Space as before;<span class="pagenum">[7]</span> -and that too with such Force, as to break in -Pieces the Glass or Earthen Vessel that contained -it; as may be seen by the common -Experiment of a Bottle full of common Air, -strongly cork’d, and put under the Receiver -on the Air-Pump, when the Air surrounding -the Bottle is pump’d out. But what is particularly -remarkable with reference to the -Subject we are treating of, is, That Air is -rarified by Heat, and condensed by Cold; -First, Air rarified and expanded by Heat, -becomes specifically lighter than it was -before, and will ascend in Air of greater -Density: As Matter specifically lighter than -Water, Cork for Instance, if placed at the -bottom of an empty Vessel, will, if Water -be poured into the Vessel, ascend above the -Surface of the Water; so rarified Air will -rise in common Air till it comes to Air of -equal Weight, or is by Cold reduced to its -former Density.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> the same Reason, if a Fire be kindled -in an open Place, the Heat thereof will rarify -the next circumambient Air; and that which -is more remote being heavier, will press -every where, and in all Directions, upon -the Air that is rarified, and drive it to the -Fire; the Flame and Sparks whereof will, -together with the rarified Air, ascend in a<span class="pagenum">[8]</span> -conic Form, like the Flame of a Candle, in -a trembling Motion, as it is more or less -acted upon by the Pressure of the cold Air: -And the Reason why the Flame is more -contracted at the Top than Bottom, is, that -the Heat at Top being less intense, the next -adjacent Air is less rarified, and the gross -Air confines it more.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Therefore</span>, when a Fire is lighted -in a Chimney, the Heat rarifies the Air over -and next the Fire, and makes it rise in the -Funnel, and the common Air in the Room -immediately supplies its Place, is rarified in -its turn, and rises also.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> Motion being thus generated, is -continued by small Inlets of Air, through -the Doors and Windows of the Room; and -the larger the Fire, the greater will be the -current of Air through their Crevices. If -the Doors and Windows are so well fitted in -their Frames, that all the Inlets together -cannot supply so much Air as is wanted to -carry off the Smoke, it will then hang about -the Fire, gradually diminish, and at length -totally extinguish it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Various</span> are the Improvements that -have been made in the Construction of<span class="pagenum">[9]</span> -Chimneys, to increase the Degree of Heat, -to prevent Smoke, and to save in the Article -of Fuel.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> notwithstanding the many Attempts -to remedy the Defects in one or other of -these Respects, the same have hitherto come -short of the End proposed. Take the Article -of Smoke for Instance: No Builder of -Character will pretend to insure all the -Rooms in a new-built House from smoking, -appears from this, that they generally at first -finish the Chimney Tops with what they -call Roundings, and if, upon Trial, those do -not answer, they either Hovel, or fix Earthen -Pots, like a hollow Cylinder, or plant Tin -Tubes on the Tops, not much unlike Organ-Pipes -inverted; all which Methods, not -only spoil the Symmetry of the Building, -but what is still worse, they often leave the -Chimnies as Smoky as they were at first, -after a considerable Sum has been spent on a -Cure.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> order to remedy all, or some of the -Inconveniences already mentioned, a great -Variety of Chimnies, Stove-Grates, and -Close-Stoves have been invented. I shall -describe some of the principal ones that have -fallen under my Observation; and shall<span class="pagenum">[10]</span> -endeavour, as I go along, to point out their -Advantages and Defects.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">First</span>, Mons. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i> has described -seven sorts of Chimnies, which, however, -all agree in general as to the Construction -and Disposition of the principal Parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">His</span> Manner of Performance is by Plates -of Iron, Copper, and Brass, placed in the -Chimney, after its being prepared to receive -them, at four Inches from the Back, Jambs, -and Hearth, with a Communication to the -external Air; which first entered under the -Hearth-Plate, and made several Turnings -and Windings, through Partitions between -the inside of the Chimney, and those Plates -representing, as it were, a re-curved Canal; -one End whereof joins the outward Air, -and the other comes out of the Top of one -of the Jambs of the Chimney. The Use -and Intent of these Chimnies is only for -burning of Wood, the Heat whereof is -more diffused than that of Turf or Peat.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Invention was extremely ingenious, -the Room was warmed, in all its Parts, with -great Equality; cold Air was prevented -rushing through Crevices; the Funnel was -supplied by a Trap-Door, or Bellows, upon<span class="pagenum">[11]</span> -the Hearth-Plate; and much less Wood -served to make a Fire: but the Expence -was found to be so great, especially in old -Chimnies, that they never came into much -use, and are now entirely laid aside: The -upright Heat was likewise all lost in all those -Chimnies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Secondly</span>, the ingenious Dr. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Desaguliers</i> -gives the Construction of two kinds of -Chimnies; one for burning Turf and Peat -upon the Hearth, and the other for Sea-Coal -in a Stove-Grate, made in a particular -Manner.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the Description of the First, he says, -That in Chimnies where Wood is burnt the -Cavities behind the Back and Sides, after -the Manner that the <em>French</em> Author directs, -are very useful; but where you have the -Heat very strong, it will be proper to make -the Cavities as near the Fire as possible; and -tho’ the Course of the Air will be shorter, -yet the great Heat it acquires in that Case -will make Amends for the Shortness of the -Passage.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Shape and Manner of the Chimney -is the same as directed by Mons. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i>, -with this difference, that the Doctor’s has<span class="pagenum">[12]</span> -no Cavity under the Hearth; only a divided -Box made of Plate-Iron, upon which the -Fire is placed, and an horizontal Cavity behind -the Back, faced with Plate-Iron; so -low, that the Fire lies against it: Through -this Preparation comes a Stream of external -Air, in several Turnings and Windings, and -from thence is carried up a Passage within -the Brick-Work in one of the Corners, as -high as the Mantle-Piece; from the Corner -it is brought forward to the under side of the -Mantle-Piece, where it makes several Turnings -in a Tin Canal, from which it is at last -convey’d into the Room.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">He</span> likewise recommends the Trap-Bellows -in this Construction of Stoves.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Construction of the Second Sort -consists of a Grate of a particular Make, -with a Box of Plate-Iron behind the Back, -that has only three Cavities; one End -communicates with the outward Air to -bring it through those Cavities, obliquely, to -the Corner in the Brick-Work; from thence -it is brought forward in the upper part of -the Jamb, quite into the Tin Canal, behind -the Mantle-Piece, as in the last Construction; -but the same Inconvenience attends both -these sort of Chimnies, that the upright<span class="pagenum">[13]</span> -Heat, which is at least three-fourths of -what proceeds from the Fire, is almost -wholly lost; as it is in all the open Fire-Places.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Thirdly</span>, the <em>Dutch</em> and <em>German</em> -Stoves, which are very different.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <em>Dutch</em> Stove has a Flue proceeding -from the Top, which is sometimes bent -downwards, and then goes into the Chimney, -through a false Back, at about four Inches -from the true Back: That Space has a -Communication with the Funnel, and all -the other Parts of the Chimney are wholly -closed up.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">And</span> there are others which have the -Flue straight upward, that goes into the -Chimney, and all the Funnel closed up -round the Flue of the Stove. The First -Sort, in my Opinion, is the best; for there -is not so much of the upright Heat lost as -in this, and the Chimney cannot so readily -smoke; because the Space between the false -Back and the true Back obstruct, in some -degree, the Passage of the Air down the -Chimney. Both these sorts have a small -Iron Door into the Room, which in some -degree changes the Air as it flows to that<span class="pagenum">[14]</span> -Opening; part of which goes off with the -Smoke, and its Place is supplied by the -entering Air from Doors, Windows, and -Crevices. But as there is so small a Change -of Air, the Room will soon be warm, the -Chimney being wholly closed up; very little -Air is required to supply the small Door of -the Stove, and that only can enter at the -Door or Windows of the Room: Little -Fuel serves, for almost all the Heat is saved. -This small change of Air makes these Stoves -wholesomer, or at least pleasanter, than the -<em>German</em> Stoves, but there is little sight of -the Fire; and no other Use can be made of -it but to warm the Room: And if any ill -Smell should happen in the Room, it is not -easily carried off, by Reason of the slow -change of Air at the little Iron Door; and -the Room is always somewhat suffocating, -especially to those who are not accustomed -to it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <em>German</em> Stove is not unlike a Chest -for Cloaths set upon one End, and is fixed -into the Wall, with the Top turned outwards, -or into another Room, which open and -shut as there is occasion for making and -mending the Fire: it warms a Room all over -in a very little Time, with little Fuel to -make a Fire; no fresh Air can enter the<span class="pagenum">[15]</span> -Room if the Door be left open, no more -than it would in an open Oven, because -there is not the least Discharge of Air in the -Room. But there is not any Appearance of -Fire to be seen in these Stoves, and they -who used them were obliged to breathe the -same unchanged elemental Air, mixed with -that inspired by all the Company.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fourthly</span>, the Chimney, in the -House of Lords, which was designed by -way of an Improvement upon the Sieur -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gauger</i>’s Chimnies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> <em>First</em>, the outward Air, from below -the House, in the Passage, enters under the -Iron Plate, (commonly called the Hearth-Plate) -which is prepared to receive it into a -re-curved Canal, and from thence passes up -the back Plate of Iron, in the like Turnings -and Windings, near to the Top, where it -is divided, and enters into two Tubes of -Copper, one placed on each side of the -Funnel, of a sufficient Length to appear above -the Cornish; there they are joined to -other Conveyances; one of which is carried -round the Throne, and ends over-against the -Fire; and the other Conveyance is continued -to the Window, above the Cornish, -made of Tin, in form of a right-angled<span class="pagenum">[16]</span> -Triangle, and is perforated to let out the -Air. There is likewise a Valve in each of -these Copper Pipes or Tubes, placed at a -considerable distance from the Fire, to open -and shut at pleasure, by a Thumb-Latch, -which being shut, imprisons the Air in its -Passage upwards, until it be hot, and when -opened, discharges this warmed Air near -the Cieling, through those perforated Conveyances.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">According</span> to the Construction of -this Fire-Place, it is next to an Impossibility -to warm that House with the greatest Fire -that can be made in it: For all the upright -Heat is lost, occasioned by the continual -Current of Air coming in at the Doors and -Crevices, which forcibly drives almost all the -Heat up the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Secondly</em>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Streams of cold Air -which enters under the Hearth and Back -Plates, (where a large Stove-Grate stands) -in its various Turnings and Windings, behind -these Plates, and through those Tubes, -is but very little warmed in its Passage above -the Fire in the Conveyances to the Cieling; -and it cannot receive any Heat from the -Hearth-Plate, unless the Fire was made upon -it, as mentioned before; for the bottom<span class="pagenum">[17]</span> -Bars of the Stove-Grate are at so great a -distance from the Iron Hearth-Plate, that -the Fire, with its downward Heat, cannot -reach it; and not above Eight superficial -Feet of the Back-Plate is warmed by the -Fire, and considering the distance from the -hot part, to where the warm Air is discharged -into the House, nothing is clearer, than that -it cannot receive any considerable degree of -Heat, in its Passage through the Copper -Pipes, that convey it to the Cieling; and -where it is suspended, and mixes slowly and -imperceptibly with the colder Air in the -lower part of the House, so that little or no -Warmth can be obtained by this Conveyance.</p> - -<p><em>Thirdly</em>, <span class="smcap">From</span> hence it appears, -that it would have been of much greater -Use to have discharged the hot Air immediately -from the hot Iron Back-Plate into the -Room; its Effects in that Case would have -been sensibly felt, and it would then have -ascended naturally, without the help of -Pipes, and warmed the circumambient Air -as was intended; and likewise would have -supported the Fire, without the Assistance -of any Air from the Doors and Crevices.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fifthly</span>, Stoves, placed at the End<span class="pagenum">[18]</span> -of long Rooms, Coffee-Houses, and Tradesmen’s -Shops, warm the Room in a little -Time; but the Smoke and upright Heat -are both conveyed thro’ one and the same -Tube of Iron, jointed in several Pieces, to -bring them round the Wall and Turnings -of the Chimney, where they are discharged: -but never fail to send out some part of the -Air impregnated with Sulphur, so as to -occasion a disagreeable Smell, and often, -Head-achs and Lowness of Spirits to those -that are not accustomed to these Stoves.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sixthly</span>, The <em>French</em> Stoves are -much the same as the <em>Dutch</em>; and I am -informed, that they have many from <em>Holland</em> -and <em>Germany</em>; but they have another Sort, -which is the Mode at present; it resembles -an old-fashion’d low Chest of Drawers with -a flat Top, and has swelling or rising -Mouldings on all Sides, which represent -the Drawers: It is composed of several -Pieces of burnt Earth, in the manner of -our Earthen Ware, and is placed upon a -Frame of Iron at Bottom, and all the Parts -are luted together to complete the Body: It -is likewise bound about with two Iron Belts -to keep all tight, and has a little Door at one -End like a <em>Dutch</em> Stove, where the Fire is -put into it; it projects into the Room some<span class="pagenum">[19]</span> -distance from the Chimney, and gives Heat -from the four Sides as well as the Top; -There is a Flue proceeds from the back -Part, and an Iron Pipe fixed upon it, to -reach the Chimney; which carries the -Smoke up the Funnel, and the Chimney is -closed up all round the Iron Pipe; it is on -the same Principles as the <em>Dutch</em> Stove, and -is subject to many more Inconveniences, -which are not necessary to be mentioned.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Seventhly</span>, The <em>Pensilvanian</em> Stove-Grate -comes lastly to be considered, which -is a curious Invention indeed, contrived -about Twelve or Fourteen Years ago, and -particularly described by Mr. <em>Franklin</em> of -<em>Philadelphia</em>, in a Treatise intitled, <cite>An -Account of the New-Invented</cite> Pensilvanian -<cite>Fire-Places</cite>, <em>printed at</em> Philadelphia <em>in</em> 1744. -I have lately examined one that was made -in that Country, all of cast Iron, which I -believe to be the only one in <em>England</em>; and -at the same time I saw a perfect Model of -it, which discovered the whole Work at -one View.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> Stove-Grate must infallibly cure -most of the Inconveniences, with which the -other sorts before-mentioned are attended, -if the Smoke Passages can be kept clean.<span class="pagenum">[20]</span> -You have a full Sight of the Fire, nor does -it lose any of the upright Heat, as in common -Fire-Places, and smoky Chimnies will -be often cured by it. This Stove has likewise -the Advantage of a constant Supply of -fresh Air, coming in warm through a Canal, -in the Manner before described by Dr. -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Desaguliers</i>, with this difference, that here -the warm Air comes out on each Side of -the Stove, and is better adapted to warm the -lower Air of the Room, than if it came -out higher in the Chimney.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> this Machine the Smoke first ascends, -and then passing over the Iron Plates that -compose the warm Air Box, descends to -the Bottom, where it passes under a false -Back, about three or four Inches from the -true Back of the Chimney; then ascends a -second time up the Funnel of the Chimney, -and passes out at the Top. The Chimney -is closed up on all Sides, between the false -Back and Breast of the Chimney, except -only in one Place, where is an Opening, -with an Iron Door, large enough for a -Chimney-Sweeper to creep through, to -sweep the Funnel; but at all other times -this Door is kept shut. There is also a -Register fixed in the Smoke-Passage, to give -more or less Vent, as shall be required.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[21]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> whole is a compleat Piece of -Machinery, and was first intended for burning -of Wood, which is the common Fuel -of that Country; but, for that Reason, is -not so well adapted to burn Sea-Coal, whose -bituminous Quality would soon close up the -narrow Smoke-Passage, and would often -require cleaning, and become very troublesome, -it being difficult to come at the -Smoke-Passage; for if there be a Trap-Door -made upon the Hearth, you cannot -clean the Smoke-Passage any farther than -to the Register, and there is no coming at -the upper part without lifting up the Top -of the Machine, which is always luted -down, and fastened with Screw Nuts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Defects and Inconveniences that -I have occasionally pointed out, in the -Chimneys and Stoves already described, put -me upon contriving a new Machine-Grate, -which, upon Trial, answers all the Ends -that I proposed by it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is built, indeed, and constructed upon -almost the same Principles with the <em>Pensilvanian</em> -Stove, but with greater Advantages; -for instead of the narrow Passage for the Smoke -in the <em>Pensilvanian</em> Stove, there is a Chamber -made in the Brick-Work which effectually<span class="pagenum">[22]</span> -warms the Air-Box, and is all covered over -like an Oven, except a narrow Passage made of -Plate-Iron, with a Register in it, which has -a Handle into the Room, and may be -turned upon its Axis to such a Degree of -Vent, as either to support or diminish, or -even to extinguish the Fire. The Register -is so contrived, that it will probably want no -cleaning in two or three Years; but if it -should, by lifting up the Chimney-Sweeper’s -Door, it is done in one Minute; and is -equally adapted to burn Coals or Wood, -with more Safety and Ease than in a common -Fire-Place. The Chamber behind the -Stove is cleaned when the Chimney is swept, -by taking out a Piece of concealed Iron, -rabited into the Brick-Work at the Side of -the Stove, and always whiten’d over with -the Brick Back. The Chamber behind is -of greater Use than warming the Air Box; -for being almost all closed up, it is not only -Proof against the Influence of the Houses -and Chimnies about it that stand higher, -but even against Eddy, or Whirl-winds, if -they should come down the Chimney; the -Force whereof is broke by the Top of the -Chamber; and what comes through the -small Opening where the Register is placed, -is immediately expanded and loses its Force.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> whole of my Machine is less complex,<span class="pagenum">[23]</span> -and of more easy Construction than -any others I have mentioned, and which is -all I have ever seen or heard of; but has -Advantages besides that, which no former -Invention can pretend to.</p> - -<p><em>First</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> warms the Room equally all -over, and the Fire appears the same as in a -common Stove-Grate; yet any Place in the -Room will be as warm as that by the Side -of the Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> this there is occular Demonstration, -because Thermometers placed in the remotest -Parts of the Room will not differ above one -Degree, (a Difference which every body -knows has scarce any Effect) from one -placed by the Side of the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Secondly</em>, <span class="smcap">The</span> Chimney is so intirely -closed up, that if you sit near the Fire-Place, -there is not the least cold Air from the -Door, Window, or any Crevice, that can -offend you, as in common Fire-Places; -where, at the same time that you are burnt -before, you are ready to freeze behind: but, -on the contrary, the warm Air here goes out -at the Door when opened, and will make -you sensible of its Approach at Four or Five -Feet distance before you enter the Door.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[24]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Doors, indeed, ought to be kept -shut; because otherwise the warm Air will -be wasted, as with common Fires; but there -is no manner of Occasion for Skreens of any -sort, because the Fire cannot hurt the Face; -neither can the cold Air offend the Back, -as in common Rooms, where there is a -common Stove-Grate, and a large Draught -up the Chimney.</p> - -<p><em>Thirdly</em>, <span class="smcap">To</span> be soon and agreeably -warmed, is not the only Advantage we have -from this Invention; but we are better -warmed, at less than one Third of the usual -Expence, at a moderate Computation. When -the Mercury in my Thermometer, that was -placed without Doors, stood the last Winter -at Four Degrees below the Freezing Point, -a Peck of Coals (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">i. e.</i> the 144th Part of a -Chaldron,) was sufficient to warm the Room -for the whole Day, from Eight in the Morning -to Eleven at Night. During all that -Time the Mercury within the Room stood -from 60 to 64 Degrees; much the same -Degree of Heat with that of the 25th Day -of last <em>June</em>, 1752, at Two o’Clock in -the Afternoon; and, when that Observation -was made, the Weather was as warm as -usual at that Time of the Year.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[25]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span> before I set up this Stove, which is -one of the smallest, there was seldom spent, -in the Room, less than a Bushel of Coals, -and sometimes more, in one Day, according -to the Degree of Cold; and then we were -obliged to have a Skreen to keep off the -cold Air from the Backs of those who sat -near the Fire; and only that Part of the -Room was warm which was nearest the -Fire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Air that enters the Room, through -the Iron Canal of the Air-Box, is both -fresh and warm; and computing the Swiftness -of its Motion with the Area of its -Passage, it will appear, that Ten Barrels, or -near 60 Cubic Feet of Air is hourly introduced -from the external Air, if the Door of -the Room be shut.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> warm Air comes into the Room -with such Rapidity from the hot Iron Canal, -that it turns several Paper Wheels with great -Velocity, which are placed near the Opening -that lets it into the Room. But as soon -as the Door of the Room is opened, all the -Wheels stand still; which proves what has -been said before, That much warm Air is -wasted in opening the Door; because the -warm, or rarified Air, rushes through the<span class="pagenum">[26]</span> -cold Air with great Force: And the cold -Air that comes in at the Door, being an -over-balance to the Air entering from the -hot Iron Canal of the Stove, entirely stops -it from coming into the Room while the -Door is open.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> like manner, if the Door of the -Room be shut, and the Register that is -fixed in the Smoke-Passage be turned so -near as almost to shut it up, which may be -done when the Coals upon the Fire are burnt -to a Coke, then the whole Heat of the Fire -will be forced into the Room, the warm -Air will be stopt from coming through the -hot Canal, and the Paper Wheels will stand -still, as they did when the Door of the -Room was open.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> may seem a little unaccountable, -but, when considered, it is plain, that the -warm Air from the hot Canal cannot come -into the Room, which is already full of Air, -and in a perfect State of Rest, because there -is no Passage for it to go out at; the Register -having closed up the Funnel, and the Doors -and Windows of the Room being shut.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Room, in this Case, will soon become -suffocating, in the manner of a <em>German</em><span class="pagenum">[27]</span> -Stove Room, and does exactly point out the -Difference between that Stove and mine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, on the contrary, when the -Doors of the Room are shut, and the Register -gives a proper Vent to the Fire, the -warm Air, in this Case, is at Liberty to act -as before, by warming the circumambient -Air in its Passage from the Mantle-Piece to -the Cieling, where it mixes slowly and imperceptibly -with the grosser Air of the -Room, which, in its turn, flows towards -the Stove and Fire; part whereof feeds the -Fire, and passes off with the Smoke; and -the other part, after being rarified by the -Heat of the Stove and Fire, ascends by the -Mantle-piece to the Cieling, as it did before; -repeating the like Circulation as long as there -is any Heat in the Stove. By which it appears, -that the warm Air that comes from -the hot Iron Canal of the heated Air-Box, -is sufficient to support the Fire, and carry -off the Smoke, without the Assistance of -any Air from the Crevices of the Doors -and Windows of the Room.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">By</span> this Means, the Air in the Room -is continually changed, and an Advantage -gained that could never be obtained by any -former Contrivance of the Kind; that at all<span class="pagenum">[28]</span> -Times the Air in the Room is as wholesome -as the external Air; and, in some Respects, -more so: For it is apparent, that the Air -issuing into the Room through a hot Canal -of Iron, can never acquire any noxious -Quality; and, on the contrary, in damp -Weather, when the Air is replete with -Moisture, and noxious Particles, it will be -purified in its Passage, and the Moisture and -Vapours will be condensed, fall, and stick -upon the Sides of the hot Canal.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Upon</span> this, as well as other Accounts, -this Stove will be extremely useful in Hospitals, -and the Rooms of sick Persons, with -great Advantage to the Patients: But this I -submit to those who are better qualified to -judge of such Matters.</p> - -<p><em>Fourthly</em>, <span class="smcap">In</span> Common Stoves and Chimnies, -the upright Heat (which has been -computed to be Three Fourths of the whole) -is intirely lost, as to the Purpose of warming -the Room, or those that are in it. On -the contrary, in this Stove-Grate, a very -inconsiderable part of the Heat ascends with -the Smoke, and all the rest is diffused gradually, -and equally, over the whole Room.</p> - -<p><em>Fifthly</em>, <span class="smcap">This</span> Fire-Place, thus prepared,<span class="pagenum">[29]</span> -prevents Smoke so effectually, and so certainly, -in all Degrees and Variations of -Wind and Weather, that the Inventor is -willing to give his Machine, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gratis</i>, if ever -the least Smoke is perceived in any Room -where it is erected; unless it may happen at -the first lighting of the Fire, before the Air -in the Funnel is put in Motion; but I have -never yet seen that happen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">There</span> is no Occasion for Chimney-Boards -in Summer, for by turning the Register, -the Air is shut out; so that both in -Summer and Winter, the Furniture and -Gilding, is preserved from Smoke and -damp Air; which are the chief Causes of -the one and the other’s being spoiled.</p> - -<p><em>Sixthly</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> will be obvious to every -Person, who examines the Construction of -this Machine, that the Chimney will not -require sweeping in less than two or three -Years; and that it is morally impossible the -Chimney can ever take Fire.</p> - -<p><em>Seventhly</em>, <span class="smcap">It</span> has been already observed, -that no part of the current of Air, that passes -continually through the Fire, is supplied -from the Doors, Windows, or Crevices of -the Room: For the same Reason, the -Candles, in all sorts of Weather, will burn -clear; the Light will be pleasant, equal, -and steady; and there will be a considerable -Saving in that Article.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[30]</span></p> - -<p><em>Eighthly</em>, <span class="smcap">When</span> the Room is thoroughly -warmed in the Day-time, it will cool but -a few Degrees during the Night; and by -shutting up the Fire-Place over Night, and -excluding the external Air, the Fire will be -found in the Morning without any sensible -Diminution, ready to blaze out, by the Addition -of a Stick of Wood, or a few Coals; -which every body knows is an Advantage, -that never could be obtained in common -Chimnies, with a Coal Fire, without a great -Expence, and much Danger.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">These</span>, and many other Advantages, that -would be tedious to enumerate at present, -will be found to result from this useful Invention. -Several of the Stove-Grates are -already set up; and Orders given for the -erecting others in many Houses in <em>London</em> -and the Country.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Some</span> are of Cast Iron, in its plain, natural -Colour; and others have a Case, richly -ornamented, that is put on, and taken off, at -Pleasure. The Inventor hopes he shall be -permitted to publish the Names and Places -of Abode, of those Noblemen and Gentlemen, -who have encouraged this undertaking.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">By</span> this Method it will be in the Power -of those who incline to become Purchasers, -to inform themselves of the Truth of every -Particular, by Persons of undoubted Credit<span class="pagenum">[31]</span> -and Veracity; and to know, with Certainty, -what they are to expect, without laying out -their Money, upon what they might suppose, -an unexperimented Project; the Success -whereof might otherwise be uncertain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are Three Sizes of these Stove-Grates, -adapted to the Dimensions of the -Rooms where they are set up. They are -all made of Cast Iron, which will endure -longer, and come much cheaper, than if -they were made of wrought Iron.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stove sizes"> -<tr> - <td class="tableft" colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><em>Ft.</em></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><span style="padding-left:0.25em;padding-right:0.25em"><em>In.</em></span></td> - <td class="tabcenter"><em>Pts.</em></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em; max-width:7em">The smallest Size, Price 7<em>l.</em> 7<em>s.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">3</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">0</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">1</td> - <td class="tabcenter">3</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">5</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em">Middle Size, Pr. 10<em>l.</em> 10<em>l.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">4</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">6</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">9</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">1</td> - <td class="tabcenter">7</td><td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">8</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">8</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft tabtop btop" rowspan="3" style="min-width:4em; max-width:7em">Largest Size, Pr. 13<em>l.</em> 13<em>l.</em> set up</td> - <td class="tableft bleft btop">High</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">10</td> - <td class="tabcenter btop">0</td> - <td class="tableft tabtop bleft btop" style="min-width:3em" rowspan="3">over all</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Broad in Front</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">4</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft bleft">Depth from Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter">1</td><td class="tabcenter">4</td> - <td class="tabcenter ">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft1" colspan="6">The Space that contains the Fire within this Stove,</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Broad in Front</td><td class="tabcenter">2</td> - <td class="tabcenter">3</td><td class="tabcenter">0</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2" colspan="2">Depth of the Bars</td> - <td class="tabcenter">0</td><td class="tabcenter">10</td> - <td class="tabcenter">6</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tableft2 bbottom" colspan="2">From Front to Back</td> - <td class="tabcenter bbottom">1</td><td class="tabcenter bbottom">0</td> - <td class="tabcenter bbottom">0</td><td class="bbottom"></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<p><span class="smcap">I find</span>, by my own Experience, that the -smallest Size of these Stoves, will warm a -Room of Twelve or Fourteen Foot Square,<span class="pagenum">[32]</span> -or the largest Dressing Closet. The Middle-sized -Grate will warm a Room of 20 Feet -+ 26, and 12 or 14 Feet high. The largest -Size will warm a Room of 50 Feet by 25, -and about 20 or 22 Feet high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">As</span> I have not advanced any thing, but -what I have proved from my own Experience, -I shall omit what might be said from the -Testimony of others, to Time, and the real -Merit of the Machine; which, in all Respects, -will answer for itself. For the Beginning of -this Attempt was founded upon Theory and -Mechanick Principles, supported by Observation -and Experience of what had happened -before.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">But</span> had not the same Observation and -Experience, likewise confirmed the Use of -this, and all the Advantages mentioned, I -should not have offered it to the Publick.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>Jermyn-Street, March 22, 1753.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center largefont" style="letter-spacing:0.2em"><em>ADVERTISEMENT.</em></p> - -<p class="dropcap">The Inventor of this Stove-Grate has contrived a Stove -for a Laundry, which answers all the Ends desirable, -without any other Fire, and at one Third part of the usual -Expence that keeps a Fire in the common Way. It is -moveable to any part of the Room; and stands on a boarded -Floor with the greatest Safety. It likewise may be placed in -a Room where there is no Chimney, and will serve for Airing -large Rooms, far preferable to the common Braziers; it -warms a Room sooner, with greater Safety, and much less -Expence: For Half a Bushel of Coals will go farther than a -Bushel of Charcoal in the common Way.</p> - -<p class="center" style="letter-spacing:0.2em"><em>FINIS.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">Transcriber’s Notes:</h2> - -<p>Punctuation has been made consistent.</p> - -<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors -have been corrected.</p></div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Description of a New-Invented -Stove-Grate, by J. 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