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+Project Gutenberg's Lives Of The Poets, by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lives Of The Poets
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 14.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6399]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE POETS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+LIVES OF THE POETS.
+
+(531)
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+       Terence
+       Juvenal
+       Persius
+       Horace
+       Lucan
+       Pliny
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF TERENCE.
+
+
+Publius Terentius Afer, a native of Carthage, was a slave, at Rome, of
+the senator Terentius Lucanus, who, struck by his abilities and handsome
+person, gave him not only a liberal education in his youth, but his
+freedom when he arrived at years of maturity.  Some say that he was a
+captive taken in war, but this, as Fenestella [925] informs us, could by
+no means have been the case, since both his birth and death took place in
+the interval between the termination of the second Punic war and the
+commencement of the third [926]; nor, even supposing that he had been
+taken prisoner by the Numidian or Getulian tribes, could he have fallen
+into the hands of a Roman general, as there was no commercial intercourse
+between the Italians and Africans until after the fall of Carthage [927].
+Terence lived in great familiarity with many persons of high station, and
+especially with Scipio Africanus, and Caius Delius, whose favour he is
+even supposed to have purchased by the foulest means.  But Fenestella
+reverses the charge, contending that Terence was older than either of
+them.  Cornelius Nepos, however, (532) informs us that they were all of
+nearly equal age; and Porcias intimates a suspicion of this criminal
+commerce in the following passage:--
+
+"While Terence plays the wanton with the great, and recommends himself to
+them by the meretricious ornaments of his person; while, with greedy
+ears, he drinks in the divine melody of Africanus's voice; while he
+thinks of being a constant guest at the table of Furius, and the handsome
+Laelius; while he thinks that he is fondly loved by them, and often
+invited to Albanum for his youthful beauty, he finds himself stripped of
+his property, and reduced to the lowest state of indigence.  Then,
+withdrawing from the world, he betook himself to Greece, where he met his
+end, dying at Strymphalos, a town in Arcadia.  What availed him the
+friendship of Scipio, of Laelius, or of Furius, three of the most
+affluent nobles of that age?  They did not even minister to his
+necessities so much as to provide him a hired house, to which his slave
+might return with the intelligence of his master's death."
+
+He wrote comedies, the earliest of which, The Andria, having to be
+performed at the public spectacles given by the aediles [928], he was
+commanded to read it first before Caecilius [929].  Having been
+introduced while Caecilius was at supper, and being meanly dressed, he is
+reported to have read the beginning of the play seated on a low stool
+near the great man's couch.  But after reciting a few verses, he was
+invited to take his place at table, and, having supped with his host,
+went through the rest to his great delight.  This play and five others
+were received by the public with similar applause, although Volcatius, in
+his enumeration of them, says that "The Hecyra [930] must not be reckoned
+among these."
+
+The Eunuch was even acted twice the same day [931], and earned more money
+than any comedy, whoever was the writer, had (533) ever done before,
+namely, eight thousand sesterces [932]; besides which, a certain sum
+accrued to the author for the title.  But Varro prefers the opening of
+The Adelphi [933] to that of Menander.  It is very commonly reported that
+Terence was assisted in his works by Laelius and Scipio [934], with whom
+he lived in such great intimacy.  He gave some currency to this report
+himself, nor did he ever attempt to defend himself against it, except in
+a light way; as in the prologue to The Adelphi:
+
+    Nam quod isti dicunt malevoli, homines nohiles
+    Hunc adjutare, assidueque una scribere;
+    Quod illi maledictun vehemens existimant,
+    Eam laudem hic ducit maximam: cum illis placet,
+    Qui vobis universis et populo placent;
+    Quorum opera in bello, in otio, in negotio,
+    Suo quisque tempore usus est sine superbia.
+
+                                --------For this,
+    Which malice tells that certain noble persons
+    Assist the bard, and write in concert with him,
+    That which they deem a heavy slander, he
+    Esteems his greatest praise: that he can please
+    Those who in war, in peace, as counsellors,
+    Have rendered you the dearest services,
+    And ever borne their faculties so meekly.
+                                          Colman.
+
+He appears to have protested against this imputation with less
+earnestness, because the notion was far from being disagreeable to
+Laelius and Scipio.  It therefore gained ground, and prevailed in
+after-times.
+
+Quintus Memmius, in his speech in his own defence, says "Publius
+Africanus, who borrowed from Terence a character which he had acted in
+private, brought it on the stage in his name."  Nepos tells us he found
+in some book that C. Laelius, when he was on some occasion at Puteoli, on
+the calends [the first] of March, [935] being requested by his wife to
+rise early, (534) begged her not to suffer him to be disturbed, as he had
+gone to bed late, having been engaged in writing with more than usual
+success.  On her asking him to tell her what he had been writing, he
+repeated the verses which are found in the Heautontimoroumenos:
+
+    Satis pol proterve me Syri promessa--Heauton. IV. iv. 1.
+    I'faith! the rogue Syrus's impudent pretences--
+
+Santra [936] is of opinion that if Terence required any assistance in his
+compositions [937], he would not have had recourse to Scipio and Laelius,
+who were then very young men, but rather to Sulpicius Gallus [938], an
+accomplished scholar, who had been the first to introduce his plays at
+the games given by the consuls; or to Q. Fabius Labeo, or Marcus Popilius
+[939], both men of consular rank, as well as poets.  It was for this
+reason that, in alluding to the assistance he had received, he did not
+speak of his coadjutors as very young men, but as persons of whose
+services the people had full experience in peace, in war, and in the
+administration of affairs.
+
+After he had given his comedies to the world, at a time when he had not
+passed his thirty-fifth year, in order to avoid suspicion, as he found
+others publishing their works under his name, or else to make himself
+acquainted with the modes of life and habits of the Greeks, for the
+purpose of exhibiting them in his plays, he withdrew from home, to which
+he never returned.  Volcatius gives this account of his death:
+
+    Sed ut Afer sei populo dedit comoedias,
+    Iter hic in Asiam fecit.  Navem cum semel
+    Conscendit, visus nunquam est.  Sic vita vacat.
+
+    (535) When Afer had produced six plays for the entertainment of the
+        people,
+    He embarked for Asia; but from the time he went on board ship
+    He was never seen again.  Thus he ended his life.
+
+Q. Consentius reports that he perished at sea on his voyage back from
+Greece, and that one hundred and eight plays, of which he had made a
+version from Menander [940], were lost with him.  Others say that he died
+at Stymphalos, in Arcadia, or in Leucadia, during the consulship of Cn.
+Cornelius Dolabella and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior [941], worn out with a
+severe illness, and with grief and regret for the loss of his baggage,
+which he had sent forward in a ship that was wrecked, and contained the
+last new plays he had written.
+
+In person, Terence is reported to have been rather short and slender,
+with a dark complexion.  He had an only daughter, who was afterwards
+married to a Roman knight; and he left also twenty acres of garden ground
+[942], on the Appian Way, at the Villa of Mars.  I, therefore, wonder the
+more how Porcius could have written the verses,
+
+                          --------nihil Publius
+    Scipio profuit, nihil et Laelius, nihil Furius,
+    Tres per idem tempus qui agitabant nobiles facillime.
+    Eorum ille opera ne domum quidem habuit conductitiam
+    Saltem ut esset, quo referret obitum domini servulus. [943]
+
+Afranius places him at the head of all the comic writers, declaring, in
+his Compitalia,
+
+    Terentio non similem dices quempiam.
+    Terence's equal cannot soon be found.
+
+On the other hand, Volcatius reckons him inferior not only (536) to
+Naevius, Plautus, and Caecilius, but also to Licinius.  Cicero pays him
+this high compliment, in his Limo--
+
+    Tu quoque, qui solus lecto sermone, Terenti,
+    Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menandrum
+    In medio populi sedatis vocibus offers,
+    Quidquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens.
+
+"You, only, Terence, translated into Latin, and clothed in choice
+language the plays of Menander, and brought them before the public, who,
+in crowded audiences, hung upon hushed applause--
+
+    Grace marked each line, and every period charmed."
+
+So also Caius Caesar:
+
+    Tu quoque tu in summis, O dimidiate Menander,
+    Poneris, et merito, puri sermonis amator,
+    Lenibus atque utinam scriptis adjuncta foret vis
+    Comica, ut aequato virtus polleret honore
+    Cum Graecis, neque in hoc despectus parte jaceres!
+    Unum hoc maceror, et doleo tibi deesse, Terenti.
+
+"You, too, who divide your honours with Menander, will take your place
+among poets of the highest order, and justly too, such is the purity of
+your style.  Would only that to your graceful diction was added more
+comic force, that your works might equal in merit the Greek masterpieces,
+and your inferiority in this particular should not expose you to censure.
+This is my only regret; in this, Terence, I grieve to say you are
+wanting."
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF JUVENAL.
+
+
+D. JUNIUS JUVENALIS, who was either the son [944] of a wealthy freedman,
+or brought up by him, it is not known which, declaimed till the middle of
+life [945], more from the bent of his inclination, than from any desire
+to prepare himself either for the schools or the forum.  But having
+composed a short satire [946], which was clever enough, on Paris [947],
+the actor of pantomimes, (537) and also on the poet of Claudius Nero, who
+was puffed up by having held some inferior military rank for six months
+only; he afterwards devoted himself with much zeal to that style of
+writing.  For a while indeed, he had not the courage to read them even to
+a small circle of auditors, but it was not long before he recited his
+satires to crowded audiences, and with entire success; and this he did
+twice or thrice, inserting new lines among those which he had originally
+composed.
+
+    Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio, tu Camerinos,
+    Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas.
+    Praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos.
+
+    Behold an actor's patronage affords
+    A surer means of rising than a lord's!
+    And wilt thou still the Camerino's [948] court,
+    Or to the halls of Bareas resort,
+    When tribunes Pelopea can create
+    And Philomela praefects, who shall rule the state? [949]
+
+At that time the player was in high favour at court, and many of those
+who fawned upon him were daily raised to posts of honour.  Juvenal
+therefore incurred the suspicion of having covertly satirized occurrences
+which were then passing, and, although eighty years old at that time
+[950], he was immediately removed from the city, being sent into
+honourable banishment as praefect of a cohort, which was under orders to
+proceed to a station at the extreme frontier of Egypt [951].  That (538)
+sort of punishment was selected, as it appeared severe enough for an
+offence which was venial, and a mere piece of drollery.  However, he died
+very soon afterwards, worn down by grief, and weary of his life.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF PERSIUS.
+
+
+AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS was born the day before the Nones of December [4th
+Dec.] [952], in the consulship of Fabius Persicus and L. Vitellius.  He
+died on the eighth of the calends of December [24th Nov.] [953] in the
+consulship of Rubrius Marius and Asinius Gallus.  Though born at
+Volterra, in Etruria, he was a Roman knight, allied both by blood and
+marriage to persons of the highest rank [954].  He ended his days at an
+estate he had at the eighth milestone on the Appian Way.  His father,
+Flaccus, who died when he was barely six years old, left him under the
+care of guardians, and his mother, Fulvia Silenna, who afterwards married
+Fusius, a Roman knight, buried him also in a very few years.  Persius
+Flaccus pursued his studies at Volterra till he was twelve years old, and
+then continued them at Rome, under Remmius Palaemon, the grammarian, and
+Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician.  Arriving at the age of twenty-one,
+he formed a friendship with Annaeus Cornutus [955], which lasted through
+life; and from him he learned the rudiments of philosophy.  Among his
+earliest friends were Caesius Bassus [956], and Calpurnius Statura; the
+latter of whom died while Persius himself was yet in his youth.
+Servilius (539) Numanus [957], he reverenced as a father.  Through
+Cornutus he was introduced to Annaeus, as well as to Lucan, who was of
+his own age, and also a disciple of Cornutus.  At that time Cornutus was
+a tragic writer; he belonged to the sect of the Stoics, and left behind
+him some philosophical works.  Lucan was so delighted with the writings
+of Persius Flaccus, that he could scarcely refrain from giving loud
+tokens of applause while the author was reciting them, and declared that
+they had the true spirit of poetry.  It was late before Persius made the
+acquaintance of Seneca, and then he was not much struck with his natural
+endowments.  At the house of Cornutus he enjoyed the society of two very
+learned and excellent men, who were then zealously devoting themselves to
+philosophical enquiries, namely, Claudius Agaternus, a physician from
+Lacedaemon, and Petronius Aristocrates, of Magnesia, men whom he held in
+the highest esteem, and with whom he vied in their studies, as they were
+of his own age, being younger than Cornutus.  During nearly the last ten
+years of his life he was much beloved by Thraseas, so that he sometimes
+travelled abroad in his company; and his cousin Arria was married to him.
+
+Persius was remarkable for gentle manners, for a modesty amounting to
+bashfulness, a handsome form, and an attachment to his mother, sister,
+and aunt, which was most exemplary.  He was frugal and chaste.  He left
+his mother and sister twenty thousand sesterces, requesting his mother,
+in a written codicil, to present to Cornutus, as some say, one hundred
+sesterces, or as others, twenty pounds of wrought silver [958], besides
+about seven hundred books, which, indeed, included his whole library.
+Cornutus, however, would only take the books, and gave up the legacy to
+the sisters, whom his brother had constituted his heirs.
+
+He wrote [959] seldom, and not very fast; even the work we possess he
+left incomplete.  Some verses are wanting at the end of the book [960],
+but Cornutus thoughtlessly recited it, as if (540) it was finished; and
+on Caesius Bassus requesting to be allowed to publish it, he delivered it
+to him for that purpose., In his younger days, Persius had written a
+play, as well as an Itinerary, with several copies of verses on Thraseas'
+father-in-law, and Arria's [961] mother, who had made away with herself
+before her husband.  But Cornutus used his whole influence with the
+mother of Persius to prevail upon her to destroy these compositions.  As
+soon as his book of Satires was published, all the world began to admire
+it, and were eager to buy it up.  He died of a disease in the stomach, in
+the thirtieth year of his age [962].  But no sooner had he left school
+and his masters, than he set to work with great vehemence to compose
+satires, from having read the tenth book of Lucilius; and made the
+beginning of that book his model; presently launching his invectives all
+around with so little scruple, that he did not spare cotemporary poets
+and orators, and even lashed Nero himself, who was then the reigning
+prince.  The verse ran as follows:
+
+    Auriculas asini Mida rex habet;
+    King Midas has an ass's ears;
+
+but Cornutus altered it thus;
+
+    Auriculas asini quis non hahet?
+    Who has not an ass's ears?
+
+in order that it might not be supposed that it was meant to apply to
+Nero.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF HORACE.
+
+
+HORATIUS FLACCUS was a native of Venusium [963], his father having been,
+by his own account [964], a freedman and collector of taxes, but, as it
+is generally believed, a dealer in salted (541) provisions; for some one
+with whom Horace had a quarrel, jeered him, by saying; "How often have I
+seen your father wiping his nose with his fist?"  In the battle of
+Philippi, he served as a military tribune [965], which post he filled at
+the instance of Marcus Brutus [966], the general; and having obtained a
+pardon, on the overthrow of his party, he purchased the office of scribe
+to a quaestor.  Afterwards insinuating himself first, into the good
+graces of Mecaenas, and then of Augustus, he secured no small share in
+the regard of both.  And first, how much Mecaenas loved him may be seen
+by the epigram in which he says:
+
+    Ni te visceribus meis, Horati,
+    Plus jam diligo, Titium sodalem,
+    Ginno tu videas strigosiorem. [967]
+
+But it was more strongly exhibited by Augustus, in a short sentence
+uttered in his last moments: "Be as mindful of Horatius Flaccus as you
+are of me!"  Augustus offered to appoint him his secretary, signifying
+his wishes to Mecaenas in a letter to the following effect: "Hitherto I
+have been able to write my own epistles to friends; but now I am too much
+occupied, and in an infirm state of health.  I wish, therefore, to
+deprive you of our Horace: let him leave, therefore, your luxurious table
+and come to the palace, and he shall assist me in writing my letters."
+And upon his refusing to accept the office, he neither exhibited the
+smallest displeasure, nor ceased to heap upon him tokens of his regard.
+Letters of his are extant, from which I will make some short extracts to
+establish this: "Use your influence over me with the same freedom as you
+would do if we were living together as friends.  In so doing you will be
+perfectly right, and guilty of no impropriety; for I could wish that our
+intercourse should be on that footing, if your health admitted of it."
+And again: "How I hold you in memory you may learn (542) from our friend
+Septimius [968], for I happened to mention you when he was present.  And
+if you are so proud as to scorn my friendship, that is no reason why I
+should lightly esteem yours, in return."  Besides this, among other
+drolleries, he often called him, "his most immaculate penis," and "his
+charming little man," and loaded him from time to time with proofs of his
+munificence.  He admired his works so much, and was so convinced of their
+enduring fame, that he directed him to compose the Secular Poem, as well
+as that on the victory of his stepsons Tiberius and Drusus over the
+Vindelici [969]; and for this purpose urged him to add, after a long
+interval, a fourth book of Odes to the former three.  After reading his
+"Sermones," in which he found no mention of himself, he complained in
+these terms: "You must know that I am very angry with you, because in
+most of your works of this description you do not choose to address
+yourself to me.  Are you afraid that, in times to come, your reputation
+will suffer; in case it should appear that you lived on terms of intimate
+friendship with me?"  And he wrung from him the eulogy which begins with,
+
+    Cum tot sustineas, et tanta negotia solus:
+    Res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes,
+    Legibus emendes: in publica commoda peccem,
+    Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.--Epist. ii. i.
+
+    While you alone sustain the important weight
+    Of Rome's affairs, so various and so great;
+    While you the public weal with arms defend,
+    Adorn with morals, and with laws amend;
+    Shall not the tedious letter prove a crime,
+    That steals one moment of our Caesar's time.--Francis.
+
+In person, Horace was short and fat, as he is described by himself in his
+Satires [970], and by Augustus in the following letter: "Dionysius has
+brought me your small volume, which, little as it is, not to blame you
+for that, I shall judge favourably.  You seem to me, however, to be
+afraid lest your volumes should be bigger than yourself.  But if you are
+short in stature, you are corpulent enough.  You may, therefore, (543) if
+you will, write in a quart, when the size of your volume is as large
+round as your paunch."
+
+It is reported that he was immoderately addicted to venery.  [For he is
+said to have had obscene pictures so disposed in a bedchamber lined with
+mirrors, that, whichever way he looked, lascivious images might present
+themselves to his view.] [971]  He lived for the most part in the
+retirement of his farm [972], on the confines of the Sabine and Tiburtine
+territories, and his house is shewn in the neighbourhood of a little wood
+not far from Tibur.  Some Elegies ascribed to him, and a prose Epistle
+apparently written to commend himself to Mecaenas, have been handed down
+to us; but I believe that neither of them are genuine works of his; for
+the Elegies are commonplace, and the Epistle is wanting in perspicuity, a
+fault which cannot be imputed to his style.  He was born on the sixth of
+the ides of December [27th December], in the consulship of Lucius Cotta
+[973] and Lucius Torquatus; and died on the fifth of the calends of
+December [27th November], in the consulship of Caius Marcius Censorinus
+and Caius Asinius Gallus [974]; having completed his fifty-ninth year.
+He made a nuncupatory will, declaring Augustus his heir, not being able,
+from the violence of his disorder, to sign one in due form.  He was
+interred and lies buried on the skirts of the Esquiline Hill, near the
+tomb of Mecaenas. [975]
+
+(544) M. ANNAEUS LUCANUS, a native of Corduba [976], first tried the
+powers of his genius in an encomium on Nero, at the Quinquennial games.
+He afterwards recited his poem on the Civil War carried on between Pompey
+and Caesar.  His vanity was so immense, and he gave such liberty to his
+tongue, that in some preface, comparing his age and his first efforts
+with those of Virgil, he had the assurance to say: "And what now remains
+for me is to deal with a gnat."  In his early youth, after being long
+informed of the sort of life his father led in the country, in
+consequence of an unhappy marriage [977], he was recalled from Athens by
+Nero, who admitted him into the circle of his friends, and even gave him
+the honour of the quaestorship; but he did not long remain in favour.
+Smarting at this, and having publicly stated that Nero had withdrawn, all
+of a sudden, without communicating with the senate, and without any other
+motive than his own recreation, after this he did not cease to assail the
+emperor both with foul words and with acts which are still notorious.  So
+that on one occasion, when easing his bowels in the common privy, there
+being a louder explosion than usual, he gave vent to the nemistych of
+Nero: "One would suppose it was thundering under ground," in the hearing
+of those who were sitting there for the same purpose, and who took to
+their heels in much consternation [978].  In a poem also, which was in
+every one's hands, he severely lashed both the emperor and his most
+powerful adherents.
+
+At length, he became nearly the most active leader in Piso's conspiracy
+[979]; and while he dwelt without reserve in many quarters on the glory
+of those who dipped their hands in the (545) blood of tyrants, he
+launched out into open threats of violence, and carried them so far as to
+boast that he would cast the emperor's head at the feet of his
+neighbours.  When, however, the plot was discovered, he did not exhibit
+any firmness of mind.  A confession was wrung from him without much
+difficulty; and, humbling himself to the most abject entreaties, he even
+named his innocent mother as one of the conspirators [980]; hoping that
+his want of natural affection would give him favour in the eyes of a
+parricidal prince.  Having obtained permission to choose his mode of
+death [981], he wrote notes to his father, containing corrections of some
+of his verses, and, having made a full meal, allowed a physician to open
+the veins in his arm [982].  I have also heard it said that his poems
+were offered for sale, and commented upon, not only with care and
+diligence, but also in a trifling way. [983]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF PLINY.
+
+[984]
+
+
+PLINIUS SECUNDUS, a native of New Como [985], having served in (546)
+the wars with strict attention to his duties, in the rank of a knight,
+distinguished himself, also, by the great integrity with which he
+administered the high functions of procurator for a long period in the
+several provinces intrusted to his charge.  But still he devoted so much
+attention to literary pursuits, that it would not have been an easy
+matter for a person who enjoyed entire leisure to have written more than
+he did.  He comprised, in twenty volumes, an account of all the various
+wars carried on in successive periods with the German tribes.  Besides
+this, he wrote a Natural History, which extended to seven books.  He fell
+a victim to the calamitous event which occurred in Campania.  For, having
+the command of the fleet at Misenum, when Vesuvius was throwing up a
+fiery eruption, he put to sea with his gallies for the purpose of
+exploring the causes of the phenomenon close on the spot [986].  But
+being prevented by contrary winds from sailing back, he was suffocated in
+the dense cloud of dust and ashes.  Some, however, think that he was
+killed by his slave, having implored him to put an end to his sufferings,
+when he was reduced to the last extremity by the fervent heat. [987]
+
+THE END OF LIVES OF THE POETS.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[925]  Lucius Fenestella, an historical writer, is mentioned by
+Lactantius, Seneca, and Pliny, who says, that he died towards the close
+of the reign of Tiberius.
+
+[926]  The second Punic war ended A.U.C. 552, and the third began A.U.C.
+605.  Terence was probably born about 560.
+
+[927]  Carthage was laid in ruins A.U.C. 606 or 607, six hundred and
+sixty seven years after its foundation.
+
+[928]  These entertainments were given by the aediles M. Fulvius Nobilior
+and M. Acilius Glabrio, A.U.C. 587.
+
+[929]  St. Jerom also states that Terence read the "Andria" to Caecilius
+who was a comic poet at Rome; but it is clearly an anachronism, as he
+died two years before this period.  It is proposed, therefore, to amend
+the text by substituting Acilius, the aedile; a correction recommended by
+all the circumstances, and approved by Pitiscus and Ernesti.
+
+[930]  The "Hecyra," The Mother-in-law, is one of Terence's plays.
+
+[931]  The "Eunuch" was not brought out till five years after the Andria,
+A.U.C. 592.
+
+[932]  About 80 pounds sterling; the price paid for the two performances.
+What further right of authorship is meant by the words following, is not
+very clear.
+
+[933]  The "Adelphi" was first acted A.U.C. 593.
+
+[934]  This report is mentioned by Cicero (Ad Attic, vii. 3), who applies
+it to the younger Laelius.  The Scipio here mentioned is Scipio
+Africanus, who was at this time about twenty-one years of age.
+
+[935]  The calends of March was the festival of married women.  See
+before, VESPASIAN, c. xix.
+
+[936]  Santra, who wrote biographies of celebrated characters, is
+mentioned as "a man of learning," by St. Jerom, in his preface to the
+book on the Ecclesiastical Writers.
+
+[937]  The idea seems to have prevailed that Terence, originally an
+African slave, could not have attained that purity of style in Latin
+composition which is found in his plays, without some assistance.  The
+style of Phaedrus, however; who was a slave from Thrace, and lived in the
+reign of Tiberius, is equally pure, although no such suspicion attaches
+to his work.
+
+[938]  Cicero (de Clar. Orat. c. 207) gives Sulpicius Gallus a high
+character as a finished orator and elegant scholar.  He was consul when
+the Andria was first produced.
+
+[939]  Labeo and Popilius are also spoken of by Cicero in high terms, Ib.
+cc. 21 and 24.  Q. Fabius Labeo was consul with M. Claudius Marcellus,
+A.U.C. 570 and Popilius with L. Postumius Albinus, A.U.C. 580.
+
+[940]  The story of Terence's having converted into Latin plays this
+large number of Menander's Greek comedies, is beyond all probability,
+considering the age at which he died, and other circumstances.  Indeed,
+Menander never wrote so many as are here stated.
+
+[941]  They were consuls A.U.C. 594.  Terence was, therefore, thirty-four
+years old at the time of his death.
+
+[942]  Hortulorum, in the plural number.  This term, often found in Roman
+authors, not inaptly describes the vast number of little inclosures,
+consisting of vineyards, orchards of fig-trees, peaches, etc., with
+patches of tillage, in which maize, legumes, melons, pumpkins, and other
+vegetables are cultivated for sale, still found on small properties, in
+the south of Europe, particularly in the neighbourhood of towns.
+
+[943]  Suetonius has quoted these lines in the earlier part of his Life
+of Terence.  See before p. 532, where they are translated.
+
+[944]  Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volscians, as appears
+by an ancient MS., and is intimated by himself.  Sat. iii. 319.
+
+[945]  He must have been therefore nearly forty years old at this time,
+as he lived to be eighty.
+
+[946]  The seventh of Juvenal's Satires.
+
+[947]  This Paris does not appear to have been the favourite of Nero, who
+was put to death by that prince [see NERO, c. liv.], but another person
+of the same name, who was patronised by the emperor Domitian.  The name
+of the poet joined with him is not known.  Salmatius thinks it was
+Statius Pompilius, who sold to Paris, the actor, the play of Agave;
+
+    Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven.--Juv. Sat. vii. 87.
+
+[948]  Sulpicius Camerinus had been proconsul in Africa; Bareas Soranus
+in Asia.  Tacit. Annal. xiii. 52; xvi. 23.  Both of them are said to have
+been corrupt in their administration; and the satirist introduces their
+names as examples of the rich and noble, whose influence was less than
+that of favourite actors, or whose avarice prevented them from becoming
+the patrons of poets.
+
+[949]  The "Pelopea," was a tragedy founded on the story of the daughter
+of Thyestes; the "Philomela," a tragedy on the fate of Itys, whose
+remains were served to his father at a banquet by Philomela and her
+sister Progne.
+
+[950]  This was in the time of Adrian.  Juvenal, who wrote first in the
+reigns of Domitian and Trajan, composed his last Satire but one in the
+third year of Adrian, A.U.C. 872.
+
+[951]  Syene is meant, the frontier station of the imperial troops in
+that quarter of the world.
+
+[952]  A.U.C. 786, A.D. 34.
+
+[953]  A.U.C. 814, A.D. 62.
+
+[954]  Persius was one of the few men of rank and affluence among the
+Romans, who acquired distinction as writers; the greater part of them
+having been freedmen, as appears not only from these lives of the poets,
+but from our author's notices of the grammarians and rhetoricians.  A
+Caius Persius is mentioned with distinction by Livy in the second Punic
+war, Hist. xxvi. 39; and another of the same name by Cicero, de Orat. ii.
+6, and by Pliny; but whether the poet was descended from either of them,
+we have no means of ascertaining.
+
+[955]  Persius addressed his fifth satire to Annaeus Cornutus.  He was a
+native of Leptis, in Africa, and lived at Rome in the time of Nero, by
+whom he was banished.
+
+[956]  Caesius Bassus, a lyric poet, flourished during the reigns of Nero
+and Galba.  Persius dedicated his sixth Satire to him.
+
+[957]  "Numanus."  It should be Servilius Nonianus, who is mentioned by
+Pliny, xxviii. 2, and xxxvii. 6.
+
+[958]  Commentators are not agreed about these sums, the text varying
+both in the manuscripts and editions.
+
+[959]  See Dr. Thomson's remarks on Persius, before, p. 398.
+
+[960] There is no appearance of any want of finish in the sixth Satire of
+Persius, as it has come down to us; but it has been conjectured that it
+was followed by another, which was left imperfect.
+
+[961]  There were two Arrias, mother and daughter, Tacit. Annal. xvi.
+34. 3.
+
+[962]  Persius died about nine days before he completed his twenty-ninth
+year.
+
+[963]  Venusium stood on the confines of the Apulian, Lucanian, and
+Samnite territories.
+
+    Sequor hunc, Lucanus an Appulus anceps;
+    Nam Venusinus arat finem sub utrumque colonus.
+                                        Hor Sat. xi. 1. 34.
+[964]  Sat. i. 6. 45.
+
+[965]  Horace mentions his being in this battle, and does not scruple to
+admit that he made rather a precipitate retreat, "relicta non bene
+parmula."--Ode xi. 7-9.
+
+[966]  See Ode xi. 7. 1.
+
+[967]  The editors of Suetonius give different versions of this epigram.
+It seems to allude to some passing occurrence, and in its present form
+the sense is to this effect: "If I love you not, Horace, to my very
+heart's core, may you see the priest of the college of Titus leaner than
+his mule."
+
+[968]  Probably the Septimius to whom Horace addressed the ode beginning
+
+    Septimi, Gades aditure mecum.--Ode xl. b. i.
+
+[969]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxi.; and Horace, Ode iv, 4.
+
+[970]  See Epist. i. iv. xv.
+
+    Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises.
+
+[971]  It is satisfactory to find that the best commentators consider the
+words between brackets as an interpolation in the work of Suetonius.
+Some, including Bentley, reject the preceding sentence also.
+
+[972]  The works of Horace abound with references to his Sabine farm
+which must be familiar to many readers.  Some remains are still shewn,
+consisting of a ruined wall and a tesselated pavement in a vineyard,
+about eight miles from Tivoli, which are supposed, with reason, to mark
+its site.  At least, the features of the neighbouring country, as often
+sketched by the poet--and they are very beautiful--cannot be mistaken.
+
+[973]  Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls A.U.C. 688.
+The genial Horace, in speaking of his old wine, agrees with Suetonius in
+fixing the date of his own birth:
+
+    O nata mecum consule Manlio
+    Testa.--Ode iii. 21.
+And again,
+
+    Tu vina, Torquato, move
+    Consule pressa meo.--Epod. xiii. 8.
+
+[974]  A.U.C. 745.  So that Horace was in his fifty-seventh, not his
+fifty-ninth year, at the time of his death.
+
+[975]  It may be concluded that Horace died at Rome, under the hospitable
+roof of his patron Mecaenas, whose villa and gardens stood on the
+Esquiline hill; which had formerly been the burial ground of the lower
+classes; but, as he tells us,
+
+    Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque
+    Aggere in aprico spatiare.--Sat. i. 8.
+
+[976]  Cordova.  Lucan was the son of Annaeus Mella, Seneca's brother.
+
+[977]  This sentence is very obscure, and Ernesti considers the text to
+be imperfect.
+
+[978]  They had good reason to know that, ridiculous as the tyrant made
+himself, it was not safe to incur even the suspicion of being parties to
+a jest upon him.
+
+[979]  See NERO, c. xxxvi.
+
+[980]  St. Jerom (Chron. Euseb.) places Lucan's death in the tenth year
+of Nero's reign, corresponding with A.U.C. 817.  This opportunity is
+taken of correcting an error in the press, p. 342, respecting the date of
+Nero's accession.  It should be A.U.C. 807, A.D. 55.
+
+[981]  These circumstances are not mentioned by some other writers.  See
+Dr. Thomson's account of Lucan, before, p. 347, where it is said that he
+died with philosophical firmness.
+
+[982]  We find it stated ib. p. 396, that Lucan expired while pronouncing
+some verses from his own Pharsalia: for which we have the authority of
+Tacitus, Annal. xv. 20. 1.  Lucan, it appears, employed his last hours in
+revising his poems; on the contrary, Virgil, we are told, when his death
+was imminent, renewed his directions that the Aeneid should be committed
+to the flames.
+
+[983]  The text of the concluding sentence of Lucan's life is corrupt,
+and neither of the modes proposed for correcting it make the sense
+intended very clear.
+
+[984]  Although this brief memoir of Pliny is inserted in all the
+editions of Suetonius, it was unquestionably not written by him.  The
+author, whoever he was, has confounded the two Plinys, the uncle and
+nephew, into which error Suetonius could not have fallen, as he lived on
+intimate terms with the younger Pliny; nor can it be supposed that he
+would have composed the memoir of his illustrious friend in so cursory a
+manner.  Scaliger and other learned men consider that the life of Pliny,
+attributed to Suetonius, was composed more than four centuries after that
+historian's death.
+
+[985]  See JULIUS, c. xxviii.  Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (the
+younger Pliny) was born at Como, A.U.C. 814; A.D. 62.  His father's name
+was Lucius Caecilius, also of Como, who married Plinia, the sister of
+Caius Plinius Secundus, supposed to have been a native of Verona, the
+author of the Natural History, and by this marriage the uncle of Pliny
+the Younger.  It was the nephew who enjoyed the confidence of the
+emperors Nerva and Trajan, and was the author of the celebrated Letters.
+
+[986]  The first eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred A.U.C. 831, A.D. 79.
+See TITUS, c. viii.  The younger Pliny was with his uncle at Misenum at
+the time, and has left an account of his disastrous enterprise in one of
+his letters, Epist. vi. xvi.
+
+[987]  For further accounts of the elder Pliny, see the Epistles of
+his nephew, B. iii. 5; vi. 16. 20; and Dr. Thomson's remarks before,
+pp. 475-478.
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V14
+#14 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 14.
+       [LIVES OF THE POETS]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6399]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V14 ***
+
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+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
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+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+(531)
+
+
+                          LIVES OF THE POETS.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF TERENCE.
+
+
+Publius Terentius Afer, a native of Carthage, was a slave, at Rome, of
+the senator Terentius Lucanus, who, struck by his abilities and handsome
+person, gave him not only a liberal education in his youth, but his
+freedom when he arrived at years of maturity.  Some say that he was a
+captive taken in war, but this, as Fenestella [925] informs us, could by
+no means have been the case, since both his birth and death took place in
+the interval between the termination of the second Punic war and the
+commencement of the third [926]; nor, even supposing that he had been
+taken prisoner by the Numidian or Getulian tribes, could he have fallen
+into the hands of a Roman general, as there was no commercial intercourse
+between the Italians and Africans until after the fall of Carthage [927].
+Terence lived in great familiarity with many persons of high station, and
+especially with Scipio Africanus, and Caius Delius, whose favour he is
+even supposed to have purchased by the foulest means.  But Fenestella
+reverses the charge, contending that Terence was older than either of
+them.  Cornelius Nepos, however, (532) informs us that they were all of
+nearly equal age; and Porcias intimates a suspicion of this criminal
+commerce in the following passage:--
+
+"While Terence plays the wanton with the great, and recommends himself to
+them by the meretricious ornaments of his person; while, with greedy
+ears, he drinks in the divine melody of Africanus's voice; while he
+thinks of being a constant guest at the table of Furius, and the handsome
+Laelius; while he thinks that he is fondly loved by them, and often
+invited to Albanum for his youthful beauty, he finds himself stripped of
+his property, and reduced to the lowest state of indigence.  Then,
+withdrawing from the world, he betook himself to Greece, where he met his
+end, dying at Strymphalos, a town in Arcadia.  What availed him the
+friendship of Scipio, of Laelius, or of Furius, three of the most
+affluent nobles of that age?  They did not even minister to his
+necessities so much as to provide him a hired house, to which his slave
+might return with the intelligence of his master's death."
+
+He wrote comedies, the earliest of which, The Andria, having to be
+performed at the public spectacles given by the aediles [928], he was
+commanded to read it first before Caecilius [929].  Having been
+introduced while Caecilius was at supper, and being meanly dressed, he is
+reported to have read the beginning of the play seated on a low stool
+near the great man's couch.  But after reciting a few verses, he was
+invited to take his place at table, and, having supped with his host,
+went through the rest to his great delight.  This play and five others
+were received by the public with similar applause, although Volcatius, in
+his enumeration of them, says that "The Hecyra [930] must not be reckoned
+among these."
+
+The Eunuch was even acted twice the same day [931], and earned more money
+than any comedy, whoever was the writer, had (533) ever done before,
+namely, eight thousand sesterces [932]; besides which, a certain sum
+accrued to the author for the title.  But Varro prefers the opening of
+The Adelphi [933] to that of Menander.  It is very commonly reported that
+Terence was assisted in his works by Laelius and Scipio [934], with whom
+he lived in such great intimacy.  He gave some currency to this report
+himself, nor did he ever attempt to defend himself against it, except in
+a light way; as in the prologue to The Adelphi:
+
+    Nam quod isti dicunt malevoli, homines nohiles
+    Hunc adjutare, assidueque una scribere;
+    Quod illi maledictun vehemens existimant,
+    Eam laudem hic ducit maximam: cum illis placet,
+    Qui vobis universis et populo placent;
+    Quorum opera in bello, in otio, in negotio,
+    Suo quisque tempore usus est sine superbia.
+
+                                --------For this,
+    Which malice tells that certain noble persons
+    Assist the bard, and write in concert with him,
+    That which they deem a heavy slander, he
+    Esteems his greatest praise: that he can please
+    Those who in war, in peace, as counsellors,
+    Have rendered you the dearest services,
+    And ever borne their faculties so meekly.
+                                          Colman.
+
+He appears to have protested against this imputation with less
+earnestness, because the notion was far from being disagreeable to
+Laelius and Scipio.  It therefore gained ground, and prevailed in after-
+times.
+
+Quintus Memmius, in his speech in his own defence, says "Publius
+Africanus, who borrowed from Terence a character which he had acted in
+private, brought it on the stage in his name."  Nepos tells us he found
+in some book that C. Laelius, when he was on some occasion at Puteoli, on
+the calends [the first] of March, [935] being requested by his wife to
+rise early, (534) begged her not to suffer him to be disturbed, as he had
+gone to bed late, having been engaged in writing with more than usual
+success.  On her asking him to tell her what he had been writing, he
+repeated the verses which are found in the Heautontimoroumenos:
+
+    Satis pol proterve me Syri promessa--Heauton. IV. iv. 1.
+    I'faith! the rogue Syrus's impudent pretences--
+
+Santra [936] is of opinion that if Terence required any assistance in his
+compositions [937], he would not have had recourse to Scipio and Laelius,
+who were then very young men, but rather to Sulpicius Gallus [938], an
+accomplished scholar, who had been the first to introduce his plays at
+the games given by the consuls; or to Q. Fabius Labeo, or Marcus Popilius
+[939], both men of consular rank, as well as poets.  It was for this
+reason that, in alluding to the assistance he had received, he did not
+speak of his coadjutors as very young men, but as persons of whose
+services the people had full experience in peace, in war, and in the
+administration of affairs.
+
+After he had given his comedies to the world, at a time when he had not
+passed his thirty-fifth year, in order to avoid suspicion, as he found
+others publishing their works under his name, or else to make himself
+acquainted with the modes of life and habits of the Greeks, for the
+purpose of exhibiting them in his plays, he withdrew from home, to which
+he never returned.  Volcatius gives this account of his death:
+
+    Sed ut Afer sei populo dedit comoedias,
+    Iter hic in Asiam fecit.  Navem cum semel
+    Conscendit, visus nunquam est.  Sic vita vacat.
+
+    (535) When Afer had produced six plays for the entertainment of the
+        people,
+    He embarked for Asia; but from the time he went on board ship
+    He was never seen again.  Thus he ended his life.
+
+Q. Consentius reports that he perished at sea on his voyage back from
+Greece, and that one hundred and eight plays, of which he had made a
+version from Menander [940], were lost with him.  Others say that he died
+at Stymphalos, in Arcadia, or in Leucadia, during the consulship of Cn.
+Cornelius Dolabella and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior [941], worn out with a
+severe illness, and with grief and regret for the loss of his baggage,
+which he had sent forward in a ship that was wrecked, and contained the
+last new plays he had written.
+
+In person, Terence is reported to have been rather short and slender,
+with a dark complexion.  He had an only daughter, who was afterwards
+married to a Roman knight; and he left also twenty acres of garden ground
+[942], on the Appian Way, at the Villa of Mars.  I, therefore, wonder the
+more how Porcius could have written the verses,
+
+                          --------nihil Publius
+    Scipio profuit, nihil et Laelius, nihil Furius,
+    Tres per idem tempus qui agitabant nobiles facillime.
+    Eorum ille opera ne domum quidem habuit conductitiam
+    Saltem ut esset, quo referret obitum domini servulus. [943]
+
+Afranius places him at the head of all the comic writers, declaring, in
+his Compitalia,
+
+    Terentio non similem dices quempiam.
+    Terence's equal cannot soon be found.
+
+On the other hand, Volcatius reckons him inferior not only (536) to
+Naevius, Plautus, and Caecilius, but also to Licinius.  Cicero pays him
+this high compliment, in his Limo--
+
+    Tu quoque, qui solus lecto sermone, Terenti,
+    Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menandrum
+    In medio populi sedatis vocibus offers,
+    Quidquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens.
+
+"You, only, Terence, translated into Latin, and clothed in choice
+language the plays of Menander, and brought them before the public, who,
+in crowded audiences, hung upon hushed applause--
+
+    Grace marked each line, and every period charmed."
+
+So also Caius Caesar:
+
+    Tu quoque tu in summis, O dimidiate Menander,
+    Poneris, et merito, puri sermonis amator,
+    Lenibus atque utinam scriptis adjuncta foret vis
+    Comica, ut aequato virtus polleret honore
+    Cum Graecis, neque in hoc despectus parte jaceres!
+    Unum hoc maceror, et doleo tibi deesse, Terenti.
+
+"You, too, who divide your honours with Menander, will take your place
+among poets of the highest order, and justly too, such is the purity of
+your style.  Would only that to your graceful diction was added more
+comic force, that your works might equal in merit the Greek masterpieces,
+and your inferiority in this particular should not expose you to censure.
+This is my only regret; in this, Terence, I grieve to say you are
+wanting."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF JUVENAL.
+
+
+D. JUNIUS JUVENALIS, who was either the son [944] of a wealthy freedman,
+or brought up by him, it is not known which, declaimed till the middle of
+life [945], more from the bent of his inclination, than from any desire
+to prepare himself either for the schools or the forum.  But having
+composed a short satire [946], which was clever enough, on Paris [947],
+the actor of pantomimes, (537) and also on the poet of Claudius Nero, who
+was puffed up by having held some inferior military rank for six months
+only; he afterwards devoted himself with much zeal to that style of
+writing.  For a while indeed, he had not the courage to read them even to
+a small circle of auditors, but it was not long before he recited his
+satires to crowded audiences, and with entire success; and this he did
+twice or thrice, inserting new lines among those which he had originally
+composed.
+
+    Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio, tu Camerinos,
+    Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas.
+    Praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos.
+
+    Behold an actor's patronage affords
+    A surer means of rising than a lord's!
+    And wilt thou still the Camerino's [948] court,
+    Or to the halls of Bareas resort,
+    When tribunes Pelopea can create
+    And Philomela praefects, who shall rule the state? [949]
+
+At that time the player was in high favour at court, and many of those
+who fawned upon him were daily raised to posts of honour.  Juvenal
+therefore incurred the suspicion of having covertly satirized occurrences
+which were then passing, and, although eighty years old at that time
+[950], he was immediately removed from the city, being sent into
+honourable banishment as praefect of a cohort, which was under orders to
+proceed to a station at the extreme frontier of Egypt [951].  That (538)
+sort of punishment was selected, as it appeared severe enough for an
+offence which was venial, and a mere piece of drollery.  However, he died
+very soon afterwards, worn down by grief, and weary of his life.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF PERSIUS.
+
+
+AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS was born the day before the Nones of December [4th
+Dec.] [952], in the consulship of Fabius Persicus and L. Vitellius.  He
+died on the eighth of the calends of December [24th Nov.] [953] in the
+consulship of Rubrius Marius and Asinius Gallus.  Though born at
+Volterra, in Etruria, he was a Roman knight, allied both by blood and
+marriage to persons of the highest rank [954].  He ended his days at an
+estate he had at the eighth milestone on the Appian Way.  His father,
+Flaccus, who died when he was barely six years old, left him under the
+care of guardians, and his mother, Fulvia Silenna, who afterwards married
+Fusius, a Roman knight, buried him also in a very few years.  Persius
+Flaccus pursued his studies at Volterra till he was twelve years old, and
+then continued them at Rome, under Remmius Palaemon, the grammarian, and
+Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician.  Arriving at the age of twenty-one,
+he formed a friendship with Annaeus Cornutus [955], which lasted through
+life; and from him he learned the rudiments of philosophy.  Among his
+earliest friends were Caesius Bassus [956], and Calpurnius Statura; the
+latter of whom died while Persius himself was yet in his youth.
+Servilius (539) Numanus [957], he reverenced as a father.  Through
+Cornutus he was introduced to Annaeus, as well as to Lucan, who was of
+his own age, and also a disciple of Cornutus.  At that time Cornutus was
+a tragic writer; he belonged to the sect of the Stoics, and left behind
+him some philosophical works.  Lucan was so delighted with the writings
+of Persius Flaccus, that he could scarcely refrain from giving loud
+tokens of applause while the author was reciting them, and declared that
+they had the true spirit of poetry.  It was late before Persius made the
+acquaintance of Seneca, and then he was not much struck with his natural
+endowments.  At the house of Cornutus he enjoyed the society of two very
+learned and excellent men, who were then zealously devoting themselves to
+philosophical enquiries, namely, Claudius Agaternus, a physician from
+Lacedaemon, and Petronius Aristocrates, of Magnesia, men whom he held in
+the highest esteem, and with whom he vied in their studies, as they were
+of his own age, being younger than Cornutus.  During nearly the last ten
+years of his life he was much beloved by Thraseas, so that he sometimes
+travelled abroad in his company; and his cousin Arria was married to him.
+
+Persius was remarkable for gentle manners, for a modesty amounting to
+bashfulness, a handsome form, and an attachment to his mother, sister,
+and aunt, which was most exemplary.  He was frugal and chaste.  He left
+his mother and sister twenty thousand sesterces, requesting his mother,
+in a written codicil, to present to Cornutus, as some say, one hundred
+sesterces, or as others, twenty pounds of wrought silver [958], besides
+about seven hundred books, which, indeed, included his whole library.
+Cornutus, however, would only take the books, and gave up the legacy to
+the sisters, whom his brother had constituted his heirs.
+
+He wrote [959] seldom, and not very fast; even the work we possess he
+left incomplete.  Some verses are wanting at the end of the book [960],
+but Cornutus thoughtlessly recited it, as if (540) it was finished; and
+on Caesius Bassus requesting to be allowed to publish it, he delivered it
+to him for that purpose., In his younger days, Persius had written a
+play, as well as an Itinerary, with several copies of verses on Thraseas'
+father-in-law, and Arria's [961] mother, who had made away with herself
+before her husband.  But Cornutus used his whole influence with the
+mother of Persius to prevail upon her to destroy these compositions.  As
+soon as his book of Satires was published, all the world began to admire
+it, and were eager to buy it up.  He died of a disease in the stomach, in
+the thirtieth year of his age [962].  But no sooner had he left school
+and his masters, than he set to work with great vehemence to compose
+satires, from having read the tenth book of Lucilius; and made the
+beginning of that book his model; presently launching his invectives all
+around with so little scruple, that he did not spare cotemporary poets
+and orators, and even lashed Nero himself, who was then the reigning
+prince.  The verse ran as follows:
+
+    Auriculas asini Mida rex habet;
+    King Midas has an ass's ears;
+
+but Cornutus altered it thus;
+
+    Auriculas asini quis non hahet?
+    Who has not an ass's ears?
+
+in order that it might not be supposed that it was meant to apply to
+Nero.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF HOR ACE.
+
+
+HORATIUS FLACCUS was a native of Venusium [963], his father having been,
+by his own account [964], a freedman and collector of taxes, but, as it
+is generally believed, a dealer in salted (541) provisions; for some one
+with whom Horace had a quarrel, jeered him, by saying; "How often have I
+seen your father wiping his nose with his fist?"  In the battle of
+Philippi, he served as a military tribune [965], which post he filled at
+the instance of Marcus Brutus [966], the general; and having obtained a
+pardon, on the overthrow of his party, he purchased the office of scribe
+to a quaestor.  Afterwards insinuating himself first, into the good
+graces of Mecaenas, and then of Augustus, he secured no small share in
+the regard of both.  And first, how much Mecaenas loved him may be seen
+by the epigram in which he says:
+
+    Ni te visceribus meis, Horati,
+    Plus jam diligo, Titium sodalem,
+    Ginno tu videas strigosiorem. [967]
+
+But it was more strongly exhibited by Augustus, in a short sentence
+uttered in his last moments: "Be as mindful of Horatius Flaccus as you
+are of me!"  Augustus offered to appoint him his secretary, signifying
+his wishes to Mecaenas in a letter to the following effect: "Hitherto I
+have been able to write my own epistles to friends; but now I am too much
+occupied, and in an infirm state of health.  I wish, therefore, to
+deprive you of our Horace: let him leave, therefore, your luxurious table
+and come to the palace, and he shall assist me in writing my letters."
+And upon his refusing to accept the office, he neither exhibited the
+smallest displeasure, nor ceased to heap upon him tokens of his regard.
+Letters of his are extant, from which I will make some short extracts to
+establish this: "Use your influence over me with the same freedom as you
+would do if we were living together as friends.  In so doing you will be
+perfectly right, and guilty of no impropriety; for I could wish that our
+intercourse should be on that footing, if your health admitted of it."
+And again: "How I hold you in memory you may learn (542) from our friend
+Septimius [968], for I happened to mention you when he was present.  And
+if you are so proud as to scorn my friendship, that is no reason why I
+should lightly esteem yours, in return."  Besides this, among other
+drolleries, he often called him, "his most immaculate penis," and "his
+charming little man," and loaded him from time to time with proofs of his
+munificence.  He admired his works so much, and was so convinced of their
+enduring fame, that he directed him to compose the Secular Poem, as well
+as that on the victory of his stepsons Tiberius and Drusus over the
+Vindelici [969]; and for this purpose urged him to add, after a long
+interval, a fourth book of Odes to the former three.  After reading his
+"Sermones," in which he found no mention of himself, he complained in
+these terms: "You must know that I am very angry with you, because in
+most of your works of this description you do not choose to address
+yourself to me.  Are you afraid that, in times to come, your reputation
+will suffer; in case it should appear that you lived on terms of intimate
+friendship with me?"  And he wrung from him the eulogy which begins with,
+
+    Cum tot sustineas, et tanta negotia solus:
+    Res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes,
+    Legibus emendes: in publica commoda peccem,
+    Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.--Epist. ii. i.
+
+    While you alone sustain the important weight
+    Of Rome's affairs, so various and so great;
+    While you the public weal with arms defend,
+    Adorn with morals, and with laws amend;
+    Shall not the tedious letter prove a crime,
+    That steals one moment of our Caesar's time.--Francis.
+
+In person, Horace was short and fat, as he is described by himself in his
+Satires [970], and by Augustus in the following letter: "Dionysius has
+brought me your small volume, which, little as it is, not to blame you
+for that, I shall judge favourably.  You seem to me, however, to be
+afraid lest your volumes should be bigger than yourself.  But if you are
+short in stature, you are corpulent enough.  You may, therefore, (543) if
+you will, write in a quart, when the size of your volume is as large
+round as your paunch."
+
+It is reported that he was immoderately addicted to venery.  [For he is
+said to have had obscene pictures so disposed in a bedchamber lined with
+mirrors, that, whichever way he looked, lascivious images might present
+themselves to his view.] [971]  He lived for the most part in the
+retirement of his farm [972], on the confines of the Sabine and Tiburtine
+territories, and his house is shewn in the neighbourhood of a little wood
+not far from Tibur.  Some Elegies ascribed to him, and a prose Epistle
+apparently written to commend himself to Mecaenas, have been handed down
+to us; but I believe that neither of them are genuine works of his; for
+the Elegies are commonplace, and the Epistle is wanting in perspicuity, a
+fault which cannot be imputed to his style.  He was born on the sixth of
+the ides of December [27th December], in the consulship of Lucius Cotta
+[973] and Lucius Torquatus; and died on the fifth of the calends of
+December [27th November], in the consulship of Caius Marcius Censorinus
+and Caius Asinius Gallus [974]; having completed his fifty-ninth year.
+He made a nuncupatory will, declaring Augustus his heir, not being able,
+from the violence of his disorder, to sign one in due form.  He was
+interred and lies buried on the skirts of the Esquiline Hill, near the
+tomb of Mecaenas. [975]
+
+(544) M. ANNAEUS LUCANUS, a native of Corduba [976], first tried the
+powers of his genius in an encomium on Nero, at the Quinquennial games.
+He afterwards recited his poem on the Civil War carried on between Pompey
+and Caesar.  His vanity was so immense, and he gave such liberty to his
+tongue, that in some preface, comparing his age and his first efforts
+with those of Virgil, he had the assurance to say: "And what now remains
+for me is to deal with a gnat."  In his early youth, after being long
+informed of the sort of life his father led in the country, in
+consequence of an unhappy marriage [977], he was recalled from Athens by
+Nero, who admitted him into the circle of his friends, and even gave him
+the honour of the quaestorship; but he did not long remain in favour.
+Smarting at this, and having publicly stated that Nero had withdrawn, all
+of a sudden, without communicating with the senate, and without any other
+motive than his own recreation, after this he did not cease to assail the
+emperor both with foul words and with acts which are still notorious.  So
+that on one occasion, when easing his bowels in the common privy, there
+being a louder explosion than usual, he gave vent to the nemistych of
+Nero: "One would suppose it was thundering under ground," in the hearing
+of those who were sitting there for the same purpose, and who took to
+their heels in much consternation [978].  In a poem also, which was in
+every one's hands, he severely lashed both the emperor and his most
+powerful adherents.
+
+At length, he became nearly the most active leader in Piso's conspiracy
+[979]; and while he dwelt without reserve in many quarters on the glory
+of those who dipped their hands in the (545) blood of tyrants, he
+launched out into open threats of violence, and carried them so far as to
+boast that he would cast the emperor's head at the feet of his
+neighbours.  When, however, the plot was discovered, he did not exhibit
+any firmness of mind.  A confession was wrung from him without much
+difficulty; and, humbling himself to the most abject entreaties, he even
+named his innocent mother as one of the conspirators [980]; hoping that
+his want of natural affection would give him favour in the eyes of a
+parricidal prince.  Having obtained permission to choose his mode of
+death [981], he wrote notes to his father, containing corrections of some
+of his verses, and, having made a full meal, allowed a physician to open
+the veins in his arm [982].  I have also heard it said that his poems
+were offered for sale, and commented upon, not only with care and
+diligence, but also in a trifling way. [983]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF PLINY. [984]
+
+
+PLINIUS SECUNDUS, a native of New Como [985], having served in (546)
+the wars with strict attention to his duties, in the rank of a knight,
+distinguished himself, also, by the great integrity with which he
+administered the high functions of procurator for a long period in the
+several provinces intrusted to his charge.  But still he devoted so much
+attention to literary pursuits, that it would not have been an easy
+matter for a person who enjoyed entire leisure to have written more than
+he did.  He comprised, in twenty volumes, an account of all the various
+wars carried on in successive periods with the German tribes.  Besides
+this, he wrote a Natural History, which extended to seven books.  He fell
+a victim to the calamitous event which occurred in Campania.  For, having
+the command of the fleet at Misenum, when Vesuvius was throwing up a
+fiery eruption, he put to sea with his gallies for the purpose of
+exploring the causes of the phenomenon close on the spot [986].  But
+being prevented by contrary winds from sailing back, he was suffocated in
+the dense cloud of dust and ashes.  Some, however, think that he was
+killed by his slave, having implored him to put an end to his sufferings,
+when he was reduced to the last extremity by the fervent heat. [987]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[925]  Lucius Fenestella, an historical writer, is mentioned by
+Lactantius, Seneca, and Pliny, who says, that he died towards the close
+of the reign of Tiberius.
+
+[926]  The second Punic war ended A.U.C. 552, and the third began A.U.C.
+605.  Terence was probably born about 560.
+
+[927]  Carthage was laid in ruins A.U.C. 606 or 607, six hundred and
+sixty seven years after its foundation.
+
+[928]  These entertainments were given by the aediles M. Fulvius Nobilior
+and M. Acilius Glabrio, A.U.C. 587.
+
+[929]  St. Jerom also states that Terence read the "Andria" to Caecilius
+who was a comic poet at Rome; but it is clearly an anachronism, as he
+died two years before this period.  It is proposed, therefore, to amend
+the text by substituting Acilius, the aedile; a correction recommended by
+all the circumstances, and approved by Pitiscus and Ernesti.
+
+[930]  The "Hecyra," The Mother-in-law, is one of Terence's plays.
+
+[931]  The "Eunuch" was not brought out till five years after the Andria,
+A.U.C. 592.
+
+[932]  About 80 pounds sterling; the price paid for the two performances.
+What further right of authorship is meant by the words following, is not
+very clear.
+
+[933]  The "Adelphi" was first acted A.U.C. 593.
+
+[934]  This report is mentioned by Cicero (Ad Attic, vii. 3), who applies
+it to the younger Laelius.  The Scipio here mentioned is Scipio
+Africanus, who was at this time about twenty-one years of age.
+
+[935]  The calends of March was the festival of married women.  See
+before, VESPASIAN, c. xix.
+
+[936]  Santra, who wrote biographies of celebrated characters, is
+mentioned as "a man of learning," by St. Jerom, in his preface to the
+book on the Ecclesiastical Writers.
+
+[937]  The idea seems to have prevailed that Terence, originally an
+African slave, could not have attained that purity of style in Latin
+composition which is found in his plays, without some assistance.  The
+style of Phaedrus, however; who was a slave from Thrace, and lived in the
+reign of Tiberius, is equally pure, although no such suspicion attaches
+to his work.
+
+[938]  Cicero (de Clar. Orat. c. 207) gives Sulpicius Gallus a high
+character as a finished orator and elegant scholar.  He was consul when
+the Andria was first produced.
+
+[939]  Labeo and Popilius are also spoken of by Cicero in high terms, Ib.
+cc. 21 and 24.  Q. Fabius Labeo was consul with M. Claudius Marcellus,
+A.U.C. 570 and Popilius with L. Postumius Albinus, A.U.C. 580.
+
+[940]  The story of Terence's having converted into Latin plays this
+large number of Menander's Greek comedies, is beyond all probability,
+considering the age at which he died, and other circumstances.  Indeed,
+Menander never wrote so many as are here stated.
+
+[941]  They were consuls A.U.C. 594.  Terence was, therefore, thirty-four
+years old at the time of his death.
+
+[942]  Hortulorum, in the plural number.  This term, often found in Roman
+authors, not inaptly describes the vast number of little inclosures,
+consisting of vineyards, orchards of fig-trees, peaches, etc., with
+patches of tillage, in which maize, legumes, melons, pumpkins, and other
+vegetables are cultivated for sale, still found on small properties, in
+the south of Europe, particularly in the neighbourhood of towns.
+
+[943]  Suetonius has quoted these lines in the earlier part of his Life
+of Terence.  See before p. 532, where they are translated.
+
+[944]  Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volscians, as appears
+by an ancient MS., and is intimated by himself.  Sat. iii. 319.
+
+[945]  He must have been therefore nearly forty years old at this time,
+as he lived to be eighty.
+
+[946]  The seventh of Juvenal's Satires.
+
+[947]  This Paris does not appear to have been the favourite of Nero, who
+was put to death by that prince [see NERO, c. liv.], but another person
+of the same name, who was patronised by the emperor Domitian.  The name
+of the poet joined with him is not known.  Salmatius thinks it was
+Statius Pompilius, who sold to Paris, the actor, the play of Agave;
+
+    Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven.--Juv. Sat. vii. 87.
+
+[948]  Sulpicius Camerinus had been proconsul in Africa; Bareas Soranus
+in Asia.  Tacit. Annal. xiii. 52; xvi. 23.  Both of them are said to have
+been corrupt in their administration; and the satirist introduces their
+names as examples of the rich and noble, whose influence was less than
+that of favourite actors, or whose avarice prevented them from becoming
+the patrons of poets.
+
+[949]  The "Pelopea," was a tragedy founded on the story of the daughter
+of Thyestes; the "Philomela," a tragedy on the fate of Itys, whose
+remains were served to his father at a banquet by Philomela and her
+sister Progne.
+
+[950]  This was in the time of Adrian.  Juvenal, who wrote first in the
+reigns of Domitian and Trajan, composed his last Satire but one in the
+third year of Adrian, A.U.C. 872.
+
+[951]  Syene is meant, the frontier station of the imperial troops in
+that quarter of the world.
+
+[952]  A.U.C. 786, A.D. 34.
+
+[953]  A.U.C. 814, A.D. 62.
+
+[954]  Persius was one of the few men of rank and affluence among the
+Romans, who acquired distinction as writers; the greater part of them
+having been freedmen, as appears not only from these lives of the poets,
+but from our author's notices of the grammarians and rhetoricians.  A
+Caius Persius is mentioned with distinction by Livy in the second Punic
+war, Hist. xxvi. 39; and another of the same name by Cicero, de Orat. ii.
+6, and by Pliny; but whether the poet was descended from either of them,
+we have no means of ascertaining.
+
+[955]  Persius addressed his fifth satire to Annaeus Cornutus.  He was a
+native of Leptis, in Africa, and lived at Rome in the time of Nero, by
+whom he was banished.
+
+[956]  Caesius Bassus, a lyric poet, flourished during the reigns of Nero
+and Galba.  Persius dedicated his sixth Satire to him.
+
+[957]  "Numanus."  It should be Servilius Nonianus, who is mentioned by
+Pliny, xxviii. 2, and xxxvii. 6.
+
+[958]  Commentators are not agreed about these sums, the text varying
+both in the manuscripts and editions.
+
+[959]  See Dr. Thomson's remarks on Persius, before, p. 398.
+
+[960] There is no appearance of any want of finish in the sixth Satire of
+Persius, as it has come down to us; but it has been conjectured that it
+was followed by another, which was left imperfect.
+
+[961]  There were two Arrias, mother and daughter, Tacit. Annal. xvi.
+34. 3.
+
+[962]  Persius died about nine days before he completed his twenty-ninth
+year.
+
+[963]  Venusium stood on the confines of the Apulian, Lucanian, and
+Samnite territories.
+
+    Sequor hunc, Lucanus an Appulus anceps;
+    Nam Venusinus arat finem sub utrumque colonus.
+                                        Hor Sat. xi. 1. 34.
+[964]  Sat. i. 6. 45.
+
+[965]  Horace mentions his being in this battle, and does not scruple to
+admit that he made rather a precipitate retreat, "relicta non bene
+parmula."--Ode xi. 7-9.
+
+[966]  See Ode xi. 7. 1.
+
+[967]  The editors of Suetonius give different versions of this epigram.
+It seems to allude to some passing occurrence, and in its present form
+the sense is to this effect: "If I love you not, Horace, to my very
+heart's core, may you see the priest of the college of Titus leaner than
+his mule."
+
+[968]  Probably the Septimius to whom Horace addressed the ode beginning
+
+    Septimi, Gades aditure mecum.--Ode xl. b. i.
+
+[969]  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxi.; and Horace, Ode iv, 4.
+
+[970]  See Epist. i. iv. xv.
+
+    Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises.
+
+[971]  It is satisfactory to find that the best commentators consider the
+words between brackets as an interpolation in the work of Suetonius.
+Some, including Bentley, reject the preceding sentence also.
+
+[972]  The works of Horace abound with references to his Sabine farm
+which must be familiar to many readers.  Some remains are still shewn,
+consisting of a ruined wall and a tesselated pavement in a vineyard,
+about eight miles from Tivoli, which are supposed, with reason, to mark
+its site.  At least, the features of the neighbouring country, as often
+sketched by the poet--and they are very beautiful--cannot be mistaken.
+
+[973]  Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls A.U.C. 688.
+The genial Horace, in speaking of his old wine, agrees with Suetonius in
+fixing the date of his own birth:
+
+    O nata mecum consule Manlio
+    Testa.--Ode iii. 21.
+And again,
+
+    Tu vina, Torquato, move
+    Consule pressa meo.--Epod. xiii. 8.
+
+[974]  A.U.C. 745.  So that Horace was in his fifty-seventh, not his
+fifty-ninth year, at the time of his death.
+
+[975]  It may be concluded that Horace died at Rome, under the hospitable
+roof of his patron Mecaenas, whose villa and gardens stood on the
+Esquiline hill; which had formerly been the burial ground of the lower
+classes; but, as he tells us,
+
+    Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque
+    Aggere in aprico spatiare.--Sat. i. 8.
+
+[976]  Cordova.  Lucan was the son of Annaeus Mella, Seneca's brother.
+
+[977]  This sentence is very obscure, and Ernesti considers the text to
+be imperfect.
+
+[978]  They had good reason to know that, ridiculous as the tyrant made
+himself, it was not safe to incur even the suspicion of being parties to
+a jest upon him.
+
+[979]  See NERO, c. xxxvi.
+
+[980]  St. Jerom (Chron. Euseb.) places Lucan's death in the tenth year
+of Nero's reign, corresponding with A.U.C. 817.  This opportunity is
+taken of correcting an error in the press, p. 342, respecting the date of
+Nero's accession.  It should be A.U.C. 807, A.D. 55.
+
+[981]  These circumstances are not mentioned by some other writers.  See
+Dr. Thomson's account of Lucan, before, p. 347, where it is said that he
+died with philosophical firmness.
+
+[982]  We find it stated ib. p. 396, that Lucan expired while pronouncing
+some verses from his own Pharsalia: for which we have the authority of
+Tacitus, Annal. xv. 20. 1.  Lucan, it appears, employed his last hours in
+revising his poems; on the contrary, Virgil, we are told, when his death
+was imminent, renewed his directions that the Aeneid should be committed
+to the flames.
+
+[983]  The text of the concluding sentence of Lucan's life is corrupt,
+and neither of the modes proposed for correcting it make the sense
+intended very clear.
+
+[984]  Although this brief memoir of Pliny is inserted in all the
+editions of Suetonius, it was unquestionably not written by him.  The
+author, whoever he was, has confounded the two Plinys, the uncle and
+nephew, into which error Suetonius could not have fallen, as he lived on
+intimate terms with the younger Pliny; nor can it be supposed that he
+would have composed the memoir of his illustrious friend in so cursory a
+manner.  Scaliger and other learned men consider that the life of Pliny,
+attributed to Suetonius, was composed more than four centuries after that
+historian's death.
+
+[985]  See JULIUS, c. xxviii.  Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (the
+younger Pliny) was born at Como, A.U.C. 814; A.D. 62.  His father's name
+was Lucius Caecilius, also of Como, who married Plinia, the sister of
+Caius Plinius Secundus, supposed to have been a native of Verona, the
+author of the Natural History, and by this marriage the uncle of Pliny
+the Younger.  It was the nephew who enjoyed the confidence of the
+emperors Nerva and Trajan, and was the author of the celebrated Letters.
+
+[986]  The first eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred A.U.C. 831, A.D. 79.
+See TITUS, c. viii.  The younger Pliny was with his uncle at Misenum at
+the time, and has left an account of his disastrous enterprise in one of
+his letters, Epist. vi. xvi.
+
+[987]  For further accounts of the elder Pliny, see the Epistles of
+his nephew, B. iii. 5; vi. 16. 20; and Dr. Thomson's remarks before,
+pp. 475-478.
+
+
+
+
+
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