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diff --git a/6399.txt b/6399.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01d88f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/6399.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1181 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Lives Of The Poets, by C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lives Of The Poets + The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 14. + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6399] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE POETS *** + + + + +Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +LIVES OF THE POETS. + +(531) + + +CONTENTS: + + Terence + Juvenal + Persius + Horace + Lucan + Pliny + + + + +THE LIFE OF TERENCE. + + +Publius Terentius Afer, a native of Carthage, was a slave, at Rome, of +the senator Terentius Lucanus, who, struck by his abilities and handsome +person, gave him not only a liberal education in his youth, but his +freedom when he arrived at years of maturity. Some say that he was a +captive taken in war, but this, as Fenestella [925] informs us, could by +no means have been the case, since both his birth and death took place in +the interval between the termination of the second Punic war and the +commencement of the third [926]; nor, even supposing that he had been +taken prisoner by the Numidian or Getulian tribes, could he have fallen +into the hands of a Roman general, as there was no commercial intercourse +between the Italians and Africans until after the fall of Carthage [927]. +Terence lived in great familiarity with many persons of high station, and +especially with Scipio Africanus, and Caius Delius, whose favour he is +even supposed to have purchased by the foulest means. But Fenestella +reverses the charge, contending that Terence was older than either of +them. Cornelius Nepos, however, (532) informs us that they were all of +nearly equal age; and Porcias intimates a suspicion of this criminal +commerce in the following passage:-- + +"While Terence plays the wanton with the great, and recommends himself to +them by the meretricious ornaments of his person; while, with greedy +ears, he drinks in the divine melody of Africanus's voice; while he +thinks of being a constant guest at the table of Furius, and the handsome +Laelius; while he thinks that he is fondly loved by them, and often +invited to Albanum for his youthful beauty, he finds himself stripped of +his property, and reduced to the lowest state of indigence. Then, +withdrawing from the world, he betook himself to Greece, where he met his +end, dying at Strymphalos, a town in Arcadia. What availed him the +friendship of Scipio, of Laelius, or of Furius, three of the most +affluent nobles of that age? They did not even minister to his +necessities so much as to provide him a hired house, to which his slave +might return with the intelligence of his master's death." + +He wrote comedies, the earliest of which, The Andria, having to be +performed at the public spectacles given by the aediles [928], he was +commanded to read it first before Caecilius [929]. Having been +introduced while Caecilius was at supper, and being meanly dressed, he is +reported to have read the beginning of the play seated on a low stool +near the great man's couch. But after reciting a few verses, he was +invited to take his place at table, and, having supped with his host, +went through the rest to his great delight. This play and five others +were received by the public with similar applause, although Volcatius, in +his enumeration of them, says that "The Hecyra [930] must not be reckoned +among these." + +The Eunuch was even acted twice the same day [931], and earned more money +than any comedy, whoever was the writer, had (533) ever done before, +namely, eight thousand sesterces [932]; besides which, a certain sum +accrued to the author for the title. But Varro prefers the opening of +The Adelphi [933] to that of Menander. It is very commonly reported that +Terence was assisted in his works by Laelius and Scipio [934], with whom +he lived in such great intimacy. He gave some currency to this report +himself, nor did he ever attempt to defend himself against it, except in +a light way; as in the prologue to The Adelphi: + + Nam quod isti dicunt malevoli, homines nohiles + Hunc adjutare, assidueque una scribere; + Quod illi maledictun vehemens existimant, + Eam laudem hic ducit maximam: cum illis placet, + Qui vobis universis et populo placent; + Quorum opera in bello, in otio, in negotio, + Suo quisque tempore usus est sine superbia. + + --------For this, + Which malice tells that certain noble persons + Assist the bard, and write in concert with him, + That which they deem a heavy slander, he + Esteems his greatest praise: that he can please + Those who in war, in peace, as counsellors, + Have rendered you the dearest services, + And ever borne their faculties so meekly. + Colman. + +He appears to have protested against this imputation with less +earnestness, because the notion was far from being disagreeable to +Laelius and Scipio. It therefore gained ground, and prevailed in +after-times. + +Quintus Memmius, in his speech in his own defence, says "Publius +Africanus, who borrowed from Terence a character which he had acted in +private, brought it on the stage in his name." Nepos tells us he found +in some book that C. Laelius, when he was on some occasion at Puteoli, on +the calends [the first] of March, [935] being requested by his wife to +rise early, (534) begged her not to suffer him to be disturbed, as he had +gone to bed late, having been engaged in writing with more than usual +success. On her asking him to tell her what he had been writing, he +repeated the verses which are found in the Heautontimoroumenos: + + Satis pol proterve me Syri promessa--Heauton. IV. iv. 1. + I'faith! the rogue Syrus's impudent pretences-- + +Santra [936] is of opinion that if Terence required any assistance in his +compositions [937], he would not have had recourse to Scipio and Laelius, +who were then very young men, but rather to Sulpicius Gallus [938], an +accomplished scholar, who had been the first to introduce his plays at +the games given by the consuls; or to Q. Fabius Labeo, or Marcus Popilius +[939], both men of consular rank, as well as poets. It was for this +reason that, in alluding to the assistance he had received, he did not +speak of his coadjutors as very young men, but as persons of whose +services the people had full experience in peace, in war, and in the +administration of affairs. + +After he had given his comedies to the world, at a time when he had not +passed his thirty-fifth year, in order to avoid suspicion, as he found +others publishing their works under his name, or else to make himself +acquainted with the modes of life and habits of the Greeks, for the +purpose of exhibiting them in his plays, he withdrew from home, to which +he never returned. Volcatius gives this account of his death: + + Sed ut Afer sei populo dedit comoedias, + Iter hic in Asiam fecit. Navem cum semel + Conscendit, visus nunquam est. Sic vita vacat. + + (535) When Afer had produced six plays for the entertainment of the + people, + He embarked for Asia; but from the time he went on board ship + He was never seen again. Thus he ended his life. + +Q. Consentius reports that he perished at sea on his voyage back from +Greece, and that one hundred and eight plays, of which he had made a +version from Menander [940], were lost with him. Others say that he died +at Stymphalos, in Arcadia, or in Leucadia, during the consulship of Cn. +Cornelius Dolabella and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior [941], worn out with a +severe illness, and with grief and regret for the loss of his baggage, +which he had sent forward in a ship that was wrecked, and contained the +last new plays he had written. + +In person, Terence is reported to have been rather short and slender, +with a dark complexion. He had an only daughter, who was afterwards +married to a Roman knight; and he left also twenty acres of garden ground +[942], on the Appian Way, at the Villa of Mars. I, therefore, wonder the +more how Porcius could have written the verses, + + --------nihil Publius + Scipio profuit, nihil et Laelius, nihil Furius, + Tres per idem tempus qui agitabant nobiles facillime. + Eorum ille opera ne domum quidem habuit conductitiam + Saltem ut esset, quo referret obitum domini servulus. [943] + +Afranius places him at the head of all the comic writers, declaring, in +his Compitalia, + + Terentio non similem dices quempiam. + Terence's equal cannot soon be found. + +On the other hand, Volcatius reckons him inferior not only (536) to +Naevius, Plautus, and Caecilius, but also to Licinius. Cicero pays him +this high compliment, in his Limo-- + + Tu quoque, qui solus lecto sermone, Terenti, + Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menandrum + In medio populi sedatis vocibus offers, + Quidquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens. + +"You, only, Terence, translated into Latin, and clothed in choice +language the plays of Menander, and brought them before the public, who, +in crowded audiences, hung upon hushed applause-- + + Grace marked each line, and every period charmed." + +So also Caius Caesar: + + Tu quoque tu in summis, O dimidiate Menander, + Poneris, et merito, puri sermonis amator, + Lenibus atque utinam scriptis adjuncta foret vis + Comica, ut aequato virtus polleret honore + Cum Graecis, neque in hoc despectus parte jaceres! + Unum hoc maceror, et doleo tibi deesse, Terenti. + +"You, too, who divide your honours with Menander, will take your place +among poets of the highest order, and justly too, such is the purity of +your style. Would only that to your graceful diction was added more +comic force, that your works might equal in merit the Greek masterpieces, +and your inferiority in this particular should not expose you to censure. +This is my only regret; in this, Terence, I grieve to say you are +wanting." + + + + + +THE LIFE OF JUVENAL. + + +D. JUNIUS JUVENALIS, who was either the son [944] of a wealthy freedman, +or brought up by him, it is not known which, declaimed till the middle of +life [945], more from the bent of his inclination, than from any desire +to prepare himself either for the schools or the forum. But having +composed a short satire [946], which was clever enough, on Paris [947], +the actor of pantomimes, (537) and also on the poet of Claudius Nero, who +was puffed up by having held some inferior military rank for six months +only; he afterwards devoted himself with much zeal to that style of +writing. For a while indeed, he had not the courage to read them even to +a small circle of auditors, but it was not long before he recited his +satires to crowded audiences, and with entire success; and this he did +twice or thrice, inserting new lines among those which he had originally +composed. + + Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio, tu Camerinos, + Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas. + Praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos. + + Behold an actor's patronage affords + A surer means of rising than a lord's! + And wilt thou still the Camerino's [948] court, + Or to the halls of Bareas resort, + When tribunes Pelopea can create + And Philomela praefects, who shall rule the state? [949] + +At that time the player was in high favour at court, and many of those +who fawned upon him were daily raised to posts of honour. Juvenal +therefore incurred the suspicion of having covertly satirized occurrences +which were then passing, and, although eighty years old at that time +[950], he was immediately removed from the city, being sent into +honourable banishment as praefect of a cohort, which was under orders to +proceed to a station at the extreme frontier of Egypt [951]. That (538) +sort of punishment was selected, as it appeared severe enough for an +offence which was venial, and a mere piece of drollery. However, he died +very soon afterwards, worn down by grief, and weary of his life. + + + + + +THE LIFE OF PERSIUS. + + +AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS was born the day before the Nones of December [4th +Dec.] [952], in the consulship of Fabius Persicus and L. Vitellius. He +died on the eighth of the calends of December [24th Nov.] [953] in the +consulship of Rubrius Marius and Asinius Gallus. Though born at +Volterra, in Etruria, he was a Roman knight, allied both by blood and +marriage to persons of the highest rank [954]. He ended his days at an +estate he had at the eighth milestone on the Appian Way. His father, +Flaccus, who died when he was barely six years old, left him under the +care of guardians, and his mother, Fulvia Silenna, who afterwards married +Fusius, a Roman knight, buried him also in a very few years. Persius +Flaccus pursued his studies at Volterra till he was twelve years old, and +then continued them at Rome, under Remmius Palaemon, the grammarian, and +Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician. Arriving at the age of twenty-one, +he formed a friendship with Annaeus Cornutus [955], which lasted through +life; and from him he learned the rudiments of philosophy. Among his +earliest friends were Caesius Bassus [956], and Calpurnius Statura; the +latter of whom died while Persius himself was yet in his youth. +Servilius (539) Numanus [957], he reverenced as a father. Through +Cornutus he was introduced to Annaeus, as well as to Lucan, who was of +his own age, and also a disciple of Cornutus. At that time Cornutus was +a tragic writer; he belonged to the sect of the Stoics, and left behind +him some philosophical works. Lucan was so delighted with the writings +of Persius Flaccus, that he could scarcely refrain from giving loud +tokens of applause while the author was reciting them, and declared that +they had the true spirit of poetry. It was late before Persius made the +acquaintance of Seneca, and then he was not much struck with his natural +endowments. At the house of Cornutus he enjoyed the society of two very +learned and excellent men, who were then zealously devoting themselves to +philosophical enquiries, namely, Claudius Agaternus, a physician from +Lacedaemon, and Petronius Aristocrates, of Magnesia, men whom he held in +the highest esteem, and with whom he vied in their studies, as they were +of his own age, being younger than Cornutus. During nearly the last ten +years of his life he was much beloved by Thraseas, so that he sometimes +travelled abroad in his company; and his cousin Arria was married to him. + +Persius was remarkable for gentle manners, for a modesty amounting to +bashfulness, a handsome form, and an attachment to his mother, sister, +and aunt, which was most exemplary. He was frugal and chaste. He left +his mother and sister twenty thousand sesterces, requesting his mother, +in a written codicil, to present to Cornutus, as some say, one hundred +sesterces, or as others, twenty pounds of wrought silver [958], besides +about seven hundred books, which, indeed, included his whole library. +Cornutus, however, would only take the books, and gave up the legacy to +the sisters, whom his brother had constituted his heirs. + +He wrote [959] seldom, and not very fast; even the work we possess he +left incomplete. Some verses are wanting at the end of the book [960], +but Cornutus thoughtlessly recited it, as if (540) it was finished; and +on Caesius Bassus requesting to be allowed to publish it, he delivered it +to him for that purpose., In his younger days, Persius had written a +play, as well as an Itinerary, with several copies of verses on Thraseas' +father-in-law, and Arria's [961] mother, who had made away with herself +before her husband. But Cornutus used his whole influence with the +mother of Persius to prevail upon her to destroy these compositions. As +soon as his book of Satires was published, all the world began to admire +it, and were eager to buy it up. He died of a disease in the stomach, in +the thirtieth year of his age [962]. But no sooner had he left school +and his masters, than he set to work with great vehemence to compose +satires, from having read the tenth book of Lucilius; and made the +beginning of that book his model; presently launching his invectives all +around with so little scruple, that he did not spare cotemporary poets +and orators, and even lashed Nero himself, who was then the reigning +prince. The verse ran as follows: + + Auriculas asini Mida rex habet; + King Midas has an ass's ears; + +but Cornutus altered it thus; + + Auriculas asini quis non hahet? + Who has not an ass's ears? + +in order that it might not be supposed that it was meant to apply to +Nero. + + + + + +THE LIFE OF HORACE. + + +HORATIUS FLACCUS was a native of Venusium [963], his father having been, +by his own account [964], a freedman and collector of taxes, but, as it +is generally believed, a dealer in salted (541) provisions; for some one +with whom Horace had a quarrel, jeered him, by saying; "How often have I +seen your father wiping his nose with his fist?" In the battle of +Philippi, he served as a military tribune [965], which post he filled at +the instance of Marcus Brutus [966], the general; and having obtained a +pardon, on the overthrow of his party, he purchased the office of scribe +to a quaestor. Afterwards insinuating himself first, into the good +graces of Mecaenas, and then of Augustus, he secured no small share in +the regard of both. And first, how much Mecaenas loved him may be seen +by the epigram in which he says: + + Ni te visceribus meis, Horati, + Plus jam diligo, Titium sodalem, + Ginno tu videas strigosiorem. [967] + +But it was more strongly exhibited by Augustus, in a short sentence +uttered in his last moments: "Be as mindful of Horatius Flaccus as you +are of me!" Augustus offered to appoint him his secretary, signifying +his wishes to Mecaenas in a letter to the following effect: "Hitherto I +have been able to write my own epistles to friends; but now I am too much +occupied, and in an infirm state of health. I wish, therefore, to +deprive you of our Horace: let him leave, therefore, your luxurious table +and come to the palace, and he shall assist me in writing my letters." +And upon his refusing to accept the office, he neither exhibited the +smallest displeasure, nor ceased to heap upon him tokens of his regard. +Letters of his are extant, from which I will make some short extracts to +establish this: "Use your influence over me with the same freedom as you +would do if we were living together as friends. In so doing you will be +perfectly right, and guilty of no impropriety; for I could wish that our +intercourse should be on that footing, if your health admitted of it." +And again: "How I hold you in memory you may learn (542) from our friend +Septimius [968], for I happened to mention you when he was present. And +if you are so proud as to scorn my friendship, that is no reason why I +should lightly esteem yours, in return." Besides this, among other +drolleries, he often called him, "his most immaculate penis," and "his +charming little man," and loaded him from time to time with proofs of his +munificence. He admired his works so much, and was so convinced of their +enduring fame, that he directed him to compose the Secular Poem, as well +as that on the victory of his stepsons Tiberius and Drusus over the +Vindelici [969]; and for this purpose urged him to add, after a long +interval, a fourth book of Odes to the former three. After reading his +"Sermones," in which he found no mention of himself, he complained in +these terms: "You must know that I am very angry with you, because in +most of your works of this description you do not choose to address +yourself to me. Are you afraid that, in times to come, your reputation +will suffer; in case it should appear that you lived on terms of intimate +friendship with me?" And he wrung from him the eulogy which begins with, + + Cum tot sustineas, et tanta negotia solus: + Res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes, + Legibus emendes: in publica commoda peccem, + Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.--Epist. ii. i. + + While you alone sustain the important weight + Of Rome's affairs, so various and so great; + While you the public weal with arms defend, + Adorn with morals, and with laws amend; + Shall not the tedious letter prove a crime, + That steals one moment of our Caesar's time.--Francis. + +In person, Horace was short and fat, as he is described by himself in his +Satires [970], and by Augustus in the following letter: "Dionysius has +brought me your small volume, which, little as it is, not to blame you +for that, I shall judge favourably. You seem to me, however, to be +afraid lest your volumes should be bigger than yourself. But if you are +short in stature, you are corpulent enough. You may, therefore, (543) if +you will, write in a quart, when the size of your volume is as large +round as your paunch." + +It is reported that he was immoderately addicted to venery. [For he is +said to have had obscene pictures so disposed in a bedchamber lined with +mirrors, that, whichever way he looked, lascivious images might present +themselves to his view.] [971] He lived for the most part in the +retirement of his farm [972], on the confines of the Sabine and Tiburtine +territories, and his house is shewn in the neighbourhood of a little wood +not far from Tibur. Some Elegies ascribed to him, and a prose Epistle +apparently written to commend himself to Mecaenas, have been handed down +to us; but I believe that neither of them are genuine works of his; for +the Elegies are commonplace, and the Epistle is wanting in perspicuity, a +fault which cannot be imputed to his style. He was born on the sixth of +the ides of December [27th December], in the consulship of Lucius Cotta +[973] and Lucius Torquatus; and died on the fifth of the calends of +December [27th November], in the consulship of Caius Marcius Censorinus +and Caius Asinius Gallus [974]; having completed his fifty-ninth year. +He made a nuncupatory will, declaring Augustus his heir, not being able, +from the violence of his disorder, to sign one in due form. He was +interred and lies buried on the skirts of the Esquiline Hill, near the +tomb of Mecaenas. [975] + +(544) M. ANNAEUS LUCANUS, a native of Corduba [976], first tried the +powers of his genius in an encomium on Nero, at the Quinquennial games. +He afterwards recited his poem on the Civil War carried on between Pompey +and Caesar. His vanity was so immense, and he gave such liberty to his +tongue, that in some preface, comparing his age and his first efforts +with those of Virgil, he had the assurance to say: "And what now remains +for me is to deal with a gnat." In his early youth, after being long +informed of the sort of life his father led in the country, in +consequence of an unhappy marriage [977], he was recalled from Athens by +Nero, who admitted him into the circle of his friends, and even gave him +the honour of the quaestorship; but he did not long remain in favour. +Smarting at this, and having publicly stated that Nero had withdrawn, all +of a sudden, without communicating with the senate, and without any other +motive than his own recreation, after this he did not cease to assail the +emperor both with foul words and with acts which are still notorious. So +that on one occasion, when easing his bowels in the common privy, there +being a louder explosion than usual, he gave vent to the nemistych of +Nero: "One would suppose it was thundering under ground," in the hearing +of those who were sitting there for the same purpose, and who took to +their heels in much consternation [978]. In a poem also, which was in +every one's hands, he severely lashed both the emperor and his most +powerful adherents. + +At length, he became nearly the most active leader in Piso's conspiracy +[979]; and while he dwelt without reserve in many quarters on the glory +of those who dipped their hands in the (545) blood of tyrants, he +launched out into open threats of violence, and carried them so far as to +boast that he would cast the emperor's head at the feet of his +neighbours. When, however, the plot was discovered, he did not exhibit +any firmness of mind. A confession was wrung from him without much +difficulty; and, humbling himself to the most abject entreaties, he even +named his innocent mother as one of the conspirators [980]; hoping that +his want of natural affection would give him favour in the eyes of a +parricidal prince. Having obtained permission to choose his mode of +death [981], he wrote notes to his father, containing corrections of some +of his verses, and, having made a full meal, allowed a physician to open +the veins in his arm [982]. I have also heard it said that his poems +were offered for sale, and commented upon, not only with care and +diligence, but also in a trifling way. [983] + + + + + +THE LIFE OF PLINY. + +[984] + + +PLINIUS SECUNDUS, a native of New Como [985], having served in (546) +the wars with strict attention to his duties, in the rank of a knight, +distinguished himself, also, by the great integrity with which he +administered the high functions of procurator for a long period in the +several provinces intrusted to his charge. But still he devoted so much +attention to literary pursuits, that it would not have been an easy +matter for a person who enjoyed entire leisure to have written more than +he did. He comprised, in twenty volumes, an account of all the various +wars carried on in successive periods with the German tribes. Besides +this, he wrote a Natural History, which extended to seven books. He fell +a victim to the calamitous event which occurred in Campania. For, having +the command of the fleet at Misenum, when Vesuvius was throwing up a +fiery eruption, he put to sea with his gallies for the purpose of +exploring the causes of the phenomenon close on the spot [986]. But +being prevented by contrary winds from sailing back, he was suffocated in +the dense cloud of dust and ashes. Some, however, think that he was +killed by his slave, having implored him to put an end to his sufferings, +when he was reduced to the last extremity by the fervent heat. [987] + +THE END OF LIVES OF THE POETS. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + + + +[925] Lucius Fenestella, an historical writer, is mentioned by +Lactantius, Seneca, and Pliny, who says, that he died towards the close +of the reign of Tiberius. + +[926] The second Punic war ended A.U.C. 552, and the third began A.U.C. +605. Terence was probably born about 560. + +[927] Carthage was laid in ruins A.U.C. 606 or 607, six hundred and +sixty seven years after its foundation. + +[928] These entertainments were given by the aediles M. Fulvius Nobilior +and M. Acilius Glabrio, A.U.C. 587. + +[929] St. Jerom also states that Terence read the "Andria" to Caecilius +who was a comic poet at Rome; but it is clearly an anachronism, as he +died two years before this period. It is proposed, therefore, to amend +the text by substituting Acilius, the aedile; a correction recommended by +all the circumstances, and approved by Pitiscus and Ernesti. + +[930] The "Hecyra," The Mother-in-law, is one of Terence's plays. + +[931] The "Eunuch" was not brought out till five years after the Andria, +A.U.C. 592. + +[932] About 80 pounds sterling; the price paid for the two performances. +What further right of authorship is meant by the words following, is not +very clear. + +[933] The "Adelphi" was first acted A.U.C. 593. + +[934] This report is mentioned by Cicero (Ad Attic, vii. 3), who applies +it to the younger Laelius. The Scipio here mentioned is Scipio +Africanus, who was at this time about twenty-one years of age. + +[935] The calends of March was the festival of married women. See +before, VESPASIAN, c. xix. + +[936] Santra, who wrote biographies of celebrated characters, is +mentioned as "a man of learning," by St. Jerom, in his preface to the +book on the Ecclesiastical Writers. + +[937] The idea seems to have prevailed that Terence, originally an +African slave, could not have attained that purity of style in Latin +composition which is found in his plays, without some assistance. The +style of Phaedrus, however; who was a slave from Thrace, and lived in the +reign of Tiberius, is equally pure, although no such suspicion attaches +to his work. + +[938] Cicero (de Clar. Orat. c. 207) gives Sulpicius Gallus a high +character as a finished orator and elegant scholar. He was consul when +the Andria was first produced. + +[939] Labeo and Popilius are also spoken of by Cicero in high terms, Ib. +cc. 21 and 24. Q. Fabius Labeo was consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, +A.U.C. 570 and Popilius with L. Postumius Albinus, A.U.C. 580. + +[940] The story of Terence's having converted into Latin plays this +large number of Menander's Greek comedies, is beyond all probability, +considering the age at which he died, and other circumstances. Indeed, +Menander never wrote so many as are here stated. + +[941] They were consuls A.U.C. 594. Terence was, therefore, thirty-four +years old at the time of his death. + +[942] Hortulorum, in the plural number. This term, often found in Roman +authors, not inaptly describes the vast number of little inclosures, +consisting of vineyards, orchards of fig-trees, peaches, etc., with +patches of tillage, in which maize, legumes, melons, pumpkins, and other +vegetables are cultivated for sale, still found on small properties, in +the south of Europe, particularly in the neighbourhood of towns. + +[943] Suetonius has quoted these lines in the earlier part of his Life +of Terence. See before p. 532, where they are translated. + +[944] Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volscians, as appears +by an ancient MS., and is intimated by himself. Sat. iii. 319. + +[945] He must have been therefore nearly forty years old at this time, +as he lived to be eighty. + +[946] The seventh of Juvenal's Satires. + +[947] This Paris does not appear to have been the favourite of Nero, who +was put to death by that prince [see NERO, c. liv.], but another person +of the same name, who was patronised by the emperor Domitian. The name +of the poet joined with him is not known. Salmatius thinks it was +Statius Pompilius, who sold to Paris, the actor, the play of Agave; + + Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven.--Juv. Sat. vii. 87. + +[948] Sulpicius Camerinus had been proconsul in Africa; Bareas Soranus +in Asia. Tacit. Annal. xiii. 52; xvi. 23. Both of them are said to have +been corrupt in their administration; and the satirist introduces their +names as examples of the rich and noble, whose influence was less than +that of favourite actors, or whose avarice prevented them from becoming +the patrons of poets. + +[949] The "Pelopea," was a tragedy founded on the story of the daughter +of Thyestes; the "Philomela," a tragedy on the fate of Itys, whose +remains were served to his father at a banquet by Philomela and her +sister Progne. + +[950] This was in the time of Adrian. Juvenal, who wrote first in the +reigns of Domitian and Trajan, composed his last Satire but one in the +third year of Adrian, A.U.C. 872. + +[951] Syene is meant, the frontier station of the imperial troops in +that quarter of the world. + +[952] A.U.C. 786, A.D. 34. + +[953] A.U.C. 814, A.D. 62. + +[954] Persius was one of the few men of rank and affluence among the +Romans, who acquired distinction as writers; the greater part of them +having been freedmen, as appears not only from these lives of the poets, +but from our author's notices of the grammarians and rhetoricians. A +Caius Persius is mentioned with distinction by Livy in the second Punic +war, Hist. xxvi. 39; and another of the same name by Cicero, de Orat. ii. +6, and by Pliny; but whether the poet was descended from either of them, +we have no means of ascertaining. + +[955] Persius addressed his fifth satire to Annaeus Cornutus. He was a +native of Leptis, in Africa, and lived at Rome in the time of Nero, by +whom he was banished. + +[956] Caesius Bassus, a lyric poet, flourished during the reigns of Nero +and Galba. Persius dedicated his sixth Satire to him. + +[957] "Numanus." It should be Servilius Nonianus, who is mentioned by +Pliny, xxviii. 2, and xxxvii. 6. + +[958] Commentators are not agreed about these sums, the text varying +both in the manuscripts and editions. + +[959] See Dr. Thomson's remarks on Persius, before, p. 398. + +[960] There is no appearance of any want of finish in the sixth Satire of +Persius, as it has come down to us; but it has been conjectured that it +was followed by another, which was left imperfect. + +[961] There were two Arrias, mother and daughter, Tacit. Annal. xvi. +34. 3. + +[962] Persius died about nine days before he completed his twenty-ninth +year. + +[963] Venusium stood on the confines of the Apulian, Lucanian, and +Samnite territories. + + Sequor hunc, Lucanus an Appulus anceps; + Nam Venusinus arat finem sub utrumque colonus. + Hor Sat. xi. 1. 34. +[964] Sat. i. 6. 45. + +[965] Horace mentions his being in this battle, and does not scruple to +admit that he made rather a precipitate retreat, "relicta non bene +parmula."--Ode xi. 7-9. + +[966] See Ode xi. 7. 1. + +[967] The editors of Suetonius give different versions of this epigram. +It seems to allude to some passing occurrence, and in its present form +the sense is to this effect: "If I love you not, Horace, to my very +heart's core, may you see the priest of the college of Titus leaner than +his mule." + +[968] Probably the Septimius to whom Horace addressed the ode beginning + + Septimi, Gades aditure mecum.--Ode xl. b. i. + +[969] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxi.; and Horace, Ode iv, 4. + +[970] See Epist. i. iv. xv. + + Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises. + +[971] It is satisfactory to find that the best commentators consider the +words between brackets as an interpolation in the work of Suetonius. +Some, including Bentley, reject the preceding sentence also. + +[972] The works of Horace abound with references to his Sabine farm +which must be familiar to many readers. Some remains are still shewn, +consisting of a ruined wall and a tesselated pavement in a vineyard, +about eight miles from Tivoli, which are supposed, with reason, to mark +its site. At least, the features of the neighbouring country, as often +sketched by the poet--and they are very beautiful--cannot be mistaken. + +[973] Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls A.U.C. 688. +The genial Horace, in speaking of his old wine, agrees with Suetonius in +fixing the date of his own birth: + + O nata mecum consule Manlio + Testa.--Ode iii. 21. +And again, + + Tu vina, Torquato, move + Consule pressa meo.--Epod. xiii. 8. + +[974] A.U.C. 745. So that Horace was in his fifty-seventh, not his +fifty-ninth year, at the time of his death. + +[975] It may be concluded that Horace died at Rome, under the hospitable +roof of his patron Mecaenas, whose villa and gardens stood on the +Esquiline hill; which had formerly been the burial ground of the lower +classes; but, as he tells us, + + Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque + Aggere in aprico spatiare.--Sat. i. 8. + +[976] Cordova. Lucan was the son of Annaeus Mella, Seneca's brother. + +[977] This sentence is very obscure, and Ernesti considers the text to +be imperfect. + +[978] They had good reason to know that, ridiculous as the tyrant made +himself, it was not safe to incur even the suspicion of being parties to +a jest upon him. + +[979] See NERO, c. xxxvi. + +[980] St. Jerom (Chron. Euseb.) places Lucan's death in the tenth year +of Nero's reign, corresponding with A.U.C. 817. This opportunity is +taken of correcting an error in the press, p. 342, respecting the date of +Nero's accession. It should be A.U.C. 807, A.D. 55. + +[981] These circumstances are not mentioned by some other writers. See +Dr. Thomson's account of Lucan, before, p. 347, where it is said that he +died with philosophical firmness. + +[982] We find it stated ib. p. 396, that Lucan expired while pronouncing +some verses from his own Pharsalia: for which we have the authority of +Tacitus, Annal. xv. 20. 1. Lucan, it appears, employed his last hours in +revising his poems; on the contrary, Virgil, we are told, when his death +was imminent, renewed his directions that the Aeneid should be committed +to the flames. + +[983] The text of the concluding sentence of Lucan's life is corrupt, +and neither of the modes proposed for correcting it make the sense +intended very clear. + +[984] Although this brief memoir of Pliny is inserted in all the +editions of Suetonius, it was unquestionably not written by him. The +author, whoever he was, has confounded the two Plinys, the uncle and +nephew, into which error Suetonius could not have fallen, as he lived on +intimate terms with the younger Pliny; nor can it be supposed that he +would have composed the memoir of his illustrious friend in so cursory a +manner. Scaliger and other learned men consider that the life of Pliny, +attributed to Suetonius, was composed more than four centuries after that +historian's death. + +[985] See JULIUS, c. xxviii. Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (the +younger Pliny) was born at Como, A.U.C. 814; A.D. 62. His father's name +was Lucius Caecilius, also of Como, who married Plinia, the sister of +Caius Plinius Secundus, supposed to have been a native of Verona, the +author of the Natural History, and by this marriage the uncle of Pliny +the Younger. It was the nephew who enjoyed the confidence of the +emperors Nerva and Trajan, and was the author of the celebrated Letters. + +[986] The first eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred A.U.C. 831, A.D. 79. +See TITUS, c. viii. The younger Pliny was with his uncle at Misenum at +the time, and has left an account of his disastrous enterprise in one of +his letters, Epist. vi. xvi. + +[987] For further accounts of the elder Pliny, see the Epistles of +his nephew, B. iii. 5; vi. 16. 20; and Dr. Thomson's remarks before, +pp. 475-478. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Lives Of The Poets, by C. 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