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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #63628 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63628)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey,
-by G. E. Troutbeck
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey
-
-Author: G. E. Troutbeck
-
-Release Date: November 04, 2020 [EBook #63628]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF
-WESTMINSTER ABBEY ***
-
-
-
-
-                        THE CHILDREN’S STORY OF
-                           WESTMINSTER ABBEY
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_
-
-  _Westminster Abbey from Dean’s Yard._
-]
-
-
-
-
-                                  THE
-                 CHILDREN’S STORY OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
-
-
-                                   BY
-
-                            G. E. TROUTBECK
-           AUTHOR OF “WESTMINSTER ABBEY” (THE LITTLE GUIDES)
-
-
-                                NEW YORK
-                      FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
-                               PUBLISHERS
-
-
-
-
-                            _Published 1909_
-
-
-                              _Printed by_
-                        MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED
-                              _Edinburgh_
-
-
-
-
-                                   TO
-                 LANCELOT, JACK, KATHARINE AND WILFRID
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-Readers of this little volume must not expect to find in it a full
-description of the Abbey buildings, or a complete list of all the tombs,
-monuments, and other beautiful and interesting things in the Abbey
-Church. That is not the aim of this book. Its chief object is to point
-out to British children how they may follow the great outlines of their
-country’s history in Westminster Abbey, from the earliest ages down to
-our own time,—from the days of the far-off, legendary King Lucius to
-those of King Edward VII.
-
-The words, “citizen of no mean city,” ought surely to come into our
-minds as we look round the Abbey and see there, as we clearly can see, a
-kind of outward expression of all that is best in our national
-character. The Abbey speaks to us of the deep religious feeling behind
-our shyness and reserve; of patriotism, and of self-sacrifice for our
-country; of love and respect for every form of good and noble service;
-of the wise moderation in our forms of government; of our wide sympathy
-with men of every race and creed.
-
-It is thus that Westminster Abbey can truly claim to be our great
-National Church.
-
-
-
-
-                                CONTENTS
-
-
- CHAP.                                                              PAGE
-    I. THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY                        1
-
-   II. THE CORONATIONS                                                20
-
-  III. KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: 1042 TO 1066                        41
-
-   IV. THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO
-         RICHARD II: 1216 TO 1399                                     57
-
-    V. THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 TO 1485                 75
-
-   VI. THE HOUSE OF TUDOR: 1485 TO 1603                               88
-
-  VII. THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH: 1603 to 1714        110
-
- VIII. THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY               143
-
-   IX. THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES                        168
-
-    X. THE WAX EFFIGIES                                              207
-
-   XI. THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS                                        215
-
-  XII. SOME OF THE ABBOTS                                            234
-
- XIII. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL                                            244
-
-
-
-
-                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-
-                              PHOTOGRAVURES
-
- WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM DEAN’S YARD                       _Frontispiece_
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
-                                                             FACING PAGE
- THE NORMAN CLOISTER                                                  14
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
- TOMB OF PRINCE JOHN OF ELTHAM                                        68
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P S.
-
- HENRY VII’S CHAPEL                                                  122
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
-
-                               PHOTOGRAPHS
-
- KING SEBERT’S TOMB                                                   10
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- CORONATION CHAIR, WITH SWORD AND SHIELD OF STATE                     20
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- NORTH AMBULATORY, WITH TOMBS OF HENRY III AND EDWARD I               30
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
- SHRINE OF KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR                                  40
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- RICHARD II                                                           56
-                    From a Photograph by G. A. DUNN.
-
- TOMBS OF EDMUND AND AVELINE OF LANCASTER AND OF AYMER DE
-   VALENCE                                                            62
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- CHAUCER’S TOMB                                                       74
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- MARGARET BEAUFORT, COUNTESS OF RICHMOND, AND MARY QUEEN
-   OF SCOTS                                                           90
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- SHAKSPEARE’S MONUMENT                                               104
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- POETS’ CORNER                                                       136
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- MONUMENT OF GENERAL WOLFE                                           142
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
- MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF CHATHAM                                     150
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- STATUE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE                                       168
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- CHARLES JAMES FOX                                                   178
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
- STATESMEN’S CORNER, EASTERN AISLE                                   186
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- GRAVES OF NEWTON, HERSCHEL, DARWIN, AND KELVIN                      198
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- WAX EFFIGIES OF QUEEN ELIZABETH AND CHARLES II                      208
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- SOUTH CLOISTER                                                      215
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
- THE CHAPTER-HOUSE                                                   222
-                    From a Photograph by G. A. DUNN.
-
- THE JERUSALEM CHAMBER                                               238
-                     From a Photograph by D. WELLER.
-
- LITTLE DEAN’S YARD—ENTRANCE TO GREAT SCHOOL                         248
-                 From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER I
-                THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY
-
-                                 “_It is finished!
-           The Kingliest Abbey in all Christian lands,
-           The lordliest, loftiest minster ever built
-           To Holy Peter in our English Isle!
-           Let me be buried there, and all our Kings,
-           And all our just and wise and holy men
-           That shall be born hereafter. It is finished!_”
-                                        TENNYSON (_Harold_).
-
-
-The writer of this little book was once showing Westminster Abbey to a
-party of foreigners—they were Germans,—and after hearing something about
-the Abbey and the people who are either buried or commemorated there,
-one of them turned and said: “I can understand the pride of English
-people when I see a place like this.”
-
-Now, it must be remembered that this German visitor was not thinking of
-our wealth, or of our Empire, or of our commercial prosperity. He was
-thinking of the “great cloud of witnesses,” the people of our race who
-have gone before us, and who are gathered together, resting and
-remembered in our chief national church. He was thinking, too, of the
-wide and catholic spirit which would shut out no one who had done good
-service to God and man.
-
-If one who was not our own countryman could feel this so strongly, is it
-any wonder that the name of Westminster Abbey is dear to all British
-folk, men, women, and children, whether at home or across the wide seas?
-Westminster Abbey is a name that means “home,” and the story of home,
-almost from the very earliest times of our nation.
-
-And if any one asks how and why this is, it is easy to show him that
-Westminster Abbey has been part of English history all along, and that
-if you can read what is written on the old grey stones of Westminster
-you will know more about the British race and Empire than many books
-could teach you.
-
-Around the venerable and stately church, where all our Kings, from
-Edward the Confessor onwards, have been crowned, and where many of our
-sovereigns and most of our famous men are buried, are memories which
-speak to us even of the Roman rule in Britain, taking us back nearly to
-the days of brave Queen Boadicea, whose statue stands on the bridge
-close by.
-
-Then follow memories of the wild Saxon days, of the conversion of
-England by St. Augustine, of the Danes, the Normans, the Plantagenets,
-Tudors, Stuarts, and of many others.
-
-We are reminded too, of the signing of Magna Charta, of the Barons’ War,
-of the Crusades, of the beginning of the House of Commons, of the long
-Hundred Years’ War with France, of the Wars of the Roses, of the great
-Civil War, of the rise of our Indian and Colonial Empire, and indeed of
-all the important things that have happened in our country until this
-very twentieth century, when the Abbey is still just as much a part of
-our history as it ever was.
-
-If we want to see and understand how this is, we can learn a good deal
-from the history of the building itself, that is, of how, when, and
-where it was built.
-
-To begin with, what do we mean when we speak of the “Abbey”?
-
-An abbey was really a place where a number of monks or nuns lived, under
-the rule of an abbot or abbess,—the name abbot being taken from “abbas,”
-the Syriac word for father. The actual church was only a part of the
-“Abbey,” to which belonged many other buildings, besides gardens,
-orchards, fields and farms, and often large estates in various places.
-
-The Abbey of Westminster was for monks of the Benedictine Order. The
-Abbot of Westminster was a very great person, and many well known places
-belonged to the Abbey, such, for instance, as Covent Garden (the Convent
-Garden) and Hyde Park, besides others which were far away from London.
-Windsor at one time belonged to the Abbey of Westminster, but the
-Conqueror wanted it himself, and so made the monks exchange Windsor for
-land in other places.
-
-The Church, then, which we now call the Abbey, was the Abbey Church of
-St. Peter in Westminster. Since the days of Queen Elizabeth, the proper
-title of the church has been “The Collegiate Church of St. Peter in
-Westminster,” but every one likes to keep the old name, and to call it
-Westminster Abbey. As we shall see later on, a good deal still remains
-of the old monastic buildings besides the church. Such are the beautiful
-cloisters, the Chapter-House, and parts of the library and dormitory.
-
-Now, as to where the Abbey is built. It stands on what was long ago a
-desolate little island in the Thames, an island which was overgrown with
-great thorns and thickets, and in which wild beasts, such as the wild ox
-and the huge red deer, used to roam about. It was perhaps not unlike the
-Isle of Athelney, where King Alfred hid from his enemies and made his
-plans.
-
-It is interesting to remember that the great Cathedral Church of Paris,
-Notre Dame, is also built on an island,—a little island in the river
-Seine. In those days, when there were so few roads, it was a great
-matter to be near a big river, where boats and ships could go up and
-down, and so we find that most important cities, like Rome, Paris,
-Vienna, and London, are built on the banks of rivers.
-
-The island on which the Abbey stands was called “Thorney Isle” in those
-old days, and it is described in a charter of King Offa as “the terrible
-place,” probably because of its wild forests and fierce beasts. The
-little streams which once separated Thorney Isle from the mainland still
-run underground, but in those early days the island was also surrounded
-by a great marsh, which stretched out to Chelsea on the north bank of
-the Thames, and to Lambeth and Battersea on the south bank.
-
-The early stories of the foundation and building of the church on
-Thorney Isle have been handed down from far-off times, and although they
-cannot all be proved to be quite true, we may be sure that there is a
-great deal of truth deep down in them, as there is in most of the tales
-that people have loved and told to their children through all the ages.
-
-To begin with the oldest story of all. We are told that in the second
-century after Christ, while the Romans were still in Britain, a certain
-Lucius, a British King, became a Christian. His people also became
-Christian, and Lucius built a church at Thorney, where a temple of
-Apollo had once stood. Lucius is also said to have built a church where
-St. Paul’s now stands, on the site of a temple of Diana.
-
-Another very interesting story is that of the rebuilding of the church
-at Thorney in the Saxon times. The Venerable Bede tells us that Sebert,
-King of the East Saxons, and nephew of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was
-converted to Christianity by St. Augustine in A.D. 603 or 604. The
-Norman monks said that this King Sebert built a church and founded a
-monastery at Thorney Isle, and a very beautiful story is told about the
-consecration of this church of King Sebert’s.
-
-One stormy Sunday night—the very night before Mellitus, Bishop of
-London, was to come and consecrate the church—a fisherman named Edric
-was casting his nets into the Thames. While he was doing this he heard a
-voice calling to him from Lambeth, on the other side of the river, and
-when he had crossed over in his boat he found a venerable looking man in
-foreign dress, who asked to be ferried over to Thorney Isle. Edric took
-him across the river, and when they landed at Thorney the stranger went
-at once to the church, leaving the fisherman waiting by the shore. Then,
-while Edric watched, a heavenly light seemed to fill all the air, and
-angels ascended and descended on a ladder which reached from heaven to
-earth. Edric heard the angels singing, and saw how they burned sweet
-incense and held flaming tapers. At last the stranger came back, and
-said to Edric: “I am Peter, keeper of the keys of Heaven. When Mellitus
-arrives to-morrow, tell him what you have seen, and show him the token
-that I, St. Peter, have consecrated my own Church of St. Peter,
-Westminster, and have anticipated the Bishop of London. For yourself, go
-out into the river; you will catch a plentiful supply of fish, whereof
-the larger part shall be salmon. This I have granted on two
-conditions—first, that you never fish again on Sundays; secondly, that
-you pay a tithe of them to the Abbey of Westminster.”
-
-When King Sebert and Bishop Mellitus arrived the next day for the solemn
-consecration, Edric met them, bringing a salmon, which he presented to
-the Bishop from St. Peter, at the same time telling him the wondrous
-story. It is told that the Bishop saw on the church the crosses and all
-the marks of consecration, and was satisfied that the fisherman’s tale
-was true.
-
-King Sebert is said to have died about the year 616, and he and his wife
-Ethelgoda were buried in the church at Thorney. His tomb was replaced in
-the great church built on Thorney Isle by Edward the Confessor, and was
-finally moved into the present church, where it still remains.
-
-It is supposed that the church at Thorney was left neglected until it
-was restored by Offa, King of the Mercians. After his day it was
-probably overrun and robbed by the heathen Danes, but it is said to have
-been again restored by the great St. Dunstan, who brought some
-Benedictine monks from Glastonbury to the monastery at Thorney.
-
-Harold the Dane, son of Canute, was buried at Thorney, but his brother,
-Hardicanute, ordered the body to be taken out of its grave and thrown
-into the Thames. An old story says: “And he (Hardicanute) caused to be
-hurled out the body of Harold, and to be thrown, beheaded, all out of
-church; head and body he throws into the Thames. The Danes drew it from
-the water, and caused it to be buried in the cemetery of the Danes.”
-(St. Clement Danes).
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_
-
-  KING SEBERT’S TOMB.
-]
-
-Now we come to the time of Edward the Confessor, when we feel we know
-more about the real history.
-
-Edward the Confessor had been in exile in Normandy during the reigns of
-the Danish Kings. When Hardicanute died, Edward came back to England,
-and was crowned King at Winchester. After he was once settled in his
-kingdom he remembered a solemn vow he had made while he was in a foreign
-land, and when he doubted whether he would ever get back to England.
-This was the vow: “Sire Saint Peter, under whose aid I put myself and my
-property, be to me a shield and protection against the tyrant Danish
-plans: Be to me lord and friend against all my enemies. To thy service I
-will entirely give myself up, and well I vow to you and promise you,
-when I shall be of strength and age, to Rome I will make my pilgrimage,
-where you and your companion Saint Paul suffered martyrdom.”
-
-The English were most unwilling that their King should leave them, and
-go away on such a long and dangerous journey as it was in those days. So
-they begged the King to remain, and he sent to ask the Pope what he
-might do instead of going to Rome. The Pope answered that he might build
-or restore some monastery in honour of St. Peter. There is a beautiful
-old story which tells that while the King was thinking over this matter,
-and wondering where to build his monastery, a message was brought to him
-from a holy hermit of Worcestershire, one Wulsinus, and the message was
-as follows: “I have a place in the west of London, which I myself chose,
-and which I love. This formerly I consecrated with my own hands,
-honoured with my presence, and made it illustrious by divine miracles.
-The name of the place is Thorney, which once, for the sins of the
-people, being given to the fury of barbarians, from being rich is become
-poor, from being stately, low, and from honour is become contemptible.
-This let the King, by my command, repair and make it a house of monks,
-adorn it with stately towers, and endow it with large revenues. There
-shall be no less than the House of God and the Gates of Heaven.”
-
-This, and other reasons, decided the King to rebuild the church at
-Thorney Isle, and this great “Minster of the West” was probably begun
-about the year 1055. In 1065 the eastern part of the church, that is to
-say, the choir and transepts, was ready, and it was consecrated by
-Archbishop Stigand on Innocents’ Day, 28th December 1065. King Edward
-was too ill to be at the service, so his wife, Queen Editha, had to
-represent him.
-
-Edward the Confessor died on 5th January 1066, and was buried the next
-day, the Feast of the Epiphany, in front of the high altar of his new
-church.
-
-That church was very different to look at from the Abbey we all know at
-the present day. It was built in what is called the Norman style, with
-massive pillars, round arches, and round-headed windows. It must have
-been a very large and splendid church, almost as large as the present
-one, only that it was not so high.
-
-The church and the surrounding monastery buildings were finished during
-the reigns of the early Norman kings, and William the Conqueror
-confirmed the charters granted to the Abbey by the Confessor, and
-bestowed yet more lands upon it.
-
-We must now pass over nearly two hundred years, and speak of the time of
-King Henry III. In the year 1220, Henry III began to build a very
-beautiful chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, at the eastern end of
-the Abbey church. It was just about this time that some of the grand
-cathedrals of France, such as those of Amiens, Reims, and Chartres, were
-being built in that lovely and graceful pointed style which is called
-Gothic, but which really comes from France.
-
-Henry III, when visiting his brother-in-law, St. Louis, King of France,
-had no doubt seen some of these glorious new churches, and was very
-anxious to build one like them in honour of King Edward the Confessor,
-for whom he had a great reverence.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_
-
-  _The Norman Cloister._
-]
-
-Accordingly, in 1245, he began to have the Confessor’s Norman church
-pulled down, and in its stead he built the splendid church we now see, a
-church which has been called “the most lovely and lovable thing in
-Christendom.”
-
-The choir and transepts, the Chapter-House, and some of the cloisters
-were built during Henry’s reign. The monks sang service in the new choir
-and transepts for the first time on 13th October 1269, when the body of
-Edward the Confessor was placed in the magnificent new shrine made for
-it by Henry III.
-
-Some of the nave was then gone on with, but it was not built to its
-present length until the reign of Henry V. The first time it was used
-for a procession was when the Te Deum was sung in thanksgiving after the
-Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The money for building this part of the
-Abbey was given into the care of a man named Dick Whittington, whom some
-people think to have been the famous Lord Mayor of that name. This,
-however, is doubtful.
-
-The church built by Henry III is very different from a Norman church.
-Instead of round arches, it has very pointed ones; the windows are long
-and pointed; the pillars are tall, slender, and graceful. The wonder
-seems to be how such a building can have stood for all these hundreds of
-years. And indeed it would not stand, if it were not for the beautiful
-flying buttresses which support it on the outside.
-
-In the reigns of Edward III and Richard II the cloisters were finished,
-and Abbot Litlington built the celebrated rooms known as the Jerusalem
-Chamber and the College Hall. A very fine North Porch, called “Solomon’s
-Porch,” was built in Richard II’s reign, but unhappily none of it now
-remains.
-
-In the year 1503, King Henry VII began the chapel which is known by his
-name, and which is so famous for its beauty. It stands on the place
-where Henry III’s Lady Chapel stood, but it is much larger than the
-older chapel, and some houses had to be pulled down to make room for it,
-among them being the house where the poet Chaucer is said to have lived.
-Henry VII’s chapel is too elaborate to describe here. The decoration is
-so rich and so delicate that it looks almost like lace-work, and the
-badges carved on the walls, the Tudor roses, the Beaufort portcullis,
-and the fleur-de-lys are a kind of history lesson in themselves. The
-fan-tracery vault is most wonderful, both in its lovely design and
-splendid masonry work.
-
-We have now come almost to an end of the story of the actual building of
-the Abbey,—at any rate of the chief parts of it. The tracery of the
-great west window was put up in the year 1498, in Abbot Esteney’s time,
-but the glass in it dates only from the reign of George II. The western
-towers, which were begun long before, were finished in 1739 or 1740,
-from a design made by a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.
-
-In 1540, King Henry VIII made great changes in the monasteries all over
-England. The monks were sent away from Westminster, and their place was
-taken by a Dean and twelve prebendaries. For just ten years, from 1540
-to 1550, the Abbey was made into a cathedral, or church where a bishop
-has his throne. During these years there was a Bishop of Westminster,
-but when the bishop resigned, in 1550, his diocese was joined once more
-to the See of London.
-
-Henry VIII also made new arrangements for the old School, which had
-existed in the monastery from the Confessor’s time.
-
-When Queen Mary Tudor came to the throne she brought the monks back,
-with Abbot Feckenham to rule over them, and the old services were
-restored for a time.
-
-Queen Elizabeth changed this again, and established the Abbey as a
-Collegiate Church, with a Dean and Prebendaries. The present
-arrangements are not very different from those of her time, in spite of
-certain changes which have had to be made in modern days.
-
-Queen Elizabeth also re-established the School, much on the same plan as
-her father had done. She settled that there should be a Head-Master, an
-Under-Master, and forty Scholars, who are called either King’s Scholars
-or Queen’s Scholars, according as the Sovereign is a king or a queen.
-
-Westminster School always remembers what Queen Elizabeth did for it, and
-her name is commemorated in the prayers.
-
-Now, having described something of the foundation and building of the
-Abbey, it is time to turn our thoughts to the many important and
-interesting things that have happened there, and to the great people of
-our nation who are resting within its walls.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER II
-                            THE CORONATIONS
-
-
-  “_Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king; and
-  all the people rejoiced and said: God save the king, Long live the
-  king, May the king live for ever._”—1 Kings i. 39, 40.
-
-The greatest and most important ceremonies which have taken place in
-Westminster Abbey are, of course, the Coronations of our Kings and
-Queens, and so we will speak first of this most interesting part of the
-Abbey history.
-
-Such a wonderful succession of coronations has never been seen in any
-other building in the world. Ever since 1066 our sovereigns have been
-crowned close to the spot where Edward the Confessor was first buried,
-and where the Saxon Harold and Norman William stood more than 800 years
-ago.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  CORONATION CHAIR, WITH SWORD AND SHIELD OF STATE.
-]
-
-Dean Stanley tells us that the coronation-rite of the Kings of Britain
-is the oldest in Europe, and that the inauguration of Aidan, King of the
-Dalriadic Scots, by St. Columba, in the sixth century, is the oldest
-ceremony of the kind in Christendom. It is good for us to remember these
-days of old, for it helps us to understand much better what is going on
-now, and teaches us the meaning of many of the solemn services and
-ceremonies of Church and State.
-
-The Coronation Service has been slightly changed, of course, from time
-to time, but its chief parts are much the same as they were when William
-the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster in 1066. From very early times
-the coronations had been partly religious and partly civil ceremonies,
-and had taken place in a church, the day chosen being either a Sunday or
-some high festival, like Christmas Day, Whitsunday, or a Saint’s Day.
-The Saxon Kings were usually crowned in Winchester Cathedral. Canute was
-crowned at St. Paul’s.
-
-Before speaking of any of the old Westminster Coronations, it will be a
-good plan to describe, very shortly, what is done at Coronations in our
-own day. We will take the little book of the “Form and Order for the
-Coronation of King Edward and Queen Alexandra,” and see what it says.
-
-To begin with, the Sacred Oil for the anointing of the King was
-consecrated in the Confessor’s Chapel, and then placed on the altar. The
-Litany was said, and a hymn was sung as the clergy, carrying the
-Regalia, went down to the west door to meet the King and Queen.
-
-When the King and Queen came into church the choir sang an anthem
-beginning with the words: “I was glad when they said unto me, We will go
-into the house of the Lord.”
-
-The Westminster scholars have for long years had the right of acclaiming
-the King and Queen at the Coronations, and their shouts of “Vivat Regina
-Alexandra,” “Vivat Rex Edwardus,” were heard in the anthem as the
-sovereigns, first the Queen and then the King, walked up the Abbey.
-
-At Coronations a great platform, called the Theatre, is put up, and
-covers a wide space in front of the high altar. On this platform the
-Coronation Chair (King Edward’s Chair, as it is called) is placed, and
-also the thrones. Here all the principal people stand, and here the
-whole great ceremony is performed.
-
-When the King and Queen reached this platform the Archbishop of
-Canterbury turned to the people, and asked for what is called the
-Recognition, that is to say, he asked whether the people of England were
-willing to accept the King, and to do him homage. They answered by
-shouting out: “God save King Edward.”
-
-The Regalia were then placed on the altar, and the Archbishop began the
-Communion Service. After the Creed the actual Coronation began. The King
-first took the solemn Oath to observe the statutes, laws, and customs of
-the land, and to cause “law and justice, in mercy, to be executed in all
-his judgments.” He also promised to maintain and preserve the Church of
-England as by law established. The King then kissed the Book of the
-Gospels, and signed the Oath. The Archbishop then began the beautiful
-hymn “Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire,” sung as a prayer for the
-blessing of the Holy Spirit on the King and Queen. After the hymn, the
-King, sitting in the Coronation Chair, on the Stone of Scone, was
-solemnly anointed with the Holy Oil. Then the Lord Great Chamberlain
-girt the King with the Sword of State, and after that the Sub-Dean of
-Westminster, acting for the Dean, put on him the Imperial Robe, and the
-Archbishop presented him with the Orb. The King then received the Ring,
-as a sign of kingly dignity, and then the two Sceptres,—the sceptre with
-the cross and the sceptre with the dove.
-
-After this came the putting on of the Crown itself, which was brought by
-the Sub-Dean and placed on the King’s head by the Archbishop. The people
-again shouted “God save the King”; the peers put on their coronets; the
-trumpets sounded, and the great guns at the Tower were fired off.
-
-The Archbishop then presented the Holy Bible to the King, saying these
-beautiful words: “Our Gracious King, we present you with this Book, the
-most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is wisdom; this is the
-royal law; these are the lively oracles of God.”
-
-After this came the Benediction. The King was then led to his throne,
-and received the homage of all the princes and peers, the Prince of
-Wales being the first to do homage to his father. When that splendid
-ceremony was over the Queen was crowned by the Archbishop of York. As
-Queen Alexandra was Queen-Consort, she did not sit in King Edward’s
-Chair, as of course Queen Victoria did, but she knelt at the altar-step
-to be crowned. As she was led to her throne she made a deep obeisance to
-the King, who rose and bowed to her.
-
-The actual Coronation being finished, the Archbishop proceeded with the
-Communion Service, and the King and Queen received the Holy Communion,
-which was administered to them by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
-Dean of Westminster.
-
-At the end of the service the “Te Deum” was sung, and the whole assembly
-cheered as the King walked down the Abbey, in his Royal Robe and Crown,
-and bearing the Sceptre and Orb.
-
-This is an outline of the Coronation Service of King Edward VII, and it
-is especially interesting because, in spite of some few small changes,
-it shows us what the Coronations of our Kings have been like ever since
-the Confessor’s days. It may be well just to explain what is meant by
-the word “Regalia,” because the history of the Regalia carries us back
-to times even before Edward the Confessor, as Offa, King of the
-Mercians, is said to have placed the Regalia and Coronation Robes in the
-church at Thorney Isle. We should notice that the Regalia, that is, the
-crowns, sceptres, and orbs, had Anglo-Saxon names. The King’s crown was
-called the crown of Alfred, or of St. Edward; the Queen’s crown was
-called the crown of Editha, wife of Edward the Confessor. The sceptre
-with the dove was a remembrance of the peaceful days of the Confessor’s
-reign, after the Danes were driven out. The Coronation oath used to be
-taken on a copy of the Gospels which was said to have belonged to
-Athelstane. The orb appears in the famous Bayeux tapestry, showing that
-it must have been used in Saxon days.
-
-Now let us turn for a little to some of the Coronations of particular
-Kings. As we have seen, the Saxon Kings were usually crowned at
-Winchester, as Edward the Confessor himself was.
-
-The first Coronation to take place in the great church founded and built
-by the Confessor was that of Harold the Saxon, son of Earl Godwin, and
-brother-in-law of the Confessor. There was much anxiety in the country
-about the succession, and Harold was crowned at Westminster in great
-haste and confusion the day after the Confessor died, and the very day
-of his funeral, January 6th, 1066.
-
-The next coronation was indeed different, for many things had happened
-in England meanwhile. As we all know, William Duke of Normandy, cousin
-of Edward the Confessor, had claimed the throne of England by right of
-inheritance. He had sailed over to England, had defeated and slain
-Harold at the Battle of Hastings (or Senlac), and was now King. When we
-remember that Charlemagne was crowned Emperor in St. Peter’s at Rome by
-Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, A.D. 800, it makes it all the more
-interesting to think that the day chosen for the Conqueror’s Coronation
-was also Christmas Day. He stood there in the Abbey, close to the grave
-of the Confessor, having on one side of him the Saxon Aldred, Archbishop
-of York, and on the other the Norman Bishop of Coutances. Archbishop
-Stigand, of Canterbury, had fled.
-
-In the church were many of the Saxon people of London, and mixed with
-them were a number of Normans. Outside, the Norman horsemen kept guard.
-When the people began to acclaim the King in the usual English fashion,
-the Norman soldiers did not understand what was going on, and thought it
-was a riot. Being afraid of what might happen, they set fire to some of
-the thatched buildings near the Abbey. The crowd rushed out in alarm,
-leaving William alone in the church, with the bishops and other clergy.
-A terrible tumult followed, and even the Conqueror trembled. The rest of
-the Coronation was hurriedly finished, Archbishop Aldred making William
-promise to defend the Saxons before he would put the crown on his head.
-
-The Conqueror, like the Saxon Kings before him and the Norman Kings
-after him, used to appear in church on the great festivals wearing his
-crown.
-
-From this time onward the Coronations always took place in Westminster
-Abbey. All the Regalia were kept in the Treasury at Westminster until
-the time of Henry VIII, and some of them until the time of the
-Commonwealth. It was part of the duty of the Abbot of Westminster to
-instruct and prepare the King for his Coronation. Further, it was
-settled by Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, that the
-Archbishop of Canterbury, and not the Archbishop of York, was to have
-the right to crown the King.
-
-The next Coronation of special interest is that of Henry III, the King
-who built the present Abbey Church. When Henry succeeded to the throne
-in 1216, after the sad and unfortunate reign of his father, King John,
-London was in the hands of the Dauphin of France, Prince Louis. Henry,
-therefore, could not be crowned at Westminster, and was first crowned at
-Gloucester, by the Bishop of Winchester, not with the crown, but with a
-chaplet or garland. It will be remembered that King John’s baggage and
-treasures, with the Regalia, had been swept away by the tide as he was
-crossing the Wash.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._
-
-  NORTH AMBULATORY, WITH TOMBS OF HENRY III. AND EDWARD I.
-]
-
-It was not until Whitsunday 1220 that Henry was solemnly crowned in the
-Abbey by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the last King
-to be crowned in the Confessor’s Norman Church. The day before his
-Coronation he had laid the foundation-stone of the Lady Chapel, that
-beautiful chapel which once stood where Henry VII’s Chapel now stands.
-
-Edward I was in the Holy Land when his father died, and therefore was
-not crowned until the year 1274, when he and his beloved Queen, Eleanor
-of Castile, were crowned together,—the first King and Queen who had been
-jointly crowned. At this Coronation five hundred great horses, which had
-been ridden by the princes and nobles, were let loose among the crowd
-for any one to catch who could.
-
-The Coronation of Edward I brings two very interesting things to our
-mind. These two things are, first, that Edward I was the King who
-brought the Stone of Scone from Scotland to England; and secondly, that
-it was he who ordered the present Coronation Chair to be made. This
-Coronation Chair, which was made in 1307 to contain the Stone of Scone,
-is perhaps the most precious thing in all the Abbey, excepting the
-Confessor’s shrine.
-
-Some beautiful old stories are told about the Stone of Scone. One of
-these stories says that it was the Stone on which Jacob laid his head in
-Bethel when he had the wonderful vision of angels ascending and
-descending on the ladder which reached from earth to heaven. The sons of
-Jacob are said to have taken this sacred stone with them into Egypt,
-whence it was carried in after years to Spain, and then to Ireland,
-where it was used at the coronations of the Irish Kings. It was placed
-on the sacred hill of Tara, and was called “Lia Fail,” or the “Stone of
-Destiny.” If a true King sat upon it to be crowned, the stone made a
-noise like thunder, but if the King elect was only a pretender the Stone
-was silent. One story tells us that the Stone was carried across from
-Ireland to Scotland about 330 B.C., by Fergus, the founder of the
-Scottish monarchy, and that it was placed, first at Dunstaffnage, and
-then at Iona. In A.D. 850 it was brought by Kenneth II to Scone, where
-it was enclosed in a wooden chair, as it now is at Westminster. The
-Kings of Scotland, from Malcolm IV to John Baliol, sat on the Stone to
-be crowned. Edward I himself is said to have been crowned King of
-Scotland on the Sacred Stone of Scone after he had defeated John Baliol
-at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296. Whether this was so or not, Edward I
-carried off the Stone and the Scottish Regalia to Westminster, and
-placed them near the Confessor’s shrine.
-
-In the last year of his reign Edward I ordered a chair to be made in
-which the Stone was to be enclosed, and in which the Kings of England
-were to sit to be crowned. In this very chair every English sovereign
-has been crowned, from Edward II to Edward VII. It has only once been
-taken out of the Abbey, and that was when it was taken into Westminster
-Hall for the inauguration of Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Realm on
-December 16th, 1653.
-
-In Edward III’s reign the Scots tried very hard to get the Stone back
-again, and the King, who wished to content them, very nearly allowed
-them to have it. But the people of London would not hear of such a
-thing, and, as an old writer says, “would not suffer the Stone to depart
-from themselves.”
-
-We must now speak of some other Coronations. Richard II’s Coronation was
-very splendid, and the ceremony was so long and tiring that the King,
-who was still quite a boy, fainted from fatigue. Two interesting
-ceremonies began at this Coronation. One was the first appearance of the
-“Champion,” as he was called. The Champion was a knight who threw down
-his glove as a challenge to any one who disputed the King’s claim to the
-throne. The last appearance of the Champion was at the Coronation of
-George IV, in 1820, so this curious old custom lasted for more than four
-hundred years.
-
-Again, Richard II was the first King to be accompanied at his Coronation
-by a body of Knights, the Knights who were afterwards called the
-“Knights of the Bath.” It became the custom for the King to create a
-number of Knights on the eve of his Coronation, and these Knights
-accompanied him in his procession. Part of the solemn ceremony of
-receiving Knighthood was the taking of a bath, as a sign of purity both
-of body and soul.
-
-The Knights of the Bath once used to be installed in Henry VII’s Chapel,
-and the Dean of Westminster is always the Dean of the Order. However, no
-Knights have been installed at Westminster for a long time past. Many of
-the old banners of the Knights of the Bath still hang over the stalls in
-Henry VII’s Chapel, just as the banners of the Knights of the Garter
-hang in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor. On the backs of the stalls are
-the coats-of-arms of the Knights, emblazoned on gilded metal plates.
-
-But to return for a moment to the Coronation of Richard II. It has an
-especial interest for Westminster, as the Abbey possesses a most
-valuable book, called the “Liber Regalis,” which was drawn up by Abbot
-Litlington, and which gives the whole order of the Coronation service.
-This has been followed, more or less, at all the Coronations since that
-time.
-
-We must now pass over nearly two centuries, and pause to think of the
-Coronation of Queen Elizabeth, remembering that it was she who finally
-founded Westminster Abbey as a Collegiate Church, and who re-established
-the School much on the present plan. Elizabeth’s accession was a very
-happy event for her subjects, and there were great rejoicings
-everywhere. Her Coronation was the last at which the ancient Latin
-Coronation Mass was celebrated, and the Abbot of Westminster took his
-part in the service for the last time. His place is now, of course,
-taken by the Dean, or by the Sub-Dean, should the Dean be ill or unable
-to attend. At Queen Elizabeth’s Coronation the Litany was said in
-English, instead of in Latin, and the Epistle and Gospel were read in
-both Latin and English, showing that, for the future, our own English
-language was going to be used for our Church services.
-
-At the Coronation of Charles I several things happened which people
-considered unlucky, and as a sign that misfortunes were coming upon the
-King. To begin with, Charles wore white instead of the usual red or
-purple, and this was thought to be a bad omen, as if meaning that the
-King was to be a victim, there having been some old prophecy of trouble
-for a “White King.” Then the sceptre with the dove was broken, and as
-the dove could not be mended without the mark being seen, a new dove had
-to be made. In the later part of the day a shock of earthquake was felt.
-All these things were regarded as signs of coming evil, and were no
-doubt remembered in the sad days of the Civil War, and at the time of
-the King’s imprisonment and death.
-
-Westminster is a Royal foundation, and the old Royalist spirit always
-remained strong there, especially among the boys of Westminster School;
-and this in spite of the changes made at the Abbey by the Puritans
-during the Commonwealth.
-
-The famous Archbishop Laud, the friend of Charles I, was one of the
-twelve Prebendaries of Westminster, and took the Dean’s place at Charles
-I’s Coronation.
-
-Charles II and James II were both crowned on St. George’s Day, the
-festival of the Patron Saint of England.
-
-William and Mary were crowned as joint sovereigns, Mary sitting in a
-Chair of State made for the occasion, a chair which is now to be seen in
-Henry VII’s Chapel. She also had the sword and other symbols of
-sovereignty given to her, just as her husband, King William, had.
-
-The Coronation of George IV is remembered partly for its magnificence,
-but chiefly, perhaps, on account of the sad and foolish attempt to get
-into the Abbey made by poor Queen Caroline, and the manner in which she
-was turned away from the doors.
-
-The Coronation of Queen Victoria brings us nearer to our own time, and
-the thought of that day reminds us of the good Queen whose long life of
-anxious work and responsibility began in her early girlhood. She took
-upon her the cares of sovereignty at an age when most girls think mainly
-of amusing themselves, and we all know how well she kept the solemn
-promises made on her Coronation Day at the Abbey.
-
-King Edward VII’s Coronation has already been described. That beautiful
-and stately ceremony was all the more touching and impressive because of
-the thankfulness of the people for the King’s recovery from a dangerous
-illness, a feeling which made their gladness and enthusiasm all the
-greater.
-
-This short account of some of the Coronations will help to explain still
-further how and why the Abbey has always held such an important place in
-our national life. We see that the Norman, Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart,
-and Hanoverian sovereigns have all come here to be crowned, close to the
-shrine of the last Saxon King, much in the same way as the French Kings
-used to go for their coronations to the great cathedral at Reims, and as
-the Tsars of Russia go to the Kremlin at Moscow.
-
-We must now leave the Coronations, and turn to think of some of the
-great people who are buried and commemorated in the Abbey.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  SHRINE OF KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.
-]
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER III
-                       KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR
-
-                                  “_There is
-              One great society alone on earth:
-              The noble Living and the noble Dead._”
-                                  WORDSWORTH (_Prelude_).
-
-
-King Edward the Confessor is such an important person in the history of
-the Abbey that his Chapel and Shrine must be described in a chapter by
-themselves.
-
-As has already been told, the Confessor died on January 5th, 1066, and
-was buried the next day, January 6th, the Feast of the Epiphany. He was
-laid in front of the high altar of his newly built church, and the
-Conqueror afterwards presented splendid hangings to cover the simple
-tomb which was erected over the grave.
-
-There is an interesting old story of something that happened at this
-tomb in the reign of William the Conqueror.
-
-When Lanfranc became Archbishop of Canterbury, most of the Saxon bishops
-were sent away and Normans were put in their places. Among the Saxon
-bishops was the good old St. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester. He was made
-bishop in 1062, in the Confessor’s time. The Normans despised him, and
-thought him ignorant because he could not speak French, and they thought
-he would not be able to give any good advice to the King. Wulfstan was
-told that he must come to Westminster to meet the other bishops. They
-then said to him that he must give up the pastoral staff, which belonged
-to him as a bishop. Wulfstan showed no anger, but only said quite simply
-that he would resign his staff, not to the archbishop, “but rather to
-St. Edward, by whose authority I received it.” He then went into the
-Abbey, walked up to the Confessor’s tomb, and, raising his arm slowly,
-he struck the pastoral staff into the stone, saying: “Receive, my lord
-the King; and give it to whomsoever thou mayst choose.” It is said that
-the staff remained firmly fixed in the stone, so that no one could pull
-it out. The King and the Archbishop were amazed, and acknowledged that
-they had done wrong in trying to turn Wulfstan out of his bishopric.
-They begged Wulfstan to take his staff once more. The old man came near,
-and drew the staff out quite easily. The King and the Archbishop went
-down on their knees and begged his forgiveness, but, as the old story
-says: “He, who had learned from the Lord to be mild and humble in heart,
-threw himself in his turn upon his knees.”
-
-We are told that in 1098 the Confessor’s tomb was opened, and that his
-body was found to be still in perfect preservation. Bishop Gundulph, of
-Rochester, alone ventured to uncover the face. The memory of Edward’s
-pure life, and of his goodness and charity, together with the miracles
-that were believed to be worked at his tomb, caused the people to honour
-him more and more as a saint, and in the year 1161, Pope Alexander III
-caused his name to be formally added to the names of the Saints of the
-Christian Church. In our Prayer-Books his name appears on October 13th,
-as King Edward the Confessor. A “confessor” means some one who has
-suffered for the faith of Christ without actual shedding of blood. In
-King Edward’s case it alludes to his exile in the time of the heathen
-Danes. The “Translation” of which the Prayer-Book speaks means the
-moving of the body into the shrine. This “Translation” took place on
-October 13th, 1163, when the Confessor’s body was placed in the new and
-splendid shrine made for it by King Henry II. This ceremony took place
-at midnight, and both Henry II and Archbishop Becket were present.
-
-While the Abbey was being rebuilt in the reign of Henry III, the
-Confessor’s coffin was taken for the time to the Palace of Westminster
-close by. On October 13th, 1269, it was brought back with great pomp,
-and placed in another shrine, more gorgeous even than the former one.
-
-The coffin was carried by the King himself, his brother, Richard, Earl
-of Cornwall, his two sons, Edward and Edmund, together with many of the
-nobles of the land. Dean Stanley says that this great ceremony must have
-reminded Henry III of an equally splendid one which he saw at Canterbury
-Cathedral when he was a boy. This was the “Translation” of the relics of
-St. Thomas à Becket in 1220, when Henry III walked in the procession.
-Pandulf, the Papal Legate (who had come to England in King John’s
-reign), and Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, were there also,
-to see Becket’s body placed in the shrine prepared for it.
-
-The chapel in which the Confessor’s shrine stands, and in which so many
-of our Kings and Queens are buried, is raised above the rest of the
-church by a mound of earth brought from Holy Land. What we now see of
-the shrine is only the remains of its former splendour. It was adorned
-at first with mosaic-work, and with many gold and jewelled images. The
-materials for the decoration were brought from Rome, and the shrine was
-made by Italian workmen. In Henry VIII’s time the beautiful decorations
-of the shrine, and the various treasures kept near it, were taken away.
-The monks were afraid that even the Confessor’s body might be destroyed,
-so they buried it in another part of the church. When Queen Mary Tudor
-came to the throne the shrine was set up again, and King Edward’s body
-was restored to its place. The Queen presented images and jewels for the
-adornment of the shrine. Under the Commonwealth the ornaments of the
-shrine were again removed, but the Confessor’s body was not removed or
-disturbed.
-
-Another interesting story about the Confessor’s shrine must be told
-here. When James II was crowned, in 1685, one of the “singing men”
-thought he saw a hole made in the Confessor’s coffin by the fall of some
-bit of the wooden scaffolding. On going to see, he found that there was
-a hole, and he could see something shining inside the coffin. He put in
-his hand, and drew out a gold cross and chain, which he gave to the
-Dean. The Dean, in his turn, gave this precious cross and chain to the
-King. James II, seeing that the coffin was so unsafe, had it enclosed in
-another strong and solid one, and since that time the body has rested in
-peace. On the north side of the Confessor lies his wife, Queen Editha,
-the daughter of Earl Godwin. She is usually supposed to have been a
-sweet and gentle woman, but opinions differ a little on this point. At
-any rate, she appears to have been very well instructed for those days,
-and, we are told, very clever with her needle,—a valuable accomplishment
-for any woman. On the south side of the shrine lies the “Good Queen
-Maud,” wife of Henry I, and great-niece of Edward the Confessor. As she
-was a Saxon princess, her marriage with Henry I made the Saxons and
-Normans much better friends than they had been before. Queen Maud was a
-very good woman, and very kind to the poor. Neither of these Queens have
-any monument.
-
-The Confessor’s shrine was always held to be a most important and sacred
-place, and many precious and beautiful things were placed near it, as if
-to do it honour. Among these the Stone of Scone was chief. We have
-already heard how and when it came to Westminster, and why it was so
-greatly prized. But the Stone of Scone was not alone. The coronet of
-Llewellyn, the last Welsh Prince of Wales, was taken by Edward I, and
-hung up in the Confessor’s Chapel by Edward’s little son Alfonso. Every
-one will remember that Edward II—Edward of Carnarvon, as he was
-called—was the first Prince of Wales who was the son of an English King.
-
-If we could have visited the Abbey in those old days we should have seen
-yet another very interesting thing in the Confessor’s Chapel. This was a
-golden cup containing the heart of Prince Henry d’Almayne, son of
-Richard Earl of Cornwall, and nephew of Henry III. The story of this
-heart takes us back both to the Barons’ War and to the Crusades. It also
-takes us back to the great Italian poet Dante, who writes of Prince
-Henry’s heart in his famous poem, the _Divine Comedy_.
-
-The story is as follows. At the Battle of Evesham, in 1265, when Simon
-de Montfort and the other Barons were fighting against Henry III, Simon
-de Montfort was slain. It must be remembered that Simon de Montfort had
-married Eleanor, daughter of King John, and that he was therefore
-brother-in-law of King Henry III, and of Richard Earl of Cornwall. That
-is rather an important part of the story.
-
-Some years afterwards, in 1271, there was a great council held at the
-town of Viterbo, in Italy, for the purpose of electing a new Pope. The
-King of France, Prince Edward and Prince Edmund of England, and Prince
-Henry d’Almayne, came there also, on their way home from the Crusade.
-Guy and Simon, sons of the great Simon de Montfort, were also in Italy,
-and they, too, went to Viterbo. One day they were all at service in the
-Church of San Silvestro, when suddenly, just at the most solemn part of
-the Mass, Guy de Montfort rushed forward and stabbed his cousin, Prince
-Henry, even while the prince clung to the altar for protection. Not
-content with killing Prince Henry, Guy de Montfort dragged him out by
-the hair of the head into the square in front of the church. This was
-all done in revenge for the death of Simon de Montfort at Evesham. Guy
-de Montfort escaped, but was afterwards excommunicated. Prince Henry’s
-body was brought home, and buried in the monastery-church of Hayles in
-Gloucestershire, where his father also was buried, as being the founder
-of the monastery. Prince Henry’s heart was put into a golden cup, and
-brought to the Abbey, where it was placed close to the Confessor’s
-shrine,—some say, in the hand of a statue.
-
-The shield of Richard Earl of Cornwall is carved on the Abbey walls, in
-the spandrels of the beautiful arcade which runs round the interior of
-the whole Church. It will be found in the South Aisle.
-
-In the North Aisle, also in the arcade, is the shield of Simon de
-Montfort, with its double-tailed lion. When we look at this shield, we
-remember Simon de Montfort’s great work for his country, and how he
-helped to form our English Parliament. But his name reminds us of
-something else that happened in Southern France, and for which we feel
-sorry. Simon’s father, Count Simon de Montfort, had a great deal to do
-with the persecution of the Albigenses in 1209–1229, a cruel war which
-was called the Albigensian Crusade. These terrible religious wars are
-sad to think of, although, at the same time, it is interesting to find
-this link between the Abbey and the history of other parts of Europe.
-
-But it is time to come back to Edward the Confessor himself. If we want
-to learn something about his character, and to understand why the people
-loved him so much, we cannot do better than study the sculptures on the
-screen behind the Coronation Chair. This delicately carved stone screen
-was made about the time of Edward IV, and along the top of it is a row
-of sculptures representing scenes from the life of the Confessor.
-
-These scenes—beginning on the left hand as you face the screen—are as
-follows:—
-
-1. The nobles swearing to be loyal to Queen Emma, widow of Ethelred the
-Unready, and mother of the Confessor.
-
-2. Edward’s birth at Islip in Oxfordshire.
-
-3. Edward’s Coronation at Winchester. The Archbishops of Canterbury and
-York are represented standing on either side of the King.
-
-4. The abolition of the Danegelt, or tax which Ethelred had made the
-people pay in order to bribe the Danes to leave England. The carving
-represents an old story which says that the Confessor saw a demon
-dancing on the casks which held the money, and so he at once did away
-with the tax.
-
-5. This is a very curious story. A scullion, thinking that the King was
-asleep, came into his room no less than three times to steal money out
-of the treasure-chest. The third time the King startled him very much by
-speaking. He did not scold him, however, but told him to make haste and
-get away before Hugolin the Treasurer came. When Hugolin did come, he
-was very angry with the King for letting the thief get off, but Edward
-was very merciful, and perhaps remembered that it is sometimes a great
-temptation to be very poor.
-
-6. This picture shows the King kneeling in the old church at Thorney,
-where he is said to have had a vision of our Lord, who appeared to him
-as a child.
-
-7. This represents a very curious, almost funny, story. One Whitsunday,
-when the King was at church, his courtiers saw him laugh, just at a very
-solemn part of the service too. They asked him afterwards why he had
-behaved in such a strange way. He answered that he had seen the Danes
-and Norwegians preparing to come and attack England, but as the Danish
-King was going on board his ship he fell into the sea and was drowned.
-This was what had made Edward laugh.
-
-8. This represents a quarrel between Harold and Tosti, sons of Earl
-Godwin, and brothers-in-law of the Confessor.
-
-9. This is a vision, in which the Confessor saw that the Seven Sleepers
-of Ephesus had all turned over from their right side to their left. This
-meant that dreadful troubles and disasters were to come upon the world
-for seventy years.
-
-10, 12, and 13. These three pictures tell the beautiful story of the
-pilgrim’s ring. One day the Confessor met a poor pilgrim who asked an
-alms, and as the old book tells it, “the king is in distress because
-neither gold nor silver he finds at hand. And he reflects, remains
-silent, looks at his hand, and remembers that on his finder he had a
-cherished ring, which was large, royal, and beautiful. To the poor man
-he gives it, for the love of St. John his dear lord: and he takes it
-with joy, and gently gives him thanks; and when he was possessed of it
-he departed and vanished.”
-
-Some time after, two English pilgrims from Ludlow were travelling in
-Palestine, and they met an old man “white and hoary, brighter than the
-sun at midday,” who showed them kindness and entertained them
-hospitably. He told them that he was John the Evangelist, and that he
-had a special love for the King of their country. He then gave them back
-the ring, and bade them restore it to King Edward, who had given it to
-him when he was disguised as a poor pilgrim. They were also to tell the
-King that in six months’ time he would be with St. John in Paradise. The
-pilgrims returned to England, and the thirteenth carving shows them
-bringing back the ring and delivering the message, whereupon the King
-began to prepare himself for his death.
-
-These stories, together with others told of Edward’s kindness to the
-sick and to the leper, show us the power of this simple goodness and
-piety, and explain why the Confessor’s memory was so much loved and
-revered.
-
-His tomb has been the centre round which not only many of our Kings and
-Queens, but gradually most of our best and greatest men, have been laid
-to rest.
-
-At the time of King Edward VII’s Coronation a covering, or “pall”, in
-red velvet and gold was placed over the upper part of the Confessor’s
-shrine, where it still remains. Round the edge of the pall is
-embroidered a beautiful Latin inscription, which runs as follows—
-
-“_Deo carus Rex Edwardus non mortuus est, sed cum XPO viaturus de morte
-ad vitam migravit._”
-
-“King Edward, dear to God, has not died, but has passed from death to
-life, to live with Christ.”
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_G. A. Dunn._
-
-  RICHARD II.
-]
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER IV
-   THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO RICHARD II,
-                               1216–1399
-
-         “_This England never did, nor never shall,
-         Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror,
-         But when it first did help to wound itself.
-         Now these her princes are come home again,
-         Come the three corners of the world in arms
-         And we shall shock them. Nought shall make us rue
-         If England to itself do rest but true._”
-                                     SHAKSPEARE (_King John_).
-
-
-A little more than two hundred years passed between the burial of the
-Confessor in the Abbey and the burial of the next English King who rests
-there, namely, Henry III. William the Conqueror is buried in the church
-which he founded at Caen, in Normandy, and William Rufus, the “Red
-King,” lies at Winchester, close to the New Forest, where he was shot by
-Walter Tyrrell. Henry I was buried at Reading, and King Stephen at
-Faversham. Henry II, the first King of the Plantagenet line, was buried
-in the great Abbey of Fontevrault in Anjou, the ancestral home of the
-Plantagenets. His eldest son, Henry, “the young King,” who rebelled
-against him, is buried at Rouen, where the heart of Richard Cœur-de-Lion
-also rests. Richard’s body is buried at Fontevrault, at his father’s
-feet. The heart of King John was taken to Fontevrault in a golden cup,
-but his body lies in Worcester Cathedral, between two Saxon saints,
-Wulfstan and Oswald.
-
-And now we come to the Plantagenets who are buried in the Abbey.
-
-Henry III, as we have already seen, had a great love and reverence for
-the memory of Edward the Confessor, and began the rebuilding of the
-Abbey Church in his honour. It was no wonder, then, that he wished his
-tomb to be close to the Confessor’s shrine.
-
-Only three of our Kings have been married in the Abbey, and of these
-Henry III was the first. He married Eleanor of Provence, one of four
-sisters who all made remarkable marriages. Eleanor’s sister Margaret
-married King Louis IX of France; her sister Sancha married Richard Earl
-of Cornwall, and her sister Beatrice married Charles of Anjou, brother
-of Louis IX of France, and afterwards King of Naples and Sicily. We are
-reminded of this close connection between the royal houses of France and
-England when we see on the Abbey walls the shield of Eleanor’s father,
-Raymond Berengar, Count of Provence. When Henry III died in 1272 he was
-buried, not where his tomb now is, but in front of the high altar, in
-the grave where the Confessor’s body had first rested. The beautiful
-tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel was not finished until 1291, Edward I
-having brought from France the precious marbles and porphyry slabs for
-its decoration. The tomb, like the Confessor’s, is of Italian design,
-but the fine effigy is the work of an Englishman, William Torel.
-
-When Henry’s body was at last placed there, his heart, according to an
-old promise, was given in a golden cup to the Abbess of Fontevrault, who
-was present at the ceremony. Like the heart of his father, King John, it
-was to be taken back to the old Plantagenet home.
-
-Thus began the circle of stately tombs which stand round the Confessor’s
-shrine in that tall, silent, shadowy chapel, now often called the Chapel
-of the Kings.
-
-One thing to be remembered about the tombs of the Plantagenets is that
-they actually hold the body of the sovereign, and are not just monuments
-over a grave. In later days it became the fashion to bury in vaults.
-
-Some years before Henry III’s death his beautiful little dumb daughter,
-Katherine, was buried in a small tomb in the South Ambulatory, close to
-St. Edmund’s Chapel. With her are buried two of her brothers who died
-young, and four young children of King Edward I.
-
-We have already heard about the heart of another Plantagenet, Prince
-Henry d’Almayne, whose body, like that of his father, Richard Earl of
-Cornwall, is buried at Hayles, in Gloucestershire.
-
-On either side of Henry III are buried Edward I, and his wife, Eleanor
-of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand III, King of Castile and Leon. Every
-one remembers how Queen Eleanor went out with her husband to the
-Crusades, and how she is said to have saved his life by sucking the
-poison from his wound. Eleanor, the “Queen of good memory,” died in
-Lincolnshire in 1290, and of the famous crosses which were put up at
-each place where her body rested, three still remain, at Northampton,
-Geddington, and Waltham. Queen Eleanor’s tomb is very beautiful, and so
-is her effigy, which was made by the same English artist who made the
-effigy of her father-in-law, King Henry III. The lower part of the tomb
-is decorated with shields, and one of them is the shield of Castile and
-Leon, with the castle and the lion upon it.
-
-Edward I, the greatest soldier and lawgiver of all the Plantagenet
-kings, died in 1307 at the little village of Burgh-on-the-Sands, on the
-coast of Cumberland, when he was on his way to Scotland to try and crush
-the rising of the Scots under Robert Bruce.
-
-He is buried in a very plain, rough-looking tomb, and it is thought that
-the tomb may have been left in an almost unfinished state in order that
-it might be easily opened, for, as we know, Edward I wished his bones to
-be carried at the head of the English army until Scotland was quite
-conquered. He also desired that his heart should be sent to Holy Land,
-where he had fought when he was young. But Edward II did not keep any of
-the promises he made to his father, and was very unworthy of his great
-name.
-
-On Edward I’s tomb are some Latin words which mean, “Hammer of the
-Scots,” and “Keep troth.”
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_
-
-  TOMBS OF EDMUND AND AVELINE OF LANCASTER, AND OF AYMER DE VALENCE.
-]
-
-The tomb was opened in the year 1771, and an inner coffin of Purbeck
-marble was found, in which the King’s body lay. He must have been a very
-tall man, as, after all those centuries, he still measured 6 feet 2
-inches. It is thus quite easy to understand why he was called
-“Longshanks.” The body was dressed in a red dalmatic, and over it a
-royal mantle of rich crimson satin, fastened with a splendid fibula or
-clasp. On the head was a gilt crown; in the right hand was the sceptre
-with the cross; in the left, the sceptre with the dove.
-
-The coffin was afterwards securely closed, and has never been disturbed
-again.
-
-Next to the tomb of Edward I, and just beyond the screen which separates
-the Chapel of the Kings from the Sacrarium, is the beautiful and highly
-decorated tomb of his brother, Edmund Crouchback, first Earl of
-Lancaster. He was the fourth son of Henry III, who named him after the
-Anglo-Saxon martyr-King, St. Edmund of East Anglia. There is a chapel
-dedicated to St. Edmund in the Abbey, and it was looked upon as coming
-next in honour after the Chapel of the Confessor.
-
-Edmund Crouchback was a crusader, like his brother, King Edward I, and
-the cross or “crouch” he wore was probably the origin of his name,
-although some people have thought that he was perhaps hump-backed.
-Edmund and his first wife, the beautiful Aveline of Lancaster, were the
-first bride and bridegroom to be married in Henry III’s new church. They
-were married in 1269, but Aveline did not live very long. Her tomb is
-quite near her husband’s, and is considered to be one of the finest in
-the Abbey. Aveline was not only a great beauty, but also a great
-heiress, and her wealth descended to the House of Lancaster. After
-Aveline’s death, Edmund married Blanche, Queen of Navarre, a French
-princess. She was a widow when Edmund married her, and her daughter Joan
-afterwards married King Philip the Fair of France. Edmund and his second
-wife lived for some time at Provins, in Champagne, and from that town
-they brought to England the famous red roses which became the badge of
-the House of Lancaster. These roses were said to have been brought from
-the East by Crusaders. They still grow at Provins, and have a very sweet
-scent.
-
-Edmund Crouchback died at Bayonne in 1296, while he was fighting for the
-English possessions in Gascony.
-
-When Edmund was only eight years old, Pope Innocent II had given him the
-title of King of Sicily and Apulia, but this was only an empty honour,
-and meant that the English had to be heavily taxed in order to support
-Edmund’s claim and satisfy the Pope. All these exactions of Henry III’s
-helped to make the English more and more determined not to be taxed
-without their consent, and had a great deal to do with the beginning of
-the House of Commons in Simon de Montfort’s time.
-
-Before passing on to the later descendants of Henry III, we must speak
-of two very interesting tombs which recall some important things in
-English history. These are, first, the tomb of William de Valence, in
-St. Edmund’s Chapel; and secondly, the tomb of his son Aymer, which
-stands in the Sacrarium, between the tombs of Edmund and Aveline of
-Lancaster.
-
-It will be remembered that Henry III’s mother, Isabella of Angoulême,
-married again after King John’s death. She married the Count of La
-Marche and Poitiers, who belonged to the Lusignan family,—a family which
-was very well known in Europe, some of them being Kings of Cyprus and
-Jerusalem. The children of Isabella and the Count de la Marche came over
-to England, and the English people greatly disliked their insolence and
-greediness, complaining that Henry III gave too many titles and too much
-money to his French relations. William de Valence was the fourth son of
-the Count de la Marche, and was the most disliked of all Henry’s
-half-brothers. He was created Earl of Pembroke. He took an active part
-in the Barons’ War, and was finally sent on the expedition into Gascony
-with his nephew, Edmund Crouchback. Like Edmund, he died at Bayonne in
-1296. His tomb is of French workmanship, and there are still some
-remains of the famous Limoges enamel which decorated it.
-
-Aymer de Valence, William’s son, succeeded his father as Earl of
-Pembroke. He fought bravely in the Scottish wars, and was at the Battle
-of Bannockburn in 1314. He was much blamed for his cruelty in having
-Nigel Bruce hanged at the Castle of Kentire. Aymer died in France in
-1324, very suddenly, and many people thought it was a punishment for
-taking part in the condemnation and death of Thomas Earl of Lancaster,
-son of Edmund Crouchback, who was revered as a saint. Aymer’s tomb is
-celebrated for its beauty. It is very like Edmund Crouchback’s, with its
-pinnacled canopy and niches for statues. Aymer is represented on the
-canopy in full armour and riding his war-horse.
-
-The three tombs of Edmund Crouchback, Aymer de Valence, and Aveline of
-Lancaster are among the most beautiful in the Abbey, and are thought by
-some people to be all three the work of one artist.
-
-King Edward II, Edward of Carnarvon, as he was called from his
-birthplace in Wales, is not buried in the Abbey, but at Gloucester, that
-town being near Berkeley Castle, where he was murdered.
-
-We are specially reminded of King Edward III in the Abbey, for not only
-is he buried there, but the great sword and shield of state which were
-carried before him during his wars with France are placed in the
-Confessor’s Chapel, close to the Coronation Chair. This sword and shield
-make us think of those famous Battles of Crécy and Poitiers, where
-Edward III and the Black Prince fought.
-
-Edward III is buried in a beautiful tomb just opposite to Henry III, and
-his good Queen, Philippa of Hainault, is buried next to him, according
-to her own wish. Her tomb was made by a Flemish artist, and was also a
-very fine one, but, like many others in the Abbey, it has been sadly
-destroyed. Queen Philippa is, of course, always remembered for having
-begged for the lives of the brave citizens of Calais when the King had
-ordered them to be hanged.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_
-
-  _Tomb of Prince John of Eltham. in S. Edmund’s Chapel._
-]
-
-Close to Philippa lies her son, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester,
-murdered, it is to be feared, by order of his nephew, Richard II.
-
-Eleanor de Bohun, widow of Thomas Duke of Gloucester, is buried in St.
-Edmund’s Chapel, and the memorial brass on her tomb is the most
-beautiful now left in the Abbey.
-
-In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the tomb of another Plantagenet, Prince John
-of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III. He took his name
-from the old palace at Eltham, where he was born. Prince John died quite
-young, but he had already shown great promise as a soldier, and was
-three times Regent of the kingdom when Edward III was away in France and
-Scotland. He bears a shield with the lions of England and lilies of
-France upon it. His mother was a French princess, daughter of King
-Philip the Fair, and it was through her that Edward III thought he could
-claim the throne of France. Close to the tomb of Prince John of Eltham
-is the tiny tomb of two young children of Edward III, called, from their
-birthplaces, William of Windsor and Blanche of the Tower.
-
-Two grandchildren of Edward I, Hugh and Mary de Bohun, are buried in the
-Chapel of St. Nicholas, another of the circle of chapels which crowns
-the eastern end, or apse, of the Abbey. (St. Nicholas is the patron
-saint of children.)
-
-The Black Prince is buried in Canterbury Cathedral, close to where the
-shrine of Thomas à Becket once stood, but his son, the unhappy Richard
-II, had a great love for the Abbey, where he had not only been crowned,
-but also married to his beloved first wife, Anne of Bohemia, who was a
-descendant of the “Good King Wenceslas,” about whom we sing in the carol
-for St. Stephen’s Day.
-
-Richard II is buried in the Abbey, and the great tomb in which he and
-Anne rest was made for her. Anne died in 1394, and her funeral was a
-very splendid ceremony, hundreds of wax candles having been brought over
-from Flanders to be lighted at the service. The tomb itself is very
-magnificent; the gilt-bronze decorations and the robes of the effigies
-are engraved with the leopards of England, the broomcods of the
-Plantagenets, the ostrich feathers and lions of Bohemia, and the sun
-rising through the clouds of Crécy. The ostrich feathers should remind
-us of the crest and motto of the Prince of Wales.
-
-Richard himself was not placed in this tomb until fourteen years after
-his supposed murder, when his body was brought back from Friars’ Langley
-by Henry V, in obedience to the wish of Henry IV. In the Sacrarium is a
-beautiful portrait of Richard II, painted in his lifetime, and therefore
-the oldest painting of any British sovereign. This portrait was very
-carefully restored some years ago, and represents Richard in his crown
-and royal robes, sitting in the Chair of State, very probably as he used
-to appear in the Abbey on high festivals. Richard’s well-known badge of
-the White Hart was painted on more than one part of the Abbey, and it is
-interesting to see that, in old pictures of Richard, he and his
-followers wear the badge of the White Hart. Many inns in England are
-still called by this name.
-
-With Richard II the direct Plantagenet line ends, and his is the last
-tomb in the circle round the Confessor’s shrine.
-
-Before speaking of the Plantagenet Houses of Lancaster and York we must
-mention some of the chief men of this time who are buried in the Abbey.
-First and foremost of these is the great poet, Geoffrey Chaucer, author
-of the famous _Canterbury Tales_, and the father of English poetry.
-
-He was born in 1328, the year after Edward III came to the throne, and
-died in 1400, a year after Richard II. Chaucer lived in a house close to
-the old Lady Chapel built by Henry III, and his house was one of those
-pulled down in later days to make room for the larger Chapel of Henry
-VII. Chaucer is buried in Poet’s Corner, and is the first of its
-glorious circle of poets. His monument, which is quite near his grave,
-was not put up until about 150 years after his death. Just above the
-monument is a modern stained-glass window in Chaucer’s memory,
-representing scenes from his life, and from the _Canterbury Tales_.
-
-The only person not of royal blood who is buried in the Chapel of the
-Kings is Richard’s great friend, John of Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury,
-who was Lord Treasurer, Keeper of the Great Seal, and Master of the
-Rolls. He was the first statesman to be buried in the Abbey. In St.
-Edmund’s Chapel are buried Ralph Waldeby, Archbishop of York, a friend
-of the Black Prince and tutor to Richard II, and Sir Bernard Brocas, who
-was renowned for his fighting in the Moorish wars. He died in 1400. His
-son-in-law, Sir John Golofre, another great friend of Richard II, was
-buried in the South Ambulatory in 1396. He was Richard’s ambassador in
-France, and was buried in the Abbey by his master’s express command.
-
-Our next chapter must be about those younger branches of the Plantagenet
-family, the Houses of Lancaster and York, who also hold a place in the
-Abbey.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  CHAUCER’S TOMB.
-]
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER V
-             THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 to 1485
-
-        Plantagenet:
-
-              “_Let him that is a true-born gentleman,
-              And stands upon the honour of his birth,
-              If he suppose that I have pleaded truth,
-              From off this briar pluck a white rose with me._”
-
-        Somerset:
-
-              “_Let him that is no coward nor no flatterer,
-              But dare maintain the party of the truth,
-              Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me._”
-                    SHAKSPEARE (_King Henry VI_, part 1, ii, 4).
-
-
-The name of Henry of Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of
-Lancaster, reminds us that Richard II had been made to resign his crown,
-and that his cousin had been proclaimed King as King Henry IV. We think,
-too, of that sad death, or murder, of the unhappy Richard at Pontefract
-Castle. All these things, in one way or another, are connected with the
-history of the Abbey. Henry IV is not buried in the Abbey, but in
-Canterbury Cathedral, opposite the Black Prince, and, like him, near the
-shrine of St. Thomas. But although Westminster is not his last
-resting-place, Henry IV is connected with the Abbey in a very special
-way.
-
-The story is familiar to us in the pages of Shakspeare. The King had
-intended to set out for Palestine on a pilgrimage or crusade, and he had
-heard a prophecy that he should die at Jerusalem. Just before he was
-going to start he came to the Abbey to pray at the Confessor’s shrine.
-While he was in the Chapel he was seized with mortal illness, and was
-carried into the famous “Jerusalem Chamber,” which was part of the
-Abbot’s house. The Jerusalem Chamber had been built not long before, and
-was probably the only room near with a proper fireplace in it. It was
-cold March weather, and Henry was laid in front of the fire. When he
-came to himself a little he asked what that room was, and being told its
-name, he said: “Praise be to the Father of Heaven! for now I know that I
-shall die in this chamber, according to the prophecy made of me
-beforesaid, that I should die in Jerusalem.”
-
-Every one will remember how an old historian tells us that afterwards,
-when the young Prince Harry was watching by his father, he took the
-crown and put it on his own head, thinking that his father was dead. The
-King, however, was not dead, and, turning round, he reproached the
-prince for his heartless and undutiful hurry in taking the crown. Prince
-Harry was very much grieved, and explained why he had done such a thing.
-
-After Henry IV’s death, Prince Harry, now King Henry V, spent all that
-day at Westminster, in sorrow and penitence for his wild life in the
-past. At night he went and confessed his sins to a holy hermit who lived
-close to the Abbey, and the hermit assured him that he would be
-forgiven. As we all know, Henry V became a religious and determined man,
-and a great soldier,—“Conqueror of his enemies and of himself.” Henry V
-was crowned in the Abbey on Passion Sunday, 1413, a cold, snowy day.
-
-The wars in France soon began, and in 1415 a “Te Deum” was sung in the
-Abbey for Henry’s great victory at Agincourt, and the King attended this
-service in person.
-
-Like his father, Henry V had a great wish to go to Holy Land and conquer
-the Holy Sepulchre from the infidels, but while he was hoping for this
-crusade, he was stricken with illness at Vincennes, and died in 1422,
-when he was only thirty-four.
-
-It is said that the people of both Rouen and Paris were most anxious
-that Henry should be buried in their town, but the King had said clearly
-in his will that he wished to be buried at Westminster, and he had
-described most carefully what he wanted his Chantry Chapel to be like.
-
-The funeral of Henry V was the most splendid ever seen in the Abbey. The
-great procession began in Paris, and escorted the body to Calais. It
-then came on from Dover to London. James I, King of Scots, headed the
-procession as chief mourner, and the widowed Queen, Katherine de Valois,
-followed it.
-
-The King’s tomb stands at the extreme eastern end of the Abbey, and over
-it, between the tombs of Queen Eleanor and Queen Philippa, rises the
-famous Chantry Chapel, where prayers were to be offered up for ever.
-
-Among the statues that adorn the Chantry are those of St. George, the
-patron saint of England, and St. Denys, the patron saint of France.
-
-On a bar above the Chantry are hung King Henry V’s shield, saddle, and
-helmet, just as the Black Prince’s armour is hung above his tomb in
-Canterbury Cathedral.
-
-The tomb below was once very splendid with gold and silver, and the
-figure of King Henry had a silver head. But in the reign of Henry VIII
-these magnificent decorations were stolen, and the robbers even carried
-off the silver head of the effigy. All that remains of the effigy is the
-figure of plain English oak.
-
-We come next to the pious and gentle King Henry VI, who was so much
-loved by his people, in spite of all the misfortunes of his reign. It is
-sad to think how all Henry V’s conquests in France were lost one by one,
-although it was a good thing for England in the end. But there is one
-glorious memory connected with the wars of Henry VI’s reign, a memory
-which we all love and revere, whether we are French or English. That is
-the memory of Joan of Arc, that pure and noble young French girl whose
-faith and courage saved her country. When we stand in the Abbey and
-remember the Lancastrian Kings, it is good for us also to think of her.
-
-Henry VI always intended to be buried in the Abbey, and one day, when he
-was there, some one suggested to him that his father’s tomb should be
-moved to one side, and that his own should be placed beside it. But
-Henry answered: “Nay, let him alone: he lieth like a noble prince. I
-would not trouble him.” At last Henry VI chose a grave for himself close
-to the Confessor’s shrine; the spot was all marked out, and indeed the
-tomb itself was ordered. Then came the Wars of the Roses, the defeat of
-the Lancastrian party, and the imprisonment of Henry VI in the Tower of
-London in 1461. After his mysterious death ten years later, his body was
-buried at Chertsey Abbey. Afterwards, in the reign of Richard III, it
-was moved to St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, where it still rests.
-
-The French princess, Katherine de Valois, wife of Henry V and mother of
-Henry VI, is now buried in Henry V’s Chantry. It will be remembered that
-her second husband was Owen Tudor, and that their son, Edmund Tudor, was
-the father of King Henry VII. After Katherine married Owen Tudor she
-seemed to be quite forgotten, but when she died she was buried with all
-honour in the old Lady Chapel. While Henry VII’s new Lady Chapel was
-being built, the coffin was placed beside Henry V’s tomb, and remained
-there in a most neglected state for many long years. Then it was removed
-to a vault in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, and finally it was moved, by
-permission of Queen Victoria, into Henry V’s Chantry, where at last poor
-Queen Katherine rests in peace.
-
-In 1461, when Henry VI was deposed, a prince of the House of York,
-Edward IV, came to the throne. He died at Westminster, and had a great
-funeral service in the Abbey, but he is buried in St. George’s Chapel,
-Windsor, like his cousin, Henry VI.
-
-The earliest monument of the House of York in the Abbey is the tomb of
-Philippa, Duchess of York, in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. She was the
-wife of Edward, second Duke of York, grandson of Edward III, who was
-killed at Agincourt. After his death, Philippa was made Lady of the Isle
-of Wight.
-
-King Richard III is buried at Leicester, and after him came the poor
-little Edward V, who, with his brother, Richard Duke of York, was
-murdered in the Tower. Their bones remained at the Tower until the reign
-of Charles II, when they were found under a staircase. Charles II
-commanded that they should be brought to the Abbey, and they are placed
-in a tomb in Henry VII’s Chapel. Strangely enough, both these little
-princes are closely connected with Westminster. In 1470, Queen Elizabeth
-Woodville, wife of Edward IV, had taken refuge in the Sanctuary at
-Westminster. Nobody could dare to hurt any one who had taken sanctuary,
-and so the Queen felt she was safe in that time of war and trouble. Here
-Edward V was born. He was baptized in the Abbey, and the Abbot of
-Westminster was one of his godfathers.
-
-Then later on, after Edward IV’s death, when Richard III was trying to
-get the crown for himself, Elizabeth Woodville again took shelter in the
-Sanctuary at Westminster, and brought her five daughters and her second
-son, the little Richard Duke of York. Edward V was already in the Tower.
-Richard III sent to Westminster, and insisted that his young nephew
-should be allowed to join Edward in the Tower. He dared not take him out
-of Sanctuary by force, but he made the Archbishop of Canterbury persuade
-the poor Queen to let the boy go. She was dreadfully grieved, and tried
-all she could to keep her son safely with her, but in vain. They parted
-with tears, and she never saw him again.
-
-A little daughter of Edward IV, Margaret Plantagenet, is buried in a
-tiny tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel. In the Islip Chapel is the grave of
-Anne Mowbray, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. She was betrothed to
-Richard Duke of York when they were both little children of only five
-years old.
-
-Anne Neville, the unhappy wife of Richard III, and daughter of Warwick
-“the Kingmaker,” lies in a forgotten grave in the South Ambulatory.
-
-We see, then, how much there is in the Abbey to remind us of the Houses
-of Lancaster and York, and of the Wars of the Roses, besides the great
-wars in France.
-
-But further, we shall now find that it was becoming more and more the
-custom for the famous men of the age to be buried in the Abbey.
-
-Richard Courtney, Bishop of Norwich, a great friend of Henry V, is
-buried there. He died just before the Battle of Agincourt, and was
-nursed by the King in his last illness. In St. Paul’s Chapel is the fine
-tomb of Ludovic Robsert, Lord Bourchier, who fought at Agincourt and was
-afterwards made the King’s Standard Bearer. Sir Humphrey Bourchier, who
-died fighting on the Yorkist side at the Battle of Barnet in 1471, is
-buried in Edmund’s Chapel. Sir Thomas Vaughan, Treasurer to Edward IV
-and Chamberlain to Edward V, is buried in the Chapel of St. John the
-Baptist.
-
-While speaking of this time in English history, we must not forget one
-man who did a very great and important work in the world, and who was
-very closely connected with the Abbey, although he is not actually
-buried there. This was William Caxton, the first English printer. Caxton
-belongs almost entirely to the Lancastrian and Yorkist times, as he was
-born in 1410, during the reign of Henry IV, and died in 1491, in the
-reign of Henry VII. About the year 1471 (the year in which Henry VI
-died) Caxton came to live in Westminster. He set up his printing-press
-in a house quite close to the Abbey, and there he worked for the last
-twenty years of his life. It seems that the Abbot of Westminster was
-greatly interested in Caxton and his work, and one of his great friends
-and patrons was the Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry VII. Caxton
-printed several books for her. Caxton is buried quite near the Abbey, in
-St. Margaret’s Churchyard. There is a fine stained-glass window to his
-memory in St. Margaret’s Church. Caxton stood on the threshhold of the
-modern world, and, as we realise the great changes brought about in
-human life by the art of printing, we may think of that window in St.
-Margaret’s, where Caxton is represented holding his motto: “Fiat Lux”
-(let there be light), while below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines:
-
-        “Thy prayer was Light, more Light while time shall last,
-          Thou sawest the glories growing on the night;
-        But not the shadow which that light would cast
-          Till shadows vanish in the Light of light.”
-
-With this thought in our minds we will turn to the next period of
-English history.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER VI
-                           THE HOUSE OF TUDOR
-
-       “_Fair is our lot—O goodly is our heritage!
-       (Humble ye, my people, and be fearful in your mirth!)
-           For the Lord our God Most High
-           He hath made the deep as dry,
-     He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth._”
-                     RUDYARD KIPLING (_The Seven Seas_).
-
-
-The famous House of Tudor, in which the Plantagenet lines of York and
-Lancaster were united, is in many ways very closely connected with the
-Abbey. All the Tudor sovereigns, except one, are buried in the Abbey.
-But this is not all, for the Abbey and the School owe their present
-establishment to Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth, as we shall find later
-on.
-
-It was in the Tudor times that modern England really began, and most of
-the great changes that took place in the Church and the nation at that
-time are faithfully reflected in the Abbey history. We can read them
-there, just as we can read the story of the Norman Conquest, of the
-Conquest of Scotland, or of the French Wars.
-
-We ought also to look beyond our own country, and remember what was
-going on in other parts of the world. While the Tudors were reigning in
-England, Christopher Columbus discovered America, and the Portuguese
-navigator, Vasco de Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, thus
-finding a new way to the East Indies. These two discoveries made a great
-change in the history of the world, and some of the monuments in the
-Abbey will speak to us of the difference which those discoveries made to
-England.
-
-When we speak of the Tudors we naturally think first of King Henry VII,
-who built the beautiful chapel at the eastern end of the Abbey,
-directing that it should be the burial-place of himself and his family.
-
-The foundation of the Chapel has an interesting history connected with
-the House of Lancaster. Through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII
-descended from John of Gaunt, and therefore from Edward III, and he was
-very anxious that people should remember this. Partly for that reason,
-he wanted very much to bring the body of Henry VI from Windsor, and to
-bury it in the new, splendid chapel at Westminster. He also wished the
-Pope to declare Henry VI to be a saint; and indeed, many people at that
-time thought him to be so. However, it happened that the body of Henry
-VI was never moved from Windsor after all, but there was at that time an
-altar to his memory in Henry VII’s Chapel.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  MARGARET BEAUFORT, COUNTESS OF RICHMOND, AND MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
-]
-
-The great gates and the sculptured ornament of the Chapel are in
-themselves quite a lesson in English history. On the gates and on the
-walls we see the famous Tudor Roses, which are the red and white roses
-of Lancaster and York united. There is also the Portcullis of the
-Beaufort Castle in Anjou, which castle had belonged to Edmund
-Crouchback, and descended through him to John of Gaunt. Again, we see
-the crown caught in a bush on Bosworth Field, and two Yorkist badges,
-the Rose in the Sun, and the Falcon on the Fetterlock. On the gates,
-too, we find the daisy or “Marguérite,” the name-flower of Henry VII’s
-mother, the Lady Margaret. Last, but not least, we find the Red Dragon
-of the last British King, Cadwallader, from whom Henry VII claimed to
-descend, reminding us that the Tudors boasted of descent from the
-ancient British stock,—from King Arthur and Llewellyn. Round the Chapel,
-in the graceful little niches that adorn the walls, are statues of
-angels and saints. Among them are the Apostles, some of the martyrs, and
-also the royal saints of Britain, St. Edward, St. Edmund, St. Oswald,
-and St. Margaret of Scotland.
-
-The first person to be buried in Henry VII’s Chapel was his wife,
-Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. She died in 1503, and was
-first buried in one of the side Chapels, until her husband’s new Chapel
-was ready.
-
-In 1509, Henry VII died, and was buried in the middle of the nave of his
-Chapel. The funeral ceremony was very splendid, and over his grave rises
-one of the most magnificent tombs in the whole Abbey. The monument
-itself was made by the great Florentine sculptor, Torrigiano, who was a
-fellow-student and rival of Michael Angelo. We are told that Torrigiano
-broke Michael Angelo’s nose in a fight they had at Florence. At any
-rate, he knew how to design a beautiful monument.
-
-The bronze screen round the tomb is of English work and Gothic design,
-and is in quite a different style from the Italian Renaissance tomb
-within.
-
-Three months afterwards, Henry’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of
-Richmond and Derby, died, and was buried in the South Aisle of her son’s
-Chapel. She died just at the time of the rejoicings for the Coronation
-of her grandson, Henry VIII, and of Catherine of Aragon. The “Lady
-Margaret” was greatly honoured and beloved. She was a patroness of
-learning, and founded two colleges at Cambridge, and Professorships of
-Divinity at both Oxford and Cambridge. She was also a good friend to
-William Caxton the printer, as we have already heard. Her tomb was made
-by the same Florentine artist, Torrigiano, and is most beautiful. The
-effigy represents the Lady Margaret in her widow’s dress, her hands
-uplifted in prayer. The epitaph round the edge of the monument was
-written by the great Erasmus, who was a friend of Lady Margaret’s, and
-who was one of the earliest Lady Margaret Professors of Divinity at
-Cambridge, Bishop John Fisher being the first.
-
-Another of the family, Owen Tudor, uncle of Henry VII, took refuge in
-the Sanctuary at Westminster during the Civil Wars, and became a monk.
-He is buried in the South Transept. A little daughter of Henry VII,
-Elizabeth Tudor, is buried in a tiny tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel,
-close to Henry III. A little son, Edward, is also buried in the Abbey.
-Henry VIII had intended to be buried at Westminster with his first wife,
-Catherine of Aragon, to whom he was married in the Abbey. Indeed, he had
-actually ordered Torrigiano to make the effigies for the tomb. But, as
-we know, everything changed, and Henry VIII is buried in St. George’s,
-Windsor, with his third wife, Jane Seymour, mother of King Edward VI.
-
-Anne of Cleves is the only one of Henry’s six wives who is buried in the
-Abbey. Her grave is in the South Ambulatory, and she has a large and
-rather ugly monument in the Sacrarium, just opposite to the tomb of
-Aymer de Valence. Anne of Cleves died at Chelsea in 1557.
-
-One great name of Tudor times, that of Cardinal Wolsey, is brought back
-to us when we remember that in 1515 his Cardinal’s hat arrived from
-Rome, and was received with great pomp at the Abbey. A stately service
-was held; the Archbishop of Canterbury set the hat on Wolsey’s head, and
-a “Te Deum” was sung. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, and Henry’s
-sister Mary, the French Queen, were present at the ceremony.
-
-The boy King, Edward VI, is buried close to his grandfather, Henry VII.
-He was buried by Archbishop Cranmer, who was his godfather, and who had
-baptized and crowned him. Edward VI has no monument, but the altar of
-the chapel stands over his grave. The original altar was the work of
-Torrigiano, and must have been very beautiful. It was destroyed in the
-time of the Commonwealth, but parts of it have been found and are used
-in the present altar. The cross on this altar has a special interest for
-us all, because it was given to the Abbey by Ras Makonnen, the
-Abyssinian envoy, at the time of King Edward VII’s serious illness, when
-the Coronation had to be put off. The cross is of a very ancient
-pattern, and there is an Ethiopian inscription upon it.
-
-Not far from the grave of Edward VI there stood for many years a
-pulpit—now in the Nave—from which it is believed Archbishop Cranmer
-preached at the Coronation and funeral of his royal godson, Edward VI,
-in 1553.
-
-In the north aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel the two Tudor Queens, Mary and
-Elizabeth, are buried. Poor Queen Mary had taken much care for the
-Abbey. During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI great changes had
-been made there; the monks had been sent away, and, unfortunately, many
-of the precious and beautiful things that belonged to the church and
-monastery had been removed or destroyed. It was even said that Protector
-Somerset wanted to pull down the Abbey itself. Queen Mary brought the
-monks back, with Abbot Feckenham to rule over them; she restored the
-Confessor’s shrine, and had the church and the services arranged again
-as they had been in the old days before the Reformation.
-
-After her short, unhappy reign, Mary Tudor was laid to rest in her
-grandfather’s chapel. No monument was erected to her, and it is sad to
-think that very few of her subjects mourned for her. We are told that
-when the various altars in the chapel were taken down, the stones were
-piled up over her grave. Perhaps it was intended to make them into a
-monument later on. Another forty-five years passed, and then, in 1603,
-Queen Elizabeth died, to the great grief of all her people, whose
-lamentations followed her to her grave in the Abbey. She rests there, in
-the same vault as her sister Mary, the vault being so narrow that Queen
-Elizabeth’s coffin had to be placed on the top of Queen Mary’s. The
-monument, which is a fine one of its kind, is to Queen Elizabeth alone,
-and was erected to her memory by her cousin and successor, King James I.
-The epitaph on the western end of the monument mentions both the Tudor
-sister-queens, and runs as follows: “Consorts both in throne and grave,
-here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of the
-resurrection.”
-
-It is now time to speak of some other famous people who belonged to the
-Tudor times, and who are buried in the Abbey. Among these are the
-following:—
-
-Sir Humphrey Stanley, who fought on Henry VII’s side at Bosworth, and
-was knighted by him after the battle. Sir Humphrey died in 1505, and is
-buried in the Chapel at St. Nicholas.
-
-Sir Giles Daubeny and his wife, who are buried in St Paul’s Chapel. Sir
-Giles Daubeny was Lord Lieutenant of Calais in Henry VII’s time, when
-Calais still belonged to England. He died in 1508.
-
-Then come some of the great ladies of the Tudor Court, namely:
-
-Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, granddaughter of Henry VII and mother
-of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, who, as every one remembers, was
-Queen of England for twelve days after the death of Edward VI. The
-Duchess is buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel, close to some of the
-Plantagenets, and on the spot where the altar used to stand.
-
-Anne Seymour, the wife of Protector Somerset, is buried in the Chapel of
-St. Nicholas. She was sister-in-law to Queen Jane Seymour, mother of
-Edward VI. From what is told us about her she seems to have been both
-very clever and very fierce-tempered, and to have made people afraid of
-her. She lived on into the days of Elizabeth, and died in 1587, aged
-ninety.
-
-In the same chapel is a tablet in memory of Jane Seymour, daughter of
-Protector Somerset. She was cousin to Edward VI, and it had been
-intended that he should marry her.
-
-Another name of interest is that of Frances Howard, Countess of
-Hertford, sister of the Lord Howard of Effingham who defeated the
-Spanish Armada. She is buried in St. Benedict’s Chapel.
-
-In St. Paul’s Chapel are the grave and monument of Frances Sidney,
-Countess of Sussex. She was the aunt of the famous Sir Philip Sidney,
-the soldier and poet. This lady was the foundress of Sidney Sussex
-College at Cambridge, which is called after her.
-
-In the Chapel of St. John the Baptist is the enormous
-monument—thirty-six feet high—of Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon, who died in
-1596. His mother was a sister of Queen Anne Boleyn, and thus he was
-Queen Elizabeth’s first cousin. He was Lord Chamberlain to Queen
-Elizabeth, and was always a most devoted servant and friend to her. He
-had special charge of the Queen at the time of the Spanish Armada. It is
-said that he died partly of disappointment at having to wait a long time
-before Queen Elizabeth would make him Earl of Wiltshire. When he was
-dying the Queen came to see him, and, having brought the patent for the
-earldom and the robes, she had them put down on his bed. But Lord
-Hunsdon said to her: “Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this
-honour whilst I was living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am
-dying.”
-
-In the Chapel of St. Nicholas are buried the wife and daughter of the
-great Lord Burleigh, Mildred, Lady Burleigh, and Anne, Countess of
-Oxford. Lord Burleigh’s own funeral service took place in the Abbey, but
-he is buried at Stamford. On the monument to his wife and daughter is a
-figure of Lord Burleigh himself, kneeling, “his eyes dim with tears for
-the loss of those who were dear to him beyond the whole race of
-womankind.” One of the figures on the tomb is that of Robert Cecil,
-first Earl of Salisbury, and this is especially interesting when we
-think of the monument to the Lord Salisbury of our own day (also a
-Robert Cecil) which has just been placed in the Abbey, close to the
-Great West Door.
-
-Several other members of the Cecil family are buried in the Abbey, one
-of the chief among them being Thomas Cecil, first Earl of Exeter.
-
-Two of the famous lawyers of the time buried in the Abbey are Sir Thomas
-Bromley and Sir John Puckering. Sir Thomas Bromley, who is buried in the
-Chapel of St. Paul, succeeded Sir Nicholas Bacon as Lord Keeper, and was
-the chief judge at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots. Sir John
-Puckering, who is buried in the same chapel, had also to do with the
-trials both of Mary and of her secretary, Davison.
-
-Some of Queen Elizabeth’s great soldiers rest in the Abbey. First among
-these we will mention Sir Francis Vere, who fought in the Flemish Wars
-and commanded the forces in the Netherlands. His monument, in the Chapel
-of St. John the Evangelist, is celebrated for its beauty. It is said to
-be copied from the tomb of Count Engelbrecht II of Nassau in the church
-at Breda.
-
-Others of the Vere family are buried near Sir Francis. Close to this
-monument is that of George Holles, who fought in the same wars. Another
-young soldier of the same family, Francis Holles, is buried in St.
-Edmund’s Chapel. Both their monuments are interesting, because the
-statue of Sir George Holles is the first standing figure put up in the
-Abbey, and that of Francis one of the earliest sitting figures. And
-besides this, the statue of Sir George Holles is the first represented
-in Roman armour, instead of in the costume of the time.
-
-The fashion of monuments changed a good deal in the Elizabethan days. In
-older times people were always represented lying down, with their hands
-clasped in prayer, like the figures of the Plantagenets, for instance.
-But the statues on the Elizabethan tombs represent people leaning upon
-their elbows, or sitting, or standing. We shall see that, later on, they
-are not content even with that, but wave their arms aloft, as if talking
-to a crowd of people.
-
-Another very fine Elizabethan tomb is that of Lord and Lady Norris, who
-were great friends of Queen Elizabeth. This huge erection is in the
-Chapel of St. Andrew, not far from the monument of Sir Francis Vere. The
-kneeling figures round the tomb represent the six sons of Lord and Lady
-Norris, who were all fine, brave soldiers, and fought in the Netherlands
-and elsewhere.
-
-But besides soldiers, lawyers, and great ladies, there are other
-Elizabethan names connected with the Abbey—three of these names more
-famous than any we have yet mentioned. These three are Edmund Spenser,
-William Shakspeare and Sir Walter Raleigh. It is true that the two last
-of these great men lived on some time after the death of Queen
-Elizabeth, but as they always seem to belong more to her reign than to
-any other, we will speak of them now, after Spenser. Edmund Spenser,
-author of the _Faërie Queen_, died in Westminster, and is buried in
-Poets’ Corner. A very plain monument marks the spot, but the epitaph is
-a beautiful one: “Here lyes, expecting the second comminge of our
-Saviour Christ Jesus, the body of Edmond Spenser, the Prince of Poets in
-his tyme, whose divine spirrit needs noe othir witnesse then the workes
-he left behinde him.”
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  SHAKSPEARE’S MONUMENT.
-]
-
-It is said that when Spenser was buried the poets who were present threw
-their elegies and their pens into the grave. Probably, then,
-Shakspeare’s pen is lying there, on Spenser’s coffin.
-
-Then we come to Shakspeare himself,—the poet who is the glory of the
-English race, and famous throughout the whole of the civilised world.
-Shakspeare, as we know, is not buried in the Abbey, but in the Parish
-Church of his native town, Stratford-on-Avon. The monument in the Abbey
-was not put up until long years after his death. On it are the famous
-lines from _The Tempest_—
-
-            “The cloud-capp’d towers, the gorgeous palaces,
-            The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
-            Yea, all which it inherits, shall dissolve;
-            And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded,
-            Leave not a rack behind.”
-
-The connexion of Sir Walter Raleigh with the Abbey is not so direct,
-because he is not buried there, but in St. Margaret’s, close by.
-However, Raleigh was imprisoned in the old Gatehouse of the monastery
-the night before his execution, and the Dean of Westminster went to see
-him, and to pray with him. During that last night of his life Sir Walter
-Raleigh, after the final parting with his wife, wrote the following
-well-known lines on the blank leaf of his Bible—
-
-                  “Ev’n such is Time, that takes on trust
-                  Our youth, our joys, our all we have,
-                  And pays us but with age and dust;
-                  Who in the dark and silent grave
-                  When we have wander’d all our ways,
-                  Shuts up the story of our days.
-              But from this earth, this grave, this dust,
-              The Lord shall raise me up, I trust.”
-
-As the colony of Virginia was first founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, his
-name will always remind us of the beginning of our great Colonial
-Empire. In St. Margaret’s Church there is a very fine window to
-Raleigh’s memory. This was given by some citizens of America, and the
-scenes in the window commemorate the founding of the New World.
-
-One of the chief and earliest promoters of the Virginia Company was the
-brave soldier, Sir John Ogle, who fought in the Netherlands under Sir
-Francis Vere, and is buried in the Abbey. No inscription marks his
-grave.
-
-Somewhere in the Abbey is buried another promoter of the South Virginia
-Company, Richard Hakluyt, author of a book of _Voyages and Travels_.
-Hakluyt was a Westminster scholar. He became a clergyman, and was
-Prebendary and Archdeacon of Westminster. In the first volume of his
-_Voyages and Travels_ is a description of the defeat of the Spanish
-Armada.
-
-Two more Elizabethan monuments may be mentioned before we leave the
-Tudor times altogether. One is the monument to William Camden, the
-famous antiquary, who was Head-Master of Westminster School in Queen
-Elizabeth’s time. He is buried in the South Transept, and his monument
-stands against its western wall. Camden, like Shakspeare, lived on into
-the Stuart time, but he seems to belong more especially to Elizabethan
-days.
-
-The other monument is perhaps more curious than actually interesting. It
-is that of Elizabeth Russell, goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth, and
-daughter of a Lord Russell who is buried in the Chapel of St. Nicholas.
-Elizabeth Russell was born in the Abbey precincts, where her mother had
-taken refuge from the plague. She had a very grand christening in the
-Abbey, and the Earl of Leicester stood as godfather. She died young, and
-was buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel, where her monument represents her
-sitting in an osier chair. This is the first sitting figure in the
-Abbey. A curious old story says that Elizabeth Russell died from the
-prick of a needle, and people added to the story by saying that she had
-been working on Sunday! Most likely the idea arose because her finger
-points to a skull at her feet.
-
-We have spoken of Queen Elizabeth’s having established the Abbey as a
-Collegiate Church, and those who are interested in Westminster may like
-to know that the first Deans of her time are buried in St. Benedict’s
-Chapel. These were Dean William Bill and Dean Gabriel Goodman. It was
-under their rule that the Abbey services were arranged much in their
-present form.
-
-We have now recalled the chief memories of the Tudor days, so far as
-that great chapter in English history is recorded in the Abbey.
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER VII
-                THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH
-
-           “_The old order changeth, yielding place to new,
-           And God fulfils Himself in many ways,
-           Lest one good custom should corrupt the world._”
-                         TENNYSON (_The Passing of Arthur_).
-
-
-From the Tudors and the great people of their reigns we pass on to the
-House of Stuart, to the troubles of the great Civil War, and to the
-Restoration of the Stuarts in 1661.
-
-The Abbey history at this time helps us to realise that it was an age of
-struggle between liberty and despotism, an age when the people were
-determined to become more and more self-governing. The Tudors had been
-clever enough and strong enough to rule without making their people
-discontented. The Stuarts were not wise enough to see that the English
-spirit of independence would not bear any tyrannical form of government,
-and as the Stuarts found it difficult to understand this, they ended by
-losing their kingdom altogether. We shall see how all these things left
-their mark upon the Abbey itself.
-
-As this chapter has to do with a long and eventful time in English
-history, it will be divided into three parts. The first part will be
-about the earlier Stuarts; the second, about the Commonwealth; and the
-third, about the Stuart Restoration and the most famous men of the
-Stuart and Commonwealth times.
-
-
-                                   I
-
-The first of the Stuart family to be laid to rest in the Abbey was
-Margaret, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Lord Darnley. Margaret was
-the daughter of the Earl of Angus and of Margaret Tudor, daughter of
-Henry VII. Her epitaph tells us that she “had to her great-grandfather,
-King Edward IV; to her grandfather, King Henry VII; to her uncle, King
-Henry VIII; to her cousin-german, King Edward VI; to her brother, King
-James V of Scotland; to her son (Darnley), King Henry I of Scotland; to
-her grandchild, King James VI (of Scotland) and I (of England).” This
-epitaph is again an English history lesson in itself, if we think over
-it carefully. Margaret’s mother was first married to King James IV of
-Scotland, and on his death she married the Earl of Angus. Margaret
-Lennox was thus half-sister to James V of Scotland, and she therefore
-was a link between the English and Scottish royal houses. She married
-Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox. Her eldest son, Lord Darnley, married
-Mary, Queen of Scots, and was called King. Her second son was Charles
-Stuart, father of the Lady Arabella, of whom we hear so much in the
-reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Margaret died in 1578, and is buried in
-the south aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel, where she has a very fine tomb.
-Round the tomb are the kneeling figures of her children, Lord Darnley
-and Charles Stuart among them. Lord Darnley is represented wearing a
-royal robe, and there are the broken remains of a crown over his head.
-Charles Stuart is buried here with his mother.
-
-The chief and most interesting Stuart monument in the Abbey is that of
-Mary, Queen of Scots. This monument is also in the south aisle of Henry
-VII’s Chapel, and stands above the great Stuart vault, where so many of
-the Stuart family rest. After Mary’s execution at Fotheringay in 1587,
-Queen Elizabeth ordered her body to be solemnly buried in Peterborough
-Cathedral. But when James I came to the throne he commanded that his
-mother’s remains should be brought to Westminster, and buried in the
-Abbey. He also said that she was to have a monument equal to that of her
-cousin, Queen Elizabeth, and that the same honour should be paid to her.
-A copy of the warrant of James I for the removal of his mother’s body
-hangs on the wall near her tomb. Queen Mary was buried at Westminster in
-1612, and the splendid monument we now see was erected to her. It is
-very like Queen Elizabeth’s, only larger and more costly. Her tomb in
-the Abbey was at one time almost a place of pilgrimage.
-
-In 1607, two little princesses, Mary and Sophia, daughters of James I,
-died, and were buried near Queen Elizabeth, in the north aisle of Henry
-VII’s Chapel. Their tombs are also close to the spot where the bones of
-Edward V and Richard Duke of York were afterwards placed. Dean Stanley
-used to call this corner of Henry VII’s Chapel “Innocents’ Corner,”
-because these four children are buried here. Princess Mary was the first
-of James I’s children born in England, and was therefore the first
-“Princess of Great Britain.” She was only two and a half years old when
-she died, and seemed to be wonderfully quick of understanding. When she
-was dying she kept saying: “I go, I go, away I go.”
-
-The baby Princess Sophia, named after her grandmother, the Queen of
-Denmark, is buried in her pretty cradle-tomb, which is one of the best
-known in the Abbey. A few years later the eldest brother of these two
-little girls, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died, and was buried in
-the same vault as his grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots. There was great
-grief in the country at the death of this promising young prince, who
-was especially the hope of the Puritan party.
-
-Arabella Stuart, who had such a troubled life, and who was always being
-suspected of wishing and trying to be made Queen of England, died in
-1615, and was buried in the great Stuart vault. Her coffin was placed on
-the top of the coffin of Mary, Queen of Scots.
-
-Queen Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, died in 1619, and is buried in
-the central aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel, not far from the tomb of Henry
-VII himself.
-
-King James the First, who died in 1625, is not buried with any of his
-own Stuart family, but in the great Tudor vault where Henry VII and
-Elizabeth of York lie. It is supposed that James wished this because the
-Stuarts claimed the English throne through the House of Tudor. When we
-think of these two Kings, one really a Welshman and the other a
-Scotchman, we remember that it was at James I’s succession that the
-Scottish crown was united to that of England and Wales. The United
-Kingdom may be said to have been begun then, although the actual formal
-union did not take place till long afterwards.
-
-We should also remember that our Colonial Empire really began in James
-I’s reign. Sir Walter Raleigh’s settlement in Virginia had indeed been
-given up, but in 1607 and 1610, settlements were again made in Virginia
-and also in Newfoundland. And more important still, it was in James I’s
-reign that the celebrated “Pilgrim Fathers” sailed from Plymouth in the
-_Mayflower_ and crossed to America. They landed in Massachusetts Bay,
-and called their first settlement New Plymouth.
-
-In 1629, the infant Prince Charles, eldest child of Charles I, was
-buried in the Stuart vault, and in 1640, another child of Charles I, the
-little Princess Anne, was laid there also. Soon after her funeral, the
-troublous days began, and it was not long before the Abbey passed into
-Cromwell’s hands.
-
-
-                                   II
-
-We must now turn to think of a very different state of things and of
-very different people, namely, the Parliamentarian Government and the
-great men of the Commonwealth. Between the years 1653 and 1660 the
-Parliamentarian Party made great changes in the government and services
-of the Abbey, and the Presbyterian form of worship was established.
-Again, as at the time of Henry VIII, various ornaments and other
-possessions of the church were removed and sold.
-
-Archbishop Laud, one of the chief advisors of Charles I, and a great
-enemy of the Puritans, was at one time Prebendary of Westminster, and
-had great influence and authority in the Abbey while he was one of the
-Chapter. In his old age Archbishop Laud was imprisoned for three years,
-and, sad to say, he was finally executed by order of the Long
-Parliament.
-
-Many of the famous Parliamentary soldiers and statesmen were buried in
-the Abbey, as they most of them certainly deserved to be. Whether we
-like all they did or not, we grieve to think that the bones of these
-great Englishmen were nearly all taken out of their graves at the time
-of the Stuart Restoration, and buried in a large pit outside the Abbey
-walls. To us it seems a mean and unworthy revenge, but perhaps we can
-hardly understand how angry the Royalists were.
-
-We see, however, that from this time onward it was no longer thought
-necessary that people must be of royal or noble birth in order to
-deserve a grave in the Abbey. Any man who had done any especial service
-to his country and nation, whether in peace or war, was henceforward
-thought worthy of a place there, and this is just what helps to make the
-Abbey one of the most interesting places in the world.
-
-The chief man of the Parliamentary party to be buried in the Abbey was,
-of course, Oliver Cromwell himself. He died in 1658, and was buried in
-Henry VII’s Chapel. Although he was only called Lord Protector, his
-funeral was very stately, like that of a sovereign. It seems to us a
-curious thing that Cromwell should have wished that he and his family
-should be buried in this Chapel, among the royal Tudors and Stuarts, but
-so it was.
-
-Henry Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwell, and deputy for the Protector in
-Ireland, died in 1651, and was buried in the Cromwell vault in Henry
-VII’s Chapel.
-
-John Bradshaw, President of the Council that condemned Charles I to
-death, died in 1659, and was also buried in the Cromwell vault. Bradshaw
-had lived for some time at Westminster, the Deanery having been leased
-to him. An old story says that his ghost used to haunt part of the
-Triforium.
-
-These three men, Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw, were always looked upon
-as the chief regicides, and at the Restoration their bodies were not
-only dug up, but they were hanged at Tyburn and buried beneath the
-gallows. The heads were struck off by the executioner, and put up on
-poles outside Westminster Hall.
-
-Among other well-known names of the Commonwealth times are John Pym and
-William Strode, who are buried close to one another in the North
-Ambulatory. Pym was the famous leader of the popular party in the Long
-Parliament. He died in 1643. Strode was one of the five members whom
-Charles I demanded to have given up to him when he came to the House of
-Commons with an armed force in 1641–42.
-
-Another celebrated name is that of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, the
-great commander of the Parliamentary army. Essex was the son of Queen
-Elizabeth’s favourite, that Earl of Essex whose death made her last days
-so miserable. This younger Essex died in 1646, and was buried in the
-Chapel of St. John the Baptist. He had a very splendid funeral, at which
-his effigy was carried, dressed in his General’s uniform. After the
-funeral some Royalists broke into the Abbey, stripped the uniform off
-the effigy, and broke it in revenge for what they considered to be
-Essex’s treachery. At the Restoration his coffin was not found, so he
-was fortunately left undisturbed in his grave.
-
-In the same Chapel is buried another great soldier of the time, Colonel
-Popham, who distinguished himself both on land and sea. His body was
-allowed to remain in the Abbey, but the inscription was effaced. Popham
-died in 1651.
-
-Yet another great name is that of Admiral Robert Blake, the first of our
-naval heroes to be buried in the Abbey. It was Blake who defeated the
-Dutch Admiral, Van Tromp, off Dungeness in 1652. Five years later he
-destroyed the Spanish West-Indian fleet off Santa Cruz. Blake died on
-board his flagship, the _George_, just before arriving at Plymouth after
-this last victory. He was buried with great solemnity in Henry VII’s
-Chapel. Blake was re-interred on the north side of the Abbey in 1661,
-and a window and brass tablet have been erected to his memory in St.
-Margaret’s Church.
-
-Sir William Constable, once Governor of Gloucester, and one of the men
-who had signed Charles I’s death-warrant, was buried in the Cromwell
-vault, as was also Sir Humphrey Mackworth, who had taken Ludlow Castle
-from the Royalists and was afterwards Governor of Shrewsbury. Colonel
-Richard Deane, the companion of Blake and Popham, is buried here, and
-General Worsley, commander of the soldiers who turned out the Long
-Parliament, lies in a grave not far from the Cromwell vault.
-
-Several of Cromwell’s family were buried in this same Cromwell vault,
-but the bodies were all taken out at the time of the Restoration except
-that of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth Claypole, who is buried in a
-different place, on the north side of Henry VII’s tomb, and whose
-remains were thus left in peace.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_
-
-  _Henry VII Chapel._
-  _Tomb of the Founder._
-]
-
-
-                                  III
-
-We now come to the time of the Restoration, and must think of the rest
-of the Stuart family who are buried at Westminster.
-
-King Charles I had been buried in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and
-although there had been much talk of moving his body into a splendid
-tomb in Henry VII’s Chapel, this was never done, and Charles I, like
-Henry VI, still rests at Windsor.
-
-The first Stuart to be buried in the Abbey after the Restoration was
-Henry of Oatlands, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I. It was Henry
-who, when he was a little boy, promised his father that he would be torn
-in pieces before he would let himself be made King instead of either of
-his elder brothers, Charles or James. He died in 1660, to the great
-grief of Charles II, who had a very special love for him.
-
-Then came a daughter of Charles I, Mary, Princess of Orange, mother of
-King William III. She also died in 1660. Very soon afterwards,
-Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I, died, and was buried
-in the great Stuart vault. She is very closely connected with the later
-history of England, because her daughter Sophia, who married the Elector
-of Hanover, was the mother of King George I, and therefore Elizabeth was
-direct ancestress of King Edward VII. Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice,
-who fought in the great Civil War, were sons of Elizabeth, and Prince
-Rupert is buried here beside his mother.
-
-King James II, who died in France in the year 1701, was first buried in
-the Chapel of the English Benedictines in Paris. It was hoped that his
-body would at last be brought to Westminster to be buried near the
-graves of the other Kings of England. But this never happened, and James
-II was finally buried in the Church of St. Germains, near Paris. His
-first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon, and mother of the two
-Stuart Queens, Mary and Anne, died in 1671, and is buried in the Abbey,
-in the vault where Mary, Queen of Scots, rests. Many children of James
-II are buried there also. But the son of his second wife, Mary of
-Modena, the Prince James whom many people thought the rightful successor
-to the throne, is buried in another great St. Peter’s—St. Peter’s at
-Rome. Not only is James—the Chevalier de St. George, as he was
-called—buried in St. Peter’s, but also his wife and his two sons,
-Charles Edward (Prince Charlie) and Henry Benedict, Cardinal of York.
-With the Cardinal of York the male line of James II ended, and we go
-back to his two daughters, Mary and Anne.
-
-William III and Mary II are both buried in the Abbey, near the other
-Stuarts. Queen Mary’s funeral was a very solemn and mournful one, and
-she was much lamented by her subjects.
-
-Queen Anne and her husband, Prince George of Denmark, are buried close
-by, and Queen Anne’s eighteen infant children are buried in the great
-Stuart vault under the monument of Mary, Queen of Scots. Only one of
-Queen Anne’s children lived for any time, and that was William, Duke of
-Gloucester, who died in 1700, aged eleven, “of a fever occasioned by
-excessive dancing on his birthday.”
-
-There are a few other relations of the Stuart family buried in the
-Abbey, but with Queen Anne the Stuart history really ends so far as the
-Abbey is concerned. None of the Stuart Kings have any monuments.
-
-We must now call to mind some of the chief men of the Stuart times whose
-graves are at Westminster. The greatest contemporaries of James I, Lord
-Bacon and Shakspeare, are not buried in the Abbey. Lord Bacon is buried
-at Verulam; and although Shakspeare has a monument in the Abbey, he is
-not buried there, but, by his own desire, at his own native Stratford.
-
-When we think of the reigns of James I and Charles I, we often recall
-the name of a man who was a great friend and favourite of both these
-Kings. This man is George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, whom James I
-used to call by the silly name of “Steenie.” While we speak of
-Buckingham, we remember that he had a great deal to do with preventing
-Charles I’s marriage to a Spanish Infanta, and with bringing about his
-marriage with Henrietta Maria of France. We also think of Buckingham’s
-unsuccessful attempts to relieve La Rochelle, where the Huguenots were
-besieged by Cardinal Richelieu, and in this way the French history of
-that time seems to be brought very close to the Abbey.
-
-As everyone knows, the Duke of Buckingham was murdered at Portsmouth in
-1628, and he was buried in great state in Henry VII’s Chapel, where a
-splendid monument was erected to him. Several of the Duke’s family are
-buried in the same vault, and among them a young son, Francis, who was
-killed in the Civil Wars, at the Battle of Kingston.
-
-Sir George Villiers and his wife, the father and mother of the Duke of
-Buckingham, are buried beneath a large monument in the Chapel of St.
-Nicholas. It is said that the last meeting between the Duke of
-Buckingham and his mother was a very sad and troubled one, as they had
-both received a mysterious warning that some terrible thing was going to
-happen to the Duke. When the Duke was murdered six months afterwards,
-his mother appeared quite calm, as if she had been prepared to hear the
-dreadful news.
-
-Dudley Carleton and Lord Cottington, two men who held important offices
-under the Stuarts, are buried in St. Paul’s Chapel. Dudley Carleton was
-educated at Westminster School, and became first Secretary of State and
-Minister for Foreign Affairs. He was actually with the Duke of
-Buckingham when he was assassinated, and saw the murder. It was Carleton
-who saved the murderer, Felton, from being torn in pieces by the angry
-soldiers.
-
-Lord Cottington was an able and accomplished man. He was ambassador in
-Spain under James I, Charles I, and again under Charles II.
-
-Another well-known name of that time is that of Sir Thomas Richardson,
-who was Lord Chief Justice in the time of Charles I. It was Sir Thomas
-Richardson who had to tell Charles I that torture was illegal, when the
-King wished to use it after the death of Buckingham. Sir Thomas used to
-be called the “jeering Lord Chief Justice,” because of the sarcastic
-things he used to say. For example, when he condemned Prynne, he said
-that “he might have the _Book of Martyrs_ to amuse him in prison.”
-
-We have already spoken about the burials of the great men of the
-Commonwealth, and must speak of some of the famous people of the later
-Stuart times after the Restoration.
-
-The great Lord Clarendon, father of James II’s first wife, and therefore
-grandfather of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, is buried near the steps of
-Henry VII’s Chapel. Every one will remember the name of his famous book,
-_The History of the Great Rebellion_.
-
-In Henry VII’s Chapel, not far from the tomb of Queen Elizabeth, is
-buried General Monck, the man who had so much to do with the Restoration
-of the Stuart Kings. He was made Duke of Albemarle by Charles II. His
-funeral was very stately, and a large monument was put up to him close
-to the graves of the Stuart sovereigns, whom he had helped to bring back
-to England.
-
-There are several graves and monuments in the Abbey which remind us of
-the great sea-fights with the Dutch that were going on just at this
-time.
-
-One of these is the monument to Edward Montague, Earl of Sandwich, who
-took such a great part in the victory over De Ruyter off Sole Bay in
-1672. Lord Sandwich’s ship was somehow set on fire; it blew up, and he
-perished with it. He was buried in General Monck’s vault in Henry VII’s
-Chapel. Two young lieutenants, Sir Charles Harbord and Clement Cottrell,
-who died with Lord Sandwich, are commemorated in the Nave.
-
-Another distinguished sailor, Sir Freschville Holles, was also killed in
-the engagement off Sole Bay, and is buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel. Sir
-Freschville Holles had been knighted by Charles II after the naval
-victory over the Dutch off Lowestoft in 1665. Five other officers, who
-were all killed in this battle off Lowestoft, are buried in the North
-Ambulatory.
-
-Admiral Sir Edward Spragge and a young lieutenant called Richard Le
-Neve, who were killed in a sea-fight with Van Tromp in the year 1673,
-are also buried in the Abbey.
-
-Another name we ought to remember is that of Sir Palmes Fairborne,
-Governor of Tangier, who was killed when defending Tangier against the
-Moors in 1680. His monument is in the Nave, and reminds us that Tangier
-once belonged to England, having been part of the dowry of Catherine of
-Braganza, wife of Charles II. Sir Palmes Fairborne was buried at
-Tangier.
-
-The Battle of the Boyne in the reign of William III is brought to our
-minds when we look at the monument of General Philipps in the North
-Transept. General Philipps fought on William III’s side in that battle.
-He lived to a great age, and was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1720 to
-1740.
-
-In the Nave there is a monument to Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, who
-distinguished himself in the naval war of Queen Anne’s reign, and fought
-under Admiral Rooke at Cadiz in 1702. Sir Thomas Hardy did not die until
-1732, but he really belongs to these later Stuart times. The taking of
-Gibraltar in 1704 is recalled to our minds later on by the memorials to
-Richard Kane and Coote Manningham. Kane held Gibraltar for eight months
-against the Spaniards in George I’s reign.
-
-We must now turn to some of the graves and monuments connected with the
-great French war of Queen Anne’s reign—the War of the Spanish
-Succession, as it was called.
-
-The body of the great Duke of Marlborough, the victorious General at the
-Battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, was buried in
-the Abbey in 1722, and removed to the Chapel at Blenheim Palace
-twenty-four years afterwards. The Duke’s first grave was in Henry VII’s
-Chapel, in the vault where Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, and others had
-lain.
-
-In the Nave are monuments to General Killigrew, who was killed at the
-Battle of Almanza in 1707, to Colonel Bringfield, who was killed at
-Ramillies in 1706, and to Major Creed, who was killed at Blenheim in
-1704.
-
-In the North Ambulatory is a monument to Earl Ligonier, one of Queen
-Anne’s Generals, who fought under Marlborough, and was at the Battle of
-Blenheim. Lord Ligonier belonged to an old Huguenot family from the
-south of France, and he, with some other distinguished Huguenots who are
-buried in the Abbey, came over to England about the time of the
-Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, when the Protestant worship
-was forbidden in France, and many Huguenots took refuge in England. Earl
-Ligonier died in 1770.
-
-Another hero of the Dutch and French wars rests in the Abbey, and that
-is Sir Cloudesley Shovel, one of the greatest naval commanders of the
-time. His monument is rather curious, and represents him wearing Roman
-armour and a wig such as was in fashion in his own day. The story of his
-death is a very dreadful one. The Admiral had helped in the almost
-entire destruction of the French Mediterranean squadron in 1707, and was
-sailing for home when a violent gale drove his ship on to the rocks off
-the Scilly Isles. The ship was wrecked, and Sir Cloudesley Shovel was
-washed ashore, bruised and unconscious, but not quite dead. Thirty years
-afterwards a fisherman’s wife confessed that she had found the body, and
-that for the sake of a valuable emerald ring the Admiral wore she had
-actually killed him.
-
-In the Nave is a curious tablet in memory of Admiral Baker, who was
-second in command to Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and brought the rest of the
-ships home after Sir Cloudesley’s flagship was lost. Admiral Baker was
-afterwards Governor of the Island of Minorca, which at that time
-belonged to England. He died in Minorca in 1716, and is buried there.
-Minorca had been added to our possessions by the first Earl Stanhope,
-who did distinguished service in the War of the Spanish Succession. He
-and three other of the Earls Stanhope have a monument on the Choir
-Screen, opposite to that of Sir Isaac Newton.
-
-We must now look back through all the Stuart and Commonwealth time, and
-say a few words about the poets and other writers who belong to those
-days, and who are buried in the Abbey.
-
-Ben Jonson, the celebrated poet and play-writer, and a contemporary of
-Shakspeare, is buried in the Nave, and has a monument in Poets’ Corner.
-On the monument is the well-known inscription: “O rare Ben Jonson!” Ben
-Jonson was born near Westminster; he was educated at Westminster School,
-and during his last years he lived close to the Abbey. He died in 1637,
-in a little house in St. Margaret’s Churchyard. There are one or two
-famous stories about Ben Jonson asking for a grave in the Abbey. One
-story says that he begged for eighteen inches of square ground in the
-Abbey from Charles I. Another says that in a conversation with the Dean
-he said he was too poor to have a full-length grave. “No sir, six feet
-long by two feet wide is too much for me. Two feet by two feet will do
-all I want.” “You shall have it,” said the Dean, and thus the
-conversation ended. Whether these curious stories are true or not, it is
-the fact that Ben Jonson was buried standing up. This was discovered
-when Sir Robert Wilson’s grave was being made in 1849.
-
-Looking round Poets’ Corner, we find the names of the following poets:—
-
-Michael Drayton, author of the _Polyolbion_, who died in 1631. The
-beautiful epitaph is said to be by either Ben Jonson or Francis Quarles.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  POETS’ CORNER.
-]
-
-Abraham Cowley, who died in 1667. He had a very grand funeral in the
-Abbey, which was attended by many distinguished people. Cowley was
-educated at Westminster School, and he was a devoted Royalist.
-
-Sir William Davenant, the Cavalier, who succeeded Ben Jonson as
-Poet-Laureate in Charles I’s time. He died in 1668.
-
-John Dryden, Poet-Laureate to Charles II and James II. He was educated
-at Westminster School under the famous Headmaster, Dr. Busby. Dryden
-began by being a great admirer of Cromwell, but afterwards he became a
-strong Royalist and held several offices under the crown after the
-Restoration. He died in 1700, in great poverty, and is buried near
-Chaucer. His best known poems are perhaps the Ode on “Alexander’s Feast”
-and the “Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day.” His political satires “Absalom and
-Achitophel” and “The Hind and the Panther” were the works which made his
-fame in his own day.
-
-On the south wall of Poets’ Corner is a small monument to Samuel Butler,
-the author of a famous satire on the Puritans, called _Hudibras_. Samuel
-Butler lived from the reign of James I until after the Restoration, and
-died in 1680.
-
-Francis Beaumont, who wrote plays with John Fletcher, is buried close to
-Poets’ Corner with his brother, Sir John Beaumont, who was also a poet.
-He died in 1616.
-
-But, as we all know, far the greatest poet of those days was John
-Milton, whose monument is not far from the grave of Spenser.
-
-Milton is not buried in the Abbey, but in St. Giles’ Cripplegate. As the
-Abbey was always strongly Royalist, it was a long time before Milton’s
-name was allowed even to appear on its walls, Milton having been so
-prominent on the Parliamentarian side. Not even _Paradise Lost_ could
-make them altogether forget his Puritan sympathies. However, in 1738,
-the monument we now see in Poets’ Corner was put up by a certain William
-Benson, who belonged to the Whig party in politics. Thus one of the
-greatest English poets came at last by his own.
-
-When speaking of Milton we are reminded of one of our best English
-musicians, Henry Lawes, who wrote the music to _Comus_, and who is
-buried in the cloisters. His brother, William Lawes, was a member of the
-Abbey choir.
-
-A fine bust of the well-known composer, Orlando Gibbons, has quite
-lately been placed in the Abbey, in that North Aisle of the Choir which
-is known as the “Musicians’ Aisle.” Orlando Gibbons was appointed
-organist of the Abbey in 1623. His son, Christopher Gibbons, was the
-first organist of the Abbey after the Restoration, and was a favourite
-of Charles II. He is buried in the Cloisters.
-
-Close by is the grave of Henry Purcell, who is perhaps our greatest
-English composer. He belongs entirely to the Stuart times, and his life
-was spent at Westminster. He was organist of the Abbey and composed some
-of our finest English Church music, besides other things. He died in
-1695, at about the same age as Mozart, Schubert, and Mendelssohn, that
-is, 37. Above his grave is a tablet with an epitaph said to have been
-written by Dryden. It runs as follows:—
-
-“Here lies Henry Purcell, Esq., who left this life, and is gone to that
-blessed place where only his Harmony can be exceeded.”
-
-Two other well-known Church musicians of the Stuart times are buried in
-this aisle; these are Dr. John Blow and Dr. William Croft, who were both
-organists at the Abbey.
-
-All English children will like to know that there is very soon to be a
-window in the Abbey to John Bunyan, author of the _Pilgrim’s Progress_.
-The window will commemorate his life and works.
-
-Another remarkable writer of the Stuart and Commonwealth times, that
-learned and holy man, Richard Baxter, author of the _Saint’s Everlasting
-Rest_, has no memorial in the Abbey, but he is known to have preached
-one of his finest sermons here in 1654, and this is very interesting to
-remember.
-
-The grave of Sir Robert Moray, First President of the Royal Society,
-reminds us of the beginning of that great Society during the reigns of
-the later Stuart Kings. Sir Robert Moray was both a soldier and a man of
-science. Burnet calls him “the wisest and worthiest man of his age.” He
-died in 1673.
-
-The only painter who has a monument in the Abbey belongs to Stuart
-times. This is Sir Godfrey Kneller, a celebrated portrait painter in the
-reigns of Charles II, James II, William III, and Queen Anne. He was a
-Westphalian by birth. He died in 1723, and was buried in the garden of
-his house at Whitton. Kneller did not want to be buried in the Abbey;
-for, he said: “they do bury fools there.”
-
-Another interesting remembrance of these troubled Stuart days is the
-monument in the Cloisters to Sir Edmond Berry Godfrey. He was the Judge
-to whom Titus Oates professed to reveal the Popish plot of 1678. Sir
-Edmund Berry Godfrey’s death was rather mysterious, and it was supposed,
-though not on good foundation, that he had been murdered by some one
-connected with the plot.
-
-We must mention one more grave in the Abbey itself. This is the grave of
-the wonderful old Thomas Parr,—“old Parr” as he used to be called. He
-died in 1635, and always claimed that he had been born in 1483. He is
-buried in the South Transept, and his epitaph says that “He lived in the
-reignes of ten princes, namely: King Edward IV, King Edward V, King
-Richard III, King Henry VII, King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen
-Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles; aged 152 years, and was
-buried here, 1635.”
-
-We have now mentioned most of the principal people of the Stuart and
-Commonwealth times who are in any way connected with the Abbey, and must
-pass on to the history of the House of Hanover.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._
-
-  MONUMENT OF GENERAL WOLFE.
-]
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER VIII
-            THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
-
-    “_We were dreamers, dreaming greatly, in the man-stifled town;
-    We yearned beyond the sky-line where the strange roads go down.
-    Came the Whisper, came the Vision, came the Power with the Need,
-    Till the Soul that is not man’s soul was lent us to lead._”
-                        RUDYARD KIPLING (_The Seven Seas_).
-
-
-At the death of Queen Anne a great change took place in the reigning
-family. The people would not have Queen Anne’s brother, Prince James,
-for their King, because he was a Roman Catholic, but there were many
-plans and plots in his favour, as we have heard. And even here again the
-Abbey plays a part in it all, for the famous Dean of Westminster,
-Francis Atterbury, was concerned in these Jacobite plots. It is said,
-indeed, that on Queen Anne’s death he had been ready to go to Charing
-Cross to proclaim James III, but James and his friends somehow let their
-opportunity slip, and instead of James III, George I was proclaimed.
-Later on it was discovered that Jacobite plots still went on at the
-Westminster Deanery, and Dean Atterbury was imprisoned and then exiled
-in France, where he died in 1731–32. He is buried in the Abbey, close to
-the Deanery entrance in the Nave, and, as he wished, “as far from Kings
-and Cæsars as the space will admit of.”
-
-George I, in spite of his mother’s descent from the Stuarts, was really
-a foreigner, and he is buried in his native town of Hanover, just as the
-first Norman King is buried at Caen, and the first Plantagenet Kings at
-Fontevrault.
-
-George II, and his wife, Caroline of Anspach, are buried in Henry’s
-VII’s Chapel, straight in front of Edward VI’s grave. Queen Caroline
-died in 1737, and George II in 1760. They are the last sovereigns buried
-at Westminster. Since that time the Kings and Queens of England have
-been buried at Windsor and in the new Mausoleum at Frogmore, where Queen
-Victoria and Prince Albert rest.
-
-At the funeral of Queen Caroline the choir sang the beautiful anthem
-which had just been composed by Handel, “When the ear heard her, then it
-blessed her.” It was King George’s special wish that his ashes should
-mingle with his wife’s, and therefore the two coffins are placed in one
-large sarcophagus. There is no monument; only the names on the stones
-above.
-
-It is interesting to remember that George II was the last English
-sovereign to be present at a battle. During the years 1740 to 1748
-several of the nations of Europe were fighting in what was called the
-War of the Austrian Succession. This war was really caused by Frederick
-the Great of Prussia and other German sovereigns trying to get various
-possessions away from the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. England took
-the Austrian side, and George II himself joined the army at the Battle
-of Dettingen, in 1743. The English and their allies were victorious.
-Handel composed his famous “Dettingen Te Deum” for the thanksgiving
-after the victory.
-
-Several other members of the Hanoverian Royal House are buried in the
-central aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel. Among them are the following:
-Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales (son of George II), and his wife,
-Augusta Princess of Wales, the father and mother of King George III.
-
-William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, third son of George II, is also
-buried here. The Duke of Cumberland was a brave soldier, but his
-severity to the Scotch Jacobites after the Battle of Culloden in 1746
-earned him the name of “the Butcher.” The Scotch, who had been fighting
-for Prince Charlie, were mercilessly slaughtered, and this cruelty has
-never been quite forgotten.
-
-There are several other monuments in the Abbey to remind us of the
-Jacobite Rising of 1745. Such, for instance, is the monument to Marshal
-Wade, on the south side of the Nave. Marshal Wade was commander-in-chief
-of the army which was sent to quell the rebellion, and he was the man
-who made the great military roads through the Highlands spoken of in the
-well-known rhyme—
-
-         “If you’d seen these roads before they were made
-         You would hold up your hands and bless Marshal Wade.”
-
-Two other soldiers who fought at Culloden, General Guest and Colonel
-Webb, are buried in the East Cloister. General Guest, who has a monument
-in the North Transept, defended Edinburgh against the rebels in 1745.
-
-There is a tablet to Colonel Webb in the East Cloister.
-
-Just at this time France declared war upon England, and took up the
-cause of Prince Charles Edward. In 1745 a battle was fought at Fontenoy,
-in Flanders. The English and their allies were under the command of the
-Duke of Cumberland, but their army was much smaller than the French
-army, and although they made a gallant attempt, they had to retreat. In
-the Westminster Cloisters there is a monument to two brave
-soldier-brothers of the name of Duroure, one of whom was killed at
-Fontenoy.
-
-The naval victories over the French won by Admiral Anson and Admiral
-Hawke in 1747 are recorded on the Abbey walls by the monuments of
-Captain Philip Saumarez and Sir Charles Saunders, who both fought in the
-action off Finisterre. We shall meet with Sir Charles Saunders’s name
-again later on.
-
-The monument to Admiral Vernon, at the end of the North Transept, tells
-us of the war with Spain in 1737–40, and of the English victories at
-Porto Bello and Cartagena. In the North Transept aisle is a monument to
-Lord Aubrey Beauclerk, who was killed in 1740, on Admiral Vernon’s
-expedition to Cartagena. And again, we are reminded of the fights with
-the Spanish fleet in the West Indies when we look at the monuments to
-Admiral Wager and Sir Peter Warren, which are also both in the North
-Transept. Sir Peter Warren’s monument is a very fanciful one. It was
-made by the French sculptor, Roubiliac, the sculptor of the well-known
-Nightingale Monument in the Chapel of St. Michael. Roubiliac has
-actually represented the marks of smallpox on the face of Sir Peter
-Warren’s bust!
-
-Sir Peter Warren’s nephew, Admiral Tyrrell, has a monument in the Nave.
-Tyrrell once defeated three French men-of-war single-handed, while he
-was commanding the _Buckingham_. He died in 1766, and is buried at sea.
-
-Close to the entrance of the former Baptistery is the huge monument to
-Captain James Cornewall, who was killed in a great fight with the
-Spanish-French fleet off Toulon early in 1744. This monument was the
-first which was erected by Parliament in honour of a distinguished
-sailor.
-
-In 1756 began the Seven Years’ War, between Prussia on one side, and
-Austria, France, Russia, Poland, Saxony, and Sweden on the other. These
-countries wanted to break up the kingdom of Prussia, which was becoming
-very powerful under Frederick the Great. Now, England was already at war
-with France, and she took the side of Prussia. The Duke of Cumberland,
-of whom we have already heard a good deal, was in command of the army in
-Hanover. At first, things seemed to be going very badly for England, but
-the tide turned when William Pitt, “the Great Commoner,” as he was
-called, became War Minister. William Pitt was indeed the foremost man in
-England’s history at this time, for not only did he strengthen our
-position in Europe, but it was he who slowly built up our world-wide
-Empire. He was created Earl of Chatham in 1766, and died in 1778. All
-this is most interesting and important to remember when we are in the
-Abbey, because this great English statesman is buried in the North
-Transept—Statesmen’s Corner, as it began to be called. Pitt’s monument
-is close to the North Transept door. High up you will see the figure and
-keen, eagle face of Lord Chatham, who is represented as if speaking to a
-large audience, his arm outstretched as though to make his words the
-more impressive, reminding us that he was a great orator as well as
-statesman. Perhaps he looked like this when he made his impassioned
-protests against the unjust taxation of the American colonies.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF CHATHAM.
-]
-
-The Seven Years’ War ended with the Peace of Paris in 1763, but
-meanwhile there had been a great deal of fighting, chiefly at sea, with
-the French and Spaniards. Many of these battles went on in the West
-Indies, where England was victorious. One of our successes, the taking
-of Havana from Spain in 1762, is brought back to our minds by the
-monuments to Admiral Pocock and Rear-Admiral Harrison. Admiral Pocock
-was commander-in-chief of the expedition, and conveyed Lord Albemarle
-and his troops to Havana.
-
-Another of the great events in our history during the eighteenth century
-was the conquest of Canada from the French, a conquest always connected
-with the name of General Wolfe, who was killed at the taking of Quebec
-in 1759. There is a very large and, sad to say, very ugly monument to
-General Wolfe in the Abbey. It is in the North Ambulatory, and makes a
-great contrast to the splendid and beautiful Plantagenet tombs just
-opposite to it. However, the monument is very interesting, because the
-whole scene of Wolfe’s death is represented on it. The group of figures
-shows Wolfe mortally wounded, and hearing, just before his death, that
-his soldiers were putting the enemy to flight. Below this group is a
-bronze bas-relief representing the Heights of Abraham, which had been
-scaled by the British, and also the landing of the British troops from
-the river St. Lawrence. So important was Wolfe’s victory that, in the
-following year, the English had won all Canada.
-
-Admiral Sir Charles Saunders has already been mentioned, and his grave
-in the Islip Chapel reminds us, not only of his services in the French
-war, but also of his share in the conquest of Canada, for he was
-commander-in-chief of the fleet which carried General Wolfe and his
-soldiers to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Another Admiral, Charles
-Holmes, who served with Saunders at the taking of Quebec, has a memorial
-in the Nave. Viscount Howe and Colonel Townshend, who both fell at
-Ticonderoga during this same Canadian War, have memorials in the Abbey.
-Viscount Howe was the elder brother of the great Admiral, Lord Howe. His
-monument was put up by the people of Massachusetts a short time before
-the American colonies separated from the Mother Country.
-
-General Adrian Hope, one of the first English Governors of Quebec, has a
-monument in the North Transept.
-
-This is perhaps a good place in which to speak of another man who did a
-great deal for our Colonial Empire, namely, George Montague Dunk, Earl
-of Halifax, whose monument is also in the North Transept. He was a
-prominent statesman in the reigns of George II and George III, and he
-did so much for commerce in America that he was called the “Father of
-the Colonies.” He had also a great deal to do with the founding of the
-colony of Nova Scotia, and its capital, Halifax, is named after him. He
-died in 1771.
-
-But we must now turn to quite another part of the world, and think of
-what was going on in India. Just about this time, or a little earlier,
-Clive had made the conquest of Bengal, and we find much to remind us of
-this in the Abbey.
-
-At the end of the North Transept aisle is the monument—a terribly ugly
-one—put up by the East India Company to the memory of Admiral Watson,
-who helped Clive to recapture Calcutta from the cruel Suraj-ad-Dowlah,
-the man who shut up the Europeans in the “Black Hole of Calcutta,” of
-which every one has heard. Watson also helped Clive to take
-Chandernagore. He died in 1757, the year of the Battle of Plassey, and
-the year after the taking of Calcutta.
-
-Major-General Stringer Lawrence, who defended Trichinopoly against the
-French in 1753–54, has a monument in the Nave. In the North Transept,
-again, is the monument to Sir Eyre Coote, who drove out the French from
-the Coromandel coast, and took Pondicherry in 1761.
-
-Another monument in the North Transept reminds us of a famous man who is
-connected with the Anglo-Indian history of the time. This is Warren
-Hastings. It is true that he properly belongs to a rather later date,
-but as he has so much to do with India we will speak of him now. Warren
-Hastings was the first Governor-General of the British possessions in
-India, and was appointed to that post in 1773. He did a great deal to
-save the British Empire in India. It was while Warren Hastings was
-Governor-General that Hyder Ali and son, Tippoo Saib, rose against the
-English, and Hastings put down the rebellion. Unhappily, his enemies
-accused him of wrongful exactions of money, and when Warren Hastings
-returned to England he was impeached before the House of Lords on
-charges of cruelty and oppression towards the natives of India. The
-trial went on for years, and Hastings was finally acquitted. The
-expenses of the trial left him penniless, but the East India Company
-granted him a pension, and he spent his remaining years in retirement at
-his own home at Daylesford. He is not buried in the Abbey, but he has a
-special connection with Westminster, because he was educated at
-Westminster School. Hastings died in 1818.
-
-In the North Transept is a statue of Sir John Malcolm, another soldier
-who greatly distinguished himself in the various wars in India during
-Clive’s time. He was sent as Envoy to Persia in 1799, being the first
-English Envoy sent there since the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was
-finally Governor of Bombay in 1830, and died in 1833.
-
-As we know, the disturbances in India went on for some long time, in
-spite of English victories under General Lake and Sir Arthur Wellesley
-(afterwards Duke of Wellington). Wellesley’s great victory in this war
-was at the Battle of Assaye, in 1803.
-
-Again, all English people, young and old, know about the war in which we
-lost our American colonies during George III’s reign, and there are
-several monuments in the Abbey to bring the story of it back to our
-minds.
-
-General Burgoyne, whose surrender at Saratoga lost America to England,
-is buried in the North Cloister. Near him is buried Colonel Enoch
-Markham, who served throughout the same war. In the Abbey itself is the
-famous monument of Major André, who was hanged as a spy by the Americans
-in 1780. André had gone on a secret mission to the American General,
-Arnold, who betrayed a fortress on the Hudson River to the British. On
-his way back from the meeting André was taken, and, in spite of every
-effort to save him from a traitor’s death, he was hanged by order of
-General Washington, and was buried under the gallows on the banks of the
-Hudson. Forty years later his body was removed, at the request of the
-Duke of York, and was finally buried in the Abbey. Some locks of his
-beautiful hair still remained, and these were sent to his sisters. The
-chest in which André’s bones were sent home is still in the Islip
-Chantry. His monument is in the south aisle of the Nave, and the head of
-his figure has more than once been broken off and taken away, either by
-people with strong political feelings on one side or the other, or else
-by some mischievous schoolboy. There is a famous story of Charles Lamb
-half accusing Southey of having carried off André’s head. Southey did
-not like this, and it was a long time before he quite forgot it.
-
-The war with the American colonies is thought to have broken Lord
-Chatham’s heart. Every one remembers the last scene in his public life—a
-scene represented in a famous picture—when Lord Chatham came to the
-House of Lords to make one last protest against a policy which meant the
-loss of the American colonies. During his speech he fell to the ground
-in a fit, and died a few weeks afterwards.
-
-The French wars in the later part of the eighteenth century have a
-memorial in the Abbey in the enormous monument to the three captains,
-Bayne, Blair, and Lord Robert Manners, in the North Transept. These
-three captains fell in 1782, at Admiral Rodney’s victorious fight with
-the French off Guadaloupe in the West Indies. In St. Michael’s Chapel is
-another memorial of the same wars in the monument which tells of the
-death of Admiral Kempenfelt in the shipwreck of the _Royal George_ at
-Spithead in 1782.
-
-Again, Lord Howe’s famous victory over the French off Ushant, on June
-1st, 1794, has left its mark on the Abbey in the monuments of Captains
-Hardy and Hutt, and of Captain Montagu, which are both in the Nave.
-
-In the reign of George I there was a terrible happening which caused
-great misery throughout England, and which has never been forgotten.
-This was what was called the South Sea Bubble,—that is, the failure of
-the South Sea Company. We are reminded of this disgraceful business even
-in the Abbey, because of the grave and monument of the poet Craggs, who
-was mixed up with it. Craggs is buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, and his
-monument is in the Baptistery.
-
-As we are now coming quite close to the end of the eighteenth century it
-will be best to turn back and think of some of the great writers, men of
-science, musicians and others, who belonged to that time and are either
-buried or commemorated in the Abbey.
-
-We will begin with Joseph Addison, the author of many beautiful essays
-in the _Spectator_ and the _Tatler_. He died in 1719, and was buried in
-Henry VII’s Chapel, in the same aisle as the Tudor Queens. His statue is
-in Poets’ Corner. Addison’s beautiful hymn, “The spacious firmament on
-high,” is sometimes sung in the Abbey, and ought to be well known to all
-English children.
-
-Now we come to the great Sir Isaac Newton, the famous mathematician and
-philosopher, who discovered the law of gravitation. He died in 1727, and
-was buried in the Nave, close to the Screen. He had a very stately
-funeral, at which a great number of distinguished men were present. The
-famous French writer, Voltaire, was there as a spectator. The monument
-is quite near the grave, and is meant to represent Newton’s discoveries.
-It is not the sort of monument we care about now, and the inscription on
-the gravestone below is much better: “Here lies all that was mortal of
-Isaac Newton.”
-
-James Thomson, who wrote a poem called _The Seasons_, has a monument in
-Poets’ Corner. He died in George II’s reign, and is buried in Richmond
-Parish Church.
-
-Sir Richard Steele, a famous essay writer of the time, is brought to our
-memory by the grave of his second wife in Poets’ Corner.
-
-John Gay, author of the _Fables_, which were written for the education
-of the Duke of Cumberland, was buried in Poets’ Corner in 1732. His
-monument is over the door into St. Faith’s Chapel, and on it are carved
-these curious lines—
-
-                “Life is a jest, and all things show it;
-                I thought so once, and now I know it.”
-
-Thomas Gray, who wrote the famous _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, has a
-monument in Poets’ Corner, but he is buried in the beautiful churchyard
-at Stoke Pogis, which he loved so well. Gray’s poem is so celebrated
-that a learned Italian has lately made a very beautiful translation of
-it into his lovely native tongue. Gray died in 1771.
-
-Oliver Goldsmith, author of the _Vicar of Wakefield_, the _Deserted
-Village_, and _She Stoops to Conquer_, died in 1774, and was buried in
-the Temple Churchyard. He has a monument in Poets’ Corner, and the Latin
-epitaph on it was written by the great Dr. Johnson.
-
-Dr. Samuel Johnson, author of the _Lives of the Poets_, _Rasselas_, and
-the famous English Dictionary, died in 1784, and is buried in the Abbey
-at the foot of Shakspeare’s monument, close to David Garrick, the great
-actor, who had died four years before. Dr. Johnson’s only monument is
-his gravestone. Garrick has a rather foolish looking monument on the
-western wall of the South Transept.
-
-Near Shakspeare’s monument is the bust of Robert Burns, the Scottish
-poet, who died in 1796.
-
-A window in the former Baptistery commemorates two well known English
-poets who were both educated at Westminster School. These are George
-Herbert, who really belongs to the Stuart times, and William Cowper, who
-died in 1800. George Herbert’s poems are all on sacred subjects, and
-Cowper wrote some of the hymns which are very familiar to us all. But
-Cowper also wrote other things, some of the best known of his poems
-being the _Task_ and _John Gilpin_. This window was given to the Abbey
-by Mr. Childs, of Philadelphia.
-
-One of the greatest names of the eighteenth century is that of the
-famous musician, George Frederick Handel, the composer of the “Messiah”
-and many other splendid works. He died in 1759 and was buried in Poets’
-Corner. His monument is by Roubiliac, and represents Handel holding the
-music of his famous song, “I know that my Redeemer liveth.” Just below
-his monument is a medallion in memory of the great Swedish singer, Jenny
-Lind-Goldschmidt, who died in 1889, and who used to sing that very song
-so finely. The same words are carved on her monument also.
-
-When Charles Dickens was buried in 1870, the coffin of Handel was seen
-by those who were present at the funeral.
-
-While we are speaking of musicians it will be interesting to note that
-Dr. Burney, author of the well-known _History of Music_, has a monument
-in the Musicians’ aisle.
-
-The monuments to Dr. Isaac Watts, the well-known hymn-writer, and to
-John and Charles Wesley, are in the South Choir aisle, and bring back
-the memory of men who did great work in the eighteenth century, work
-that still has much influence in England.
-
-Several of the eminent doctors of the eighteenth century are buried in
-the Abbey. Such are Richard Mead, physician to George II, who died in
-1754; Dr. John Freind, a favourite of George II and Queen Caroline, who
-died in 1728; and Dr. Hugh Chamberlen, who also died in 1728.
-
-Another man who was famous in a very different way was James Watt, the
-inventor of the steam-engine. He has a monument in St. Paul’s Chapel. It
-is of giant size, and actually broke down the pavement in the Chapel
-when it was brought in. Watt died in 1819.
-
-William Horneck, one of the earliest of our great English engineers, is
-buried in the South Transept, and has a memorial tablet in the
-North-West Tower. He died in 1746.
-
-We will add to our list of eighteenth century men the names of two
-inventors, who are buried side by side in the Nave. These are (1) Thomas
-Tompion, who died in 1713. He was called the “Father of English
-Watch-making,” because of the many improvements he introduced in the art
-of making clocks and watches. (2) George Graham, who died in 1751,
-nephew and pupil of Tompion. He invented a curious astronomical
-instrument called the “Orrery,” so named after Lord Orrery, who is also
-buried in the Abbey.
-
-In the North Transept there is a monument to Jonas Hanway, a
-philanthropist and traveller, who died in 1786. Hanway was so kind, and
-worked so hard to help those who were less fortunate than himself, that
-he was called “the friend and father of the poor.” He is said to have
-been the first person in England who ever carried an umbrella. It seems
-curious that such a useful invention was not made until the eighteenth
-century.
-
-In the West Cloister is a monument to Dr. Benjamin Cooke, who died in
-1793, having been organist of the Abbey for thirty years. In the North
-Aisle of the Choir are the grave and monument of Dr. Samuel Arnold, a
-well-known Church musician, who succeeded Dr. Cooke as organist of the
-Abbey, and died in 1802.
-
-Two famous engravers, William Woollett, who died in 1785, and George
-Vertue, who died in 1756, have monuments in the West Cloister. Vertue is
-buried in the North Cloister, near one of his family, who was a monk.
-
-Several well-known actors and actresses of the eighteenth century are
-also buried in the Cloisters.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER IX
-                 THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
-
-                   —”_our slowly grown
-                 And crown’d Republic_.”
-                             TENNYSON (_To the Queen_).
-
-
-It is very difficult properly to divide the eighteenth and nineteenth
-centuries, because, of course, history does not cut itself up into
-lengths of a hundred years. But in telling the story of a place like the
-Abbey it is better to have some division, and as the French Revolution
-took place nearly at the end of the eighteenth century, a kind of
-natural division comes at that time, for we know that the French
-Revolution made a great and lasting change all over Europe.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  STATUE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE.
-]
-
-When we begin to speak of the early nineteenth century we have again to
-think of wars, for the fights with Napoleon were still going on.
-Nelson’s great victories have not left much record in the Abbey,
-excepting the wax effigy of the great Admiral himself, of which we will
-speak later. One of Nelson’s Captains, Edward Cooke, has a monument in
-the Abbey. Cooke died of a wound which he received during a victorious
-fight with a French frigate in the Bay of Bengal in 1799.
-
-When we think of these wars with Napoleon there is one grave in the
-Abbey which at once comes to our mind. It is that of the younger William
-Pitt, son of the great Earl of Chatham, of whom we read in the last
-chapter. William Pitt became Prime Minister of England when he was only
-twenty-three, and his ministry lasted through some years of a very
-troubled and anxious time. In spite of Nelson’s victories he was so
-crushed by Napoleon’s victory over the Austrians and Russians at
-Austerlitz in December 1805, that he died shortly afterwards, worn out
-with anxiety and disappointment. He was buried in the same vault with
-his father, and he had a large monument put up to him over the great
-West Door. He was only forty-six when he died, and it seems sad to think
-that he should not have lived to see his country’s victories in the
-Peninsular War and at Waterloo.
-
-A further memorial of these wars is the bust of the Corsican patriot,
-Pasquale de’ Paoli, who fought against Napoleon for the independence of
-Corsica, and finally took refuge in England. His monument brings back an
-interesting bit of English history, namely, that for a short time, from
-1794 to 1797, Corsica was under British rule.
-
-The war known as the Peninsular War began in 1808. England was helping
-Spain against Napoleon, who had dethroned the King of Spain and made his
-own brother, Joseph, King instead. The Spaniards rose in arms, and drove
-Joseph Buonaparte out of Madrid. They appealed to England for help, and
-Sir Arthur Wellesley went out with 10,000 men. He defeated the French at
-Roliça, a victory which is commemorated in the Abbey by the tablet to
-Lieutenant-Colonel George Lake, who fell in that battle.
-
-The next year, 1809, was famous for the Battle of Corunna, where Sir
-John Moore defeated the French and lost his own life. One of the
-officers who fought at the Battle of Corunna, General Coote Manningham,
-has a memorial in the North Transept. The services of Wellington’s chief
-engineer, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard Fletcher, who died in 1813, are
-recalled by a tablet to his memory in the North-West Tower. Fletcher
-directed the engineering works during the sieges of Badajos, and
-commanded the assault on the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo, when these
-fortresses were taken and held against the French by Wellington in 1812.
-He was killed in an assault on the town of St. Sebastian. In the Nave is
-buried Sir John Leith, another soldier who fought in this war and
-greatly distinguished himself. He fought at Corunna, Badajos, and
-Salamanca. He died in 1816, in the West Indies, where he was in command
-of the forces.
-
-There are memorial tablets in the Abbey to three other officers who fell
-in the Peninsular War. One is to Captain Bryan, who fell in the Battle
-of Talavera in 1809, when Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated King Joseph
-Buonaparte and Marshals Victor and Jourdan; the second is to a
-Lieutenant Beresford, who was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812; and the
-third is to Lieutenant-Colonel Macleod, who fell at the siege of
-Badajos, also in 1812.
-
-In the Nave is buried a famous Admiral, Thomas Cochrane, Earl of
-Dundonald, who served in many of our wars, first against Spain and then
-on the Spanish side in the Peninsular War. Lord Dundonald died in 1860,
-but he left the navy in 1814 because of a false accusation which was
-made against him. He then went out to Chili, where he served the cause
-of Chilian Independence. Lord Dundonald was afterwards proved to have
-been innocent of the charges made against him, and his banner as Knight
-of the Bath was restored to its place in Henry VII’s Chapel. At the time
-of his disgrace it had been taken away and kicked down the steps of the
-Chapel.
-
-In the Nave is another monument connected with this time in our history.
-It is that of Spencer Perceval, who was Prime Minister during the
-Peninsular War. He was shot in the Lobby of the House of Commons in 1812
-by a man whose business had been ruined by the war, and who was supposed
-to be mad.
-
-The bust of Lord John Russell in the North-West Tower, a part which is
-often called “Whigs’ Corner,” reminds us of the great Parliamentary
-Reform Bill, which was one of the most important events in the last
-century. The change was much needed, as the people of the country were
-not properly represented. Some large and important towns had no member
-at all, while some very small and insignificant places were allowed to
-return one or more members to Parliament. The reform was made more
-difficult on account of the disturbances and revolutions in France and
-elsewhere, which made people think it was better to have no changes at
-all. However, in 1831, Lord John Russell brought in his Reform Bill,
-which passed, after great discussion and struggle, in 1832. Lord John
-Russell, afterwards Earl Russell, was educated at Westminster School. He
-is not buried in the Abbey, although it was proposed to give him a
-public funeral there. It was his own wish to be buried with his family
-at Chenies, in Buckinghamshire.
-
-We have just spoken of the changes and revolutions that went on in
-France during the earlier years of the nineteenth century. We are
-reminded of these when we find in the Abbey the beautiful tomb of the
-Duc de Montpensier, brother of King Louis Philippe, who died in 1807,
-while he and his brother were living in exile in England. The Duke is
-buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, quite close to Dean Stanley. The Duc de
-Montpensier is the only French prince buried in the Abbey. His monument
-is one of the finest modern ones that we have at Westminster. Queen
-Louise of Savoy, wife of King Louis XVIII of France, was also buried for
-a short time in the Abbey, and there is an interesting account of her
-funeral in the Precentor’s book. Her body was afterwards removed to
-Sardinia. Queen Louise died in 1810.
-
-But to return to our own English history. One of the first acts of the
-new reformed Parliament was to abolish negro slavery in all the English
-colonies and possessions. This great work of Christian charity had been
-for years in the minds of many good people who had worked and fought
-hard for the cause. The measure passed in 1833.
-
-Like the Reform Bill, the abolition of the Slave Trade was one of the
-greatest events in the nineteenth century, and there are many memorials
-of it in the Abbey.
-
-We will begin by mentioning Charles James Fox, who was the great
-political rival of the younger Pitt, and who died a few months after
-him, in 1806. He was buried in the North Transept, but his monument is
-in the Nave, not far from Pitt’s. The kneeling figure of the negro on
-the monument is an allusion to Fox’s last speech in the House of
-Commons, when he proposed the abolition of the Slave Trade.
-
-In the South Transept there is a monument to Granville Sharp, who did so
-much in the cause that he was called the father of the Anti-Slavery
-Movement. He was also one of the founders of the British and Foreign
-Bible Society. He died in 1813, and the African Society put up the
-monument to him.
-
-Zachary Macaulay, who had been Governor of Sierra Leone, was another
-fighter in the same cause. He has a monument in “Whigs’ Corner,” under
-the North-West Tower.
-
-But the name chiefly remembered when we speak of the Anti-Slavery
-Movement is that of William Wilberforce, who died in 1833, just before
-the great Emancipation Day, the day which set the slaves free in all the
-British dominions. Wilberforce’s monument is in the North Choir aisle,
-and represents him sitting in a chair with his legs crossed, and in a
-very odd posture altogether. He is buried in the North Transept.
-
-Near Wilberforce’s monument is that of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, who had
-also helped in the fight against the Slave Trade. Buxton had also done a
-great work in the reform of our laws concerning the punishment of
-criminals, and his labours were shared by Sir James Mackintosh, who has
-a memorial bust in “Whigs’ Corner.”
-
-Not far off is the monument to Sir Stamford Raffles, the first Governor
-of the colony of Java, which we had conquered from the Dutch, and which
-we afterwards gave back to them, much against Sir Stamford Raffles’s
-advice. England owes her colony at Singapore to the influence of Sir
-Stamford Raffles, and she also owes him her power in the Eastern Seas.
-When he finally came home, Raffles founded the Zoological Society of
-London, and was its first President. He ought to be remembered among the
-men who helped to do away with slavery, as he himself set free all the
-negroes who were under his authority. He died in 1826.
-
-Two other monuments in “Whigs’ Corner” remind us of men who worked hard
-for the abolition of the Slave Trade and for the change in our penal
-laws. These are the monuments of Lord Holland and of the Marquis of
-Lansdowne. Lord Holland was the nephew of Charles James Fox, whose
-monument is close by. He died in 1840. Lord Lansdowne, who died in 1863,
-had a long political career, which began in the days of Pitt.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._
-
-  CHARLES JAMES FOX.
-]
-
-Almost in the middle of the Nave lies the famous African explorer and
-missionary, David Livingstone, who, although he belongs to a rather
-later date, may well be remembered with the noble group of men who
-fought against the Slave Trade. Livingstone died in Africa in 1873, and
-his body was brought back to England by his faithful black servant,
-Jacob Wainwight, who followed his coffin as it was carried up the Abbey,
-and threw a palm branch into the open grave. On the tombstone are carved
-the last words in Livingstone’s diary. They are as follows: “All I can
-add in my solitude is, may Heaven’s rich blessing come down on every
-one, American, English, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of
-the world” (that is, the Slave Trade).
-
-Another Parliamentary measure which was very important for England was
-the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, and the introduction of Free Trade
-a few years later. Two of the chief leaders of these movements have
-memorials in the Abbey. One of them is Sir Robert Peel, whose statue
-stands in a most conspicuous place just at the corner of the North
-Transept and the North Ambulatory. The other is Richard Cobden, whose
-bust is placed in the North Transept aisle.
-
-We must now turn from home politics to more wars in various parts of the
-world, wars which also have written some of their story on the Abbey
-walls.
-
-In 1854 the Crimean War, between Russia on one side and Turkey with her
-English and French allies on the other, broke out. The real Westminster
-memorial to the heroes of the Crimean War stands in Broad Sanctuary,
-just outside the Abbey, and speaks to us of the Westminster scholars who
-fell in the Crimea, the most famous of them being Lord Raglan. But there
-are windows in the Abbey in memory of officers who served in this war,
-as well as in the war in India which followed it. Some years before the
-Crimean War there had been wars and disturbances in Afghanistan, in the
-Punjaub, and in Burmah; and at last, in 1857, the terrible Indian Mutiny
-broke out. The horrors of this time will probably never be forgotten
-while English history lasts, and we need only speak of the massacre of
-Cawnpore and the siege of Lucknow in order to bring the story of the
-Mutiny back to every one’s mind.
-
-There are many graves and monuments in the Abbey to tell us of the brave
-men who saved our Indian Empire at that troubled time.
-
-The first Afghan War is commemorated by the grave of Sir George Pollock,
-who fought his way through the Khyber Pass to Cabul, after the terrible
-slaughter of the British in 1842. Sir George Pollock was thanked by
-Parliament for his services in that war. He died in 1872, and is buried
-in the Nave.
-
-In the North Transept is the bust of Sir Herbert Edwardes, who greatly
-distinguished himself in the Sikh War, and quelled the outbreak at
-Mooltan in 1848. He also did good service during the Mutiny. He died in
-1868.
-
-In the Nave are the graves of three of the great heroes of the Indian
-Mutiny, namely, Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards Lord Clyde), Sir James
-Outram, and John Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence.
-
-Sir Colin Campbell joined the army when he was quite a boy, and fought
-in the Peninsular War. He served under Sir John Moore in the advance to
-Salamanca, and in the famous retreat to Corunna. Later on he fought in
-the Sikh War, and then in the Crimean War. He was sent out to India to
-help to crush the Mutiny, and the most celebrated thing he did was the
-relief of Lucknow, thus putting an end to that terrible siege. He died
-in 1863.
-
-Sir James Outram’s grave is close by, and all English boys and girls
-should look at his monument, where they will see a representation of the
-great scene at Lucknow, when Sir Colin Campbell relieved the town and
-met the gallant defenders, Outram and Havelock. Outram died in 1863.
-
-The name of Sir Henry Lawrence ought also to be remembered when we speak
-of Lucknow, although his body does not rest in the Abbey. He did much to
-save Lucknow in the time of the siege, and he was killed on the ramparts
-only a short time before Sir Colin Campbell arrived with his
-Highlanders.
-
-The grave of his brother, John, Lord Lawrence, reminds us of a great and
-good man who served his country well in India. Although he was a
-civilian and not a soldier by profession, he had great military ability,
-and it was he who really saved the Punjaub at the time of the Mutiny. He
-succeeded Lord Elgin as Viceroy of India in 1863, and died in 1879. On
-his tombstone are words which we all might pray to deserve: “He feared
-man so little because he feared God so much.”
-
-There is a fine bust of Lord Lawrence against the south wall of the
-Nave, not far from where he is buried.
-
-In the North Transept are windows in memory of seven officers who were
-killed in the Indian Mutiny. These are Sir Henry Barnard, K.C.B.,
-Lieutenant-Colonel Woodford, Lovick Cooper, a young ensign, Captain
-Thynne, Ensign Bankes, Captain Moorsom, and Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian
-Hope.
-
-Four of these officers had also fought in the Crimean War in 1854–56,
-and had distinguished themselves by their services at that time.
-
-Colonel Adrian Hope had also fought in the Kaffir War, and thus his name
-brings the remembrance of South Africa into the Abbey, long before the
-memorial was put up to those who fell in the last Boer War.
-
-There is a window in the North Transept to the memory of officers who
-were lost in the _Captain_, which foundered off Cape Finisterre on 7th
-September 1870, five days after that great Battle of Sedan which ended
-the terrible war between France and Germany.
-
-In St. Andrew’s Chapel there is also a window to the memory of those
-that fell in action and died from the effects of wounds or climate
-during the Ashanti War in 1873.
-
-A bronze bust in the North-West Tower reminds us of another soldier hero
-of our time, Charles George Gordon, remembered chiefly for his work in
-China, in Egypt, and in the Soudan. The story of Gordon’s death at
-Khartoum in 1885 will never be forgotten. His name and noble character
-are always kept fresh in our memory by the Gordon Boys’ Home, which does
-such excellent work in training boys for the army.
-
-South Africa has one direct memorial at Westminster, for in the North
-Cloister there is a tablet in memory of the men of the Queen’s
-Westminster Volunteer Corps who fell in the Boer War of 1899–1902. The
-tablet was put up in 1901, and was unveiled by the Secretary of State
-for War.
-
-We are reminded of an earlier time in the history of the Volunteers by
-the monument of George Herries, the first Colonel of the London and
-Westminster Light Horse Volunteers, of which he was described as the
-“father.” George Herries was a well-known merchant. He died in 1819, and
-was buried in the Abbey with military honours. His monument is in the
-Nave.
-
-We must now look back over the nineteenth century, as we did over the
-eighteenth, and call to mind many other great men whose graves and
-monuments we find in the Abbey,—statesmen, writers, and men of science.
-
-As we have been speaking of the political history of England, let us
-begin with some of the great statesmen.
-
-Lord Chatham, as we have seen, belonged to the eighteenth century. The
-younger William Pitt, and his great political rival, Charles James Fox,
-died quite early in the nineteenth century, and their graves and
-monuments have already been described.
-
-As we enter by the great North Door we see on our left a striking group
-of three statues. These represent (1) George Canning, the great
-statesman and orator, who died in 1827; (2) his son, Charles, Earl
-Canning, Viceroy of India; and (3) their cousin, Stratford Canning,
-Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, who was for fifty years our Ambassador
-in the East.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  STATESMEN’S CORNER, EASTERN AISLE.
-]
-
-Among other things, George Canning was closely connected with that
-important political change of the last century, which is known as the
-Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill. This was the measure which allowed
-Roman Catholics to be members of Parliament, and removed other
-disabilities under which they had suffered. The measure did not actually
-become law until after Canning’s death.
-
-Earl Canning was Governor-General of India during the Mutiny, and became
-the first Viceroy. His name is always to be remembered with those of
-Clyde, John and Henry Lawrence, and the other great men of the Mutiny
-time. Lord Canning died in 1862. The Cannings are buried in the North
-Transept, in a vault near that of the Pitt family.
-
-Close by is the grave of Henry Grattan, who died in 1820, the great
-defender of the rights of Ireland.
-
-On the opposite side of the Transept to the Cannings is the statute of
-George Canning’s chief political rival, Lord Castlereagh, afterwards
-Marquis of Londonderry, who died in 1822. Lord Castlereagh was Foreign
-Secretary, and attended the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. He
-helped greatly to make peace in Europe after all the fights with
-Napoleon. He unfortunately became very unpopular later, partly because
-of the heavy taxes the people had to pay after the French wars, and
-partly because he thought the Press had too much liberty and he tried to
-curtail that liberty. There was a terrible riot at his funeral, and the
-mourners had to fight their way through an angry mob.
-
-Close to Castlereagh’s statue is that of Lord Palmerston, who was twice
-Prime Minister in Queen Victoria’s reign, after being Secretary of State
-for War for twenty years. Lord Palmerston was Prime Minister during the
-Crimean War and at the time when the Indian Mutiny began. He was given a
-public funeral, and is buried in the North Transept. His wife is buried
-with him.
-
-On the side opposite to Castlereagh and Palmerston is the statue of
-Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Lord Beaconsfield is remembered
-as a famous leader of the Conservative party in Parliament, and as a man
-who did much for the growth of the British Empire. It was at his
-suggestion that the late Queen took the title of Empress of India, and
-to him we owe much of our present position in Egypt. Lord Beaconsfield
-was also a well-known writer of novels. His most famous books are
-perhaps _Lothair_, _Sybil_, and _Coningsby_. Lord Beaconsfield died in
-1881, and is buried at Hughenden in Buckinghamshire.
-
-William Ewart Gladstone, the great Liberal leader, and Lord
-Beaconsfield’s chief political opponent, is buried in the North
-Transept, and his statue stands next to that of Disraeli. Mr. Gladstone
-was four times Prime Minister. The Bill for the Disestablishment of the
-Irish Church was passed when he was in power in 1871. Gladstone was not
-only eminent in politics, but he exercised a considerable literary,
-social, and moral influence over many of his fellow-countrymen.
-Gladstone died in 1898.
-
-In the year 1870 the Education Bill was passed, a Bill which has made a
-great difference to all English people, as everybody now has the
-opportunity of going to school and of having a good and useful teaching,
-not only in reading and writing, but in many other things as well. The
-scheme for this new plan of education was made by William Edward
-Forster, who is commemorated in the Abbey by a medallion which is placed
-above the monument of his uncle, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, in the North
-Choir aisle.
-
-The grave and monument of Sir Rowland Hill in St. Paul’s Chapel remind
-us of another important change which took place in 1839, namely, the
-introduction of the penny postage and the invention of adhesive postage
-stamps.
-
-Another monument, a very beautiful and interesting one, is that erected
-to the memory of Henry Fawcett, the blind Postmaster-General, who
-accomplished so much good work in spite of the terrible disadvantage of
-his blindness, which was the result of an accident when he was quite
-young. This always seems to be a monument to undaunted courage and
-perseverance in the face of great misfortune, and it should teach us to
-be brave and patient, however much things may seem to be against us.
-
-It is now time to speak of the chief authors of the century, and to turn
-our thoughts once more to Poets’ Corner.
-
-Here, next to Dr. Johnson, we find the grave of the brilliant
-play-writer and parliamentary orator, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the
-author of the _Rivals_ and _The School for Scandal_. Sheridan died in
-1816, the year after the Battle of Waterloo.
-
-Against the wall, close to the door of St. Faith’s Chapel, is the bust
-of the great novelist, Sir Walter Scott, who died in 1832. His _Waverley
-Novels_ are too famous to need any description. We need only speak of
-_Ivanhoe_, _Quentin Durward_, _The Antiquary_, and _Kenilworth_, in
-order to remind English people of all ages of many hours of interest and
-delight. The particular position was expressly chosen for the bust of
-Sir Walter Scott, because it is close to the monument of the Duke of
-Argyll and Greenwich, the same Duke of Argyll who appears in Scott’s
-famous story, _The Heart of Midlothian_. The bust was placed in the
-Abbey only a few years ago; it is a copy of the bust by Chantrey at
-Abbotsford.
-
-Above Shakspeare’s monument are busts of two celebrated poets of the
-early part of the nineteenth century—Samuel Taylor Coleridge, author of
-“The Ancient Mariner,” “Christabel,” and other well-known poems, and
-Robert Southey, Poet-Laureate, author of “Thalaba,” “The Curse of
-Kehama,” and the poem on the Waterfall at Lodore. Coleridge died in
-1834, and Southey in 1843, in the reign of Queen Victoria. Neither
-Coleridge nor Southey is buried in the Abbey. Southey was one of the
-famous group of “Lake poets,” and is buried in the lake country, at
-Crosthwaite, near Keswick.
-
-Close by Shakspeare’s monument is the statue of Thomas Campbell, who
-wrote “The Pleasures of Hope,” “The Battle of the Baltic,” “Ye Mariners
-of England,” and other poems.
-
-Under the South-West Tower, in the former Baptistery, is the monument of
-the great poet, William Wordsworth, who lived through the time of the
-French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, and died in 1850. He was the
-chief of the “Lake poets.” Wordsworth is not buried in the Abbey, but in
-Grasmere churchyard, in that English lake-country where he was born and
-which he loved so dearly. Wordsworth’s chief poems are “The Excursion,”
-“The White Doe of Rylstone,” “Tintern Abbey,” the “Ode on Immortality,”
-and the “Ode to Duty.” But there are many others, great and small, which
-are part of the heritage he has left to his fellow-countrymen.
-
-In the Baptistery, just opposite Wordsworth’s monument, is a memorial
-portrait bust of Charles Kingsley, the great preacher and writer, author
-of _Alton Locke_, _Westward Ho!_, _Hypatia_, and of many well-known
-poems. Charles Kingsley is remembered with especial interest and
-affection at the Abbey, as he was Canon of Westminster for two years. He
-died in 1875, and is buried at Eversley, in Hampshire, where he was
-rector for so long.
-
-Next to Kingsley is a bust of Matthew Arnold, the poet, essayist, and
-critic. Next to him again is a bust of Frederick Denison Maurice, a
-great religious teacher of the nineteenth century. Opposite to these,
-and next to Wordsworth, is the monument to John Keble, author of _The
-Christian Year_. Next to that is the monument of the famous Dr. Thomas
-Arnold, who was headmaster of Rugby, and who did much to improve the
-whole life in the public schools of England. Matthew Arnold, of whom we
-have just heard, was his son.
-
-In Poets’ Corner, close to the grave of Chaucer, lie two other famous
-poets of the Victorian age, Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning.
-
-Tennyson will always be remembered as the poet of _In Memoriam_ and _The
-Idylls of the King_, and also of many splendid patriotic poems which all
-English boys and girls ought to know. He died in 1892, and when his
-grave was being dug in Poets’ Corner a skull and leg-bone were found,
-which were evidently those of Geoffrey Chaucer, who had been buried here
-nearly five hundred years before. By Tennyson’s own wish the Union Jack
-was wrapped round his coffin and buried with him. A fine bust of
-Tennyson has been placed against a pillar near his grave.
-
-Robert Browning, author of _The Ring and the Book_, _Pippa Passes_, _By
-the Fireside_, and many other famous poems, died at Venice in 1889. His
-body was brought back to be buried in the Abbey. His wife, Elizabeth
-Barrett Browning, well known as a poetess, is buried in Florence.
-
-Near Chaucer’s monument is a bust of the American poet, Longfellow, who
-died in 1882. Some of his poems are familiar to most English children.
-
-Charles Dickens, the great novelist, is buried in Poets’ Corner, just
-under Handel’s monument and close to Handel’s grave. Dickens will always
-be remembered as the author of _David Copperfield_, _The Old Curiosity
-Shop_, _Christmas Stories_, and many other books which are dear to the
-hearts of all English people.
-
-Against the wall, on either side of Addison’s statue, are the busts of
-two other great writers of the last century,—Lord Macaulay, the poet and
-historian, and William Makepeace Thackeray, the famous novelist. Lord
-Macaulay, who died in 1859, was the son of Zachary Macaulay, of whom we
-have already heard in connection with the abolition of the slave-trade.
-Among Lord Macaulay’s best known writings are the _Lays of Ancient
-Rome_. His grave is close by Addison’s statue. Thackeray, who wrote
-_Esmond_, _The Newcomes_, _Vanity Fair_, and many other celebrated
-books, is not buried in the Abbey, but at Kensal Green. He died in 1863.
-
-Nearer to the Choir aisle are the busts of the two great historians of
-Greece, Bishop Thirlwall and George Grote, who are buried in the same
-grave. They both died in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
-
-Just above the bust of Sir Walter Scott is a bronze medallion with a
-portrait head of John Ruskin, author of _The Stones of Venice_, _Modern
-Painters_, _Sesame and Lilies_, and many other well-known works on art
-and life.
-
-In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the grave of Edward Bulwer Lytton, Lord
-Lytton, author of many widely read novels and historical romances. Among
-his best known books are _The Last Days of Pompeii_, _The Caxtons_,
-_Rienzi_, and _Kenelm Chillingly_. He died in 1873.
-
-Several of the great actors of the nineteenth century are commemorated
-in the Abbey. Such are Mrs. Siddons, and her brother, John Philip
-Kemble, whose statues are in St. Andrew’s Chapel. Sir Henry Irving, the
-well-known actor of Shakspeare’s plays, as well as of many others, died
-in 1905, and is buried at the foot of Shakspeare’s monument, close to
-the grave of his great brother-actor, David Garrick.
-
-In the Musicians’ Aisle is the grave of Sir William Sterndale Bennett,
-one of the chief English composers of his time. He died in 1875. In the
-same aisle is a medallion in memory of Michael Balfe, who composed _The
-Bohemian Girl_, and a window to James Turle, who was organist of the
-Abbey for fifty-six years. In St. Andrew’s Chapel is a window in memory
-of Vincent Novello, founder of the famous house of music publishers of
-that name.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  GRAVES OF NEWTON, HERSCHEL, DARWIN, AND KELVIN.
-]
-
-The great and especial glory of the nineteenth century was the wonderful
-development of almost every kind of scientific knowledge and work, and
-the number of important scientific discoveries that were made. It is not
-too much to say that some of these discoveries, and some of the new
-theories about our world and the things in and around it, have
-influenced and changed our lives and our thoughts very much indeed. We
-can see this very plainly if we think of what Darwin has taught us, and
-if we think of the invention of the steam-engine, the introduction of
-railway travelling, and of steamships, of land and ocean telegraphy,
-telephones, motors, wireless telegraphy, and now of airships. This
-extraordinary progress in scientific research and knowledge is not
-without its record in the Abbey, as we shall see. We shall find that
-many of the great men of science who lived in the nineteenth century are
-either buried or commemorated in the Abbey.
-
-Foremost among these is Charles Robert Darwin, the biologist of
-world-wide fame, author of _The Origin of Species_, _The Descent of
-Man_, and other celebrated scientific works. Darwin died in 1882, and is
-buried in the north aisle of the Nave, quite near the grave of Sir Isaac
-Newton.
-
-Next to Darwin lies the famous astronomer, Sir John Frederick Herschel,
-who died in 1871. Another astronomer, John Couch Adams, discoverer of
-the planet Neptune, has a memorial in this same north aisle. Close by
-are memorials to James Prescott Joule, who discovered certain laws
-connected with heat and electricity, and to Sir George Gabriel Stokes.
-
-A little farther down the aisle is the grave of the great geologist, Sir
-Charles Lyell, who died in 1875. His bust is placed near the tablet in
-memory of Dr. John Woodward, who lived in the eighteenth century, and
-who has been called the “father of English Geology.”
-
-On the other side of the Nave is a memorial to William Buckland, Dean of
-Westminster, who was twice President of the Geological Society, and
-wrote many books about geology. In the South Transept, near the monument
-of Dr. Busby, is the grave of William Spottiswoode, who was President of
-the Royal Society and Printer to Queen Victoria. He died in 1883.
-
-One of the most famous men of science of our own day, William Thomson,
-Lord Kelvin, rests close to Newton. He was born in 1824, and died in
-1907, and devoted his long life to the pursuit of science,—to what is
-called “applied science” as well as to speculative science. We owe to
-Lord Kelvin many of the wonderful inventions now in quite common use,—in
-navigation, in telegraphing under the ocean, and in other ways.
-
-One of the most important changes in the life of the whole nation was
-brought about in the nineteenth century by the introduction of railway
-travelling. Those of us who are quite young, and have hardly ever heard
-of a time when there were no railways, cannot realise or understand how
-great this change must be.
-
-Even railways have their memorials in the Abbey, for in the Nave we find
-the grave of Robert Stephenson, who died in 1859, engineer of the
-Birmingham Railway and of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Straits.
-He is buried next to the famous engineer, Thomas Telford, who died in
-1834, and whose chief works were the Caledonian Canal, the Menai Bridge,
-and the plan for the inland navigation of Sweden. There is a large
-statue of Telford in St. Andrew’s Chapel. Not far from the grave of
-Robert Stephenson is a window in his memory. It is not at all beautiful,
-as it represents railway bridges and other things which do not look well
-in a stained-glass window,—but it is certainly interesting.
-
-Near this are windows in memory of the great engineers (1) Richard
-Trevithick, who died in 1833, the inventor of the high-pressure
-steam-engine, and of the first real railway engine; (2) Brunel, who died
-in 1859, and who built the largest steamships known in his time, the
-_Great Eastern_ and the _Great Western_; and (3) John Locke, who died in
-1860, and who designed the “Crewe Engine.”
-
-Close to these a beautiful new window has been erected to the memory of
-Sir Benjamin Baker, who died in 1907. He was the engineer of the Forth
-Bridge, the Assouan Dam, and other important works. In the window are
-full-length figures of Edward III and of Cardinal Langham, once Abbot of
-Westminster.
-
-Near the graves of Stephenson and Telford are buried four distinguished
-architects of the nineteenth century. These are:—
-
-(1) Sir Charles Barry, who built the present Houses of Parliament, and
-who died in 1860.
-
-(2) Sir Gilbert Scott, who died in 1878. He was one of the leaders in
-the revival of Gothic architecture in England.
-
-(3) George Edmund Street, who died in 1881. A distinguished architect in
-the Gothic style. He designed the present Law Courts.
-
-(4) John Loughborough Pearson, who died in 1897.
-
-Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr. Pearson were both of them “Surveyors of the
-Fabric” to the Abbey. This means that they had charge of the actual
-building from the architectural point of view.
-
-In the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist is a memorial to the great
-Arctic explorer, Sir John Franklin, who was lost in 1847, with both his
-crews, while making the discovery of the North-West Passage. The
-monument was put up by Lady Franklin. On it is a representation of the
-vessel fast in the Polar ice, and round the sculptured scene are the
-words—
-
-“O ye ice and snow, O ye frost and cold, bless ye the Lord; Praise him
-and magnify Him for ever.”
-
-Below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines—
-
-           “Not here: the White North has thy bones; and thou
-                   Heroic sailor soul,
-           Art passing on thy happier voyage now
-                   Towards no earthly pole.”
-
-Close by is the memorial to another Arctic explorer, Admiral Sir Leopold
-M‘Clintock, who died in 1907. It was he who discovered the remains of
-Franklin’s ships, and thus found out how he had died.
-
-Before ending this long list of people who are gathered into remembrance
-in the Abbey, we must not forget the names of some of those who have
-served their fellow-men by special works of love and kindness.
-
-Close to the great West Door is a fine statue of Anthony Ashley Cooper,
-Earl of Shaftesbury, who did a great deal to make the lives of poor
-children healthier, happier, and better, and to whom England owes many
-improvements in the laws about work in factories and mines.
-
-Lord Shaftesbury is remembered in Westminster as President of the
-Westminster Window Garden show, a flower show which was intended to
-encourage poor people to grow nice flowers in their windows, and so to
-brighten the dulness and ugliness of town streets, as well as to teach
-them something about Nature. Lord Shaftesbury used to come every year to
-give the prizes at this show, which used to be held in Dean’s Yard.
-
-Lord Shaftesbury also took great interest in George Peabody’s scheme for
-improving the dwellings of the poor, and tried all he could to help on
-this good work. He died in 1883.
-
-George Peabody, who gave such generous help towards building better
-houses for the poor, was an American. He died in London in 1869, and his
-body rested for a short time in the Abbey, close to the place where Lord
-Shaftesbury’s statue now stands.
-
-Quite near this spot also is the grave of Baroness Burdett-Coutts, who
-died in 1907, and whose name will long be remembered for her works of
-charity.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER X
-                            THE WAX EFFIGIES
-
-                      ... “_We are such stuff
-            As dreams are made on, and our little life
-            Is rounded with a sleep._”
-                                SHAKSPEARE (_The Tempest_).
-
-
-Before speaking of the other parts of the Abbey buildings we must not
-forget the little Islip Chantry, or upper part of Abbot Islip’s
-beautiful chapel in the North Ambulatory. In this Chantry are the
-presses which contain the celebrated wax effigies of which we so often
-hear.
-
-In olden times it used to be the custom to carry effigies in the funeral
-processions of sovereigns and of other important personages, and to
-leave these effigies standing beside the grave for a month or more after
-the funeral. This custom succeeded to the yet older one of carrying the
-dead body of the sovereign with its face exposed, in order to show that
-the sovereign was really dead, and that there had been no foul play. In
-those days, unfortunately, foul play was not very uncommon, as we see in
-the case of Edward II and Richard II.
-
-The oldest effigies were not made of wax, but of wood, and they had
-heads, hands, and feet made of plaster. The effigy of Henry V was made
-of boiled leather, or, as an old description says: “boyled hides.” In
-later days people learned to make effigies in wax, and some of them were
-no doubt very good portraits. There are eleven of these wax effigies
-still shown in the Islip Chantry.
-
-The oldest which now remains is that of Charles II, which stood for a
-long time beside his grave in Henry VII’s Chapel. The face is just like
-the pictures we see of Charles II. He wears the blue and red velvet
-robes of a Knight of the Garter, with collar and ruffles of real, and
-very beautiful, point lace. The effigy of Queen Elizabeth is a
-Restoration, and no doubt a copy of the original, which had got quite
-worn out by 1708. Some people think the head may really be that of the
-first effigy. The face is very sad and worn, and looks as if Queen
-Elizabeth had been very unhappy in her old age. We recognise the
-familiar Elizabethan dress, the ruff, the high-heeled shoes, the pointed
-bodice and wide skirts.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  QUEEN ELIZABETH.
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  CHARLES II.
-]
-
-Next to Queen Elizabeth stand the effigies of William III and Mary II,
-which are placed together in one large case. The crown is on a pedestal
-between the two figures, and both sovereigns carry the sceptre and the
-orb, so as to show that they reigned jointly, Mary not being
-Queen-Consort merely. William was evidently a good deal shorter than his
-wife, for he stands on a foot-stool in order to look equal in height.
-Mary wears a brocaded skirt, and a purple velvet robe over it. She also
-wears imitation paste and pearl ornaments and beautiful lace in her
-sleeves. The last effigy of a sovereign is that of Queen Anne. She is
-represented seated, and is dressed in robes of brocaded silk. She wears
-many ornaments, and has a crown over her dark, flowing hair. Her face is
-rather fat, with a kindly, good-natured expression.
-
-Close to the case which holds the effigy of Queen Anne is a figure of
-General Monck, in armour. This figure used to look very much battered
-and greatly the worse for wear, but it has lately been rather mended up.
-The cap is the famous one mentioned in the _Ingoldsby Legends_, in the
-well-known lines—
-
-  “I thought on Naseby, Marston Moor, and Worcester’s crowning fight,
-  When on my ear a sound there fell, it filled me with affright;
-  As thus, in low unearthly tones, I heard a voice begin—
-  ‘This here’s the cap of General Monck! Sir, please put summat in.’”
-
-General Monck, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, is buried in Henry VII’s
-Chapel, as we have already said.
-
-The next effigy is that of Frances Theresa Stuart, Duchess of Richmond
-and Lennox, a great beauty in her day. She was maid-of-honour to
-Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. She sat as a model for the
-figure of Britannia on a medal which was struck to commemorate the
-Treaty of Breda, when peace was made between the English and Dutch after
-the first Dutch War. This was in 1667. The figure of Britannia is no
-doubt the same that we now see on our pennies and halfpennies. Frances
-Stuart is dressed in the robes she wore at the Coronation of Queen Anne.
-Beside her is her parrot, which died a few days after her. This lady
-left particular orders about her effigy, directing that it should be “as
-well done in wax as can bee—and sett up in a presse by itself, ... with
-cleare Crowne glasse before it, and dressed in my Coronation Robes and
-Coronett.” The effigy at first stood beside the Duchess’s grave in Henry
-VII’s Chapel.
-
-Next to the Duchess of Richmond and Lennox stand the effigies of
-Catherine, Duchess of Buckinghamshire, and her little son, the Marquis
-of Normanby, who died when a child. The Duchess, with her husband and
-children, are buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, and a large monument is
-erected there to the Duke, who was distinguished as a politician,
-soldier, and man of letters in the reigns of Charles II and James II.
-
-The Duchess of Buckinghamshire died in 1743. Her effigy is dressed in
-the robes that she wore at the Coronation of George II. This lady
-settled all about her own funeral with the Garter King-at-Arms, and was
-quite afraid lest she should die before the grand canopy came home. “Let
-them send it,” she said, “though all the tassels are not finished.”
-Buckingham House, where the Duchess lived, was built by her husband on
-the site of the present Buckingham Palace.
-
-In the middle of the Chantry is a glass case containing the effigy of
-Edmund Sheffield, last Duke of Buckinghamshire, and son of the Duchess
-whose effigy has just been described. The young Duke died in Rome in
-1735, aged only nineteen. This effigy, which is a very fine one, was the
-last ever carried at a funeral. The Duchess wanted to borrow the great
-Duke of Marlborough’s funeral car for the funeral of her son. But Sarah,
-the celebrated Duchess of Marlborough, replied very haughtily that “it
-carried my Lord Marlborough, and it shall never be profaned by any other
-corpse.” Whereupon the Duchess of Buckinghamshire retorted: “I have
-consulted the undertaker, and he tells me I may have a finer for twenty
-pounds.”
-
-There are two other wax figures in the Chantry, but they are not,
-properly speaking, effigies, because they were not used in the funeral
-processions, but were only put up to attract sightseers. These figures
-represent two very eminent Englishmen, namely, William Pitt the elder,
-afterwards Lord Chatham, and Lord Nelson. Both figures are remarkably
-good, and must be excellent likenesses. Lord Chatham wears his peer’s
-robes, and a wig, such as was then the fashion.
-
-Lord Nelson’s effigy is dressed in naval uniform; all the dress, except
-the coat, belonged to Nelson himself. The eye-patch for Nelson’s blind
-eye was found attached to the inner lining of the hat when Maclise
-borrowed it to copy for his well-known picture, “The Death of Nelson.”
-
-These wax effigies, then, are not mere curiosities, but are interesting,
-both as showing us an ancient funeral custom and as representing people
-who played a part in the English history of their day.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._
-
-  SOUTH CLOISTER.
-]
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER XI
-                         THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS
-
-                  “_That Fabric rises high as Heaven,
-                  Whose Basis on Devotion stands._”
-                                      MATTHEW PRIOR.
-
-
-With the help of the Abbey we have taken a long, and perhaps rather
-hurried, journey through many centuries of our country’s history, and
-have tried to think of the many links by which the Abbey is bound to all
-English hearts. We must now turn back again across those centuries, and
-try to remember something of the old monastery, of its buildings, of the
-Abbots who governed it, and of the sort of lives the monks lived.
-
-The Abbey, as we already know, was dedicated to St. Peter from the
-earliest days. The monks belonged to the great Benedictine order. That
-order, which had spread over all Europe, “from Poland to Portugal, and
-from Cumberland to Calabria,” was founded by St. Benedict in the sixth
-century after Christ. St. Benedict was born in Italy about the year 480,
-during a very restless and troubled time, just after the last Emperor
-had been driven out of Rome. Benedict very soon determined to live the
-life of a monk, and when he was quite a boy he went away from Rome to a
-place in the mountains near. From this place he went to a yet more
-remote and lonely one, the wild and beautiful Subiaco, where the Emperor
-Nero had once had a “villa” or country house.
-
-There are two famous Benedictine monasteries at Subiaco, and it is an
-interesting thing to remember that the first books printed in Italy were
-printed at one of these monasteries, just as in England many of Caxton’s
-books were printed under the shadow of the Benedictine Abbey of
-Westminster.
-
-Again, when St. Benedict built his great monastery at Monte Cassino, he
-built it on the site of a Temple of Apollo, just as King Lucius is said
-to have done in those far-off days at “Thorney,” or Westminster.
-
-St. Benedict directed that the monks of his order should divide their
-time between the services in the church, study, and manual work of some
-kind. It should never be forgotten that it is largely to the monasteries
-that we owe the preservation of learning, and our inheritance of the
-great writings of the Greek and Roman world.
-
-The idea of making monasteries places of study and learning did not
-begin with St. Benedict, but Western Europe owes him a great debt for
-having insisted that study should be an important part of a monk’s work.
-This was a great service to mankind and to civilisation in those wild
-days of barbarian invasion and almost constant war.
-
-It should be remembered, too, that the clergy and monks were the chief,
-if not the only, teachers during several centuries. If we want to see
-and understand this we can find an example in what our own countryman,
-Alcuin of York, did for education under the patronage and with the help
-of Charlemagne.
-
-The Chapel dedicated to St. Benedict in the Abbey has already been
-mentioned two or three times. This Chapel is just at the entrance of the
-South Ambulatory.
-
-On the south side of the Abbey Church, and protected by it from the cold
-north, lies the beautiful cloister where the monks and their pupils
-spent a great deal of their time. The Cloister-walks form a quadrangle,
-with a large grass plot in the middle. Under that peaceful grass plot
-many of the Westminster monks are resting, and many people are buried in
-the Cloister itself.
-
-The present Cloister is of different dates. Parts of the East and North
-Walks are of the time of Henry III and Edward I. Another part of the
-East Walk was built in the reign of Edward III, and the South and West
-Walks were built some years later by Abbot Litlington. It is said that
-every style of English architecture can be seen in the Westminster
-Cloisters; and this is true, because, as we shall see, some of the old
-Norman Cloister remains, and in the great Cloister we can find the Early
-English, the Decorated, and the Perpendicular styles.
-
-The Cloister was not a burial-place only. It was a very important part
-of the monastery, as much of the daily life went on there.
-
-In those days the windows had glass in them; the floor and benches were
-strewn with straw and hay in summer, and with rushes in winter. The
-walls were decorated with frescoes, and lamps hung from the vaulting.
-
-The East Cloister was given up to the Abbot, who was a great personage.
-Whenever he passed, every one rose and bowed and kept silence. The monks
-themselves used the North Cloister, where the Prior also sate. The
-novices and pupils worked at their lessons in the West Cloister. The
-pupils sate one behind the other; they were not allowed to make jokes or
-to make signals to one another. They had to talk always in French. They
-were to take great care about their writing and illuminations, and no
-doubt many beautiful old illuminated missals and other books came forth
-from those Cloister walks at Westminster.
-
-In the South Cloister is a very large bluish gravestone, reminding us of
-the terrible plague which visited most of Europe about the middle of the
-fourteenth century, and which was called “The Black Death.” Twenty-six
-of the Westminster monks, including the Abbot, died of the Black Death
-in 1348–49, and the monks are supposed to have been buried beneath this
-huge gravestone, which used to be called “Long Meg.” The Abbot,
-Byrcheston, was buried near the Chapter-House entrance, in the part of
-the Cloister which was built in his time.
-
-Close to “Long Meg” are the graves of several of the Abbots of Norman
-and early Plantagenet times. Three of the figures still remain close to
-the wall, but the names are not carved over the right gravestones. After
-1220 it became the custom to bury the Abbots in the church itself.
-
-In the East Cloister there is a beautiful carved archway, which forms
-the entrance to a lovely little passage with very sharply pointed
-arches. This passage leads into the Chapter-House, one of the finest
-parts of the Abbey buildings. The “incomparable Chapter-House,” as an
-old chronicler calls it, was begun by Henry III in 1250. It is
-eight-sided, and the vault springs from a tall and graceful central
-pillar, just as the branches spring from a palm tree. The windows are
-very famous for their beautiful tracery. The stained glass in them is
-modern, and is a memorial to the late Dean Stanley.
-
-The walls were once covered with paintings, but these have been sadly
-destroyed, and only very few have been preserved. In the glass cases
-which are now placed in the Chapter-House are many most interesting and
-valuable things, such as the great illuminated missal presented to the
-Abbey by Abbot Litlington, and charters granted to the Abbey by various
-Kings, from the Saxon times onward.
-
-There is also a splendidly bound book of Henry VII’s time, concerning
-certain arrangements between the King and the Abbey of Westminster, and
-the _Liber Regalis_, or Coronation book of Richard II.
-
-In another case will be found an interesting collection of old seals.
-
-The Westminster Chapter-House has had a very varied and rather exciting
-history. In the old days the Chapter-House was the meeting-place of the
-convent. There the affairs of the monastery used to be discussed; there
-complaints might be made; there the monks might confess their faults;
-and there, usually, they were punished. The Consistory Court of the
-convent used to be held in the South-West Tower. The seats for the judge
-and his assessors are still to be seen against the south wall, below the
-monument to Henry Fawcett. A Consistory Court was the place where trials
-which had to do with church matters were held.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_G. A. Dunn._
-
-  THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.
-]
-
-About thirty years after the Chapter-House was first built it began to
-be used as the meeting-place of the House of Commons, at the time when
-the Commons were separated from the Lords. The last time that the
-Commons sate in the Westminster Chapter-House was on the last day of
-Henry VIII’s reign, and the last act passed there was the attainder of
-the Duke of Norfolk (1546). In 1547 the House of Commons moved to the
-Chapel of St. Stephen in the Palace of Westminster, and the
-Chapter-House began to be used as the Record Office. It is curious, when
-we look at the Chapter-House as it is now, to think that it was once all
-lined round with galleries and cupboards, and that the Records of the
-kingdom were kept here until 1864. Soon afterwards the Chapter-House was
-restored to its present state, and is no doubt very like what it was in
-Henry III’s time. While it was the Record Office, Domesday Book and many
-other most precious books and documents had their home at Westminster.
-
-Under the Chapter-House is a crypt, of which the walls are eighteen feet
-thick, and which, long centuries ago, was used as the Royal Treasury.
-The Regalia and stores of money were kept there. In 1303 a terrible
-thing happened. There was a great robbery of the Royal Treasure; the
-money which Edward I had collected for the Scottish wars was stolen, as
-well as part of the Regalia. It is sad to think that some of the
-Westminster monks had to do with this disgraceful robbery, but they were
-found out and punished.
-
-Below the pavement of the entrance to the Chapter-House are buried (1)
-Abbot Edwyn, the friend and adviser of Edward the Confessor, and the
-first Abbot of his new monastery; (2) Hugolin, who was Chamberlain and
-Treasurer to the Confessor; and (3) Sulcard, a monk, who wrote the first
-history of the Abbey. In the vestibule, close to the Chapter-House, are
-the modern window and tablet in memory of James Russell Lowell, the
-well-known American poet and prose writer. Lowell was for many years the
-United States Minister in London, and was much beloved, both in this
-country and his own.
-
-The Chapel of the Pyx, close by the Chapter-House, was formerly the
-monastic Treasury. At one time the Regalia were kept there. The Chapel
-is so called from the “pyx,” or box, which contained the standard coins
-of the realm, used for testing our current coinage. The pyx has now been
-moved to the Mint, but the Chapel still keeps its ancient name. The
-Chapel of the Pyx, and the buildings next to it, belong to the Norman
-time, and over them the monks’ Dormitory was built. Part of the old
-Dormitory is now used as the Chapter Library, and part as the Great
-School.
-
-Most of the treasures in the old monastic library were destroyed in the
-time of Edward VI; and unfortunately, many of the books collected by the
-earlier Deans were destroyed in a fire in 1694.
-
-Another very interesting part of the monastic buildings was the
-Refectory, or dining-hall of the monks. The first Refectory was built,
-probably, in the early Norman times, and was a stately room. It was
-rebuilt in the reign of Edward III, when it was made still larger, and
-only the lower part of the old Norman walls was kept. Some of this
-Norman wall can still be seen.
-
-In the book of the “Customs” of the monastery, or “Consuetudines,” as
-the long Latin name goes, are very strict rules about behaviour at
-meals. No monk might speak at all, and even the guests might only
-whisper. No one was to sit with his hand on his chin, or with his hand
-over his head, because that might look as if he were in pain. No one
-might lean on his elbows, or stare, or crack nuts with his teeth. All
-these old rules seem to be very good ones, and might be useful to some
-people in the twentieth century.
-
-But the Refectory is interesting for many historical reasons. Here, in
-1252, Henry III swore to observe Magna Charta. Henry, standing with the
-Book of the Gospels in one hand and a lighted taper in the other, and
-surrounded by the Archbishops and other great clergy, took his solemn
-oath. Upon this they all dashed their tapers on the ground, saying “So
-go out, with smoke and stench, the accursed souls of those who break or
-pervert the Charter.”
-
-In 1294, Edward I held a great council of clergy and laity in the
-Refectory at Westminster. On this occasion the King was demanding a
-subsidy of half their possessions, to the consternation of the assembled
-council. The Dean of St. Paul’s was trying to persuade the King not to
-ask so much, and in his anxiety and excitement the poor man fell dead at
-Edward’s feet. The old history says that Edward took very little
-notice,—“passed over this event with indifferent eyes,” and insisted on
-having what he asked.
-
-It was in the Refectory that the Commons impeached Piers Gaveston, the
-favourite and bad adviser of Edward II. And besides this, the Commons
-met here several times during the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and
-Henry V, so we see that this great hall has been very closely connected
-with the history of England.
-
-It is supposed that part of the large quantity of stone granted to
-Protector Somerset was taken from the Refectory. This stone was used by
-him in the building of Somerset House.
-
-Another important part of the monastery was the Infirmary, the place
-where the old and infirm monks lived in their old age. It stood on the
-site of what is now called the Little Cloister, but the present Little
-Cloister is much more modern, and belongs to what is called the
-“Jacobean” time.
-
-The low, barrel-vaulted passages which lead from the Great Cloister to
-the site of the old Infirmary are some of the very oldest parts of the
-Abbey buildings, as they were built, if not actually during the
-Confessor’s lifetime, at any rate by the first Norman Kings. They are
-therefore more than 800 years old. In one of the ancient Norman rooms,
-below the former Dormitory of the monks, the Dean and Chapter have
-lately arranged a very interesting kind of museum, containing various
-fragments of old carving and other valuable relics of former times.
-There, too, have been placed the very oldest of the wax effigies, which
-are too battered and ragged to be shown with the others in the Islip
-Chantry. Here are the rather ghastly remains of the effigies of Edward
-III and Philippa, Henry V and Katherine de Valois, of Mary Tudor and
-some others.
-
-Round to the left, through an even darker bit of Cloister, was the
-Infirmary, of which we were just now speaking. The Infirmary was almost
-a monastery in itself, having a cloister, a garden, and a very beautiful
-chapel of its own. This chapel was built in the twelfth century, and was
-dedicated to St. Katherine. Some of its arches still remain in the
-garden of one of the modern houses. Many interesting things took place
-in St. Katherine’s Chapel. One of these was a famous struggle between
-the Archbishops of Canterbury and York as to which was to sit in the
-chief place on the right hand of the Papal Legate. It was settled that
-the Archbishop of Canterbury was to have the precedence, and be called
-“Primate of all England.” Another interesting event connected with St.
-Katherine’s Chapel, and a pleasanter one to think of, is the
-consecration of St. Hugh of Lincoln in 1186. St. Hugh was a pupil and
-disciple of St. Bruno, and came to his northern bishopric from the
-famous monastery of the Grande Chartreuse in the south of France. The
-old garden of the Infirmary is still the Abbey garden, and lies just
-beyond the Little Cloister. Close to it is the ancient Jewel House,
-where the King’s jewels used to be kept. It was built by Richard II on a
-piece of ground which was bought from the Abbey by Edward III in the
-last year of his reign.
-
-Other parts of the monastery, such as the granary, the malt-house,
-brew-house, and bake-house, stood in the square or court which is now
-called Dean’s Yard. Parts of some of these ancient buildings still
-remain below the modern houses. We shall hear of the granary again, in
-another chapter.
-
-In former days Dean’s Yard used to be known as “The Elms,” and was
-enclosed by the old monastery walls.
-
-The Almonry, or place where the alms of the monastery used to be given
-to the poor, was on the south-west side of Broad Sanctuary. It was close
-to the Almonry that Caxton set up his printing-press.
-
-We can easily see what an important place a great monastery must have
-been, when we think of all its different parts, and of the work of
-various kinds that went on in it.
-
-But we must not take leave of the old monastic buildings and life
-without saying a few words about the Sanctuary, which played an
-important part in the Abbey history, and even in the history of England.
-It has already been told how Queen Elizabeth Woodville “took Sanctuary,”
-as they said in those days, and how Edward V was born while she was at
-Westminster. The Abbey, like many other great religious houses, had the
-right of Sanctuary. That is to say, people who took refuge there could
-not be carried off to prison, or injured in any way. It was considered
-an awful thing to kill any one who was in Sanctuary. In the rough and
-cruel times of the Middle Ages it was perhaps a good thing for people to
-have such a refuge, and no doubt many helpless and innocent persons were
-then saved from violence and injustice. But, as might be expected, many
-bad people used to fly into Sanctuary, and as time went on this became a
-great abuse. Queen Elizabeth took away some of the privileges of
-Sanctuary, and in James I’s reign it was done away with altogether.
-
-The actual Sanctuary Tower, which was a square Norman fortress, stood
-very much where Westminster Hospital now stands. Close to this tower
-there was a belfry, where some famous bells used to hang.
-
-Near the Sanctuary Tower was the old Gatehouse, or prison, of the
-monastery. It was in this Gatehouse that Sir Walter Raleigh spent the
-last night of his life, and other well-known people were imprisoned
-there, such as John Hampden, and Richard Lovelace, the Cavalier poet.
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER XII
-                           SOME OF THE ABBOTS
-
-  “_It is no small thing to dwell in monasteries, or in a
-  congregation, and to live there without complaint, and to persevere
-  faithfully even unto death._”
-
-                                          (_The Imitation of Christ._)
-
-
-The name of Abbot Edwyn, who was the first Abbot to rule over the
-Confessor’s newly founded monastery, leads us on to think of some few
-others among the Abbots who played a part in English history. We may
-begin by mentioning the name of Abbot Gilbert Crispin, a Norman, who was
-Abbot during the time of the Norman Kings, from 1085 to 1117. He had
-been a monk at the famous monastery of Bec in Normandy, and was a pupil
-of St. Anselm and of Lanfranc. Crispin was a learned man, and ruled the
-Abbey during a stormy time in English history. William Rufus seems to
-have had a great regard for him, and for the love he bore him he was
-kinder to the Westminster monks than to many others. It was while
-Crispin was Abbot that the Confessor’s tomb was first opened.
-
-In his time, too, Henry I’s marriage with the Saxon princess, Matilda,
-took place, and on the same day, 11th November 1100, Matilda’s
-Coronation by Archbishop Anselm.
-
-Two of the Abbots in the early Plantagenet times obtained from the Pope
-the right to wear a mitre and other outward marks of dignity. In later
-days the “mitred Abbot” of Westminster sate in the House of Lords, next
-after the Bishops. In Henry III’s reign the Abbey was made independent
-of the Bishop of London, and it keeps that independent position down to
-our own day.
-
-Abbot Berkyng, who was a great friend and adviser of Henry III, was one
-of the people who signed Magna Charta. He was a Privy Councillor, and
-finally Lord Treasurer. He was also one of the Lords Justices of the
-kingdom while Henry III was away at the Welsh wars in 1245. This shows
-us what important men the Abbots were in those days. Abbot Berkyng died
-in 1246, and was first buried in front of the altar of Henry III’s Lady
-Chapel. His body now lies in the South Ambulatory, close to the steps of
-Henry VII’s Chapel.
-
-The next Abbot we will mention is Abbot Ware. His name is interesting
-because in 1267, while Henry III was building his new Abbey Church,
-Abbot Ware went on a visit to Rome, and brought back with him the
-materials for the wonderful mosaic pavement in the Sacrarium, and the
-materials for the decoration of the Confessor’s shrine. He also brought
-with him the Italian workmen who laid the pavement, and who made the
-lovely glass and gold mosaics for the shrine. It was Abbot Ware who drew
-up the “customs” of which we have just heard, with all kinds of rules
-and directions for behaviour.
-
-We must now pass over nearly a century, and speak of one very able and
-energetic Abbot who did a great deal of building in the Nave, the
-cloisters, and elsewhere in the monastery. This was Nicholas Litlington,
-who was made Abbot in 1362, in succession to Abbot Langham. Abbot
-Langham, who was made a Cardinal by the Pope, is buried in a very fine
-tomb in St. Benedict’s Chapel. He left a large sum of money to the
-Abbey, and this money was used by Abbot Litlington for building.
-Litlington died in 1386, and is buried in the South Transept.
-
-The fine rooms known as the College Hall and Jerusalem Chamber were
-built by Abbot Litlington somewhere about the end of Edward III’s reign,
-when he rebuilt the Abbot’s house. It is thought that there had probably
-been an earlier Jerusalem Chamber on the same site as the present one.
-The name is said to have been given to the room because the tapestries
-which hung on the walls represented scenes from the history of
-Jerusalem.
-
-It has already been told how Henry IV died in this famous room, and how
-Shakspeare describes the scene in his play.
-
-Another interesting bit of English history to be remembered in the
-Jerusalem Chamber is the banquet given to the French Ambassadors in
-1624, by Lord Keeper Williams, then Dean of Westminster, in honour of
-Charles I’s marriage with Henrietta Maria of France. Dean Williams
-restored and decorated the room for this occasion, and on the cedarwood
-mantelpiece are small carved heads representing Charles I and his French
-bride.
-
-Much important work of various kinds has been done in the Jerusalem
-Chamber. The Assembly of Divines held its meetings here in 1643, during
-the time of the Commonwealth, and drew up the Longer and Shorter
-Catechism, and the Confession of Faith, known as the “Westminster
-Confession.”
-
-Here, too, the Revisors of the Old and New Testaments used to meet for
-their great work, which began in 1870.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_D. Weller_.
-
-  THE JERUSALEM CHAMBER.
-]
-
-The Jerusalem Chamber is now used as the Chapter-House, because the
-actual Chapter-House still belongs to the Government, and not to the
-Abbey.
-
-The College Hall, which was built by Abbot Litlington to be his
-refectory or dining-hall, is now used as the dining-hall for the
-Westminster scholars. It is a beautiful room, with long windows in the
-Early Perpendicular style, and a minstrels’ gallery at one end. The
-fireplace, or stove, is in the middle of the room, and gives it a very
-old-world look. The long tables in the hall are said to be made of
-chestnut wood from the wrecked ships of the Spanish Armada, and to have
-been given to the school by Queen Elizabeth.
-
-The College Hall forms one side of the old courtyard of the “Abbot’s
-place” (or palace) as it was called, part of which house is now the
-Deanery.
-
-Litlington’s successor, Abbot Colchester, is said to have joined in a
-conspiracy against Henry IV. This story was evidently accepted by
-Shakspeare, for in his play, _King Richard II_, he writes—
-
-             “The grand Conspirator, Abbot of Westminster,
-             With clog of conscience and sour melancholy,
-             Hath yielded up his body to the grave.”
-
-There is, however, no good foundation for the story of Abbot
-Colchester’s conspiracy, and he lived on quietly until 1420.
-
-Two of the Abbots of Henry VII’S reign, Abbot Esteney and Abbot Islip,
-did a good deal of building in the church and precincts. The great West
-Window was set up in Abbot Esteney’s time, and the tracery shows how
-entirely different the Perpendicular style of architecture is from the
-Early English, in which the rest of the Abbey is built. The glass of the
-West Window was put in much later, during the reign of George II.
-
-In Abbot Islip’s time Henry VII’s Chapel was built, the Abbot himself
-laying the foundation-stone. The western towers were carried up as far
-as the roof, and some rooms were added to the Abbot’s house. One of
-these is the charming panelled room known as the Jericho Parlour.
-
-In the Nave, just over the Dean’s entrance, is a wooden gallery, which
-is called the “Abbot’s Pew.” This, too, was put up by Abbot Islip. Islip
-also fitted up the beautiful little Chapel which is named after him, and
-in which he is buried. On the frieze of the Chapel are curious little
-carvings, representing the Abbot’s name. One is an eye, with a hand
-holding a branch, or slip: I-slip. Another is a man slipping from the
-branch of a tree: “I slip.” A little design like this is properly called
-a “rebus,” and there are many of them to be found on tombs erected about
-that time.
-
-In the Chantry above Islip’s Chapel are the wax effigies, about which we
-have already read.
-
-The last Abbot, John Feckenham, who was appointed in Mary Tudor’s time,
-had suffered much for his religion during the reign of Edward VI. But in
-spite of having himself been persecuted he was a kind and tolerant man,
-and was good to the Protestants who were persecuted in Queen Mary’s
-time.
-
-Abbot Feckenham went to visit Lady Jane Grey in prison, and was with her
-on the scaffold, but he could not persuade her to give up her Protestant
-form of faith.
-
-It was Abbot Feckenham who restored the Confessor’s shrine after it had
-been all dismantled and partially destroyed in the reign of Henry VIII.
-
-The funeral of Anne of Cleves took place in Feckenham’s time. Anne had
-become a Roman Catholic. She died at Chelsea in 1557, and was buried
-with great state by Queen Mary’s order.
-
-On 24th December 1558, Abbot Feckenham must have taken part in the last
-royal funeral service held in the Abbey according to the Roman Catholic
-rite. This was the service ordered by Queen Elizabeth on the death of
-the Emperor Charles V, who was Queen Mary’s father-in-law.
-
-Feckenham quite refused to obey Queen Elizabeth’s laws concerning Church
-matters, although Elizabeth seems to have been very kindly disposed
-towards him.
-
-When the monastery was dissolved in 1559 the Abbot and some of the monks
-were sent to the Tower, and Feckenham lived on for twenty-five years in
-a kind of captivity, though he did not remain at the Tower. He was a
-very good man: kind to the poor and suffering, and steadfast to what he
-believed to be right. Since his day the Abbey has been governed by a
-Dean and Chapter, and the monastic life has ended.
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER XIII
-                           WESTMINSTER SCHOOL
-
-  “_Enflamed with the study of learning, and the admiration of virtue;
-  stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave men and worthy
-  patriots, dear to God, and famous to all ages._”
-
-                                        MILTON (_Tract on Education_).
-
-
-Before we say farewell to the Abbey and its story altogether we must
-speak of one very important part of it, and one that ought to be
-specially interesting to all English children, namely, the ancient and
-famous Westminster School.
-
-The history of the School takes us back really to Saxon times, as we
-know that there was a school belonging to the monastery in the
-Confessor’s days, and it may have been there even earlier than that.
-There is a charming little story of that old convent school in the
-eleventh century. The Abbot of Croyland used to tell of the kindness he
-received from the Lady Editha, wife of the Confessor, when he was a boy
-at the monk’s school in the cloisters. When she met him coming from
-school, Editha would question him about his studies, and then, he says:
-“She would always present me with three or four pieces of money, which
-were counted out to me by her handmaiden, and then send me to the royal
-larder to refresh myself.”
-
-The School seems to have been what was called a “Grammar School,” which
-really meant that Latin was taught there, for in those old days they
-used to speak of Latin as “grammar.” The school was probably a place of
-general education, and not intended only for boys who were going to
-become monks. But, of course, when speaking of Westminster School it
-must be remembered that it owes its present form, and its wide influence
-and prosperity, to its foundation by two of the Tudor sovereigns, King
-Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth.
-
-In 1540, Henry VIII established the School with two masters and forty
-scholars. There were probably other boys as well. The School went on and
-flourished during the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, and then, when the
-monastery was finally dissolved, it was re-established by Queen
-Elizabeth in 1560. Queen Elizabeth kept very much to her father’s plan,
-and arranged for a Headmaster, an undermaster, and forty scholars, who
-are called “King’s scholars” or “Queen’s scholars,” according to whether
-the sovereign is a King or a Queen. It was settled that the School was
-to be part of the Collegiate Foundation of St. Peter in Westminster, and
-the Dean was to be head of the school, just as he was of the rest of the
-College.
-
-As we already know, the boys dined, as now, in Abbot Litlington’s
-Refectory, the present College Hall. The old granary of the monastery,
-which stood in the middle of what is now Dean’s Yard, was fitted up as
-their dormitory, and there also they used to do what a modern boy would
-call his “home-work.” This arrangement was made for them by the first
-Dean of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, Dr. William Bill.
-
-In those old days there must have been a good deal of what we should
-call hardship, for nearly every one now lives a much more comfortable
-life than people did in the Elizabethan times.
-
-The Great School is part of what used to be the monks’ dormitory. It is
-a splendid room, first built in the Norman days, and then altered or
-rebuilt in the fourteenth century. It stands on a lower storey which is
-part of the Norman buildings. The School was very well restored not many
-years ago. Besides the Great School there are, of course, many
-class-rooms.
-
-The King’s scholars now live in a fine building which was begun in Dean
-Atterbury’s time, and designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is here that
-the famous “Westminster Play” is acted every year, about Christmas time.
-The performance of this Latin play is a very old custom, and probably
-began in the time of Queen Elizabeth. If any member of the Royal Family
-has died during the year the play is not given.
-
-Another curious old custom in the school is the tossing of the pancake
-on Shrove Tuesday. This takes place in the Great School. In former days,
-when classes were held in the Great School, there used to be a curtain
-hung right across, to divide the upper and lower schools. This curtain
-hung from an iron rod, which still remains, although the curtain has
-gone. Every Shrove Tuesday the college cook has to bring a very solid
-sort of pancake and throw it over this high bar. No doubt he has to
-practise a good deal before he can do it properly, and he does not
-always throw it over the first time. The boys scramble to catch it, and
-if any boy gets the whole pancake the Dean’s Verger leads him to the
-Dean, who gives him a guinea.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._
-
-  LITTLE DEAN’S YARD—ENTRANCE TO GREAT SCHOOL.
-]
-
-In old days the whole school might join in the scramble, and rather a
-dangerous one it was. Now it has been arranged that only a certain
-number of boys may struggle for the pancake, these boys being chosen
-from various forms.
-
-Some of the most celebrated of the Westminster scholars have graves or
-monuments in the Abbey, and thus are doubly connected with Westminster.
-A few of these have already been mentioned, as, for example, Ben Jonson,
-the famous poet and dramatist, and the poets Abraham Cowley, George
-Herbert, John Dryden, William Cowper, and Robert Southey.
-
-Matthew Prior, a poet much admired in his own day, was also a
-Westminster scholar. He died in 1721, and was buried near Spenser. His
-monument is near Poets’ Corner door.
-
-Barton Booth, a well-known actor in the eighteenth century, was at
-Westminster school. He died in 1733, and his widow put up a monument to
-him in Poets’ Corner many years afterwards. Two streets in Westminster
-are named in memory of him. One of these is Barton street, and the other
-is Cowley street, called after Booth’s burial-place at Cowley, in
-Middlesex. Both these streets are close to the Abbey precincts.
-
-Most people have heard of the famous Headmaster of Westminster in the
-seventeenth century, Dr. Richard Busby. He was Headmaster during the
-troublous times of the Civil War and the Commonwealth, and was still
-headmaster in the reigns of Charles II and James II. He was a very
-remarkable man, and had many distinguished pupils. He was celebrated
-both for scholarship and for severity.
-
-It is told of Dr. Busby that on one occasion, when Charles II paid an
-unexpected visit to the School, he would not take off his hat in the
-King’s presence, for fear that if he did so the boys might think less of
-his authority.
-
-Dr. Busby died in 1695, and was buried in the South Transept. His
-monument is very interesting, partly on account of the pathetic figure
-of Busby and the fine expression of the face.
-
-One of his remarkable pupils is buried near him, and the monuments are
-quite close to one another. This pupil was Dr. Robert South, a great
-preacher, and Prebendary of Westminster. South could remember seeing
-Cromwell when he first appeared in Parliament, and heard Charles I
-prayed for in the Abbey on the very day of his death, “that black and
-eternally infamous day of the King’s murder.” Dr. South died in 1716.
-
-There was always a great deal of Royalist feeling in the School, even
-all through the Commonwealth time, and a leading Independent went so far
-as to say that it would never be well with the nation until the School
-was suppressed, so strongly did the boys take the Royalist side.
-
-Dean Atterbury, of whom we have already heard, was a Westminster
-scholar, and a pupil of Dr. Busby. As we know, he took a great part in
-the plots to bring back James II’s son, some of which plots went on in a
-secret chamber in the Deanery itself.
-
-Richard Hakluyt, author of the _Voyages and Travels_; Warren Hastings,
-of Indian fame; and the well-known statesman, Lord John Russell, all
-formerly Westminster boys, have already been mentioned. In Statesmen’s
-Corner is the large monument of Lord Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of
-England in 1756. He was also a Westminster scholar, and desired to be
-buried in the Abbey, “from the love which he bore to the place of his
-early education.” He died in 1793.
-
-Charles Wesley and his elder brother Samuel were both educated at
-Westminster School. The memorial to John and Charles Wesley in the South
-Choir aisle has already been described. It is interesting to remember
-that Westminster School was in this way directly connected with one of
-the most important religious movements in England during the eighteenth
-century.
-
-Among the great soldiers who were at Westminster School were Lord Lucan,
-the Marquis of Anglesey, and Lord Raglan. John Locke, the philosopher,
-Sir Christopher Wren, the great architect, and Edward Gibbon, author of
-the famous _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, were also Westminster
-boys.
-
-And now our travels through the centuries and round the Abbey, with all
-its memories, must end. We have seen how that little Church on Thorney
-Isle has gradually grown into this stately Abbey, the home of all the
-great Anglo-Saxon race. We have seen too, at the same time, how the
-little English kingdom of the early Saxon days has expanded into a
-world-wide empire. It is for the children of Great Britain to see that
-the Abbey shall stand, not only for noble memories, but also for high
-hopes,—hopes, not only of riches and worldly success, but of the
-righteousness that exalteth a nation.
-
-
-
-
-           _Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, _Edinburgh_
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
-
-
- 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
- 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
- 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF WESTMINSTER
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-<pre style='margin-bottom:6em;'>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey,
-by G. E. Troutbeck
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey
-
-Author: G. E. Troutbeck
-
-Release Date: November 04, 2020 [EBook #63628]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF
-WESTMINSTER ABBEY ***
-</pre>
-<div class='tnotes covernote'>
-
-<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p>
-
-<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='section ph1'>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div>THE CHILDREN’S STORY OF</div>
-    <div>WESTMINSTER ABBEY</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div id='Frontispiece'  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i004.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='left'><i>Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span>      <span class='right'><i>Allen &amp; Co (London) Ltd Sc</i></span><br /><br /><i>Westminster Abbey from Dean’s Yard.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='titlepage'>
-
-<div>
-  <h1 class='c002'><span class='xlarge'>THE</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Children’s Story of Westminster Abbey</span></h1>
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div>
-    <div class='c004'><span class='large'>G. E. TROUTBECK</span></div>
-    <div><span class='xsmall'>AUTHOR OF “WESTMINSTER ABBEY” (THE LITTLE GUIDES)</span></div>
-    <div class='c003'>NEW YORK</div>
-    <div><span class='large'>FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY</span></div>
-    <div>PUBLISHERS</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div><span class='small'><i>Published 1909</i></span></div>
-    <div class='c003'><span class='small'><i>Printed by</i></span></div>
-    <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Morrison &amp; Gibb Limited</span></span></div>
-    <div><span class='small'><i>Edinburgh</i></span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div>TO</div>
-    <div><span class='large'>LANCELOT, JACK, KATHARINE AND WILFRID</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>Readers of this little volume must not expect
-to find in it a full description of the Abbey
-buildings, or a complete list of all the tombs,
-monuments, and other beautiful and interesting
-things in the Abbey Church. That is not
-the aim of this book. Its chief object is to
-point out to British children how they may
-follow the great outlines of their country’s
-history in Westminster Abbey, from the
-earliest ages down to our own time,—from
-the days of the far-off, legendary King
-Lucius to those of King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The words, “citizen of no mean city,”
-ought surely to come into our minds as we
-look round the Abbey and see there, as we
-clearly can see, a kind of outward expression
-of all that is best in our national character.
-The Abbey speaks to us of the deep religious
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>feeling behind our shyness and reserve;
-of patriotism, and of self-sacrifice for our
-country; of love and respect for every form
-of good and noble service; of the wise
-moderation in our forms of government; of
-our wide sympathy with men of every race
-and creed.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is thus that Westminster Abbey can
-truly claim to be our great National Church.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS</h2>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary='CONTENTS'>
-  <tr>
-    <th class='c008'><span class='small'>CHAP.</span></th>
-    <th class='c009'>&nbsp;</th>
-    <th class='c010'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>I.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>II.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE CORONATIONS</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>III.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: 1042 TO 1066</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>IV.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO RICHARD II: 1216 TO 1399</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>V.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 TO 1485</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>VI.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE HOUSE OF TUDOR: 1485 TO 1603</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>VII.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH: 1603 to 1714</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>VIII.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>IX.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>X.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE WAX EFFIGIES</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>XI.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>XII.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>SOME OF THE ABBOTS</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_234'>234</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c008'>XIII.</td>
-    <td class='c009'>WESTMINSTER SCHOOL</td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_244'>244</a></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary='LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS'>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>PHOTOGRAVURES</td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Westminster Abbey from Dean’s Yard</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><i><a href='#Frontispiece'>Frontispiece</a></i></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'>&nbsp;</td>
-    <td class='c010'><span class='small'>FACING PAGE</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Norman Cloister</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Tomb of Prince John of Eltham</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Henry vii’s Chapel</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_122'>122</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>PHOTOGRAPHS</td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>King Sebert’s Tomb</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Coronation Chair, with Sword and Shield of State</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>North Ambulatory, with Tombs of Henry iii and Edward i</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Shrine of King Edward the Confessor</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Richard ii</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>G. A. Dunn</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Tombs of Edmund and Aveline of Lancaster and of Aymer de Valence</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Chaucer’s Tomb</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span><span class='sc'>Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, and Mary Queen of Scots</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Shakspeare’s Monument</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_104'>104</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Poets’ Corner</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monument of General Wolfe</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monument of the Earl of Chatham</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_150'>150</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Statue of William Wilberforce</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Charles James Fox</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Statesmen’s Corner, Eastern Aisle</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Graves of Newton, Herschel, Darwin, and Kelvin</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Wax Effigies of Queen Elizabeth and Charles ii</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_208'>208</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>South Cloister</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#t215'>215</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The CHAPTER-HOUSE</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_222'>222</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>G. A. Dunn</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Jerusalem Chamber</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>D. Weller</span>.</span></td></tr>
-  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Little Dean’s Yard—Entrance to Great School</span></td>
-    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'><span class='small'>From a Photograph by <span class='sc'>W. Rice</span>, F.R.P.S.</span></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER I<br /> <span class='large'>THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in22'>“<i>It is finished!</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>The Kingliest Abbey in all Christian lands,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>The lordliest, loftiest minster ever built</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>To Holy Peter in our English Isle!</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Let me be buried there, and all our Kings,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>And all our just and wise and holy men</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>That shall be born hereafter. It is finished!</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in29'><span class='sc'>Tennyson</span> (<cite>Harold</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>The writer of this little book was once
-showing Westminster Abbey to a party of
-foreigners—they were Germans,—and after
-hearing something about the Abbey and
-the people who are either buried or commemorated
-there, one of them turned and
-said: “I  can understand the pride of English
-people when I see a place like this.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Now, it must be remembered that this
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>German visitor was not thinking of our
-wealth, or of our Empire, or of our commercial
-prosperity. He was thinking of the
-“great cloud of witnesses,” the people of our
-race who have gone before us, and who are
-gathered together, resting and remembered
-in our chief national church. He was
-thinking, too, of the wide and catholic spirit
-which would shut out no one who had done
-good service to God and man.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>If one who was not our own countryman
-could feel this so strongly, is it any wonder
-that the name of Westminster Abbey is
-dear to all British folk, men, women, and
-children, whether at home or across the wide
-seas? Westminster Abbey is a name that
-means “home,” and the story of home, almost
-from the very earliest times of our nation.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>And if any one asks how and why this
-is, it is easy to show him that Westminster
-Abbey has been part of English history all
-along, and that if you can read what is
-written on the old grey stones of Westminster
-you will know more about the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>British race and Empire than many books
-could teach you.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Around the venerable and stately church,
-where all our Kings, from Edward the
-Confessor onwards, have been crowned, and
-where many of our sovereigns and most of
-our famous men are buried, are memories
-which speak to us even of the Roman rule
-in Britain, taking us back nearly to the
-days of brave Queen Boadicea, whose statue
-stands on the bridge close by.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Then follow memories of the wild Saxon
-days, of the conversion of England by St.
-Augustine, of the Danes, the Normans, the
-Plantagenets, Tudors, Stuarts, and of many
-others.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We are reminded too, of the signing of
-Magna Charta, of the Barons’ War, of the
-Crusades, of the beginning of the House of
-Commons, of the long Hundred Years’ War
-with France, of the Wars of the Roses, of
-the great Civil War, of the rise of our Indian
-and Colonial Empire, and indeed of all the
-important things that have happened in our
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>country until this very twentieth century,
-when the Abbey is still just as much a part
-of our history as it ever was.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>If we want to see and understand how this
-is, we can learn a good deal from the history
-of the building itself, that is, of how, when,
-and where it was built.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>To begin with, what do we mean when we
-speak of the “Abbey”?</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>An abbey was really a place where a
-number of monks or nuns lived, under the
-rule of an abbot or abbess,—the name
-abbot being taken from “<span lang="syc" xml:lang="syc">abbas</span>,” the Syriac
-word for father. The actual church was
-only a part of the “Abbey,” to which belonged
-many other buildings, besides gardens,
-orchards, fields and farms, and often large
-estates in various places.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Abbey of Westminster was for monks
-of the Benedictine Order. The Abbot of
-Westminster was a very great person, and
-many well known places belonged to the
-Abbey, such, for instance, as Covent Garden
-(the Convent Garden) and Hyde Park,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>besides others which were far away from
-London. Windsor at one time belonged to
-the Abbey of Westminster, but the Conqueror
-wanted it himself, and so made the monks
-exchange Windsor for land in other places.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Church, then, which we now call the
-Abbey, was the Abbey Church of St. Peter
-in Westminster. Since the days of Queen
-Elizabeth, the proper title of the church has
-been “The Collegiate Church of St. Peter
-in Westminster,” but every one likes to keep
-the old name, and to call it Westminster
-Abbey. As we shall see later on, a good
-deal still remains of the old monastic
-buildings besides the church. Such are the
-beautiful cloisters, the Chapter-House, and
-parts of the library and dormitory.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Now, as to where the Abbey is built. It
-stands on what was long ago a desolate
-little island in the Thames, an island which
-was overgrown with great thorns and
-thickets, and in which wild beasts, such as
-the wild ox and the huge red deer, used to
-roam about. It was perhaps not unlike the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>Isle of Athelney, where King Alfred hid
-from his enemies and made his plans.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is interesting to remember that the
-great Cathedral Church of Paris, Notre
-Dame, is also built on an island,—a little
-island in the river Seine. In those days,
-when there were so few roads, it was a great
-matter to be near a big river, where boats
-and ships could go up and down, and so we
-find that most important cities, like Rome,
-Paris, Vienna, and London, are built on the
-banks of rivers.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The island on which the Abbey stands
-was called “Thorney Isle” in those old days,
-and it is described in a charter of King Offa
-as “the terrible place,” probably because of
-its wild forests and fierce beasts. The little
-streams which once separated Thorney Isle
-from the mainland still run underground, but
-in those early days the island was also surrounded
-by a great marsh, which stretched
-out to Chelsea on the north bank of the
-Thames, and to Lambeth and Battersea on
-the south bank.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>The early stories of the foundation and
-building of the church on Thorney Isle have
-been handed down from far-off times, and
-although they cannot all be proved to be
-quite true, we may be sure that there is a
-great deal of truth deep down in them, as
-there is in most of the tales that people have
-loved and told to their children through all
-the ages.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>To begin with the oldest story of all. We
-are told that in the second century after
-Christ, while the Romans were still in
-Britain, a certain Lucius, a British King,
-became a Christian. His people also became
-Christian, and Lucius built a church at
-Thorney, where a temple of Apollo had once
-stood. Lucius is also said to have built a
-church where St. Paul’s now stands, on the
-site of a temple of Diana.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another very interesting story is that of
-the rebuilding of the church at Thorney in
-the Saxon times. The Venerable Bede tells
-us that Sebert, King of the East Saxons,
-and nephew of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>converted to Christianity by St. Augustine in
-<span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 603 or 604. The Norman monks said
-that this King Sebert built a church and
-founded a monastery at Thorney Isle, and
-a very beautiful story is told about the consecration
-of this church of King Sebert’s.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One stormy Sunday night—the very night
-before Mellitus, Bishop of London, was to
-come and consecrate the church—a fisherman
-named Edric was casting his nets into the
-Thames. While he was doing this he
-heard a voice calling to him from Lambeth,
-on the other side of the river, and when he
-had crossed over in his boat he found a
-venerable looking man in foreign dress, who
-asked to be ferried over to Thorney Isle.
-Edric took him across the river, and when
-they landed at Thorney the stranger went
-at once to the church, leaving the fisherman
-waiting by the shore. Then, while Edric
-watched, a heavenly light seemed to fill
-all the air, and angels ascended and descended
-on a ladder which reached from
-heaven to earth. Edric heard the angels
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>singing, and saw how they burned sweet
-incense and held flaming tapers. At last the
-stranger came back, and said to Edric: “I am
-Peter, keeper of the keys of Heaven. When
-Mellitus arrives to-morrow, tell him what you
-have seen, and show him the token that I,
-St. Peter, have consecrated my own Church
-of St. Peter, Westminster, and have anticipated
-the Bishop of London. For yourself,
-go out into the river; you will catch a
-plentiful supply of fish, whereof the larger
-part shall be salmon. This I have granted
-on two conditions—first, that you never fish
-again on Sundays; secondly, that you pay
-a tithe of them to the Abbey of Westminster.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When King Sebert and Bishop Mellitus
-arrived the next day for the solemn consecration,
-Edric met them, bringing a salmon,
-which he presented to the Bishop from St.
-Peter, at the same time telling him the
-wondrous story. It is told that the Bishop
-saw on the church the crosses and all the
-marks of consecration, and was satisfied that
-the fisherman’s tale was true.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>King Sebert is said to have died about the
-year 616, and he and his wife Ethelgoda
-were buried in the church at Thorney. His
-tomb was replaced in the great church built
-on Thorney Isle by Edward the Confessor,
-and was finally moved into the present church,
-where it still remains.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is supposed that the church at Thorney
-was left neglected until it was restored by
-Offa, King of the Mercians. After his day
-it was probably overrun and robbed by the
-heathen Danes, but it is said to have been
-again restored by the great St. Dunstan,
-who brought some Benedictine monks from
-Glastonbury to the monastery at Thorney.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Harold the Dane, son of Canute, was
-buried at Thorney, but his brother, Hardicanute,
-ordered the body to be taken out of
-its grave and thrown into the Thames. An
-old story says: “And he (Hardicanute)
-caused to be hurled out the body of Harold,
-and to be thrown, beheaded, all out of church;
-head and body he throws into the Thames.
-The Danes drew it from the water, and caused
-it to be buried in the cemetery of the Danes.”
-(St. Clement Danes).</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i025.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i></span><br /><br />KING SEBERT’S TOMB.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>Now we come to the time of Edward the
-Confessor, when we feel we know more about
-the real history.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edward the Confessor had been in exile in
-Normandy during the reigns of the Danish
-Kings. When Hardicanute died, Edward
-came back to England, and was crowned
-King at Winchester. After he was once
-settled in his kingdom he remembered a
-solemn vow he had made while he was in
-a foreign land, and when he doubted whether
-he would ever get back to England. This
-was the vow: “Sire Saint Peter, under whose
-aid I put myself and my property, be to me
-a shield and protection against the tyrant
-Danish plans: Be to me lord and friend
-against all my enemies. To thy service I
-will entirely give myself up, and well I vow
-to you and promise you, when I shall be
-of strength and age, to Rome I will make
-my pilgrimage, where you and your companion
-Saint Paul suffered martyrdom.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>The English were most unwilling that
-their King should leave them, and go away
-on such a long and dangerous journey as it
-was in those days. So they begged the King
-to remain, and he sent to ask the Pope what
-he might do instead of going to Rome. The
-Pope answered that he might build or restore
-some monastery in honour of St. Peter.
-There is a beautiful old story which tells that
-while the King was thinking over this matter,
-and wondering where to build his monastery,
-a message was brought to him from a holy
-hermit of Worcestershire, one Wulsinus, and
-the message was as follows: “I have a
-place in the west of London, which I myself
-chose, and which I love. This formerly I
-consecrated with my own hands, honoured
-with my presence, and made it illustrious
-by divine miracles. The name of the place
-is Thorney, which once, for the sins of the
-people, being given to the fury of barbarians,
-from being rich is become poor, from being
-stately, low, and from honour is become
-contemptible. This let the King, by my
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>command, repair and make it a house of
-monks, adorn it with stately towers, and
-endow it with large revenues. There shall
-be no less than the House of God and the
-Gates of Heaven.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>This, and other reasons, decided the King
-to rebuild the church at Thorney Isle, and
-this great “Minster of the West” was
-probably begun about the year 1055. In
-1065 the eastern part of the church, that is
-to say, the choir and transepts, was ready, and
-it was consecrated by Archbishop Stigand on
-Innocents’ Day, 28th December 1065. King
-Edward was too ill to be at the service, so his
-wife, Queen Editha, had to represent him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edward the Confessor died on 5th January
-1066, and was buried the next day, the
-Feast of the Epiphany, in front of the high
-altar of his new church.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>That church was very different to look at
-from the Abbey we all know at the present
-day. It was built in what is called the
-Norman style, with massive pillars, round
-arches, and round-headed windows. It must
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>have been a very large and splendid church,
-almost as large as the present one, only that
-it was not so high.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The church and the surrounding monastery
-buildings were finished during the reigns of
-the early Norman kings, and William the
-Conqueror confirmed the charters granted to
-the Abbey by the Confessor, and bestowed
-yet more lands upon it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now pass over nearly two
-hundred years, and speak of the time of
-King Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>. In the year 1220, Henry
-<span class='fss'>III</span> began to build a very beautiful chapel,
-dedicated to the Virgin Mary, at the eastern
-end of the Abbey church. It was just about
-this time that some of the grand cathedrals
-of France, such as those of Amiens, Reims,
-and Chartres, were being built in that lovely
-and graceful pointed style which is called
-Gothic, but which really comes from France.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, when visiting his brother-in-law,
-St. Louis, King of France, had no doubt
-seen some of these glorious new churches,
-and was very anxious to build one like them
-in honour of King Edward the Confessor, for
-whom he had a great reverence.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i031.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='left'><i>Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span>      <span class='right'><i>Allen &amp; Co (London) Ltd Sc</i></span><br /><br /><i>The Norman Cloister.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>Accordingly, in 1245, he began to have the
-Confessor’s Norman church pulled down, and
-in its stead he built the splendid church
-we now see, a church which has been called
-“the most lovely and lovable thing in
-Christendom.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The choir and transepts, the Chapter-House,
-and some of the cloisters were built
-during Henry’s reign. The monks sang
-service in the new choir and transepts for
-the first time on 13th October 1269, when
-the body of Edward the Confessor was
-placed in the magnificent new shrine made
-for it by Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some of the nave was then gone on with,
-but it was not built to its present length
-until the reign of Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>. The first time
-it was used for a procession was when the
-Te Deum was sung in thanksgiving after the
-Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The money for
-building this part of the Abbey was given
-into the care of a man named Dick Whittington,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>whom some people think to have been
-the famous Lord Mayor of that name.
-This, however, is doubtful.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The church built by Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> is very
-different from a Norman church. Instead of
-round arches, it has very pointed ones; the
-windows are long and pointed; the pillars
-are tall, slender, and graceful. The wonder
-seems to be how such a building can have
-stood for all these hundreds of years. And
-indeed it would not stand, if it were not for
-the beautiful flying buttresses which support
-it on the outside.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the reigns of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> and Richard
-<span class='fss'>II</span> the cloisters were finished, and Abbot
-Litlington built the celebrated rooms known
-as the Jerusalem Chamber and the College
-Hall. A very fine North Porch, called
-“Solomon’s Porch,” was built in Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>’s
-reign, but unhappily none of it now remains.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the year 1503, King Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> began
-the chapel which is known by his name, and
-which is so famous for its beauty. It stands
-on the place where Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s Lady Chapel
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>stood, but it is much larger than the older
-chapel, and some houses had to be pulled
-down to make room for it, among them being
-the house where the poet Chaucer is said to
-have lived. Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s chapel is too
-elaborate to describe here. The decoration
-is so rich and so delicate that it looks almost
-like lace-work, and the badges carved on the
-walls, the Tudor roses, the Beaufort portcullis,
-and the fleur-de-lys are a kind of history lesson
-in themselves. The fan-tracery vault
-is most wonderful, both in its lovely design
-and splendid masonry work.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have now come almost to an end of
-the story of the actual building of the Abbey,—at
-any rate of the chief parts of it. The
-tracery of the great west window was put up
-in the year 1498, in Abbot Esteney’s time,
-but the glass in it dates only from the reign of
-George <span class='fss'>II</span>. The western towers, which were
-begun long before, were finished in 1739 or
-1740, from a design made by a pupil of Sir
-Christopher Wren.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1540, King Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> made great
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>changes in the monasteries all over England.
-The monks were sent away from Westminster,
-and their place was taken by a Dean
-and twelve prebendaries. For just ten years,
-from 1540 to 1550, the Abbey was made into
-a cathedral, or church where a bishop has
-his throne. During these years there was a
-Bishop of Westminster, but when the bishop
-resigned, in 1550, his diocese was joined
-once more to the See of London.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> also made new arrangements
-for the old School, which had existed in the
-monastery from the Confessor’s time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When Queen Mary Tudor came to the
-throne she brought the monks back, with
-Abbot Feckenham to rule over them, and the
-old services were restored for a time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Queen Elizabeth changed this again, and
-established the Abbey as a Collegiate Church,
-with a Dean and Prebendaries. The present
-arrangements are not very different from
-those of her time, in spite of certain changes
-which have had to be made in modern days.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Queen Elizabeth also re-established the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>School, much on the same plan as her father
-had done. She settled that there should
-be a Head-Master, an Under-Master, and
-forty Scholars, who are called either King’s
-Scholars or Queen’s Scholars, according as
-the Sovereign is a king or a queen.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Westminster School always remembers
-what Queen Elizabeth did for it, and her
-name is commemorated in the prayers.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Now, having described something of the
-foundation and building of the Abbey, it is
-time to turn our thoughts to the many
-important and interesting things that have
-happened there, and to the great people of
-our nation who are resting within its walls.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER II<br /> <span class='large'>THE CORONATIONS</span></h2>
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>“<i>Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed
-Solomon king; and all the people rejoiced and said: God
-save the king, Long live the king, May the king live for
-ever.</i>”—1 Kings i. 39, 40.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The greatest and most important ceremonies
-which have taken place in Westminster
-Abbey are, of course, the Coronations of
-our Kings and Queens, and so we will
-speak first of this most interesting part of
-the Abbey history.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Such a wonderful succession of coronations
-has never been seen in any other building in
-the world. Ever since 1066 our sovereigns
-have been crowned close to the spot where
-Edward the Confessor was first buried, and
-where the Saxon Harold and Norman
-William stood more than 800 years ago.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i039.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />CORONATION CHAIR, WITH SWORD AND SHIELD OF STATE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Dean Stanley tells us that the coronation-rite
-of the Kings of Britain is the oldest in
-Europe, and that the inauguration of Aidan,
-King of the Dalriadic Scots, by St. Columba,
-in the sixth century, is the oldest ceremony of
-the kind in Christendom. It is good for us
-to remember these days of old, for it helps
-us to understand much better what is going
-on now, and teaches us the meaning of many
-of the solemn services and ceremonies of
-Church and State.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Coronation Service has been slightly
-changed, of course, from time to time, but its
-chief parts are much the same as they were
-when William the Conqueror was crowned
-at Westminster in 1066. From very early
-times the coronations had been partly religious
-and partly civil ceremonies, and had taken
-place in a church, the day chosen being
-either a Sunday or some high festival, like
-Christmas Day, Whitsunday, or a Saint’s
-Day. The Saxon Kings were usually
-crowned in Winchester Cathedral. Canute
-was crowned at St. Paul’s.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>Before speaking of any of the old Westminster
-Coronations, it will be a good plan
-to describe, very shortly, what is done at
-Coronations in our own day. We will take
-the little book of the “Form and Order for
-the Coronation of King Edward and Queen
-Alexandra,” and see what it says.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>To begin with, the Sacred Oil for the
-anointing of the King was consecrated in
-the Confessor’s Chapel, and then placed on
-the altar. The Litany was said, and a
-hymn was sung as the clergy, carrying the
-Regalia, went down to the west door to
-meet the King and Queen.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When the King and Queen came into
-church the choir sang an anthem beginning
-with the words: “I was glad when they
-said unto me, We will go into the house
-of the Lord.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Westminster scholars have for long
-years had the right of acclaiming the King
-and Queen at the Coronations, and their
-shouts of “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vivat Regina Alexandra</span>,” “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vivat
-Rex Edwardus</span>,” were heard in the anthem
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>as the sovereigns, first the Queen and then
-the King, walked up the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At Coronations a great platform, called
-the Theatre, is put up, and covers a wide
-space in front of the high altar. On this platform
-the Coronation Chair (King Edward’s
-Chair, as it is called) is placed, and also
-the thrones. Here all the principal people
-stand, and here the whole great ceremony
-is performed.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When the King and Queen reached
-this platform the Archbishop of Canterbury
-turned to the people, and asked for what
-is called the Recognition, that is to say,
-he asked whether the people of England
-were willing to accept the King, and to do
-him homage. They answered by shouting
-out: “God save King Edward.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Regalia were then placed on the
-altar, and the Archbishop began the
-Communion Service. After the Creed the
-actual Coronation began. The King first
-took the solemn Oath to observe the statutes,
-laws, and customs of the land, and to cause
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>“law and justice, in mercy, to be executed
-in all his judgments.” He also promised
-to maintain and preserve the Church of
-England as by law established. The King
-then kissed the Book of the Gospels, and
-signed the Oath. The Archbishop then
-began the beautiful hymn “Come, Holy
-Ghost, our souls inspire,” sung as a prayer
-for the blessing of the Holy Spirit on the
-King and Queen. After the hymn, the
-King, sitting in the Coronation Chair, on
-the Stone of Scone, was solemnly anointed
-with the Holy Oil. Then the Lord Great
-Chamberlain girt the King with the Sword
-of State, and after that the Sub-Dean of
-Westminster, acting for the Dean, put on
-him the Imperial Robe, and the Archbishop
-presented him with the Orb. The King
-then received the Ring, as a sign of kingly
-dignity, and then the two Sceptres,—the
-sceptre with the cross and the sceptre
-with the dove.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>After this came the putting on of the
-Crown itself, which was brought by the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Sub-Dean and placed on the King’s head
-by the Archbishop. The people again
-shouted “God save the King”; the peers
-put on their coronets; the trumpets sounded,
-and the great guns at the Tower were
-fired off.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Archbishop then presented the Holy
-Bible to the King, saying these beautiful
-words: “Our Gracious King, we present
-you with this Book, the most valuable thing
-that this world affords. Here is wisdom;
-this is the royal law; these are the lively
-oracles of God.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>After this came the Benediction. The
-King was then led to his throne, and
-received the homage of all the princes and
-peers, the Prince of Wales being the first
-to do homage to his father. When that
-splendid ceremony was over the Queen
-was crowned by the Archbishop of York.
-As Queen Alexandra was Queen-Consort,
-she did not sit in King Edward’s Chair,
-as of course Queen Victoria did, but she
-knelt at the altar-step to be crowned. As
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>she was led to her throne she made a deep
-obeisance to the King, who rose and bowed
-to her.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The actual Coronation being finished,
-the Archbishop proceeded with the Communion
-Service, and the King and Queen
-received the Holy Communion, which was
-administered to them by the Archbishop of
-Canterbury and the Dean of Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At the end of the service the “Te Deum”
-was sung, and the whole assembly cheered
-as the King walked down the Abbey, in
-his Royal Robe and Crown, and bearing
-the Sceptre and Orb.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>This is an outline of the Coronation
-Service of King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>, and it is
-especially interesting because, in spite of
-some few small changes, it shows us what
-the Coronations of our Kings have been
-like ever since the Confessor’s days. It
-may be well just to explain what is meant
-by the word “Regalia,” because the history
-of the Regalia carries us back to times
-even before Edward the Confessor, as
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>Offa, King of the Mercians, is said to have
-placed the Regalia and Coronation Robes in
-the church at Thorney Isle. We should
-notice that the Regalia, that is, the crowns,
-sceptres, and orbs, had Anglo-Saxon names.
-The King’s crown was called the crown of
-Alfred, or of St. Edward; the Queen’s
-crown was called the crown of Editha,
-wife of Edward the Confessor. The sceptre
-with the dove was a remembrance of the
-peaceful days of the Confessor’s reign, after
-the Danes were driven out. The Coronation
-oath used to be taken on a copy of the
-Gospels which was said to have belonged
-to Athelstane. The orb appears in the
-famous Bayeux tapestry, showing that it
-must have been used in Saxon days.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Now let us turn for a little to some of
-the Coronations of particular Kings. As we
-have seen, the Saxon Kings were usually
-crowned at Winchester, as Edward the Confessor
-himself was.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The first Coronation to take place in the
-great church founded and built by the Confessor
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>was that of Harold the Saxon, son of
-Earl Godwin, and brother-in-law of the Confessor.
-There was much anxiety in the
-country about the succession, and Harold
-was crowned at Westminster in great haste
-and confusion the day after the Confessor
-died, and the very day of his funeral,
-January 6th, 1066.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The next coronation was indeed different,
-for many things had happened in England
-meanwhile. As we all know, William Duke
-of Normandy, cousin of Edward the Confessor,
-had claimed the throne of England by right
-of inheritance. He had sailed over to
-England, had defeated and slain Harold at
-the Battle of Hastings (or Senlac), and was
-now King. When we remember that
-Charlemagne was crowned Emperor in St.
-Peter’s at Rome by Pope Leo III on
-Christmas Day, <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 800, it makes it all
-the more interesting to think that the day
-chosen for the Conqueror’s Coronation was
-also Christmas Day. He stood there in the
-Abbey, close to the grave of the Confessor,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>having on one side of him the Saxon Aldred,
-Archbishop of York, and on the other the
-Norman Bishop of Coutances. Archbishop
-Stigand, of Canterbury, had fled.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the church were many of the Saxon
-people of London, and mixed with them were
-a number of Normans. Outside, the Norman
-horsemen kept guard. When the people
-began to acclaim the King in the usual
-English fashion, the Norman soldiers did not
-understand what was going on, and thought
-it was a riot. Being afraid of what might
-happen, they set fire to some of the thatched
-buildings near the Abbey. The crowd
-rushed out in alarm, leaving William alone
-in the church, with the bishops and other
-clergy. A terrible tumult followed, and even
-the Conqueror trembled. The rest of the
-Coronation was hurriedly finished, Archbishop
-Aldred making William promise to
-defend the Saxons before he would put the
-crown on his head.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Conqueror, like the Saxon Kings
-before him and the Norman Kings after
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>him, used to appear in church on the great
-festivals wearing his crown.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>From this time onward the Coronations
-always took place in Westminster Abbey.
-All the Regalia were kept in the Treasury at
-Westminster until the time of Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>,
-and some of them until the time of the
-Commonwealth. It was part of the duty of
-the Abbot of Westminster to instruct and
-prepare the King for his Coronation. Further,
-it was settled by Lanfranc, the first Norman
-Archbishop of Canterbury, that the Archbishop
-of Canterbury, and not the Archbishop
-of York, was to have the right to crown the
-King.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The next Coronation of special interest
-is that of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, the King who built
-the present Abbey Church. When Henry
-succeeded to the throne in 1216, after the
-sad and unfortunate reign of his father, King
-John, London was in the hands of the
-Dauphin of France, Prince Louis. Henry,
-therefore, could not be crowned at Westminster,
-and was first crowned at Gloucester,
-by the Bishop of Winchester, not with the
-crown, but with a chaplet or garland. It
-will be remembered that King John’s baggage
-and treasures, with the Regalia, had been swept
-away by the tide as he was crossing the Wash.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i051.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span><br /><br />NORTH AMBULATORY, WITH TOMBS OF HENRY III. AND EDWARD I.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>It was not until Whitsunday 1220 that
-Henry was solemnly crowned in the Abbey
-by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury.
-He was the last King to be crowned
-in the Confessor’s Norman Church. The
-day before his Coronation he had laid the
-foundation-stone of the Lady Chapel, that
-beautiful chapel which once stood where
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel now stands.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> was in the Holy Land when his
-father died, and therefore was not crowned
-until the year 1274, when he and his beloved
-Queen, Eleanor of Castile, were crowned
-together,—the first King and Queen who had
-been jointly crowned. At this Coronation
-five hundred great horses, which had been
-ridden by the princes and nobles, were let
-loose among the crowd for any one to catch
-who could.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>The Coronation of Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> brings two
-very interesting things to our mind. These
-two things are, first, that Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> was the
-King who brought the Stone of Scone from
-Scotland to England; and secondly, that it
-was he who ordered the present Coronation
-Chair to be made. This Coronation Chair,
-which was made in 1307 to contain the
-Stone of Scone, is perhaps the most precious
-thing in all the Abbey, excepting the Confessor’s
-shrine.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some beautiful old stories are told about
-the Stone of Scone. One of these stories
-says that it was the Stone on which Jacob
-laid his head in Bethel when he had the
-wonderful vision of angels ascending and
-descending on the ladder which reached from
-earth to heaven. The sons of Jacob are
-said to have taken this sacred stone with
-them into Egypt, whence it was carried in
-after years to Spain, and then to Ireland,
-where it was used at the coronations of the
-Irish Kings. It was placed on the sacred
-hill of Tara, and was called “Lia Fail,” or
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>the “Stone of Destiny.” If a true King sat
-upon it to be crowned, the stone made a
-noise like thunder, but if the King elect was
-only a pretender the Stone was silent. One
-story tells us that the Stone was carried across
-from Ireland to Scotland about 330 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, by
-Fergus, the founder of the Scottish monarchy,
-and that it was placed, first at Dunstaffnage,
-and then at Iona. In <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 850 it was
-brought by Kenneth <span class='fss'>II</span> to Scone, where it
-was enclosed in a wooden chair, as it now
-is at Westminster. The Kings of Scotland,
-from Malcolm <span class='fss'>IV</span> to John Baliol, sat on the
-Stone to be crowned. Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> himself is
-said to have been crowned King of Scotland
-on the Sacred Stone of Scone after he had
-defeated John Baliol at the Battle of Dunbar in
-1296. Whether this was so or not, Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>
-carried off the Stone and the Scottish Regalia
-to Westminster, and placed them near
-the Confessor’s shrine.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the last year of his reign Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>
-ordered a chair to be made in which the Stone
-was to be enclosed, and in which the Kings
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>of England were to sit to be crowned. In
-this very chair every English sovereign has
-been crowned, from Edward <span class='fss'>II</span> to Edward
-<span class='fss'>VII</span>. It has only once been taken out of the
-Abbey, and that was when it was taken into
-Westminster Hall for the inauguration of
-Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Realm on
-December 16th, 1653.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>’s reign the Scots tried very
-hard to get the Stone back again, and the
-King, who wished to content them, very
-nearly allowed them to have it. But the
-people of London would not hear of such a
-thing, and, as an old writer says, “would
-not suffer the Stone to depart from themselves.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now speak of some other Coronations.
-Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>’s Coronation was very
-splendid, and the ceremony was so long and
-tiring that the King, who was still quite a
-boy, fainted from fatigue. Two interesting
-ceremonies began at this Coronation. One
-was the first appearance of the “Champion,”
-as he was called. The Champion was a knight
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>who threw down his glove as a challenge
-to any one who disputed the King’s claim
-to the throne. The last appearance of the
-Champion was at the Coronation of George <span class='fss'>IV</span>,
-in 1820, so this curious old custom lasted for
-more than four hundred years.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Again, Richard <span class='fss'>II</span> was the first King to be
-accompanied at his Coronation by a body of
-Knights, the Knights who were afterwards
-called the “Knights of the Bath.” It became
-the custom for the King to create a number
-of Knights on the eve of his Coronation, and
-these Knights accompanied him in his procession.
-Part of the solemn ceremony of
-receiving Knighthood was the taking of a
-bath, as a sign of purity both of body and soul.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Knights of the Bath once used to be installed
-in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, and the Dean of
-Westminster is always the Dean of the Order.
-However, no Knights have been installed at
-Westminster for a long time past. Many of
-the old banners of the Knights of the Bath
-still hang over the stalls in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel,
-just as the banners of the Knights of the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>Garter hang in St. George’s Chapel at
-Windsor. On the backs of the stalls are the
-coats-of-arms of the Knights, emblazoned on
-gilded metal plates.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But to return for a moment to the Coronation
-of Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>. It has an especial interest
-for Westminster, as the Abbey possesses a
-most valuable book, called the “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Liber
-Regalis</span>,” which was drawn up by Abbot
-Litlington, and which gives the whole order
-of the Coronation service. This has been
-followed, more or less, at all the Coronations
-since that time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now pass over nearly two
-centuries, and pause to think of the Coronation
-of Queen Elizabeth, remembering that
-it was she who finally founded Westminster
-Abbey as a Collegiate Church, and who re-established
-the School much on the present
-plan. Elizabeth’s accession was a very
-happy event for her subjects, and there were
-great rejoicings everywhere. Her Coronation
-was the last at which the ancient Latin
-Coronation Mass was celebrated, and the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>Abbot of Westminster took his part in the
-service for the last time. His place is now,
-of course, taken by the Dean, or by the Sub-Dean,
-should the Dean be ill or unable to
-attend. At Queen Elizabeth’s Coronation
-the Litany was said in English, instead of in
-Latin, and the Epistle and Gospel were read
-in both Latin and English, showing that, for
-the future, our own English language was
-going to be used for our Church services.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At the Coronation of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> several
-things happened which people considered
-unlucky, and as a sign that misfortunes were
-coming upon the King. To begin with,
-Charles wore white instead of the usual red
-or purple, and this was thought to be a bad
-omen, as if meaning that the King was to
-be a victim, there having been some old
-prophecy of trouble for a “White King.”
-Then the sceptre with the dove was broken,
-and as the dove could not be mended without
-the mark being seen, a new dove had to be
-made. In the later part of the day a shock
-of earthquake was felt. All these things
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>were regarded as signs of coming evil, and
-were no doubt remembered in the sad days
-of the Civil War, and at the time of the
-King’s imprisonment and death.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Westminster is a Royal foundation, and
-the old Royalist spirit always remained
-strong there, especially among the boys of
-Westminster School; and this in spite of
-the changes made at the Abbey by the
-Puritans during the Commonwealth.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The famous Archbishop Laud, the friend of
-Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, was one of the twelve Prebendaries
-of Westminster, and took the Dean’s place
-at Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>’s Coronation.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Charles <span class='fss'>II</span> and James <span class='fss'>II</span> were both crowned
-on St. George’s Day, the festival of the
-Patron Saint of England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>William and Mary were crowned as joint
-sovereigns, Mary sitting in a Chair of State
-made for the occasion, a chair which is now
-to be seen in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel. She
-also had the sword and other symbols of
-sovereignty given to her, just as her
-husband, King William, had.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>The Coronation of George <span class='fss'>IV</span> is remembered
-partly for its magnificence, but
-chiefly, perhaps, on account of the sad and
-foolish attempt to get into the Abbey made
-by poor Queen Caroline, and the manner in
-which she was turned away from the doors.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Coronation of Queen Victoria brings
-us nearer to our own time, and the thought
-of that day reminds us of the good Queen
-whose long life of anxious work and responsibility
-began in her early girlhood. She
-took upon her the cares of sovereignty
-at an age when most girls think mainly of
-amusing themselves, and we all know how
-well she kept the solemn promises made on
-her Coronation Day at the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Coronation has already
-been described. That beautiful and stately
-ceremony was all the more touching and
-impressive because of the thankfulness of
-the people for the King’s recovery from a
-dangerous illness, a feeling which made their
-gladness and enthusiasm all the greater.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>This short account of some of the Coronations
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>will help to explain still further how
-and why the Abbey has always held such an
-important place in our national life. We see
-that the Norman, Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart,
-and Hanoverian sovereigns have all come
-here to be crowned, close to the shrine of the
-last Saxon King, much in the same way
-as the French Kings used to go for their
-coronations to the great cathedral at Reims,
-and as the Tsars of Russia go to the
-Kremlin at Moscow.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now leave the Coronations, and
-turn to think of some of the great people who
-are buried and commemorated in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i063.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />SHRINE OF KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER III<br /> <span class='large'>KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in20'>“<i>There is</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>One great society alone on earth:</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>The noble Living and the noble Dead.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Wordsworth</span> (<cite>Prelude</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>King Edward the Confessor is such an important
-person in the history of the Abbey
-that his Chapel and Shrine must be described
-in a chapter by themselves.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As has already been told, the Confessor
-died on January 5th, 1066, and was buried
-the next day, January 6th, the Feast of the
-Epiphany. He was laid in front of the high
-altar of his newly built church, and the
-Conqueror afterwards presented splendid
-hangings to cover the simple tomb which
-was erected over the grave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There is an interesting old story of something
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>that happened at this tomb in the reign
-of William the Conqueror.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When Lanfranc became Archbishop of
-Canterbury, most of the Saxon bishops were
-sent away and Normans were put in their
-places. Among the Saxon bishops was the
-good old St. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester.
-He was made bishop in 1062, in the Confessor’s
-time. The Normans despised him,
-and thought him ignorant because he could
-not speak French, and they thought he
-would not be able to give any good advice
-to the King. Wulfstan was told that he
-must come to Westminster to meet the other
-bishops. They then said to him that he
-must give up the pastoral staff, which
-belonged to him as a bishop. Wulfstan
-showed no anger, but only said quite simply
-that he would resign his staff, not to the
-archbishop, “but rather to St. Edward, by
-whose authority I received it.” He then
-went into the Abbey, walked up to the Confessor’s
-tomb, and, raising his arm slowly, he
-struck the pastoral staff into the stone, saying:
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>“Receive, my lord the King; and give it to
-whomsoever thou mayst choose.” It is said
-that the staff remained firmly fixed in the
-stone, so that no one could pull it out. The
-King and the Archbishop were amazed, and
-acknowledged that they had done wrong in
-trying to turn Wulfstan out of his bishopric.
-They begged Wulfstan to take his staff once
-more. The old man came near, and drew
-the staff out quite easily. The King and the
-Archbishop went down on their knees and
-begged his forgiveness, but, as the old story
-says: “He, who had learned from the Lord
-to be mild and humble in heart, threw himself
-in his turn upon his knees.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We are told that in 1098 the Confessor’s
-tomb was opened, and that his body was
-found to be still in perfect preservation.
-Bishop Gundulph, of Rochester, alone ventured
-to uncover the face. The memory
-of Edward’s pure life, and of his goodness
-and charity, together with the miracles that
-were believed to be worked at his tomb,
-caused the people to honour him more and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>more as a saint, and in the year 1161, Pope
-Alexander <span class='fss'>III</span> caused his name to be formally
-added to the names of the Saints of the
-Christian Church. In our Prayer-Books his
-name appears on October 13th, as King
-Edward the Confessor. A “confessor”
-means some one who has suffered for the
-faith of Christ without actual shedding of
-blood. In King Edward’s case it alludes to
-his exile in the time of the heathen Danes.
-The “Translation” of which the Prayer-Book
-speaks means the moving of the body into
-the shrine. This “Translation” took place
-on October 13th, 1163, when the Confessor’s
-body was placed in the new and splendid
-shrine made for it by King Henry <span class='fss'>II</span>. This
-ceremony took place at midnight, and both
-Henry <span class='fss'>II</span> and Archbishop Becket were
-present.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>While the Abbey was being rebuilt in the
-reign of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, the Confessor’s coffin was
-taken for the time to the Palace of Westminster
-close by. On October 13th, 1269,
-it was brought back with great pomp, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>placed in another shrine, more gorgeous even
-than the former one.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The coffin was carried by the King himself,
-his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
-his two sons, Edward and Edmund, together
-with many of the nobles of the land. Dean
-Stanley says that this great ceremony must
-have reminded Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> of an equally
-splendid one which he saw at Canterbury
-Cathedral when he was a boy. This was
-the “Translation” of the relics of St. Thomas
-à Becket in 1220, when Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> walked in
-the procession. Pandulf, the Papal Legate
-(who had come to England in King John’s
-reign), and Stephen Langton, Archbishop of
-Canterbury, were there also, to see Becket’s
-body placed in the shrine prepared for it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The chapel in which the Confessor’s shrine
-stands, and in which so many of our Kings
-and Queens are buried, is raised above the
-rest of the church by a mound of earth
-brought from Holy Land. What we now
-see of the shrine is only the remains of
-its former splendour. It was adorned at
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>first with mosaic-work, and with many gold
-and jewelled images. The materials for the
-decoration were brought from Rome, and the
-shrine was made by Italian workmen. In
-Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>’s time the beautiful decorations
-of the shrine, and the various treasures kept
-near it, were taken away. The monks were
-afraid that even the Confessor’s body might
-be destroyed, so they buried it in another
-part of the church. When Queen Mary
-Tudor came to the throne the shrine was
-set up again, and King Edward’s body was
-restored to its place. The Queen presented
-images and jewels for the adornment of the
-shrine. Under the Commonwealth the
-ornaments of the shrine were again removed,
-but the Confessor’s body was not removed or
-disturbed.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another interesting story about the Confessor’s
-shrine must be told here. When
-James <span class='fss'>II</span> was crowned, in 1685, one of the
-“singing men” thought he saw a hole made
-in the Confessor’s coffin by the fall of some
-bit of the wooden scaffolding. On going to
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>see, he found that there was a hole, and he
-could see something shining inside the coffin.
-He put in his hand, and drew out a gold
-cross and chain, which he gave to the Dean.
-The Dean, in his turn, gave this precious
-cross and chain to the King. James <span class='fss'>II</span>,
-seeing that the coffin was so unsafe, had it
-enclosed in another strong and solid one, and
-since that time the body has rested in peace.
-On the north side of the Confessor lies his
-wife, Queen Editha, the daughter of Earl
-Godwin. She is usually supposed to have
-been a sweet and gentle woman, but opinions
-differ a little on this point. At any rate, she
-appears to have been very well instructed for
-those days, and, we are told, very clever with
-her needle,—a valuable accomplishment for
-any woman. On the south side of the shrine
-lies the “Good Queen Maud,” wife of Henry
-I, and great-niece of Edward the Confessor.
-As she was a Saxon princess, her marriage
-with Henry I made the Saxons and Normans
-much better friends than they had been before.
-Queen Maud was a very good woman,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>and very kind to the poor. Neither of these
-Queens have any monument.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Confessor’s shrine was always held
-to be a most important and sacred place,
-and many precious and beautiful things were
-placed near it, as if to do it honour. Among
-these the Stone of Scone was chief. We
-have already heard how and when it came
-to Westminster, and why it was so greatly
-prized. But the Stone of Scone was not
-alone. The coronet of Llewellyn, the last
-Welsh Prince of Wales, was taken by Edward
-I, and hung up in the Confessor’s Chapel by
-Edward’s little son Alfonso. Every one will
-remember that Edward <span class='fss'>II</span>—Edward of
-Carnarvon, as he was called—was the first
-Prince of Wales who was the son of an
-English King.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>If we could have visited the Abbey in
-those old days we should have seen yet
-another very interesting thing in the Confessor’s
-Chapel. This was a golden cup
-containing the heart of Prince Henry d’Almayne,
-son of Richard Earl of Cornwall,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>and nephew of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>. The story of this
-heart takes us back both to the Barons’ War
-and to the Crusades. It also takes us back
-to the great Italian poet Dante, who writes
-of Prince Henry’s heart in his famous poem,
-the <cite>Divine Comedy</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The story is as follows. At the Battle of
-Evesham, in 1265, when Simon de Montfort
-and the other Barons were fighting against
-Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, Simon de Montfort was slain. It
-must be remembered that Simon de Montfort
-had married Eleanor, daughter of King
-John, and that he was therefore brother-in-law
-of King Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, and of Richard
-Earl of Cornwall. That is rather an important
-part of the story.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some years afterwards, in 1271, there was
-a great council held at the town of Viterbo,
-in Italy, for the purpose of electing a new
-Pope. The King of France, Prince Edward
-and Prince Edmund of England, and Prince
-Henry d’Almayne, came there also, on their
-way home from the Crusade. Guy and
-Simon, sons of the great Simon de Montfort,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>were also in Italy, and they, too, went to
-Viterbo. One day they were all at service in
-the Church of San Silvestro, when suddenly,
-just at the most solemn part of the Mass,
-Guy de Montfort rushed forward and stabbed
-his cousin, Prince Henry, even while the
-prince clung to the altar for protection. Not
-content with killing Prince Henry, Guy de
-Montfort dragged him out by the hair of the
-head into the square in front of the church.
-This was all done in revenge for the death
-of Simon de Montfort at Evesham. Guy
-de Montfort escaped, but was afterwards
-excommunicated. Prince Henry’s body was
-brought home, and buried in the monastery-church
-of Hayles in Gloucestershire, where
-his father also was buried, as being the founder
-of the monastery. Prince Henry’s heart was
-put into a golden cup, and brought to the
-Abbey, where it was placed close to the
-Confessor’s shrine,—some say, in the hand
-of a statue.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The shield of Richard Earl of Cornwall is
-carved on the Abbey walls, in the spandrels
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>of the beautiful arcade which runs round the
-interior of the whole Church. It will be
-found in the South Aisle.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Aisle, also in the arcade, is
-the shield of Simon de Montfort, with its
-double-tailed lion. When we look at this
-shield, we remember Simon de Montfort’s
-great work for his country, and how he helped
-to form our English Parliament. But his
-name reminds us of something else that
-happened in Southern France, and for which
-we feel sorry. Simon’s father, Count Simon
-de Montfort, had a great deal to do with the
-persecution of the Albigenses in 1209–1229,
-a cruel war which was called the Albigensian
-Crusade. These terrible religious wars are
-sad to think of, although, at the same time,
-it is interesting to find this link between
-the Abbey and the history of other parts of
-Europe.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But it is time to come back to Edward
-the Confessor himself. If we want to learn
-something about his character, and to understand
-why the people loved him so much, we
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>cannot do better than study the sculptures on
-the screen behind the Coronation Chair.
-This delicately carved stone screen was made
-about the time of Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>, and along the
-top of it is a row of sculptures representing
-scenes from the life of the Confessor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>These scenes—beginning on the left hand
-as you face the screen—are as follows:—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>1. The nobles swearing to be loyal to
-Queen Emma, widow of Ethelred the Unready,
-and mother of the Confessor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>2. Edward’s birth at Islip in Oxfordshire.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>3. Edward’s Coronation at Winchester.
-The Archbishops of Canterbury and York are
-represented standing on either side of the
-King.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>4. The abolition of the Danegelt, or tax
-which Ethelred had made the people pay in
-order to bribe the Danes to leave England.
-The carving represents an old story which
-says that the Confessor saw a demon dancing
-on the casks which held the money, and so
-he at once did away with the tax.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>5. This is a very curious story. A scullion,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>thinking that the King was asleep, came
-into his room no less than three times to
-steal money out of the treasure-chest. The
-third time the King startled him very much
-by speaking. He did not scold him, however,
-but told him to make haste and get away
-before Hugolin the Treasurer came. When
-Hugolin did come, he was very angry with
-the King for letting the thief get off, but
-Edward was very merciful, and perhaps remembered
-that it is sometimes a great
-temptation to be very poor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>6. This picture shows the King kneeling
-in the old church at Thorney, where he is
-said to have had a vision of our Lord, who
-appeared to him as a child.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>7. This represents a very curious, almost
-funny, story. One Whitsunday, when the
-King was at church, his courtiers saw him
-laugh, just at a very solemn part of the
-service too. They asked him afterwards
-why he had behaved in such a strange way.
-He answered that he had seen the Danes and
-Norwegians preparing to come and attack
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>England, but as the Danish King was going
-on board his ship he fell into the sea and
-was drowned. This was what had made
-Edward laugh.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>8. This represents a quarrel between
-Harold and Tosti, sons of Earl Godwin,
-and brothers-in-law of the Confessor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>9. This is a vision, in which the Confessor
-saw that the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus had
-all turned over from their right side to their
-left. This meant that dreadful troubles and
-disasters were to come upon the world for
-seventy years.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>10, 12, and 13. These three pictures tell
-the beautiful story of the pilgrim’s ring.
-One day the Confessor met a poor pilgrim
-who asked an alms, and as the old book tells
-it, “the king is in distress because neither
-gold nor silver he finds at hand. And he
-reflects, remains silent, looks at his hand,
-and remembers that on his finder he had a
-cherished ring, which was large, royal, and
-beautiful. To the poor man he gives it, for
-the love of St. John his dear lord: and he
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>takes it with joy, and gently gives him thanks;
-and when he was possessed of it he departed
-and vanished.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some time after, two English pilgrims
-from Ludlow were travelling in Palestine,
-and they met an old man “white and hoary,
-brighter than the sun at midday,” who
-showed them kindness and entertained them
-hospitably. He told them that he was
-John the Evangelist, and that he had a
-special love for the King of their country.
-He then gave them back the ring, and
-bade them restore it to King Edward,
-who had given it to him when he was disguised
-as a poor pilgrim. They were also
-to tell the King that in six months’ time
-he would be with St. John in Paradise.
-The pilgrims returned to England, and the
-thirteenth carving shows them bringing
-back the ring and delivering the message,
-whereupon the King began to prepare himself
-for his death.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>These stories, together with others told
-of Edward’s kindness to the sick and to the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>leper, show us the power of this simple
-goodness and piety, and explain why the
-Confessor’s memory was so much loved
-and revered.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>His tomb has been the centre round
-which not only many of our Kings and
-Queens, but gradually most of our best
-and greatest men, have been laid to rest.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At the time of King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-Coronation a covering, or “pall”, in red
-velvet and gold was placed over the upper
-part of the Confessor’s shrine, where it
-still remains. Round the edge of the pall
-is embroidered a beautiful Latin inscription,
-which runs as follows—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>“<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Deo carus Rex Edwardus non mortuus
-est, sed cum XPO viaturus de morte ad vitam
-migravit.</span></i>”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>“King Edward, dear to God, has not
-died, but has passed from death to life, to
-live with Christ.”</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i081.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>G. A. Dunn.</i></span><br /><br />RICHARD II.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER IV<br /> <span class='large'>THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO RICHARD  II, 1216–1399</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“<i>This England never did, nor never shall,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>But when it first did help to wound itself.</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Now these her princes are come home again,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Come the three corners of the world in arms</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>And we shall shock them. Nought shall make us rue</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>If England to itself do rest but true.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in28'><span class='sc'>Shakspeare</span> (<cite>King John</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>A little more than two hundred years
-passed between the burial of the Confessor
-in the Abbey and the burial of the next
-English King who rests there, namely,
-Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>. William the Conqueror is
-buried in the church which he founded
-at Caen, in Normandy, and William Rufus,
-the “Red King,” lies at Winchester, close
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>to the New Forest, where he was shot by
-Walter Tyrrell. Henry <span class='fss'>I</span> was buried at
-Reading, and King Stephen at Faversham.
-Henry <span class='fss'>II</span>, the first King of the Plantagenet
-line, was buried in the great Abbey of
-Fontevrault in Anjou, the ancestral home
-of the Plantagenets. His eldest son, Henry,
-“the young King,” who rebelled against him,
-is buried at Rouen, where the heart of
-Richard Cœur-de-Lion also rests. Richard’s
-body is buried at Fontevrault, at his father’s
-feet. The heart of King John was taken
-to Fontevrault in a golden cup, but his
-body lies in Worcester Cathedral, between
-two Saxon saints, Wulfstan and Oswald.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>And now we come to the Plantagenets
-who are buried in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, as we have already seen, had
-a great love and reverence for the memory
-of Edward the Confessor, and began the
-rebuilding of the Abbey Church in his
-honour. It was no wonder, then, that he
-wished his tomb to be close to the Confessor’s
-shrine.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>Only three of our Kings have been married
-in the Abbey, and of these Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> was
-the first. He married Eleanor of Provence,
-one of four sisters who all made remarkable
-marriages. Eleanor’s sister Margaret
-married King Louis <span class='fss'>IX</span> of France; her
-sister Sancha married Richard Earl of
-Cornwall, and her sister Beatrice married
-Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis <span class='fss'>IX</span> of
-France, and afterwards King of Naples
-and Sicily. We are reminded of this close
-connection between the royal houses of
-France and England when we see on the
-Abbey walls the shield of Eleanor’s father,
-Raymond Berengar, Count of Provence.
-When Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> died in 1272 he was
-buried, not where his tomb now is, but in
-front of the high altar, in the grave where
-the Confessor’s body had first rested. The
-beautiful tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel
-was not finished until 1291, Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>
-having brought from France the precious
-marbles and porphyry slabs for its decoration.
-The tomb, like the Confessor’s, is
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>of Italian design, but the fine effigy is
-the work of an Englishman, William
-Torel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When Henry’s body was at last placed
-there, his heart, according to an old promise,
-was given in a golden cup to the Abbess of
-Fontevrault, who was present at the ceremony.
-Like the heart of his father, King
-John, it was to be taken back to the old
-Plantagenet home.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Thus began the circle of stately tombs
-which stand round the Confessor’s shrine in
-that tall, silent, shadowy chapel, now often
-called the Chapel of the Kings.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One thing to be remembered about the
-tombs of the Plantagenets is that they actually
-hold the body of the sovereign, and are not
-just monuments over a grave. In later days
-it became the fashion to bury in vaults.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some years before Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s death his
-beautiful little dumb daughter, Katherine,
-was buried in a small tomb in the South
-Ambulatory, close to St. Edmund’s Chapel.
-With her are buried two of her brothers who
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>died young, and four young children of King
-Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have already heard about the heart of
-another Plantagenet, Prince Henry d’Almayne,
-whose body, like that of his father,
-Richard Earl of Cornwall, is buried at
-Hayles, in Gloucestershire.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On either side of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> are buried
-Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>, and his wife, Eleanor of Castile,
-daughter of Ferdinand <span class='fss'>III</span>, King of Castile
-and Leon. Every one remembers how Queen
-Eleanor went out with her husband to the
-Crusades, and how she is said to have saved
-his life by sucking the poison from his wound.
-Eleanor, the “Queen of good memory,” died
-in Lincolnshire in 1290, and of the famous
-crosses which were put up at each place where
-her body rested, three still remain, at Northampton,
-Geddington, and Waltham. Queen
-Eleanor’s tomb is very beautiful, and so is
-her effigy, which was made by the same
-English artist who made the effigy of her
-father-in-law, King Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>. The lower
-part of the tomb is decorated with shields,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>and one of them is the shield of Castile and
-Leon, with the castle and the lion upon it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>, the greatest soldier and lawgiver
-of all the Plantagenet kings, died in
-1307 at the little village of Burgh-on-the-Sands,
-on the coast of Cumberland, when he
-was on his way to Scotland to try and crush
-the rising of the Scots under Robert Bruce.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>He is buried in a very plain, rough-looking
-tomb, and it is thought that the tomb
-may have been left in an almost unfinished
-state in order that it might be easily opened,
-for, as we know, Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> wished his bones
-to be carried at the head of the English
-army until Scotland was quite conquered.
-He also desired that his heart should be sent
-to Holy Land, where he had fought when he
-was young. But Edward <span class='fss'>II</span> did not keep
-any of the promises he made to his father,
-and was very unworthy of his great name.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>’s tomb are some Latin words
-which mean, “Hammer of the Scots,” and
-“Keep troth.”</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i089.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i></span><br /><br />TOMBS OF EDMUND AND AVELINE OF LANCASTER, AND OF AYMER DE VALENCE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>The tomb was opened in the year 1771,
-and an inner coffin of Purbeck marble was
-found, in which the King’s body lay. He
-must have been a very tall man, as, after all
-those centuries, he still measured 6 feet 2
-inches. It is thus quite easy to understand
-why he was called “Longshanks.” The body
-was dressed in a red dalmatic, and over it a
-royal mantle of rich crimson satin, fastened
-with a splendid fibula or clasp. On the
-head was a gilt crown; in the right hand
-was the sceptre with the cross; in the left, the
-sceptre with the dove.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The coffin was afterwards securely closed,
-and has never been disturbed again.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Next to the tomb of Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>, and just
-beyond the screen which separates the
-Chapel of the Kings from the Sacrarium, is
-the beautiful and highly decorated tomb of
-his brother, Edmund Crouchback, first Earl
-of Lancaster. He was the fourth son of
-Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, who named him after the Anglo-Saxon
-martyr-King, St. Edmund of East
-Anglia. There is a chapel dedicated to St.
-Edmund in the Abbey, and it was looked
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>upon as coming next in honour after the
-Chapel of the Confessor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edmund Crouchback was a crusader, like
-his brother, King Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>, and the cross
-or “crouch” he wore was probably the origin
-of his name, although some people have
-thought that he was perhaps hump-backed.
-Edmund and his first wife, the beautiful
-Aveline of Lancaster, were the first bride and
-bridegroom to be married in Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s new
-church. They were married in 1269, but
-Aveline did not live very long. Her tomb is
-quite near her husband’s, and is considered
-to be one of the finest in the Abbey. Aveline
-was not only a great beauty, but also
-a great heiress, and her wealth descended
-to the House of Lancaster. After Aveline’s
-death, Edmund married Blanche, Queen of
-Navarre, a French princess. She was a
-widow when Edmund married her, and her
-daughter Joan afterwards married King
-Philip the Fair of France. Edmund and
-his second wife lived for some time at
-Provins, in Champagne, and from that town
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>they brought to England the famous red
-roses which became the badge of the House
-of Lancaster. These roses were said to have
-been brought from the East by Crusaders.
-They still grow at Provins, and have a very
-sweet scent.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edmund Crouchback died at Bayonne in
-1296, while he was fighting for the English
-possessions in Gascony.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When Edmund was only eight years old,
-Pope Innocent <span class='fss'>II</span> had given him the title
-of King of Sicily and Apulia, but this was
-only an empty honour, and meant that the
-English had to be heavily taxed in order
-to support Edmund’s claim and satisfy the
-Pope. All these exactions of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s
-helped to make the English more and more
-determined not to be taxed without their
-consent, and had a great deal to do with
-the beginning of the House of Commons in
-Simon de Montfort’s time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Before passing on to the later descendants
-of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, we must speak of two very
-interesting tombs which recall some important
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>things in English history. These are, first,
-the tomb of William de Valence, in St.
-Edmund’s Chapel; and secondly, the tomb
-of his son Aymer, which stands in the
-Sacrarium, between the tombs of Edmund
-and Aveline of Lancaster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It will be remembered that Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s
-mother, Isabella of Angoulême, married
-again after King John’s death. She married
-the Count of La Marche and Poitiers, who
-belonged to the Lusignan family,—a family
-which was very well known in Europe,
-some of them being Kings of Cyprus and
-Jerusalem. The children of Isabella and the
-Count de la Marche came over to England,
-and the English people greatly disliked their
-insolence and greediness, complaining that
-Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> gave too many titles and too
-much money to his French relations.
-William de Valence was the fourth son of
-the Count de la Marche, and was the most
-disliked of all Henry’s half-brothers. He
-was created Earl of Pembroke. He took
-an active part in the Barons’ War, and was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>finally sent on the expedition into Gascony
-with his nephew, Edmund Crouchback.
-Like Edmund, he died at Bayonne in 1296.
-His tomb is of French workmanship, and
-there are still some remains of the famous
-Limoges enamel which decorated it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Aymer  de  Valence,  William’s  son,
-succeeded his father as Earl of Pembroke.
-He fought bravely in the Scottish wars,
-and was at the Battle of Bannockburn in
-1314. He was much blamed for his cruelty
-in having Nigel Bruce hanged at the Castle
-of Kentire. Aymer died in France in 1324,
-very suddenly, and many people thought it
-was a punishment for taking part in the
-condemnation and death of Thomas Earl
-of Lancaster, son of Edmund Crouchback,
-who was revered as a saint. Aymer’s tomb
-is celebrated for its beauty. It is very like
-Edmund Crouchback’s, with its pinnacled
-canopy and niches for statues.  Aymer is
-represented on the canopy in full armour
-and riding his war-horse.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The three tombs of Edmund Crouchback,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>Aymer de Valence, and Aveline of Lancaster
-are among the most beautiful in the Abbey,
-and are thought by some people to be all
-three the work of one artist.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King Edward <span class='fss'>II</span>, Edward of Carnarvon,
-as he was called from his birthplace in Wales,
-is not buried in the Abbey, but at Gloucester,
-that town being near Berkeley Castle, where
-he was murdered.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We are specially reminded of King Edward
-<span class='fss'>III</span> in the Abbey, for not only is he buried there,
-but the great sword and shield of state which
-were carried before him during his wars with
-France are placed in the Confessor’s Chapel,
-close to the Coronation Chair. This sword
-and shield make us think of those famous
-Battles of Crécy and Poitiers, where Edward
-<span class='fss'>III</span> and the Black Prince fought.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> is buried in a beautiful tomb
-just opposite to Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, and his good
-Queen, Philippa of Hainault, is buried next
-to him, according to her own wish. Her
-tomb was made by a Flemish artist, and
-was also a very fine one, but, like many
-others in the Abbey, it has been sadly
-destroyed. Queen Philippa is, of course,
-always remembered for having begged for
-the lives of the brave citizens of Calais when
-the King had ordered them to be hanged.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i097.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='left'><i>Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span>      <span class='right'><i>Allen &amp; Co (London) Ltd Sc</i></span><br /><br /><i>Tomb of Prince John of Eltham. in S. Edmund’s Chapel.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Close to Philippa lies her son, Thomas of
-Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, murdered,
-it is to be feared, by order of his nephew,
-Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Eleanor de Bohun, widow of Thomas
-Duke of Gloucester, is buried in St. Edmund’s
-Chapel, and the memorial brass on her tomb
-is the most beautiful now left in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the tomb of
-another Plantagenet, Prince John of Eltham,
-Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>. He
-took his name from the old palace at Eltham,
-where he was born. Prince John died quite
-young, but he had already shown great
-promise as a soldier, and was three times
-Regent of the kingdom when Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> was
-away in France and Scotland. He bears a
-shield with the lions of England and lilies of
-France upon it. His mother was a French
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>princess, daughter of King Philip the Fair,
-and it was through her that Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>
-thought he could claim the throne of France.
-Close to the tomb of Prince John of
-Eltham is the tiny tomb of two young
-children of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>, called, from their
-birthplaces, William of Windsor and Blanche
-of the Tower.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two grandchildren of Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>, Hugh
-and Mary de Bohun, are buried in the
-Chapel of St. Nicholas, another of the circle
-of chapels which crowns the eastern end, or
-apse, of the Abbey. (St. Nicholas is the
-patron saint of children.)</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Black Prince is buried in Canterbury
-Cathedral, close to where the shrine of
-Thomas à Becket once stood, but his son,
-the unhappy Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>, had a great love
-for the Abbey, where he had not only been
-crowned, but also married to his beloved
-first wife, Anne of Bohemia, who was a
-descendant of the “Good King Wenceslas,”
-about whom we sing in the carol for St.
-Stephen’s Day.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>Richard <span class='fss'>II</span> is buried in the Abbey, and
-the great tomb in which he and Anne rest
-was made for her. Anne died in 1394, and
-her funeral was a very splendid ceremony,
-hundreds of wax candles having been brought
-over from Flanders to be lighted at the service.
-The tomb itself is very magnificent; the
-gilt-bronze decorations and the robes of the
-effigies are engraved with the leopards of
-England, the broomcods of the Plantagenets,
-the ostrich feathers and lions of Bohemia,
-and the sun rising through the clouds of
-Crécy. The ostrich feathers should remind
-us of the crest and motto of the Prince of
-Wales.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Richard himself was not placed in this
-tomb until fourteen years after his supposed
-murder, when his body was brought back
-from Friars’ Langley by Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>, in
-obedience to the wish of Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>. In
-the Sacrarium is a beautiful portrait of
-Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>, painted in his lifetime, and
-therefore the oldest painting of any British
-sovereign. This portrait was very carefully
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>restored some years ago, and represents
-Richard in his crown and royal robes, sitting
-in the Chair of State, very probably as he
-used to appear in the Abbey on high
-festivals. Richard’s well-known badge of
-the White Hart was painted on more than
-one part of the Abbey, and it is interesting
-to see that, in old pictures of Richard, he
-and his followers wear the badge of the
-White Hart. Many inns in England are
-still called by this name.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>With Richard <span class='fss'>II</span> the direct Plantagenet
-line ends, and his is the last tomb in the
-circle round the Confessor’s shrine.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Before speaking of the Plantagenet Houses
-of Lancaster and York we must mention
-some of the chief men of this time who are
-buried in the Abbey. First and foremost
-of these is the great poet, Geoffrey Chaucer,
-author of the famous <cite>Canterbury Tales</cite>, and
-the father of English poetry.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>He was born in 1328, the year after
-Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> came to the throne, and died
-in 1400, a year after Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>. Chaucer
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>lived in a house close to the old Lady Chapel
-built by Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, and his house was one
-of those pulled down in later days to make
-room for the larger Chapel of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>.
-Chaucer is buried in Poet’s Corner, and is
-the first of its glorious circle of poets. His
-monument, which is quite near his grave,
-was not put up until about 150 years after
-his death. Just above the monument is a
-modern stained-glass window in Chaucer’s
-memory, representing scenes from his life,
-and from the <cite>Canterbury Tales</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The only person not of royal blood who
-is buried in the Chapel of the Kings is
-Richard’s great friend, John of Waltham,
-Bishop of Salisbury, who was Lord Treasurer,
-Keeper of the Great Seal, and Master of the
-Rolls. He was the first statesman to be
-buried in the Abbey. In St. Edmund’s Chapel
-are buried Ralph Waldeby, Archbishop of
-York, a friend of the Black Prince and
-tutor to Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>, and Sir Bernard Brocas,
-who was renowned for his fighting in the
-Moorish wars.  He died in 1400.  His son-in-law,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>Sir John Golofre, another great friend
-of Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>, was buried in the South
-Ambulatory in 1396. He was Richard’s
-ambassador in France, and was buried in
-the Abbey by his master’s express command.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Our next chapter must be about those
-younger branches of the Plantagenet family,
-the Houses of Lancaster and York, who
-also hold a place in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i105.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />CHAUCER’S TOMB.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER V<br /> <span class='large'>THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 to 1485</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>Plantagenet:</div>
-    </div>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in6'>“<i>Let him that is a true-born gentleman,</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>And stands upon the honour of his birth,</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>If he suppose that I have pleaded truth,</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>From off this briar pluck a white rose with me.</i>”</div>
-    </div>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>Somerset:</div>
-    </div>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in6'>“<i>Let him that is no coward nor no flatterer,</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>But dare maintain the party of the truth,</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>Shakspeare</span> (<cite>King Henry VI</cite>, part 1, ii, 4).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>The name of Henry of Bolingbroke, son of
-John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, reminds
-us that Richard <span class='fss'>II</span> had been made to resign
-his crown, and that his cousin had been
-proclaimed King as King Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>. We
-think, too, of that sad death, or murder, of
-the unhappy Richard at Pontefract Castle.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>All these things, in one way or another, are
-connected with the history of the Abbey.
-Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span> is not buried in the Abbey, but
-in Canterbury Cathedral, opposite the Black
-Prince, and, like him, near the shrine of St.
-Thomas. But although Westminster is not
-his last resting-place, Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span> is connected
-with the Abbey in a very special way.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The story is familiar to us in the pages of
-Shakspeare. The King had intended to set
-out for Palestine on a pilgrimage or crusade,
-and he had heard a prophecy that he should
-die at Jerusalem. Just before he was going
-to start he came to the Abbey to pray at the
-Confessor’s shrine. While he was in the
-Chapel he was seized with mortal illness,
-and was carried into the famous “Jerusalem
-Chamber,” which was part of the Abbot’s
-house. The Jerusalem Chamber had been
-built not long before, and was probably the
-only room near with a proper fireplace in it.
-It was cold March weather, and Henry was
-laid in front of the fire. When he came to
-himself a little he asked what that room was,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>and being told its name, he said: “Praise be
-to the Father of Heaven! for now I know
-that I shall die in this chamber, according to
-the prophecy made of me beforesaid, that I
-should die in Jerusalem.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Every one will remember how an old
-historian tells us that afterwards, when the
-young Prince Harry was watching by his
-father, he took the crown and put it on his own
-head, thinking that his father was dead. The
-King, however, was not dead, and, turning
-round, he reproached the prince for his
-heartless and undutiful hurry in taking the
-crown. Prince Harry was very much
-grieved, and explained why he had done
-such a thing.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>After Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>’s death, Prince Harry,
-now King Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>, spent all that day at
-Westminster, in sorrow and penitence for
-his wild life in the past. At night he went
-and confessed his sins to a holy hermit who
-lived close to the Abbey, and the hermit
-assured him that he would be forgiven. As
-we all know, Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> became a religious
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>and determined man, and a great soldier,—“Conqueror
-of his enemies and of himself.”
-Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> was crowned in the Abbey on
-Passion Sunday, 1413, a cold, snowy day.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The wars in France soon began, and in
-1415 a “Te Deum” was sung in the Abbey
-for Henry’s great victory at Agincourt, and
-the King attended this service in person.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Like his father, Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> had a great wish
-to go to Holy Land and conquer the Holy
-Sepulchre from the infidels, but while he
-was hoping for this crusade, he was stricken
-with illness at Vincennes, and died in 1422,
-when he was only thirty-four.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is said that the people of both Rouen and
-Paris were most anxious that Henry should
-be buried in their town, but the King had
-said clearly in his will that he wished to be
-buried at Westminster, and he had described
-most carefully what he wanted his Chantry
-Chapel to be like.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The funeral of Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> was the most
-splendid ever seen in the Abbey. The great
-procession began in Paris, and escorted the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>body to Calais. It then came on from
-Dover to London. James <span class='fss'>I</span>, King of Scots,
-headed the procession as chief mourner, and
-the widowed Queen, Katherine de Valois,
-followed it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The King’s tomb stands at the extreme
-eastern end of the Abbey, and over it, between
-the tombs of Queen Eleanor and Queen
-Philippa, rises the famous Chantry Chapel,
-where prayers were to be offered up for ever.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Among the statues that adorn the Chantry
-are those of St. George, the patron saint of
-England, and St. Denys, the patron saint of
-France.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On a bar above the Chantry are hung King
-Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>’s shield, saddle, and helmet, just as
-the Black Prince’s armour is hung above his
-tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The tomb below was once very splendid
-with gold and silver, and the figure of King
-Henry had a silver head. But in the reign
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> these magnificent decorations
-were stolen, and the robbers even carried
-off the silver head of the effigy. All that
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>remains of the effigy is the figure of plain
-English oak.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We come next to the pious and gentle
-King Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span>, who was so much loved by
-his people, in spite of all the misfortunes of
-his reign. It is sad to think how all Henry
-<span class='fss'>V</span>’s conquests in France were lost one by
-one, although it was a good thing for
-England in the end. But there is one
-glorious memory connected with the wars of
-Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span>’s reign, a memory which we all
-love and revere, whether we are French or
-English. That is the memory of Joan of
-Arc, that pure and noble young French girl
-whose faith and courage saved her country.
-When we stand in the Abbey and remember
-the Lancastrian Kings, it is good for us also
-to think of her.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> always intended to be buried in
-the Abbey, and one day, when he was there,
-some one suggested to him that his father’s
-tomb should be moved to one side, and that
-his own should be placed beside it. But
-Henry answered: “Nay, let him alone: he
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>lieth like a noble prince. I would not trouble
-him.” At last Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> chose a grave for
-himself close to the Confessor’s shrine; the
-spot was all marked out, and indeed the
-tomb itself was ordered. Then came the
-Wars of the Roses, the defeat of the
-Lancastrian party, and the imprisonment of
-Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> in the Tower of London in 1461.
-After his mysterious death ten years later,
-his body was buried at Chertsey Abbey.
-Afterwards, in the reign of Richard <span class='fss'>III</span>, it
-was moved to St. George’s Chapel, Windsor,
-where it still rests.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The French princess, Katherine de Valois,
-wife of Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> and mother of Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span>, is
-now buried in Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>’s Chantry. It will
-be remembered that her second husband was
-Owen Tudor, and that their son, Edmund
-Tudor, was the father of King Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>.
-After Katherine married Owen Tudor she
-seemed to be quite forgotten, but when she
-died she was buried with all honour in the old
-Lady Chapel. While Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s new Lady
-Chapel was being built, the coffin was placed
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>beside Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>’s tomb, and remained there
-in a most neglected state for many long
-years. Then it was removed to a vault in
-the Chapel of St. Nicholas, and finally it was
-moved, by permission of Queen Victoria, into
-Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>’s Chantry, where at last poor Queen
-Katherine rests in peace.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1461, when Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> was deposed, a
-prince of the House of York, Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>,
-came to the throne. He died at Westminster,
-and had a great funeral service in the Abbey,
-but he is buried in St. George’s Chapel,
-Windsor, like his cousin, Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The earliest monument of the House of
-York in the Abbey is the tomb of Philippa,
-Duchess of York, in the Chapel of St.
-Nicholas. She was the wife of Edward,
-second Duke of York, grandson of Edward
-<span class='fss'>III</span>, who was killed at Agincourt. After his
-death, Philippa was made Lady of the Isle
-of Wight.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King Richard <span class='fss'>III</span> is buried at Leicester,
-and after him came the poor little Edward <span class='fss'>V</span>,
-who, with his brother, Richard Duke of York,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>was murdered in the Tower. Their bones
-remained at the Tower until the reign of
-Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>, when they were found under a
-staircase. Charles <span class='fss'>II</span> commanded that they
-should be brought to the Abbey, and they
-are placed in a tomb in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.
-Strangely enough, both these little princes
-are closely connected with Westminster. In
-1470, Queen Elizabeth Woodville, wife of
-Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>, had taken refuge in the Sanctuary
-at Westminster. Nobody could dare to hurt
-any one who had taken sanctuary, and so
-the Queen felt she was safe in that time of
-war and trouble. Here Edward <span class='fss'>V</span> was born.
-He was baptized in the Abbey, and the Abbot
-of Westminster was one of his godfathers.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Then later on, after Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>’s death,
-when Richard <span class='fss'>III</span> was trying to get the
-crown for himself, Elizabeth Woodville again
-took shelter in the Sanctuary at Westminster,
-and brought her five daughters and her
-second son, the little Richard Duke of York.
-Edward <span class='fss'>V</span> was already in the Tower.
-Richard <span class='fss'>III</span> sent to Westminster, and insisted
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>that his young nephew should be allowed to
-join Edward in the Tower. He dared not
-take him out of Sanctuary by force, but he
-made the Archbishop of Canterbury persuade
-the poor Queen to let the boy go. She was
-dreadfully grieved, and tried all she could to
-keep her son safely with her, but in vain.
-They parted with tears, and she never saw
-him again.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A little daughter of Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>, Margaret
-Plantagenet, is buried in a tiny tomb in the
-Confessor’s Chapel. In the Islip Chapel is
-the grave of Anne Mowbray, daughter of
-the Duke of Norfolk. She was betrothed
-to Richard Duke of York when they were
-both little children of only five years old.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Anne Neville, the unhappy wife of Richard
-<span class='fss'>III</span>, and daughter of Warwick “the Kingmaker,”
-lies in a forgotten grave in the South
-Ambulatory.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We see, then, how much there is in the
-Abbey to remind us of the Houses of Lancaster
-and York, and of the Wars of the
-Roses, besides the great wars in France.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>But further, we shall now find that it
-was becoming more and more the custom for
-the famous men of the age to be buried in
-the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Richard Courtney, Bishop of Norwich, a
-great friend of Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>, is buried there. He
-died just before the Battle of Agincourt, and
-was nursed by the King in his last illness.
-In St. Paul’s Chapel is the fine tomb of
-Ludovic Robsert, Lord Bourchier, who
-fought at Agincourt and was afterwards
-made the King’s Standard Bearer. Sir
-Humphrey Bourchier, who died fighting on
-the Yorkist side at the Battle of Barnet in
-1471, is buried in Edmund’s Chapel. Sir
-Thomas Vaughan, Treasurer to Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>
-and Chamberlain to Edward <span class='fss'>V</span>, is buried in
-the Chapel of St. John the Baptist.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>While speaking of this time in English
-history, we must not forget one man who
-did a very great and important work in the
-world, and who was very closely connected
-with the Abbey, although he is not actually
-buried there. This was William Caxton,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>the first English printer. Caxton belongs
-almost entirely to the Lancastrian and
-Yorkist times, as he was born in 1410,
-during the reign of Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>, and died in
-1491, in the reign of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>. About the
-year 1471 (the year in which Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> died)
-Caxton came to live in Westminster. He
-set up his printing-press in a house quite
-close to the Abbey, and there he worked for
-the last twenty years of his life. It seems
-that the Abbot of Westminster was greatly
-interested in Caxton and his work, and one
-of his great friends and patrons was the
-Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>.
-Caxton printed several books for her.
-Caxton is buried quite near the Abbey, in
-St. Margaret’s Churchyard. There is a fine
-stained-glass window to his memory in St.
-Margaret’s Church. Caxton stood on the
-threshhold of the modern world, and, as we
-realise the great changes brought about in
-human life by the art of printing, we may
-think of that window in St. Margaret’s,
-where Caxton is represented holding his
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>motto: “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fiat Lux</span>” (let there be light), while
-below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“Thy prayer was Light, more Light while time shall last,</div>
-      <div class='line in2'>Thou sawest the glories growing on the night;</div>
-      <div class='line'>But not the shadow which that light would cast</div>
-      <div class='line in2'>Till shadows vanish in the Light of light.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c015'>With this thought in our minds we will turn
-to the next period of English history.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER VI<br /> <span class='large'>THE HOUSE OF TUDOR</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in2'>“<i>Fair is our lot—O goodly is our heritage!</i></div>
-      <div class='line in2'><i>(Humble ye, my people, and be fearful in your mirth!)</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>For the Lord our God Most High</i></div>
-      <div class='line in6'><i>He hath made the deep as dry,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in16'><span class='sc'>Rudyard Kipling</span> (<cite>The Seven Seas</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>The famous House of Tudor, in which the
-Plantagenet lines of York and Lancaster
-were united, is in many ways very closely
-connected with the Abbey. All the Tudor
-sovereigns, except one, are buried in the
-Abbey. But this is not all, for the Abbey
-and the School owe their present establishment
-to Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> and Queen Elizabeth,
-as we shall find later on.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It was in the Tudor times that modern
-England really began, and most of the great
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>changes that took place in the Church and
-the nation at that time are faithfully reflected
-in the Abbey history. We can read them
-there, just as we can read the story of the
-Norman Conquest, of the Conquest of Scotland,
-or of the French Wars.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We ought also to look beyond our own
-country, and remember what was going on
-in other parts of the world. While the
-Tudors were reigning in England, Christopher
-Columbus discovered America, and
-the Portuguese navigator, Vasco de Gama,
-sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, thus
-finding a new way to the East Indies.
-These two discoveries made a great change
-in the history of the world, and some of the
-monuments in the Abbey will speak to us of
-the difference which those discoveries made
-to England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When we speak of the Tudors we naturally
-think first of King Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>, who
-built the beautiful chapel at the eastern end
-of the Abbey, directing that it should be the
-burial-place of himself and his family.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>The foundation of the Chapel has an
-interesting history connected with the
-House of Lancaster. Through his mother,
-Margaret Beaufort, Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> descended
-from John of Gaunt, and therefore from
-Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>, and he was very anxious that
-people should remember this. Partly for
-that reason, he wanted very much to bring
-the body of Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> from Windsor, and to
-bury it in the new, splendid chapel at Westminster.
-He also wished the Pope to
-declare Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> to be a saint; and indeed,
-many people at that time thought him to be
-so. However, it happened that the body of
-Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span> was never moved from Windsor
-after all, but there was at that time an altar
-to his memory in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i123.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />MARGARET BEAUFORT, COUNTESS OF RICHMOND, AND MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>The great gates and the sculptured ornament
-of the Chapel are in themselves quite
-a lesson in English history. On the gates
-and on the walls we see the famous Tudor
-Roses, which are the red and white roses of
-Lancaster and York united. There is also
-the Portcullis of the Beaufort Castle in Anjou,
-which castle had belonged to Edmund
-Crouchback, and descended through him to
-John of Gaunt. Again, we see the crown
-caught in a bush on Bosworth Field, and
-two Yorkist badges, the Rose in the Sun,
-and the Falcon on the Fetterlock. On the
-gates, too, we find the daisy or “Marguérite,”
-the name-flower of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s mother, the
-Lady Margaret. Last, but not least, we
-find the Red Dragon of the last British King,
-Cadwallader, from whom Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> claimed
-to descend, reminding us that the Tudors
-boasted of descent from the ancient British
-stock,—from King Arthur and Llewellyn.
-Round the Chapel, in the graceful little
-niches that adorn the walls, are statues of
-angels and saints. Among them are the
-Apostles, some of the martyrs, and also the
-royal saints of Britain, St. Edward, St.
-Edmund, St. Oswald, and St. Margaret of
-Scotland.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The first person to be buried in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-Chapel was his wife, Elizabeth of York,
-daughter of Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>. She died in 1503,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>and was first buried in one of the side Chapels,
-until her husband’s new Chapel was ready.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1509, Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> died, and was buried
-in the middle of the nave of his Chapel. The
-funeral ceremony was very splendid, and over
-his grave rises one of the most magnificent
-tombs in the whole Abbey. The monument
-itself was made by the great Florentine
-sculptor, Torrigiano, who was a fellow-student
-and rival of Michael Angelo. We are told
-that Torrigiano broke Michael Angelo’s nose
-in a fight they had at Florence. At any rate,
-he knew how to design a beautiful monument.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The bronze screen round the tomb is of
-English work and Gothic design, and is in
-quite a different style from the Italian Renaissance
-tomb within.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Three months afterwards, Henry’s mother,
-Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond
-and Derby, died, and was buried in the South
-Aisle of her son’s Chapel. She died just at
-the time of the rejoicings for the Coronation
-of her grandson, Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>, and of Catherine
-of Aragon. The “Lady Margaret” was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>greatly honoured and beloved. She was a
-patroness of learning, and founded two
-colleges at Cambridge, and Professorships
-of Divinity at both Oxford and Cambridge.
-She was also a good friend to William
-Caxton the printer, as we have already heard.
-Her tomb was made by the same Florentine
-artist, Torrigiano, and is most beautiful. The
-effigy represents the Lady Margaret in her
-widow’s dress, her hands uplifted in prayer.
-The epitaph round the edge of the monument
-was written by the great Erasmus, who was a
-friend of Lady Margaret’s, and who was one
-of the earliest Lady Margaret Professors of
-Divinity at Cambridge, Bishop John Fisher
-being the first.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another of the family, Owen Tudor, uncle
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>, took refuge in the Sanctuary
-at Westminster during the Civil Wars, and
-became a monk. He is buried in the South
-Transept. A little daughter of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>,
-Elizabeth Tudor, is buried in a tiny tomb in
-the Confessor’s Chapel, close to Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>.
-A little son, Edward, is also buried in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Abbey. Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> had intended to be buried
-at Westminster with his first wife, Catherine
-of Aragon, to whom he was married in the
-Abbey. Indeed, he had actually ordered
-Torrigiano to make the effigies for the tomb.
-But, as we know, everything changed, and
-Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> is buried in St. George’s, Windsor,
-with his third wife, Jane Seymour, mother of
-King Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Anne of Cleves is the only one of Henry’s
-six wives who is buried in the Abbey. Her
-grave is in the South Ambulatory, and she
-has a large and rather ugly monument in the
-Sacrarium, just opposite to the tomb of Aymer
-de Valence. Anne of Cleves died at Chelsea
-in 1557.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One great name of Tudor times, that of
-Cardinal Wolsey, is brought back to us
-when we remember that in 1515 his
-Cardinal’s hat arrived from Rome, and was
-received with great pomp at the Abbey.
-A stately service was held; the Archbishop
-of Canterbury set the hat on Wolsey’s head,
-and a “Te Deum” was sung. Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>and Catherine of Aragon, and Henry’s
-sister Mary, the French Queen, were present
-at the ceremony.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The boy King, Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>, is buried close
-to his grandfather, Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>. He was
-buried by Archbishop Cranmer, who was
-his godfather, and who had baptized and
-crowned him. Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span> has no monument,
-but the altar of the chapel stands
-over his grave. The original altar was the
-work of Torrigiano, and must have been
-very beautiful. It was destroyed in the
-time of the Commonwealth, but parts of it
-have been found and are used in the present
-altar. The cross on this altar has a special
-interest for us all, because it was given to the
-Abbey by Ras Makonnen, the Abyssinian
-envoy, at the time of King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-serious illness, when the Coronation had to
-be put off. The cross is of a very ancient
-pattern, and there is an Ethiopian inscription
-upon it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Not far from the grave of Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>
-there stood for many years a pulpit—now
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>in the Nave—from which it is believed
-Archbishop Cranmer preached at the Coronation
-and funeral of his royal godson,
-Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>, in 1553.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the north aisle of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel the
-two Tudor Queens, Mary and Elizabeth, are
-buried. Poor Queen Mary had taken much
-care for the Abbey. During the reigns of
-Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> and Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span> great changes
-had been made there; the monks had been
-sent away, and, unfortunately, many of the
-precious and beautiful things that belonged
-to the church and monastery had been
-removed or destroyed. It was even said
-that Protector Somerset wanted to pull
-down the Abbey itself. Queen Mary brought
-the monks back, with Abbot Feckenham to
-rule over them; she restored the Confessor’s
-shrine, and had the church and the services
-arranged again as they had been in the old
-days before the Reformation.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>After her short, unhappy reign, Mary
-Tudor was laid to rest in her grandfather’s
-chapel. No monument was erected to her,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>and it is sad to think that very few of her
-subjects mourned for her. We are told that
-when the various altars in the chapel were
-taken down, the stones were piled up over
-her grave. Perhaps it was intended to
-make them into a monument later on.
-Another forty-five years passed, and then,
-in 1603, Queen Elizabeth died, to the great
-grief of all her people, whose lamentations
-followed her to her grave in the Abbey.
-She rests there, in the same vault as her
-sister Mary, the vault being so narrow that
-Queen Elizabeth’s coffin had to be placed
-on the top of Queen Mary’s. The monument,
-which is a fine one of its kind, is to
-Queen Elizabeth alone, and was erected to
-her memory by her cousin and successor,
-King James <span class='fss'>I</span>. The epitaph on the western
-end of the monument mentions both the
-Tudor sister-queens, and runs as follows:
-“Consorts both in throne and grave, here
-rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in
-the hope of the resurrection.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is now time to speak of some other
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>famous people who belonged to the Tudor
-times, and who are buried in the Abbey.
-Among these are the following:—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Humphrey Stanley, who fought on
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s side at Bosworth, and was
-knighted by him after the battle. Sir
-Humphrey died in 1505, and is buried in
-the Chapel at St. Nicholas.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Giles Daubeny and his wife, who are
-buried in St Paul’s Chapel. Sir Giles
-Daubeny was Lord Lieutenant of Calais in
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s time, when Calais still belonged
-to England. He died in 1508.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Then come some of the great ladies of the
-Tudor Court, namely:</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, granddaughter
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> and mother of the
-unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, who, as every
-one remembers, was Queen of England
-for twelve days after the death of Edward
-<span class='fss'>VI</span>. The Duchess is buried in St. Edmund’s
-Chapel, close to some of the Plantagenets,
-and on the spot where the altar used to stand.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Anne Seymour, the wife of Protector
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>Somerset, is buried in the Chapel of St.
-Nicholas. She was sister-in-law to Queen
-Jane Seymour, mother of Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>. From
-what is told us about her she seems to
-have been both very clever and very fierce-tempered,
-and to have made people afraid
-of her. She lived on into the days of
-Elizabeth, and died in 1587, aged ninety.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the same chapel is a tablet in memory
-of Jane Seymour, daughter of Protector
-Somerset. She was cousin to Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>,
-and it had been intended that he should
-marry her.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another name of interest is that of
-Frances Howard, Countess of Hertford,
-sister of the Lord Howard of Effingham
-who defeated the Spanish Armada. She
-is buried in St. Benedict’s Chapel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In St. Paul’s Chapel are the grave and
-monument of Frances Sidney, Countess of
-Sussex. She was the aunt of the famous Sir
-Philip Sidney, the soldier and poet. This lady
-was the foundress of Sidney Sussex College
-at Cambridge, which is called after her.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>In the Chapel of St. John the Baptist is
-the enormous monument—thirty-six feet
-high—of Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon, who
-died in 1596.  His mother was a sister of
-Queen Anne Boleyn, and thus he was
-Queen Elizabeth’s first cousin.  He was
-Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth, and
-was always a most devoted servant and
-friend to her.  He had special charge of
-the Queen at the time of the Spanish
-Armada.  It is said that he died partly of
-disappointment at having to wait a long
-time before Queen Elizabeth would make
-him Earl of Wiltshire.  When he was
-dying the Queen came to see him, and,
-having brought the patent for the earldom
-and the robes, she had them put down
-on his bed.  But Lord Hunsdon said to
-her: “Madam, seeing you counted me not
-worthy of this honour whilst I was living,
-I count myself unworthy of it now I am
-dying.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Chapel of St. Nicholas are buried
-the wife and daughter of the great Lord
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>Burleigh, Mildred, Lady Burleigh, and
-Anne, Countess of Oxford. Lord Burleigh’s
-own funeral service took place in the Abbey,
-but he is buried at Stamford. On the
-monument to his wife and daughter is a
-figure of Lord Burleigh himself, kneeling,
-“his eyes dim with tears for the loss of
-those who were dear to him beyond the
-whole race of womankind.” One of the
-figures on the tomb is that of Robert Cecil,
-first Earl of Salisbury, and this is especially
-interesting when we think of the monument
-to the Lord Salisbury of our own day (also
-a Robert Cecil) which has just been placed
-in the Abbey, close to the Great West Door.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several other members of the Cecil
-family are buried in the Abbey, one of
-the chief among them being Thomas Cecil,
-first Earl of Exeter.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two of the famous lawyers of the time
-buried in the Abbey are Sir Thomas
-Bromley and Sir John Puckering. Sir
-Thomas Bromley, who is buried in the
-Chapel of St. Paul, succeeded Sir Nicholas
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>Bacon as Lord Keeper, and was the chief
-judge at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots.
-Sir John Puckering, who is buried in
-the same chapel, had also to do with the
-trials both of Mary and of her secretary,
-Davison.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some of Queen Elizabeth’s great soldiers
-rest in the Abbey. First among these we
-will mention Sir Francis Vere, who fought
-in the Flemish Wars and commanded the
-forces in the Netherlands. His monument,
-in the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist,
-is celebrated for its beauty. It is said to
-be copied from the tomb of Count Engelbrecht
-II of Nassau in the church at Breda.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Others of the Vere family are buried
-near Sir Francis. Close to this monument
-is that of George Holles, who fought in
-the same wars. Another young soldier of
-the same family, Francis Holles, is buried
-in St. Edmund’s Chapel. Both their
-monuments are interesting, because the
-statue of Sir George Holles is the first
-standing figure put up in the Abbey, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>that of Francis one of the earliest sitting
-figures. And besides this, the statue of
-Sir George Holles is the first represented
-in Roman armour, instead of in the costume
-of the time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The fashion of monuments changed a
-good deal in the Elizabethan days. In
-older times people were always represented
-lying down, with their hands clasped in
-prayer, like the figures of the Plantagenets,
-for instance. But the statues on the Elizabethan
-tombs represent people leaning
-upon their elbows, or sitting, or standing.
-We shall see that, later on, they are not
-content even with that, but wave their arms
-aloft, as if talking to a crowd of people.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another very fine Elizabethan tomb is
-that of Lord and Lady Norris, who were
-great friends of Queen Elizabeth. This
-huge erection is in the Chapel of St.
-Andrew, not far from the monument of
-Sir Francis Vere. The kneeling figures
-round the tomb represent the six sons of
-Lord and Lady Norris, who were all fine,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>brave soldiers, and fought in the Netherlands
-and elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But besides soldiers, lawyers, and great
-ladies, there are other Elizabethan names
-connected with the Abbey—three of these
-names more famous than any we have yet
-mentioned. These three are Edmund
-Spenser, William Shakspeare and Sir
-Walter Raleigh. It is true that the two
-last of these great men lived on some time
-after the death of Queen Elizabeth, but
-as they always seem to belong more to
-her reign than to any other, we will speak
-of them now, after Spenser. Edmund
-Spenser, author of the <cite>Faërie Queen</cite>, died
-in Westminster, and is buried in Poets’
-Corner. A very plain monument marks
-the spot, but the epitaph is a beautiful one:
-“Here lyes, expecting the second comminge
-of our Saviour Christ Jesus, the body of
-Edmond Spenser, the Prince of Poets in
-his tyme, whose divine spirrit needs noe othir
-witnesse then the workes he left behinde
-him.”</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i139.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />SHAKSPEARE’S MONUMENT.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>It is said that when Spenser was buried
-the poets who were present threw their
-elegies and their pens into the grave.
-Probably, then, Shakspeare’s pen is lying
-there, on Spenser’s coffin.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Then we come to Shakspeare himself,—the
-poet who is the glory of the English
-race, and famous throughout the whole of the
-civilised world. Shakspeare, as we know, is
-not buried in the Abbey, but in the Parish
-Church of his native town, Stratford-on-Avon.
-The monument in the Abbey was
-not put up until long years after his death.
-On it are the famous lines from <cite>The
-Tempest</cite>—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“The cloud-capp’d towers, the gorgeous palaces,</div>
-      <div class='line'>The solemn temples, the great globe itself,</div>
-      <div class='line'>Yea, all which it inherits, shall dissolve;</div>
-      <div class='line'>And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded,</div>
-      <div class='line'>Leave not a rack behind.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>The connexion of Sir Walter Raleigh
-with the Abbey is not so direct, because he
-is not buried there, but in St. Margaret’s,
-close by. However, Raleigh was imprisoned
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>in the old Gatehouse of the monastery the
-night before his execution, and the Dean
-of Westminster went to see him, and to
-pray with him. During that last night of
-his life Sir Walter Raleigh, after the final
-parting with his wife, wrote the following
-well-known lines on the blank leaf of his
-Bible—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in4'>“Ev’n such is Time, that takes on trust</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>Our youth, our joys, our all we have,</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>And pays us but with age and dust;</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>Who in the dark and silent grave</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>When we have wander’d all our ways,</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>Shuts up the story of our days.</div>
-      <div class='line'>But from this earth, this grave, this dust,</div>
-      <div class='line'>The Lord shall raise me up, I trust.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>As the colony of Virginia was first founded
-by Sir Walter Raleigh, his name will always
-remind us of the beginning of our great
-Colonial Empire. In St. Margaret’s Church
-there is a very fine window to Raleigh’s
-memory. This was given by some citizens
-of America, and the scenes in the window
-commemorate the founding of the New
-World.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>One of the chief and earliest promoters
-of the Virginia Company was the brave
-soldier, Sir John Ogle, who fought in the
-Netherlands under Sir Francis Vere, and
-is buried in the Abbey. No inscription
-marks his grave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Somewhere in the Abbey is buried another
-promoter of the South Virginia Company,
-Richard Hakluyt, author of a book of
-<cite>Voyages and Travels</cite>. Hakluyt was a Westminster
-scholar. He became a clergyman,
-and was Prebendary and Archdeacon of
-Westminster. In the first volume of his
-<cite>Voyages and Travels</cite> is a description of the
-defeat of the Spanish Armada.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two more Elizabethan monuments may
-be mentioned before we leave the Tudor
-times altogether. One is the monument to
-William Camden, the famous antiquary, who
-was Head-Master of Westminster School in
-Queen Elizabeth’s time. He is buried in the
-South Transept, and his monument stands
-against its western wall. Camden, like
-Shakspeare, lived on into the Stuart time,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>but he seems to belong more especially to
-Elizabethan days.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The other monument is perhaps more
-curious than actually interesting. It is that
-of Elizabeth Russell, goddaughter of Queen
-Elizabeth, and daughter of a Lord Russell
-who is buried in the Chapel of St.
-Nicholas. Elizabeth Russell was born in
-the Abbey precincts, where her mother had
-taken refuge from the plague. She had a
-very grand christening in the Abbey, and
-the Earl of Leicester stood as godfather.
-She died young, and was buried in St.
-Edmund’s Chapel, where her monument
-represents her sitting in an osier chair.
-This is the first sitting figure in the Abbey.
-A curious old story says that Elizabeth
-Russell died from the prick of a needle,
-and people added to the story by saying
-that she had been working on Sunday!
-Most likely the idea arose because her
-finger points to a skull at her feet.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have spoken of Queen Elizabeth’s
-having established the Abbey as a Collegiate
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>Church, and those who are interested in
-Westminster may like to know that the
-first Deans of her time are buried in St.
-Benedict’s Chapel. These were Dean
-William Bill and Dean Gabriel Goodman.
-It was under their rule that the Abbey
-services were arranged much in their present
-form.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have now recalled the chief memories
-of the Tudor days, so far as that great
-chapter in English history is recorded in
-the Abbey.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER VII<br /> <span class='large'>THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“<i>The old order changeth, yielding place to new,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>And God fulfils Himself in many ways,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Lest one good custom should corrupt the world.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in14'><span class='sc'>Tennyson</span> (<cite>The Passing of Arthur</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>From the Tudors and the great people of their
-reigns we pass on to the House of Stuart, to
-the troubles of the great Civil War, and to
-the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1661.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Abbey history at this time helps us
-to realise that it was an age of struggle
-between liberty and despotism, an age when
-the people were determined to become more
-and more self-governing. The Tudors had
-been clever enough and strong enough to
-rule without making their people discontented.
-The Stuarts were not wise enough
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>to see that the English spirit of independence
-would not bear any tyrannical form
-of government, and as the Stuarts found
-it difficult to understand this, they ended
-by losing their kingdom altogether. We
-shall see how all these things left their mark
-upon the Abbey itself.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As this chapter has to do with a long
-and eventful time in English history, it
-will be divided into three parts. The first
-part will be about the earlier Stuarts; the
-second, about the Commonwealth; and the
-third, about the Stuart Restoration and the
-most famous men of the Stuart and Commonwealth
-times.</p>
-
-<h3 class='c016'>I</h3>
-
-<p class='c017'>The first of the Stuart family to be laid
-to rest in the Abbey was Margaret, Countess
-of Lennox, the mother of Lord Darnley.
-Margaret was the daughter of the Earl of
-Angus and of Margaret Tudor, daughter
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>. Her epitaph tells us that
-she “had to her great-grandfather, King
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>; to her grandfather, King
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>; to her uncle, King Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>;
-to her cousin-german, King Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>; to
-her brother, King James <span class='fss'>V</span> of Scotland; to her
-son (Darnley), King Henry <span class='fss'>I</span> of Scotland;
-to her grandchild, King James <span class='fss'>VI</span> (of Scotland)
-and <span class='fss'>I</span> (of England).” This epitaph
-is again an English history lesson in itself,
-if we think over it carefully. Margaret’s
-mother was first married to King James <span class='fss'>IV</span>
-of Scotland, and on his death she married
-the Earl of Angus. Margaret Lennox was
-thus half-sister to James <span class='fss'>V</span> of Scotland, and
-she therefore was a link between the English
-and Scottish royal houses. She married
-Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox. Her
-eldest son, Lord Darnley, married Mary,
-Queen of Scots, and was called King. Her
-second son was Charles Stuart, father of the
-Lady Arabella, of whom we hear so much
-in the reigns of Elizabeth and James <span class='fss'>I</span>.
-Margaret died in 1578, and is buried in the
-south aisle of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, where
-she has a very fine tomb. Round the tomb
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>are the kneeling figures of her children,
-Lord Darnley and Charles Stuart among
-them. Lord Darnley is represented wearing
-a royal robe, and there are the broken
-remains of a crown over his head.  Charles
-Stuart is buried here with his mother.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The chief and most interesting Stuart
-monument in the Abbey is that of Mary,
-Queen of Scots. This monument is also in
-the south aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel, and
-stands above the great Stuart vault, where
-so many of the Stuart family rest. After
-Mary’s execution at Fotheringay in 1587,
-Queen Elizabeth ordered her body to be
-solemnly buried in Peterborough Cathedral.
-But when James <span class='fss'>I</span> came to the throne he
-commanded that his mother’s remains should
-be brought to Westminster, and buried in the
-Abbey. He also said that she was to have
-a monument equal to that of her cousin,
-Queen Elizabeth, and that the same honour
-should be paid to her. A copy of the
-warrant of James <span class='fss'>I</span> for the removal of his
-mother’s body hangs on the wall near her
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>tomb. Queen Mary was buried at Westminster
-in 1612, and the splendid monument
-we now see was erected to her. It is very
-like Queen Elizabeth’s, only larger and more
-costly. Her tomb in the Abbey was at one
-time almost a place of pilgrimage.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1607, two little princesses, Mary and
-Sophia, daughters of James <span class='fss'>I</span>, died, and
-were buried near Queen Elizabeth, in the
-north aisle of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel. Their
-tombs are also close to the spot where
-the bones of Edward <span class='fss'>V</span> and Richard Duke
-of York were afterwards placed. Dean
-Stanley used to call this corner of Henry
-<span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel “Innocents’ Corner,” because
-these four children are buried here. Princess
-Mary was the first of James <span class='fss'>I</span>’s children
-born in England, and was therefore the
-first “Princess of Great Britain.” She was
-only two and a half years old when she died,
-and seemed to be wonderfully quick of
-understanding. When she was dying she
-kept saying: “I go, I go, away I go.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The baby Princess Sophia, named after
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>her grandmother, the Queen of Denmark, is
-buried in her pretty cradle-tomb, which is
-one of the best known in the Abbey. A
-few years later the eldest brother of these
-two little girls, Henry Frederick, Prince of
-Wales, died, and was buried in the same vault
-as his grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots.
-There was great grief in the country at the
-death of this promising young prince, who
-was especially the hope of the Puritan party.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Arabella Stuart, who had such a troubled
-life, and who was always being suspected of
-wishing and trying to be made Queen of
-England, died in 1615, and was buried in the
-great Stuart vault. Her coffin was placed on
-the top of the coffin of Mary, Queen of Scots.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Queen Anne of Denmark, wife of James <span class='fss'>I</span>,
-died in 1619, and is buried in the central
-aisle of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, not far from the
-tomb of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> himself.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King James the First, who died in 1625,
-is not buried with any of his own Stuart
-family, but in the great Tudor vault where
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> and Elizabeth of York lie. It is
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>supposed that James wished this because the
-Stuarts claimed the English throne through
-the House of Tudor. When we think of
-these two Kings, one really a Welshman and
-the other a Scotchman, we remember that it
-was at James <span class='fss'>I</span>’s succession that the Scottish
-crown was united to that of England and
-Wales. The United Kingdom may be said
-to have been begun then, although the
-actual formal union did not take place till
-long afterwards.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We should also remember that our Colonial
-Empire really began in James <span class='fss'>I</span>’s reign.
-Sir Walter Raleigh’s settlement in Virginia
-had indeed been given up, but in 1607
-and 1610, settlements were again made in
-Virginia and also in Newfoundland. And
-more important still, it was in James <span class='fss'>I</span>’s
-reign that the celebrated “Pilgrim Fathers”
-sailed from Plymouth in the <i>Mayflower</i> and
-crossed to America. They landed in Massachusetts
-Bay, and called their first settlement
-New Plymouth.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1629, the infant Prince Charles, eldest
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>child of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, was buried in the Stuart
-vault, and in 1640, another child of Charles
-<span class='fss'>I</span>, the little Princess Anne, was laid there
-also. Soon after her funeral, the troublous
-days began, and it was not long before the
-Abbey passed into Cromwell’s hands.</p>
-
-<h3 class='c016'>II</h3>
-
-<p class='c017'>We must now turn to think of a very
-different state of things and of very different
-people, namely, the Parliamentarian Government
-and the great men of the Commonwealth.
-Between the years 1653 and 1660 the Parliamentarian
-Party made great changes in
-the government and services of the Abbey,
-and the Presbyterian form of worship was
-established. Again, as at the time of Henry
-<span class='fss'>VIII</span>, various ornaments and other possessions
-of the church were removed and sold.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Archbishop Laud, one of the chief advisors
-of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, and a great enemy of the Puritans,
-was at one time Prebendary of Westminster,
-and had great influence and authority in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>the Abbey while he was one of the
-Chapter. In his old age Archbishop Laud
-was imprisoned for three years, and, sad
-to say, he was finally executed by order of
-the Long Parliament.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Many of the famous Parliamentary soldiers
-and statesmen were buried in the Abbey, as
-they most of them certainly deserved to be.
-Whether we like all they did or not, we
-grieve to think that the bones of these
-great Englishmen were nearly all taken out
-of their graves at the time of the Stuart
-Restoration, and buried in a large pit outside
-the Abbey walls. To us it seems a mean and
-unworthy revenge, but perhaps we can hardly
-understand how angry the Royalists were.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We see, however, that from this time
-onward it was no longer thought necessary
-that people must be of royal or noble birth in
-order to deserve a grave in the Abbey. Any
-man who had done any especial service to his
-country and nation, whether in peace or war,
-was henceforward thought worthy of a place
-there, and this is just what helps to make the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>Abbey one of the most interesting places in
-the world.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The chief man of the Parliamentary party
-to be buried in the Abbey was, of course,
-Oliver Cromwell himself. He died in 1658,
-and was buried in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.
-Although he was only called Lord Protector,
-his funeral was very stately, like that of a
-sovereign. It seems to us a curious thing
-that Cromwell should have wished that he
-and his family should be buried in this Chapel,
-among the royal Tudors and Stuarts, but so
-it was.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Henry Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwell, and
-deputy for the Protector in Ireland, died in
-1651, and was buried in the Cromwell vault
-in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>John Bradshaw, President of the Council
-that condemned Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> to death, died in
-1659, and was also buried in the Cromwell
-vault. Bradshaw had lived for some time at
-Westminster, the Deanery having been leased
-to him. An old story says that his ghost used
-to haunt part of the Triforium.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>These three men, Cromwell, Ireton, and
-Bradshaw, were always looked upon as the
-chief regicides, and at the Restoration their
-bodies were not only dug up, but they were
-hanged at Tyburn and buried beneath the
-gallows. The heads were struck off by the
-executioner, and put up on poles outside
-Westminster Hall.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Among other well-known names of the
-Commonwealth times are John Pym and
-William Strode, who are buried close to one
-another in the North Ambulatory. Pym was
-the famous leader of the popular party in the
-Long Parliament. He died in 1643. Strode
-was one of the five members whom Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>
-demanded to have given up to him when he
-came to the House of Commons with an
-armed force in 1641–42.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another celebrated name is that of Robert
-Devereux, Earl of Essex, the great commander
-of the Parliamentary army. Essex
-was the son of Queen Elizabeth’s favourite,
-that Earl of Essex whose death made her
-last days so miserable. This younger Essex
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>died in 1646, and was buried in the Chapel of
-St. John the Baptist. He had a very splendid
-funeral, at which his effigy was carried,
-dressed in his General’s uniform. After the
-funeral some Royalists broke into the Abbey,
-stripped the uniform off the effigy, and broke
-it in revenge for what they considered to be
-Essex’s treachery. At the Restoration his
-coffin was not found, so he was fortunately
-left undisturbed in his grave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the same Chapel is buried another great
-soldier of the time, Colonel Popham, who distinguished
-himself both on land and sea.
-His body was allowed to remain in the Abbey,
-but the inscription was effaced. Popham
-died in 1651.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Yet another great name is that of Admiral
-Robert Blake, the first of our naval heroes to
-be buried in the Abbey. It was Blake who
-defeated the Dutch Admiral, Van Tromp, off
-Dungeness in 1652. Five years later he
-destroyed the Spanish West-Indian fleet off
-Santa Cruz. Blake died on board his flagship,
-the <i>George</i>, just before arriving at
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>Plymouth after this last victory. He was
-buried with great solemnity in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-Chapel. Blake was re-interred on the north
-side of the Abbey in 1661, and a window and
-brass tablet have been erected to his memory
-in St. Margaret’s Church.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir William Constable, once Governor of
-Gloucester, and one of the men who had
-signed Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>’s death-warrant, was
-buried in the Cromwell vault, as was also
-Sir Humphrey Mackworth, who had taken
-Ludlow Castle from the Royalists and was
-afterwards Governor of Shrewsbury. Colonel
-Richard Deane, the companion of Blake and
-Popham, is buried here, and General Worsley,
-commander of the soldiers who turned out
-the Long Parliament, lies in a grave not far
-from the Cromwell vault.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several of Cromwell’s family were buried
-in this same Cromwell vault, but the bodies
-were all taken out at the time of the Restoration
-except that of his favourite daughter,
-Elizabeth Claypole, who is buried in a different
-place, on the north side of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-tomb, and whose remains were thus left in
-peace.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i159.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='left'><i>Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span>      <span class='right'><i>Allen &amp; Co (London) Ltd Sc</i></span><br /><br /><i>Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span> Chapel.</i><br /><i>Tomb of the Founder.</i></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>
-  <h3 class='c016'>III</h3>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c017'>We now come to the time of the Restoration,
-and must think of the rest of the Stuart
-family who are buried at Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> had been buried in St.
-George’s Chapel, Windsor, and although
-there had been much talk of moving his body
-into a splendid tomb in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel,
-this was never done, and Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, like
-Henry <span class='fss'>VI</span>, still rests at Windsor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The first Stuart to be buried in the Abbey
-after the Restoration was Henry of Oatlands,
-Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>. It
-was Henry who, when he was a little boy,
-promised his father that he would be torn in
-pieces before he would let himself be made
-King instead of either of his elder brothers,
-Charles or James. He died in 1660, to the
-great grief of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>, who had a very
-special love for him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Then came a daughter of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, Mary,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>Princess of Orange, mother of King William
-<span class='fss'>III</span>. She also died in 1660. Very soon
-afterwards, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia,
-daughter of James <span class='fss'>I</span>, died, and was buried in
-the great Stuart vault. She is very closely
-connected with the later history of England,
-because her daughter Sophia, who married
-the Elector of Hanover, was the mother of
-King George <span class='fss'>I</span>, and therefore Elizabeth was
-direct ancestress of King Edward <span class='fss'>VII</span>. Prince
-Rupert and Prince Maurice, who fought in the
-great Civil War, were sons of Elizabeth, and
-Prince Rupert is buried here beside his mother.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>King James <span class='fss'>II</span>, who died in France in the
-year 1701, was first buried in the Chapel of
-the English Benedictines in Paris. It was
-hoped that his body would at last be brought
-to Westminster to be buried near the graves
-of the other Kings of England. But this
-never happened, and James <span class='fss'>II</span> was finally
-buried in the Church of St. Germains, near
-Paris. His first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter
-of Lord Clarendon, and mother of the two
-Stuart Queens, Mary and Anne, died in 1671,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>and is buried in the Abbey, in the vault where
-Mary, Queen of Scots, rests. Many children
-of James <span class='fss'>II</span> are buried there also. But the
-son of his second wife, Mary of Modena, the
-Prince James whom many people thought the
-rightful successor to the throne, is buried
-in another great St. Peter’s—St. Peter’s at
-Rome. Not only is James—the Chevalier
-de St. George, as he was called—buried in
-St. Peter’s, but also his wife and his two sons,
-Charles Edward (Prince Charlie) and Henry
-Benedict, Cardinal of York. With the
-Cardinal of York the male line of James <span class='fss'>II</span>
-ended, and we go back to his two daughters,
-Mary and Anne.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>William <span class='fss'>III</span> and Mary <span class='fss'>II</span> are both buried
-in the Abbey, near the other Stuarts. Queen
-Mary’s funeral was a very solemn and mournful
-one, and she was much lamented by her
-subjects.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Queen Anne and her husband, Prince
-George of Denmark, are buried close by, and
-Queen Anne’s eighteen infant children are
-buried in the great Stuart vault under the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>monument of Mary, Queen of Scots. Only
-one of Queen Anne’s children lived for any
-time, and that was William, Duke of Gloucester,
-who died in 1700, aged eleven, “of
-a fever occasioned by excessive dancing on
-his birthday.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are a few other relations of the Stuart
-family buried in the Abbey, but with Queen
-Anne the Stuart history really ends so far as
-the Abbey is concerned. None of the Stuart
-Kings have any monuments.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now call to mind some of the
-chief men of the Stuart times whose graves
-are at Westminster. The greatest contemporaries
-of James <span class='fss'>I</span>, Lord Bacon and
-Shakspeare, are not buried in the Abbey.
-Lord Bacon is buried at Verulam; and
-although Shakspeare has a monument in the
-Abbey, he is not buried there, but, by his
-own desire, at his own native Stratford.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When we think of the reigns of James <span class='fss'>I</span>
-and Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, we often recall the name of a
-man who was a great friend and favourite
-of both these Kings. This man is George
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, whom James <span class='fss'>I</span>
-used to call by the silly name of “Steenie.”
-While we speak of Buckingham, we remember
-that he had a great deal to do with preventing
-Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>’s marriage to a Spanish Infanta,
-and with bringing about his marriage with
-Henrietta Maria of France. We also think
-of Buckingham’s unsuccessful attempts to
-relieve La Rochelle, where the Huguenots
-were besieged by Cardinal Richelieu, and in
-this way the French history of that time
-seems to be brought very close to the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As everyone knows, the Duke of Buckingham
-was murdered at Portsmouth in 1628,
-and he was buried in great state in Henry
-<span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, where a splendid monument
-was erected to him. Several of the Duke’s
-family are buried in the same vault, and
-among them a young son, Francis, who was
-killed in the Civil Wars, at the Battle of
-Kingston.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir George Villiers and his wife, the father
-and mother of the Duke of Buckingham, are
-buried beneath a large monument in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>Chapel of St. Nicholas.  It is said that the
-last meeting between the Duke of Buckingham
-and his mother was a very sad and
-troubled one, as they had both received a
-mysterious warning that some terrible thing
-was going to happen to the Duke. When the
-Duke was murdered six months afterwards,
-his mother appeared quite calm, as if she
-had been prepared to hear the dreadful news.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Dudley Carleton and Lord Cottington, two
-men who held important offices under the
-Stuarts, are buried in St. Paul’s Chapel.
-Dudley Carleton was educated at Westminster
-School, and became first Secretary of
-State and Minister for Foreign Affairs. He
-was actually with the Duke of Buckingham
-when he was assassinated, and saw the
-murder. It was Carleton who saved the
-murderer, Felton, from being torn in pieces
-by the angry soldiers.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Lord Cottington was an able and accomplished
-man. He was ambassador in Spain
-under James <span class='fss'>I</span>, Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>, and again under
-Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Another well-known name of that time is
-that of Sir Thomas Richardson, who was
-Lord Chief Justice in the time of Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>.
-It was Sir Thomas Richardson who had to
-tell Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> that torture was illegal, when
-the King wished to use it after the death of
-Buckingham. Sir Thomas used to be called
-the “jeering Lord Chief Justice,” because of
-the sarcastic things he used to say. For
-example, when he condemned Prynne, he said
-that “he might have the <cite>Book of Martyrs</cite> to
-amuse him in prison.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have already spoken about the burials
-of the great men of the Commonwealth,
-and must speak of some of the famous
-people of the later Stuart times after the
-Restoration.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The great Lord Clarendon, father of
-James <span class='fss'>II</span>’s first wife, and therefore grandfather
-of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, is
-buried near the steps of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.
-Every one will remember the name of his
-famous book, <cite>The History of the Great
-Rebellion</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>In Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, not far from the
-tomb of Queen Elizabeth, is buried General
-Monck, the man who had so much to do
-with the Restoration of the Stuart Kings.
-He was made Duke of Albemarle by
-Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>. His funeral was very stately, and
-a large monument was put up to him close
-to the graves of the Stuart sovereigns, whom
-he had helped to bring back to England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are several graves and monuments
-in the Abbey which remind us of the great
-sea-fights with the Dutch that were going on
-just at this time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One of these is the monument to Edward
-Montague, Earl of Sandwich, who took such
-a great part in the victory over De Ruyter
-off Sole Bay in 1672. Lord Sandwich’s
-ship was somehow set on fire; it blew up,
-and he perished with it. He was buried
-in General Monck’s vault in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-Chapel. Two young lieutenants, Sir
-Charles Harbord and Clement Cottrell,
-who died with Lord Sandwich, are commemorated
-in the Nave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>Another distinguished sailor, Sir Freschville
-Holles, was also killed in the engagement off
-Sole Bay, and is buried in St. Edmund’s
-Chapel. Sir Freschville Holles had been
-knighted by Charles <span class='fss'>II</span> after the naval
-victory over the Dutch off Lowestoft in
-1665. Five other officers, who were all
-killed in this battle off Lowestoft, are buried
-in the North Ambulatory.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Admiral Sir Edward Spragge and a young
-lieutenant called Richard Le Neve, who were
-killed in a sea-fight with Van Tromp in the
-year 1673, are also buried in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another name we ought to remember is
-that of Sir Palmes Fairborne, Governor of
-Tangier, who was killed when defending
-Tangier against the Moors in 1680. His
-monument is in the Nave, and reminds us
-that Tangier once belonged to England,
-having been part of the dowry of Catherine
-of Braganza, wife of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>. Sir Palmes
-Fairborne was buried at Tangier.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Battle of the Boyne in the reign of
-William <span class='fss'>III</span> is brought to our minds when
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>we look at the monument of General Philipps
-in the North Transept. General Philipps
-fought on William <span class='fss'>III</span>’s side in that battle.
-He lived to a great age, and was Governor
-of Nova Scotia from 1720 to 1740.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave there is a monument to
-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, who distinguished
-himself in the naval war of
-Queen Anne’s reign, and fought under
-Admiral Rooke at Cadiz in 1702. Sir
-Thomas Hardy did not die until 1732, but
-he really belongs to these later Stuart times.
-The taking of Gibraltar in 1704 is recalled
-to our minds later on by the memorials to
-Richard Kane and Coote Manningham.
-Kane held Gibraltar for eight months against
-the Spaniards in George <span class='fss'>I</span>’s reign.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now turn to some of the graves
-and monuments connected with the great
-French war of Queen Anne’s reign—the
-War of the Spanish Succession, as it was
-called.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The body of the great Duke of Marlborough,
-the victorious General at the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>Battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde,
-and Malplaquet, was buried in the Abbey
-in 1722, and removed to the Chapel at
-Blenheim Palace twenty-four years afterwards.
-The Duke’s first grave was in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s
-Chapel, in the vault where Cromwell, Ireton,
-Bradshaw, and others had lain.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave are monuments to General
-Killigrew, who was killed at the Battle of
-Almanza in 1707, to Colonel Bringfield,
-who was killed at Ramillies in 1706, and to
-Major Creed, who was killed at Blenheim in
-1704.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Ambulatory is a monument
-to Earl Ligonier, one of Queen Anne’s
-Generals, who fought under Marlborough,
-and was at the Battle of Blenheim. Lord
-Ligonier belonged to an old Huguenot
-family from the south of France, and he,
-with some other distinguished Huguenots
-who are buried in the Abbey, came over to
-England about the time of the Revocation
-of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, when the
-Protestant worship was forbidden in France,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>and many Huguenots took refuge in England.
-Earl Ligonier died in 1770.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another hero of the Dutch and French
-wars rests in the Abbey, and that is Sir
-Cloudesley Shovel, one of the greatest naval
-commanders of the time. His monument is
-rather curious, and represents him wearing
-Roman armour and a wig such as was in
-fashion in his own day. The story of his
-death is a very dreadful one. The Admiral
-had helped in the almost entire destruction
-of the French Mediterranean squadron in
-1707, and was sailing for home when a
-violent gale drove his ship on to the rocks
-off the Scilly Isles. The ship was wrecked,
-and Sir Cloudesley Shovel was washed
-ashore, bruised and unconscious, but not
-quite dead. Thirty years afterwards a
-fisherman’s wife confessed that she had
-found the body, and that for the sake of a
-valuable emerald ring the Admiral wore
-she had actually killed him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave is a curious tablet in memory
-of Admiral Baker, who was second in command
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>to Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and brought
-the rest of the ships home after Sir Cloudesley’s
-flagship was lost. Admiral Baker was
-afterwards Governor of the Island of Minorca,
-which at that time belonged to England.
-He died in Minorca in 1716, and is buried
-there. Minorca had been added to our
-possessions by the first Earl Stanhope, who
-did distinguished service in the War of the
-Spanish Succession. He and three other
-of the Earls Stanhope have a monument on
-the Choir Screen, opposite to that of Sir
-Isaac Newton.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now look back through all the
-Stuart and Commonwealth time, and say a
-few words about the poets and other writers
-who belong to those days, and who are buried
-in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Ben Jonson, the celebrated poet and play-writer,
-and a contemporary of Shakspeare,
-is buried in the Nave, and has a monument
-in Poets’ Corner. On the monument is
-the well-known inscription: “O rare Ben
-Jonson!” Ben Jonson was born near
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>Westminster; he was educated at Westminster
-School, and during his last years
-he lived close to the Abbey. He died in
-1637, in a little house in St. Margaret’s
-Churchyard. There are one or two famous
-stories about Ben Jonson asking for a grave
-in the Abbey. One story says that he begged
-for eighteen inches of square ground in the
-Abbey from Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>. Another says that
-in a conversation with the Dean he said
-he was too poor to have a full-length grave.
-“No sir, six feet long by two feet wide is
-too much for me. Two feet by two feet will
-do all I want.” “You shall have it,” said
-the Dean, and thus the conversation ended.
-Whether these curious stories are true or
-not, it is the fact that Ben Jonson was buried
-standing up. This was discovered when
-Sir Robert Wilson’s grave was being made
-in 1849.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Looking round Poets’ Corner, we find the
-names of the following poets:—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Michael Drayton, author of the <cite>Polyolbion</cite>,
-who died in 1631.  The beautiful epitaph
-is said to be by either Ben Jonson or
-Francis Quarles.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i175.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />POETS’ CORNER.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>Abraham Cowley, who died in 1667. He
-had a very grand funeral in the Abbey, which
-was attended by many distinguished people.
-Cowley was educated at Westminster School,
-and he was a devoted Royalist.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir William Davenant, the Cavalier, who
-succeeded Ben Jonson as Poet-Laureate in
-Charles <span class='fss'>I</span>’s time. He died in 1668.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>John Dryden, Poet-Laureate to Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>
-and James <span class='fss'>II</span>. He was educated at Westminster
-School under the famous Headmaster,
-Dr. Busby. Dryden began by being
-a great admirer of Cromwell, but afterwards
-he became a strong Royalist and held several
-offices under the crown after the Restoration.
-He died in 1700, in great poverty, and is buried
-near Chaucer. His best known poems are
-perhaps the Ode on “Alexander’s Feast” and
-the “Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day.” His political
-satires “Absalom and Achitophel” and
-“The Hind and the Panther” were the works
-which made his fame in his own day.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>On the south wall of Poets’ Corner is a
-small monument to Samuel Butler, the author
-of a famous satire on the Puritans, called
-<cite>Hudibras</cite>. Samuel Butler lived from the
-reign of James <span class='fss'>I</span> until after the Restoration,
-and died in 1680.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Francis Beaumont, who wrote plays with
-John Fletcher, is buried close to Poets’
-Corner with his brother, Sir John Beaumont,
-who was also a poet. He died in 1616.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But, as we all know, far the greatest poet
-of those days was John Milton, whose
-monument is not far from the grave of
-Spenser.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Milton is not buried in the Abbey, but in
-St. Giles’ Cripplegate. As the Abbey was
-always strongly Royalist, it was a long time
-before Milton’s name was allowed even to
-appear on its walls, Milton having been so
-prominent on the Parliamentarian side. Not
-even <cite>Paradise Lost</cite> could make them
-altogether forget his Puritan sympathies.
-However, in 1738, the monument we now
-see in Poets’ Corner was put up by a certain
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>William Benson, who belonged to the Whig
-party in politics. Thus one of the greatest
-English poets came at last by his own.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When speaking of Milton we are reminded
-of one of our best English musicians, Henry
-Lawes, who wrote the music to <cite>Comus</cite>,
-and who is buried in the cloisters. His
-brother, William Lawes, was a member of
-the Abbey choir.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A fine bust of the well-known composer,
-Orlando Gibbons, has quite lately been
-placed in the Abbey, in that North Aisle of
-the Choir which is known as the “Musicians’
-Aisle.” Orlando Gibbons was appointed
-organist of the Abbey in 1623. His son,
-Christopher Gibbons, was the first organist
-of the Abbey after the Restoration, and was
-a favourite of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>. He is buried in
-the Cloisters.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close by is the grave of Henry Purcell,
-who is perhaps our greatest English composer.
-He belongs entirely to the Stuart
-times, and his life was spent at Westminster.
-He was organist of the Abbey
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>and composed some of our finest English
-Church music, besides other things. He
-died in 1695, at about the same age as
-Mozart, Schubert, and Mendelssohn, that is,
-37. Above his grave is a tablet with an
-epitaph said to have been written by Dryden.
-It runs as follows:—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>“Here lies Henry Purcell, Esq., who left
-this life, and is gone to that blessed place
-where only his Harmony can be exceeded.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two other well-known Church musicians
-of the Stuart times are buried in this aisle;
-these are Dr. John Blow and Dr. William
-Croft, who were both organists at the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>All English children will like to know that
-there is very soon to be a window in the
-Abbey to John Bunyan, author of the
-<cite>Pilgrim’s Progress</cite>. The window will commemorate
-his life and works.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another remarkable writer of the Stuart
-and Commonwealth times, that learned and
-holy man, Richard Baxter, author of the
-<cite>Saint’s Everlasting Rest</cite>, has no memorial
-in the Abbey, but he is known to have
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>preached one of his finest sermons here
-in 1654, and this is very interesting to
-remember.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The grave of Sir Robert Moray, First
-President of the Royal Society, reminds us
-of the beginning of that great Society during
-the reigns of the later Stuart Kings. Sir
-Robert Moray was both a soldier and a man
-of science. Burnet calls him “the wisest and
-worthiest man of his age.” He died in 1673.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The only painter who has a monument in
-the Abbey belongs to Stuart times. This is
-Sir Godfrey Kneller, a celebrated portrait
-painter in the reigns of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>, James <span class='fss'>II</span>,
-William <span class='fss'>III</span>, and Queen Anne. He was a
-Westphalian by birth. He died in 1723, and
-was buried in the garden of his house at
-Whitton. Kneller did not want to be buried
-in the Abbey; for, he said: “they do bury
-fools there.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another interesting remembrance of these
-troubled Stuart days is the monument in the
-Cloisters to Sir Edmond Berry Godfrey.
-He was the Judge to whom Titus Oates
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>professed to reveal the Popish plot of 1678.
-Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey’s death was
-rather mysterious, and it was supposed,
-though not on good foundation, that he had
-been murdered by some one connected with
-the plot.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must mention one more grave in the
-Abbey itself. This is the grave of the
-wonderful old Thomas Parr,—“old Parr” as
-he used to be called. He died in 1635, and
-always claimed that he had been born in 1483.
-He is buried in the South Transept, and his
-epitaph says that “He lived in the reignes of
-ten princes, namely: King Edward <span class='fss'>IV</span>, King
-Edward <span class='fss'>V</span>, King Richard <span class='fss'>III</span>, King Henry
-<span class='fss'>VII</span>, King Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>, King Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>,
-Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James,
-King Charles; aged 152 years, and was
-buried here, 1635.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have now mentioned most of the
-principal people of the Stuart and Commonwealth
-times who are in any way connected
-with the Abbey, and must pass on to the
-history of the House of Hanover.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i183.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span><br /><br />MONUMENT OF GENERAL WOLFE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER VIII<br /> <span class='large'>THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“<i>We were dreamers, dreaming greatly, in the man-stifled town;</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>We yearned beyond the sky-line where the strange roads go down.</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Came the Whisper, came the Vision, came the Power with the Need,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Till the Soul that is not man’s soul was lent us to lead.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Rudyard Kipling</span> (<cite>The Seven Seas</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>At the death of Queen Anne a great
-change took place in the reigning family.
-The people would not have Queen Anne’s
-brother, Prince James, for their King, because
-he was a Roman Catholic, but there were
-many plans and plots in his favour, as we
-have heard. And even here again the Abbey
-plays a part in it all, for the famous Dean
-of Westminster, Francis Atterbury, was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>concerned in these Jacobite plots. It is
-said, indeed, that on Queen Anne’s death
-he had been ready to go to Charing Cross
-to proclaim James <span class='fss'>III</span>, but James and his
-friends somehow let their opportunity slip,
-and instead of James <span class='fss'>III</span>, George <span class='fss'>I</span> was
-proclaimed. Later on it was discovered
-that Jacobite plots still went on at the
-Westminster Deanery, and Dean Atterbury
-was imprisoned and then exiled in France,
-where he died in 1731–32. He is buried in
-the Abbey, close to the Deanery entrance in
-the Nave, and, as he wished, “as far from
-Kings and Cæsars as the space will admit of.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>George <span class='fss'>I</span>, in spite of his mother’s descent
-from the Stuarts, was really a foreigner, and
-he is buried in his native town of Hanover,
-just as the first Norman King is buried at
-Caen, and the first Plantagenet Kings at
-Fontevrault.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>George <span class='fss'>II</span>, and his wife, Caroline of
-Anspach, are buried in Henry’s <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel,
-straight in front of Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>’s grave. Queen
-Caroline died in 1737, and George <span class='fss'>II</span> in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>1760. They are the last sovereigns buried
-at Westminster. Since that time the Kings
-and Queens of England have been buried
-at Windsor and in the new Mausoleum at
-Frogmore, where Queen Victoria and Prince
-Albert rest.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At the funeral of Queen Caroline the
-choir sang the beautiful anthem which had
-just been composed by Handel, “When the
-ear heard her, then it blessed her.” It was
-King George’s special wish that his ashes
-should mingle with his wife’s, and therefore
-the two coffins are placed in one large
-sarcophagus. There is no monument; only
-the names on the stones above.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is interesting to remember that George <span class='fss'>II</span>
-was the last English sovereign to be present
-at a battle. During the years 1740 to 1748
-several of the nations of Europe were
-fighting in what was called the War of the
-Austrian Succession. This war was really
-caused by Frederick the Great of Prussia
-and other German sovereigns trying to get
-various possessions away from the Empress
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>Maria Theresa of Austria. England took
-the Austrian side, and George <span class='fss'>II</span> himself
-joined the army at the Battle of Dettingen,
-in 1743. The English and their allies were
-victorious. Handel composed his famous
-“Dettingen Te Deum” for the thanksgiving
-after the victory.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several other members of the Hanoverian
-Royal House are buried in the central aisle
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel. Among them are
-the following: Frederick Lewis, Prince of
-Wales (son of George <span class='fss'>II</span>), and his wife,
-Augusta Princess of Wales, the father and
-mother of King George <span class='fss'>III</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland,
-third son of George <span class='fss'>II</span>, is also buried here.
-The Duke of Cumberland was a brave
-soldier, but his severity to the Scotch Jacobites
-after the Battle of Culloden in 1746 earned
-him the name of “the Butcher.” The Scotch,
-who had been fighting for Prince Charlie,
-were mercilessly slaughtered, and this cruelty
-has never been quite forgotten.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are several other monuments in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>Abbey to remind us of the Jacobite Rising
-of 1745. Such, for instance, is the monument
-to Marshal Wade, on the south side of the
-Nave. Marshal Wade was commander-in-chief
-of the army which was sent to quell
-the rebellion, and he was the man who made
-the great military roads through the Highlands
-spoken of in the well-known rhyme—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“If you’d seen these roads before they were made</div>
-      <div class='line'>You would hold up your hands and bless Marshal Wade.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c015'>Two other soldiers who fought at Culloden,
-General Guest and Colonel Webb, are buried
-in the East Cloister. General Guest, who has
-a monument in the North Transept, defended
-Edinburgh against the rebels in 1745.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There is a tablet to Colonel Webb in the
-East Cloister.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Just at this time France declared war
-upon England, and took up the cause of
-Prince Charles Edward. In 1745 a battle
-was fought at Fontenoy, in Flanders. The
-English and their allies were under the
-command of the Duke of Cumberland, but
-their army was much smaller than the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>French army, and although they made a
-gallant attempt, they had to retreat. In
-the Westminster Cloisters there is a monument
-to two brave soldier-brothers of the
-name of Duroure, one of whom was killed
-at Fontenoy.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The naval victories over the French won by
-Admiral Anson and Admiral Hawke in 1747
-are recorded on the Abbey walls by the
-monuments of Captain Philip Saumarez and
-Sir Charles Saunders, who both fought in the
-action off Finisterre. We shall meet with Sir
-Charles Saunders’s name again later on.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The monument to Admiral Vernon, at the
-end of the North Transept, tells us of the
-war with Spain in 1737–40, and of the
-English victories at Porto Bello and Cartagena.
-In the North Transept aisle is a
-monument to Lord Aubrey Beauclerk, who
-was killed in 1740, on Admiral Vernon’s
-expedition to Cartagena. And again, we
-are reminded of the fights with the Spanish
-fleet in the West Indies when we look at the
-monuments to Admiral Wager and Sir Peter
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>Warren, which are also both in the North
-Transept. Sir Peter Warren’s monument
-is a very fanciful one. It was made by the
-French sculptor, Roubiliac, the sculptor of
-the well-known Nightingale Monument in the
-Chapel of St. Michael. Roubiliac has actually
-represented the marks of smallpox on the
-face of Sir Peter Warren’s bust!</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Peter Warren’s nephew, Admiral
-Tyrrell, has a monument in the Nave.
-Tyrrell once defeated three French men-of-war
-single-handed, while he was commanding
-the <i>Buckingham</i>. He died in 1766, and is
-buried at sea.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to the entrance of the former
-Baptistery is the huge monument to Captain
-James Cornewall, who was killed in a great
-fight with the Spanish-French fleet off Toulon
-early in 1744. This monument was the
-first which was erected by Parliament in
-honour of a distinguished sailor.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1756 began the Seven Years’ War,
-between Prussia on one side, and Austria,
-France, Russia, Poland, Saxony, and Sweden
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>on the other. These countries wanted to
-break up the kingdom of Prussia, which was
-becoming very powerful under Frederick the
-Great. Now, England was already at war
-with France, and she took the side of Prussia.
-The Duke of Cumberland, of whom we have
-already heard a good deal, was in command
-of the army in Hanover. At first, things seemed
-to be going very badly for England, but the
-tide turned when William Pitt, “the Great
-Commoner,” as he was called, became
-War Minister. William Pitt was indeed the
-foremost man in England’s history at this
-time, for not only did he strengthen our
-position in Europe, but it was he who slowly
-built up our world-wide Empire. He was
-created Earl of Chatham in 1766, and died
-in 1778. All this is most interesting and
-important to remember when we are in the
-Abbey, because this great English statesman
-is buried in the North Transept—Statesmen’s
-Corner, as it began to be called. Pitt’s
-monument is close to the North Transept
-door. High up you will see the figure and
-keen, eagle face of Lord Chatham, who is
-represented as if speaking to a large audience,
-his arm outstretched as though to make his
-words the more impressive, reminding us that
-he was a great orator as well as statesman.
-Perhaps he looked like this when he made
-his impassioned protests against the unjust
-taxation of the American colonies.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i193.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF CHATHAM.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>The Seven Years’ War ended with the
-Peace of Paris in 1763, but meanwhile there
-had been a great deal of fighting, chiefly at
-sea, with the French and Spaniards. Many
-of these battles went on in the West Indies,
-where England was victorious. One of our
-successes, the taking of Havana from Spain
-in 1762, is brought back to our minds by the
-monuments to Admiral Pocock and Rear-Admiral
-Harrison. Admiral Pocock was
-commander-in-chief of the expedition, and
-conveyed Lord Albemarle and his troops to
-Havana.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another of the great events in our history
-during the eighteenth century was the conquest
-of Canada from the French, a conquest
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>always connected with the name of General
-Wolfe, who was killed at the taking of Quebec
-in 1759. There is a very large and, sad to
-say, very ugly monument to General Wolfe
-in the Abbey. It is in the North Ambulatory,
-and makes a great contrast to the splendid
-and beautiful Plantagenet tombs just opposite
-to it. However, the monument is very
-interesting, because the whole scene of
-Wolfe’s death is represented on it. The
-group of figures shows Wolfe mortally
-wounded, and hearing, just before his death,
-that his soldiers were putting the enemy to
-flight. Below this group is a bronze bas-relief
-representing the Heights of Abraham,
-which had been scaled by the British, and
-also the landing of the British troops from
-the river St. Lawrence. So important was
-Wolfe’s victory that, in the following year,
-the English had won all Canada.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Admiral Sir Charles Saunders has already
-been mentioned, and his grave in the Islip
-Chapel reminds us, not only of his services
-in the French war, but also of his share in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>conquest of Canada, for he was commander-in-chief
-of the fleet which carried General
-Wolfe and his soldiers to the mouth of the
-St. Lawrence. Another Admiral, Charles
-Holmes, who served with Saunders at the
-taking of Quebec, has a memorial in the Nave.
-Viscount Howe and Colonel Townshend,
-who both fell at Ticonderoga during this
-same Canadian War, have memorials in the
-Abbey. Viscount Howe was the elder brother
-of the great Admiral, Lord Howe. His
-monument was put up by the people of
-Massachusetts a short time before the
-American colonies separated from the
-Mother Country.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>General Adrian Hope, one of the first
-English Governors of Quebec, has a monument
-in the North Transept.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>This is perhaps a good place in which to
-speak of another man who did a great deal
-for our Colonial Empire, namely, George
-Montague Dunk, Earl of Halifax, whose
-monument is also in the North Transept.
-He was a prominent statesman in the reigns
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>of George II and George III, and he did so
-much for commerce in America that he was
-called the “Father of the Colonies.” He
-had also a great deal to do with the founding
-of the colony of Nova Scotia, and its capital,
-Halifax, is named after him. He died in 1771.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But we must now turn to quite another part
-of the world, and think of what was going
-on in India. Just about this time, or a little
-earlier, Clive had made the conquest of
-Bengal, and we find much to remind us of
-this in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>At the end of the North Transept aisle
-is the monument—a terribly ugly one—put
-up by the East India Company to the
-memory of Admiral Watson, who helped
-Clive to recapture Calcutta from the cruel
-Suraj-ad-Dowlah, the man who shut up the
-Europeans in the “Black Hole of Calcutta,”
-of which every one has heard. Watson also
-helped Clive to take Chandernagore. He
-died in 1757, the year of the Battle of
-Plassey, and the year after the taking of
-Calcutta.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>Major-General Stringer Lawrence, who
-defended Trichinopoly against the French in
-1753–54, has a monument in the Nave. In
-the North Transept, again, is the monument
-to Sir Eyre Coote, who drove out the
-French from the Coromandel coast, and took
-Pondicherry in 1761.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another monument in the North Transept
-reminds us of a famous man who is connected
-with the Anglo-Indian history of the time.
-This is Warren Hastings. It is true that he
-properly belongs to a rather later date, but
-as he has so much to do with India we will
-speak of him now. Warren Hastings was the
-first Governor-General of the British possessions
-in India, and was appointed to that post
-in 1773. He did a great deal to save the
-British Empire in India. It was while
-Warren Hastings was Governor-General that
-Hyder Ali and son, Tippoo Saib, rose against
-the English, and Hastings put down the
-rebellion. Unhappily, his enemies accused
-him of wrongful exactions of money, and
-when Warren Hastings returned to England
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>he was impeached before the House of Lords
-on charges of cruelty and oppression towards
-the natives of India. The trial went on for
-years, and Hastings was finally acquitted.
-The expenses of the trial left him penniless,
-but the East India Company granted him
-a pension, and he spent his remaining
-years in retirement at his own home at
-Daylesford. He is not buried in the
-Abbey, but he has a special connection with
-Westminster, because he was educated at
-Westminster School. Hastings died in 1818.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Transept is a statue of Sir
-John Malcolm, another soldier who greatly
-distinguished himself in the various wars in
-India during Clive’s time.  He was sent as
-Envoy to Persia in 1799, being the first
-English Envoy sent there since the reign of
-Queen Elizabeth. He was finally Governor
-of Bombay in 1830, and died in 1833.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As we know, the disturbances in India went
-on for some long time, in spite of English
-victories under General Lake and Sir Arthur
-Wellesley (afterwards Duke of Wellington).
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>Wellesley’s great victory in this war was at
-the Battle of Assaye, in 1803.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Again, all English people, young and old,
-know about the war in which we lost our
-American colonies during George <span class='fss'>III</span>’s reign,
-and there are several monuments in the Abbey
-to bring the story of it back to our minds.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>General Burgoyne, whose surrender at
-Saratoga lost America to England, is buried
-in the North Cloister. Near him is buried
-Colonel Enoch Markham, who served
-throughout the same war. In the Abbey
-itself is the famous monument of Major
-André, who was hanged as a spy by the
-Americans in 1780. André had gone on
-a secret mission to the American General,
-Arnold, who betrayed a fortress on the
-Hudson River to the British. On his way
-back from the meeting André was taken,
-and, in spite of every effort to save him from
-a traitor’s death, he was hanged by order
-of General Washington, and was buried
-under the gallows on the banks of the
-Hudson. Forty years later his body was
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>removed, at the request of the Duke of
-York, and was finally buried in the Abbey.
-Some locks of his beautiful hair still remained,
-and these were sent to his sisters.
-The chest in which André’s bones were
-sent home is still in the Islip Chantry. His
-monument is in the south aisle of the Nave,
-and the head of his figure has more than
-once been broken off and taken away, either
-by people with strong political feelings on
-one side or the other, or else by some
-mischievous schoolboy. There is a famous
-story of Charles Lamb half accusing
-Southey of having carried off André’s head.
-Southey did not like this, and it was a long
-time before he quite forgot it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The war with the American colonies is
-thought to have broken Lord Chatham’s
-heart. Every one remembers the last scene
-in his public life—a scene represented in a
-famous picture—when Lord Chatham came
-to the House of Lords to make one last
-protest against a policy which meant the
-loss of the American colonies. During his
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>speech he fell to the ground in a fit, and
-died a few weeks afterwards.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The French wars in the later part of
-the eighteenth century have a memorial
-in the Abbey in the enormous monument
-to the three captains, Bayne, Blair, and
-Lord Robert Manners, in the North
-Transept. These three captains fell in
-1782, at Admiral Rodney’s victorious fight
-with the French off Guadaloupe in the
-West Indies. In St. Michael’s Chapel is
-another memorial of the same wars in
-the monument which tells of the death
-of Admiral Kempenfelt in the shipwreck
-of the <i>Royal George</i> at Spithead in 1782.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Again, Lord Howe’s famous victory
-over the French off Ushant, on June 1st,
-1794, has left its mark on the Abbey in
-the monuments of Captains Hardy and
-Hutt, and of Captain Montagu, which are
-both in the Nave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the reign of George <span class='fss'>I</span> there was a
-terrible happening which caused great misery
-throughout England, and which has never
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>been forgotten. This was what was called
-the South Sea Bubble,—that is, the failure
-of the South Sea Company. We are
-reminded of this disgraceful business even
-in the Abbey, because of the grave and
-monument of the poet Craggs, who was
-mixed up with it. Craggs is buried in
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, and his monument
-is in the Baptistery.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As we are now coming quite close to
-the end of the eighteenth century it will
-be best to turn back and think of some of
-the great writers, men of science, musicians
-and others, who belonged to that time and
-are either buried or commemorated in the
-Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We will begin with Joseph Addison,
-the author of many beautiful essays in the
-<cite>Spectator</cite> and the <cite>Tatler</cite>. He died in 1719,
-and was buried in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, in
-the same aisle as the Tudor Queens. His
-statue is in Poets’ Corner. Addison’s beautiful
-hymn, “The spacious firmament on
-high,” is sometimes sung in the Abbey, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>ought to be well known to all English
-children.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Now we come to the great Sir Isaac
-Newton, the famous mathematician and
-philosopher, who discovered the law of
-gravitation. He died in 1727, and was
-buried in the Nave, close to the Screen.
-He had a very stately funeral, at which a
-great number of distinguished men were
-present. The famous French writer, Voltaire,
-was there as a spectator. The monument
-is quite near the grave, and is meant
-to represent Newton’s discoveries. It is
-not the sort of monument we care about
-now, and the inscription on the gravestone
-below is much better: “Here lies
-all that was mortal of Isaac Newton.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>James Thomson, who wrote a poem
-called <cite>The Seasons</cite>, has a monument in
-Poets’ Corner. He died in George <span class='fss'>II</span>’s
-reign, and is buried in Richmond Parish
-Church.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Richard Steele, a famous essay writer
-of the time, is brought to our memory by
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>the grave of his second wife in Poets’
-Corner.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>John Gay, author of the <cite>Fables</cite>, which
-were written for the education of the Duke
-of Cumberland, was buried in Poets’ Corner
-in 1732. His monument is over the door
-into St. Faith’s Chapel, and on it are carved
-these curious lines—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“Life is a jest, and all things show it;</div>
-      <div class='line'>I thought so once, and now I know it.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>Thomas Gray, who wrote the famous
-<cite>Elegy in a Country Churchyard</cite>, has a
-monument in Poets’ Corner, but he is buried
-in the beautiful churchyard at Stoke Pogis,
-which he loved so well. Gray’s poem is
-so celebrated that a learned Italian has
-lately made a very beautiful translation of
-it into his lovely native tongue. Gray died
-in 1771.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Oliver Goldsmith, author of the <cite>Vicar
-of Wakefield</cite>, the <cite>Deserted Village</cite>, and
-<cite>She Stoops to Conquer</cite>, died in 1774, and
-was buried in the Temple Churchyard.
-He has a monument in Poets’ Corner, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>the Latin epitaph on it was written by the
-great Dr. Johnson.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Dr. Samuel Johnson, author of the
-<cite>Lives of the Poets</cite>, <cite>Rasselas</cite>, and the famous
-English Dictionary, died in 1784, and is
-buried in the Abbey at the foot of
-Shakspeare’s monument, close to David
-Garrick, the great actor, who had died four
-years before. Dr. Johnson’s only monument
-is his gravestone. Garrick has a
-rather foolish looking monument on the
-western wall of the South Transept.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Near Shakspeare’s monument is the
-bust of Robert Burns, the Scottish poet,
-who died in 1796.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A window in the former Baptistery commemorates
-two well known English poets
-who were both educated at Westminster
-School. These are George Herbert, who
-really belongs to the Stuart times, and
-William Cowper, who died in 1800. George
-Herbert’s poems are all on sacred subjects,
-and Cowper wrote some of the hymns
-which are very familiar to us all. But
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>Cowper also wrote other things, some of
-the best known of his poems being the
-<cite>Task</cite> and <cite>John Gilpin</cite>. This window was
-given to the Abbey by Mr. Childs, of
-Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One of the greatest names of the
-eighteenth century is that of the famous
-musician, George Frederick Handel, the
-composer of the “Messiah” and many other
-splendid works. He died in 1759 and was
-buried in Poets’ Corner. His monument is
-by Roubiliac, and represents Handel holding
-the music of his famous song, “I know that
-my Redeemer liveth.” Just below his
-monument is a medallion in memory of
-the great Swedish singer, Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt,
-who died in 1889, and who
-used to sing that very song so finely.
-The same words are carved on her monument
-also.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When Charles Dickens was buried in
-1870, the coffin of Handel was seen by those
-who were present at the funeral.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>While we are speaking of musicians it
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>will be interesting to note that Dr. Burney,
-author of the well-known <cite>History of
-Music</cite>, has a monument in the Musicians’
-aisle.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The monuments to Dr. Isaac Watts, the
-well-known hymn-writer, and to John and
-Charles Wesley, are in the South Choir aisle,
-and bring back the memory of men who
-did great work in the eighteenth century,
-work that still has much influence in
-England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several of the eminent doctors of the
-eighteenth century are buried in the Abbey.
-Such are Richard Mead, physician to
-George <span class='fss'>II</span>, who died in 1754; Dr. John
-Freind, a favourite of George <span class='fss'>II</span> and Queen
-Caroline, who died in 1728; and Dr.
-Hugh Chamberlen, who also died in
-1728.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another man who was famous in a very
-different way was James Watt, the inventor
-of the steam-engine. He has a monument
-in St. Paul’s Chapel. It is of giant size, and
-actually broke down the pavement in the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>Chapel when it was brought in. Watt died
-in 1819.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>William Horneck, one of the earliest of
-our great English engineers, is buried in the
-South Transept, and has a memorial tablet
-in the North-West Tower. He died in 1746.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We will add to our list of eighteenth
-century men the names of two inventors,
-who are buried side by side in the Nave.
-These are (1) Thomas Tompion, who died
-in 1713. He was called the “Father of
-English Watch-making,” because of the
-many improvements he introduced in the
-art of making clocks and watches. (2)
-George Graham, who died in 1751, nephew
-and pupil of Tompion. He invented a
-curious astronomical instrument called the
-“Orrery,” so named after Lord Orrery, who
-is also buried in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Transept there is a monument
-to Jonas Hanway, a philanthropist and
-traveller, who died in 1786. Hanway was
-so kind, and worked so hard to help those
-who were less fortunate than himself, that
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>he was called “the friend and father of the
-poor.” He is said to have been the first
-person in England who ever carried an
-umbrella. It seems curious that such a useful
-invention was not made until the eighteenth
-century.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the West Cloister is a monument to
-Dr. Benjamin Cooke, who died in 1793,
-having been organist of the Abbey for thirty
-years. In the North Aisle of the Choir are
-the grave and monument of Dr. Samuel
-Arnold, a well-known Church musician, who
-succeeded Dr. Cooke as organist of the
-Abbey, and died in 1802.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two famous engravers, William Woollett,
-who died in 1785, and George Vertue, who
-died in 1756, have monuments in the West
-Cloister. Vertue is buried in the North
-Cloister, near one of his family, who was a
-monk.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several well-known actors and actresses
-of the eighteenth century are also buried in
-the Cloisters.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER IX<br /> <span class='large'>THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in2'>—”<i>our slowly grown</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>And crown’d Republic</i>.”</div>
-      <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>Tennyson</span> (<cite>To the Queen</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>It is very difficult properly to divide the
-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, because,
-of course, history does not cut itself up into
-lengths of a hundred years. But in telling
-the story of a place like the Abbey it is
-better to have some division, and as the
-French Revolution took place nearly at the
-end of the eighteenth century, a kind of
-natural division comes at that time, for we
-know that the French Revolution made a
-great and lasting change all over Europe.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i213.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />STATUE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>When we begin to speak of the early
-nineteenth century we have again to think of
-wars, for the fights with Napoleon were still
-going on. Nelson’s great victories have not
-left much record in the Abbey, excepting
-the wax effigy of the great Admiral himself,
-of which we will speak later. One of
-Nelson’s Captains, Edward Cooke, has a
-monument in the Abbey. Cooke died of a
-wound which he received during a victorious
-fight with a French frigate in the Bay of
-Bengal in 1799.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When we think of these wars with
-Napoleon there is one grave in the Abbey
-which at once comes to our mind. It is that
-of the younger William Pitt, son of the great
-Earl of Chatham, of whom we read in the
-last chapter. William Pitt became Prime
-Minister of England when he was only
-twenty-three, and his ministry lasted through
-some years of a very troubled and anxious
-time. In spite of Nelson’s victories he was
-so crushed by Napoleon’s victory over the
-Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz in
-December 1805, that he died shortly
-afterwards, worn out with anxiety and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>disappointment. He was buried in the same
-vault with his father, and he had a large
-monument put up to him over the great
-West Door. He was only forty-six when
-he died, and it seems sad to think that he
-should not have lived to see his country’s
-victories in the Peninsular War and at
-Waterloo.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A further memorial of these wars is the
-bust of the Corsican patriot, Pasquale de’
-Paoli, who fought against Napoleon for the
-independence of Corsica, and finally took
-refuge in England. His monument brings
-back an interesting bit of English history,
-namely, that for a short time, from 1794 to
-1797, Corsica was under British rule.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The war known as the Peninsular War
-began in 1808. England was helping Spain
-against Napoleon, who had dethroned the
-King of Spain and made his own brother,
-Joseph, King instead. The Spaniards rose
-in arms, and drove Joseph Buonaparte out
-of Madrid. They appealed to England for
-help, and Sir Arthur Wellesley went out with
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>10,000 men. He defeated the French at
-Roliça, a victory which is commemorated in
-the Abbey by the tablet to Lieutenant-Colonel
-George Lake, who fell in that battle.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The next year, 1809, was famous for the
-Battle of Corunna, where Sir John Moore
-defeated the French and lost his own life.
-One of the officers who fought at the Battle
-of Corunna, General Coote Manningham,
-has a memorial in the North Transept. The
-services of Wellington’s chief engineer,
-Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard Fletcher,
-who died in 1813, are recalled by a tablet
-to his memory in the North-West Tower.
-Fletcher directed the engineering works
-during the sieges of Badajos, and commanded
-the assault on the fortress of Ciudad
-Rodrigo, when these fortresses were taken
-and held against the French by Wellington
-in 1812. He was killed in an assault on
-the town of St. Sebastian. In the Nave is
-buried Sir John Leith, another soldier who
-fought in this war and greatly distinguished
-himself.  He fought at Corunna, Badajos,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>and Salamanca. He died in 1816, in the
-West Indies, where he was in command of
-the forces.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are memorial tablets in the Abbey
-to three other officers who fell in the
-Peninsular War. One is to Captain Bryan,
-who fell in the Battle of Talavera in 1809,
-when Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated King
-Joseph Buonaparte and Marshals Victor
-and Jourdan; the second is to a Lieutenant
-Beresford, who was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo
-in 1812; and the third is to Lieutenant-Colonel
-Macleod, who fell at the siege of
-Badajos, also in 1812.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave is buried a famous Admiral,
-Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, who
-served in many of our wars, first against
-Spain and then on the Spanish side in the
-Peninsular War. Lord Dundonald died in
-1860, but he left the navy in 1814 because
-of a false accusation which was made against
-him. He then went out to Chili, where he
-served the cause of Chilian Independence.
-Lord Dundonald was afterwards proved
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>to have been innocent of the charges made
-against him, and his banner as Knight
-of the Bath was restored to its place in
-Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel. At the time of his
-disgrace it had been taken away and kicked
-down the steps of the Chapel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave is another monument connected
-with this time in our history. It is
-that of Spencer Perceval, who was Prime
-Minister during the Peninsular War. He was
-shot in the Lobby of the House of Commons
-in 1812 by a man whose business had been
-ruined by the war, and who was supposed to
-be mad.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The bust of Lord John Russell in the
-North-West Tower, a part which is often
-called “Whigs’ Corner,” reminds us of the
-great Parliamentary Reform Bill, which was
-one of the most important events in the last
-century. The change was much needed, as
-the people of the country were not properly
-represented. Some large and important
-towns had no member at all, while some
-very small and insignificant places were
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>allowed to return one or more members to
-Parliament. The reform was made more
-difficult on account of the disturbances and
-revolutions in France and elsewhere, which
-made people think it was better to have no
-changes at all. However, in 1831, Lord
-John Russell brought in his Reform Bill,
-which passed, after great discussion and
-struggle, in 1832. Lord John Russell,
-afterwards Earl Russell, was educated at
-Westminster School. He is not buried in
-the Abbey, although it was proposed to give
-him a public funeral there. It was his own
-wish to be buried with his family at Chenies,
-in Buckinghamshire.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We have just spoken of the changes and
-revolutions that went on in France during
-the earlier years of the nineteenth century.
-We are reminded of these when we find
-in the Abbey the beautiful tomb of the
-Duc de Montpensier, brother of King Louis
-Philippe, who died in 1807, while he and his
-brother were living in exile in England.
-The Duke is buried in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>quite close to Dean Stanley. The Duc de
-Montpensier is the only French prince
-buried in the Abbey. His monument is one
-of the finest modern ones that we have at
-Westminster. Queen Louise of Savoy, wife
-of King Louis <span class='fss'>XVIII</span> of France, was also
-buried for a short time in the Abbey, and
-there is an interesting account of her funeral
-in the Precentor’s book. Her body was
-afterwards removed to Sardinia. Queen
-Louise died in 1810.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But to return to our own English history.
-One of the first acts of the new reformed
-Parliament was to abolish negro slavery in
-all the English colonies and possessions.
-This great work of Christian charity had
-been for years in the minds of many good
-people who had worked and fought hard for
-the cause. The measure passed in 1833.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Like the Reform Bill, the abolition of
-the Slave Trade was one of the greatest
-events in the nineteenth century, and there
-are many memorials of it in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We will begin by mentioning Charles James
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>Fox, who was the great political rival of the
-younger Pitt, and who died a few months
-after him, in 1806. He was buried in the
-North Transept, but his monument is in the
-Nave, not far from Pitt’s. The kneeling
-figure of the negro on the monument is an
-allusion to Fox’s last speech in the House
-of Commons, when he proposed the abolition
-of the Slave Trade.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the South Transept there is a monument
-to Granville Sharp, who did so much in
-the cause that he was called the father of
-the Anti-Slavery Movement. He was also
-one of the founders of the British and
-Foreign Bible Society. He died in 1813,
-and the African Society put up the monument
-to him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Zachary Macaulay, who had been Governor
-of Sierra Leone, was another fighter in the
-same cause. He has a monument in “Whigs’
-Corner,” under the North-West Tower.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But the name chiefly remembered when
-we speak of the Anti-Slavery Movement is
-that of William Wilberforce, who died in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>1833, just before the great Emancipation
-Day, the day which set the slaves free in
-all the British dominions. Wilberforce’s
-monument is in the North Choir aisle, and
-represents him sitting in a chair with his
-legs crossed, and in a very odd posture
-altogether. He is buried in the North
-Transept.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Near Wilberforce’s monument is that of
-Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, who had also
-helped in the fight against the Slave Trade.
-Buxton had also done a great work in the
-reform of our laws concerning the punishment
-of criminals, and his labours were
-shared by Sir James Mackintosh, who has
-a memorial bust in “Whigs’ Corner.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Not far off is the monument to Sir
-Stamford Raffles, the first Governor of the
-colony of Java, which we had conquered
-from the Dutch, and which we afterwards
-gave back to them, much against Sir
-Stamford Raffles’s advice.  England owes
-her colony at Singapore to the influence
-of Sir Stamford Raffles, and she also owes
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>him her power in the Eastern Seas. When
-he finally came home, Raffles founded the
-Zoological Society of London, and was its
-first President. He ought to be remembered
-among the men who helped to do away
-with slavery, as he himself set free all the
-negroes who were under his authority. He
-died in 1826.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two other monuments in “Whigs’ Corner”
-remind us of men who worked hard for
-the abolition of the Slave Trade and for
-the change in our penal laws. These are
-the monuments of Lord Holland and of the
-Marquis of Lansdowne. Lord Holland was
-the nephew of Charles James Fox, whose
-monument is close by. He died in 1840.
-Lord Lansdowne, who died in 1863, had
-a long political career, which began in the
-days of Pitt.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i225.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span><br /><br />CHARLES JAMES FOX.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>Almost in the middle of the Nave lies
-the famous African explorer and missionary,
-David Livingstone, who, although he belongs
-to a rather later date, may well be
-remembered with the noble group of men
-who fought against the Slave Trade. Livingstone
-died in Africa in 1873, and his body
-was brought back to England by his faithful
-black servant, Jacob Wainwight, who followed
-his coffin as it was carried up the Abbey,
-and threw a palm branch into the open
-grave. On the tombstone are carved the
-last words in Livingstone’s diary. They
-are as follows: “All I can add in my
-solitude is, may Heaven’s rich blessing come
-down on every one, American, English, or
-Turk, who will help to heal this open
-sore of the world” (that is, the Slave
-Trade).</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another Parliamentary measure which
-was very important for England was the
-repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, and the
-introduction of Free Trade a few years
-later. Two of the chief leaders of these
-movements have memorials in the Abbey.
-One of them is Sir Robert Peel, whose
-statue stands in a most conspicuous place
-just at the corner of the North Transept
-and the North Ambulatory. The other is
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>Richard Cobden, whose bust is placed in
-the North Transept aisle.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We must now turn from home politics
-to more wars in various parts of the world,
-wars which also have written some of their
-story on the Abbey walls.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1854 the Crimean War, between Russia
-on one side and Turkey with her English
-and French allies on the other, broke out.
-The real Westminster memorial to the
-heroes of the Crimean War stands in Broad
-Sanctuary, just outside the Abbey, and
-speaks to us of the Westminster scholars
-who fell in the Crimea, the most famous
-of them being Lord Raglan. But there
-are windows in the Abbey in memory of
-officers who served in this war, as well as
-in the war in India which followed it. Some
-years before the Crimean War there had
-been wars and disturbances in Afghanistan,
-in the Punjaub, and in Burmah; and at
-last, in 1857, the terrible Indian Mutiny
-broke out. The horrors of this time will
-probably never be forgotten while English
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>history lasts, and we need only speak of
-the massacre of Cawnpore and the siege
-of Lucknow in order to bring the story of
-the Mutiny back to every one’s mind.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are many graves and monuments
-in the Abbey to tell us of the brave men
-who saved our Indian Empire at that
-troubled time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The first Afghan War is commemorated
-by the grave of Sir George Pollock, who
-fought his way through the Khyber Pass
-to Cabul, after the terrible slaughter of the
-British in 1842. Sir George Pollock was
-thanked by Parliament for his services in
-that war. He died in 1872, and is buried
-in the Nave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Transept is the bust of
-Sir Herbert Edwardes, who greatly distinguished
-himself in the Sikh War, and
-quelled the outbreak at Mooltan in 1848.
-He also did good service during the Mutiny.
-He died in 1868.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave are the graves of three of
-the great heroes of the Indian Mutiny,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>namely, Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards
-Lord Clyde), Sir James Outram, and John
-Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Colin Campbell joined the army when
-he was quite a boy, and fought in the
-Peninsular War. He served under Sir John
-Moore in the advance to Salamanca, and in
-the famous retreat to Corunna. Later on
-he fought in the Sikh War, and then in the
-Crimean War. He was sent out to India
-to help to crush the Mutiny, and the most
-celebrated thing he did was the relief of
-Lucknow, thus putting an end to that
-terrible siege.  He died in 1863.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir James Outram’s grave is close by,
-and all English boys and girls should look
-at his monument, where they will see a representation
-of the great scene at Lucknow,
-when Sir Colin Campbell relieved the town
-and met the gallant defenders, Outram and
-Havelock. Outram died in 1863.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The name of Sir Henry Lawrence ought
-also to be remembered when we speak of
-Lucknow, although his body does not rest
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>in the Abbey. He did much to save
-Lucknow in the time of the siege, and he
-was killed on the ramparts only a short time
-before Sir Colin Campbell arrived with his
-Highlanders.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The grave of his brother, John, Lord
-Lawrence, reminds us of a great and good
-man who served his country well in India.
-Although he was a civilian and not a soldier
-by profession, he had great military ability,
-and it was he who really saved the Punjaub
-at the time of the Mutiny. He succeeded
-Lord Elgin as Viceroy of India in 1863,
-and died in 1879. On his tombstone are
-words which we all might pray to deserve:
-“He feared man so little because he feared
-God so much.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There is a fine bust of Lord Lawrence
-against the south wall of the Nave, not far
-from where he is buried.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the North Transept are windows in
-memory of seven officers who were killed in
-the Indian Mutiny. These are Sir Henry
-Barnard, K.C.B., Lieutenant-Colonel Woodford,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>Lovick Cooper, a young ensign, Captain
-Thynne, Ensign Bankes, Captain Moorsom,
-and Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian Hope.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Four of these officers had also fought in
-the Crimean War in 1854–56, and had distinguished
-themselves by their services at
-that time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Colonel Adrian Hope had also fought in
-the Kaffir War, and thus his name brings the
-remembrance of South Africa into the Abbey,
-long before the memorial was put up to those
-who fell in the last Boer War.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There is a window in the North Transept
-to the memory of officers who were lost in
-the <i>Captain</i>, which foundered off Cape Finisterre
-on 7th September 1870, five days after
-that great Battle of Sedan which ended the
-terrible war between France and Germany.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In St. Andrew’s Chapel there is also a
-window to the memory of those that fell in
-action and died from the effects of wounds
-or climate during the Ashanti War in 1873.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A bronze bust in the North-West Tower
-reminds us of another soldier hero of our
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>time, Charles George Gordon, remembered
-chiefly for his work in China, in Egypt, and
-in the Soudan. The story of Gordon’s death
-at Khartoum in 1885 will never be forgotten.
-His name and noble character are always
-kept fresh in our memory by the Gordon
-Boys’ Home, which does such excellent work
-in training boys for the army.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>South Africa has one direct memorial at
-Westminster, for in the North Cloister there
-is a tablet in memory of the men of the
-Queen’s Westminster Volunteer Corps who
-fell in the Boer War of 1899–1902. The
-tablet was put up in 1901, and was unveiled
-by the Secretary of State for War.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We are reminded of an earlier time in the
-history of the Volunteers by the monument
-of George Herries, the first Colonel of the
-London and Westminster Light Horse Volunteers,
-of which he was described as the
-“father.” George Herries was a well-known
-merchant. He died in 1819, and was buried
-in the Abbey with military honours. His
-monument is in the Nave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>We must now look back over the nineteenth
-century, as we did over the eighteenth, and
-call to mind many other great men whose
-graves and monuments we find in the
-Abbey,—statesmen, writers, and men of
-science.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As we have been speaking of the political
-history of England, let us begin with some
-of the great statesmen.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Lord Chatham, as we have seen, belonged
-to the eighteenth century. The younger
-William Pitt, and his great political rival,
-Charles James Fox, died quite early in the
-nineteenth century, and their graves and
-monuments have already been described.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As we enter by the great North Door
-we see on our left a striking group of
-three statues. These represent (1) George
-Canning, the great statesman and orator,
-who died in 1827; (2) his son, Charles, Earl
-Canning, Viceroy of India; and (3) their
-cousin, Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford
-de Redcliffe, who was for fifty years our
-Ambassador in the East.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i235.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />STATESMEN’S CORNER, EASTERN AISLE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>Among other things, George Canning
-was closely connected with that important
-political change of the last century, which
-is known as the Roman Catholic Emancipation
-Bill. This was the measure which
-allowed Roman Catholics to be members of
-Parliament, and removed other disabilities
-under which they had suffered. The measure
-did not actually become law until after
-Canning’s death.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Earl Canning was Governor-General of
-India during the Mutiny, and became the
-first Viceroy. His name is always to be
-remembered with those of Clyde, John and
-Henry Lawrence, and the other great men
-of the Mutiny time. Lord Canning died in
-1862. The Cannings are buried in the
-North Transept, in a vault near that of the
-Pitt family.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close by is the grave of Henry Grattan,
-who died in 1820, the great defender of the
-rights of Ireland.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On the opposite side of the Transept
-to the Cannings is the statute of George
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>Canning’s chief political rival, Lord Castlereagh,
-afterwards Marquis of Londonderry,
-who died in 1822. Lord Castlereagh was
-Foreign Secretary, and attended the Congress
-of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. He helped greatly
-to make peace in Europe after all the fights
-with Napoleon. He unfortunately became
-very unpopular later, partly because of the
-heavy taxes the people had to pay after the
-French wars, and partly because he thought
-the Press had too much liberty and he tried
-to curtail that liberty. There was a terrible
-riot at his funeral, and the mourners had to
-fight their way through an angry mob.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to Castlereagh’s statue is that of
-Lord Palmerston, who was twice Prime
-Minister in Queen Victoria’s reign, after
-being Secretary of State for War for twenty
-years. Lord Palmerston was Prime Minister
-during the Crimean War and at the time
-when the Indian Mutiny began. He was
-given a public funeral, and is buried in the
-North Transept. His wife is buried with
-him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>On the side opposite to Castlereagh and
-Palmerston is the statue of Benjamin Disraeli,
-Earl of Beaconsfield. Lord Beaconsfield is
-remembered as a famous leader of the Conservative
-party in Parliament, and as a man
-who did much for the growth of the British
-Empire. It was at his suggestion that the
-late Queen took the title of Empress of India,
-and to him we owe much of our present
-position in Egypt. Lord Beaconsfield was
-also a well-known writer of novels. His
-most famous books are perhaps <cite>Lothair</cite>,
-<cite>Sybil</cite>, and <cite>Coningsby</cite>. Lord Beaconsfield
-died in 1881, and is buried at Hughenden in
-Buckinghamshire.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>William Ewart Gladstone, the great
-Liberal leader, and Lord Beaconsfield’s chief
-political opponent, is buried in the North
-Transept, and his statue stands next to that
-of Disraeli. Mr. Gladstone was four times
-Prime Minister. The Bill for the Disestablishment
-of the Irish Church was passed
-when he was in power in 1871. Gladstone
-was not only eminent in politics, but he
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>exercised a considerable literary, social, and
-moral influence over many of his fellow-countrymen.
-Gladstone died in 1898.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the year 1870 the Education Bill was
-passed, a Bill which has made a great
-difference to all English people, as everybody
-now has the opportunity of going to school
-and of having a good and useful teaching,
-not only in reading and writing, but in many
-other things as well. The scheme for this
-new plan of education was made by William
-Edward Forster, who is commemorated in
-the Abbey by a medallion which is placed
-above the monument of his uncle, Sir
-Thomas Fowell Buxton, in the North Choir
-aisle.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The grave and monument of Sir Rowland
-Hill in St. Paul’s Chapel remind us of
-another important change which took place
-in 1839, namely, the introduction of the
-penny postage and the invention of adhesive
-postage stamps.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another monument, a very beautiful and
-interesting one, is that erected to the memory
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>of Henry Fawcett, the blind Postmaster-General,
-who accomplished so much good
-work in spite of the terrible disadvantage of
-his blindness, which was the result of an
-accident when he was quite young. This
-always seems to be a monument to undaunted
-courage and perseverance in the
-face of great misfortune, and it should teach
-us to be brave and patient, however much
-things may seem to be against us.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is now time to speak of the chief
-authors of the century, and to turn our
-thoughts once more to Poets’ Corner.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Here, next to Dr. Johnson, we find the
-grave of the brilliant play-writer and parliamentary
-orator, Richard Brinsley Sheridan,
-the author of the <cite>Rivals</cite> and <cite>The School for
-Scandal</cite>. Sheridan died in 1816, the year
-after the Battle of Waterloo.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Against the wall, close to the door of St.
-Faith’s Chapel, is the bust of the great
-novelist, Sir Walter Scott, who died in 1832.
-His <cite>Waverley Novels</cite> are too famous to
-need any description. We need only speak
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>of <cite>Ivanhoe</cite>, <cite>Quentin Durward</cite>, <cite>The Antiquary</cite>,
-and <cite>Kenilworth</cite>, in order to remind
-English people of all ages of many hours of
-interest and delight. The particular position
-was expressly chosen for the bust of Sir
-Walter Scott, because it is close to the
-monument of the Duke of Argyll and Greenwich,
-the same Duke of Argyll who appears
-in Scott’s famous story, <cite>The Heart of Midlothian</cite>.
-The bust was placed in the Abbey
-only a few years ago; it is a copy of the
-bust by Chantrey at Abbotsford.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Above Shakspeare’s monument are busts
-of two celebrated poets of the early part
-of the nineteenth century—Samuel Taylor
-Coleridge, author of “The Ancient Mariner,”
-“Christabel,” and other well-known poems,
-and Robert Southey, Poet-Laureate, author
-of “Thalaba,” “The Curse of Kehama,”
-and the poem on the Waterfall at Lodore.
-Coleridge died in 1834, and Southey in 1843,
-in the reign of Queen Victoria. Neither
-Coleridge nor Southey is buried in the
-Abbey. Southey was one of the famous
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>group of “Lake poets,” and is buried in the
-lake country, at Crosthwaite, near Keswick.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close by Shakspeare’s monument is the
-statue of Thomas Campbell, who wrote “The
-Pleasures of Hope,” “The Battle of the
-Baltic,” “Ye Mariners of England,” and
-other poems.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Under the South-West Tower, in the
-former Baptistery, is the monument of the
-great poet, William Wordsworth, who lived
-through the time of the French Revolution
-and the Napoleonic Wars, and died in
-1850. He was the chief of the “Lake
-poets.” Wordsworth is not buried in the
-Abbey, but in Grasmere churchyard, in that
-English lake-country where he was born
-and which he loved so dearly. Wordsworth’s
-chief poems are “The Excursion,” “The
-White Doe of Rylstone,” “Tintern Abbey,”
-the “Ode on Immortality,” and the “Ode
-to Duty.” But there are many others, great
-and small, which are part of the heritage he
-has left to his fellow-countrymen.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Baptistery, just opposite Wordsworth’s
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>monument, is a memorial portrait
-bust of Charles Kingsley, the great preacher
-and writer, author of <cite>Alton Locke</cite>, <cite>Westward
-Ho!</cite>, <cite>Hypatia</cite>, and of many well-known
-poems. Charles Kingsley is remembered
-with especial interest and affection
-at the Abbey, as he was Canon of
-Westminster for two years. He died in
-1875, and is buried at Eversley, in Hampshire,
-where he was rector for so long.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Next to Kingsley is a bust of Matthew
-Arnold, the poet, essayist, and critic. Next
-to him again is a bust of Frederick Denison
-Maurice, a great religious teacher of the
-nineteenth century. Opposite to these, and
-next to Wordsworth, is the monument to
-John Keble, author of <cite>The Christian
-Year</cite>. Next to that is the monument of
-the famous Dr. Thomas Arnold, who was
-headmaster of Rugby, and who did much to
-improve the whole life in the public schools
-of England. Matthew Arnold, of whom we
-have just heard, was his son.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In Poets’ Corner, close to the grave of
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>Chaucer, lie two other famous poets of the
-Victorian age, Alfred Tennyson and Robert
-Browning.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Tennyson will always be remembered as
-the poet of <cite>In Memoriam</cite> and <cite>The Idylls
-of the King</cite>, and also of many splendid
-patriotic poems which all English boys and
-girls ought to know. He died in 1892, and
-when his grave was being dug in Poets’
-Corner a skull and leg-bone were found,
-which were evidently those of Geoffrey
-Chaucer, who had been buried here nearly
-five hundred years before. By Tennyson’s
-own wish the Union Jack was wrapped
-round his coffin and buried with him. A
-fine bust of Tennyson has been placed
-against a pillar near his grave.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Robert Browning, author of <cite>The Ring and
-the Book</cite>, <cite>Pippa Passes</cite>, <cite>By the Fireside</cite>,
-and many other famous poems, died at
-Venice in 1889. His body was brought
-back to be buried in the Abbey. His wife,
-Elizabeth Barrett Browning, well known as
-a poetess, is buried in Florence.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>Near Chaucer’s monument is a bust of
-the American poet, Longfellow, who died
-in 1882. Some of his poems are familiar
-to most English children.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Charles Dickens, the great novelist, is
-buried in Poets’ Corner, just under Handel’s
-monument and close to Handel’s grave.
-Dickens will always be remembered as the
-author of <cite>David Copperfield</cite>, <cite>The Old
-Curiosity Shop</cite>, <cite>Christmas Stories</cite>, and many
-other books which are dear to the hearts
-of all English people.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Against the wall, on either side of Addison’s
-statue, are the busts of two other great
-writers of the last century,—Lord Macaulay,
-the poet and historian, and William Makepeace
-Thackeray, the famous novelist. Lord
-Macaulay, who died in 1859, was the son
-of Zachary Macaulay, of whom we have
-already heard in connection with the abolition
-of the slave-trade. Among Lord Macaulay’s
-best known writings are the <cite>Lays of Ancient
-Rome</cite>. His grave is close by Addison’s
-statue. Thackeray, who wrote <cite>Esmond</cite>, <cite>The
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>Newcomes</cite>, <cite>Vanity Fair</cite>, and many other
-celebrated books, is not buried in the Abbey,
-but at Kensal Green. He died in 1863.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Nearer to the Choir aisle are the busts of
-the two great historians of Greece, Bishop
-Thirlwall and George Grote, who are buried
-in the same grave. They both died in the
-latter half of the nineteenth century.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Just above the bust of Sir Walter Scott
-is a bronze medallion with a portrait head
-of John Ruskin, author of <cite>The Stones of
-Venice</cite>, <cite>Modern Painters</cite>, <cite>Sesame and Lilies</cite>,
-and many other well-known works on art
-and life.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the grave of
-Edward Bulwer Lytton, Lord Lytton, author
-of many widely read novels and historical
-romances. Among his best known books
-are <cite>The Last Days of Pompeii</cite>, <cite>The Caxtons</cite>,
-<cite>Rienzi</cite>, and <cite>Kenelm Chillingly</cite>. He died
-in 1873.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Several of the great actors of the nineteenth
-century are commemorated in the Abbey.
-Such are Mrs. Siddons, and her brother, John
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>Philip Kemble, whose statues are in St.
-Andrew’s Chapel. Sir Henry Irving, the
-well-known actor of Shakspeare’s plays, as
-well as of many others, died in 1905, and
-is buried at the foot of Shakspeare’s monument,
-close to the grave of his great brother-actor,
-David Garrick.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Musicians’ Aisle is the grave of Sir
-William Sterndale Bennett, one of the chief
-English composers of his time. He died in
-1875. In the same aisle is a medallion in
-memory of Michael Balfe, who composed
-<cite>The Bohemian Girl</cite>, and a window to James
-Turle, who was organist of the Abbey for
-fifty-six years. In St. Andrew’s Chapel is
-a window in memory of Vincent Novello,
-founder of the famous house of music
-publishers of that name.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i249.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />GRAVES OF NEWTON, HERSCHEL, DARWIN, AND KELVIN.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>The great and especial glory of the nineteenth
-century was the wonderful development
-of almost every kind of scientific
-knowledge and work, and the number of
-important scientific discoveries that were
-made. It is not too much to say that some
-of these discoveries, and some of the new
-theories about our world and the things in
-and around it, have influenced and changed
-our lives and our thoughts very much indeed.
-We can see this very plainly if we think
-of what Darwin has taught us, and if we
-think of the invention of the steam-engine,
-the introduction of railway travelling, and of
-steamships, of land and ocean telegraphy,
-telephones, motors, wireless telegraphy, and
-now of airships. This extraordinary progress
-in scientific research and knowledge is not
-without its record in the Abbey, as we shall
-see. We shall find that many of the great
-men of science who lived in the nineteenth
-century are either buried or commemorated
-in the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Foremost among these is Charles Robert
-Darwin, the biologist of world-wide fame,
-author of <cite>The Origin of Species</cite>, <cite>The
-Descent of Man</cite>, and other celebrated
-scientific works. Darwin died in 1882, and
-is buried in the north aisle of the Nave, quite
-near the grave of Sir Isaac Newton.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>Next to Darwin lies the famous astronomer,
-Sir John Frederick Herschel, who died in
-1871. Another astronomer, John Couch
-Adams, discoverer of the planet Neptune,
-has a memorial in this same north aisle.
-Close by are memorials to James Prescott
-Joule, who discovered certain laws connected
-with heat and electricity, and to Sir George
-Gabriel Stokes.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>A little farther down the aisle is the grave
-of the great geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, who
-died in 1875. His bust is placed near the
-tablet in memory of Dr. John Woodward, who
-lived in the eighteenth century, and who has
-been called the “father of English Geology.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On the other side of the Nave is a memorial
-to William Buckland, Dean of Westminster,
-who was twice President of the Geological
-Society, and wrote many books about
-geology. In the South Transept, near the
-monument of Dr. Busby, is the grave of
-William Spottiswoode, who was President of
-the Royal Society and Printer to Queen
-Victoria. He died in 1883.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>One of the most famous men of science of
-our own day, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin,
-rests close to Newton. He was born in
-1824, and died in 1907, and devoted his
-long life to the pursuit of science,—to what
-is called “applied science” as well as to
-speculative science. We owe to Lord Kelvin
-many of the wonderful inventions now in
-quite common use,—in navigation, in telegraphing
-under the ocean, and in other
-ways.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One of the most important changes in the
-life of the whole nation was brought about in
-the nineteenth century by the introduction of
-railway travelling. Those of us who are
-quite young, and have hardly ever heard of
-a time when there were no railways, cannot
-realise or understand how great this change
-must be.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Even railways have their memorials in the
-Abbey, for in the Nave we find the grave
-of Robert Stephenson, who died in 1859,
-engineer of the Birmingham Railway and of
-the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Straits.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>He is buried next to the famous engineer,
-Thomas Telford, who died in 1834, and whose
-chief works were the Caledonian Canal, the
-Menai Bridge, and the plan for the inland
-navigation of Sweden. There is a large
-statue of Telford in St. Andrew’s Chapel.
-Not far from the grave of Robert Stephenson
-is a window in his memory. It is not at all
-beautiful, as it represents railway bridges
-and other things which do not look well in
-a stained-glass window,—but it is certainly
-interesting.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Near this are windows in memory of the
-great engineers (1) Richard Trevithick, who
-died in 1833, the inventor of the high-pressure
-steam-engine, and of the first real
-railway engine; (2) Brunel, who died in
-1859, and who built the largest steamships
-known in his time, the <i>Great Eastern</i> and
-the <i>Great Western</i>; and (3) John Locke,
-who died in 1860, and who designed the
-“Crewe Engine.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to these a beautiful new window has
-been erected to the memory of Sir Benjamin
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>Baker, who died in 1907. He was the engineer
-of the Forth Bridge, the Assouan Dam,
-and other important works. In the window
-are full-length figures of Edward III and
-of Cardinal Langham, once Abbot of Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Near the graves of Stephenson and Telford
-are buried four distinguished architects
-of the nineteenth century. These are:—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>(1) Sir Charles Barry, who built the
-present Houses of Parliament, and who died
-in 1860.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>(2) Sir Gilbert Scott, who died in 1878.
-He was one of the leaders in the revival
-of Gothic architecture in England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>(3) George Edmund Street, who died in
-1881. A distinguished architect in the
-Gothic style. He designed the present
-Law Courts.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>(4) John Loughborough Pearson, who
-died in 1897.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr. Pearson were
-both of them “Surveyors of the Fabric” to
-the Abbey. This means that they had
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>charge of the actual building from the architectural
-point of view.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist is
-a memorial to the great Arctic explorer, Sir
-John Franklin, who was lost in 1847, with
-both his crews, while making the discovery
-of the North-West Passage. The monument
-was put up by Lady Franklin. On it is a
-representation of the vessel fast in the Polar
-ice, and round the sculptured scene are the
-words—</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>“O ye ice and snow, O ye frost and cold,
-bless ye the Lord; Praise him and magnify
-Him for ever.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“Not here: the White North has thy bones; and thou</div>
-      <div class='line in8'>Heroic sailor soul,</div>
-      <div class='line'>Art passing on thy happier voyage now</div>
-      <div class='line in8'>Towards no earthly pole.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close by is the memorial to another Arctic
-explorer, Admiral Sir Leopold M‘Clintock,
-who died in 1907. It was he who discovered
-the remains of Franklin’s ships, and thus
-found out how he had died.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>Before ending this long list of people who
-are gathered into remembrance in the Abbey,
-we must not forget the names of some of
-those who have served their fellow-men by
-special works of love and kindness.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to the great West Door is a fine
-statue of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of
-Shaftesbury, who did a great deal to make
-the lives of poor children healthier, happier,
-and better, and to whom England owes many
-improvements in the laws about work in
-factories and mines.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Lord Shaftesbury is remembered in Westminster
-as President of the Westminster
-Window Garden show, a flower show
-which was intended to encourage poor people
-to grow nice flowers in their windows, and so
-to brighten the dulness and ugliness of town
-streets, as well as to teach them something
-about Nature. Lord Shaftesbury used to
-come every year to give the prizes at this
-show, which used to be held in Dean’s
-Yard.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Lord Shaftesbury also took great interest
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>in George Peabody’s scheme for improving
-the dwellings of the poor, and tried all he
-could to help on this good work. He died
-in 1883.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>George Peabody, who gave such generous
-help towards building better houses for the
-poor, was an American. He died in
-London in 1869, and his body rested for a
-short time in the Abbey, close to the place
-where Lord Shaftesbury’s statue now
-stands.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Quite near this spot also is the grave of
-Baroness Burdett-Coutts, who died in 1907,
-and whose name will long be remembered
-for her works of charity.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER X<br /> <span class='large'>THE WAX EFFIGIES</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in10'>... “<i>We are such stuff</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>As dreams are made on, and our little life</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Is rounded with a sleep.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Shakspeare</span> (<cite>The Tempest</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>Before speaking of the other parts of the
-Abbey buildings we must not forget the little
-Islip Chantry, or upper part of Abbot Islip’s
-beautiful chapel in the North Ambulatory.
-In this Chantry are the presses which contain
-the celebrated wax effigies of which we so
-often hear.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In olden times it used to be the custom to
-carry effigies in the funeral processions of
-sovereigns and of other important personages,
-and to leave these effigies standing beside
-the grave for a month or more after the
-funeral. This custom succeeded to the yet
-older one of carrying the dead body of the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>sovereign with its face exposed, in order to
-show that the sovereign was really dead, and
-that there had been no foul play. In those
-days, unfortunately, foul play was not very
-uncommon, as we see in the case of Edward
-<span class='fss'>II</span> and Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The oldest effigies were not made of wax,
-but of wood, and they had heads, hands, and
-feet made of plaster. The effigy of Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>
-was made of boiled leather, or, as an old
-description says: “boyled hides.” In later
-days people learned to make effigies in wax,
-and some of them were no doubt very good
-portraits. There are eleven of these wax
-effigies still shown in the Islip Chantry.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The oldest which now remains is that of
-Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>, which stood for a long time beside
-his grave in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel. The face is
-just like the pictures we see of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>.
-He wears the blue and red velvet robes of a
-Knight of the Garter, with collar and ruffles
-of real, and very beautiful, point lace. The
-effigy of Queen Elizabeth is a Restoration,
-and no doubt a copy of the original, which
-had got quite worn out by 1708. Some
-people think the head may really be that of
-the first effigy. The face is very sad and
-worn, and looks as if Queen Elizabeth had
-been very unhappy in her old age. We
-recognise the familiar Elizabethan dress, the
-ruff, the high-heeled shoes, the pointed bodice
-and wide skirts.</p>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/i261a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />QUEEN ELIZABETH.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/i261b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />CHARLES II.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>Next to Queen Elizabeth stand the effigies
-of William <span class='fss'>III</span> and Mary <span class='fss'>II</span>, which are placed
-together in one large case. The crown is on
-a pedestal between the two figures, and both
-sovereigns carry the sceptre and the orb, so
-as to show that they reigned jointly, Mary
-not being Queen-Consort merely. William
-was evidently a good deal shorter than his
-wife, for he stands on a foot-stool in order to
-look equal in height. Mary wears a brocaded
-skirt, and a purple velvet robe over it. She
-also wears imitation paste and pearl ornaments
-and beautiful lace in her sleeves. The last
-effigy of a sovereign is that of Queen Anne.
-She is represented seated, and is dressed in
-robes of brocaded silk. She wears many
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>ornaments, and has a crown over her dark,
-flowing hair. Her face is rather fat, with a
-kindly, good-natured expression.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to the case which holds the effigy of
-Queen Anne is a figure of General Monck, in
-armour. This figure used to look very much
-battered and greatly the worse for wear, but
-it has lately been rather mended up. The
-cap is the famous one mentioned in the
-<cite>Ingoldsby Legends</cite>, in the well-known lines—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“I thought on Naseby, Marston Moor, and Worcester’s crowning fight,</div>
-      <div class='line'>When on my ear a sound there fell, it filled me with affright;</div>
-      <div class='line'>As thus, in low unearthly tones, I heard a voice begin—</div>
-      <div class='line'>‘This here’s the cap of General Monck! Sir, please put summat in.’”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>General Monck, afterwards Duke of Albemarle,
-is buried in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, as we
-have already said.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The next effigy is that of Frances Theresa
-Stuart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox,
-a great beauty in her day. She was maid-of-honour
-to Catherine of Braganza, wife of
-Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>. She sat as a model for the figure
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>of Britannia on a medal which was struck to
-commemorate the Treaty of Breda, when
-peace was made between the English and
-Dutch after the first Dutch War. This was
-in 1667. The figure of Britannia is no doubt
-the same that we now see on our pennies and
-halfpennies. Frances Stuart is dressed in
-the robes she wore at the Coronation of Queen
-Anne. Beside her is her parrot, which died
-a few days after her. This lady left particular
-orders about her effigy, directing that it
-should be “as well done in wax as can bee—and
-sett up in a presse by itself,&nbsp;... with
-cleare Crowne glasse before it, and dressed in
-my Coronation Robes and Coronett.” The
-effigy at first stood beside the Duchess’s
-grave in Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Next to the Duchess of Richmond and
-Lennox stand the effigies of Catherine,
-Duchess of Buckinghamshire, and her little
-son, the Marquis of Normanby, who died
-when a child. The Duchess, with her
-husband and children, are buried in Henry
-<span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel, and a large monument is erected
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>there to the Duke, who was distinguished
-as a politician, soldier, and man of letters
-in the reigns of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span> and James <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Duchess of Buckinghamshire died in
-1743. Her effigy is dressed in the robes that
-she wore at the Coronation of George <span class='fss'>II</span>.
-This lady settled all about her own funeral
-with the Garter King-at-Arms, and was quite
-afraid lest she should die before the grand
-canopy came home. “Let them send it,”
-she said, “though all the tassels are not
-finished.” Buckingham House, where the
-Duchess lived, was built by her husband on
-the site of the present Buckingham Palace.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the middle of the Chantry is a glass case
-containing the effigy of Edmund Sheffield,
-last Duke of Buckinghamshire, and son of
-the Duchess whose effigy has just been
-described. The young Duke died in Rome
-in 1735, aged only nineteen. This effigy,
-which is a very fine one, was the last ever
-carried at a funeral. The Duchess wanted
-to borrow the great Duke of Marlborough’s
-funeral car for the funeral of her son. But
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>Sarah, the celebrated Duchess of Marlborough,
-replied very haughtily that “it
-carried my Lord Marlborough, and it shall
-never be profaned by any other corpse.”
-Whereupon the Duchess of Buckinghamshire
-retorted: “I have consulted the
-undertaker, and he tells me I may have a
-finer for twenty pounds.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are two other wax figures in the
-Chantry, but they are not, properly speaking,
-effigies, because they were not used in the
-funeral processions, but were only put up to
-attract sightseers. These figures represent
-two very eminent Englishmen, namely,
-William Pitt the elder, afterwards Lord
-Chatham, and Lord Nelson. Both figures
-are remarkably good, and must be excellent
-likenesses. Lord Chatham wears his peer’s
-robes, and a wig, such as was then the fashion.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Lord Nelson’s effigy is dressed in naval
-uniform; all the dress, except the coat,
-belonged to Nelson himself. The eye-patch
-for Nelson’s blind eye was found attached to
-the inner lining of the hat when Maclise
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>borrowed it to copy for his well-known picture,
-“The Death of Nelson.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>These wax effigies, then, are not mere
-curiosities, but are interesting, both as showing
-us an ancient funeral custom and as
-representing people who played a part in the
-English history of their day.</p>
-
-<div id='t215'  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i270.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span><br /><br />SOUTH CLOISTER.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER XI<br /> <span class='large'>THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS</span></h2>
-</div>
-<div class='lg-container-b c012'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“<i>That Fabric rises high as Heaven,</i></div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Whose Basis on Devotion stands.</i>”</div>
-      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Matthew Prior.</span></div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>With the help of the Abbey we have taken
-a long, and perhaps rather hurried, journey
-through many centuries of our country’s
-history, and have tried to think of the many
-links by which the Abbey is bound to all
-English hearts. We must now turn back
-again across those centuries, and try to remember
-something of the old monastery, of
-its buildings, of the Abbots who governed it,
-and of the sort of lives the monks lived.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Abbey, as we already know, was
-dedicated to St. Peter from the earliest days.
-The monks belonged to the great Benedictine
-order. That order, which had spread over all
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>Europe, “from Poland to Portugal, and from
-Cumberland to Calabria,” was founded by
-St. Benedict in the sixth century after Christ.
-St. Benedict was born in Italy about the
-year 480, during a very restless and troubled
-time, just after the last Emperor had been
-driven out of Rome. Benedict very soon
-determined to live the life of a monk, and
-when he was quite a boy he went away from
-Rome to a place in the mountains near.
-From this place he went to a yet more remote
-and lonely one, the wild and beautiful Subiaco,
-where the Emperor Nero had once had a
-“villa” or country house.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There are two famous Benedictine
-monasteries at Subiaco, and it is an interesting
-thing to remember that the first books
-printed in Italy were printed at one of these
-monasteries, just as in England many of Caxton’s
-books were printed under the shadow
-of the Benedictine Abbey of Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Again, when St. Benedict built his great
-monastery at Monte Cassino, he built it on the
-site of a Temple of Apollo, just as King
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>Lucius is said to have done in those far-off
-days at “Thorney,” or Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>St. Benedict directed that the monks of
-his order should divide their time between
-the services in the church, study, and manual
-work of some kind. It should never be forgotten
-that it is largely to the monasteries that
-we owe the preservation of learning, and our
-inheritance of the great writings of the Greek
-and Roman world.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The idea of making monasteries places of
-study and learning did not begin with St.
-Benedict, but Western Europe owes him a
-great debt for having insisted that study
-should be an important part of a monk’s
-work. This was a great service to mankind
-and to civilisation in those wild days of
-barbarian invasion and almost constant war.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It should be remembered, too, that the
-clergy and monks were the chief, if not the
-only, teachers during several centuries. If we
-want to see and understand this we can find
-an example in what our own countryman,
-Alcuin of York, did for education under the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>patronage and with the help of Charlemagne.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Chapel dedicated to St. Benedict in
-the Abbey has already been mentioned two
-or three times. This Chapel is just at the
-entrance of the South Ambulatory.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On the south side of the Abbey Church,
-and protected by it from the cold north, lies
-the beautiful cloister where the monks and
-their pupils spent a great deal of their time.
-The Cloister-walks form a quadrangle, with
-a large grass plot in the middle. Under
-that peaceful grass plot many of the Westminster
-monks are resting, and many people
-are buried in the Cloister itself.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The present Cloister is of different dates.
-Parts of the East and North Walks are of
-the time of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> and Edward <span class='fss'>I</span>.
-Another part of the East Walk was built in
-the reign of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>, and the South and
-West Walks were built some years later by
-Abbot Litlington. It is said that every style
-of English architecture can be seen in the
-Westminster Cloisters; and this is true, because,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>as we shall see, some of the old Norman
-Cloister remains, and in the great Cloister we
-can find the Early English, the Decorated,
-and the Perpendicular styles.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Cloister was not a burial-place only.
-It was a very important part of the monastery,
-as much of the daily life went on there.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In those days the windows had glass in
-them; the floor and benches were strewn with
-straw and hay in summer, and with rushes
-in winter. The walls were decorated with
-frescoes, and lamps hung from the vaulting.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The East Cloister was given up to the
-Abbot, who was a great personage. Whenever
-he passed, every one rose and bowed
-and kept silence. The monks themselves
-used the North Cloister, where the Prior
-also sate. The novices and pupils worked
-at their lessons in the West Cloister. The
-pupils sate one behind the other; they were
-not allowed to make jokes or to make
-signals to one another. They had to talk
-always in French. They were to take great
-care about their writing and illuminations,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>and no doubt many beautiful old illuminated
-missals and other books came forth from
-those Cloister walks at Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the South Cloister is a very large
-bluish gravestone, reminding us of the
-terrible plague which visited most of Europe
-about the middle of the fourteenth century,
-and which was called “The Black Death.”
-Twenty-six of the Westminster monks, including
-the Abbot, died of the Black Death
-in 1348–49, and the monks are supposed to
-have been buried beneath this huge gravestone,
-which used to be called “Long Meg.”
-The Abbot, Byrcheston, was buried near
-the Chapter-House entrance, in the part of
-the Cloister which was built in his time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Close to “Long Meg” are the graves of
-several of the Abbots of Norman and
-early Plantagenet times. Three of the figures
-still remain close to the wall, but the names
-are not carved over the right gravestones.
-After 1220 it became the custom to bury
-the Abbots in the church itself.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the East Cloister there is a beautiful
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>carved archway, which forms the entrance
-to a lovely little passage with very sharply
-pointed arches. This passage leads into the
-Chapter-House, one of the finest parts of
-the Abbey buildings. The “incomparable
-Chapter-House,” as an old chronicler calls
-it, was begun by Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> in 1250. It
-is eight-sided, and the vault springs from
-a tall and graceful central pillar, just as the
-branches spring from a palm tree. The
-windows are very famous for their beautiful
-tracery. The stained glass in them is
-modern, and is a memorial to the late
-Dean Stanley.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The walls were once covered with paintings,
-but these have been sadly destroyed,
-and only very few have been preserved. In
-the glass cases which are now placed in
-the Chapter-House are many most interesting
-and valuable things, such as the great
-illuminated missal presented to the Abbey
-by Abbot Litlington, and charters granted
-to the Abbey by various Kings, from the
-Saxon times onward.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>There is also a splendidly bound book
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s time, concerning certain
-arrangements between the King and the
-Abbey of Westminster, and the <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Liber
-Regalis</span></cite>, or Coronation book of Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In another case will be found an interesting
-collection of old seals.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Westminster Chapter-House has had
-a very varied and rather exciting history.
-In the old days the Chapter-House was
-the meeting-place of the convent. There
-the affairs of the monastery used to be
-discussed; there complaints might be made;
-there the monks might confess their faults;
-and there, usually, they were punished.
-The Consistory Court of the convent used
-to be held in the South-West Tower. The
-seats for the judge and his assessors are
-still to be seen against the south wall, below
-the monument to Henry Fawcett. A Consistory
-Court was the place where trials which
-had to do with church matters were held.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i279.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>G. A. Dunn.</i></span><br /><br />THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>About thirty years after the Chapter-House
-was first built it began to be used
-as the meeting-place of the House of
-Commons, at the time when the Commons
-were separated from the Lords. The last
-time that the Commons sate in the Westminster
-Chapter-House was on the last day
-of Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>’s reign, and the last act
-passed there was the attainder of the Duke
-of Norfolk (1546). In 1547 the House
-of Commons moved to the Chapel of St.
-Stephen in the Palace of Westminster, and
-the Chapter-House began to be used as the
-Record Office. It is curious, when we look
-at the Chapter-House as it is now, to think
-that it was once all lined round with galleries
-and cupboards, and that the Records of the
-kingdom were kept here until 1864. Soon
-afterwards the Chapter-House was restored
-to its present state, and is no doubt very
-like what it was in Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s time.
-While it was the Record Office, Domesday
-Book and many other most precious
-books and documents had their home at
-Westminster.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Under the Chapter-House is a crypt,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>of which the walls are eighteen feet thick,
-and which, long centuries ago, was used as
-the Royal Treasury. The Regalia and
-stores of money were kept there. In 1303
-a terrible thing happened. There was a
-great robbery of the Royal Treasure; the
-money which Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> had collected for
-the Scottish wars was stolen, as well as part
-of the Regalia. It is sad to think that some
-of the Westminster monks had to do with
-this disgraceful robbery, but they were found
-out and punished.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Below the pavement of the entrance to the
-Chapter-House are buried (1) Abbot Edwyn,
-the friend and adviser of Edward the
-Confessor, and the first Abbot of his new
-monastery; (2) Hugolin, who was Chamberlain
-and Treasurer to the Confessor; and (3)
-Sulcard, a monk, who wrote the first history
-of the Abbey. In the vestibule, close to the
-Chapter-House, are the modern window and
-tablet in memory of James Russell Lowell,
-the well-known American poet and prose
-writer. Lowell was for many years the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>United States Minister in London, and was
-much beloved, both in this country and his
-own.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Chapel of the Pyx, close by the
-Chapter-House, was formerly the monastic
-Treasury. At one time the Regalia were
-kept there. The Chapel is so called from
-the “pyx,” or box, which contained the
-standard coins of the realm, used for testing
-our current coinage. The pyx has now
-been moved to the Mint, but the Chapel
-still keeps its ancient name. The Chapel of
-the Pyx, and the buildings next to it, belong
-to the Norman time, and over them the
-monks’ Dormitory was built. Part of the
-old Dormitory is now used as the Chapter
-Library, and part as the Great School.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Most of the treasures in the old monastic
-library were destroyed in the time of Edward
-<span class='fss'>VI</span>; and unfortunately, many of the books
-collected by the earlier Deans were destroyed
-in a fire in 1694.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another very interesting part of the
-monastic buildings was the Refectory, or
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>dining-hall of the monks. The first Refectory
-was built, probably, in the early Norman
-times, and was a stately room. It was
-rebuilt in the reign of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>, when it
-was made still larger, and only the lower part
-of the old Norman walls was kept. Some of
-this Norman wall can still be seen.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the book of the “Customs” of the
-monastery, or “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Consuetudines</span>,” as the long
-Latin name goes, are very strict rules about
-behaviour at meals. No monk might speak
-at all, and even the guests might only
-whisper. No one was to sit with his hand
-on his chin, or with his hand over his head,
-because that might look as if he were in
-pain. No one might lean on his elbows, or
-stare, or crack nuts with his teeth. All these
-old rules seem to be very good ones, and
-might be useful to some people in the
-twentieth century.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But the Refectory is interesting for many
-historical reasons. Here, in 1252, Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>
-swore to observe Magna Charta. Henry,
-standing with the Book of the Gospels in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>one hand and a lighted taper in the other,
-and surrounded by the Archbishops and
-other great clergy, took his solemn oath.
-Upon this they all dashed their tapers on the
-ground, saying “So go out, with smoke and
-stench, the accursed souls of those who break
-or pervert the Charter.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In 1294, Edward <span class='fss'>I</span> held a great council
-of clergy and laity in the Refectory at
-Westminster. On this occasion the King
-was demanding a subsidy of half their
-possessions, to the consternation of the
-assembled council. The Dean of St. Paul’s
-was trying to persuade the King not to ask
-so much, and in his anxiety and excitement
-the poor man fell dead at Edward’s feet.
-The old history says that Edward took very
-little notice,—“passed over this event with
-indifferent eyes,” and insisted on having what
-he asked.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It was in the Refectory that the Commons
-impeached Piers Gaveston, the favourite and
-bad adviser of Edward <span class='fss'>II</span>. And besides this,
-the Commons met here several times during
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>the reigns of Richard <span class='fss'>II</span>, Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>, and
-Henry <span class='fss'>V</span>, so we see that this great hall
-has been very closely connected with the
-history of England.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is supposed that part of the large
-quantity of stone granted to Protector
-Somerset was taken from the Refectory.
-This stone was used by him in the building
-of Somerset House.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another important part of the monastery
-was the Infirmary, the place where the old
-and infirm monks lived in their old age. It
-stood on the site of what is now called the
-Little Cloister, but the present Little Cloister
-is much more modern, and belongs to what
-is called the “Jacobean” time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The low, barrel-vaulted passages which
-lead from the Great Cloister to the site of
-the old Infirmary are some of the very
-oldest parts of the Abbey buildings, as they
-were built, if not actually during the
-Confessor’s lifetime, at any rate by the first
-Norman Kings. They are therefore more
-than 800 years old. In one of the ancient
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>Norman rooms, below the former Dormitory
-of the monks, the Dean and Chapter have
-lately arranged a very interesting kind of
-museum, containing various fragments of old
-carving and other valuable relics of former
-times. There, too, have been placed the
-very oldest of the wax effigies, which are too
-battered and ragged to be shown with the
-others in the Islip Chantry. Here are the
-rather ghastly remains of the effigies of
-Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> and Philippa, Henry <span class='fss'>V</span> and
-Katherine de Valois, of Mary Tudor and
-some others.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Round to the left, through an even darker
-bit of Cloister, was the Infirmary, of which
-we were just now speaking. The Infirmary
-was almost a monastery in itself, having a
-cloister, a garden, and a very beautiful
-chapel of its own. This chapel was built
-in the twelfth century, and was dedicated
-to St. Katherine. Some of its arches still
-remain in the garden of one of the modern
-houses. Many interesting things took
-place in St. Katherine’s Chapel. One
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>of these was a famous struggle between
-the Archbishops of Canterbury and York
-as to which was to sit in the chief place
-on the right hand of the Papal Legate. It
-was settled that the Archbishop of Canterbury
-was to have the precedence, and be
-called “Primate of all England.” Another
-interesting event connected with St.
-Katherine’s Chapel, and a pleasanter one
-to think of, is the consecration of St. Hugh
-of Lincoln in 1186. St. Hugh was a pupil
-and disciple of St. Bruno, and came to his
-northern bishopric from the famous monastery
-of the Grande Chartreuse in the
-south of France. The old garden of the
-Infirmary is still the Abbey garden, and
-lies just beyond the Little Cloister. Close
-to it is the ancient Jewel House, where the
-King’s jewels used to be kept. It was
-built by Richard <span class='fss'>II</span> on a piece of ground
-which was bought from the Abbey by
-Edward <span class='fss'>III</span> in the last year of his reign.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Other parts of the monastery, such as the
-granary, the malt-house, brew-house, and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>bake-house, stood in the square or court
-which is now called Dean’s Yard. Parts of
-some of these ancient buildings still remain
-below the modern houses. We shall hear
-of the granary again, in another chapter.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In former days Dean’s Yard used to be
-known as “The Elms,” and was enclosed by
-the old monastery walls.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Almonry, or place where the alms of
-the monastery used to be given to the poor,
-was on the south-west side of Broad
-Sanctuary. It was close to the Almonry
-that Caxton set up his printing-press.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>We can easily see what an important place
-a great monastery must have been, when
-we think of all its different parts, and of the
-work of various kinds that went on in it.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>But we must not take leave of the old
-monastic buildings and life without saying a
-few words about the Sanctuary, which played
-an important part in the Abbey history, and
-even in the history of England. It has
-already been told how Queen Elizabeth
-Woodville “took Sanctuary,” as they said
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>in those days, and how Edward <span class='fss'>V</span> was born
-while she was at Westminster. The Abbey,
-like many other great religious houses, had
-the right of Sanctuary. That is to say,
-people who took refuge there could not be
-carried off to prison, or injured in any way.
-It was considered an awful thing to kill
-any one who was in Sanctuary. In the
-rough and cruel times of the Middle Ages
-it was perhaps a good thing for people
-to have such a refuge, and no doubt many
-helpless and innocent persons were then
-saved from violence and injustice. But, as
-might be expected, many bad people used
-to fly into Sanctuary, and as time went on
-this became a great abuse. Queen Elizabeth
-took away some of the privileges of
-Sanctuary, and in James <span class='fss'>I</span>’s reign it was
-done away with altogether.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The actual Sanctuary Tower, which was a
-square Norman fortress, stood very much
-where Westminster Hospital now stands.
-Close to this tower there was a belfry, where
-some famous bells used to hang.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>Near the Sanctuary Tower was the old
-Gatehouse, or prison, of the monastery. It
-was in this Gatehouse that Sir Walter
-Raleigh spent the last night of his life, and
-other well-known people were imprisoned
-there, such as John Hampden, and Richard
-Lovelace, the Cavalier poet.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER XII<br /> <span class='large'>SOME OF THE ABBOTS</span></h2>
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>“<i>It is no small thing to dwell in monasteries, or in a
-congregation, and to live there without complaint, and to
-persevere faithfully even unto death.</i>”</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-r c018'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>(<cite>The Imitation of Christ.</cite>)</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>The name of Abbot Edwyn, who was the
-first Abbot to rule over the Confessor’s
-newly founded monastery, leads us on to
-think of some few others among the Abbots
-who played a part in English history.
-We may begin by mentioning the name
-of Abbot Gilbert Crispin, a Norman, who
-was Abbot during the time of the Norman
-Kings, from 1085 to 1117. He had been
-a monk at the famous monastery of Bec in
-Normandy, and was a pupil of St. Anselm
-and of Lanfranc. Crispin was a learned
-man, and ruled the Abbey during a stormy
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>time in English history. William Rufus
-seems to have had a great regard for him,
-and for the love he bore him he was kinder
-to the Westminster monks than to many
-others. It was while Crispin was Abbot
-that the Confessor’s tomb was first opened.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In his time, too, Henry <span class='fss'>I</span>’s marriage with
-the Saxon princess, Matilda, took place, and
-on the same day, 11th November 1100,
-Matilda’s Coronation by Archbishop Anselm.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two of the Abbots in the early Plantagenet
-times obtained from the Pope the
-right to wear a mitre and other outward
-marks of dignity. In later days the
-“mitred Abbot” of Westminster sate in the
-House of Lords, next after the Bishops.
-In Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s reign the Abbey was made
-independent of the Bishop of London, and
-it keeps that independent position down to
-our own day.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Abbot Berkyng, who was a great friend
-and adviser of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>, was one of the
-people who signed Magna Charta. He
-was a Privy Councillor, and finally Lord
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>Treasurer. He was also one of the Lords
-Justices of the kingdom while Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>
-was away at the Welsh wars in 1245. This
-shows us what important men the Abbots
-were in those days. Abbot Berkyng died
-in 1246, and was first buried in front of
-the altar of Henry <span class='fss'>III</span>’s Lady Chapel. His
-body now lies in the South Ambulatory,
-close to the steps of Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The next Abbot we will mention is
-Abbot Ware. His name is interesting
-because in 1267, while Henry <span class='fss'>III</span> was
-building his new Abbey Church, Abbot
-Ware went on a visit to Rome, and brought
-back with him the materials for the wonderful
-mosaic pavement in the Sacrarium,
-and the materials for the decoration of the
-Confessor’s shrine. He also brought with
-him the Italian workmen who laid the pavement,
-and who made the lovely glass and
-gold mosaics for the shrine. It was Abbot
-Ware who drew up the “customs” of which
-we have just heard, with all kinds of rules
-and directions for behaviour.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>We must now pass over nearly a century,
-and speak of one very able and energetic
-Abbot who did a great deal of building in
-the Nave, the cloisters, and elsewhere in the
-monastery. This was Nicholas Litlington,
-who was made Abbot in 1362, in succession
-to Abbot Langham. Abbot Langham, who
-was made a Cardinal by the Pope, is buried
-in a very fine tomb in St. Benedict’s Chapel.
-He left a large sum of money to the Abbey,
-and this money was used by Abbot Litlington
-for building. Litlington died in 1386,
-and is buried in the South Transept.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The fine rooms known as the College
-Hall and Jerusalem Chamber were built by
-Abbot Litlington somewhere about the end
-of Edward <span class='fss'>III</span>’s reign, when he rebuilt the
-Abbot’s house. It is thought that there had
-probably been an earlier Jerusalem Chamber
-on the same site as the present one. The
-name is said to have been given to the room
-because the tapestries which hung on the
-walls represented scenes from the history of
-Jerusalem.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>It has already been told how Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>
-died in this famous room, and how Shakspeare
-describes the scene in his play.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another interesting bit of English history
-to be remembered in the Jerusalem Chamber
-is the banquet given to the French Ambassadors
-in 1624, by Lord Keeper Williams, then
-Dean of Westminster, in honour of Charles
-<span class='fss'>I</span>’s marriage with Henrietta Maria of France.
-Dean Williams restored and decorated the
-room for this occasion, and on the cedarwood
-mantelpiece are small carved heads
-representing Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> and his French bride.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Much important work of various kinds
-has been done in the Jerusalem Chamber.
-The Assembly of Divines held its meetings
-here in 1643, during the time of the Commonwealth,
-and drew up the Longer and
-Shorter Catechism, and the Confession of
-Faith, known as the “Westminster Confession.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Here, too, the Revisors of the Old and
-New Testaments used to meet for their
-great work, which began in 1870.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i297.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>D. Weller</i>.</span><br /><br />THE JERUSALEM CHAMBER.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>The Jerusalem Chamber is now used as
-the Chapter-House, because the actual
-Chapter-House still belongs to the Government,
-and not to the Abbey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The College Hall, which was built by
-Abbot Litlington to be his refectory or
-dining-hall, is now used as the dining-hall
-for the Westminster scholars. It is a
-beautiful room, with long windows in the
-Early Perpendicular style, and a minstrels’
-gallery at one end. The fireplace, or stove,
-is in the middle of the room, and gives it
-a very old-world look. The long tables in
-the hall are said to be made of chestnut
-wood from the wrecked ships of the Spanish
-Armada, and to have been given to the
-school by Queen Elizabeth.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The College Hall forms one side of the
-old courtyard of the “Abbot’s place” (or
-palace) as it was called, part of which
-house is now the Deanery.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Litlington’s successor, Abbot Colchester,
-is said to have joined in a conspiracy against
-Henry <span class='fss'>IV</span>. This story was evidently accepted
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>by Shakspeare, for in his play, <cite>King
-Richard <span class='fss'>II</span></cite>, he writes—</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'>“The grand Conspirator, Abbot of Westminster,</div>
-      <div class='line'>With clog of conscience and sour melancholy,</div>
-      <div class='line'>Hath yielded up his body to the grave.”</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>There is, however, no good foundation
-for the story of Abbot Colchester’s conspiracy,
-and he lived on quietly until
-1420.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Two of the Abbots of Henry <span class='sc'>VII’s</span> reign,
-Abbot Esteney and Abbot Islip, did a good
-deal of building in the church and precincts.
-The great West Window was set up in Abbot
-Esteney’s time, and the tracery shows how
-entirely different the Perpendicular style of
-architecture is from the Early English, in
-which the rest of the Abbey is built. The
-glass of the West Window was put in much
-later, during the reign of George <span class='fss'>II</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In Abbot Islip’s time Henry <span class='fss'>VII</span>’s Chapel
-was built, the Abbot himself laying the
-foundation-stone. The western towers were
-carried up as far as the roof, and some
-rooms were added to the Abbot’s house.
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>One of these is the charming panelled room
-known as the Jericho Parlour.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Nave, just over the Dean’s entrance,
-is a wooden gallery, which is called the
-“Abbot’s Pew.” This, too, was put up by
-Abbot Islip. Islip also fitted up the beautiful
-little Chapel which is named after him, and
-in which he is buried. On the frieze of the
-Chapel are curious little carvings, representing
-the Abbot’s name. One is an eye, with
-a hand holding a branch, or slip: I-slip.
-Another is a man slipping from the branch
-of a tree: “I slip.” A little design like this
-is properly called a “rebus,” and there are
-many of them to be found on tombs erected
-about that time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In the Chantry above Islip’s Chapel are
-the wax effigies, about which we have
-already read.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The last Abbot, John Feckenham, who
-was appointed in Mary Tudor’s time, had
-suffered much for his religion during the
-reign of Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span>. But in spite of having
-himself been persecuted he was a kind and
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>tolerant man, and was good to the Protestants
-who were persecuted in Queen
-Mary’s time.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Abbot Feckenham went to visit Lady
-Jane Grey in prison, and was with her on
-the scaffold, but he could not persuade her
-to give up her Protestant form of faith.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It was Abbot Feckenham who restored
-the Confessor’s shrine after it had been all
-dismantled and partially destroyed in the
-reign of Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span>.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The funeral of Anne of Cleves took place
-in Feckenham’s time. Anne had become
-a Roman Catholic. She died at Chelsea
-in 1557, and was buried with great state
-by Queen Mary’s order.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>On 24th December 1558, Abbot Feckenham
-must have taken part in the last royal
-funeral service held in the Abbey according
-to the Roman Catholic rite. This was the
-service ordered by Queen Elizabeth on the
-death of the Emperor Charles <span class='fss'>V</span>, who was
-Queen Mary’s father-in-law.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Feckenham quite refused to obey Queen
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>Elizabeth’s laws concerning Church matters,
-although Elizabeth seems to have been very
-kindly disposed towards him.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>When the monastery was dissolved in
-1559 the Abbot and some of the monks
-were sent to the Tower, and Feckenham
-lived on for twenty-five years in a kind of
-captivity, though he did not remain at the
-Tower. He was a very good man: kind to
-the poor and suffering, and steadfast to what
-he believed to be right. Since his day the
-Abbey has been governed by a Dean and
-Chapter, and the monastic life has ended.</p>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>
-  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER XIII<br /> <span class='large'>WESTMINSTER SCHOOL</span></h2>
-</div>
-<p class='c013'>“<i>Enflamed with the study of learning, and the admiration
-of virtue; stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave
-men and worthy patriots, dear to God, and famous to
-all ages.</i>”</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-r c018'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Milton</span> (<cite>Tract on Education</cite>).</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c006'>Before we say farewell to the Abbey and
-its story altogether we must speak of one
-very important part of it, and one that
-ought to be specially interesting to all
-English children, namely, the ancient and
-famous Westminster School.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The history of the School takes us back
-really to Saxon times, as we know that there
-was a school belonging to the monastery in
-the Confessor’s days, and it may have been
-there even earlier than that. There is a
-charming little story of that old convent
-school in the eleventh century. The Abbot
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>of Croyland used to tell of the kindness
-he received from the Lady Editha, wife
-of the Confessor, when he was a boy at
-the monk’s school in the cloisters. When
-she met him coming from school, Editha
-would question him about his studies, and
-then, he says: “She would always present
-me with three or four pieces of money,
-which were counted out to me by her handmaiden,
-and then send me to the royal
-larder to refresh myself.”</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The School seems to have been what was
-called a “Grammar School,” which really
-meant that Latin was taught there, for in
-those old days they used to speak of Latin
-as “grammar.” The school was probably
-a place of general education, and not intended
-only for boys who were going to
-become monks. But, of course, when speaking
-of Westminster School it must be
-remembered that it owes its present form,
-and its wide influence and prosperity, to its
-foundation by two of the Tudor sovereigns,
-King Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> and Queen Elizabeth.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>In 1540, Henry <span class='fss'>VIII</span> established the
-School with two masters and forty scholars.
-There were probably other boys as well.
-The School went on and flourished during
-the reigns of Edward <span class='fss'>VI</span> and Mary, and
-then, when the monastery was finally dissolved,
-it was re-established by Queen
-Elizabeth in 1560. Queen Elizabeth kept
-very much to her father’s plan, and
-arranged for a Headmaster, an undermaster,
-and forty scholars, who are called
-“King’s scholars” or “Queen’s scholars,”
-according to whether the sovereign is a King
-or a Queen. It was settled that the School
-was to be part of the Collegiate Foundation
-of St. Peter in Westminster, and the Dean
-was to be head of the school, just as he
-was of the rest of the College.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>As we already know, the boys dined, as
-now, in Abbot Litlington’s Refectory, the
-present College Hall. The old granary of
-the monastery, which stood in the middle
-of what is now Dean’s Yard, was fitted up
-as their dormitory, and there also they
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>used to do what a modern boy would
-call his “home-work.” This arrangement
-was made for them by the first Dean of
-Queen Elizabeth’s reign, Dr. William Bill.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>In those old days there must have been
-a good deal of what we should call hardship,
-for nearly every one now lives a much more
-comfortable life than people did in the
-Elizabethan times.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The Great School is part of what used to
-be the monks’ dormitory. It is a splendid
-room, first built in the Norman days, and then
-altered or rebuilt in the fourteenth century.
-It stands on a lower storey which is part of
-the Norman buildings. The School was
-very well restored not many years ago.
-Besides the Great School there are, of course,
-many class-rooms.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>The King’s scholars now live in a fine
-building which was begun in Dean Atterbury’s
-time, and designed by Sir Christopher
-Wren. It is here that the famous “Westminster
-Play” is acted every year, about
-Christmas time. The performance of this
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>Latin play is a very old custom, and
-probably began in the time of Queen
-Elizabeth. If any member of the Royal
-Family has died during the year the play
-is not given.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Another curious old custom in the school
-is the tossing of the pancake on Shrove
-Tuesday. This takes place in the Great
-School. In former days, when classes were
-held in the Great School, there used to be
-a curtain hung right across, to divide the
-upper and lower schools. This curtain hung
-from an iron rod, which still remains, although
-the curtain has gone. Every Shrove
-Tuesday the college cook has to bring a
-very solid sort of pancake and throw it
-over this high bar. No doubt he has to
-practise a good deal before he can do it
-properly, and he does not always throw it
-over the first time. The boys scramble to
-catch it, and if any boy gets the whole
-pancake the Dean’s Verger leads him to the
-Dean, who gives him a guinea.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/i309.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic001'>
-<p><span class='right'>[<i>W. Rice, F.R.P.S.</i></span><br /><br />LITTLE DEAN’S YARD—ENTRANCE TO GREAT SCHOOL.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>In old days the whole school might join
-in the scramble, and rather a dangerous one
-it was. Now it has been arranged that only
-a certain number of boys may struggle for
-the pancake, these boys being chosen from
-various forms.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Some of the most celebrated of the
-Westminster scholars have graves or monuments
-in the Abbey, and thus are doubly
-connected with Westminster. A few of
-these have already been mentioned, as, for
-example, Ben Jonson, the famous poet and
-dramatist, and the poets Abraham Cowley,
-George Herbert, John Dryden, William
-Cowper, and Robert Southey.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Matthew Prior, a poet much admired in
-his own day, was also a Westminster scholar.
-He died in 1721, and was buried near
-Spenser. His monument is near Poets’
-Corner door.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Barton Booth, a well-known actor in the
-eighteenth century, was at Westminster
-school. He died in 1733, and his widow
-put up a monument to him in Poets’ Corner
-many years afterwards. Two streets in
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>Westminster are named in memory of him.
-One of these is Barton street, and the other
-is Cowley street, called after Booth’s burial-place
-at Cowley, in Middlesex. Both these
-streets are close to the Abbey precincts.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Most people have heard of the famous
-Headmaster of Westminster in the seventeenth
-century, Dr. Richard Busby. He was
-Headmaster during the troublous times of the
-Civil War and the Commonwealth, and was
-still headmaster in the reigns of Charles <span class='fss'>II</span>
-and James <span class='fss'>II</span>. He was a very remarkable
-man, and had many distinguished pupils.
-He was celebrated both for scholarship and
-for severity.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>It is told of Dr. Busby that on one occasion,
-when Charles <span class='fss'>II</span> paid an unexpected
-visit to the School, he would not take off his
-hat in the King’s presence, for fear that if
-he did so the boys might think less of his
-authority.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Dr. Busby died in 1695, and was buried
-in the South Transept. His monument is
-very interesting, partly on account of the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>pathetic figure of Busby and the fine expression
-of the face.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>One of his remarkable pupils is buried
-near him, and the monuments are quite close
-to one another. This pupil was Dr. Robert
-South, a great preacher, and Prebendary
-of Westminster. South could remember
-seeing Cromwell when he first appeared in
-Parliament, and heard Charles <span class='fss'>I</span> prayed for
-in the Abbey on the very day of his death,
-“that black and eternally infamous day of the
-King’s murder.” Dr. South died in 1716.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>There was always a great deal of Royalist
-feeling in the School, even all through the
-Commonwealth time, and a leading Independent
-went so far as to say that it would
-never be well with the nation until the
-School was suppressed, so strongly did the
-boys take the Royalist side.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Dean Atterbury, of whom we have
-already heard, was a Westminster scholar,
-and a pupil of Dr. Busby. As we know,
-he took a great part in the plots to bring
-back James <span class='fss'>II</span>’s son, some of which plots
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>went on in a secret chamber in the Deanery
-itself.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Richard Hakluyt, author of the <cite>Voyages
-and Travels</cite>; Warren Hastings, of Indian
-fame; and the well-known statesman, Lord
-John Russell, all formerly Westminster boys,
-have already been mentioned. In Statesmen’s
-Corner is the large monument of Lord
-Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of England in
-1756. He was also a Westminster scholar,
-and desired to be buried in the Abbey, “from
-the love which he bore to the place of his
-early education.” He died in 1793.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Charles Wesley and his elder brother
-Samuel were both educated at Westminster
-School. The memorial to John and Charles
-Wesley in the South Choir aisle has already
-been described. It is interesting to remember
-that Westminster School was in this
-way directly connected with one of the most
-important religious movements in England
-during the eighteenth century.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>Among the great soldiers who were at
-Westminster School were Lord Lucan, the
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>Marquis of Anglesey, and Lord Raglan.
-John Locke, the philosopher, Sir Christopher
-Wren, the great architect, and Edward
-Gibbon, author of the famous <cite>Decline and
-Fall of the Roman Empire</cite>, were also
-Westminster boys.</p>
-
-<p class='c007'>And now our travels through the centuries
-and round the Abbey, with all its memories,
-must end. We have seen how that little
-Church on Thorney Isle has gradually grown
-into this stately Abbey, the home of all the
-great Anglo-Saxon race. We have seen too,
-at the same time, how the little English
-kingdom of the early Saxon days has expanded
-into a world-wide empire. It is for
-the children of Great Britain to see that
-the Abbey shall stand, not only for noble
-memories, but also for high hopes,—hopes,
-not only of riches and worldly success, but
-of the righteousness that exalteth a nation.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div><span class='small'><i>Printed by</i> <span class='sc'>Morrison &amp; Gibb Limited</span>, <i>Edinburgh</i></span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c004' />
-</div>
-<div class='tnotes'>
-
-<div class='section ph2'>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
- <ol class='ol_1 c003'>
-    <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
-
-    </li>
-    <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
-    </li>
-  </ol>
-
-</div>
-
-<pre style='margin-top:6em'>
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