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diff --git a/old/63628-0.txt b/old/63628-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 979722f..0000000 --- a/old/63628-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5104 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey, -by G. E. Troutbeck - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this ebook. - -Title: The Children's Story of Westminster Abbey - -Author: G. E. Troutbeck - -Release Date: November 04, 2020 [EBook #63628] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF -WESTMINSTER ABBEY *** - - - - - THE CHILDREN’S STORY OF - WESTMINSTER ABBEY - - -[Illustration: - - _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_ - - _Westminster Abbey from Dean’s Yard._ -] - - - - - THE - CHILDREN’S STORY OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY - - - BY - - G. E. TROUTBECK - AUTHOR OF “WESTMINSTER ABBEY” (THE LITTLE GUIDES) - - - NEW YORK - FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY - PUBLISHERS - - - - - _Published 1909_ - - - _Printed by_ - MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED - _Edinburgh_ - - - - - TO - LANCELOT, JACK, KATHARINE AND WILFRID - - - - - PREFACE - - -Readers of this little volume must not expect to find in it a full -description of the Abbey buildings, or a complete list of all the tombs, -monuments, and other beautiful and interesting things in the Abbey -Church. That is not the aim of this book. Its chief object is to point -out to British children how they may follow the great outlines of their -country’s history in Westminster Abbey, from the earliest ages down to -our own time,—from the days of the far-off, legendary King Lucius to -those of King Edward VII. - -The words, “citizen of no mean city,” ought surely to come into our -minds as we look round the Abbey and see there, as we clearly can see, a -kind of outward expression of all that is best in our national -character. The Abbey speaks to us of the deep religious feeling behind -our shyness and reserve; of patriotism, and of self-sacrifice for our -country; of love and respect for every form of good and noble service; -of the wise moderation in our forms of government; of our wide sympathy -with men of every race and creed. - -It is thus that Westminster Abbey can truly claim to be our great -National Church. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - CHAP. PAGE - I. THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY 1 - - II. THE CORONATIONS 20 - - III. KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: 1042 TO 1066 41 - - IV. THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO - RICHARD II: 1216 TO 1399 57 - - V. THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 TO 1485 75 - - VI. THE HOUSE OF TUDOR: 1485 TO 1603 88 - - VII. THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH: 1603 to 1714 110 - - VIII. THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 143 - - IX. THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES 168 - - X. THE WAX EFFIGIES 207 - - XI. THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS 215 - - XII. SOME OF THE ABBOTS 234 - - XIII. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL 244 - - - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PHOTOGRAVURES - - WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM DEAN’S YARD _Frontispiece_ - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - FACING PAGE - THE NORMAN CLOISTER 14 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - TOMB OF PRINCE JOHN OF ELTHAM 68 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P S. - - HENRY VII’S CHAPEL 122 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - - PHOTOGRAPHS - - KING SEBERT’S TOMB 10 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - CORONATION CHAIR, WITH SWORD AND SHIELD OF STATE 20 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - NORTH AMBULATORY, WITH TOMBS OF HENRY III AND EDWARD I 30 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - SHRINE OF KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 40 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - RICHARD II 56 - From a Photograph by G. A. DUNN. - - TOMBS OF EDMUND AND AVELINE OF LANCASTER AND OF AYMER DE - VALENCE 62 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - CHAUCER’S TOMB 74 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - MARGARET BEAUFORT, COUNTESS OF RICHMOND, AND MARY QUEEN - OF SCOTS 90 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - SHAKSPEARE’S MONUMENT 104 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - POETS’ CORNER 136 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - MONUMENT OF GENERAL WOLFE 142 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF CHATHAM 150 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - STATUE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE 168 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - CHARLES JAMES FOX 178 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - STATESMEN’S CORNER, EASTERN AISLE 186 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - GRAVES OF NEWTON, HERSCHEL, DARWIN, AND KELVIN 198 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - WAX EFFIGIES OF QUEEN ELIZABETH AND CHARLES II 208 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - SOUTH CLOISTER 215 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - THE CHAPTER-HOUSE 222 - From a Photograph by G. A. DUNN. - - THE JERUSALEM CHAMBER 238 - From a Photograph by D. WELLER. - - LITTLE DEAN’S YARD—ENTRANCE TO GREAT SCHOOL 248 - From a Photograph by W. RICE, F.R.P.S. - - - - - CHAPTER I - THE FOUNDATION AND BUILDING OF THE ABBEY - - “_It is finished! - The Kingliest Abbey in all Christian lands, - The lordliest, loftiest minster ever built - To Holy Peter in our English Isle! - Let me be buried there, and all our Kings, - And all our just and wise and holy men - That shall be born hereafter. It is finished!_” - TENNYSON (_Harold_). - - -The writer of this little book was once showing Westminster Abbey to a -party of foreigners—they were Germans,—and after hearing something about -the Abbey and the people who are either buried or commemorated there, -one of them turned and said: “I can understand the pride of English -people when I see a place like this.” - -Now, it must be remembered that this German visitor was not thinking of -our wealth, or of our Empire, or of our commercial prosperity. He was -thinking of the “great cloud of witnesses,” the people of our race who -have gone before us, and who are gathered together, resting and -remembered in our chief national church. He was thinking, too, of the -wide and catholic spirit which would shut out no one who had done good -service to God and man. - -If one who was not our own countryman could feel this so strongly, is it -any wonder that the name of Westminster Abbey is dear to all British -folk, men, women, and children, whether at home or across the wide seas? -Westminster Abbey is a name that means “home,” and the story of home, -almost from the very earliest times of our nation. - -And if any one asks how and why this is, it is easy to show him that -Westminster Abbey has been part of English history all along, and that -if you can read what is written on the old grey stones of Westminster -you will know more about the British race and Empire than many books -could teach you. - -Around the venerable and stately church, where all our Kings, from -Edward the Confessor onwards, have been crowned, and where many of our -sovereigns and most of our famous men are buried, are memories which -speak to us even of the Roman rule in Britain, taking us back nearly to -the days of brave Queen Boadicea, whose statue stands on the bridge -close by. - -Then follow memories of the wild Saxon days, of the conversion of -England by St. Augustine, of the Danes, the Normans, the Plantagenets, -Tudors, Stuarts, and of many others. - -We are reminded too, of the signing of Magna Charta, of the Barons’ War, -of the Crusades, of the beginning of the House of Commons, of the long -Hundred Years’ War with France, of the Wars of the Roses, of the great -Civil War, of the rise of our Indian and Colonial Empire, and indeed of -all the important things that have happened in our country until this -very twentieth century, when the Abbey is still just as much a part of -our history as it ever was. - -If we want to see and understand how this is, we can learn a good deal -from the history of the building itself, that is, of how, when, and -where it was built. - -To begin with, what do we mean when we speak of the “Abbey”? - -An abbey was really a place where a number of monks or nuns lived, under -the rule of an abbot or abbess,—the name abbot being taken from “abbas,” -the Syriac word for father. The actual church was only a part of the -“Abbey,” to which belonged many other buildings, besides gardens, -orchards, fields and farms, and often large estates in various places. - -The Abbey of Westminster was for monks of the Benedictine Order. The -Abbot of Westminster was a very great person, and many well known places -belonged to the Abbey, such, for instance, as Covent Garden (the Convent -Garden) and Hyde Park, besides others which were far away from London. -Windsor at one time belonged to the Abbey of Westminster, but the -Conqueror wanted it himself, and so made the monks exchange Windsor for -land in other places. - -The Church, then, which we now call the Abbey, was the Abbey Church of -St. Peter in Westminster. Since the days of Queen Elizabeth, the proper -title of the church has been “The Collegiate Church of St. Peter in -Westminster,” but every one likes to keep the old name, and to call it -Westminster Abbey. As we shall see later on, a good deal still remains -of the old monastic buildings besides the church. Such are the beautiful -cloisters, the Chapter-House, and parts of the library and dormitory. - -Now, as to where the Abbey is built. It stands on what was long ago a -desolate little island in the Thames, an island which was overgrown with -great thorns and thickets, and in which wild beasts, such as the wild ox -and the huge red deer, used to roam about. It was perhaps not unlike the -Isle of Athelney, where King Alfred hid from his enemies and made his -plans. - -It is interesting to remember that the great Cathedral Church of Paris, -Notre Dame, is also built on an island,—a little island in the river -Seine. In those days, when there were so few roads, it was a great -matter to be near a big river, where boats and ships could go up and -down, and so we find that most important cities, like Rome, Paris, -Vienna, and London, are built on the banks of rivers. - -The island on which the Abbey stands was called “Thorney Isle” in those -old days, and it is described in a charter of King Offa as “the terrible -place,” probably because of its wild forests and fierce beasts. The -little streams which once separated Thorney Isle from the mainland still -run underground, but in those early days the island was also surrounded -by a great marsh, which stretched out to Chelsea on the north bank of -the Thames, and to Lambeth and Battersea on the south bank. - -The early stories of the foundation and building of the church on -Thorney Isle have been handed down from far-off times, and although they -cannot all be proved to be quite true, we may be sure that there is a -great deal of truth deep down in them, as there is in most of the tales -that people have loved and told to their children through all the ages. - -To begin with the oldest story of all. We are told that in the second -century after Christ, while the Romans were still in Britain, a certain -Lucius, a British King, became a Christian. His people also became -Christian, and Lucius built a church at Thorney, where a temple of -Apollo had once stood. Lucius is also said to have built a church where -St. Paul’s now stands, on the site of a temple of Diana. - -Another very interesting story is that of the rebuilding of the church -at Thorney in the Saxon times. The Venerable Bede tells us that Sebert, -King of the East Saxons, and nephew of Ethelbert, King of Kent, was -converted to Christianity by St. Augustine in A.D. 603 or 604. The -Norman monks said that this King Sebert built a church and founded a -monastery at Thorney Isle, and a very beautiful story is told about the -consecration of this church of King Sebert’s. - -One stormy Sunday night—the very night before Mellitus, Bishop of -London, was to come and consecrate the church—a fisherman named Edric -was casting his nets into the Thames. While he was doing this he heard a -voice calling to him from Lambeth, on the other side of the river, and -when he had crossed over in his boat he found a venerable looking man in -foreign dress, who asked to be ferried over to Thorney Isle. Edric took -him across the river, and when they landed at Thorney the stranger went -at once to the church, leaving the fisherman waiting by the shore. Then, -while Edric watched, a heavenly light seemed to fill all the air, and -angels ascended and descended on a ladder which reached from heaven to -earth. Edric heard the angels singing, and saw how they burned sweet -incense and held flaming tapers. At last the stranger came back, and -said to Edric: “I am Peter, keeper of the keys of Heaven. When Mellitus -arrives to-morrow, tell him what you have seen, and show him the token -that I, St. Peter, have consecrated my own Church of St. Peter, -Westminster, and have anticipated the Bishop of London. For yourself, go -out into the river; you will catch a plentiful supply of fish, whereof -the larger part shall be salmon. This I have granted on two -conditions—first, that you never fish again on Sundays; secondly, that -you pay a tithe of them to the Abbey of Westminster.” - -When King Sebert and Bishop Mellitus arrived the next day for the solemn -consecration, Edric met them, bringing a salmon, which he presented to -the Bishop from St. Peter, at the same time telling him the wondrous -story. It is told that the Bishop saw on the church the crosses and all -the marks of consecration, and was satisfied that the fisherman’s tale -was true. - -King Sebert is said to have died about the year 616, and he and his wife -Ethelgoda were buried in the church at Thorney. His tomb was replaced in -the great church built on Thorney Isle by Edward the Confessor, and was -finally moved into the present church, where it still remains. - -It is supposed that the church at Thorney was left neglected until it -was restored by Offa, King of the Mercians. After his day it was -probably overrun and robbed by the heathen Danes, but it is said to have -been again restored by the great St. Dunstan, who brought some -Benedictine monks from Glastonbury to the monastery at Thorney. - -Harold the Dane, son of Canute, was buried at Thorney, but his brother, -Hardicanute, ordered the body to be taken out of its grave and thrown -into the Thames. An old story says: “And he (Hardicanute) caused to be -hurled out the body of Harold, and to be thrown, beheaded, all out of -church; head and body he throws into the Thames. The Danes drew it from -the water, and caused it to be buried in the cemetery of the Danes.” -(St. Clement Danes). - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_ - - KING SEBERT’S TOMB. -] - -Now we come to the time of Edward the Confessor, when we feel we know -more about the real history. - -Edward the Confessor had been in exile in Normandy during the reigns of -the Danish Kings. When Hardicanute died, Edward came back to England, -and was crowned King at Winchester. After he was once settled in his -kingdom he remembered a solemn vow he had made while he was in a foreign -land, and when he doubted whether he would ever get back to England. -This was the vow: “Sire Saint Peter, under whose aid I put myself and my -property, be to me a shield and protection against the tyrant Danish -plans: Be to me lord and friend against all my enemies. To thy service I -will entirely give myself up, and well I vow to you and promise you, -when I shall be of strength and age, to Rome I will make my pilgrimage, -where you and your companion Saint Paul suffered martyrdom.” - -The English were most unwilling that their King should leave them, and -go away on such a long and dangerous journey as it was in those days. So -they begged the King to remain, and he sent to ask the Pope what he -might do instead of going to Rome. The Pope answered that he might build -or restore some monastery in honour of St. Peter. There is a beautiful -old story which tells that while the King was thinking over this matter, -and wondering where to build his monastery, a message was brought to him -from a holy hermit of Worcestershire, one Wulsinus, and the message was -as follows: “I have a place in the west of London, which I myself chose, -and which I love. This formerly I consecrated with my own hands, -honoured with my presence, and made it illustrious by divine miracles. -The name of the place is Thorney, which once, for the sins of the -people, being given to the fury of barbarians, from being rich is become -poor, from being stately, low, and from honour is become contemptible. -This let the King, by my command, repair and make it a house of monks, -adorn it with stately towers, and endow it with large revenues. There -shall be no less than the House of God and the Gates of Heaven.” - -This, and other reasons, decided the King to rebuild the church at -Thorney Isle, and this great “Minster of the West” was probably begun -about the year 1055. In 1065 the eastern part of the church, that is to -say, the choir and transepts, was ready, and it was consecrated by -Archbishop Stigand on Innocents’ Day, 28th December 1065. King Edward -was too ill to be at the service, so his wife, Queen Editha, had to -represent him. - -Edward the Confessor died on 5th January 1066, and was buried the next -day, the Feast of the Epiphany, in front of the high altar of his new -church. - -That church was very different to look at from the Abbey we all know at -the present day. It was built in what is called the Norman style, with -massive pillars, round arches, and round-headed windows. It must have -been a very large and splendid church, almost as large as the present -one, only that it was not so high. - -The church and the surrounding monastery buildings were finished during -the reigns of the early Norman kings, and William the Conqueror -confirmed the charters granted to the Abbey by the Confessor, and -bestowed yet more lands upon it. - -We must now pass over nearly two hundred years, and speak of the time of -King Henry III. In the year 1220, Henry III began to build a very -beautiful chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, at the eastern end of -the Abbey church. It was just about this time that some of the grand -cathedrals of France, such as those of Amiens, Reims, and Chartres, were -being built in that lovely and graceful pointed style which is called -Gothic, but which really comes from France. - -Henry III, when visiting his brother-in-law, St. Louis, King of France, -had no doubt seen some of these glorious new churches, and was very -anxious to build one like them in honour of King Edward the Confessor, -for whom he had a great reverence. - -[Illustration: - - _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_ - - _The Norman Cloister._ -] - -Accordingly, in 1245, he began to have the Confessor’s Norman church -pulled down, and in its stead he built the splendid church we now see, a -church which has been called “the most lovely and lovable thing in -Christendom.” - -The choir and transepts, the Chapter-House, and some of the cloisters -were built during Henry’s reign. The monks sang service in the new choir -and transepts for the first time on 13th October 1269, when the body of -Edward the Confessor was placed in the magnificent new shrine made for -it by Henry III. - -Some of the nave was then gone on with, but it was not built to its -present length until the reign of Henry V. The first time it was used -for a procession was when the Te Deum was sung in thanksgiving after the -Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The money for building this part of the -Abbey was given into the care of a man named Dick Whittington, whom some -people think to have been the famous Lord Mayor of that name. This, -however, is doubtful. - -The church built by Henry III is very different from a Norman church. -Instead of round arches, it has very pointed ones; the windows are long -and pointed; the pillars are tall, slender, and graceful. The wonder -seems to be how such a building can have stood for all these hundreds of -years. And indeed it would not stand, if it were not for the beautiful -flying buttresses which support it on the outside. - -In the reigns of Edward III and Richard II the cloisters were finished, -and Abbot Litlington built the celebrated rooms known as the Jerusalem -Chamber and the College Hall. A very fine North Porch, called “Solomon’s -Porch,” was built in Richard II’s reign, but unhappily none of it now -remains. - -In the year 1503, King Henry VII began the chapel which is known by his -name, and which is so famous for its beauty. It stands on the place -where Henry III’s Lady Chapel stood, but it is much larger than the -older chapel, and some houses had to be pulled down to make room for it, -among them being the house where the poet Chaucer is said to have lived. -Henry VII’s chapel is too elaborate to describe here. The decoration is -so rich and so delicate that it looks almost like lace-work, and the -badges carved on the walls, the Tudor roses, the Beaufort portcullis, -and the fleur-de-lys are a kind of history lesson in themselves. The -fan-tracery vault is most wonderful, both in its lovely design and -splendid masonry work. - -We have now come almost to an end of the story of the actual building of -the Abbey,—at any rate of the chief parts of it. The tracery of the -great west window was put up in the year 1498, in Abbot Esteney’s time, -but the glass in it dates only from the reign of George II. The western -towers, which were begun long before, were finished in 1739 or 1740, -from a design made by a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren. - -In 1540, King Henry VIII made great changes in the monasteries all over -England. The monks were sent away from Westminster, and their place was -taken by a Dean and twelve prebendaries. For just ten years, from 1540 -to 1550, the Abbey was made into a cathedral, or church where a bishop -has his throne. During these years there was a Bishop of Westminster, -but when the bishop resigned, in 1550, his diocese was joined once more -to the See of London. - -Henry VIII also made new arrangements for the old School, which had -existed in the monastery from the Confessor’s time. - -When Queen Mary Tudor came to the throne she brought the monks back, -with Abbot Feckenham to rule over them, and the old services were -restored for a time. - -Queen Elizabeth changed this again, and established the Abbey as a -Collegiate Church, with a Dean and Prebendaries. The present -arrangements are not very different from those of her time, in spite of -certain changes which have had to be made in modern days. - -Queen Elizabeth also re-established the School, much on the same plan as -her father had done. She settled that there should be a Head-Master, an -Under-Master, and forty Scholars, who are called either King’s Scholars -or Queen’s Scholars, according as the Sovereign is a king or a queen. - -Westminster School always remembers what Queen Elizabeth did for it, and -her name is commemorated in the prayers. - -Now, having described something of the foundation and building of the -Abbey, it is time to turn our thoughts to the many important and -interesting things that have happened there, and to the great people of -our nation who are resting within its walls. - - - - - CHAPTER II - THE CORONATIONS - - - “_Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king; and - all the people rejoiced and said: God save the king, Long live the - king, May the king live for ever._”—1 Kings i. 39, 40. - -The greatest and most important ceremonies which have taken place in -Westminster Abbey are, of course, the Coronations of our Kings and -Queens, and so we will speak first of this most interesting part of the -Abbey history. - -Such a wonderful succession of coronations has never been seen in any -other building in the world. Ever since 1066 our sovereigns have been -crowned close to the spot where Edward the Confessor was first buried, -and where the Saxon Harold and Norman William stood more than 800 years -ago. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - CORONATION CHAIR, WITH SWORD AND SHIELD OF STATE. -] - -Dean Stanley tells us that the coronation-rite of the Kings of Britain -is the oldest in Europe, and that the inauguration of Aidan, King of the -Dalriadic Scots, by St. Columba, in the sixth century, is the oldest -ceremony of the kind in Christendom. It is good for us to remember these -days of old, for it helps us to understand much better what is going on -now, and teaches us the meaning of many of the solemn services and -ceremonies of Church and State. - -The Coronation Service has been slightly changed, of course, from time -to time, but its chief parts are much the same as they were when William -the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster in 1066. From very early times -the coronations had been partly religious and partly civil ceremonies, -and had taken place in a church, the day chosen being either a Sunday or -some high festival, like Christmas Day, Whitsunday, or a Saint’s Day. -The Saxon Kings were usually crowned in Winchester Cathedral. Canute was -crowned at St. Paul’s. - -Before speaking of any of the old Westminster Coronations, it will be a -good plan to describe, very shortly, what is done at Coronations in our -own day. We will take the little book of the “Form and Order for the -Coronation of King Edward and Queen Alexandra,” and see what it says. - -To begin with, the Sacred Oil for the anointing of the King was -consecrated in the Confessor’s Chapel, and then placed on the altar. The -Litany was said, and a hymn was sung as the clergy, carrying the -Regalia, went down to the west door to meet the King and Queen. - -When the King and Queen came into church the choir sang an anthem -beginning with the words: “I was glad when they said unto me, We will go -into the house of the Lord.” - -The Westminster scholars have for long years had the right of acclaiming -the King and Queen at the Coronations, and their shouts of “Vivat Regina -Alexandra,” “Vivat Rex Edwardus,” were heard in the anthem as the -sovereigns, first the Queen and then the King, walked up the Abbey. - -At Coronations a great platform, called the Theatre, is put up, and -covers a wide space in front of the high altar. On this platform the -Coronation Chair (King Edward’s Chair, as it is called) is placed, and -also the thrones. Here all the principal people stand, and here the -whole great ceremony is performed. - -When the King and Queen reached this platform the Archbishop of -Canterbury turned to the people, and asked for what is called the -Recognition, that is to say, he asked whether the people of England were -willing to accept the King, and to do him homage. They answered by -shouting out: “God save King Edward.” - -The Regalia were then placed on the altar, and the Archbishop began the -Communion Service. After the Creed the actual Coronation began. The King -first took the solemn Oath to observe the statutes, laws, and customs of -the land, and to cause “law and justice, in mercy, to be executed in all -his judgments.” He also promised to maintain and preserve the Church of -England as by law established. The King then kissed the Book of the -Gospels, and signed the Oath. The Archbishop then began the beautiful -hymn “Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire,” sung as a prayer for the -blessing of the Holy Spirit on the King and Queen. After the hymn, the -King, sitting in the Coronation Chair, on the Stone of Scone, was -solemnly anointed with the Holy Oil. Then the Lord Great Chamberlain -girt the King with the Sword of State, and after that the Sub-Dean of -Westminster, acting for the Dean, put on him the Imperial Robe, and the -Archbishop presented him with the Orb. The King then received the Ring, -as a sign of kingly dignity, and then the two Sceptres,—the sceptre with -the cross and the sceptre with the dove. - -After this came the putting on of the Crown itself, which was brought by -the Sub-Dean and placed on the King’s head by the Archbishop. The people -again shouted “God save the King”; the peers put on their coronets; the -trumpets sounded, and the great guns at the Tower were fired off. - -The Archbishop then presented the Holy Bible to the King, saying these -beautiful words: “Our Gracious King, we present you with this Book, the -most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is wisdom; this is the -royal law; these are the lively oracles of God.” - -After this came the Benediction. The King was then led to his throne, -and received the homage of all the princes and peers, the Prince of -Wales being the first to do homage to his father. When that splendid -ceremony was over the Queen was crowned by the Archbishop of York. As -Queen Alexandra was Queen-Consort, she did not sit in King Edward’s -Chair, as of course Queen Victoria did, but she knelt at the altar-step -to be crowned. As she was led to her throne she made a deep obeisance to -the King, who rose and bowed to her. - -The actual Coronation being finished, the Archbishop proceeded with the -Communion Service, and the King and Queen received the Holy Communion, -which was administered to them by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the -Dean of Westminster. - -At the end of the service the “Te Deum” was sung, and the whole assembly -cheered as the King walked down the Abbey, in his Royal Robe and Crown, -and bearing the Sceptre and Orb. - -This is an outline of the Coronation Service of King Edward VII, and it -is especially interesting because, in spite of some few small changes, -it shows us what the Coronations of our Kings have been like ever since -the Confessor’s days. It may be well just to explain what is meant by -the word “Regalia,” because the history of the Regalia carries us back -to times even before Edward the Confessor, as Offa, King of the -Mercians, is said to have placed the Regalia and Coronation Robes in the -church at Thorney Isle. We should notice that the Regalia, that is, the -crowns, sceptres, and orbs, had Anglo-Saxon names. The King’s crown was -called the crown of Alfred, or of St. Edward; the Queen’s crown was -called the crown of Editha, wife of Edward the Confessor. The sceptre -with the dove was a remembrance of the peaceful days of the Confessor’s -reign, after the Danes were driven out. The Coronation oath used to be -taken on a copy of the Gospels which was said to have belonged to -Athelstane. The orb appears in the famous Bayeux tapestry, showing that -it must have been used in Saxon days. - -Now let us turn for a little to some of the Coronations of particular -Kings. As we have seen, the Saxon Kings were usually crowned at -Winchester, as Edward the Confessor himself was. - -The first Coronation to take place in the great church founded and built -by the Confessor was that of Harold the Saxon, son of Earl Godwin, and -brother-in-law of the Confessor. There was much anxiety in the country -about the succession, and Harold was crowned at Westminster in great -haste and confusion the day after the Confessor died, and the very day -of his funeral, January 6th, 1066. - -The next coronation was indeed different, for many things had happened -in England meanwhile. As we all know, William Duke of Normandy, cousin -of Edward the Confessor, had claimed the throne of England by right of -inheritance. He had sailed over to England, had defeated and slain -Harold at the Battle of Hastings (or Senlac), and was now King. When we -remember that Charlemagne was crowned Emperor in St. Peter’s at Rome by -Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, A.D. 800, it makes it all the more -interesting to think that the day chosen for the Conqueror’s Coronation -was also Christmas Day. He stood there in the Abbey, close to the grave -of the Confessor, having on one side of him the Saxon Aldred, Archbishop -of York, and on the other the Norman Bishop of Coutances. Archbishop -Stigand, of Canterbury, had fled. - -In the church were many of the Saxon people of London, and mixed with -them were a number of Normans. Outside, the Norman horsemen kept guard. -When the people began to acclaim the King in the usual English fashion, -the Norman soldiers did not understand what was going on, and thought it -was a riot. Being afraid of what might happen, they set fire to some of -the thatched buildings near the Abbey. The crowd rushed out in alarm, -leaving William alone in the church, with the bishops and other clergy. -A terrible tumult followed, and even the Conqueror trembled. The rest of -the Coronation was hurriedly finished, Archbishop Aldred making William -promise to defend the Saxons before he would put the crown on his head. - -The Conqueror, like the Saxon Kings before him and the Norman Kings -after him, used to appear in church on the great festivals wearing his -crown. - -From this time onward the Coronations always took place in Westminster -Abbey. All the Regalia were kept in the Treasury at Westminster until -the time of Henry VIII, and some of them until the time of the -Commonwealth. It was part of the duty of the Abbot of Westminster to -instruct and prepare the King for his Coronation. Further, it was -settled by Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, that the -Archbishop of Canterbury, and not the Archbishop of York, was to have -the right to crown the King. - -The next Coronation of special interest is that of Henry III, the King -who built the present Abbey Church. When Henry succeeded to the throne -in 1216, after the sad and unfortunate reign of his father, King John, -London was in the hands of the Dauphin of France, Prince Louis. Henry, -therefore, could not be crowned at Westminster, and was first crowned at -Gloucester, by the Bishop of Winchester, not with the crown, but with a -chaplet or garland. It will be remembered that King John’s baggage and -treasures, with the Regalia, had been swept away by the tide as he was -crossing the Wash. - -[Illustration: - - [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ - - NORTH AMBULATORY, WITH TOMBS OF HENRY III. AND EDWARD I. -] - -It was not until Whitsunday 1220 that Henry was solemnly crowned in the -Abbey by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the last King -to be crowned in the Confessor’s Norman Church. The day before his -Coronation he had laid the foundation-stone of the Lady Chapel, that -beautiful chapel which once stood where Henry VII’s Chapel now stands. - -Edward I was in the Holy Land when his father died, and therefore was -not crowned until the year 1274, when he and his beloved Queen, Eleanor -of Castile, were crowned together,—the first King and Queen who had been -jointly crowned. At this Coronation five hundred great horses, which had -been ridden by the princes and nobles, were let loose among the crowd -for any one to catch who could. - -The Coronation of Edward I brings two very interesting things to our -mind. These two things are, first, that Edward I was the King who -brought the Stone of Scone from Scotland to England; and secondly, that -it was he who ordered the present Coronation Chair to be made. This -Coronation Chair, which was made in 1307 to contain the Stone of Scone, -is perhaps the most precious thing in all the Abbey, excepting the -Confessor’s shrine. - -Some beautiful old stories are told about the Stone of Scone. One of -these stories says that it was the Stone on which Jacob laid his head in -Bethel when he had the wonderful vision of angels ascending and -descending on the ladder which reached from earth to heaven. The sons of -Jacob are said to have taken this sacred stone with them into Egypt, -whence it was carried in after years to Spain, and then to Ireland, -where it was used at the coronations of the Irish Kings. It was placed -on the sacred hill of Tara, and was called “Lia Fail,” or the “Stone of -Destiny.” If a true King sat upon it to be crowned, the stone made a -noise like thunder, but if the King elect was only a pretender the Stone -was silent. One story tells us that the Stone was carried across from -Ireland to Scotland about 330 B.C., by Fergus, the founder of the -Scottish monarchy, and that it was placed, first at Dunstaffnage, and -then at Iona. In A.D. 850 it was brought by Kenneth II to Scone, where -it was enclosed in a wooden chair, as it now is at Westminster. The -Kings of Scotland, from Malcolm IV to John Baliol, sat on the Stone to -be crowned. Edward I himself is said to have been crowned King of -Scotland on the Sacred Stone of Scone after he had defeated John Baliol -at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296. Whether this was so or not, Edward I -carried off the Stone and the Scottish Regalia to Westminster, and -placed them near the Confessor’s shrine. - -In the last year of his reign Edward I ordered a chair to be made in -which the Stone was to be enclosed, and in which the Kings of England -were to sit to be crowned. In this very chair every English sovereign -has been crowned, from Edward II to Edward VII. It has only once been -taken out of the Abbey, and that was when it was taken into Westminster -Hall for the inauguration of Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Realm on -December 16th, 1653. - -In Edward III’s reign the Scots tried very hard to get the Stone back -again, and the King, who wished to content them, very nearly allowed -them to have it. But the people of London would not hear of such a -thing, and, as an old writer says, “would not suffer the Stone to depart -from themselves.” - -We must now speak of some other Coronations. Richard II’s Coronation was -very splendid, and the ceremony was so long and tiring that the King, -who was still quite a boy, fainted from fatigue. Two interesting -ceremonies began at this Coronation. One was the first appearance of the -“Champion,” as he was called. The Champion was a knight who threw down -his glove as a challenge to any one who disputed the King’s claim to the -throne. The last appearance of the Champion was at the Coronation of -George IV, in 1820, so this curious old custom lasted for more than four -hundred years. - -Again, Richard II was the first King to be accompanied at his Coronation -by a body of Knights, the Knights who were afterwards called the -“Knights of the Bath.” It became the custom for the King to create a -number of Knights on the eve of his Coronation, and these Knights -accompanied him in his procession. Part of the solemn ceremony of -receiving Knighthood was the taking of a bath, as a sign of purity both -of body and soul. - -The Knights of the Bath once used to be installed in Henry VII’s Chapel, -and the Dean of Westminster is always the Dean of the Order. However, no -Knights have been installed at Westminster for a long time past. Many of -the old banners of the Knights of the Bath still hang over the stalls in -Henry VII’s Chapel, just as the banners of the Knights of the Garter -hang in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor. On the backs of the stalls are -the coats-of-arms of the Knights, emblazoned on gilded metal plates. - -But to return for a moment to the Coronation of Richard II. It has an -especial interest for Westminster, as the Abbey possesses a most -valuable book, called the “Liber Regalis,” which was drawn up by Abbot -Litlington, and which gives the whole order of the Coronation service. -This has been followed, more or less, at all the Coronations since that -time. - -We must now pass over nearly two centuries, and pause to think of the -Coronation of Queen Elizabeth, remembering that it was she who finally -founded Westminster Abbey as a Collegiate Church, and who re-established -the School much on the present plan. Elizabeth’s accession was a very -happy event for her subjects, and there were great rejoicings -everywhere. Her Coronation was the last at which the ancient Latin -Coronation Mass was celebrated, and the Abbot of Westminster took his -part in the service for the last time. His place is now, of course, -taken by the Dean, or by the Sub-Dean, should the Dean be ill or unable -to attend. At Queen Elizabeth’s Coronation the Litany was said in -English, instead of in Latin, and the Epistle and Gospel were read in -both Latin and English, showing that, for the future, our own English -language was going to be used for our Church services. - -At the Coronation of Charles I several things happened which people -considered unlucky, and as a sign that misfortunes were coming upon the -King. To begin with, Charles wore white instead of the usual red or -purple, and this was thought to be a bad omen, as if meaning that the -King was to be a victim, there having been some old prophecy of trouble -for a “White King.” Then the sceptre with the dove was broken, and as -the dove could not be mended without the mark being seen, a new dove had -to be made. In the later part of the day a shock of earthquake was felt. -All these things were regarded as signs of coming evil, and were no -doubt remembered in the sad days of the Civil War, and at the time of -the King’s imprisonment and death. - -Westminster is a Royal foundation, and the old Royalist spirit always -remained strong there, especially among the boys of Westminster School; -and this in spite of the changes made at the Abbey by the Puritans -during the Commonwealth. - -The famous Archbishop Laud, the friend of Charles I, was one of the -twelve Prebendaries of Westminster, and took the Dean’s place at Charles -I’s Coronation. - -Charles II and James II were both crowned on St. George’s Day, the -festival of the Patron Saint of England. - -William and Mary were crowned as joint sovereigns, Mary sitting in a -Chair of State made for the occasion, a chair which is now to be seen in -Henry VII’s Chapel. She also had the sword and other symbols of -sovereignty given to her, just as her husband, King William, had. - -The Coronation of George IV is remembered partly for its magnificence, -but chiefly, perhaps, on account of the sad and foolish attempt to get -into the Abbey made by poor Queen Caroline, and the manner in which she -was turned away from the doors. - -The Coronation of Queen Victoria brings us nearer to our own time, and -the thought of that day reminds us of the good Queen whose long life of -anxious work and responsibility began in her early girlhood. She took -upon her the cares of sovereignty at an age when most girls think mainly -of amusing themselves, and we all know how well she kept the solemn -promises made on her Coronation Day at the Abbey. - -King Edward VII’s Coronation has already been described. That beautiful -and stately ceremony was all the more touching and impressive because of -the thankfulness of the people for the King’s recovery from a dangerous -illness, a feeling which made their gladness and enthusiasm all the -greater. - -This short account of some of the Coronations will help to explain still -further how and why the Abbey has always held such an important place in -our national life. We see that the Norman, Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart, -and Hanoverian sovereigns have all come here to be crowned, close to the -shrine of the last Saxon King, much in the same way as the French Kings -used to go for their coronations to the great cathedral at Reims, and as -the Tsars of Russia go to the Kremlin at Moscow. - -We must now leave the Coronations, and turn to think of some of the -great people who are buried and commemorated in the Abbey. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - SHRINE OF KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. -] - - - - - CHAPTER III - KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR - - “_There is - One great society alone on earth: - The noble Living and the noble Dead._” - WORDSWORTH (_Prelude_). - - -King Edward the Confessor is such an important person in the history of -the Abbey that his Chapel and Shrine must be described in a chapter by -themselves. - -As has already been told, the Confessor died on January 5th, 1066, and -was buried the next day, January 6th, the Feast of the Epiphany. He was -laid in front of the high altar of his newly built church, and the -Conqueror afterwards presented splendid hangings to cover the simple -tomb which was erected over the grave. - -There is an interesting old story of something that happened at this -tomb in the reign of William the Conqueror. - -When Lanfranc became Archbishop of Canterbury, most of the Saxon bishops -were sent away and Normans were put in their places. Among the Saxon -bishops was the good old St. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester. He was made -bishop in 1062, in the Confessor’s time. The Normans despised him, and -thought him ignorant because he could not speak French, and they thought -he would not be able to give any good advice to the King. Wulfstan was -told that he must come to Westminster to meet the other bishops. They -then said to him that he must give up the pastoral staff, which belonged -to him as a bishop. Wulfstan showed no anger, but only said quite simply -that he would resign his staff, not to the archbishop, “but rather to -St. Edward, by whose authority I received it.” He then went into the -Abbey, walked up to the Confessor’s tomb, and, raising his arm slowly, -he struck the pastoral staff into the stone, saying: “Receive, my lord -the King; and give it to whomsoever thou mayst choose.” It is said that -the staff remained firmly fixed in the stone, so that no one could pull -it out. The King and the Archbishop were amazed, and acknowledged that -they had done wrong in trying to turn Wulfstan out of his bishopric. -They begged Wulfstan to take his staff once more. The old man came near, -and drew the staff out quite easily. The King and the Archbishop went -down on their knees and begged his forgiveness, but, as the old story -says: “He, who had learned from the Lord to be mild and humble in heart, -threw himself in his turn upon his knees.” - -We are told that in 1098 the Confessor’s tomb was opened, and that his -body was found to be still in perfect preservation. Bishop Gundulph, of -Rochester, alone ventured to uncover the face. The memory of Edward’s -pure life, and of his goodness and charity, together with the miracles -that were believed to be worked at his tomb, caused the people to honour -him more and more as a saint, and in the year 1161, Pope Alexander III -caused his name to be formally added to the names of the Saints of the -Christian Church. In our Prayer-Books his name appears on October 13th, -as King Edward the Confessor. A “confessor” means some one who has -suffered for the faith of Christ without actual shedding of blood. In -King Edward’s case it alludes to his exile in the time of the heathen -Danes. The “Translation” of which the Prayer-Book speaks means the -moving of the body into the shrine. This “Translation” took place on -October 13th, 1163, when the Confessor’s body was placed in the new and -splendid shrine made for it by King Henry II. This ceremony took place -at midnight, and both Henry II and Archbishop Becket were present. - -While the Abbey was being rebuilt in the reign of Henry III, the -Confessor’s coffin was taken for the time to the Palace of Westminster -close by. On October 13th, 1269, it was brought back with great pomp, -and placed in another shrine, more gorgeous even than the former one. - -The coffin was carried by the King himself, his brother, Richard, Earl -of Cornwall, his two sons, Edward and Edmund, together with many of the -nobles of the land. Dean Stanley says that this great ceremony must have -reminded Henry III of an equally splendid one which he saw at Canterbury -Cathedral when he was a boy. This was the “Translation” of the relics of -St. Thomas à Becket in 1220, when Henry III walked in the procession. -Pandulf, the Papal Legate (who had come to England in King John’s -reign), and Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, were there also, -to see Becket’s body placed in the shrine prepared for it. - -The chapel in which the Confessor’s shrine stands, and in which so many -of our Kings and Queens are buried, is raised above the rest of the -church by a mound of earth brought from Holy Land. What we now see of -the shrine is only the remains of its former splendour. It was adorned -at first with mosaic-work, and with many gold and jewelled images. The -materials for the decoration were brought from Rome, and the shrine was -made by Italian workmen. In Henry VIII’s time the beautiful decorations -of the shrine, and the various treasures kept near it, were taken away. -The monks were afraid that even the Confessor’s body might be destroyed, -so they buried it in another part of the church. When Queen Mary Tudor -came to the throne the shrine was set up again, and King Edward’s body -was restored to its place. The Queen presented images and jewels for the -adornment of the shrine. Under the Commonwealth the ornaments of the -shrine were again removed, but the Confessor’s body was not removed or -disturbed. - -Another interesting story about the Confessor’s shrine must be told -here. When James II was crowned, in 1685, one of the “singing men” -thought he saw a hole made in the Confessor’s coffin by the fall of some -bit of the wooden scaffolding. On going to see, he found that there was -a hole, and he could see something shining inside the coffin. He put in -his hand, and drew out a gold cross and chain, which he gave to the -Dean. The Dean, in his turn, gave this precious cross and chain to the -King. James II, seeing that the coffin was so unsafe, had it enclosed in -another strong and solid one, and since that time the body has rested in -peace. On the north side of the Confessor lies his wife, Queen Editha, -the daughter of Earl Godwin. She is usually supposed to have been a -sweet and gentle woman, but opinions differ a little on this point. At -any rate, she appears to have been very well instructed for those days, -and, we are told, very clever with her needle,—a valuable accomplishment -for any woman. On the south side of the shrine lies the “Good Queen -Maud,” wife of Henry I, and great-niece of Edward the Confessor. As she -was a Saxon princess, her marriage with Henry I made the Saxons and -Normans much better friends than they had been before. Queen Maud was a -very good woman, and very kind to the poor. Neither of these Queens have -any monument. - -The Confessor’s shrine was always held to be a most important and sacred -place, and many precious and beautiful things were placed near it, as if -to do it honour. Among these the Stone of Scone was chief. We have -already heard how and when it came to Westminster, and why it was so -greatly prized. But the Stone of Scone was not alone. The coronet of -Llewellyn, the last Welsh Prince of Wales, was taken by Edward I, and -hung up in the Confessor’s Chapel by Edward’s little son Alfonso. Every -one will remember that Edward II—Edward of Carnarvon, as he was -called—was the first Prince of Wales who was the son of an English King. - -If we could have visited the Abbey in those old days we should have seen -yet another very interesting thing in the Confessor’s Chapel. This was a -golden cup containing the heart of Prince Henry d’Almayne, son of -Richard Earl of Cornwall, and nephew of Henry III. The story of this -heart takes us back both to the Barons’ War and to the Crusades. It also -takes us back to the great Italian poet Dante, who writes of Prince -Henry’s heart in his famous poem, the _Divine Comedy_. - -The story is as follows. At the Battle of Evesham, in 1265, when Simon -de Montfort and the other Barons were fighting against Henry III, Simon -de Montfort was slain. It must be remembered that Simon de Montfort had -married Eleanor, daughter of King John, and that he was therefore -brother-in-law of King Henry III, and of Richard Earl of Cornwall. That -is rather an important part of the story. - -Some years afterwards, in 1271, there was a great council held at the -town of Viterbo, in Italy, for the purpose of electing a new Pope. The -King of France, Prince Edward and Prince Edmund of England, and Prince -Henry d’Almayne, came there also, on their way home from the Crusade. -Guy and Simon, sons of the great Simon de Montfort, were also in Italy, -and they, too, went to Viterbo. One day they were all at service in the -Church of San Silvestro, when suddenly, just at the most solemn part of -the Mass, Guy de Montfort rushed forward and stabbed his cousin, Prince -Henry, even while the prince clung to the altar for protection. Not -content with killing Prince Henry, Guy de Montfort dragged him out by -the hair of the head into the square in front of the church. This was -all done in revenge for the death of Simon de Montfort at Evesham. Guy -de Montfort escaped, but was afterwards excommunicated. Prince Henry’s -body was brought home, and buried in the monastery-church of Hayles in -Gloucestershire, where his father also was buried, as being the founder -of the monastery. Prince Henry’s heart was put into a golden cup, and -brought to the Abbey, where it was placed close to the Confessor’s -shrine,—some say, in the hand of a statue. - -The shield of Richard Earl of Cornwall is carved on the Abbey walls, in -the spandrels of the beautiful arcade which runs round the interior of -the whole Church. It will be found in the South Aisle. - -In the North Aisle, also in the arcade, is the shield of Simon de -Montfort, with its double-tailed lion. When we look at this shield, we -remember Simon de Montfort’s great work for his country, and how he -helped to form our English Parliament. But his name reminds us of -something else that happened in Southern France, and for which we feel -sorry. Simon’s father, Count Simon de Montfort, had a great deal to do -with the persecution of the Albigenses in 1209–1229, a cruel war which -was called the Albigensian Crusade. These terrible religious wars are -sad to think of, although, at the same time, it is interesting to find -this link between the Abbey and the history of other parts of Europe. - -But it is time to come back to Edward the Confessor himself. If we want -to learn something about his character, and to understand why the people -loved him so much, we cannot do better than study the sculptures on the -screen behind the Coronation Chair. This delicately carved stone screen -was made about the time of Edward IV, and along the top of it is a row -of sculptures representing scenes from the life of the Confessor. - -These scenes—beginning on the left hand as you face the screen—are as -follows:— - -1. The nobles swearing to be loyal to Queen Emma, widow of Ethelred the -Unready, and mother of the Confessor. - -2. Edward’s birth at Islip in Oxfordshire. - -3. Edward’s Coronation at Winchester. The Archbishops of Canterbury and -York are represented standing on either side of the King. - -4. The abolition of the Danegelt, or tax which Ethelred had made the -people pay in order to bribe the Danes to leave England. The carving -represents an old story which says that the Confessor saw a demon -dancing on the casks which held the money, and so he at once did away -with the tax. - -5. This is a very curious story. A scullion, thinking that the King was -asleep, came into his room no less than three times to steal money out -of the treasure-chest. The third time the King startled him very much by -speaking. He did not scold him, however, but told him to make haste and -get away before Hugolin the Treasurer came. When Hugolin did come, he -was very angry with the King for letting the thief get off, but Edward -was very merciful, and perhaps remembered that it is sometimes a great -temptation to be very poor. - -6. This picture shows the King kneeling in the old church at Thorney, -where he is said to have had a vision of our Lord, who appeared to him -as a child. - -7. This represents a very curious, almost funny, story. One Whitsunday, -when the King was at church, his courtiers saw him laugh, just at a very -solemn part of the service too. They asked him afterwards why he had -behaved in such a strange way. He answered that he had seen the Danes -and Norwegians preparing to come and attack England, but as the Danish -King was going on board his ship he fell into the sea and was drowned. -This was what had made Edward laugh. - -8. This represents a quarrel between Harold and Tosti, sons of Earl -Godwin, and brothers-in-law of the Confessor. - -9. This is a vision, in which the Confessor saw that the Seven Sleepers -of Ephesus had all turned over from their right side to their left. This -meant that dreadful troubles and disasters were to come upon the world -for seventy years. - -10, 12, and 13. These three pictures tell the beautiful story of the -pilgrim’s ring. One day the Confessor met a poor pilgrim who asked an -alms, and as the old book tells it, “the king is in distress because -neither gold nor silver he finds at hand. And he reflects, remains -silent, looks at his hand, and remembers that on his finder he had a -cherished ring, which was large, royal, and beautiful. To the poor man -he gives it, for the love of St. John his dear lord: and he takes it -with joy, and gently gives him thanks; and when he was possessed of it -he departed and vanished.” - -Some time after, two English pilgrims from Ludlow were travelling in -Palestine, and they met an old man “white and hoary, brighter than the -sun at midday,” who showed them kindness and entertained them -hospitably. He told them that he was John the Evangelist, and that he -had a special love for the King of their country. He then gave them back -the ring, and bade them restore it to King Edward, who had given it to -him when he was disguised as a poor pilgrim. They were also to tell the -King that in six months’ time he would be with St. John in Paradise. The -pilgrims returned to England, and the thirteenth carving shows them -bringing back the ring and delivering the message, whereupon the King -began to prepare himself for his death. - -These stories, together with others told of Edward’s kindness to the -sick and to the leper, show us the power of this simple goodness and -piety, and explain why the Confessor’s memory was so much loved and -revered. - -His tomb has been the centre round which not only many of our Kings and -Queens, but gradually most of our best and greatest men, have been laid -to rest. - -At the time of King Edward VII’s Coronation a covering, or “pall”, in -red velvet and gold was placed over the upper part of the Confessor’s -shrine, where it still remains. Round the edge of the pall is -embroidered a beautiful Latin inscription, which runs as follows— - -“_Deo carus Rex Edwardus non mortuus est, sed cum XPO viaturus de morte -ad vitam migravit._” - -“King Edward, dear to God, has not died, but has passed from death to -life, to live with Christ.” - -[Illustration: - - [_G. A. Dunn._ - - RICHARD II. -] - - - - - CHAPTER IV - THE PLANTAGENETS OF THE DIRECT LINE FROM HENRY III TO RICHARD II, - 1216–1399 - - “_This England never did, nor never shall, - Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror, - But when it first did help to wound itself. - Now these her princes are come home again, - Come the three corners of the world in arms - And we shall shock them. Nought shall make us rue - If England to itself do rest but true._” - SHAKSPEARE (_King John_). - - -A little more than two hundred years passed between the burial of the -Confessor in the Abbey and the burial of the next English King who rests -there, namely, Henry III. William the Conqueror is buried in the church -which he founded at Caen, in Normandy, and William Rufus, the “Red -King,” lies at Winchester, close to the New Forest, where he was shot by -Walter Tyrrell. Henry I was buried at Reading, and King Stephen at -Faversham. Henry II, the first King of the Plantagenet line, was buried -in the great Abbey of Fontevrault in Anjou, the ancestral home of the -Plantagenets. His eldest son, Henry, “the young King,” who rebelled -against him, is buried at Rouen, where the heart of Richard Cœur-de-Lion -also rests. Richard’s body is buried at Fontevrault, at his father’s -feet. The heart of King John was taken to Fontevrault in a golden cup, -but his body lies in Worcester Cathedral, between two Saxon saints, -Wulfstan and Oswald. - -And now we come to the Plantagenets who are buried in the Abbey. - -Henry III, as we have already seen, had a great love and reverence for -the memory of Edward the Confessor, and began the rebuilding of the -Abbey Church in his honour. It was no wonder, then, that he wished his -tomb to be close to the Confessor’s shrine. - -Only three of our Kings have been married in the Abbey, and of these -Henry III was the first. He married Eleanor of Provence, one of four -sisters who all made remarkable marriages. Eleanor’s sister Margaret -married King Louis IX of France; her sister Sancha married Richard Earl -of Cornwall, and her sister Beatrice married Charles of Anjou, brother -of Louis IX of France, and afterwards King of Naples and Sicily. We are -reminded of this close connection between the royal houses of France and -England when we see on the Abbey walls the shield of Eleanor’s father, -Raymond Berengar, Count of Provence. When Henry III died in 1272 he was -buried, not where his tomb now is, but in front of the high altar, in -the grave where the Confessor’s body had first rested. The beautiful -tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel was not finished until 1291, Edward I -having brought from France the precious marbles and porphyry slabs for -its decoration. The tomb, like the Confessor’s, is of Italian design, -but the fine effigy is the work of an Englishman, William Torel. - -When Henry’s body was at last placed there, his heart, according to an -old promise, was given in a golden cup to the Abbess of Fontevrault, who -was present at the ceremony. Like the heart of his father, King John, it -was to be taken back to the old Plantagenet home. - -Thus began the circle of stately tombs which stand round the Confessor’s -shrine in that tall, silent, shadowy chapel, now often called the Chapel -of the Kings. - -One thing to be remembered about the tombs of the Plantagenets is that -they actually hold the body of the sovereign, and are not just monuments -over a grave. In later days it became the fashion to bury in vaults. - -Some years before Henry III’s death his beautiful little dumb daughter, -Katherine, was buried in a small tomb in the South Ambulatory, close to -St. Edmund’s Chapel. With her are buried two of her brothers who died -young, and four young children of King Edward I. - -We have already heard about the heart of another Plantagenet, Prince -Henry d’Almayne, whose body, like that of his father, Richard Earl of -Cornwall, is buried at Hayles, in Gloucestershire. - -On either side of Henry III are buried Edward I, and his wife, Eleanor -of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand III, King of Castile and Leon. Every -one remembers how Queen Eleanor went out with her husband to the -Crusades, and how she is said to have saved his life by sucking the -poison from his wound. Eleanor, the “Queen of good memory,” died in -Lincolnshire in 1290, and of the famous crosses which were put up at -each place where her body rested, three still remain, at Northampton, -Geddington, and Waltham. Queen Eleanor’s tomb is very beautiful, and so -is her effigy, which was made by the same English artist who made the -effigy of her father-in-law, King Henry III. The lower part of the tomb -is decorated with shields, and one of them is the shield of Castile and -Leon, with the castle and the lion upon it. - -Edward I, the greatest soldier and lawgiver of all the Plantagenet -kings, died in 1307 at the little village of Burgh-on-the-Sands, on the -coast of Cumberland, when he was on his way to Scotland to try and crush -the rising of the Scots under Robert Bruce. - -He is buried in a very plain, rough-looking tomb, and it is thought that -the tomb may have been left in an almost unfinished state in order that -it might be easily opened, for, as we know, Edward I wished his bones to -be carried at the head of the English army until Scotland was quite -conquered. He also desired that his heart should be sent to Holy Land, -where he had fought when he was young. But Edward II did not keep any of -the promises he made to his father, and was very unworthy of his great -name. - -On Edward I’s tomb are some Latin words which mean, “Hammer of the -Scots,” and “Keep troth.” - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_ - - TOMBS OF EDMUND AND AVELINE OF LANCASTER, AND OF AYMER DE VALENCE. -] - -The tomb was opened in the year 1771, and an inner coffin of Purbeck -marble was found, in which the King’s body lay. He must have been a very -tall man, as, after all those centuries, he still measured 6 feet 2 -inches. It is thus quite easy to understand why he was called -“Longshanks.” The body was dressed in a red dalmatic, and over it a -royal mantle of rich crimson satin, fastened with a splendid fibula or -clasp. On the head was a gilt crown; in the right hand was the sceptre -with the cross; in the left, the sceptre with the dove. - -The coffin was afterwards securely closed, and has never been disturbed -again. - -Next to the tomb of Edward I, and just beyond the screen which separates -the Chapel of the Kings from the Sacrarium, is the beautiful and highly -decorated tomb of his brother, Edmund Crouchback, first Earl of -Lancaster. He was the fourth son of Henry III, who named him after the -Anglo-Saxon martyr-King, St. Edmund of East Anglia. There is a chapel -dedicated to St. Edmund in the Abbey, and it was looked upon as coming -next in honour after the Chapel of the Confessor. - -Edmund Crouchback was a crusader, like his brother, King Edward I, and -the cross or “crouch” he wore was probably the origin of his name, -although some people have thought that he was perhaps hump-backed. -Edmund and his first wife, the beautiful Aveline of Lancaster, were the -first bride and bridegroom to be married in Henry III’s new church. They -were married in 1269, but Aveline did not live very long. Her tomb is -quite near her husband’s, and is considered to be one of the finest in -the Abbey. Aveline was not only a great beauty, but also a great -heiress, and her wealth descended to the House of Lancaster. After -Aveline’s death, Edmund married Blanche, Queen of Navarre, a French -princess. She was a widow when Edmund married her, and her daughter Joan -afterwards married King Philip the Fair of France. Edmund and his second -wife lived for some time at Provins, in Champagne, and from that town -they brought to England the famous red roses which became the badge of -the House of Lancaster. These roses were said to have been brought from -the East by Crusaders. They still grow at Provins, and have a very sweet -scent. - -Edmund Crouchback died at Bayonne in 1296, while he was fighting for the -English possessions in Gascony. - -When Edmund was only eight years old, Pope Innocent II had given him the -title of King of Sicily and Apulia, but this was only an empty honour, -and meant that the English had to be heavily taxed in order to support -Edmund’s claim and satisfy the Pope. All these exactions of Henry III’s -helped to make the English more and more determined not to be taxed -without their consent, and had a great deal to do with the beginning of -the House of Commons in Simon de Montfort’s time. - -Before passing on to the later descendants of Henry III, we must speak -of two very interesting tombs which recall some important things in -English history. These are, first, the tomb of William de Valence, in -St. Edmund’s Chapel; and secondly, the tomb of his son Aymer, which -stands in the Sacrarium, between the tombs of Edmund and Aveline of -Lancaster. - -It will be remembered that Henry III’s mother, Isabella of Angoulême, -married again after King John’s death. She married the Count of La -Marche and Poitiers, who belonged to the Lusignan family,—a family which -was very well known in Europe, some of them being Kings of Cyprus and -Jerusalem. The children of Isabella and the Count de la Marche came over -to England, and the English people greatly disliked their insolence and -greediness, complaining that Henry III gave too many titles and too much -money to his French relations. William de Valence was the fourth son of -the Count de la Marche, and was the most disliked of all Henry’s -half-brothers. He was created Earl of Pembroke. He took an active part -in the Barons’ War, and was finally sent on the expedition into Gascony -with his nephew, Edmund Crouchback. Like Edmund, he died at Bayonne in -1296. His tomb is of French workmanship, and there are still some -remains of the famous Limoges enamel which decorated it. - -Aymer de Valence, William’s son, succeeded his father as Earl of -Pembroke. He fought bravely in the Scottish wars, and was at the Battle -of Bannockburn in 1314. He was much blamed for his cruelty in having -Nigel Bruce hanged at the Castle of Kentire. Aymer died in France in -1324, very suddenly, and many people thought it was a punishment for -taking part in the condemnation and death of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, -son of Edmund Crouchback, who was revered as a saint. Aymer’s tomb is -celebrated for its beauty. It is very like Edmund Crouchback’s, with its -pinnacled canopy and niches for statues. Aymer is represented on the -canopy in full armour and riding his war-horse. - -The three tombs of Edmund Crouchback, Aymer de Valence, and Aveline of -Lancaster are among the most beautiful in the Abbey, and are thought by -some people to be all three the work of one artist. - -King Edward II, Edward of Carnarvon, as he was called from his -birthplace in Wales, is not buried in the Abbey, but at Gloucester, that -town being near Berkeley Castle, where he was murdered. - -We are specially reminded of King Edward III in the Abbey, for not only -is he buried there, but the great sword and shield of state which were -carried before him during his wars with France are placed in the -Confessor’s Chapel, close to the Coronation Chair. This sword and shield -make us think of those famous Battles of Crécy and Poitiers, where -Edward III and the Black Prince fought. - -Edward III is buried in a beautiful tomb just opposite to Henry III, and -his good Queen, Philippa of Hainault, is buried next to him, according -to her own wish. Her tomb was made by a Flemish artist, and was also a -very fine one, but, like many others in the Abbey, it has been sadly -destroyed. Queen Philippa is, of course, always remembered for having -begged for the lives of the brave citizens of Calais when the King had -ordered them to be hanged. - -[Illustration: - - _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_ - - _Tomb of Prince John of Eltham. in S. Edmund’s Chapel._ -] - -Close to Philippa lies her son, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, -murdered, it is to be feared, by order of his nephew, Richard II. - -Eleanor de Bohun, widow of Thomas Duke of Gloucester, is buried in St. -Edmund’s Chapel, and the memorial brass on her tomb is the most -beautiful now left in the Abbey. - -In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the tomb of another Plantagenet, Prince John -of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III. He took his name -from the old palace at Eltham, where he was born. Prince John died quite -young, but he had already shown great promise as a soldier, and was -three times Regent of the kingdom when Edward III was away in France and -Scotland. He bears a shield with the lions of England and lilies of -France upon it. His mother was a French princess, daughter of King -Philip the Fair, and it was through her that Edward III thought he could -claim the throne of France. Close to the tomb of Prince John of Eltham -is the tiny tomb of two young children of Edward III, called, from their -birthplaces, William of Windsor and Blanche of the Tower. - -Two grandchildren of Edward I, Hugh and Mary de Bohun, are buried in the -Chapel of St. Nicholas, another of the circle of chapels which crowns -the eastern end, or apse, of the Abbey. (St. Nicholas is the patron -saint of children.) - -The Black Prince is buried in Canterbury Cathedral, close to where the -shrine of Thomas à Becket once stood, but his son, the unhappy Richard -II, had a great love for the Abbey, where he had not only been crowned, -but also married to his beloved first wife, Anne of Bohemia, who was a -descendant of the “Good King Wenceslas,” about whom we sing in the carol -for St. Stephen’s Day. - -Richard II is buried in the Abbey, and the great tomb in which he and -Anne rest was made for her. Anne died in 1394, and her funeral was a -very splendid ceremony, hundreds of wax candles having been brought over -from Flanders to be lighted at the service. The tomb itself is very -magnificent; the gilt-bronze decorations and the robes of the effigies -are engraved with the leopards of England, the broomcods of the -Plantagenets, the ostrich feathers and lions of Bohemia, and the sun -rising through the clouds of Crécy. The ostrich feathers should remind -us of the crest and motto of the Prince of Wales. - -Richard himself was not placed in this tomb until fourteen years after -his supposed murder, when his body was brought back from Friars’ Langley -by Henry V, in obedience to the wish of Henry IV. In the Sacrarium is a -beautiful portrait of Richard II, painted in his lifetime, and therefore -the oldest painting of any British sovereign. This portrait was very -carefully restored some years ago, and represents Richard in his crown -and royal robes, sitting in the Chair of State, very probably as he used -to appear in the Abbey on high festivals. Richard’s well-known badge of -the White Hart was painted on more than one part of the Abbey, and it is -interesting to see that, in old pictures of Richard, he and his -followers wear the badge of the White Hart. Many inns in England are -still called by this name. - -With Richard II the direct Plantagenet line ends, and his is the last -tomb in the circle round the Confessor’s shrine. - -Before speaking of the Plantagenet Houses of Lancaster and York we must -mention some of the chief men of this time who are buried in the Abbey. -First and foremost of these is the great poet, Geoffrey Chaucer, author -of the famous _Canterbury Tales_, and the father of English poetry. - -He was born in 1328, the year after Edward III came to the throne, and -died in 1400, a year after Richard II. Chaucer lived in a house close to -the old Lady Chapel built by Henry III, and his house was one of those -pulled down in later days to make room for the larger Chapel of Henry -VII. Chaucer is buried in Poet’s Corner, and is the first of its -glorious circle of poets. His monument, which is quite near his grave, -was not put up until about 150 years after his death. Just above the -monument is a modern stained-glass window in Chaucer’s memory, -representing scenes from his life, and from the _Canterbury Tales_. - -The only person not of royal blood who is buried in the Chapel of the -Kings is Richard’s great friend, John of Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury, -who was Lord Treasurer, Keeper of the Great Seal, and Master of the -Rolls. He was the first statesman to be buried in the Abbey. In St. -Edmund’s Chapel are buried Ralph Waldeby, Archbishop of York, a friend -of the Black Prince and tutor to Richard II, and Sir Bernard Brocas, who -was renowned for his fighting in the Moorish wars. He died in 1400. His -son-in-law, Sir John Golofre, another great friend of Richard II, was -buried in the South Ambulatory in 1396. He was Richard’s ambassador in -France, and was buried in the Abbey by his master’s express command. - -Our next chapter must be about those younger branches of the Plantagenet -family, the Houses of Lancaster and York, who also hold a place in the -Abbey. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - CHAUCER’S TOMB. -] - - - - - CHAPTER V - THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK: 1399 to 1485 - - Plantagenet: - - “_Let him that is a true-born gentleman, - And stands upon the honour of his birth, - If he suppose that I have pleaded truth, - From off this briar pluck a white rose with me._” - - Somerset: - - “_Let him that is no coward nor no flatterer, - But dare maintain the party of the truth, - Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me._” - SHAKSPEARE (_King Henry VI_, part 1, ii, 4). - - -The name of Henry of Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of -Lancaster, reminds us that Richard II had been made to resign his crown, -and that his cousin had been proclaimed King as King Henry IV. We think, -too, of that sad death, or murder, of the unhappy Richard at Pontefract -Castle. All these things, in one way or another, are connected with the -history of the Abbey. Henry IV is not buried in the Abbey, but in -Canterbury Cathedral, opposite the Black Prince, and, like him, near the -shrine of St. Thomas. But although Westminster is not his last -resting-place, Henry IV is connected with the Abbey in a very special -way. - -The story is familiar to us in the pages of Shakspeare. The King had -intended to set out for Palestine on a pilgrimage or crusade, and he had -heard a prophecy that he should die at Jerusalem. Just before he was -going to start he came to the Abbey to pray at the Confessor’s shrine. -While he was in the Chapel he was seized with mortal illness, and was -carried into the famous “Jerusalem Chamber,” which was part of the -Abbot’s house. The Jerusalem Chamber had been built not long before, and -was probably the only room near with a proper fireplace in it. It was -cold March weather, and Henry was laid in front of the fire. When he -came to himself a little he asked what that room was, and being told its -name, he said: “Praise be to the Father of Heaven! for now I know that I -shall die in this chamber, according to the prophecy made of me -beforesaid, that I should die in Jerusalem.” - -Every one will remember how an old historian tells us that afterwards, -when the young Prince Harry was watching by his father, he took the -crown and put it on his own head, thinking that his father was dead. The -King, however, was not dead, and, turning round, he reproached the -prince for his heartless and undutiful hurry in taking the crown. Prince -Harry was very much grieved, and explained why he had done such a thing. - -After Henry IV’s death, Prince Harry, now King Henry V, spent all that -day at Westminster, in sorrow and penitence for his wild life in the -past. At night he went and confessed his sins to a holy hermit who lived -close to the Abbey, and the hermit assured him that he would be -forgiven. As we all know, Henry V became a religious and determined man, -and a great soldier,—“Conqueror of his enemies and of himself.” Henry V -was crowned in the Abbey on Passion Sunday, 1413, a cold, snowy day. - -The wars in France soon began, and in 1415 a “Te Deum” was sung in the -Abbey for Henry’s great victory at Agincourt, and the King attended this -service in person. - -Like his father, Henry V had a great wish to go to Holy Land and conquer -the Holy Sepulchre from the infidels, but while he was hoping for this -crusade, he was stricken with illness at Vincennes, and died in 1422, -when he was only thirty-four. - -It is said that the people of both Rouen and Paris were most anxious -that Henry should be buried in their town, but the King had said clearly -in his will that he wished to be buried at Westminster, and he had -described most carefully what he wanted his Chantry Chapel to be like. - -The funeral of Henry V was the most splendid ever seen in the Abbey. The -great procession began in Paris, and escorted the body to Calais. It -then came on from Dover to London. James I, King of Scots, headed the -procession as chief mourner, and the widowed Queen, Katherine de Valois, -followed it. - -The King’s tomb stands at the extreme eastern end of the Abbey, and over -it, between the tombs of Queen Eleanor and Queen Philippa, rises the -famous Chantry Chapel, where prayers were to be offered up for ever. - -Among the statues that adorn the Chantry are those of St. George, the -patron saint of England, and St. Denys, the patron saint of France. - -On a bar above the Chantry are hung King Henry V’s shield, saddle, and -helmet, just as the Black Prince’s armour is hung above his tomb in -Canterbury Cathedral. - -The tomb below was once very splendid with gold and silver, and the -figure of King Henry had a silver head. But in the reign of Henry VIII -these magnificent decorations were stolen, and the robbers even carried -off the silver head of the effigy. All that remains of the effigy is the -figure of plain English oak. - -We come next to the pious and gentle King Henry VI, who was so much -loved by his people, in spite of all the misfortunes of his reign. It is -sad to think how all Henry V’s conquests in France were lost one by one, -although it was a good thing for England in the end. But there is one -glorious memory connected with the wars of Henry VI’s reign, a memory -which we all love and revere, whether we are French or English. That is -the memory of Joan of Arc, that pure and noble young French girl whose -faith and courage saved her country. When we stand in the Abbey and -remember the Lancastrian Kings, it is good for us also to think of her. - -Henry VI always intended to be buried in the Abbey, and one day, when he -was there, some one suggested to him that his father’s tomb should be -moved to one side, and that his own should be placed beside it. But -Henry answered: “Nay, let him alone: he lieth like a noble prince. I -would not trouble him.” At last Henry VI chose a grave for himself close -to the Confessor’s shrine; the spot was all marked out, and indeed the -tomb itself was ordered. Then came the Wars of the Roses, the defeat of -the Lancastrian party, and the imprisonment of Henry VI in the Tower of -London in 1461. After his mysterious death ten years later, his body was -buried at Chertsey Abbey. Afterwards, in the reign of Richard III, it -was moved to St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, where it still rests. - -The French princess, Katherine de Valois, wife of Henry V and mother of -Henry VI, is now buried in Henry V’s Chantry. It will be remembered that -her second husband was Owen Tudor, and that their son, Edmund Tudor, was -the father of King Henry VII. After Katherine married Owen Tudor she -seemed to be quite forgotten, but when she died she was buried with all -honour in the old Lady Chapel. While Henry VII’s new Lady Chapel was -being built, the coffin was placed beside Henry V’s tomb, and remained -there in a most neglected state for many long years. Then it was removed -to a vault in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, and finally it was moved, by -permission of Queen Victoria, into Henry V’s Chantry, where at last poor -Queen Katherine rests in peace. - -In 1461, when Henry VI was deposed, a prince of the House of York, -Edward IV, came to the throne. He died at Westminster, and had a great -funeral service in the Abbey, but he is buried in St. George’s Chapel, -Windsor, like his cousin, Henry VI. - -The earliest monument of the House of York in the Abbey is the tomb of -Philippa, Duchess of York, in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. She was the -wife of Edward, second Duke of York, grandson of Edward III, who was -killed at Agincourt. After his death, Philippa was made Lady of the Isle -of Wight. - -King Richard III is buried at Leicester, and after him came the poor -little Edward V, who, with his brother, Richard Duke of York, was -murdered in the Tower. Their bones remained at the Tower until the reign -of Charles II, when they were found under a staircase. Charles II -commanded that they should be brought to the Abbey, and they are placed -in a tomb in Henry VII’s Chapel. Strangely enough, both these little -princes are closely connected with Westminster. In 1470, Queen Elizabeth -Woodville, wife of Edward IV, had taken refuge in the Sanctuary at -Westminster. Nobody could dare to hurt any one who had taken sanctuary, -and so the Queen felt she was safe in that time of war and trouble. Here -Edward V was born. He was baptized in the Abbey, and the Abbot of -Westminster was one of his godfathers. - -Then later on, after Edward IV’s death, when Richard III was trying to -get the crown for himself, Elizabeth Woodville again took shelter in the -Sanctuary at Westminster, and brought her five daughters and her second -son, the little Richard Duke of York. Edward V was already in the Tower. -Richard III sent to Westminster, and insisted that his young nephew -should be allowed to join Edward in the Tower. He dared not take him out -of Sanctuary by force, but he made the Archbishop of Canterbury persuade -the poor Queen to let the boy go. She was dreadfully grieved, and tried -all she could to keep her son safely with her, but in vain. They parted -with tears, and she never saw him again. - -A little daughter of Edward IV, Margaret Plantagenet, is buried in a -tiny tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel. In the Islip Chapel is the grave of -Anne Mowbray, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. She was betrothed to -Richard Duke of York when they were both little children of only five -years old. - -Anne Neville, the unhappy wife of Richard III, and daughter of Warwick -“the Kingmaker,” lies in a forgotten grave in the South Ambulatory. - -We see, then, how much there is in the Abbey to remind us of the Houses -of Lancaster and York, and of the Wars of the Roses, besides the great -wars in France. - -But further, we shall now find that it was becoming more and more the -custom for the famous men of the age to be buried in the Abbey. - -Richard Courtney, Bishop of Norwich, a great friend of Henry V, is -buried there. He died just before the Battle of Agincourt, and was -nursed by the King in his last illness. In St. Paul’s Chapel is the fine -tomb of Ludovic Robsert, Lord Bourchier, who fought at Agincourt and was -afterwards made the King’s Standard Bearer. Sir Humphrey Bourchier, who -died fighting on the Yorkist side at the Battle of Barnet in 1471, is -buried in Edmund’s Chapel. Sir Thomas Vaughan, Treasurer to Edward IV -and Chamberlain to Edward V, is buried in the Chapel of St. John the -Baptist. - -While speaking of this time in English history, we must not forget one -man who did a very great and important work in the world, and who was -very closely connected with the Abbey, although he is not actually -buried there. This was William Caxton, the first English printer. Caxton -belongs almost entirely to the Lancastrian and Yorkist times, as he was -born in 1410, during the reign of Henry IV, and died in 1491, in the -reign of Henry VII. About the year 1471 (the year in which Henry VI -died) Caxton came to live in Westminster. He set up his printing-press -in a house quite close to the Abbey, and there he worked for the last -twenty years of his life. It seems that the Abbot of Westminster was -greatly interested in Caxton and his work, and one of his great friends -and patrons was the Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry VII. Caxton -printed several books for her. Caxton is buried quite near the Abbey, in -St. Margaret’s Churchyard. There is a fine stained-glass window to his -memory in St. Margaret’s Church. Caxton stood on the threshhold of the -modern world, and, as we realise the great changes brought about in -human life by the art of printing, we may think of that window in St. -Margaret’s, where Caxton is represented holding his motto: “Fiat Lux” -(let there be light), while below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines: - - “Thy prayer was Light, more Light while time shall last, - Thou sawest the glories growing on the night; - But not the shadow which that light would cast - Till shadows vanish in the Light of light.” - -With this thought in our minds we will turn to the next period of -English history. - - - - - CHAPTER VI - THE HOUSE OF TUDOR - - “_Fair is our lot—O goodly is our heritage! - (Humble ye, my people, and be fearful in your mirth!) - For the Lord our God Most High - He hath made the deep as dry, - He hath smote for us a pathway to the ends of all the earth._” - RUDYARD KIPLING (_The Seven Seas_). - - -The famous House of Tudor, in which the Plantagenet lines of York and -Lancaster were united, is in many ways very closely connected with the -Abbey. All the Tudor sovereigns, except one, are buried in the Abbey. -But this is not all, for the Abbey and the School owe their present -establishment to Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth, as we shall find later -on. - -It was in the Tudor times that modern England really began, and most of -the great changes that took place in the Church and the nation at that -time are faithfully reflected in the Abbey history. We can read them -there, just as we can read the story of the Norman Conquest, of the -Conquest of Scotland, or of the French Wars. - -We ought also to look beyond our own country, and remember what was -going on in other parts of the world. While the Tudors were reigning in -England, Christopher Columbus discovered America, and the Portuguese -navigator, Vasco de Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, thus -finding a new way to the East Indies. These two discoveries made a great -change in the history of the world, and some of the monuments in the -Abbey will speak to us of the difference which those discoveries made to -England. - -When we speak of the Tudors we naturally think first of King Henry VII, -who built the beautiful chapel at the eastern end of the Abbey, -directing that it should be the burial-place of himself and his family. - -The foundation of the Chapel has an interesting history connected with -the House of Lancaster. Through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII -descended from John of Gaunt, and therefore from Edward III, and he was -very anxious that people should remember this. Partly for that reason, -he wanted very much to bring the body of Henry VI from Windsor, and to -bury it in the new, splendid chapel at Westminster. He also wished the -Pope to declare Henry VI to be a saint; and indeed, many people at that -time thought him to be so. However, it happened that the body of Henry -VI was never moved from Windsor after all, but there was at that time an -altar to his memory in Henry VII’s Chapel. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - MARGARET BEAUFORT, COUNTESS OF RICHMOND, AND MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. -] - -The great gates and the sculptured ornament of the Chapel are in -themselves quite a lesson in English history. On the gates and on the -walls we see the famous Tudor Roses, which are the red and white roses -of Lancaster and York united. There is also the Portcullis of the -Beaufort Castle in Anjou, which castle had belonged to Edmund -Crouchback, and descended through him to John of Gaunt. Again, we see -the crown caught in a bush on Bosworth Field, and two Yorkist badges, -the Rose in the Sun, and the Falcon on the Fetterlock. On the gates, -too, we find the daisy or “Marguérite,” the name-flower of Henry VII’s -mother, the Lady Margaret. Last, but not least, we find the Red Dragon -of the last British King, Cadwallader, from whom Henry VII claimed to -descend, reminding us that the Tudors boasted of descent from the -ancient British stock,—from King Arthur and Llewellyn. Round the Chapel, -in the graceful little niches that adorn the walls, are statues of -angels and saints. Among them are the Apostles, some of the martyrs, and -also the royal saints of Britain, St. Edward, St. Edmund, St. Oswald, -and St. Margaret of Scotland. - -The first person to be buried in Henry VII’s Chapel was his wife, -Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. She died in 1503, and was -first buried in one of the side Chapels, until her husband’s new Chapel -was ready. - -In 1509, Henry VII died, and was buried in the middle of the nave of his -Chapel. The funeral ceremony was very splendid, and over his grave rises -one of the most magnificent tombs in the whole Abbey. The monument -itself was made by the great Florentine sculptor, Torrigiano, who was a -fellow-student and rival of Michael Angelo. We are told that Torrigiano -broke Michael Angelo’s nose in a fight they had at Florence. At any -rate, he knew how to design a beautiful monument. - -The bronze screen round the tomb is of English work and Gothic design, -and is in quite a different style from the Italian Renaissance tomb -within. - -Three months afterwards, Henry’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of -Richmond and Derby, died, and was buried in the South Aisle of her son’s -Chapel. She died just at the time of the rejoicings for the Coronation -of her grandson, Henry VIII, and of Catherine of Aragon. The “Lady -Margaret” was greatly honoured and beloved. She was a patroness of -learning, and founded two colleges at Cambridge, and Professorships of -Divinity at both Oxford and Cambridge. She was also a good friend to -William Caxton the printer, as we have already heard. Her tomb was made -by the same Florentine artist, Torrigiano, and is most beautiful. The -effigy represents the Lady Margaret in her widow’s dress, her hands -uplifted in prayer. The epitaph round the edge of the monument was -written by the great Erasmus, who was a friend of Lady Margaret’s, and -who was one of the earliest Lady Margaret Professors of Divinity at -Cambridge, Bishop John Fisher being the first. - -Another of the family, Owen Tudor, uncle of Henry VII, took refuge in -the Sanctuary at Westminster during the Civil Wars, and became a monk. -He is buried in the South Transept. A little daughter of Henry VII, -Elizabeth Tudor, is buried in a tiny tomb in the Confessor’s Chapel, -close to Henry III. A little son, Edward, is also buried in the Abbey. -Henry VIII had intended to be buried at Westminster with his first wife, -Catherine of Aragon, to whom he was married in the Abbey. Indeed, he had -actually ordered Torrigiano to make the effigies for the tomb. But, as -we know, everything changed, and Henry VIII is buried in St. George’s, -Windsor, with his third wife, Jane Seymour, mother of King Edward VI. - -Anne of Cleves is the only one of Henry’s six wives who is buried in the -Abbey. Her grave is in the South Ambulatory, and she has a large and -rather ugly monument in the Sacrarium, just opposite to the tomb of -Aymer de Valence. Anne of Cleves died at Chelsea in 1557. - -One great name of Tudor times, that of Cardinal Wolsey, is brought back -to us when we remember that in 1515 his Cardinal’s hat arrived from -Rome, and was received with great pomp at the Abbey. A stately service -was held; the Archbishop of Canterbury set the hat on Wolsey’s head, and -a “Te Deum” was sung. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, and Henry’s -sister Mary, the French Queen, were present at the ceremony. - -The boy King, Edward VI, is buried close to his grandfather, Henry VII. -He was buried by Archbishop Cranmer, who was his godfather, and who had -baptized and crowned him. Edward VI has no monument, but the altar of -the chapel stands over his grave. The original altar was the work of -Torrigiano, and must have been very beautiful. It was destroyed in the -time of the Commonwealth, but parts of it have been found and are used -in the present altar. The cross on this altar has a special interest for -us all, because it was given to the Abbey by Ras Makonnen, the -Abyssinian envoy, at the time of King Edward VII’s serious illness, when -the Coronation had to be put off. The cross is of a very ancient -pattern, and there is an Ethiopian inscription upon it. - -Not far from the grave of Edward VI there stood for many years a -pulpit—now in the Nave—from which it is believed Archbishop Cranmer -preached at the Coronation and funeral of his royal godson, Edward VI, -in 1553. - -In the north aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel the two Tudor Queens, Mary and -Elizabeth, are buried. Poor Queen Mary had taken much care for the -Abbey. During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI great changes had -been made there; the monks had been sent away, and, unfortunately, many -of the precious and beautiful things that belonged to the church and -monastery had been removed or destroyed. It was even said that Protector -Somerset wanted to pull down the Abbey itself. Queen Mary brought the -monks back, with Abbot Feckenham to rule over them; she restored the -Confessor’s shrine, and had the church and the services arranged again -as they had been in the old days before the Reformation. - -After her short, unhappy reign, Mary Tudor was laid to rest in her -grandfather’s chapel. No monument was erected to her, and it is sad to -think that very few of her subjects mourned for her. We are told that -when the various altars in the chapel were taken down, the stones were -piled up over her grave. Perhaps it was intended to make them into a -monument later on. Another forty-five years passed, and then, in 1603, -Queen Elizabeth died, to the great grief of all her people, whose -lamentations followed her to her grave in the Abbey. She rests there, in -the same vault as her sister Mary, the vault being so narrow that Queen -Elizabeth’s coffin had to be placed on the top of Queen Mary’s. The -monument, which is a fine one of its kind, is to Queen Elizabeth alone, -and was erected to her memory by her cousin and successor, King James I. -The epitaph on the western end of the monument mentions both the Tudor -sister-queens, and runs as follows: “Consorts both in throne and grave, -here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of the -resurrection.” - -It is now time to speak of some other famous people who belonged to the -Tudor times, and who are buried in the Abbey. Among these are the -following:— - -Sir Humphrey Stanley, who fought on Henry VII’s side at Bosworth, and -was knighted by him after the battle. Sir Humphrey died in 1505, and is -buried in the Chapel at St. Nicholas. - -Sir Giles Daubeny and his wife, who are buried in St Paul’s Chapel. Sir -Giles Daubeny was Lord Lieutenant of Calais in Henry VII’s time, when -Calais still belonged to England. He died in 1508. - -Then come some of the great ladies of the Tudor Court, namely: - -Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, granddaughter of Henry VII and mother -of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, who, as every one remembers, was -Queen of England for twelve days after the death of Edward VI. The -Duchess is buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel, close to some of the -Plantagenets, and on the spot where the altar used to stand. - -Anne Seymour, the wife of Protector Somerset, is buried in the Chapel of -St. Nicholas. She was sister-in-law to Queen Jane Seymour, mother of -Edward VI. From what is told us about her she seems to have been both -very clever and very fierce-tempered, and to have made people afraid of -her. She lived on into the days of Elizabeth, and died in 1587, aged -ninety. - -In the same chapel is a tablet in memory of Jane Seymour, daughter of -Protector Somerset. She was cousin to Edward VI, and it had been -intended that he should marry her. - -Another name of interest is that of Frances Howard, Countess of -Hertford, sister of the Lord Howard of Effingham who defeated the -Spanish Armada. She is buried in St. Benedict’s Chapel. - -In St. Paul’s Chapel are the grave and monument of Frances Sidney, -Countess of Sussex. She was the aunt of the famous Sir Philip Sidney, -the soldier and poet. This lady was the foundress of Sidney Sussex -College at Cambridge, which is called after her. - -In the Chapel of St. John the Baptist is the enormous -monument—thirty-six feet high—of Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon, who died in -1596. His mother was a sister of Queen Anne Boleyn, and thus he was -Queen Elizabeth’s first cousin. He was Lord Chamberlain to Queen -Elizabeth, and was always a most devoted servant and friend to her. He -had special charge of the Queen at the time of the Spanish Armada. It is -said that he died partly of disappointment at having to wait a long time -before Queen Elizabeth would make him Earl of Wiltshire. When he was -dying the Queen came to see him, and, having brought the patent for the -earldom and the robes, she had them put down on his bed. But Lord -Hunsdon said to her: “Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this -honour whilst I was living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am -dying.” - -In the Chapel of St. Nicholas are buried the wife and daughter of the -great Lord Burleigh, Mildred, Lady Burleigh, and Anne, Countess of -Oxford. Lord Burleigh’s own funeral service took place in the Abbey, but -he is buried at Stamford. On the monument to his wife and daughter is a -figure of Lord Burleigh himself, kneeling, “his eyes dim with tears for -the loss of those who were dear to him beyond the whole race of -womankind.” One of the figures on the tomb is that of Robert Cecil, -first Earl of Salisbury, and this is especially interesting when we -think of the monument to the Lord Salisbury of our own day (also a -Robert Cecil) which has just been placed in the Abbey, close to the -Great West Door. - -Several other members of the Cecil family are buried in the Abbey, one -of the chief among them being Thomas Cecil, first Earl of Exeter. - -Two of the famous lawyers of the time buried in the Abbey are Sir Thomas -Bromley and Sir John Puckering. Sir Thomas Bromley, who is buried in the -Chapel of St. Paul, succeeded Sir Nicholas Bacon as Lord Keeper, and was -the chief judge at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots. Sir John -Puckering, who is buried in the same chapel, had also to do with the -trials both of Mary and of her secretary, Davison. - -Some of Queen Elizabeth’s great soldiers rest in the Abbey. First among -these we will mention Sir Francis Vere, who fought in the Flemish Wars -and commanded the forces in the Netherlands. His monument, in the Chapel -of St. John the Evangelist, is celebrated for its beauty. It is said to -be copied from the tomb of Count Engelbrecht II of Nassau in the church -at Breda. - -Others of the Vere family are buried near Sir Francis. Close to this -monument is that of George Holles, who fought in the same wars. Another -young soldier of the same family, Francis Holles, is buried in St. -Edmund’s Chapel. Both their monuments are interesting, because the -statue of Sir George Holles is the first standing figure put up in the -Abbey, and that of Francis one of the earliest sitting figures. And -besides this, the statue of Sir George Holles is the first represented -in Roman armour, instead of in the costume of the time. - -The fashion of monuments changed a good deal in the Elizabethan days. In -older times people were always represented lying down, with their hands -clasped in prayer, like the figures of the Plantagenets, for instance. -But the statues on the Elizabethan tombs represent people leaning upon -their elbows, or sitting, or standing. We shall see that, later on, they -are not content even with that, but wave their arms aloft, as if talking -to a crowd of people. - -Another very fine Elizabethan tomb is that of Lord and Lady Norris, who -were great friends of Queen Elizabeth. This huge erection is in the -Chapel of St. Andrew, not far from the monument of Sir Francis Vere. The -kneeling figures round the tomb represent the six sons of Lord and Lady -Norris, who were all fine, brave soldiers, and fought in the Netherlands -and elsewhere. - -But besides soldiers, lawyers, and great ladies, there are other -Elizabethan names connected with the Abbey—three of these names more -famous than any we have yet mentioned. These three are Edmund Spenser, -William Shakspeare and Sir Walter Raleigh. It is true that the two last -of these great men lived on some time after the death of Queen -Elizabeth, but as they always seem to belong more to her reign than to -any other, we will speak of them now, after Spenser. Edmund Spenser, -author of the _Faërie Queen_, died in Westminster, and is buried in -Poets’ Corner. A very plain monument marks the spot, but the epitaph is -a beautiful one: “Here lyes, expecting the second comminge of our -Saviour Christ Jesus, the body of Edmond Spenser, the Prince of Poets in -his tyme, whose divine spirrit needs noe othir witnesse then the workes -he left behinde him.” - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - SHAKSPEARE’S MONUMENT. -] - -It is said that when Spenser was buried the poets who were present threw -their elegies and their pens into the grave. Probably, then, -Shakspeare’s pen is lying there, on Spenser’s coffin. - -Then we come to Shakspeare himself,—the poet who is the glory of the -English race, and famous throughout the whole of the civilised world. -Shakspeare, as we know, is not buried in the Abbey, but in the Parish -Church of his native town, Stratford-on-Avon. The monument in the Abbey -was not put up until long years after his death. On it are the famous -lines from _The Tempest_— - - “The cloud-capp’d towers, the gorgeous palaces, - The solemn temples, the great globe itself, - Yea, all which it inherits, shall dissolve; - And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded, - Leave not a rack behind.” - -The connexion of Sir Walter Raleigh with the Abbey is not so direct, -because he is not buried there, but in St. Margaret’s, close by. -However, Raleigh was imprisoned in the old Gatehouse of the monastery -the night before his execution, and the Dean of Westminster went to see -him, and to pray with him. During that last night of his life Sir Walter -Raleigh, after the final parting with his wife, wrote the following -well-known lines on the blank leaf of his Bible— - - “Ev’n such is Time, that takes on trust - Our youth, our joys, our all we have, - And pays us but with age and dust; - Who in the dark and silent grave - When we have wander’d all our ways, - Shuts up the story of our days. - But from this earth, this grave, this dust, - The Lord shall raise me up, I trust.” - -As the colony of Virginia was first founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, his -name will always remind us of the beginning of our great Colonial -Empire. In St. Margaret’s Church there is a very fine window to -Raleigh’s memory. This was given by some citizens of America, and the -scenes in the window commemorate the founding of the New World. - -One of the chief and earliest promoters of the Virginia Company was the -brave soldier, Sir John Ogle, who fought in the Netherlands under Sir -Francis Vere, and is buried in the Abbey. No inscription marks his -grave. - -Somewhere in the Abbey is buried another promoter of the South Virginia -Company, Richard Hakluyt, author of a book of _Voyages and Travels_. -Hakluyt was a Westminster scholar. He became a clergyman, and was -Prebendary and Archdeacon of Westminster. In the first volume of his -_Voyages and Travels_ is a description of the defeat of the Spanish -Armada. - -Two more Elizabethan monuments may be mentioned before we leave the -Tudor times altogether. One is the monument to William Camden, the -famous antiquary, who was Head-Master of Westminster School in Queen -Elizabeth’s time. He is buried in the South Transept, and his monument -stands against its western wall. Camden, like Shakspeare, lived on into -the Stuart time, but he seems to belong more especially to Elizabethan -days. - -The other monument is perhaps more curious than actually interesting. It -is that of Elizabeth Russell, goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth, and -daughter of a Lord Russell who is buried in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. -Elizabeth Russell was born in the Abbey precincts, where her mother had -taken refuge from the plague. She had a very grand christening in the -Abbey, and the Earl of Leicester stood as godfather. She died young, and -was buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel, where her monument represents her -sitting in an osier chair. This is the first sitting figure in the -Abbey. A curious old story says that Elizabeth Russell died from the -prick of a needle, and people added to the story by saying that she had -been working on Sunday! Most likely the idea arose because her finger -points to a skull at her feet. - -We have spoken of Queen Elizabeth’s having established the Abbey as a -Collegiate Church, and those who are interested in Westminster may like -to know that the first Deans of her time are buried in St. Benedict’s -Chapel. These were Dean William Bill and Dean Gabriel Goodman. It was -under their rule that the Abbey services were arranged much in their -present form. - -We have now recalled the chief memories of the Tudor days, so far as -that great chapter in English history is recorded in the Abbey. - - - - - CHAPTER VII - THE HOUSE OF STUART AND THE COMMONWEALTH - - “_The old order changeth, yielding place to new, - And God fulfils Himself in many ways, - Lest one good custom should corrupt the world._” - TENNYSON (_The Passing of Arthur_). - - -From the Tudors and the great people of their reigns we pass on to the -House of Stuart, to the troubles of the great Civil War, and to the -Restoration of the Stuarts in 1661. - -The Abbey history at this time helps us to realise that it was an age of -struggle between liberty and despotism, an age when the people were -determined to become more and more self-governing. The Tudors had been -clever enough and strong enough to rule without making their people -discontented. The Stuarts were not wise enough to see that the English -spirit of independence would not bear any tyrannical form of government, -and as the Stuarts found it difficult to understand this, they ended by -losing their kingdom altogether. We shall see how all these things left -their mark upon the Abbey itself. - -As this chapter has to do with a long and eventful time in English -history, it will be divided into three parts. The first part will be -about the earlier Stuarts; the second, about the Commonwealth; and the -third, about the Stuart Restoration and the most famous men of the -Stuart and Commonwealth times. - - - I - -The first of the Stuart family to be laid to rest in the Abbey was -Margaret, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Lord Darnley. Margaret was -the daughter of the Earl of Angus and of Margaret Tudor, daughter of -Henry VII. Her epitaph tells us that she “had to her great-grandfather, -King Edward IV; to her grandfather, King Henry VII; to her uncle, King -Henry VIII; to her cousin-german, King Edward VI; to her brother, King -James V of Scotland; to her son (Darnley), King Henry I of Scotland; to -her grandchild, King James VI (of Scotland) and I (of England).” This -epitaph is again an English history lesson in itself, if we think over -it carefully. Margaret’s mother was first married to King James IV of -Scotland, and on his death she married the Earl of Angus. Margaret -Lennox was thus half-sister to James V of Scotland, and she therefore -was a link between the English and Scottish royal houses. She married -Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox. Her eldest son, Lord Darnley, married -Mary, Queen of Scots, and was called King. Her second son was Charles -Stuart, father of the Lady Arabella, of whom we hear so much in the -reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Margaret died in 1578, and is buried in -the south aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel, where she has a very fine tomb. -Round the tomb are the kneeling figures of her children, Lord Darnley -and Charles Stuart among them. Lord Darnley is represented wearing a -royal robe, and there are the broken remains of a crown over his head. -Charles Stuart is buried here with his mother. - -The chief and most interesting Stuart monument in the Abbey is that of -Mary, Queen of Scots. This monument is also in the south aisle of Henry -VII’s Chapel, and stands above the great Stuart vault, where so many of -the Stuart family rest. After Mary’s execution at Fotheringay in 1587, -Queen Elizabeth ordered her body to be solemnly buried in Peterborough -Cathedral. But when James I came to the throne he commanded that his -mother’s remains should be brought to Westminster, and buried in the -Abbey. He also said that she was to have a monument equal to that of her -cousin, Queen Elizabeth, and that the same honour should be paid to her. -A copy of the warrant of James I for the removal of his mother’s body -hangs on the wall near her tomb. Queen Mary was buried at Westminster in -1612, and the splendid monument we now see was erected to her. It is -very like Queen Elizabeth’s, only larger and more costly. Her tomb in -the Abbey was at one time almost a place of pilgrimage. - -In 1607, two little princesses, Mary and Sophia, daughters of James I, -died, and were buried near Queen Elizabeth, in the north aisle of Henry -VII’s Chapel. Their tombs are also close to the spot where the bones of -Edward V and Richard Duke of York were afterwards placed. Dean Stanley -used to call this corner of Henry VII’s Chapel “Innocents’ Corner,” -because these four children are buried here. Princess Mary was the first -of James I’s children born in England, and was therefore the first -“Princess of Great Britain.” She was only two and a half years old when -she died, and seemed to be wonderfully quick of understanding. When she -was dying she kept saying: “I go, I go, away I go.” - -The baby Princess Sophia, named after her grandmother, the Queen of -Denmark, is buried in her pretty cradle-tomb, which is one of the best -known in the Abbey. A few years later the eldest brother of these two -little girls, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died, and was buried in -the same vault as his grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots. There was great -grief in the country at the death of this promising young prince, who -was especially the hope of the Puritan party. - -Arabella Stuart, who had such a troubled life, and who was always being -suspected of wishing and trying to be made Queen of England, died in -1615, and was buried in the great Stuart vault. Her coffin was placed on -the top of the coffin of Mary, Queen of Scots. - -Queen Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, died in 1619, and is buried in -the central aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel, not far from the tomb of Henry -VII himself. - -King James the First, who died in 1625, is not buried with any of his -own Stuart family, but in the great Tudor vault where Henry VII and -Elizabeth of York lie. It is supposed that James wished this because the -Stuarts claimed the English throne through the House of Tudor. When we -think of these two Kings, one really a Welshman and the other a -Scotchman, we remember that it was at James I’s succession that the -Scottish crown was united to that of England and Wales. The United -Kingdom may be said to have been begun then, although the actual formal -union did not take place till long afterwards. - -We should also remember that our Colonial Empire really began in James -I’s reign. Sir Walter Raleigh’s settlement in Virginia had indeed been -given up, but in 1607 and 1610, settlements were again made in Virginia -and also in Newfoundland. And more important still, it was in James I’s -reign that the celebrated “Pilgrim Fathers” sailed from Plymouth in the -_Mayflower_ and crossed to America. They landed in Massachusetts Bay, -and called their first settlement New Plymouth. - -In 1629, the infant Prince Charles, eldest child of Charles I, was -buried in the Stuart vault, and in 1640, another child of Charles I, the -little Princess Anne, was laid there also. Soon after her funeral, the -troublous days began, and it was not long before the Abbey passed into -Cromwell’s hands. - - - II - -We must now turn to think of a very different state of things and of -very different people, namely, the Parliamentarian Government and the -great men of the Commonwealth. Between the years 1653 and 1660 the -Parliamentarian Party made great changes in the government and services -of the Abbey, and the Presbyterian form of worship was established. -Again, as at the time of Henry VIII, various ornaments and other -possessions of the church were removed and sold. - -Archbishop Laud, one of the chief advisors of Charles I, and a great -enemy of the Puritans, was at one time Prebendary of Westminster, and -had great influence and authority in the Abbey while he was one of the -Chapter. In his old age Archbishop Laud was imprisoned for three years, -and, sad to say, he was finally executed by order of the Long -Parliament. - -Many of the famous Parliamentary soldiers and statesmen were buried in -the Abbey, as they most of them certainly deserved to be. Whether we -like all they did or not, we grieve to think that the bones of these -great Englishmen were nearly all taken out of their graves at the time -of the Stuart Restoration, and buried in a large pit outside the Abbey -walls. To us it seems a mean and unworthy revenge, but perhaps we can -hardly understand how angry the Royalists were. - -We see, however, that from this time onward it was no longer thought -necessary that people must be of royal or noble birth in order to -deserve a grave in the Abbey. Any man who had done any especial service -to his country and nation, whether in peace or war, was henceforward -thought worthy of a place there, and this is just what helps to make the -Abbey one of the most interesting places in the world. - -The chief man of the Parliamentary party to be buried in the Abbey was, -of course, Oliver Cromwell himself. He died in 1658, and was buried in -Henry VII’s Chapel. Although he was only called Lord Protector, his -funeral was very stately, like that of a sovereign. It seems to us a -curious thing that Cromwell should have wished that he and his family -should be buried in this Chapel, among the royal Tudors and Stuarts, but -so it was. - -Henry Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwell, and deputy for the Protector in -Ireland, died in 1651, and was buried in the Cromwell vault in Henry -VII’s Chapel. - -John Bradshaw, President of the Council that condemned Charles I to -death, died in 1659, and was also buried in the Cromwell vault. Bradshaw -had lived for some time at Westminster, the Deanery having been leased -to him. An old story says that his ghost used to haunt part of the -Triforium. - -These three men, Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw, were always looked upon -as the chief regicides, and at the Restoration their bodies were not -only dug up, but they were hanged at Tyburn and buried beneath the -gallows. The heads were struck off by the executioner, and put up on -poles outside Westminster Hall. - -Among other well-known names of the Commonwealth times are John Pym and -William Strode, who are buried close to one another in the North -Ambulatory. Pym was the famous leader of the popular party in the Long -Parliament. He died in 1643. Strode was one of the five members whom -Charles I demanded to have given up to him when he came to the House of -Commons with an armed force in 1641–42. - -Another celebrated name is that of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, the -great commander of the Parliamentary army. Essex was the son of Queen -Elizabeth’s favourite, that Earl of Essex whose death made her last days -so miserable. This younger Essex died in 1646, and was buried in the -Chapel of St. John the Baptist. He had a very splendid funeral, at which -his effigy was carried, dressed in his General’s uniform. After the -funeral some Royalists broke into the Abbey, stripped the uniform off -the effigy, and broke it in revenge for what they considered to be -Essex’s treachery. At the Restoration his coffin was not found, so he -was fortunately left undisturbed in his grave. - -In the same Chapel is buried another great soldier of the time, Colonel -Popham, who distinguished himself both on land and sea. His body was -allowed to remain in the Abbey, but the inscription was effaced. Popham -died in 1651. - -Yet another great name is that of Admiral Robert Blake, the first of our -naval heroes to be buried in the Abbey. It was Blake who defeated the -Dutch Admiral, Van Tromp, off Dungeness in 1652. Five years later he -destroyed the Spanish West-Indian fleet off Santa Cruz. Blake died on -board his flagship, the _George_, just before arriving at Plymouth after -this last victory. He was buried with great solemnity in Henry VII’s -Chapel. Blake was re-interred on the north side of the Abbey in 1661, -and a window and brass tablet have been erected to his memory in St. -Margaret’s Church. - -Sir William Constable, once Governor of Gloucester, and one of the men -who had signed Charles I’s death-warrant, was buried in the Cromwell -vault, as was also Sir Humphrey Mackworth, who had taken Ludlow Castle -from the Royalists and was afterwards Governor of Shrewsbury. Colonel -Richard Deane, the companion of Blake and Popham, is buried here, and -General Worsley, commander of the soldiers who turned out the Long -Parliament, lies in a grave not far from the Cromwell vault. - -Several of Cromwell’s family were buried in this same Cromwell vault, -but the bodies were all taken out at the time of the Restoration except -that of his favourite daughter, Elizabeth Claypole, who is buried in a -different place, on the north side of Henry VII’s tomb, and whose -remains were thus left in peace. - -[Illustration: - - _Photo W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ _Allen & Co (London) Ltd Sc_ - - _Henry VII Chapel._ - _Tomb of the Founder._ -] - - - III - -We now come to the time of the Restoration, and must think of the rest -of the Stuart family who are buried at Westminster. - -King Charles I had been buried in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and -although there had been much talk of moving his body into a splendid -tomb in Henry VII’s Chapel, this was never done, and Charles I, like -Henry VI, still rests at Windsor. - -The first Stuart to be buried in the Abbey after the Restoration was -Henry of Oatlands, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I. It was Henry -who, when he was a little boy, promised his father that he would be torn -in pieces before he would let himself be made King instead of either of -his elder brothers, Charles or James. He died in 1660, to the great -grief of Charles II, who had a very special love for him. - -Then came a daughter of Charles I, Mary, Princess of Orange, mother of -King William III. She also died in 1660. Very soon afterwards, -Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I, died, and was buried -in the great Stuart vault. She is very closely connected with the later -history of England, because her daughter Sophia, who married the Elector -of Hanover, was the mother of King George I, and therefore Elizabeth was -direct ancestress of King Edward VII. Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, -who fought in the great Civil War, were sons of Elizabeth, and Prince -Rupert is buried here beside his mother. - -King James II, who died in France in the year 1701, was first buried in -the Chapel of the English Benedictines in Paris. It was hoped that his -body would at last be brought to Westminster to be buried near the -graves of the other Kings of England. But this never happened, and James -II was finally buried in the Church of St. Germains, near Paris. His -first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon, and mother of the two -Stuart Queens, Mary and Anne, died in 1671, and is buried in the Abbey, -in the vault where Mary, Queen of Scots, rests. Many children of James -II are buried there also. But the son of his second wife, Mary of -Modena, the Prince James whom many people thought the rightful successor -to the throne, is buried in another great St. Peter’s—St. Peter’s at -Rome. Not only is James—the Chevalier de St. George, as he was -called—buried in St. Peter’s, but also his wife and his two sons, -Charles Edward (Prince Charlie) and Henry Benedict, Cardinal of York. -With the Cardinal of York the male line of James II ended, and we go -back to his two daughters, Mary and Anne. - -William III and Mary II are both buried in the Abbey, near the other -Stuarts. Queen Mary’s funeral was a very solemn and mournful one, and -she was much lamented by her subjects. - -Queen Anne and her husband, Prince George of Denmark, are buried close -by, and Queen Anne’s eighteen infant children are buried in the great -Stuart vault under the monument of Mary, Queen of Scots. Only one of -Queen Anne’s children lived for any time, and that was William, Duke of -Gloucester, who died in 1700, aged eleven, “of a fever occasioned by -excessive dancing on his birthday.” - -There are a few other relations of the Stuart family buried in the -Abbey, but with Queen Anne the Stuart history really ends so far as the -Abbey is concerned. None of the Stuart Kings have any monuments. - -We must now call to mind some of the chief men of the Stuart times whose -graves are at Westminster. The greatest contemporaries of James I, Lord -Bacon and Shakspeare, are not buried in the Abbey. Lord Bacon is buried -at Verulam; and although Shakspeare has a monument in the Abbey, he is -not buried there, but, by his own desire, at his own native Stratford. - -When we think of the reigns of James I and Charles I, we often recall -the name of a man who was a great friend and favourite of both these -Kings. This man is George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, whom James I -used to call by the silly name of “Steenie.” While we speak of -Buckingham, we remember that he had a great deal to do with preventing -Charles I’s marriage to a Spanish Infanta, and with bringing about his -marriage with Henrietta Maria of France. We also think of Buckingham’s -unsuccessful attempts to relieve La Rochelle, where the Huguenots were -besieged by Cardinal Richelieu, and in this way the French history of -that time seems to be brought very close to the Abbey. - -As everyone knows, the Duke of Buckingham was murdered at Portsmouth in -1628, and he was buried in great state in Henry VII’s Chapel, where a -splendid monument was erected to him. Several of the Duke’s family are -buried in the same vault, and among them a young son, Francis, who was -killed in the Civil Wars, at the Battle of Kingston. - -Sir George Villiers and his wife, the father and mother of the Duke of -Buckingham, are buried beneath a large monument in the Chapel of St. -Nicholas. It is said that the last meeting between the Duke of -Buckingham and his mother was a very sad and troubled one, as they had -both received a mysterious warning that some terrible thing was going to -happen to the Duke. When the Duke was murdered six months afterwards, -his mother appeared quite calm, as if she had been prepared to hear the -dreadful news. - -Dudley Carleton and Lord Cottington, two men who held important offices -under the Stuarts, are buried in St. Paul’s Chapel. Dudley Carleton was -educated at Westminster School, and became first Secretary of State and -Minister for Foreign Affairs. He was actually with the Duke of -Buckingham when he was assassinated, and saw the murder. It was Carleton -who saved the murderer, Felton, from being torn in pieces by the angry -soldiers. - -Lord Cottington was an able and accomplished man. He was ambassador in -Spain under James I, Charles I, and again under Charles II. - -Another well-known name of that time is that of Sir Thomas Richardson, -who was Lord Chief Justice in the time of Charles I. It was Sir Thomas -Richardson who had to tell Charles I that torture was illegal, when the -King wished to use it after the death of Buckingham. Sir Thomas used to -be called the “jeering Lord Chief Justice,” because of the sarcastic -things he used to say. For example, when he condemned Prynne, he said -that “he might have the _Book of Martyrs_ to amuse him in prison.” - -We have already spoken about the burials of the great men of the -Commonwealth, and must speak of some of the famous people of the later -Stuart times after the Restoration. - -The great Lord Clarendon, father of James II’s first wife, and therefore -grandfather of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, is buried near the steps of -Henry VII’s Chapel. Every one will remember the name of his famous book, -_The History of the Great Rebellion_. - -In Henry VII’s Chapel, not far from the tomb of Queen Elizabeth, is -buried General Monck, the man who had so much to do with the Restoration -of the Stuart Kings. He was made Duke of Albemarle by Charles II. His -funeral was very stately, and a large monument was put up to him close -to the graves of the Stuart sovereigns, whom he had helped to bring back -to England. - -There are several graves and monuments in the Abbey which remind us of -the great sea-fights with the Dutch that were going on just at this -time. - -One of these is the monument to Edward Montague, Earl of Sandwich, who -took such a great part in the victory over De Ruyter off Sole Bay in -1672. Lord Sandwich’s ship was somehow set on fire; it blew up, and he -perished with it. He was buried in General Monck’s vault in Henry VII’s -Chapel. Two young lieutenants, Sir Charles Harbord and Clement Cottrell, -who died with Lord Sandwich, are commemorated in the Nave. - -Another distinguished sailor, Sir Freschville Holles, was also killed in -the engagement off Sole Bay, and is buried in St. Edmund’s Chapel. Sir -Freschville Holles had been knighted by Charles II after the naval -victory over the Dutch off Lowestoft in 1665. Five other officers, who -were all killed in this battle off Lowestoft, are buried in the North -Ambulatory. - -Admiral Sir Edward Spragge and a young lieutenant called Richard Le -Neve, who were killed in a sea-fight with Van Tromp in the year 1673, -are also buried in the Abbey. - -Another name we ought to remember is that of Sir Palmes Fairborne, -Governor of Tangier, who was killed when defending Tangier against the -Moors in 1680. His monument is in the Nave, and reminds us that Tangier -once belonged to England, having been part of the dowry of Catherine of -Braganza, wife of Charles II. Sir Palmes Fairborne was buried at -Tangier. - -The Battle of the Boyne in the reign of William III is brought to our -minds when we look at the monument of General Philipps in the North -Transept. General Philipps fought on William III’s side in that battle. -He lived to a great age, and was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1720 to -1740. - -In the Nave there is a monument to Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, who -distinguished himself in the naval war of Queen Anne’s reign, and fought -under Admiral Rooke at Cadiz in 1702. Sir Thomas Hardy did not die until -1732, but he really belongs to these later Stuart times. The taking of -Gibraltar in 1704 is recalled to our minds later on by the memorials to -Richard Kane and Coote Manningham. Kane held Gibraltar for eight months -against the Spaniards in George I’s reign. - -We must now turn to some of the graves and monuments connected with the -great French war of Queen Anne’s reign—the War of the Spanish -Succession, as it was called. - -The body of the great Duke of Marlborough, the victorious General at the -Battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, was buried in -the Abbey in 1722, and removed to the Chapel at Blenheim Palace -twenty-four years afterwards. The Duke’s first grave was in Henry VII’s -Chapel, in the vault where Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, and others had -lain. - -In the Nave are monuments to General Killigrew, who was killed at the -Battle of Almanza in 1707, to Colonel Bringfield, who was killed at -Ramillies in 1706, and to Major Creed, who was killed at Blenheim in -1704. - -In the North Ambulatory is a monument to Earl Ligonier, one of Queen -Anne’s Generals, who fought under Marlborough, and was at the Battle of -Blenheim. Lord Ligonier belonged to an old Huguenot family from the -south of France, and he, with some other distinguished Huguenots who are -buried in the Abbey, came over to England about the time of the -Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, when the Protestant worship -was forbidden in France, and many Huguenots took refuge in England. Earl -Ligonier died in 1770. - -Another hero of the Dutch and French wars rests in the Abbey, and that -is Sir Cloudesley Shovel, one of the greatest naval commanders of the -time. His monument is rather curious, and represents him wearing Roman -armour and a wig such as was in fashion in his own day. The story of his -death is a very dreadful one. The Admiral had helped in the almost -entire destruction of the French Mediterranean squadron in 1707, and was -sailing for home when a violent gale drove his ship on to the rocks off -the Scilly Isles. The ship was wrecked, and Sir Cloudesley Shovel was -washed ashore, bruised and unconscious, but not quite dead. Thirty years -afterwards a fisherman’s wife confessed that she had found the body, and -that for the sake of a valuable emerald ring the Admiral wore she had -actually killed him. - -In the Nave is a curious tablet in memory of Admiral Baker, who was -second in command to Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and brought the rest of the -ships home after Sir Cloudesley’s flagship was lost. Admiral Baker was -afterwards Governor of the Island of Minorca, which at that time -belonged to England. He died in Minorca in 1716, and is buried there. -Minorca had been added to our possessions by the first Earl Stanhope, -who did distinguished service in the War of the Spanish Succession. He -and three other of the Earls Stanhope have a monument on the Choir -Screen, opposite to that of Sir Isaac Newton. - -We must now look back through all the Stuart and Commonwealth time, and -say a few words about the poets and other writers who belong to those -days, and who are buried in the Abbey. - -Ben Jonson, the celebrated poet and play-writer, and a contemporary of -Shakspeare, is buried in the Nave, and has a monument in Poets’ Corner. -On the monument is the well-known inscription: “O rare Ben Jonson!” Ben -Jonson was born near Westminster; he was educated at Westminster School, -and during his last years he lived close to the Abbey. He died in 1637, -in a little house in St. Margaret’s Churchyard. There are one or two -famous stories about Ben Jonson asking for a grave in the Abbey. One -story says that he begged for eighteen inches of square ground in the -Abbey from Charles I. Another says that in a conversation with the Dean -he said he was too poor to have a full-length grave. “No sir, six feet -long by two feet wide is too much for me. Two feet by two feet will do -all I want.” “You shall have it,” said the Dean, and thus the -conversation ended. Whether these curious stories are true or not, it is -the fact that Ben Jonson was buried standing up. This was discovered -when Sir Robert Wilson’s grave was being made in 1849. - -Looking round Poets’ Corner, we find the names of the following poets:— - -Michael Drayton, author of the _Polyolbion_, who died in 1631. The -beautiful epitaph is said to be by either Ben Jonson or Francis Quarles. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - POETS’ CORNER. -] - -Abraham Cowley, who died in 1667. He had a very grand funeral in the -Abbey, which was attended by many distinguished people. Cowley was -educated at Westminster School, and he was a devoted Royalist. - -Sir William Davenant, the Cavalier, who succeeded Ben Jonson as -Poet-Laureate in Charles I’s time. He died in 1668. - -John Dryden, Poet-Laureate to Charles II and James II. He was educated -at Westminster School under the famous Headmaster, Dr. Busby. Dryden -began by being a great admirer of Cromwell, but afterwards he became a -strong Royalist and held several offices under the crown after the -Restoration. He died in 1700, in great poverty, and is buried near -Chaucer. His best known poems are perhaps the Ode on “Alexander’s Feast” -and the “Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day.” His political satires “Absalom and -Achitophel” and “The Hind and the Panther” were the works which made his -fame in his own day. - -On the south wall of Poets’ Corner is a small monument to Samuel Butler, -the author of a famous satire on the Puritans, called _Hudibras_. Samuel -Butler lived from the reign of James I until after the Restoration, and -died in 1680. - -Francis Beaumont, who wrote plays with John Fletcher, is buried close to -Poets’ Corner with his brother, Sir John Beaumont, who was also a poet. -He died in 1616. - -But, as we all know, far the greatest poet of those days was John -Milton, whose monument is not far from the grave of Spenser. - -Milton is not buried in the Abbey, but in St. Giles’ Cripplegate. As the -Abbey was always strongly Royalist, it was a long time before Milton’s -name was allowed even to appear on its walls, Milton having been so -prominent on the Parliamentarian side. Not even _Paradise Lost_ could -make them altogether forget his Puritan sympathies. However, in 1738, -the monument we now see in Poets’ Corner was put up by a certain William -Benson, who belonged to the Whig party in politics. Thus one of the -greatest English poets came at last by his own. - -When speaking of Milton we are reminded of one of our best English -musicians, Henry Lawes, who wrote the music to _Comus_, and who is -buried in the cloisters. His brother, William Lawes, was a member of the -Abbey choir. - -A fine bust of the well-known composer, Orlando Gibbons, has quite -lately been placed in the Abbey, in that North Aisle of the Choir which -is known as the “Musicians’ Aisle.” Orlando Gibbons was appointed -organist of the Abbey in 1623. His son, Christopher Gibbons, was the -first organist of the Abbey after the Restoration, and was a favourite -of Charles II. He is buried in the Cloisters. - -Close by is the grave of Henry Purcell, who is perhaps our greatest -English composer. He belongs entirely to the Stuart times, and his life -was spent at Westminster. He was organist of the Abbey and composed some -of our finest English Church music, besides other things. He died in -1695, at about the same age as Mozart, Schubert, and Mendelssohn, that -is, 37. Above his grave is a tablet with an epitaph said to have been -written by Dryden. It runs as follows:— - -“Here lies Henry Purcell, Esq., who left this life, and is gone to that -blessed place where only his Harmony can be exceeded.” - -Two other well-known Church musicians of the Stuart times are buried in -this aisle; these are Dr. John Blow and Dr. William Croft, who were both -organists at the Abbey. - -All English children will like to know that there is very soon to be a -window in the Abbey to John Bunyan, author of the _Pilgrim’s Progress_. -The window will commemorate his life and works. - -Another remarkable writer of the Stuart and Commonwealth times, that -learned and holy man, Richard Baxter, author of the _Saint’s Everlasting -Rest_, has no memorial in the Abbey, but he is known to have preached -one of his finest sermons here in 1654, and this is very interesting to -remember. - -The grave of Sir Robert Moray, First President of the Royal Society, -reminds us of the beginning of that great Society during the reigns of -the later Stuart Kings. Sir Robert Moray was both a soldier and a man of -science. Burnet calls him “the wisest and worthiest man of his age.” He -died in 1673. - -The only painter who has a monument in the Abbey belongs to Stuart -times. This is Sir Godfrey Kneller, a celebrated portrait painter in the -reigns of Charles II, James II, William III, and Queen Anne. He was a -Westphalian by birth. He died in 1723, and was buried in the garden of -his house at Whitton. Kneller did not want to be buried in the Abbey; -for, he said: “they do bury fools there.” - -Another interesting remembrance of these troubled Stuart days is the -monument in the Cloisters to Sir Edmond Berry Godfrey. He was the Judge -to whom Titus Oates professed to reveal the Popish plot of 1678. Sir -Edmund Berry Godfrey’s death was rather mysterious, and it was supposed, -though not on good foundation, that he had been murdered by some one -connected with the plot. - -We must mention one more grave in the Abbey itself. This is the grave of -the wonderful old Thomas Parr,—“old Parr” as he used to be called. He -died in 1635, and always claimed that he had been born in 1483. He is -buried in the South Transept, and his epitaph says that “He lived in the -reignes of ten princes, namely: King Edward IV, King Edward V, King -Richard III, King Henry VII, King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen -Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles; aged 152 years, and was -buried here, 1635.” - -We have now mentioned most of the principal people of the Stuart and -Commonwealth times who are in any way connected with the Abbey, and must -pass on to the history of the House of Hanover. - -[Illustration: - - [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ - - MONUMENT OF GENERAL WOLFE. -] - - - - - CHAPTER VIII - THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY - - “_We were dreamers, dreaming greatly, in the man-stifled town; - We yearned beyond the sky-line where the strange roads go down. - Came the Whisper, came the Vision, came the Power with the Need, - Till the Soul that is not man’s soul was lent us to lead._” - RUDYARD KIPLING (_The Seven Seas_). - - -At the death of Queen Anne a great change took place in the reigning -family. The people would not have Queen Anne’s brother, Prince James, -for their King, because he was a Roman Catholic, but there were many -plans and plots in his favour, as we have heard. And even here again the -Abbey plays a part in it all, for the famous Dean of Westminster, -Francis Atterbury, was concerned in these Jacobite plots. It is said, -indeed, that on Queen Anne’s death he had been ready to go to Charing -Cross to proclaim James III, but James and his friends somehow let their -opportunity slip, and instead of James III, George I was proclaimed. -Later on it was discovered that Jacobite plots still went on at the -Westminster Deanery, and Dean Atterbury was imprisoned and then exiled -in France, where he died in 1731–32. He is buried in the Abbey, close to -the Deanery entrance in the Nave, and, as he wished, “as far from Kings -and Cæsars as the space will admit of.” - -George I, in spite of his mother’s descent from the Stuarts, was really -a foreigner, and he is buried in his native town of Hanover, just as the -first Norman King is buried at Caen, and the first Plantagenet Kings at -Fontevrault. - -George II, and his wife, Caroline of Anspach, are buried in Henry’s -VII’s Chapel, straight in front of Edward VI’s grave. Queen Caroline -died in 1737, and George II in 1760. They are the last sovereigns buried -at Westminster. Since that time the Kings and Queens of England have -been buried at Windsor and in the new Mausoleum at Frogmore, where Queen -Victoria and Prince Albert rest. - -At the funeral of Queen Caroline the choir sang the beautiful anthem -which had just been composed by Handel, “When the ear heard her, then it -blessed her.” It was King George’s special wish that his ashes should -mingle with his wife’s, and therefore the two coffins are placed in one -large sarcophagus. There is no monument; only the names on the stones -above. - -It is interesting to remember that George II was the last English -sovereign to be present at a battle. During the years 1740 to 1748 -several of the nations of Europe were fighting in what was called the -War of the Austrian Succession. This war was really caused by Frederick -the Great of Prussia and other German sovereigns trying to get various -possessions away from the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. England took -the Austrian side, and George II himself joined the army at the Battle -of Dettingen, in 1743. The English and their allies were victorious. -Handel composed his famous “Dettingen Te Deum” for the thanksgiving -after the victory. - -Several other members of the Hanoverian Royal House are buried in the -central aisle of Henry VII’s Chapel. Among them are the following: -Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales (son of George II), and his wife, -Augusta Princess of Wales, the father and mother of King George III. - -William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, third son of George II, is also -buried here. The Duke of Cumberland was a brave soldier, but his -severity to the Scotch Jacobites after the Battle of Culloden in 1746 -earned him the name of “the Butcher.” The Scotch, who had been fighting -for Prince Charlie, were mercilessly slaughtered, and this cruelty has -never been quite forgotten. - -There are several other monuments in the Abbey to remind us of the -Jacobite Rising of 1745. Such, for instance, is the monument to Marshal -Wade, on the south side of the Nave. Marshal Wade was commander-in-chief -of the army which was sent to quell the rebellion, and he was the man -who made the great military roads through the Highlands spoken of in the -well-known rhyme— - - “If you’d seen these roads before they were made - You would hold up your hands and bless Marshal Wade.” - -Two other soldiers who fought at Culloden, General Guest and Colonel -Webb, are buried in the East Cloister. General Guest, who has a monument -in the North Transept, defended Edinburgh against the rebels in 1745. - -There is a tablet to Colonel Webb in the East Cloister. - -Just at this time France declared war upon England, and took up the -cause of Prince Charles Edward. In 1745 a battle was fought at Fontenoy, -in Flanders. The English and their allies were under the command of the -Duke of Cumberland, but their army was much smaller than the French -army, and although they made a gallant attempt, they had to retreat. In -the Westminster Cloisters there is a monument to two brave -soldier-brothers of the name of Duroure, one of whom was killed at -Fontenoy. - -The naval victories over the French won by Admiral Anson and Admiral -Hawke in 1747 are recorded on the Abbey walls by the monuments of -Captain Philip Saumarez and Sir Charles Saunders, who both fought in the -action off Finisterre. We shall meet with Sir Charles Saunders’s name -again later on. - -The monument to Admiral Vernon, at the end of the North Transept, tells -us of the war with Spain in 1737–40, and of the English victories at -Porto Bello and Cartagena. In the North Transept aisle is a monument to -Lord Aubrey Beauclerk, who was killed in 1740, on Admiral Vernon’s -expedition to Cartagena. And again, we are reminded of the fights with -the Spanish fleet in the West Indies when we look at the monuments to -Admiral Wager and Sir Peter Warren, which are also both in the North -Transept. Sir Peter Warren’s monument is a very fanciful one. It was -made by the French sculptor, Roubiliac, the sculptor of the well-known -Nightingale Monument in the Chapel of St. Michael. Roubiliac has -actually represented the marks of smallpox on the face of Sir Peter -Warren’s bust! - -Sir Peter Warren’s nephew, Admiral Tyrrell, has a monument in the Nave. -Tyrrell once defeated three French men-of-war single-handed, while he -was commanding the _Buckingham_. He died in 1766, and is buried at sea. - -Close to the entrance of the former Baptistery is the huge monument to -Captain James Cornewall, who was killed in a great fight with the -Spanish-French fleet off Toulon early in 1744. This monument was the -first which was erected by Parliament in honour of a distinguished -sailor. - -In 1756 began the Seven Years’ War, between Prussia on one side, and -Austria, France, Russia, Poland, Saxony, and Sweden on the other. These -countries wanted to break up the kingdom of Prussia, which was becoming -very powerful under Frederick the Great. Now, England was already at war -with France, and she took the side of Prussia. The Duke of Cumberland, -of whom we have already heard a good deal, was in command of the army in -Hanover. At first, things seemed to be going very badly for England, but -the tide turned when William Pitt, “the Great Commoner,” as he was -called, became War Minister. William Pitt was indeed the foremost man in -England’s history at this time, for not only did he strengthen our -position in Europe, but it was he who slowly built up our world-wide -Empire. He was created Earl of Chatham in 1766, and died in 1778. All -this is most interesting and important to remember when we are in the -Abbey, because this great English statesman is buried in the North -Transept—Statesmen’s Corner, as it began to be called. Pitt’s monument -is close to the North Transept door. High up you will see the figure and -keen, eagle face of Lord Chatham, who is represented as if speaking to a -large audience, his arm outstretched as though to make his words the -more impressive, reminding us that he was a great orator as well as -statesman. Perhaps he looked like this when he made his impassioned -protests against the unjust taxation of the American colonies. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF CHATHAM. -] - -The Seven Years’ War ended with the Peace of Paris in 1763, but -meanwhile there had been a great deal of fighting, chiefly at sea, with -the French and Spaniards. Many of these battles went on in the West -Indies, where England was victorious. One of our successes, the taking -of Havana from Spain in 1762, is brought back to our minds by the -monuments to Admiral Pocock and Rear-Admiral Harrison. Admiral Pocock -was commander-in-chief of the expedition, and conveyed Lord Albemarle -and his troops to Havana. - -Another of the great events in our history during the eighteenth century -was the conquest of Canada from the French, a conquest always connected -with the name of General Wolfe, who was killed at the taking of Quebec -in 1759. There is a very large and, sad to say, very ugly monument to -General Wolfe in the Abbey. It is in the North Ambulatory, and makes a -great contrast to the splendid and beautiful Plantagenet tombs just -opposite to it. However, the monument is very interesting, because the -whole scene of Wolfe’s death is represented on it. The group of figures -shows Wolfe mortally wounded, and hearing, just before his death, that -his soldiers were putting the enemy to flight. Below this group is a -bronze bas-relief representing the Heights of Abraham, which had been -scaled by the British, and also the landing of the British troops from -the river St. Lawrence. So important was Wolfe’s victory that, in the -following year, the English had won all Canada. - -Admiral Sir Charles Saunders has already been mentioned, and his grave -in the Islip Chapel reminds us, not only of his services in the French -war, but also of his share in the conquest of Canada, for he was -commander-in-chief of the fleet which carried General Wolfe and his -soldiers to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Another Admiral, Charles -Holmes, who served with Saunders at the taking of Quebec, has a memorial -in the Nave. Viscount Howe and Colonel Townshend, who both fell at -Ticonderoga during this same Canadian War, have memorials in the Abbey. -Viscount Howe was the elder brother of the great Admiral, Lord Howe. His -monument was put up by the people of Massachusetts a short time before -the American colonies separated from the Mother Country. - -General Adrian Hope, one of the first English Governors of Quebec, has a -monument in the North Transept. - -This is perhaps a good place in which to speak of another man who did a -great deal for our Colonial Empire, namely, George Montague Dunk, Earl -of Halifax, whose monument is also in the North Transept. He was a -prominent statesman in the reigns of George II and George III, and he -did so much for commerce in America that he was called the “Father of -the Colonies.” He had also a great deal to do with the founding of the -colony of Nova Scotia, and its capital, Halifax, is named after him. He -died in 1771. - -But we must now turn to quite another part of the world, and think of -what was going on in India. Just about this time, or a little earlier, -Clive had made the conquest of Bengal, and we find much to remind us of -this in the Abbey. - -At the end of the North Transept aisle is the monument—a terribly ugly -one—put up by the East India Company to the memory of Admiral Watson, -who helped Clive to recapture Calcutta from the cruel Suraj-ad-Dowlah, -the man who shut up the Europeans in the “Black Hole of Calcutta,” of -which every one has heard. Watson also helped Clive to take -Chandernagore. He died in 1757, the year of the Battle of Plassey, and -the year after the taking of Calcutta. - -Major-General Stringer Lawrence, who defended Trichinopoly against the -French in 1753–54, has a monument in the Nave. In the North Transept, -again, is the monument to Sir Eyre Coote, who drove out the French from -the Coromandel coast, and took Pondicherry in 1761. - -Another monument in the North Transept reminds us of a famous man who is -connected with the Anglo-Indian history of the time. This is Warren -Hastings. It is true that he properly belongs to a rather later date, -but as he has so much to do with India we will speak of him now. Warren -Hastings was the first Governor-General of the British possessions in -India, and was appointed to that post in 1773. He did a great deal to -save the British Empire in India. It was while Warren Hastings was -Governor-General that Hyder Ali and son, Tippoo Saib, rose against the -English, and Hastings put down the rebellion. Unhappily, his enemies -accused him of wrongful exactions of money, and when Warren Hastings -returned to England he was impeached before the House of Lords on -charges of cruelty and oppression towards the natives of India. The -trial went on for years, and Hastings was finally acquitted. The -expenses of the trial left him penniless, but the East India Company -granted him a pension, and he spent his remaining years in retirement at -his own home at Daylesford. He is not buried in the Abbey, but he has a -special connection with Westminster, because he was educated at -Westminster School. Hastings died in 1818. - -In the North Transept is a statue of Sir John Malcolm, another soldier -who greatly distinguished himself in the various wars in India during -Clive’s time. He was sent as Envoy to Persia in 1799, being the first -English Envoy sent there since the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was -finally Governor of Bombay in 1830, and died in 1833. - -As we know, the disturbances in India went on for some long time, in -spite of English victories under General Lake and Sir Arthur Wellesley -(afterwards Duke of Wellington). Wellesley’s great victory in this war -was at the Battle of Assaye, in 1803. - -Again, all English people, young and old, know about the war in which we -lost our American colonies during George III’s reign, and there are -several monuments in the Abbey to bring the story of it back to our -minds. - -General Burgoyne, whose surrender at Saratoga lost America to England, -is buried in the North Cloister. Near him is buried Colonel Enoch -Markham, who served throughout the same war. In the Abbey itself is the -famous monument of Major André, who was hanged as a spy by the Americans -in 1780. André had gone on a secret mission to the American General, -Arnold, who betrayed a fortress on the Hudson River to the British. On -his way back from the meeting André was taken, and, in spite of every -effort to save him from a traitor’s death, he was hanged by order of -General Washington, and was buried under the gallows on the banks of the -Hudson. Forty years later his body was removed, at the request of the -Duke of York, and was finally buried in the Abbey. Some locks of his -beautiful hair still remained, and these were sent to his sisters. The -chest in which André’s bones were sent home is still in the Islip -Chantry. His monument is in the south aisle of the Nave, and the head of -his figure has more than once been broken off and taken away, either by -people with strong political feelings on one side or the other, or else -by some mischievous schoolboy. There is a famous story of Charles Lamb -half accusing Southey of having carried off André’s head. Southey did -not like this, and it was a long time before he quite forgot it. - -The war with the American colonies is thought to have broken Lord -Chatham’s heart. Every one remembers the last scene in his public life—a -scene represented in a famous picture—when Lord Chatham came to the -House of Lords to make one last protest against a policy which meant the -loss of the American colonies. During his speech he fell to the ground -in a fit, and died a few weeks afterwards. - -The French wars in the later part of the eighteenth century have a -memorial in the Abbey in the enormous monument to the three captains, -Bayne, Blair, and Lord Robert Manners, in the North Transept. These -three captains fell in 1782, at Admiral Rodney’s victorious fight with -the French off Guadaloupe in the West Indies. In St. Michael’s Chapel is -another memorial of the same wars in the monument which tells of the -death of Admiral Kempenfelt in the shipwreck of the _Royal George_ at -Spithead in 1782. - -Again, Lord Howe’s famous victory over the French off Ushant, on June -1st, 1794, has left its mark on the Abbey in the monuments of Captains -Hardy and Hutt, and of Captain Montagu, which are both in the Nave. - -In the reign of George I there was a terrible happening which caused -great misery throughout England, and which has never been forgotten. -This was what was called the South Sea Bubble,—that is, the failure of -the South Sea Company. We are reminded of this disgraceful business even -in the Abbey, because of the grave and monument of the poet Craggs, who -was mixed up with it. Craggs is buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, and his -monument is in the Baptistery. - -As we are now coming quite close to the end of the eighteenth century it -will be best to turn back and think of some of the great writers, men of -science, musicians and others, who belonged to that time and are either -buried or commemorated in the Abbey. - -We will begin with Joseph Addison, the author of many beautiful essays -in the _Spectator_ and the _Tatler_. He died in 1719, and was buried in -Henry VII’s Chapel, in the same aisle as the Tudor Queens. His statue is -in Poets’ Corner. Addison’s beautiful hymn, “The spacious firmament on -high,” is sometimes sung in the Abbey, and ought to be well known to all -English children. - -Now we come to the great Sir Isaac Newton, the famous mathematician and -philosopher, who discovered the law of gravitation. He died in 1727, and -was buried in the Nave, close to the Screen. He had a very stately -funeral, at which a great number of distinguished men were present. The -famous French writer, Voltaire, was there as a spectator. The monument -is quite near the grave, and is meant to represent Newton’s discoveries. -It is not the sort of monument we care about now, and the inscription on -the gravestone below is much better: “Here lies all that was mortal of -Isaac Newton.” - -James Thomson, who wrote a poem called _The Seasons_, has a monument in -Poets’ Corner. He died in George II’s reign, and is buried in Richmond -Parish Church. - -Sir Richard Steele, a famous essay writer of the time, is brought to our -memory by the grave of his second wife in Poets’ Corner. - -John Gay, author of the _Fables_, which were written for the education -of the Duke of Cumberland, was buried in Poets’ Corner in 1732. His -monument is over the door into St. Faith’s Chapel, and on it are carved -these curious lines— - - “Life is a jest, and all things show it; - I thought so once, and now I know it.” - -Thomas Gray, who wrote the famous _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, has a -monument in Poets’ Corner, but he is buried in the beautiful churchyard -at Stoke Pogis, which he loved so well. Gray’s poem is so celebrated -that a learned Italian has lately made a very beautiful translation of -it into his lovely native tongue. Gray died in 1771. - -Oliver Goldsmith, author of the _Vicar of Wakefield_, the _Deserted -Village_, and _She Stoops to Conquer_, died in 1774, and was buried in -the Temple Churchyard. He has a monument in Poets’ Corner, and the Latin -epitaph on it was written by the great Dr. Johnson. - -Dr. Samuel Johnson, author of the _Lives of the Poets_, _Rasselas_, and -the famous English Dictionary, died in 1784, and is buried in the Abbey -at the foot of Shakspeare’s monument, close to David Garrick, the great -actor, who had died four years before. Dr. Johnson’s only monument is -his gravestone. Garrick has a rather foolish looking monument on the -western wall of the South Transept. - -Near Shakspeare’s monument is the bust of Robert Burns, the Scottish -poet, who died in 1796. - -A window in the former Baptistery commemorates two well known English -poets who were both educated at Westminster School. These are George -Herbert, who really belongs to the Stuart times, and William Cowper, who -died in 1800. George Herbert’s poems are all on sacred subjects, and -Cowper wrote some of the hymns which are very familiar to us all. But -Cowper also wrote other things, some of the best known of his poems -being the _Task_ and _John Gilpin_. This window was given to the Abbey -by Mr. Childs, of Philadelphia. - -One of the greatest names of the eighteenth century is that of the -famous musician, George Frederick Handel, the composer of the “Messiah” -and many other splendid works. He died in 1759 and was buried in Poets’ -Corner. His monument is by Roubiliac, and represents Handel holding the -music of his famous song, “I know that my Redeemer liveth.” Just below -his monument is a medallion in memory of the great Swedish singer, Jenny -Lind-Goldschmidt, who died in 1889, and who used to sing that very song -so finely. The same words are carved on her monument also. - -When Charles Dickens was buried in 1870, the coffin of Handel was seen -by those who were present at the funeral. - -While we are speaking of musicians it will be interesting to note that -Dr. Burney, author of the well-known _History of Music_, has a monument -in the Musicians’ aisle. - -The monuments to Dr. Isaac Watts, the well-known hymn-writer, and to -John and Charles Wesley, are in the South Choir aisle, and bring back -the memory of men who did great work in the eighteenth century, work -that still has much influence in England. - -Several of the eminent doctors of the eighteenth century are buried in -the Abbey. Such are Richard Mead, physician to George II, who died in -1754; Dr. John Freind, a favourite of George II and Queen Caroline, who -died in 1728; and Dr. Hugh Chamberlen, who also died in 1728. - -Another man who was famous in a very different way was James Watt, the -inventor of the steam-engine. He has a monument in St. Paul’s Chapel. It -is of giant size, and actually broke down the pavement in the Chapel -when it was brought in. Watt died in 1819. - -William Horneck, one of the earliest of our great English engineers, is -buried in the South Transept, and has a memorial tablet in the -North-West Tower. He died in 1746. - -We will add to our list of eighteenth century men the names of two -inventors, who are buried side by side in the Nave. These are (1) Thomas -Tompion, who died in 1713. He was called the “Father of English -Watch-making,” because of the many improvements he introduced in the art -of making clocks and watches. (2) George Graham, who died in 1751, -nephew and pupil of Tompion. He invented a curious astronomical -instrument called the “Orrery,” so named after Lord Orrery, who is also -buried in the Abbey. - -In the North Transept there is a monument to Jonas Hanway, a -philanthropist and traveller, who died in 1786. Hanway was so kind, and -worked so hard to help those who were less fortunate than himself, that -he was called “the friend and father of the poor.” He is said to have -been the first person in England who ever carried an umbrella. It seems -curious that such a useful invention was not made until the eighteenth -century. - -In the West Cloister is a monument to Dr. Benjamin Cooke, who died in -1793, having been organist of the Abbey for thirty years. In the North -Aisle of the Choir are the grave and monument of Dr. Samuel Arnold, a -well-known Church musician, who succeeded Dr. Cooke as organist of the -Abbey, and died in 1802. - -Two famous engravers, William Woollett, who died in 1785, and George -Vertue, who died in 1756, have monuments in the West Cloister. Vertue is -buried in the North Cloister, near one of his family, who was a monk. - -Several well-known actors and actresses of the eighteenth century are -also buried in the Cloisters. - - - - - CHAPTER IX - THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES - - —”_our slowly grown - And crown’d Republic_.” - TENNYSON (_To the Queen_). - - -It is very difficult properly to divide the eighteenth and nineteenth -centuries, because, of course, history does not cut itself up into -lengths of a hundred years. But in telling the story of a place like the -Abbey it is better to have some division, and as the French Revolution -took place nearly at the end of the eighteenth century, a kind of -natural division comes at that time, for we know that the French -Revolution made a great and lasting change all over Europe. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - STATUE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE. -] - -When we begin to speak of the early nineteenth century we have again to -think of wars, for the fights with Napoleon were still going on. -Nelson’s great victories have not left much record in the Abbey, -excepting the wax effigy of the great Admiral himself, of which we will -speak later. One of Nelson’s Captains, Edward Cooke, has a monument in -the Abbey. Cooke died of a wound which he received during a victorious -fight with a French frigate in the Bay of Bengal in 1799. - -When we think of these wars with Napoleon there is one grave in the -Abbey which at once comes to our mind. It is that of the younger William -Pitt, son of the great Earl of Chatham, of whom we read in the last -chapter. William Pitt became Prime Minister of England when he was only -twenty-three, and his ministry lasted through some years of a very -troubled and anxious time. In spite of Nelson’s victories he was so -crushed by Napoleon’s victory over the Austrians and Russians at -Austerlitz in December 1805, that he died shortly afterwards, worn out -with anxiety and disappointment. He was buried in the same vault with -his father, and he had a large monument put up to him over the great -West Door. He was only forty-six when he died, and it seems sad to think -that he should not have lived to see his country’s victories in the -Peninsular War and at Waterloo. - -A further memorial of these wars is the bust of the Corsican patriot, -Pasquale de’ Paoli, who fought against Napoleon for the independence of -Corsica, and finally took refuge in England. His monument brings back an -interesting bit of English history, namely, that for a short time, from -1794 to 1797, Corsica was under British rule. - -The war known as the Peninsular War began in 1808. England was helping -Spain against Napoleon, who had dethroned the King of Spain and made his -own brother, Joseph, King instead. The Spaniards rose in arms, and drove -Joseph Buonaparte out of Madrid. They appealed to England for help, and -Sir Arthur Wellesley went out with 10,000 men. He defeated the French at -Roliça, a victory which is commemorated in the Abbey by the tablet to -Lieutenant-Colonel George Lake, who fell in that battle. - -The next year, 1809, was famous for the Battle of Corunna, where Sir -John Moore defeated the French and lost his own life. One of the -officers who fought at the Battle of Corunna, General Coote Manningham, -has a memorial in the North Transept. The services of Wellington’s chief -engineer, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard Fletcher, who died in 1813, are -recalled by a tablet to his memory in the North-West Tower. Fletcher -directed the engineering works during the sieges of Badajos, and -commanded the assault on the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo, when these -fortresses were taken and held against the French by Wellington in 1812. -He was killed in an assault on the town of St. Sebastian. In the Nave is -buried Sir John Leith, another soldier who fought in this war and -greatly distinguished himself. He fought at Corunna, Badajos, and -Salamanca. He died in 1816, in the West Indies, where he was in command -of the forces. - -There are memorial tablets in the Abbey to three other officers who fell -in the Peninsular War. One is to Captain Bryan, who fell in the Battle -of Talavera in 1809, when Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated King Joseph -Buonaparte and Marshals Victor and Jourdan; the second is to a -Lieutenant Beresford, who was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812; and the -third is to Lieutenant-Colonel Macleod, who fell at the siege of -Badajos, also in 1812. - -In the Nave is buried a famous Admiral, Thomas Cochrane, Earl of -Dundonald, who served in many of our wars, first against Spain and then -on the Spanish side in the Peninsular War. Lord Dundonald died in 1860, -but he left the navy in 1814 because of a false accusation which was -made against him. He then went out to Chili, where he served the cause -of Chilian Independence. Lord Dundonald was afterwards proved to have -been innocent of the charges made against him, and his banner as Knight -of the Bath was restored to its place in Henry VII’s Chapel. At the time -of his disgrace it had been taken away and kicked down the steps of the -Chapel. - -In the Nave is another monument connected with this time in our history. -It is that of Spencer Perceval, who was Prime Minister during the -Peninsular War. He was shot in the Lobby of the House of Commons in 1812 -by a man whose business had been ruined by the war, and who was supposed -to be mad. - -The bust of Lord John Russell in the North-West Tower, a part which is -often called “Whigs’ Corner,” reminds us of the great Parliamentary -Reform Bill, which was one of the most important events in the last -century. The change was much needed, as the people of the country were -not properly represented. Some large and important towns had no member -at all, while some very small and insignificant places were allowed to -return one or more members to Parliament. The reform was made more -difficult on account of the disturbances and revolutions in France and -elsewhere, which made people think it was better to have no changes at -all. However, in 1831, Lord John Russell brought in his Reform Bill, -which passed, after great discussion and struggle, in 1832. Lord John -Russell, afterwards Earl Russell, was educated at Westminster School. He -is not buried in the Abbey, although it was proposed to give him a -public funeral there. It was his own wish to be buried with his family -at Chenies, in Buckinghamshire. - -We have just spoken of the changes and revolutions that went on in -France during the earlier years of the nineteenth century. We are -reminded of these when we find in the Abbey the beautiful tomb of the -Duc de Montpensier, brother of King Louis Philippe, who died in 1807, -while he and his brother were living in exile in England. The Duke is -buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, quite close to Dean Stanley. The Duc de -Montpensier is the only French prince buried in the Abbey. His monument -is one of the finest modern ones that we have at Westminster. Queen -Louise of Savoy, wife of King Louis XVIII of France, was also buried for -a short time in the Abbey, and there is an interesting account of her -funeral in the Precentor’s book. Her body was afterwards removed to -Sardinia. Queen Louise died in 1810. - -But to return to our own English history. One of the first acts of the -new reformed Parliament was to abolish negro slavery in all the English -colonies and possessions. This great work of Christian charity had been -for years in the minds of many good people who had worked and fought -hard for the cause. The measure passed in 1833. - -Like the Reform Bill, the abolition of the Slave Trade was one of the -greatest events in the nineteenth century, and there are many memorials -of it in the Abbey. - -We will begin by mentioning Charles James Fox, who was the great -political rival of the younger Pitt, and who died a few months after -him, in 1806. He was buried in the North Transept, but his monument is -in the Nave, not far from Pitt’s. The kneeling figure of the negro on -the monument is an allusion to Fox’s last speech in the House of -Commons, when he proposed the abolition of the Slave Trade. - -In the South Transept there is a monument to Granville Sharp, who did so -much in the cause that he was called the father of the Anti-Slavery -Movement. He was also one of the founders of the British and Foreign -Bible Society. He died in 1813, and the African Society put up the -monument to him. - -Zachary Macaulay, who had been Governor of Sierra Leone, was another -fighter in the same cause. He has a monument in “Whigs’ Corner,” under -the North-West Tower. - -But the name chiefly remembered when we speak of the Anti-Slavery -Movement is that of William Wilberforce, who died in 1833, just before -the great Emancipation Day, the day which set the slaves free in all the -British dominions. Wilberforce’s monument is in the North Choir aisle, -and represents him sitting in a chair with his legs crossed, and in a -very odd posture altogether. He is buried in the North Transept. - -Near Wilberforce’s monument is that of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, who had -also helped in the fight against the Slave Trade. Buxton had also done a -great work in the reform of our laws concerning the punishment of -criminals, and his labours were shared by Sir James Mackintosh, who has -a memorial bust in “Whigs’ Corner.” - -Not far off is the monument to Sir Stamford Raffles, the first Governor -of the colony of Java, which we had conquered from the Dutch, and which -we afterwards gave back to them, much against Sir Stamford Raffles’s -advice. England owes her colony at Singapore to the influence of Sir -Stamford Raffles, and she also owes him her power in the Eastern Seas. -When he finally came home, Raffles founded the Zoological Society of -London, and was its first President. He ought to be remembered among the -men who helped to do away with slavery, as he himself set free all the -negroes who were under his authority. He died in 1826. - -Two other monuments in “Whigs’ Corner” remind us of men who worked hard -for the abolition of the Slave Trade and for the change in our penal -laws. These are the monuments of Lord Holland and of the Marquis of -Lansdowne. Lord Holland was the nephew of Charles James Fox, whose -monument is close by. He died in 1840. Lord Lansdowne, who died in 1863, -had a long political career, which began in the days of Pitt. - -[Illustration: - - [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ - - CHARLES JAMES FOX. -] - -Almost in the middle of the Nave lies the famous African explorer and -missionary, David Livingstone, who, although he belongs to a rather -later date, may well be remembered with the noble group of men who -fought against the Slave Trade. Livingstone died in Africa in 1873, and -his body was brought back to England by his faithful black servant, -Jacob Wainwight, who followed his coffin as it was carried up the Abbey, -and threw a palm branch into the open grave. On the tombstone are carved -the last words in Livingstone’s diary. They are as follows: “All I can -add in my solitude is, may Heaven’s rich blessing come down on every -one, American, English, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of -the world” (that is, the Slave Trade). - -Another Parliamentary measure which was very important for England was -the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, and the introduction of Free Trade -a few years later. Two of the chief leaders of these movements have -memorials in the Abbey. One of them is Sir Robert Peel, whose statue -stands in a most conspicuous place just at the corner of the North -Transept and the North Ambulatory. The other is Richard Cobden, whose -bust is placed in the North Transept aisle. - -We must now turn from home politics to more wars in various parts of the -world, wars which also have written some of their story on the Abbey -walls. - -In 1854 the Crimean War, between Russia on one side and Turkey with her -English and French allies on the other, broke out. The real Westminster -memorial to the heroes of the Crimean War stands in Broad Sanctuary, -just outside the Abbey, and speaks to us of the Westminster scholars who -fell in the Crimea, the most famous of them being Lord Raglan. But there -are windows in the Abbey in memory of officers who served in this war, -as well as in the war in India which followed it. Some years before the -Crimean War there had been wars and disturbances in Afghanistan, in the -Punjaub, and in Burmah; and at last, in 1857, the terrible Indian Mutiny -broke out. The horrors of this time will probably never be forgotten -while English history lasts, and we need only speak of the massacre of -Cawnpore and the siege of Lucknow in order to bring the story of the -Mutiny back to every one’s mind. - -There are many graves and monuments in the Abbey to tell us of the brave -men who saved our Indian Empire at that troubled time. - -The first Afghan War is commemorated by the grave of Sir George Pollock, -who fought his way through the Khyber Pass to Cabul, after the terrible -slaughter of the British in 1842. Sir George Pollock was thanked by -Parliament for his services in that war. He died in 1872, and is buried -in the Nave. - -In the North Transept is the bust of Sir Herbert Edwardes, who greatly -distinguished himself in the Sikh War, and quelled the outbreak at -Mooltan in 1848. He also did good service during the Mutiny. He died in -1868. - -In the Nave are the graves of three of the great heroes of the Indian -Mutiny, namely, Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards Lord Clyde), Sir James -Outram, and John Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence. - -Sir Colin Campbell joined the army when he was quite a boy, and fought -in the Peninsular War. He served under Sir John Moore in the advance to -Salamanca, and in the famous retreat to Corunna. Later on he fought in -the Sikh War, and then in the Crimean War. He was sent out to India to -help to crush the Mutiny, and the most celebrated thing he did was the -relief of Lucknow, thus putting an end to that terrible siege. He died -in 1863. - -Sir James Outram’s grave is close by, and all English boys and girls -should look at his monument, where they will see a representation of the -great scene at Lucknow, when Sir Colin Campbell relieved the town and -met the gallant defenders, Outram and Havelock. Outram died in 1863. - -The name of Sir Henry Lawrence ought also to be remembered when we speak -of Lucknow, although his body does not rest in the Abbey. He did much to -save Lucknow in the time of the siege, and he was killed on the ramparts -only a short time before Sir Colin Campbell arrived with his -Highlanders. - -The grave of his brother, John, Lord Lawrence, reminds us of a great and -good man who served his country well in India. Although he was a -civilian and not a soldier by profession, he had great military ability, -and it was he who really saved the Punjaub at the time of the Mutiny. He -succeeded Lord Elgin as Viceroy of India in 1863, and died in 1879. On -his tombstone are words which we all might pray to deserve: “He feared -man so little because he feared God so much.” - -There is a fine bust of Lord Lawrence against the south wall of the -Nave, not far from where he is buried. - -In the North Transept are windows in memory of seven officers who were -killed in the Indian Mutiny. These are Sir Henry Barnard, K.C.B., -Lieutenant-Colonel Woodford, Lovick Cooper, a young ensign, Captain -Thynne, Ensign Bankes, Captain Moorsom, and Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian -Hope. - -Four of these officers had also fought in the Crimean War in 1854–56, -and had distinguished themselves by their services at that time. - -Colonel Adrian Hope had also fought in the Kaffir War, and thus his name -brings the remembrance of South Africa into the Abbey, long before the -memorial was put up to those who fell in the last Boer War. - -There is a window in the North Transept to the memory of officers who -were lost in the _Captain_, which foundered off Cape Finisterre on 7th -September 1870, five days after that great Battle of Sedan which ended -the terrible war between France and Germany. - -In St. Andrew’s Chapel there is also a window to the memory of those -that fell in action and died from the effects of wounds or climate -during the Ashanti War in 1873. - -A bronze bust in the North-West Tower reminds us of another soldier hero -of our time, Charles George Gordon, remembered chiefly for his work in -China, in Egypt, and in the Soudan. The story of Gordon’s death at -Khartoum in 1885 will never be forgotten. His name and noble character -are always kept fresh in our memory by the Gordon Boys’ Home, which does -such excellent work in training boys for the army. - -South Africa has one direct memorial at Westminster, for in the North -Cloister there is a tablet in memory of the men of the Queen’s -Westminster Volunteer Corps who fell in the Boer War of 1899–1902. The -tablet was put up in 1901, and was unveiled by the Secretary of State -for War. - -We are reminded of an earlier time in the history of the Volunteers by -the monument of George Herries, the first Colonel of the London and -Westminster Light Horse Volunteers, of which he was described as the -“father.” George Herries was a well-known merchant. He died in 1819, and -was buried in the Abbey with military honours. His monument is in the -Nave. - -We must now look back over the nineteenth century, as we did over the -eighteenth, and call to mind many other great men whose graves and -monuments we find in the Abbey,—statesmen, writers, and men of science. - -As we have been speaking of the political history of England, let us -begin with some of the great statesmen. - -Lord Chatham, as we have seen, belonged to the eighteenth century. The -younger William Pitt, and his great political rival, Charles James Fox, -died quite early in the nineteenth century, and their graves and -monuments have already been described. - -As we enter by the great North Door we see on our left a striking group -of three statues. These represent (1) George Canning, the great -statesman and orator, who died in 1827; (2) his son, Charles, Earl -Canning, Viceroy of India; and (3) their cousin, Stratford Canning, -Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, who was for fifty years our Ambassador -in the East. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - STATESMEN’S CORNER, EASTERN AISLE. -] - -Among other things, George Canning was closely connected with that -important political change of the last century, which is known as the -Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill. This was the measure which allowed -Roman Catholics to be members of Parliament, and removed other -disabilities under which they had suffered. The measure did not actually -become law until after Canning’s death. - -Earl Canning was Governor-General of India during the Mutiny, and became -the first Viceroy. His name is always to be remembered with those of -Clyde, John and Henry Lawrence, and the other great men of the Mutiny -time. Lord Canning died in 1862. The Cannings are buried in the North -Transept, in a vault near that of the Pitt family. - -Close by is the grave of Henry Grattan, who died in 1820, the great -defender of the rights of Ireland. - -On the opposite side of the Transept to the Cannings is the statute of -George Canning’s chief political rival, Lord Castlereagh, afterwards -Marquis of Londonderry, who died in 1822. Lord Castlereagh was Foreign -Secretary, and attended the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. He -helped greatly to make peace in Europe after all the fights with -Napoleon. He unfortunately became very unpopular later, partly because -of the heavy taxes the people had to pay after the French wars, and -partly because he thought the Press had too much liberty and he tried to -curtail that liberty. There was a terrible riot at his funeral, and the -mourners had to fight their way through an angry mob. - -Close to Castlereagh’s statue is that of Lord Palmerston, who was twice -Prime Minister in Queen Victoria’s reign, after being Secretary of State -for War for twenty years. Lord Palmerston was Prime Minister during the -Crimean War and at the time when the Indian Mutiny began. He was given a -public funeral, and is buried in the North Transept. His wife is buried -with him. - -On the side opposite to Castlereagh and Palmerston is the statue of -Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Lord Beaconsfield is remembered -as a famous leader of the Conservative party in Parliament, and as a man -who did much for the growth of the British Empire. It was at his -suggestion that the late Queen took the title of Empress of India, and -to him we owe much of our present position in Egypt. Lord Beaconsfield -was also a well-known writer of novels. His most famous books are -perhaps _Lothair_, _Sybil_, and _Coningsby_. Lord Beaconsfield died in -1881, and is buried at Hughenden in Buckinghamshire. - -William Ewart Gladstone, the great Liberal leader, and Lord -Beaconsfield’s chief political opponent, is buried in the North -Transept, and his statue stands next to that of Disraeli. Mr. Gladstone -was four times Prime Minister. The Bill for the Disestablishment of the -Irish Church was passed when he was in power in 1871. Gladstone was not -only eminent in politics, but he exercised a considerable literary, -social, and moral influence over many of his fellow-countrymen. -Gladstone died in 1898. - -In the year 1870 the Education Bill was passed, a Bill which has made a -great difference to all English people, as everybody now has the -opportunity of going to school and of having a good and useful teaching, -not only in reading and writing, but in many other things as well. The -scheme for this new plan of education was made by William Edward -Forster, who is commemorated in the Abbey by a medallion which is placed -above the monument of his uncle, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, in the North -Choir aisle. - -The grave and monument of Sir Rowland Hill in St. Paul’s Chapel remind -us of another important change which took place in 1839, namely, the -introduction of the penny postage and the invention of adhesive postage -stamps. - -Another monument, a very beautiful and interesting one, is that erected -to the memory of Henry Fawcett, the blind Postmaster-General, who -accomplished so much good work in spite of the terrible disadvantage of -his blindness, which was the result of an accident when he was quite -young. This always seems to be a monument to undaunted courage and -perseverance in the face of great misfortune, and it should teach us to -be brave and patient, however much things may seem to be against us. - -It is now time to speak of the chief authors of the century, and to turn -our thoughts once more to Poets’ Corner. - -Here, next to Dr. Johnson, we find the grave of the brilliant -play-writer and parliamentary orator, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the -author of the _Rivals_ and _The School for Scandal_. Sheridan died in -1816, the year after the Battle of Waterloo. - -Against the wall, close to the door of St. Faith’s Chapel, is the bust -of the great novelist, Sir Walter Scott, who died in 1832. His _Waverley -Novels_ are too famous to need any description. We need only speak of -_Ivanhoe_, _Quentin Durward_, _The Antiquary_, and _Kenilworth_, in -order to remind English people of all ages of many hours of interest and -delight. The particular position was expressly chosen for the bust of -Sir Walter Scott, because it is close to the monument of the Duke of -Argyll and Greenwich, the same Duke of Argyll who appears in Scott’s -famous story, _The Heart of Midlothian_. The bust was placed in the -Abbey only a few years ago; it is a copy of the bust by Chantrey at -Abbotsford. - -Above Shakspeare’s monument are busts of two celebrated poets of the -early part of the nineteenth century—Samuel Taylor Coleridge, author of -“The Ancient Mariner,” “Christabel,” and other well-known poems, and -Robert Southey, Poet-Laureate, author of “Thalaba,” “The Curse of -Kehama,” and the poem on the Waterfall at Lodore. Coleridge died in -1834, and Southey in 1843, in the reign of Queen Victoria. Neither -Coleridge nor Southey is buried in the Abbey. Southey was one of the -famous group of “Lake poets,” and is buried in the lake country, at -Crosthwaite, near Keswick. - -Close by Shakspeare’s monument is the statue of Thomas Campbell, who -wrote “The Pleasures of Hope,” “The Battle of the Baltic,” “Ye Mariners -of England,” and other poems. - -Under the South-West Tower, in the former Baptistery, is the monument of -the great poet, William Wordsworth, who lived through the time of the -French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, and died in 1850. He was the -chief of the “Lake poets.” Wordsworth is not buried in the Abbey, but in -Grasmere churchyard, in that English lake-country where he was born and -which he loved so dearly. Wordsworth’s chief poems are “The Excursion,” -“The White Doe of Rylstone,” “Tintern Abbey,” the “Ode on Immortality,” -and the “Ode to Duty.” But there are many others, great and small, which -are part of the heritage he has left to his fellow-countrymen. - -In the Baptistery, just opposite Wordsworth’s monument, is a memorial -portrait bust of Charles Kingsley, the great preacher and writer, author -of _Alton Locke_, _Westward Ho!_, _Hypatia_, and of many well-known -poems. Charles Kingsley is remembered with especial interest and -affection at the Abbey, as he was Canon of Westminster for two years. He -died in 1875, and is buried at Eversley, in Hampshire, where he was -rector for so long. - -Next to Kingsley is a bust of Matthew Arnold, the poet, essayist, and -critic. Next to him again is a bust of Frederick Denison Maurice, a -great religious teacher of the nineteenth century. Opposite to these, -and next to Wordsworth, is the monument to John Keble, author of _The -Christian Year_. Next to that is the monument of the famous Dr. Thomas -Arnold, who was headmaster of Rugby, and who did much to improve the -whole life in the public schools of England. Matthew Arnold, of whom we -have just heard, was his son. - -In Poets’ Corner, close to the grave of Chaucer, lie two other famous -poets of the Victorian age, Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning. - -Tennyson will always be remembered as the poet of _In Memoriam_ and _The -Idylls of the King_, and also of many splendid patriotic poems which all -English boys and girls ought to know. He died in 1892, and when his -grave was being dug in Poets’ Corner a skull and leg-bone were found, -which were evidently those of Geoffrey Chaucer, who had been buried here -nearly five hundred years before. By Tennyson’s own wish the Union Jack -was wrapped round his coffin and buried with him. A fine bust of -Tennyson has been placed against a pillar near his grave. - -Robert Browning, author of _The Ring and the Book_, _Pippa Passes_, _By -the Fireside_, and many other famous poems, died at Venice in 1889. His -body was brought back to be buried in the Abbey. His wife, Elizabeth -Barrett Browning, well known as a poetess, is buried in Florence. - -Near Chaucer’s monument is a bust of the American poet, Longfellow, who -died in 1882. Some of his poems are familiar to most English children. - -Charles Dickens, the great novelist, is buried in Poets’ Corner, just -under Handel’s monument and close to Handel’s grave. Dickens will always -be remembered as the author of _David Copperfield_, _The Old Curiosity -Shop_, _Christmas Stories_, and many other books which are dear to the -hearts of all English people. - -Against the wall, on either side of Addison’s statue, are the busts of -two other great writers of the last century,—Lord Macaulay, the poet and -historian, and William Makepeace Thackeray, the famous novelist. Lord -Macaulay, who died in 1859, was the son of Zachary Macaulay, of whom we -have already heard in connection with the abolition of the slave-trade. -Among Lord Macaulay’s best known writings are the _Lays of Ancient -Rome_. His grave is close by Addison’s statue. Thackeray, who wrote -_Esmond_, _The Newcomes_, _Vanity Fair_, and many other celebrated -books, is not buried in the Abbey, but at Kensal Green. He died in 1863. - -Nearer to the Choir aisle are the busts of the two great historians of -Greece, Bishop Thirlwall and George Grote, who are buried in the same -grave. They both died in the latter half of the nineteenth century. - -Just above the bust of Sir Walter Scott is a bronze medallion with a -portrait head of John Ruskin, author of _The Stones of Venice_, _Modern -Painters_, _Sesame and Lilies_, and many other well-known works on art -and life. - -In St. Edmund’s Chapel is the grave of Edward Bulwer Lytton, Lord -Lytton, author of many widely read novels and historical romances. Among -his best known books are _The Last Days of Pompeii_, _The Caxtons_, -_Rienzi_, and _Kenelm Chillingly_. He died in 1873. - -Several of the great actors of the nineteenth century are commemorated -in the Abbey. Such are Mrs. Siddons, and her brother, John Philip -Kemble, whose statues are in St. Andrew’s Chapel. Sir Henry Irving, the -well-known actor of Shakspeare’s plays, as well as of many others, died -in 1905, and is buried at the foot of Shakspeare’s monument, close to -the grave of his great brother-actor, David Garrick. - -In the Musicians’ Aisle is the grave of Sir William Sterndale Bennett, -one of the chief English composers of his time. He died in 1875. In the -same aisle is a medallion in memory of Michael Balfe, who composed _The -Bohemian Girl_, and a window to James Turle, who was organist of the -Abbey for fifty-six years. In St. Andrew’s Chapel is a window in memory -of Vincent Novello, founder of the famous house of music publishers of -that name. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - GRAVES OF NEWTON, HERSCHEL, DARWIN, AND KELVIN. -] - -The great and especial glory of the nineteenth century was the wonderful -development of almost every kind of scientific knowledge and work, and -the number of important scientific discoveries that were made. It is not -too much to say that some of these discoveries, and some of the new -theories about our world and the things in and around it, have -influenced and changed our lives and our thoughts very much indeed. We -can see this very plainly if we think of what Darwin has taught us, and -if we think of the invention of the steam-engine, the introduction of -railway travelling, and of steamships, of land and ocean telegraphy, -telephones, motors, wireless telegraphy, and now of airships. This -extraordinary progress in scientific research and knowledge is not -without its record in the Abbey, as we shall see. We shall find that -many of the great men of science who lived in the nineteenth century are -either buried or commemorated in the Abbey. - -Foremost among these is Charles Robert Darwin, the biologist of -world-wide fame, author of _The Origin of Species_, _The Descent of -Man_, and other celebrated scientific works. Darwin died in 1882, and is -buried in the north aisle of the Nave, quite near the grave of Sir Isaac -Newton. - -Next to Darwin lies the famous astronomer, Sir John Frederick Herschel, -who died in 1871. Another astronomer, John Couch Adams, discoverer of -the planet Neptune, has a memorial in this same north aisle. Close by -are memorials to James Prescott Joule, who discovered certain laws -connected with heat and electricity, and to Sir George Gabriel Stokes. - -A little farther down the aisle is the grave of the great geologist, Sir -Charles Lyell, who died in 1875. His bust is placed near the tablet in -memory of Dr. John Woodward, who lived in the eighteenth century, and -who has been called the “father of English Geology.” - -On the other side of the Nave is a memorial to William Buckland, Dean of -Westminster, who was twice President of the Geological Society, and -wrote many books about geology. In the South Transept, near the monument -of Dr. Busby, is the grave of William Spottiswoode, who was President of -the Royal Society and Printer to Queen Victoria. He died in 1883. - -One of the most famous men of science of our own day, William Thomson, -Lord Kelvin, rests close to Newton. He was born in 1824, and died in -1907, and devoted his long life to the pursuit of science,—to what is -called “applied science” as well as to speculative science. We owe to -Lord Kelvin many of the wonderful inventions now in quite common use,—in -navigation, in telegraphing under the ocean, and in other ways. - -One of the most important changes in the life of the whole nation was -brought about in the nineteenth century by the introduction of railway -travelling. Those of us who are quite young, and have hardly ever heard -of a time when there were no railways, cannot realise or understand how -great this change must be. - -Even railways have their memorials in the Abbey, for in the Nave we find -the grave of Robert Stephenson, who died in 1859, engineer of the -Birmingham Railway and of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Straits. -He is buried next to the famous engineer, Thomas Telford, who died in -1834, and whose chief works were the Caledonian Canal, the Menai Bridge, -and the plan for the inland navigation of Sweden. There is a large -statue of Telford in St. Andrew’s Chapel. Not far from the grave of -Robert Stephenson is a window in his memory. It is not at all beautiful, -as it represents railway bridges and other things which do not look well -in a stained-glass window,—but it is certainly interesting. - -Near this are windows in memory of the great engineers (1) Richard -Trevithick, who died in 1833, the inventor of the high-pressure -steam-engine, and of the first real railway engine; (2) Brunel, who died -in 1859, and who built the largest steamships known in his time, the -_Great Eastern_ and the _Great Western_; and (3) John Locke, who died in -1860, and who designed the “Crewe Engine.” - -Close to these a beautiful new window has been erected to the memory of -Sir Benjamin Baker, who died in 1907. He was the engineer of the Forth -Bridge, the Assouan Dam, and other important works. In the window are -full-length figures of Edward III and of Cardinal Langham, once Abbot of -Westminster. - -Near the graves of Stephenson and Telford are buried four distinguished -architects of the nineteenth century. These are:— - -(1) Sir Charles Barry, who built the present Houses of Parliament, and -who died in 1860. - -(2) Sir Gilbert Scott, who died in 1878. He was one of the leaders in -the revival of Gothic architecture in England. - -(3) George Edmund Street, who died in 1881. A distinguished architect in -the Gothic style. He designed the present Law Courts. - -(4) John Loughborough Pearson, who died in 1897. - -Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr. Pearson were both of them “Surveyors of the -Fabric” to the Abbey. This means that they had charge of the actual -building from the architectural point of view. - -In the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist is a memorial to the great -Arctic explorer, Sir John Franklin, who was lost in 1847, with both his -crews, while making the discovery of the North-West Passage. The -monument was put up by Lady Franklin. On it is a representation of the -vessel fast in the Polar ice, and round the sculptured scene are the -words— - -“O ye ice and snow, O ye frost and cold, bless ye the Lord; Praise him -and magnify Him for ever.” - -Below are Tennyson’s beautiful lines— - - “Not here: the White North has thy bones; and thou - Heroic sailor soul, - Art passing on thy happier voyage now - Towards no earthly pole.” - -Close by is the memorial to another Arctic explorer, Admiral Sir Leopold -M‘Clintock, who died in 1907. It was he who discovered the remains of -Franklin’s ships, and thus found out how he had died. - -Before ending this long list of people who are gathered into remembrance -in the Abbey, we must not forget the names of some of those who have -served their fellow-men by special works of love and kindness. - -Close to the great West Door is a fine statue of Anthony Ashley Cooper, -Earl of Shaftesbury, who did a great deal to make the lives of poor -children healthier, happier, and better, and to whom England owes many -improvements in the laws about work in factories and mines. - -Lord Shaftesbury is remembered in Westminster as President of the -Westminster Window Garden show, a flower show which was intended to -encourage poor people to grow nice flowers in their windows, and so to -brighten the dulness and ugliness of town streets, as well as to teach -them something about Nature. Lord Shaftesbury used to come every year to -give the prizes at this show, which used to be held in Dean’s Yard. - -Lord Shaftesbury also took great interest in George Peabody’s scheme for -improving the dwellings of the poor, and tried all he could to help on -this good work. He died in 1883. - -George Peabody, who gave such generous help towards building better -houses for the poor, was an American. He died in London in 1869, and his -body rested for a short time in the Abbey, close to the place where Lord -Shaftesbury’s statue now stands. - -Quite near this spot also is the grave of Baroness Burdett-Coutts, who -died in 1907, and whose name will long be remembered for her works of -charity. - - - - - CHAPTER X - THE WAX EFFIGIES - - ... “_We are such stuff - As dreams are made on, and our little life - Is rounded with a sleep._” - SHAKSPEARE (_The Tempest_). - - -Before speaking of the other parts of the Abbey buildings we must not -forget the little Islip Chantry, or upper part of Abbot Islip’s -beautiful chapel in the North Ambulatory. In this Chantry are the -presses which contain the celebrated wax effigies of which we so often -hear. - -In olden times it used to be the custom to carry effigies in the funeral -processions of sovereigns and of other important personages, and to -leave these effigies standing beside the grave for a month or more after -the funeral. This custom succeeded to the yet older one of carrying the -dead body of the sovereign with its face exposed, in order to show that -the sovereign was really dead, and that there had been no foul play. In -those days, unfortunately, foul play was not very uncommon, as we see in -the case of Edward II and Richard II. - -The oldest effigies were not made of wax, but of wood, and they had -heads, hands, and feet made of plaster. The effigy of Henry V was made -of boiled leather, or, as an old description says: “boyled hides.” In -later days people learned to make effigies in wax, and some of them were -no doubt very good portraits. There are eleven of these wax effigies -still shown in the Islip Chantry. - -The oldest which now remains is that of Charles II, which stood for a -long time beside his grave in Henry VII’s Chapel. The face is just like -the pictures we see of Charles II. He wears the blue and red velvet -robes of a Knight of the Garter, with collar and ruffles of real, and -very beautiful, point lace. The effigy of Queen Elizabeth is a -Restoration, and no doubt a copy of the original, which had got quite -worn out by 1708. Some people think the head may really be that of the -first effigy. The face is very sad and worn, and looks as if Queen -Elizabeth had been very unhappy in her old age. We recognise the -familiar Elizabethan dress, the ruff, the high-heeled shoes, the pointed -bodice and wide skirts. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - QUEEN ELIZABETH. -] - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - CHARLES II. -] - -Next to Queen Elizabeth stand the effigies of William III and Mary II, -which are placed together in one large case. The crown is on a pedestal -between the two figures, and both sovereigns carry the sceptre and the -orb, so as to show that they reigned jointly, Mary not being -Queen-Consort merely. William was evidently a good deal shorter than his -wife, for he stands on a foot-stool in order to look equal in height. -Mary wears a brocaded skirt, and a purple velvet robe over it. She also -wears imitation paste and pearl ornaments and beautiful lace in her -sleeves. The last effigy of a sovereign is that of Queen Anne. She is -represented seated, and is dressed in robes of brocaded silk. She wears -many ornaments, and has a crown over her dark, flowing hair. Her face is -rather fat, with a kindly, good-natured expression. - -Close to the case which holds the effigy of Queen Anne is a figure of -General Monck, in armour. This figure used to look very much battered -and greatly the worse for wear, but it has lately been rather mended up. -The cap is the famous one mentioned in the _Ingoldsby Legends_, in the -well-known lines— - - “I thought on Naseby, Marston Moor, and Worcester’s crowning fight, - When on my ear a sound there fell, it filled me with affright; - As thus, in low unearthly tones, I heard a voice begin— - ‘This here’s the cap of General Monck! Sir, please put summat in.’” - -General Monck, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, is buried in Henry VII’s -Chapel, as we have already said. - -The next effigy is that of Frances Theresa Stuart, Duchess of Richmond -and Lennox, a great beauty in her day. She was maid-of-honour to -Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. She sat as a model for the -figure of Britannia on a medal which was struck to commemorate the -Treaty of Breda, when peace was made between the English and Dutch after -the first Dutch War. This was in 1667. The figure of Britannia is no -doubt the same that we now see on our pennies and halfpennies. Frances -Stuart is dressed in the robes she wore at the Coronation of Queen Anne. -Beside her is her parrot, which died a few days after her. This lady -left particular orders about her effigy, directing that it should be “as -well done in wax as can bee—and sett up in a presse by itself, ... with -cleare Crowne glasse before it, and dressed in my Coronation Robes and -Coronett.” The effigy at first stood beside the Duchess’s grave in Henry -VII’s Chapel. - -Next to the Duchess of Richmond and Lennox stand the effigies of -Catherine, Duchess of Buckinghamshire, and her little son, the Marquis -of Normanby, who died when a child. The Duchess, with her husband and -children, are buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, and a large monument is -erected there to the Duke, who was distinguished as a politician, -soldier, and man of letters in the reigns of Charles II and James II. - -The Duchess of Buckinghamshire died in 1743. Her effigy is dressed in -the robes that she wore at the Coronation of George II. This lady -settled all about her own funeral with the Garter King-at-Arms, and was -quite afraid lest she should die before the grand canopy came home. “Let -them send it,” she said, “though all the tassels are not finished.” -Buckingham House, where the Duchess lived, was built by her husband on -the site of the present Buckingham Palace. - -In the middle of the Chantry is a glass case containing the effigy of -Edmund Sheffield, last Duke of Buckinghamshire, and son of the Duchess -whose effigy has just been described. The young Duke died in Rome in -1735, aged only nineteen. This effigy, which is a very fine one, was the -last ever carried at a funeral. The Duchess wanted to borrow the great -Duke of Marlborough’s funeral car for the funeral of her son. But Sarah, -the celebrated Duchess of Marlborough, replied very haughtily that “it -carried my Lord Marlborough, and it shall never be profaned by any other -corpse.” Whereupon the Duchess of Buckinghamshire retorted: “I have -consulted the undertaker, and he tells me I may have a finer for twenty -pounds.” - -There are two other wax figures in the Chantry, but they are not, -properly speaking, effigies, because they were not used in the funeral -processions, but were only put up to attract sightseers. These figures -represent two very eminent Englishmen, namely, William Pitt the elder, -afterwards Lord Chatham, and Lord Nelson. Both figures are remarkably -good, and must be excellent likenesses. Lord Chatham wears his peer’s -robes, and a wig, such as was then the fashion. - -Lord Nelson’s effigy is dressed in naval uniform; all the dress, except -the coat, belonged to Nelson himself. The eye-patch for Nelson’s blind -eye was found attached to the inner lining of the hat when Maclise -borrowed it to copy for his well-known picture, “The Death of Nelson.” - -These wax effigies, then, are not mere curiosities, but are interesting, -both as showing us an ancient funeral custom and as representing people -who played a part in the English history of their day. - -[Illustration: - - [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ - - SOUTH CLOISTER. -] - - - - - CHAPTER XI - THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS - - “_That Fabric rises high as Heaven, - Whose Basis on Devotion stands._” - MATTHEW PRIOR. - - -With the help of the Abbey we have taken a long, and perhaps rather -hurried, journey through many centuries of our country’s history, and -have tried to think of the many links by which the Abbey is bound to all -English hearts. We must now turn back again across those centuries, and -try to remember something of the old monastery, of its buildings, of the -Abbots who governed it, and of the sort of lives the monks lived. - -The Abbey, as we already know, was dedicated to St. Peter from the -earliest days. The monks belonged to the great Benedictine order. That -order, which had spread over all Europe, “from Poland to Portugal, and -from Cumberland to Calabria,” was founded by St. Benedict in the sixth -century after Christ. St. Benedict was born in Italy about the year 480, -during a very restless and troubled time, just after the last Emperor -had been driven out of Rome. Benedict very soon determined to live the -life of a monk, and when he was quite a boy he went away from Rome to a -place in the mountains near. From this place he went to a yet more -remote and lonely one, the wild and beautiful Subiaco, where the Emperor -Nero had once had a “villa” or country house. - -There are two famous Benedictine monasteries at Subiaco, and it is an -interesting thing to remember that the first books printed in Italy were -printed at one of these monasteries, just as in England many of Caxton’s -books were printed under the shadow of the Benedictine Abbey of -Westminster. - -Again, when St. Benedict built his great monastery at Monte Cassino, he -built it on the site of a Temple of Apollo, just as King Lucius is said -to have done in those far-off days at “Thorney,” or Westminster. - -St. Benedict directed that the monks of his order should divide their -time between the services in the church, study, and manual work of some -kind. It should never be forgotten that it is largely to the monasteries -that we owe the preservation of learning, and our inheritance of the -great writings of the Greek and Roman world. - -The idea of making monasteries places of study and learning did not -begin with St. Benedict, but Western Europe owes him a great debt for -having insisted that study should be an important part of a monk’s work. -This was a great service to mankind and to civilisation in those wild -days of barbarian invasion and almost constant war. - -It should be remembered, too, that the clergy and monks were the chief, -if not the only, teachers during several centuries. If we want to see -and understand this we can find an example in what our own countryman, -Alcuin of York, did for education under the patronage and with the help -of Charlemagne. - -The Chapel dedicated to St. Benedict in the Abbey has already been -mentioned two or three times. This Chapel is just at the entrance of the -South Ambulatory. - -On the south side of the Abbey Church, and protected by it from the cold -north, lies the beautiful cloister where the monks and their pupils -spent a great deal of their time. The Cloister-walks form a quadrangle, -with a large grass plot in the middle. Under that peaceful grass plot -many of the Westminster monks are resting, and many people are buried in -the Cloister itself. - -The present Cloister is of different dates. Parts of the East and North -Walks are of the time of Henry III and Edward I. Another part of the -East Walk was built in the reign of Edward III, and the South and West -Walks were built some years later by Abbot Litlington. It is said that -every style of English architecture can be seen in the Westminster -Cloisters; and this is true, because, as we shall see, some of the old -Norman Cloister remains, and in the great Cloister we can find the Early -English, the Decorated, and the Perpendicular styles. - -The Cloister was not a burial-place only. It was a very important part -of the monastery, as much of the daily life went on there. - -In those days the windows had glass in them; the floor and benches were -strewn with straw and hay in summer, and with rushes in winter. The -walls were decorated with frescoes, and lamps hung from the vaulting. - -The East Cloister was given up to the Abbot, who was a great personage. -Whenever he passed, every one rose and bowed and kept silence. The monks -themselves used the North Cloister, where the Prior also sate. The -novices and pupils worked at their lessons in the West Cloister. The -pupils sate one behind the other; they were not allowed to make jokes or -to make signals to one another. They had to talk always in French. They -were to take great care about their writing and illuminations, and no -doubt many beautiful old illuminated missals and other books came forth -from those Cloister walks at Westminster. - -In the South Cloister is a very large bluish gravestone, reminding us of -the terrible plague which visited most of Europe about the middle of the -fourteenth century, and which was called “The Black Death.” Twenty-six -of the Westminster monks, including the Abbot, died of the Black Death -in 1348–49, and the monks are supposed to have been buried beneath this -huge gravestone, which used to be called “Long Meg.” The Abbot, -Byrcheston, was buried near the Chapter-House entrance, in the part of -the Cloister which was built in his time. - -Close to “Long Meg” are the graves of several of the Abbots of Norman -and early Plantagenet times. Three of the figures still remain close to -the wall, but the names are not carved over the right gravestones. After -1220 it became the custom to bury the Abbots in the church itself. - -In the East Cloister there is a beautiful carved archway, which forms -the entrance to a lovely little passage with very sharply pointed -arches. This passage leads into the Chapter-House, one of the finest -parts of the Abbey buildings. The “incomparable Chapter-House,” as an -old chronicler calls it, was begun by Henry III in 1250. It is -eight-sided, and the vault springs from a tall and graceful central -pillar, just as the branches spring from a palm tree. The windows are -very famous for their beautiful tracery. The stained glass in them is -modern, and is a memorial to the late Dean Stanley. - -The walls were once covered with paintings, but these have been sadly -destroyed, and only very few have been preserved. In the glass cases -which are now placed in the Chapter-House are many most interesting and -valuable things, such as the great illuminated missal presented to the -Abbey by Abbot Litlington, and charters granted to the Abbey by various -Kings, from the Saxon times onward. - -There is also a splendidly bound book of Henry VII’s time, concerning -certain arrangements between the King and the Abbey of Westminster, and -the _Liber Regalis_, or Coronation book of Richard II. - -In another case will be found an interesting collection of old seals. - -The Westminster Chapter-House has had a very varied and rather exciting -history. In the old days the Chapter-House was the meeting-place of the -convent. There the affairs of the monastery used to be discussed; there -complaints might be made; there the monks might confess their faults; -and there, usually, they were punished. The Consistory Court of the -convent used to be held in the South-West Tower. The seats for the judge -and his assessors are still to be seen against the south wall, below the -monument to Henry Fawcett. A Consistory Court was the place where trials -which had to do with church matters were held. - -[Illustration: - - [_G. A. Dunn._ - - THE CHAPTER-HOUSE. -] - -About thirty years after the Chapter-House was first built it began to -be used as the meeting-place of the House of Commons, at the time when -the Commons were separated from the Lords. The last time that the -Commons sate in the Westminster Chapter-House was on the last day of -Henry VIII’s reign, and the last act passed there was the attainder of -the Duke of Norfolk (1546). In 1547 the House of Commons moved to the -Chapel of St. Stephen in the Palace of Westminster, and the -Chapter-House began to be used as the Record Office. It is curious, when -we look at the Chapter-House as it is now, to think that it was once all -lined round with galleries and cupboards, and that the Records of the -kingdom were kept here until 1864. Soon afterwards the Chapter-House was -restored to its present state, and is no doubt very like what it was in -Henry III’s time. While it was the Record Office, Domesday Book and many -other most precious books and documents had their home at Westminster. - -Under the Chapter-House is a crypt, of which the walls are eighteen feet -thick, and which, long centuries ago, was used as the Royal Treasury. -The Regalia and stores of money were kept there. In 1303 a terrible -thing happened. There was a great robbery of the Royal Treasure; the -money which Edward I had collected for the Scottish wars was stolen, as -well as part of the Regalia. It is sad to think that some of the -Westminster monks had to do with this disgraceful robbery, but they were -found out and punished. - -Below the pavement of the entrance to the Chapter-House are buried (1) -Abbot Edwyn, the friend and adviser of Edward the Confessor, and the -first Abbot of his new monastery; (2) Hugolin, who was Chamberlain and -Treasurer to the Confessor; and (3) Sulcard, a monk, who wrote the first -history of the Abbey. In the vestibule, close to the Chapter-House, are -the modern window and tablet in memory of James Russell Lowell, the -well-known American poet and prose writer. Lowell was for many years the -United States Minister in London, and was much beloved, both in this -country and his own. - -The Chapel of the Pyx, close by the Chapter-House, was formerly the -monastic Treasury. At one time the Regalia were kept there. The Chapel -is so called from the “pyx,” or box, which contained the standard coins -of the realm, used for testing our current coinage. The pyx has now been -moved to the Mint, but the Chapel still keeps its ancient name. The -Chapel of the Pyx, and the buildings next to it, belong to the Norman -time, and over them the monks’ Dormitory was built. Part of the old -Dormitory is now used as the Chapter Library, and part as the Great -School. - -Most of the treasures in the old monastic library were destroyed in the -time of Edward VI; and unfortunately, many of the books collected by the -earlier Deans were destroyed in a fire in 1694. - -Another very interesting part of the monastic buildings was the -Refectory, or dining-hall of the monks. The first Refectory was built, -probably, in the early Norman times, and was a stately room. It was -rebuilt in the reign of Edward III, when it was made still larger, and -only the lower part of the old Norman walls was kept. Some of this -Norman wall can still be seen. - -In the book of the “Customs” of the monastery, or “Consuetudines,” as -the long Latin name goes, are very strict rules about behaviour at -meals. No monk might speak at all, and even the guests might only -whisper. No one was to sit with his hand on his chin, or with his hand -over his head, because that might look as if he were in pain. No one -might lean on his elbows, or stare, or crack nuts with his teeth. All -these old rules seem to be very good ones, and might be useful to some -people in the twentieth century. - -But the Refectory is interesting for many historical reasons. Here, in -1252, Henry III swore to observe Magna Charta. Henry, standing with the -Book of the Gospels in one hand and a lighted taper in the other, and -surrounded by the Archbishops and other great clergy, took his solemn -oath. Upon this they all dashed their tapers on the ground, saying “So -go out, with smoke and stench, the accursed souls of those who break or -pervert the Charter.” - -In 1294, Edward I held a great council of clergy and laity in the -Refectory at Westminster. On this occasion the King was demanding a -subsidy of half their possessions, to the consternation of the assembled -council. The Dean of St. Paul’s was trying to persuade the King not to -ask so much, and in his anxiety and excitement the poor man fell dead at -Edward’s feet. The old history says that Edward took very little -notice,—“passed over this event with indifferent eyes,” and insisted on -having what he asked. - -It was in the Refectory that the Commons impeached Piers Gaveston, the -favourite and bad adviser of Edward II. And besides this, the Commons -met here several times during the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and -Henry V, so we see that this great hall has been very closely connected -with the history of England. - -It is supposed that part of the large quantity of stone granted to -Protector Somerset was taken from the Refectory. This stone was used by -him in the building of Somerset House. - -Another important part of the monastery was the Infirmary, the place -where the old and infirm monks lived in their old age. It stood on the -site of what is now called the Little Cloister, but the present Little -Cloister is much more modern, and belongs to what is called the -“Jacobean” time. - -The low, barrel-vaulted passages which lead from the Great Cloister to -the site of the old Infirmary are some of the very oldest parts of the -Abbey buildings, as they were built, if not actually during the -Confessor’s lifetime, at any rate by the first Norman Kings. They are -therefore more than 800 years old. In one of the ancient Norman rooms, -below the former Dormitory of the monks, the Dean and Chapter have -lately arranged a very interesting kind of museum, containing various -fragments of old carving and other valuable relics of former times. -There, too, have been placed the very oldest of the wax effigies, which -are too battered and ragged to be shown with the others in the Islip -Chantry. Here are the rather ghastly remains of the effigies of Edward -III and Philippa, Henry V and Katherine de Valois, of Mary Tudor and -some others. - -Round to the left, through an even darker bit of Cloister, was the -Infirmary, of which we were just now speaking. The Infirmary was almost -a monastery in itself, having a cloister, a garden, and a very beautiful -chapel of its own. This chapel was built in the twelfth century, and was -dedicated to St. Katherine. Some of its arches still remain in the -garden of one of the modern houses. Many interesting things took place -in St. Katherine’s Chapel. One of these was a famous struggle between -the Archbishops of Canterbury and York as to which was to sit in the -chief place on the right hand of the Papal Legate. It was settled that -the Archbishop of Canterbury was to have the precedence, and be called -“Primate of all England.” Another interesting event connected with St. -Katherine’s Chapel, and a pleasanter one to think of, is the -consecration of St. Hugh of Lincoln in 1186. St. Hugh was a pupil and -disciple of St. Bruno, and came to his northern bishopric from the -famous monastery of the Grande Chartreuse in the south of France. The -old garden of the Infirmary is still the Abbey garden, and lies just -beyond the Little Cloister. Close to it is the ancient Jewel House, -where the King’s jewels used to be kept. It was built by Richard II on a -piece of ground which was bought from the Abbey by Edward III in the -last year of his reign. - -Other parts of the monastery, such as the granary, the malt-house, -brew-house, and bake-house, stood in the square or court which is now -called Dean’s Yard. Parts of some of these ancient buildings still -remain below the modern houses. We shall hear of the granary again, in -another chapter. - -In former days Dean’s Yard used to be known as “The Elms,” and was -enclosed by the old monastery walls. - -The Almonry, or place where the alms of the monastery used to be given -to the poor, was on the south-west side of Broad Sanctuary. It was close -to the Almonry that Caxton set up his printing-press. - -We can easily see what an important place a great monastery must have -been, when we think of all its different parts, and of the work of -various kinds that went on in it. - -But we must not take leave of the old monastic buildings and life -without saying a few words about the Sanctuary, which played an -important part in the Abbey history, and even in the history of England. -It has already been told how Queen Elizabeth Woodville “took Sanctuary,” -as they said in those days, and how Edward V was born while she was at -Westminster. The Abbey, like many other great religious houses, had the -right of Sanctuary. That is to say, people who took refuge there could -not be carried off to prison, or injured in any way. It was considered -an awful thing to kill any one who was in Sanctuary. In the rough and -cruel times of the Middle Ages it was perhaps a good thing for people to -have such a refuge, and no doubt many helpless and innocent persons were -then saved from violence and injustice. But, as might be expected, many -bad people used to fly into Sanctuary, and as time went on this became a -great abuse. Queen Elizabeth took away some of the privileges of -Sanctuary, and in James I’s reign it was done away with altogether. - -The actual Sanctuary Tower, which was a square Norman fortress, stood -very much where Westminster Hospital now stands. Close to this tower -there was a belfry, where some famous bells used to hang. - -Near the Sanctuary Tower was the old Gatehouse, or prison, of the -monastery. It was in this Gatehouse that Sir Walter Raleigh spent the -last night of his life, and other well-known people were imprisoned -there, such as John Hampden, and Richard Lovelace, the Cavalier poet. - - - - - CHAPTER XII - SOME OF THE ABBOTS - - “_It is no small thing to dwell in monasteries, or in a - congregation, and to live there without complaint, and to persevere - faithfully even unto death._” - - (_The Imitation of Christ._) - - -The name of Abbot Edwyn, who was the first Abbot to rule over the -Confessor’s newly founded monastery, leads us on to think of some few -others among the Abbots who played a part in English history. We may -begin by mentioning the name of Abbot Gilbert Crispin, a Norman, who was -Abbot during the time of the Norman Kings, from 1085 to 1117. He had -been a monk at the famous monastery of Bec in Normandy, and was a pupil -of St. Anselm and of Lanfranc. Crispin was a learned man, and ruled the -Abbey during a stormy time in English history. William Rufus seems to -have had a great regard for him, and for the love he bore him he was -kinder to the Westminster monks than to many others. It was while -Crispin was Abbot that the Confessor’s tomb was first opened. - -In his time, too, Henry I’s marriage with the Saxon princess, Matilda, -took place, and on the same day, 11th November 1100, Matilda’s -Coronation by Archbishop Anselm. - -Two of the Abbots in the early Plantagenet times obtained from the Pope -the right to wear a mitre and other outward marks of dignity. In later -days the “mitred Abbot” of Westminster sate in the House of Lords, next -after the Bishops. In Henry III’s reign the Abbey was made independent -of the Bishop of London, and it keeps that independent position down to -our own day. - -Abbot Berkyng, who was a great friend and adviser of Henry III, was one -of the people who signed Magna Charta. He was a Privy Councillor, and -finally Lord Treasurer. He was also one of the Lords Justices of the -kingdom while Henry III was away at the Welsh wars in 1245. This shows -us what important men the Abbots were in those days. Abbot Berkyng died -in 1246, and was first buried in front of the altar of Henry III’s Lady -Chapel. His body now lies in the South Ambulatory, close to the steps of -Henry VII’s Chapel. - -The next Abbot we will mention is Abbot Ware. His name is interesting -because in 1267, while Henry III was building his new Abbey Church, -Abbot Ware went on a visit to Rome, and brought back with him the -materials for the wonderful mosaic pavement in the Sacrarium, and the -materials for the decoration of the Confessor’s shrine. He also brought -with him the Italian workmen who laid the pavement, and who made the -lovely glass and gold mosaics for the shrine. It was Abbot Ware who drew -up the “customs” of which we have just heard, with all kinds of rules -and directions for behaviour. - -We must now pass over nearly a century, and speak of one very able and -energetic Abbot who did a great deal of building in the Nave, the -cloisters, and elsewhere in the monastery. This was Nicholas Litlington, -who was made Abbot in 1362, in succession to Abbot Langham. Abbot -Langham, who was made a Cardinal by the Pope, is buried in a very fine -tomb in St. Benedict’s Chapel. He left a large sum of money to the -Abbey, and this money was used by Abbot Litlington for building. -Litlington died in 1386, and is buried in the South Transept. - -The fine rooms known as the College Hall and Jerusalem Chamber were -built by Abbot Litlington somewhere about the end of Edward III’s reign, -when he rebuilt the Abbot’s house. It is thought that there had probably -been an earlier Jerusalem Chamber on the same site as the present one. -The name is said to have been given to the room because the tapestries -which hung on the walls represented scenes from the history of -Jerusalem. - -It has already been told how Henry IV died in this famous room, and how -Shakspeare describes the scene in his play. - -Another interesting bit of English history to be remembered in the -Jerusalem Chamber is the banquet given to the French Ambassadors in -1624, by Lord Keeper Williams, then Dean of Westminster, in honour of -Charles I’s marriage with Henrietta Maria of France. Dean Williams -restored and decorated the room for this occasion, and on the cedarwood -mantelpiece are small carved heads representing Charles I and his French -bride. - -Much important work of various kinds has been done in the Jerusalem -Chamber. The Assembly of Divines held its meetings here in 1643, during -the time of the Commonwealth, and drew up the Longer and Shorter -Catechism, and the Confession of Faith, known as the “Westminster -Confession.” - -Here, too, the Revisors of the Old and New Testaments used to meet for -their great work, which began in 1870. - -[Illustration: - - [_D. Weller_. - - THE JERUSALEM CHAMBER. -] - -The Jerusalem Chamber is now used as the Chapter-House, because the -actual Chapter-House still belongs to the Government, and not to the -Abbey. - -The College Hall, which was built by Abbot Litlington to be his -refectory or dining-hall, is now used as the dining-hall for the -Westminster scholars. It is a beautiful room, with long windows in the -Early Perpendicular style, and a minstrels’ gallery at one end. The -fireplace, or stove, is in the middle of the room, and gives it a very -old-world look. The long tables in the hall are said to be made of -chestnut wood from the wrecked ships of the Spanish Armada, and to have -been given to the school by Queen Elizabeth. - -The College Hall forms one side of the old courtyard of the “Abbot’s -place” (or palace) as it was called, part of which house is now the -Deanery. - -Litlington’s successor, Abbot Colchester, is said to have joined in a -conspiracy against Henry IV. This story was evidently accepted by -Shakspeare, for in his play, _King Richard II_, he writes— - - “The grand Conspirator, Abbot of Westminster, - With clog of conscience and sour melancholy, - Hath yielded up his body to the grave.” - -There is, however, no good foundation for the story of Abbot -Colchester’s conspiracy, and he lived on quietly until 1420. - -Two of the Abbots of Henry VII’S reign, Abbot Esteney and Abbot Islip, -did a good deal of building in the church and precincts. The great West -Window was set up in Abbot Esteney’s time, and the tracery shows how -entirely different the Perpendicular style of architecture is from the -Early English, in which the rest of the Abbey is built. The glass of the -West Window was put in much later, during the reign of George II. - -In Abbot Islip’s time Henry VII’s Chapel was built, the Abbot himself -laying the foundation-stone. The western towers were carried up as far -as the roof, and some rooms were added to the Abbot’s house. One of -these is the charming panelled room known as the Jericho Parlour. - -In the Nave, just over the Dean’s entrance, is a wooden gallery, which -is called the “Abbot’s Pew.” This, too, was put up by Abbot Islip. Islip -also fitted up the beautiful little Chapel which is named after him, and -in which he is buried. On the frieze of the Chapel are curious little -carvings, representing the Abbot’s name. One is an eye, with a hand -holding a branch, or slip: I-slip. Another is a man slipping from the -branch of a tree: “I slip.” A little design like this is properly called -a “rebus,” and there are many of them to be found on tombs erected about -that time. - -In the Chantry above Islip’s Chapel are the wax effigies, about which we -have already read. - -The last Abbot, John Feckenham, who was appointed in Mary Tudor’s time, -had suffered much for his religion during the reign of Edward VI. But in -spite of having himself been persecuted he was a kind and tolerant man, -and was good to the Protestants who were persecuted in Queen Mary’s -time. - -Abbot Feckenham went to visit Lady Jane Grey in prison, and was with her -on the scaffold, but he could not persuade her to give up her Protestant -form of faith. - -It was Abbot Feckenham who restored the Confessor’s shrine after it had -been all dismantled and partially destroyed in the reign of Henry VIII. - -The funeral of Anne of Cleves took place in Feckenham’s time. Anne had -become a Roman Catholic. She died at Chelsea in 1557, and was buried -with great state by Queen Mary’s order. - -On 24th December 1558, Abbot Feckenham must have taken part in the last -royal funeral service held in the Abbey according to the Roman Catholic -rite. This was the service ordered by Queen Elizabeth on the death of -the Emperor Charles V, who was Queen Mary’s father-in-law. - -Feckenham quite refused to obey Queen Elizabeth’s laws concerning Church -matters, although Elizabeth seems to have been very kindly disposed -towards him. - -When the monastery was dissolved in 1559 the Abbot and some of the monks -were sent to the Tower, and Feckenham lived on for twenty-five years in -a kind of captivity, though he did not remain at the Tower. He was a -very good man: kind to the poor and suffering, and steadfast to what he -believed to be right. Since his day the Abbey has been governed by a -Dean and Chapter, and the monastic life has ended. - - - - - CHAPTER XIII - WESTMINSTER SCHOOL - - “_Enflamed with the study of learning, and the admiration of virtue; - stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave men and worthy - patriots, dear to God, and famous to all ages._” - - MILTON (_Tract on Education_). - - -Before we say farewell to the Abbey and its story altogether we must -speak of one very important part of it, and one that ought to be -specially interesting to all English children, namely, the ancient and -famous Westminster School. - -The history of the School takes us back really to Saxon times, as we -know that there was a school belonging to the monastery in the -Confessor’s days, and it may have been there even earlier than that. -There is a charming little story of that old convent school in the -eleventh century. The Abbot of Croyland used to tell of the kindness he -received from the Lady Editha, wife of the Confessor, when he was a boy -at the monk’s school in the cloisters. When she met him coming from -school, Editha would question him about his studies, and then, he says: -“She would always present me with three or four pieces of money, which -were counted out to me by her handmaiden, and then send me to the royal -larder to refresh myself.” - -The School seems to have been what was called a “Grammar School,” which -really meant that Latin was taught there, for in those old days they -used to speak of Latin as “grammar.” The school was probably a place of -general education, and not intended only for boys who were going to -become monks. But, of course, when speaking of Westminster School it -must be remembered that it owes its present form, and its wide influence -and prosperity, to its foundation by two of the Tudor sovereigns, King -Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth. - -In 1540, Henry VIII established the School with two masters and forty -scholars. There were probably other boys as well. The School went on and -flourished during the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, and then, when the -monastery was finally dissolved, it was re-established by Queen -Elizabeth in 1560. Queen Elizabeth kept very much to her father’s plan, -and arranged for a Headmaster, an undermaster, and forty scholars, who -are called “King’s scholars” or “Queen’s scholars,” according to whether -the sovereign is a King or a Queen. It was settled that the School was -to be part of the Collegiate Foundation of St. Peter in Westminster, and -the Dean was to be head of the school, just as he was of the rest of the -College. - -As we already know, the boys dined, as now, in Abbot Litlington’s -Refectory, the present College Hall. The old granary of the monastery, -which stood in the middle of what is now Dean’s Yard, was fitted up as -their dormitory, and there also they used to do what a modern boy would -call his “home-work.” This arrangement was made for them by the first -Dean of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, Dr. William Bill. - -In those old days there must have been a good deal of what we should -call hardship, for nearly every one now lives a much more comfortable -life than people did in the Elizabethan times. - -The Great School is part of what used to be the monks’ dormitory. It is -a splendid room, first built in the Norman days, and then altered or -rebuilt in the fourteenth century. It stands on a lower storey which is -part of the Norman buildings. The School was very well restored not many -years ago. Besides the Great School there are, of course, many -class-rooms. - -The King’s scholars now live in a fine building which was begun in Dean -Atterbury’s time, and designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is here that -the famous “Westminster Play” is acted every year, about Christmas time. -The performance of this Latin play is a very old custom, and probably -began in the time of Queen Elizabeth. If any member of the Royal Family -has died during the year the play is not given. - -Another curious old custom in the school is the tossing of the pancake -on Shrove Tuesday. This takes place in the Great School. In former days, -when classes were held in the Great School, there used to be a curtain -hung right across, to divide the upper and lower schools. This curtain -hung from an iron rod, which still remains, although the curtain has -gone. Every Shrove Tuesday the college cook has to bring a very solid -sort of pancake and throw it over this high bar. No doubt he has to -practise a good deal before he can do it properly, and he does not -always throw it over the first time. The boys scramble to catch it, and -if any boy gets the whole pancake the Dean’s Verger leads him to the -Dean, who gives him a guinea. - -[Illustration: - - [_W. Rice, F.R.P.S._ - - LITTLE DEAN’S YARD—ENTRANCE TO GREAT SCHOOL. -] - -In old days the whole school might join in the scramble, and rather a -dangerous one it was. Now it has been arranged that only a certain -number of boys may struggle for the pancake, these boys being chosen -from various forms. - -Some of the most celebrated of the Westminster scholars have graves or -monuments in the Abbey, and thus are doubly connected with Westminster. -A few of these have already been mentioned, as, for example, Ben Jonson, -the famous poet and dramatist, and the poets Abraham Cowley, George -Herbert, John Dryden, William Cowper, and Robert Southey. - -Matthew Prior, a poet much admired in his own day, was also a -Westminster scholar. He died in 1721, and was buried near Spenser. His -monument is near Poets’ Corner door. - -Barton Booth, a well-known actor in the eighteenth century, was at -Westminster school. He died in 1733, and his widow put up a monument to -him in Poets’ Corner many years afterwards. Two streets in Westminster -are named in memory of him. One of these is Barton street, and the other -is Cowley street, called after Booth’s burial-place at Cowley, in -Middlesex. Both these streets are close to the Abbey precincts. - -Most people have heard of the famous Headmaster of Westminster in the -seventeenth century, Dr. Richard Busby. He was Headmaster during the -troublous times of the Civil War and the Commonwealth, and was still -headmaster in the reigns of Charles II and James II. He was a very -remarkable man, and had many distinguished pupils. He was celebrated -both for scholarship and for severity. - -It is told of Dr. Busby that on one occasion, when Charles II paid an -unexpected visit to the School, he would not take off his hat in the -King’s presence, for fear that if he did so the boys might think less of -his authority. - -Dr. Busby died in 1695, and was buried in the South Transept. His -monument is very interesting, partly on account of the pathetic figure -of Busby and the fine expression of the face. - -One of his remarkable pupils is buried near him, and the monuments are -quite close to one another. This pupil was Dr. Robert South, a great -preacher, and Prebendary of Westminster. South could remember seeing -Cromwell when he first appeared in Parliament, and heard Charles I -prayed for in the Abbey on the very day of his death, “that black and -eternally infamous day of the King’s murder.” Dr. South died in 1716. - -There was always a great deal of Royalist feeling in the School, even -all through the Commonwealth time, and a leading Independent went so far -as to say that it would never be well with the nation until the School -was suppressed, so strongly did the boys take the Royalist side. - -Dean Atterbury, of whom we have already heard, was a Westminster -scholar, and a pupil of Dr. Busby. As we know, he took a great part in -the plots to bring back James II’s son, some of which plots went on in a -secret chamber in the Deanery itself. - -Richard Hakluyt, author of the _Voyages and Travels_; Warren Hastings, -of Indian fame; and the well-known statesman, Lord John Russell, all -formerly Westminster boys, have already been mentioned. In Statesmen’s -Corner is the large monument of Lord Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of -England in 1756. He was also a Westminster scholar, and desired to be -buried in the Abbey, “from the love which he bore to the place of his -early education.” He died in 1793. - -Charles Wesley and his elder brother Samuel were both educated at -Westminster School. The memorial to John and Charles Wesley in the South -Choir aisle has already been described. It is interesting to remember -that Westminster School was in this way directly connected with one of -the most important religious movements in England during the eighteenth -century. - -Among the great soldiers who were at Westminster School were Lord Lucan, -the Marquis of Anglesey, and Lord Raglan. John Locke, the philosopher, -Sir Christopher Wren, the great architect, and Edward Gibbon, author of -the famous _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, were also Westminster -boys. - -And now our travels through the centuries and round the Abbey, with all -its memories, must end. We have seen how that little Church on Thorney -Isle has gradually grown into this stately Abbey, the home of all the -great Anglo-Saxon race. We have seen too, at the same time, how the -little English kingdom of the early Saxon days has expanded into a -world-wide empire. It is for the children of Great Britain to see that -the Abbey shall stand, not only for noble memories, but also for high -hopes,—hopes, not only of riches and worldly success, but of the -righteousness that exalteth a nation. - - - - - _Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, _Edinburgh_ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF WESTMINSTER -ABBEY *** - -***** This file should be named 63628-0.txt or 63628-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/6/2/63628/ - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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