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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf687ac --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62871 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62871) diff --git a/old/62871-8.txt b/old/62871-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8955043..0000000 --- a/old/62871-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2957 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Thoughts on a Pebble, by Gideon Algernon Mantell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Thoughts on a Pebble - or, A First Lesson in Geology - -Author: Gideon Algernon Mantell - -Release Date: August 7, 2020 [EBook #62871] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from materials made freely available -on The Internet Archive. All derived products are placed -in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. Whole and fractional -parts of numbers as 123-4/5. - - - - -THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE. - -[Illustration] - -REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS, -KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. - -[Illustration: GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, L.L.D. F.R.S - -_Vice-President of the Geological Society &c. &c._] - - - - - THOUGHTS - - ON A - - PEBBLE, - - OR, - - A FIRST LESSON IN GEOLOGY. - - - BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE WONDERS OF GEOLOGY." - - -[Illustration: _The Nautilus and the Ammonite._ _Vide_, p. 57.] - - -"There is no picking up a pebble by the brook-side, without finding all -nature in connexion with it." - - _Contemplations of Nature._ - -EIGHTH EDITION; WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -LONDON: - -REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. - -1849. - - - TO - - MY SON, - - =Reginald Nebille Mantell, C.E.,= - - THESE - - "THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE" - - ARE MOST AFFECTIONATELY - - INSCRIBED. - - - LONDON, - - 19, CHESTER SQUARE, PIMLICO. - - 1849. - -"Every grain of sand is an immensity--every leaf a world--every insect -an assemblage of incomprehensible effects in which reflection is lost." - - Lavater. - - -"To the natural philosopher there is no natural object that is -unimportant or trifling. From the least of Nature's works he may learn -the greatest lessons. The fall of an apple to the ground may raise his -thoughts to the laws which govern the revolutions of the planets in -their orbits; or the situation of a _pebble_ may afford him evidence of -the state of the globe he inhabits, myriads of ages before his species -became its denizens." - - Sir J. F. W. Herschel. - - - - -TO THE READER. - - -Deeply impressed with the conviction that it is of the highest -importance the young and inquiring mind should have a correct idea -of natural phenomena--that it should not be left to its own unaided -efforts to unravel the mysteries of the beautiful world in which this -first state of being is destined to be passed--or have its curiosity -stifled or misled by unsatisfactory or erroneous conjectures--I have -endeavoured in this little work to explain in a simple and attractive -guise, some of the grand truths relating to the ancient physical -history of our planet, which modern geology has established. - -The favourable reception of these desultory "_Thoughts_" which -were originally penned for the amusement and instruction of an -intelligent boy, is a gratifying proof that the attempt has not been -unsuccessful; and I would fain indulge the hope, that this "_First -Lesson in Geology_" may still be productive of good, by exciting in -some youthful minds a desire for the acquisition of natural knowledge; -and inculcating the important truth, that He who formed the Universe -has created nothing in vain; that His works all harmonize to blessings -unbounded by the mightiest or most minute of His creatures; and that -the more our knowledge is increased, and our powers of observation are -enlarged, the more exalted will be our conception of His wondrous works. - - Chester Square, - Pimlico. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page. - - Thoughts on a Pebble: Part I. 5 - - More Thoughts on a Pebble: Part II. 33 - - "The Nautilus and the Ammonite" 57 - - Supplementary Notes 61 - - Note I. _Shells in Chalk_ 61 - - ---- II. _Wood in Flint_ 66 - - ---- III. _Whitby Ammonites_ 69 - - ---- IV. _Fossil Nautili_ 72 - - ---- V. _Brighton Cliffs_ 75 - - ---- VI. _Rotalię in Chalk and Flint_ 79 - - ---- VII. _Isle of Wight Pebbles_ 82 - - ---- VIII. _Zoophytes of the Chalk_ 87 - - ---- IX. _Minute Corals from the Chalk_ 92 - - ---- X. _Infusorial Earths_ 97 - - - - -LIGNOGRAPHS. - - - Page. - - 1. Vignette of Title-page. - - 2. Fossil Turban-echinus (_Cidaris_), with spines. 9 - - 3. Bivalve with spines (_Plagiostoma spinosum_) in - chalk; from Lewes. 11 - - 4. Teeth of several species of the Shark tribe, in - chalk; from Lewes. 12 - - 5. Chalk-dust highly magnified, consisting of minute - shells. 13 - - 6. Shells (_Rotalię_) from the chalk, highly magnified. 14 - - 7. Ammonite (_A. communis_) from the Lias, at Whitby. 20 - - 8. Nautilus (_N. elegans_) from the chalk-marl, Lewes. 22 - - 9. View of the Cliffs east of Brighton. 27 - - 10. Fossil animalcules (_Xanthidia_) in flint. 35 - - 11. _Xanthidium palmatum_, in flint. 37 - - 12. Rotalia in flint. 39 - - 13. Minute scales of fishes in flint. 40 - - 14. Choanites from the chalk; near Lewes. 44 - - 15. A branch of fossil coral attached to the pebble 46 - - 16. Coral-polype in flint. 47 - - 17. Minute Corals from chalk. 50 - - 18. Fossil cases or shields of animalcules from - Richmond, Virginia; highly magnified. 53 - - 19. Several species of Lamp-shells (_Terebratulę_) from - the chalk, near Brighton. 63 - - 20. Silicified Oyster from the chalk. 65 - - 21. Coniferous wood in flint, from Lewes Priory. 68 - - 22. Several species of Ammonite. 69 - - 23. The body of a recent microscopic animalcule - (_Nonionina_), the shell having been removed by - immersion in acid. 81 - - 24. A branch of Sponge in flint; a minute Coral from - chalk; and a section of a pebble enclosing a - zoophyte (_Siphonia Morrisiana_). 85 - - 25. Flints deriving their shapes from Zoophytes - (_Ventriculites_). 89 - - 26. Ventriculites in chalk; from Lewes. 90 - - 27. Portions of three kinds of recent corals. 94 - - - - -LITHOGRAPHS. - - Page. - - Plate I. A rolled flint pebble, having a Choanite as a - nucleus, and the remains of an echinus and spine, - shell, and coral, apparent on the surface. 5 - - Plate II. A longitudinal section of the pebble, showing - the structure of the enclosed _Choanite_. 42 - - Plate III. A polished section of an Ammonite, having - the septa or chambers filled with variously coloured - spar, &c. 70 - - Plate IV. Polished sections of two pebbles from the - Isle of Wight; in the upper specimen, the transition - from opaque flint to cloudy chalcedony and - transparent quartz crystals, is beautifully shown; - the lower specimen is richly tinted; the dark - appearance is derived from manganese. 86 - -[Illustration: _Plate I._ - -"THE PEBBLE" - - -_Page 5_] - - - - - THOUGHTS - - ON A - - PEBBLE. - - "Honoured, therefore, be thou, thou small pebble, lying in the lane; - and whenever any one looks at thee, may he think of the beautiful and - noble world he lives in, and all of which it is capable." - - Leigh Hunt's _London Journal_, p. 10. - - - - -PART I. - - -Well might our immortal Shakspeare talk of "_Sermons in stones_;" and -Lavater exclaim, that "_Every grain of sand is an immensity_" and the -author of 'Contemplations of Nature' remark, that "_there is no picking -up a pebble by the brook-side without finding all nature in connexion -with it._" - -I shall confine my remarks to a _flint_ pebble, as being the kind of -stone familiar to every one. The pebble I hold in my hand was picked -up in the bed of the torrent which is dashing down the side of yonder -hill, and winding its way through that beautiful valley, and over those - - Huge rocks and mounds confus'dly hurl'd. - The fragments of an earlier world, - -which partially filling up the chasm, and obstructing the course of -the rushing waters, give rise to those gentle murmurings that are so -inexpressibly soothing and delightful to the soul. - -[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF THE PEBBLE.] - -Upon examining this stone I discover that it is but the fragment of a -much larger mass, and has evidently been transported from a distance, -for its surface is smooth and rounded, the angles having been worn -away by friction against other pebbles, produced by the agency of -running water. I trace the stream to its source, half way up the hill, -and find that it gushes out from a bed of gravel lying on a stratum of -clay, which forms the eminence where I am standing, and is nearly 300 -feet above the level of the British Channel. From this accumulation of -water-worn materials the pebble must have been removed by the torrent, -and carried down to the spot where it first attracted our notice; but -we are still very far from having ascertained its origin. The bed of -stones on the summit of this hill is clearly but a heap of transported -gravel--an ancient sea-beach or shingle--formed of chalk-flints, that -at some remote period were detached from their parent rock, and -broken, rolled, and thrown together, by the action of the waves. We are -certain of this because we know that flints cannot grow;[A] that they -were originally formed in the hollows or fissures of other stones; and -upon inspecting the pebble more attentively, we perceive, not only that -such was the case, but also that it has been moulded in _Chalk_, for it -contains the remains of certain species of extinct shells and corals, -which are found exclusively in that rock. Here then a remarkable -phenomenon presents itself for our consideration; this flint, now so -hard and unyielding, must once have been in a soft or fluid state, -for the delicate markings of the case and spine of an _Echinus_, or -Sea-Urchin, are deeply impressed on its surface;[B] and a fragile shell -with its spines, is partially imbedded in its substance.[C] Nay more, -upon breaking off one end of the pebble,[D] we find that a sponge, or -some analogous marine zoophyte, is entirely enveloped by the flint; -and also that there are here and there portions of minute corals, and -scales of fishes. What a "_Medal of Creation_" is here--what a page of -nature's volume to interpret--what interesting reflections crowd upon -the mind! - -[A] "_Flints cannot grow._"--Here I would digress for a moment to -notice an opinion so generally prevalent, that perhaps some of my -young readers will not be prepared at once to answer the question--_Do -stones grow?_ The farmer who annually ploughs the same land, and -observes a fresh crop of stones every season, will probably reply in -the affirmative; and the general observer who has for successive years -noticed his gardens and plantations strewn with stones, notwithstanding -their frequent removal, may possibly entertain the same opinion; but -a little reflection will show that stones cannot be said to grow or -increase, in the proper acceptation of the term. Animals and plants -grow, because they are provided with vessels and organs by winch they -are capable of taking up particles of matter and converting them -into their own substance; but an inorganic body can only increase in -bulk by the addition of some extraneous material; hence stones may -become incrusted, or they may be cemented together and form a solid -conglomerate, but they possess no inherent power by which they can -increase either in size or number--_they cannot grow_. - -[B] Plate I, _a_. - -[C] Plate I, _b_. - -[D] Plate I, _c_. - -[Sidenote: FOSSIL ECHINUS WITH SPINES.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 2:--Fossil Turban Echinus, with its -spines; in limestone. - -(See '_Medals of Creation_', p. 340.)] - -[Sidenote: FOSSIL SHELLS IN CHALK.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 3:--Shell with spines, imbedded in Chalk; -from Lewes. (See '_Medals of Creation_,' 1 p. 390.)] - -To avoid confusion, we will reverse the order of our inquiry, and first -contemplate the formation of the flint in its native rock. The Chalk, -that beautiful white stone, which (as an American friend, who saw it -for the first time, observed), is so like an artificial production, -abounds in marine shells and corals, and in the remains of fishes, -crabs, lobsters, and reptiles, all of which differ essentially from -living species; although a few of the corals and shells resemble, in -some particulars, certain kinds that inhabit the seas of hot climates. -These remains are found in so perfect a state--the shells with all -their spines and delicate processes (_Lign. 3_), and the fishes with -their teeth (_Lign, 4_), scales, and fins, entire--that no doubt can be -entertained of the animals having been surrounded by the chalk while -living in their native sea, and that many of them were entombed in -their stony sepulchres suddenly, when the rock was in the state of mud, -or like liquid plaster of Paris.[E] - -[E] See Note I. _Shells in the Chalk._ - -[Illustration: Lign. 4:--Fossil teeth of Fishes of the Shark -family, in Chalk; from Lewes. (See '_Medals of Creation_.' p. 625.)] - -[Sidenote: SHELLS AND FISHES IN CHALK.] - -But besides the fossils which are obvious to the unassisted eye, the -Chalk teems with myriads of minute forms that may readily be detected -with a lens of moderate power; and even when these have been extracted, -the residue, which appears to be merely white calcareous earth, is -found, when examined under the microscope, to consist almost wholly of -bodies yet more infinitesimal--of perfect shells and corals, so minute, -that a cubic inch of chalk may contain upwards of a million of these -organic remains (see _Lign. 5_)! - -[Illustration: Lign. 5:--A few grains of Chalk-dust highly -magnified, and shown to consist of shells, &c. - - _a, a_, Shells called Rotalia. - - _b_, ------------- Textularia. - - (See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 232.) - -] - - -The Chalk is stratified--that is, divided into _strata_ or layers--as -if a certain quantity of mud had sunk to the bottom of the sea, and -enveloped the shells, corals, &c., which fell in its way, and had -become somewhat solid before another layer was deposited upon it. - -[Sidenote: FLINT NODULES AND VEINS.] - -The mineral substance termed _silex_ or _flint_, is variously -distributed in the chalk. It most commonly occurs in the state of -nodules of an irregular or spheroidal, globular figure, which are -arranged in rows parallel and alternating with, the cretaceous strata; -it is likewise disposed in continuous thin layers, which are spread -over considerable areas; and it often forms horizontal, vertical, and -oblique veins, that fill up the fissures and interstices of the chalk. -The siliceous nodules frequently enclose corals, shells, sponges, -and other organic remains, as in the pebble before us; and in many -instances these fossils are found partly imbedded in the chalk and -partly invested with flint. But though flints contain in abundance -relics of the same species of marine animals as the chalk, they are not -like that rock composed of an aggregation of fossil remains; on the -contrary, the siliceous earth, which is their constituent substance, -was evidently once in a state of complete solution in water, and -precipitated into the chalk before the latter was consolidated, the -organic bodies serving as nuclei or centres around which the silex -concreted; for the deposition of the flint, like that of the chalk, -appears to have taken place periodically.[F] - -[F] Note II. _Wood in flint._ - -[Illustration: Lign. 6:--Minute fossil shells from Flint and -Chalk, very highly magnified, and seen by transmitted light. - - 1, 2, 3, 6, Rotalię; - - 4, Portion of a Nautilus; - - 5, Rotalia composed of flint. - - (See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 232.) - -] - -[Sidenote: ANIMALCULES IN CHALK.] - -The composition of the Chalk, and the prevalence throughout that rock -of the relics of animals that can only live in salt-water, prove -incontestably that the chalk and flint were deposited in the sea; -and that our beautiful South Downs, now so smooth and verdant, and -supporting thousands of flocks and herds, and the rich plains and -fertile valleys spread around their flanks, were once the bed of an -ocean. It is also evident not only that such must have been the case, -but also that the Chalk was deposited in the basin of a very _deep_ -sea--in the profound abyss of an ocean as vast as the Atlantic. - -[Sidenote: AMMONITES AND NAUTILI.] - -From the absence of gravel, shingle, and sea-beach, it is certain that -the white chalk-strata were formed at a great distance from sea-shores -and cliffs; and this inference is confirmed by the swarms of shells -termed _Ammonites_ and _Nautili_, which we know from their peculiar -structure were, like the recent pearly Nautilus, inhabitants of deep -waters only. For these are chambered shells; that is, are divided -internally by thin transverse shelly septa or plates, into numerous -cells; the body of the animal occupied only the outer compartment, -but was connected with the entire series of chambers by a tube or -siphuncle, which passed through each partition. This mechanism -constituted an apparatus which contributed to the buoyancy of these -animals when afloat on the waves; for the Ammonites and Nautili were -able to swim on the surface, or sink to the depths of the ocean at -pleasure. - - The fragile Nautilus that steers his prow, - The sea-born sailor of his shell canoe, - The Ocean Mab, the fairy of the sea, - O'er the blue waves at will to roam is free. - He, when the lightning-winged tornadoes sweep - The surf, is safe, his home is in the deep; - And triumphs o'er the Armadas of mankind, - Which shake the world, yet crumble in the wind. - - Byron, _The Island_. - -[Sidenote: WHITBY SNAKE-STONES.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 7:--Ammonite from Whitby.] - -The Ammonites, so called from the supposed resemblance of their shells -to the fabled horn of Jupiter Ammon, are only known in a fossil state; -but they must have swarmed in the ancient seas, for several hundred -species have been discovered in the Chalk and antecedent strata, though -none have been found in any deposits of more recent formation; at the -termination of the chalk epoch the whole race, therefore, appears to -have perished. The Ammonites are commonly termed _snake-stones_, from -the origin ascribed to them by local legends; those of Whitby are well -known (see _Lign. 7_).[G] - -[G] Note III. _Whitby Ammonites._ - - Thus Whitby's nuns exulting told-- - How that of thousand snakes, each one - Was changed into a coil of stone, - When holy Hilda prayed: - Themselves, within their sacred bound, - Their stony folds had often found. - - Scott's _Marmion_. - -[Illustration: Lign. 8:--Nautilus from the Chalk, near Lewes, -(one-eighth the natural size.)] - -The Nautili were the contemporaries of the Ammonites, and many kinds -are found associated with those shells, in strata far more ancient than -the Chalk; and several species of both genera, as we have previously -shown, were inhabitants of the cretaceous ocean. When the Ammonites -became extinct, the Nautili continued to flourish, and numerous -examples occur in the strata that were deposited during the vast period -which intervened between the close of the Chalk formation, and the -dawn of the existing condition of the earth's surface. At the present -time two or three kinds only are known in a living state, and these are -restricted to the seas of tropical climes, and so seldom approach the -shores, that but few specimens of the animals that inhabit the shells -have been obtained. - -The Nautilus, therefore, is one of those types of animal organization -that have survived all the physical revolutions to which the surface of -the earth was subjected during the innumerable ages that preceded the -creation of the human race.[H] This remarkable fact is portrayed with -much force and beauty by Mrs. Howitt, in the following stanzas: - -[H] Note IV. _Fossil Nautili._ - -TO THE NAUTILUS. - - Thou didst laugh at sun and breeze - In the new created seas; - Thou wast with the reptile broods - In the old sea solitudes, - Sailing in the new-made light, - With the curled-up Ammonite. - Thou surviv'dst the awful shock, - Which turn'd the ocean-bed to rock; - And chang'd its myriad living swarms - To the marble's veined forms. - Thou wert there, thy little boat, - Airy voyager! kept afloat, - O'er the waters wild and dismal, - O'er the yawning gulfs abysmal; - Amid wreck and overturning, - Rock-imbedding, heaving, burning, - Mid the tumult and the stir, - Thou, most ancient mariner! - In that pearly boat of thine, - Sail'dst upon the troubled brine. - -[Sidenote: THE SEA-SHORE.] - -We have thus acquired satisfactory proof that the flint of which our -pebble is composed, was once fluid in an ocean teeming with beings, of -genera and species unknown in a living state, and that it consolidated -and became imbedded in the chalk, which was then being deposited at -the bottom of the sea; hence the shells, corals, and other organic -remains, which we now find attached to its surface, and enclosed in -its substance. Thus much for the origin of the pebble; let us next -inquire by what means it was dislodged from its rocky sepulchre, cast -up from the depths of the ocean, and transported to the summit of the -hill whence it was dislodged by yonder torrent. If we stroll along the -sea-shore, and observe the changes which are there going on, we shall -obtain an answer to these questions; for - - There is a _language_ by the lonely shore-- - There is society where none intrudes, - By the deep Sea, and music in its roar! - - Byron. - -The incessant dashing of the waves against the base of the -chalk-cliffs, undermines the strata, and huge masses of rock are -constantly giving way and falling into the waters. The chalk then -becomes softened and disintegrated, and is quickly reduced to the state -of mud, and transported to the tranquil depths of the ocean, where it -subsides and forms new deposits; but the flints thus detached, are -broken and rolled by attrition into the state of boulders, pebbles, and -gravel, and ultimately of sand. - -[Illustration: Lign. 9:--View of Brighton Cliffs; looking -eastward from Kemp Town.[I] - - _a. Cliff's composed of chalk rubble._ - - _b. Ancient elevated sea-beach._ - - _c. Chalk forming the base of the Cliffs._ - -] - -[I] Note V. _Brighton Cliffs._ - -[Sidenote: BRIGHTON CLIFFS.] - -Now we must bear in mind, that had the chalk remained at the bottom of -the deep sea in which it was originally deposited, it would not have -been exposed to these destructive operations. It is therefore manifest, -that at some very distant period of the earth's physical history, the -bed of the Chalk-ocean was broken up, extensive areas were protruded -above the waters, lines of sea-cliffs were formed, and boulders, sand, -and shingle accumulated at their base. Subsequent elevations of the -land took place, and finally, the sea-beach was raised to its present -situation, which is several hundred feet above the level of the sea! - -Every part of the earth's surface presents unequivocal proofs that the -elevation of the bed of the ocean in some places, and the subsidence -of the dry land in others, have been, and are still, going on; and -that, in truth, the continual changes in the relative position of the -land and water, are the effects of laws which the Divine Author of -the Universe has impressed on matter, and thus rendered it capable of -perpetual renovation:-- - - Art, Empire, Earth itself, to change are doomed; - Earthquakes have raised to heaven the humble vale, - And gulfs the mountain's mighty mass entombed, - And where the Atlantic rolls wide continents have bloomed. - - Beattie. - -[Sidenote: IMMUTABILITY OF THE SEA.] - -Our noble poet, Lord Byron, in his sublime apostrophe to the Sea, -has most eloquently enunciated the startling fact revealed by modern -geological researches,--namely, that if the character of immutability -be attributable to anything on the surface of our planet, it is to the -ocean and not to the land!-- - - Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean--roll! - Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain; - Man marks the earth with ruin--his controul - Stops with the shore:--upon the watery plain - The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain - A shadow of man's ravage, save his own. - When, for a moment, like a drop of rain. - He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan, - Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown! - - Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee,-- - Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they? - Thy waters wasted them while they were free, - And many a tyrant since; their shores obey - The stranger, slave, or savage,--their decay - Has dried up realms to deserts:--not so thou, - Unchangeable, save to thy wild waves' play-- - _Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow:_ - _Such as Creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now!_ - - Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form - Glasses itself in tempests; in all time, - Calm or convulsed--in breeze, or gale, or storm, - Icing the Pole, or in the torrid clime - Dark-heaving, boundless, endless, and sublime-- - The image of Eternity--the throne - Of the Invisible; even from out thy slime - The monsters of the deep are made; each zone - Obeys thee: thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone! - - Childe Harold. _Canto IV._ - -[Sidenote: APOSTROPHE TO THE OCEAN.] - -I will conclude this "first lesson" with the following beautiful -remark of an eminent living philosopher:[J]--"To discover order and -intelligence, in scenes of apparent wildness and confusion, is the -pleasing task of the geological inquirer; who recognises, in the -changes which are continually taking place on the surface of the globe, -a series of necessary operations, by which the harmony, beauty, and -integrity of the Universe are maintained and perpetuated; and which -must be regarded, not as symptoms of frailty or decay, but as wise -provisions of the Supreme Cause, to ensure that circle of changes, so -essential to animal and vegetable existence." - -[J] Dr. Paris. - -[Illustration] - - - - - MORE THOUGHTS - - ON A - - PEBBLE. - - "Not a mote in the beam, not an herb on the mountain, not a pebble - on the shore, not a seed far-blown into the wilderness, but contributes - to the lore that seeks in all the true principle of life--the - beautiful--the joyous--the immortal." - - Sir E. Bulwer Lytton's _Zanoni_. - - - - -PART II. - - -More thoughts on a pebble!--is not the subject exhausted? have not -all the hieroglyphics impressed on the flint been interpreted?--can -Science, like the fabled wand of the magician, call forth from the -stone and from the rock their hidden lore, and reveal the secrets they -have so long enshrined?--Gentle Reader! but one page of the eventful -history of the pebble has been deciphered; I proceed to transcribe this -natural record of the past, explain its mysterious characters, and -present to thy notice the marvels they disclose. - -Our previous examination of the specimen showed that the flint had -once been in a fluid state, and had consolidated in a sea inhabited by -shells, echini, fishes, corals, sponges, and other zoophytes; and the -appearance of the fractured end (_Plate I, c_), indicated that some -organic body had formed the nucleus of the pebble, and that traces of -the structure of the original still remained. To ascertain if this -inference is correct, it will be necessary to divide the stone in a -longitudinal direction--but I will first strike off a small fragment, -and examine it by the aid of a microscope. - -[Sidenote: FOSSIL ANIMALCULES.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 10:--Fossil animalcules (_Xanthidia_) in -Flint.] - -By a sharp blow of a hammer, a very thin and minute portion of the -flint has been detached (see _Lign. 10, fig. 1_); it is translucent, -and when held between the eye and a strong light, appears like a slice -of horn; and a few extremely minute specks may with difficulty be -detected. Under the microscope, five of these almost invisible points -are well defined, and present a radiated appearance (see _fig. 3_); but -I will substitute a higher power, and lo! they are seen to be distinct -globular or spherical bodies beset with spines (_fig. 3_); and with a -still more powerful lens, one which magnifies many hundred times, their -nature is completely displayed. The whole five possess this general -character--a central globular case or shell, from which radiate tubes -or hollow spines, that terminate in fringed or divided extremities -(_figs. 4, 5, 6_); but these bodies differ from each other in the -relative proportions of the shell and spines, and in the number, -shape, and length of the tubular appendages. The group, in short, is -separable into three distinct species, of the same kind of fossil -remains; and several other varieties occur in the chalk and flint. . - -[Sidenote: XANTHIDIA IN FLINT.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 11:--_Xanthidium palmatum_ in flint: -highly magnified.] - -But what are these bodies?--They are the durable cases of animalcules, -many species of which swarm in our seas, and are so minute, that -thousands may be contained in a drop of water! In a living state, -the case is flexible and filled with a granular jelly, which is the -soft body of the animalcule, and the tubes and the outer surface are -invested with a similar substance. After death the soft parts dissolve; -but the case and its spines often remain unchanged. - -In another magnified portion of the pebble, a specimen of the -microscopic discoidal shells which we have already seen compose the -greater part of the white chalk (_Lign. 5_, p. 14), is beautifully -displayed when viewed by transmitted light, under a highly magnifying -power (_Lign. 12_).[K] Our investigation has thus shown, that a great -part of the pebble is actually composed of the aggregated fossil -remains of animalcules, so minute as to elude our unassisted vision, -but which the magic power of the microscope reveals to us, preserved, -like flies in amber, in all their original sharpness of outline and -delicacy of structure. - -[K] Note VI. _Rotalię in chalk and flint._ - -[Sidenote: ROTALIA IN FLINT.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 12:--Rotalia in flint: highly magnified.] - -On another fragment of this stone two glittering specks, not larger -than a pin's head, are discernible (_Lign. 9_): these with a magnifier -of moderate power, are seen at a glance to be scales of fishes. But -they differ from each other; both have the surface smooth, and without -enamel: in the one the margin or edge is simple (_fig. 3_); in the -other, it is divided like the teeth of a comb (_fig. 2_);--trifling as -this difference may appear, it is sufficient to enable the naturalist -to determine that the fishes which furnished these scales belonged to -two distinct orders, of which the Salmon and the Mullet are living -examples. - -[Illustration: Lign. 13:--Scales of Fishes in flint. - - Fig. 1.--A fragment of the pebble with the scales of the natural size. - - 2.--One of the Scales (of a species of _Beryx_) highly magnified. - - 3.--The other Scale (of a species of _Salmo_). - -] - -[Illustration: _Plate II._ - -_Longitudinal section of the Pebble._ - -_Page 41._] - - - - -[Sidenote: SECTION OF THE PEBBLE.] - -SECTION OF THE PEBBLE. - -_Plate II._ - - -We will now avail ourselves of the assistance of the lapidary, and -divide the pebble in a longitudinal direction;--what a beautiful and -interesting section is thus obtained! The markings observable on the -fractured portion of the stone (see Plate I, c), are thus -shown to have originated, as we surmised, from some organic body, -which the flint, when fluid, had penetrated and enveloped. The enclosed -fossil was obviously one of those soft marine zoophytes, allied to the -_Actinię_ or _Sea-Anemones_, which are of a globular, spherical, or -inversely conical shape, and consist of a tough, jelly-like substance, -permeated with tubes, disposed in a radiated manner around a central -cavity, or digestive sac; a structure admitting of that constant supply -and circulation of sea-water, which the economy of these curious forms -of animal existence requires. - -[Sidenote: ISLE OF WIGHT PEBBLES.] - -The surface exposed by the division of the pebble, is an oblique -vertical section of the petrified zoophyte. It shows a central canal -filled with bluish-grey flint (_Plate II, c_), in a mass traversed by -tubes or channels, which possess considerable beauty and variety of -colour from an impregnation of iron.[L] A transverse section (see -_Lign. 14._ fig. 1) would, of course, have a central spot, with rays -proceeding thence to the circumference, as in the oblique fracture -(_Plate I, c_).[M] - -[L] Specimens of this kind form beautiful objects when polished, and -are mounted as brooches by the lapidaries of Brighton, Bognor, and -the Isle of Wight, who term them petrified sea-animal flowers. Mr. G. -Fowlstone (4, Victoria Arcade) of Ryde, has many splendid examples, and -also agates and jaspers, the genuine productions of the Island. - -[M] Note VII. _Isle of Wight Pebbles._ - -[Sidenote: CHOANITES KONIGI.] - -The form of the original zoophyte when living, must have been that of -an inverted cone or funnel, (hence the scientific name _Choanite_ or -funnel-like,) with a long cylindrical digestive cavity in the centre, -from which tubes ramified through every part of the mass. It was -attached to a rock, stone, or shell, by root-like fibres which spread -out from its base; and its soft body was strengthened, as is the case -in many sponges and animals of a similar nature, by numerous siliceous -spines or spicula, which are often found in the flint and chalk (see -_Lign. 10._ fig. 5).[N] - -[N] Note VIII. _Zoophytes of the Chalk._ - -[Illustration: Lign. 14:--Choanites _Konigi_: from -the Chalk. - - Fig. 1.--A transverse section. - - 2.--Upper portion of the body. - - 3.--Vertical section, like the pebble, Pl. II. p. 41. - - 4.--A flint, enclosing a Choanite, which is exposed on the - upper surface. - - 5.--Various forms of siliceous spines of Choanites and other - analogous bodies; magnified slightly. - - (See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 264.) - -] - -The _Choanites_ must have swarmed in the Chalk ocean, for in some of -the strata almost every flint exhibits traces of these zoophytes.[O] - -[O] The shingle at Brighton and Bognor in Sussex, and in various -localities in the Isle of Wight, abounds in specimens more or less -perfect. I would inform my fair readers who may visit these places, and -be inclined to purchase a brooch, in illustration of these "_Thoughts -on a Pebble_," that by far the greater number of the so-called -Brighton and Isle of Wight moss-agates, jaspers, &c., sold by the -lapidaries and jewellers, are of German or Scotch origin; and that the -_false-emeralds_, and _aquamarines_, are water-worn fragments of common -green glass bottles! - -[Sidenote: CORALS IN CHALK.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 15:--Branch of Coral on the -Pebble. - - Fig. 1.--A portion magnified. - - 2.--A fragment represented as when alive. - _a, a_, Two polypes collapsed. - _b, b_, Two polypes with their tentacula extended. - -] - -One more character inscribed on the pebble remains to be interpreted; -it is the minute branch of coral partially imbedded in the flint.[P] -The surface of this coral, when seen with a powerful lens, is found to -be studded with small pores or cells. In a recent state, each cell was -inhabited by a living polype or animalcule, which, though permanently -united at its base to the general mass, had an independent existence, -and possessed sensation and voluntary motion; expanding its thread-like -feelers or tentacula to catch its prey, and withdrawing, at will, into -its little cell.[Q] - -[P] Plate I. immediately below the shell and spine of Echinus. - -[Q] For a popular account of recent and fossil corals, see 'Wonders of -Geology,' 6th Edit., vol. ii. Lecture VI. p. 589. - -[Illustration: Lign. 16:--A Coral-polype preserved in flint: -magnified 500 diameters.] - -From these investigations, we learn that the Pebble, which has formed -the subject of our contemplation, had its origin in a living zoophyte -that was growing on a rock, in a sea whose boundaries have long since -been swept away; that corals, shells, and echini inhabited the bottom -of the deep; and that fishes related to existing families, sported in -the waters of that ancient ocean. In fine, we have presented to us the -scene so exquisitely described by the American poet:-- - -[Sidenote: THE CORAL GROVE.] - -THE CORAL GROVE. - - Deep in the waves is a coral grove. - Where the purple mullet and gold fish rove, - Where the sea-flower spreads its leaves of blue, - That never are wet with the falling dew. - But in bright and changeful beauty shine, - Far down in the green and glassy brine. - The floor is of sand, like the mountain drift. - And the pearl-shells spangle the flinty snow; - From coral rocks the sea-plants lift - Their boughs, where the tides and billows flow; - The water is calm and still below. - For the winds and the waves are absent there, - And the sands are bright as the stars that glow - In the motionless fields of upper air: - There with its waving blade of green, - The sea-flag waves through the silent water, - And the crimson leaf of the dulse is seen. - To blush like a banner bathed in slaughter. - There with a light and easy motion - The fan-coral sweeps through the clear deep sea; - And the yellow and scarlet tufts of ocean, - Are bending like corn on the upland lea; - And life in rare and beautiful forms, - Is sporting amidst those bowers of stone. - - Percival. - -[Illustration: Lign. 17:--Minute Corals from the Chalk;[R] -_highly magnified_.] - -[R] Note IX. _Minute corals from the Chalk._ - -[Sidenote: MICROSCOPIC CORALS.] - -Our previous examination of the pebble had prepared us for these -results; but the microscope, that mighty talisman of wisdom, has shown -us, that even those infinitesimal creatures to whom a drop of water -is an unbounded ocean--those living atoms of that world of being which -is for ever concealed from the uninstructed mind--the inhabitants of -that universe beneath us, which the eye of science can alone penetrate, -existed in ages incalculably remote, and were, like their gigantic -contemporaries, the living instruments by which a large proportion -of the solid materials of the surface of our planet was elaborated; -their imperishable siliceous and calcareous skeletons, constituting no -inconsiderable amount of the crust of the earth.[S] - -[S] See _"Thoughts on Animalcules, or a Glimpse of the Invisible World -revealed by the Microscope_," by the Author. Published by Mr. Murray, -London, 1846. - -Fossil animalcules and corals similar to those we have discovered in -the pebble and in the chalk, and hundreds of other genera and species -equally minute, occur in such prodigious numbers, as to warrant the -conclusion, that this class of animal existence has contributed more -largely than any other, to the formation of the sedimentary strata. - -Not only the Chalk hills, but whole mountain-ranges formed of other -deposits of great thickness and extent, are found to consist almost -entirely of similar remains. In the state of rock, of sand, of clay, -of marl--in the coarsest limestone, and in the purest crystal, the -petrified skeletons of animalcules alike abound. The town of Richmond, -in Virginia, is built on a bed of stone twenty feet thick, which is -wholly composed of the fossil skeletons of different kinds of marine -animalcules. The polishing slate of Bilin, in Germany, is wholly made -up of the siliceous shields of similar beings, disposed in layers -without any connecting medium; and these belong to species so minute, -and are so closely compressed together, that in a cubic inch of the -stone, weighing but two hundred and twenty grains, there are the -remains of _forty-one thousand millions_ of animalcules![T] - -[T] See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 221. - -[Illustration: Lign. 18:--Animalcules from the Richmond earth: -very highly magnified[U]] - -[U] Note X. _Richmond Infusorial earth._ - - * * * * * - - -[Sidenote: REFLECTIONS.] - -Here we must bring our "_Thoughts on a Pebble_" to a close; but not -without adverting to the pure and elevating gratification which -investigations of this nature afford, and the beneficial influence -they exert upon the mind and character. In circumstances where the -uninstructed and incurious eye can perceive neither novelty nor beauty, -he who is imbued with a taste for natural science will everywhere -discover an inexhaustible mine of pleasure and instruction, and new -and stupendous proofs of the power and goodness of the Eternal! For -every rock in the desert, every boulder on the plain, every pebble by -the brook-side, every grain of sand on the sea-shore, is fraught with -lessons of wisdom to the mind which is fitted to receive and comprehend -their sublime import. - - "From millions take thy choice, - In all that lives a guide to God is given; - Ever thou hear'st some guardian angel's voice, - When nature speaks of heaven!" - -Amidst the turmoil of the world and the dreary intercourse of common -life, we possess in these pursuits a never-failing source of delight, -of which nothing can deprive us--an oasis in the desert, to which -we may escape, and find a home "wherever the intellect can pierce, -and the spirit can breathe the air."[V] For like the plant which the -Prophet threw into the waters of Marah,[W] that changed the bitterness -of the wave into sweetness, a branch from the tree of knowledge thrown -into the turbid stream of life, purifies its waters, and imparts to -them a healing virtue, which sheds a hallowing and refreshing influence -over the soul! - -[V] Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. - -[W] Exod. XV. 23. - - - - -THE - -NAUTILUS and the AMMONITE. - -(_See Page 22._) - - - -FROM SKETCHES IN PROSE AND VERSE, - -By the late G. F. Richardson, Esq. - - The Nautilus and the Ammonite - Were launch'd in storm and strife; - Each sent to float, in its tiny boat, - On the wide, wild sea of life. - - And each could swim on the ocean's brim, - And anon, its sails could furl; - And sink to sleep in the great sea deep, - In a palace all of pearl. - - And their's was a bliss, more fair than this, - That we feel in our colder time; - For they were rife in a tropic life, - In a brighter, happier clime. - - They swam 'mid isles, whose summer smiles - No wintry winds annoy; - Whose groves were palm, whose air was balm. - Where life was only joy. - - They roam'd all day, through creek and bay, - And travers'd the ocean deep; - And at night they sank on a coral bank, - In its fairy bowers to sleep. - - And the monsters vast, of ages past. - They beheld in their ocean caves; - And saw them ride, in their power and pride, - And sink in their billowy graves. - - Thus hand in hand, from strand to strand, - They sail'd in mirth and glee; - Those fairy shells, with their crystal cells, - Twin creatures of the sea. - - But they came at last, to a sea long past, - And as they reach'd its shore, - The Almighty's breath spake out in death, - And the Ammonite liv'd no more. - - And the Nautilus now, in its shelly prow, - As o'er the deep it strays, - Still seems to seek, in bay and creek, - Its companion of other days. - - And thus do we, in life's stormy sea, - As we roam from shore to shore; - While tempest-tost, seek the lov'd--the lost-- - But find them on earth no more! - -Geology, in the magnitude and sublimity of the objects of which it -treats, ranks next to Astronomy in the scale of the sciences. - - Sir J. F. W. Herschel. - -[Illustration] - - - - -SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. - - - - -Note I. Page 13. _Shells in Chalk._ - - -The shells of mollusca, in consequence of their durability, are the -most abundant fossils in the sedimentary strata;[X] entire layers -of marble and other limestone, of great thickness and extent, are -wholly composed of an aggregation of a few species or genera: in some -instances of fresh-water snails--as, for example, the Sussex and -Purbeck marbles;[Y] in others, of marine bivalves and univalves, as the -oyster-conglomerate of Bromley, and the shelly limestones of Portland, -Dorsetshire, &c. - -[X] For an account of the geological value of fossil shells, see -'_Medals of Creation_,' vol. i. p. 363. - -[Y] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' 6th Edition, p. 402. - -The cretaceous strata contain many hundred species of bivalves and -univalves, by far the greater part of which belong to extinct genera; -and the species, with but four or five exceptions, are unknown in more -recent deposits. In loose sandy strata, fossil shells are oftentimes -beautifully preserved, and may be obtained in as perfect a condition -as if gathered from the sands on the sea-shores: such is the state of -the specimens which abound in the sandy clays near Barton in Hampshire, -and in the "_Crag_" of Essex and Suffolk. In certain beds of clay, -shells are also found entire; sometimes retaining the epidermis, and -the cartilaginous ligament of the hinge. The bivalves in the white -chalk are generally perfect; but the univalves, probably from the more -delicate structure of the originals, seldom retain any vestiges of the -shell, excepting portions of the internal nacreous coat adhering to the -chalk casts, which have been moulded in the interior of the shells. - -[Illustration: Lign. 19:--Bivalve shells (_Terebratulę_) from -Chalk (_natural size_). - - 1, 2. Plicated species. 1. _T. octoplicata._ 2. _T. subplicata._ - 3, 4. Smooth species. 3. _T. semiglobosa._ 4. _T. subrotunda._ - -] - -[Sidenote: TEREBRATULĘ FROM CHALK.] - -In some of the cretaceous strata several extinct species of _Oyster_, -_Scallop_, _Arca_, _Tellina_, and other well-known marine bivalves -abound; and with them are associated many genera of which no living -species have been observed. Among the bivalves that prevail in the -English chalk, are three or four kinds of _Terebratulę_: which are -small, elegant, subglobular shells, belonging to a family of which -nearly 500 species, referable to several genera, have been obtained -from the British strata.[Z] Certain genera are restricted to the most -ancient sedimentary rocks, in which they occur in almost incredible -numbers; others have a wider range and are met with in the later -secondary deposits; while a few are found in the newest beds, and -have living representative species in the seas of warm climates. From -the immense antiquity of their lineage, these _Terebratulę_ have been -humourously termed the "_fossil aristocracy_." Some of the most common -chalk species are figured of the natural size in _Lign. 19_. When -living the animal was attached to a rock or other body by means of a -_byssus_ or peduncle, exserted through the aperture in the beak or -curved extremity of the largest valve.[AA] The shells of the smooth -_Terebratulę_ are full of minute holes or perforations, which may -readily be distinguished with a lens of moderate power. - -[Z] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' 6th Edit. p. 329. - -[AA] In the Conchological Gallery of the British Museum there is a -group of thirty or forty recent _Terebratulę_ attached to a stone by -their peduncles; from Australia. - -[Sidenote: PETRIFIED OYSTER.] - -[Illustration: Lign. 20:--Oyster from the Chalk, near Brighton -(natural size).] - -Occasionally the soft body of the mollusk completely silicified--that -is, transmuted into flint--is found in its natural position in the -shell. A beautiful example of this kind is represented in _Lign. 20_. -It is an extinct species of oyster: both valves were entire when I -removed the chalk and cleared the specimen; part of one valve has -been broken away to expose the petrified body of the animal. I have -seen a _Trigonia_[AB] from the oolite of Tisbury in Wiltshire, in -which the entire body of the mollusk was transformed into flint, and -the _branchię_ or lamellated gills were beautifully defined, though -converted into semi-transparent chalcedony. - -[AB] _Trigonia:_ a genus of bivalves, of which there are many extinct -species in the chalk and oolite; some bands of Portland stone are an -aggregation of _Trigonię:_ a few very small species, inhabitants of the -seas of Australia and New Zealand, are the only known living forms of -this once prevailing type of mollusca. See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. -407. - - - - -Note II. Page 17. _Wood in Flint._ - - -[Sidenote: WOOD IN FLINT.] - -I would remind the reader that the white chalk, together with the -various strata of sand, clay, and limestone, comprising the cretaceous -formation of England, must be regarded as an ancient ocean-bed; in -other words, an accumulation of earthy sediments, formed in the -profound depths of the sea, in periods of long duration and of -incalculable antiquity, and more or less consolidated by subsequent -chemical and mechanical agency. These deposits are made up of organic -and inorganic materials: the former consist of the debris of the cliffs -and shores which encompassed the ancient ocean, of the spoils of the -land brought into the waters by floods and rivers, and of mineral -matter thrown down from chemical solutions. The organic substances -are the durable remains of the animals and plants which lived and -died in the sea, and of terrestrial and fluviatile species that were -transported from islands or continents by rivers and their tributaries. -The whole constitutes such an assemblage of strata as would probably be -presented to observation, if a mass of the bed of the Atlantic 2,000 -feet in thickness, were elevated above the waters, and became dry land; -the only essential difference would be in the generic and specific -characters of the imbedded animal and vegetable remains. - -The vestiges of terrestrial and fluviatile animals and plants found in -the chalk are comparatively but few: I have collected from Kent and -Sussex, bones of gigantic land lizards, (the _Iguanodon_), of flying -reptiles, (_Pterodactyles_), and of fresh-water Turtles, and water-worn -fragments of stems of coniferous trees allied to the _Araucaria_ or -Norfolk Island Pine; fruits or aments of coniferse; and stems and -foliage of plants related to the _Cycas_ and _Zamia_. - -[Illustration: Lign. 21:--Fragment of coniferous wood in flint.] - -A fragment of silicified wood imbedded in a flint, is represented in -_Lign. 21_. It was obtained from a wall in Lewes Priory in Sussex; and -though it has been exposed to the atmosphere seven or eight centuries, -still exhibits the characteristic internal structure. - - - - -Note III. Page 20. _Whitby Ammonites._ - - -[Sidenote: AMMONITES.] - -[Illustration: _Lign. 22_:--Ammonites from the cretaceous formation. - - 1. _Ammonites varians_, from Hamsey. - - 2. _A. Dufresnoyi_: 2_a_, part of the same. - - 3. _A. lautus_: 3_a_, keel and septum of the same. - -] - -The Ammonites differ from the Nautili in having the margins of the -septa or internal shelly partitions (which in the latter are smooth), -foliated or wrinkled; and the siphunculus or tube placed along the -back of the shell, whereas in the Nautilus it is central. The sides of -the shell in the Ammonites are very generally more or less ornamented -with arched elevations and depressions, and studded with spines and -tubercles, as in the specimens above figured. - -There are several kinds of Ammonites found in the Lias at Whitby and -other places in Yorkshire; the most common species is figured in -_Lign. 7_. p. 20; the dark colour of this fossil is produced by the -argillaceous stone with which it is now filled. The internal structure -of these Ammonites is generally well preserved, the chambers being -lined with spar or other mineral matter; transverse polished sections -are often very beautiful from the several cells being occupied by -variously coloured marble, susceptible of a high polish. (Pl. III.) In -some examples the entire shell is transmuted into brilliant pyrites -(sulphuret of iron), and the chambers are filled with white spar; a -specimen of this kind in my possession, collected by Lady Murchison, is -the most elegant fossil imaginable. - -[Illustration: _Plate III._ - -_Polished section of an Ammonite._ - -_Page 70._] - -[Sidenote: AMMONITE-MARBLE.] - -It is not unusual for the visitors at Whitby to inquire of the -collectors how it is that the head of the animal is never found? -and the crafty dealers, willing to accommodate the taste of their -customers, carve the extremity of an Ammonite into the semblance of -a serpent's head, and affix two red eyes; thus producing a veritable -proof of the truth of the legend of St. Hilda! My young readers will -not be duped by this trick-of-trade, if they reflect but a moment on -the real nature of a fossil Ammonite: they will remember that it is a -shell which, when empty, became filled with what was then soft mud, but -is now stone; in like manner as if liquid plaster of Paris were poured -into an empty snail-shell and consolidated. - -In some parts of Somersetshire, a beautiful marble composed of an -aggregation of two or three small species of Ammonites, is used for -sideboards and other ornamental purposes: the polished slabs are -diversified by the numerous sections of the shells. - -Some of the clays of the Lias abound in a species of Ammonite of -extraordinary beauty from the iridescent lustre of the pearly coat of -the shell: a slab of stone from Watchett, on which a hundred or more -Ammonites of this kind are displayed, may be seen in the British Museum. - - - - -Note IV. Page 23. _Fossil Nautili._ - - -The beauty, elegant form, and remarkable internal structure of the -shell of the Nautilus, have rendered it in all ages an object of -curiosity and admiration: yet an accurate knowledge of the organization -of the animal to which it belongs, has but recently been obtained. The -Nautili may be regarded as Cuttle-fish or _Sepię_, inhabiting shells -furnished with an apparatus to impart buoyancy, and enable the animals -to swim on the surface, or sink to the profound depths of the ocean. -A few explanatory remarks on the nature of the recent Sepia may be -necessary to render the subject intelligible to the unscientific reader. - -[Sidenote: RECENT NAUTILUS.] - -The _Sepia_ or Cuttle-fish of our seas is of an oblong form, and -composed of a soft substance covered with a tough integument or skin: -it varies from a few inches to a foot or more in length. The mouth -is placed in the centre of one extremity of the body, and has a -pair of powerful, curved, horny mandibles, much resembling the beaks -of a parrot: it is surrounded by eight long arms like the rays of a -star-fish, and these are beset with rows of little cups which act as -suckers, and enable the animal to secure its prey, and attach itself -with great firmness to any object.[AC] It has a distinct head, with -two eyes as perfect as in the vertebrated animals, and complicated -organs of hearing: and below the head there is a tube or funnel which -acts as a locomotive instrument, and propels the animal backwards by -the forcible ejection of the water which has served the purpose of -respiration, and can be thrown out with considerable force by the -contraction of the body. The soft parts are supported by a large -internal bone or osselet of a very curious structure, which, when dried -and reduced to powder, forms the substance used by scriveners, termed -_pounce_. These naked mollusca also possess a membranous bag or sac, -containing a dark-coloured fluid resembling ink in appearance, which -they eject into the surrounding water upon the approach of danger, and -by the obscurity thus induced foil the pursuit of their enemies. This -fluid, when inspissated, forms the base of the colour termed _sepia_ by -artists. - -[AC] From this arrangement of the organs of prehension around the head, -this order of mollusca is termed the _Cephalopoda_; _i. e._, the feet -around the head. - -The body of the Nautilus resembles in its essential characters that of -the Cuttle-fish, and occupies the large outer receptacle of the shell; -maintaining a connection with the inner compartments by means of the -membranous siphunculus or tube, which is only partially invested with -shell. The internal chambers are air-cells, and the animal can fill -the siphunculus with fluid, or exhaust it at will; the difference thus -effected in its specific gravity enables it to rise to the surface or -sink to the bottom with facility. Now if' we imagine a Cuttle-fish -placed in the outer chamber of a Nautilus-shell, and provided with a -siphuncule, but having neither ink-bag nor osselet--these organs being -unnecessary to an animal possessing a chambered shell--we shall have a -general idea of the nature of the recent species. - -The Nautilus is essentially an inhabitant of deep water: it creeps -along the ground at the bottom of the sea, with its shell upwards like -the snail; and by means of its arms can proceed with considerable -speed.[AD] - -[AD] See '_Conchologia Systematica_,' vol. ii. p. 302, and '_Elements -of Conchology_,' p. 22, by Mr. Lovell Reeve, F.L.S., for an admirable -description of the recent Nautilus, with illustrations. - -A large and splendid species of fossil Nautilus is not uncommon in the -London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey, Sussex, and Hampshire. The chambers -are often lined with spar or other brilliant mineral matter; and -polished sections, like those of the Ammonites, admirably display the -internal structure.[AE] - -[AE] See Dr. Buckland's '_Bridgewater Treatise_' for numerous figures -of Ammonites and Nautili; _plates_ 31 to 34. Consult also '_Medals of -Creation_,' vol. ii. p. 457. - - - - -Note V. Page 27. _Brighton Cliffs._ - - -[Sidenote: BRIGHTON CLIFFS.] - -The stranger who approaches Brighton by the railroads through deep -tunnels and cuttings in the chalk, and perceives the town spread -over the plain and on the sides of a valley of the South Downs, will -naturally expect to find the sea-shore bounded by chalk-cliffs. But -a wall of admirable construction, extends from the Steyne to beyond -Kemptown, and effectually conceals from view the materials that -compose the site of that part of Brighton; a ramble along the shore to -Rottingdean is therefore necessary to reveal to the inquiring observer, -the nature of the strata that flank the southern border of the Downs. - -The sketch given in page 27, represents the appearance of part of the -coast to the east of Kemptown. The base of the cliff to the height of a -few feet, is seen to consist of the white chalk with its usual layers -of flint nodules, forming a low wall or terrace, which slopes seaward, -and extends far into the British channel--probably to the opposite -coast of France: at low-water a considerable expanse of modern shingle -and sand is spread over, and in a great measure conceals, the chalk, -at a few yards distance from the cliff. Upon the terrace of chalk, at -the height of from ten to fifteen feet above the modern beach, there -is a bed of pebbles and sand, containing also a considerable number -of boulders of granite, porphyry, and other crystalline rocks foreign -to the south-east of England: in fact, a sea-beach, which must have -been formed at some remote period, in the same manner as the modern -shingle. Upon this ancient beach are strata of loam, and chalk-rubble, -with flints partially water-worn, and boulders of sandstone, breccia, -granite, &c., constituting the upper sixty or eighty feet of the cliff. -In these beds, and also in the ancient shingle, many teeth and bones of -mammoths (extinct species of elephant), horse, deer, oxen, and other -ruminants, and bones of whales, have been discovered.[AF] - -[AF] See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 914. - -[Sidenote: THE SUSSEX COAST.] - -A few hundred yards beyond Kemptown the inroads of the sea have -destroyed all vestiges of the strata above described, and the cliffs -consist of a perpendicular wall of chalk; if we extend our walk to -Rottingdean, we shall perceive here and there isolated patches of the -ancient shingle, and of the calcareous strata containing elephants' -bones. - -The appearances described demonstrate the following changes in this -part of the Sussex coast. _Firstly_, the chalk terrace (_Lign. 9, c_; -p. 27) on which the ancient shingle (_b_) rests, was on a level with -the sea for a long period; for this beach must have been accumulated, -like the modern, by the action of the waves on the then existing chalk -cliffs. But there must also have been some cause not now in operation, -by which pebbles, and boulders of granite and other rocks foreign to -this coast, with bones of extinct mammalia, &c., were thrown up on -the strand, and imbedded in the beach then in progress of formation. -These materials were probably brought from some distant part of the -then continental shores by floating ice: an agency by which delicate -bones and shells may be transported and deposited without injury amidst -pebbles and boulders. - -_Secondly._ The whole line of coast with the ancient shingle must -have subsided to such a depth as to admit of the deposition of the -calcareous materials forming the "Elephant bed;" and from the absence -of beach and shingle in these strata, it may be inferred that this -deposition took place in tranquil water: possibly at that period this -part of the Sussex coast formed a sheltered bay. - -_Lastly._ The land was elevated to its present level, and the formation -of the modern sea-beach and cliffs commenced.[AG] - -[AG] See '_Medals of Creation_,' "On the Geological structure of -Brighton Cliffs," p. 913. - - - - -Note VI. Page 38. _Rotalię in Chalk and Flint._ - - -[Sidenote: FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA.] - -The shells called _Rotalię_ (see _Lign._ 5 and 6, p. 14 and 16) belong -to a group of marine animals of very simple organization, and which -present great variety in the form and markings of their testaceous -coverings; but they all agree in having the sides of the shell pierced -by numerous holes or foramina; whence the scientific term of the -Order, _Foraminifera_, is derived: these openings are for the egress -of delicate filaments, which appear to be organs of progression and -respiration. - -The _Foraminifera_ are, with but few exceptions, exceedingly minute; -in an ounce of sea-sand, between three and four millions have been -detected. The body of these animalcules consists of uniform granules -enclosed in a skin or integument, having one or more digestive sacs -or cavities; these creatures appear, in fact, to be mere polypes, -protected by testaceous coverings. Some have but a single cell; others -have many, disposed in a conical or cylindrical form; many kinds, of -which the _Rotalię_ are examples, are discoidal involutes, and divided -internally by septa into distinct chambers:[AH] they resemble in this -respect the shell of the Nautilus, but are readily distinguished by the -perforations. - -[AH] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' 6th Edit. p. 322. - -All the various kinds of _Foraminifera_ swarm in the present seas, -and were not less numerous in the ancient ocean. We have seen that -the white chalk almost wholly consists of a few genera of these -animalcules; and in many strata of sand they are so abundant, that -a cubic inch of the mass contains upwards of sixty thousand. In the -_Rotalia_, the body is entirely enclosed within the shell, and occupies -all the cells; and long, soft, tentacula are sent off through the -foramina. The shell, therefore, though resembling in form that of -the Nautilus, is essentially different; for in the latter, the outer -chamber only is occupied by the body of the animal, the internal ones -being successively quitted empty dwellings; whereas, in the _Rotalię_ -and analogous _Polythalamia_,[AI] all the cells are contemporaneously -filled by the soft parts of the animalcule. - -[AI] _Polythalamia, many-chambered_, is a general term applied to these -shells. - -[Sidenote: RECENT FORAMINIFERA.] - -When the shell is removed, which is readily effected by immersion in -diluted hydrochloric acid, the body is exposed, and found to consist -of a series of lobes or sacs, united by a tube corresponding somewhat -in its position with the siphuncle of the Nautilus, but which is the -digestive canal. The body of a recent animalcule of this kind, deprived -of the shell, is figured in _Lign. 23_. - -[Illustration: Lign. 23:--The body of a recent animalcule -allied to the _Rotalia_, deprived of its shell; _highly magnified_.] - -Not only the characters of fossil shells of such infinite minuteness -can be revealed by the microscope, but even the soft parts of the -animalcules which inhabited them; for these are occasionally preserved, -and may be demonstrated with as much distinctness as the recent -examples.[AJ] In flint the soft parts of _Rotalię_, _Textularię_, -&c., are abundant, and may be seen, with but little preparation, like -insects in amber: the specimen figured in _Lign. 12_, p. 39, shews -the body of a _Rotalia_ well defined; the only preparation this atom -of flint has undergone, is immersion in Canada balsam. To detect such -delicate structures in chalk requires, however, some experience in -microscopic manipulation, as the calcareous matter must be dissolved -in hydrochloric acid, and the animal substance separated from the -residuum.[AK] - -[AJ] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' 6th Edit., p. 322. - -[AK] See my '_Memoir on the fossil remains of the soft parts of -Foraminifera in Chalk, &c._' Philosophical Transactions, 1846, p. 465. - - - - -Note VII. Page 43. _Isle of Wight Pebbles._ - - -[Sidenote: ISLE OF WIGHT PEBBLES.] - -The nodules and veins of flint that are so abundant in the upper -chalk, have probably been produced by the agency of heated waters -and vapours; the perfect fluidity of the siliceous matter before its -consolidation is proved, not only by the sharp moulds and impressions -of shells and other organisms retained by the flints, but also by the -presence of numerous remains in the substance of the nodules, and the -silicified condition of the sponges and other zoophytes which abound in -the cretaceous strata. - -Now although silex, or the earth of flint, is but sparingly soluble in -water of the ordinary temperature, its solution readily takes places -in vapour heated a little above that of fused cast iron, as has been -proved by direct experiment;[AL] and similar effects are being produced -at the present moment by natural causes. The siliceous deposits thrown -down by the intermittent boiling fountains, called the Geysers, in -Iceland, are well known;[AM] and in New Zealand this phenomenon is -exhibited on a still grander scale. From the crater of the volcanic -mountain of Tongariro,[AN] which is several thousand feet above the -level of the sea, jets of vapour and streams of boiling water highly -charged with silex, are continually issuing forth, and dashing down -the flanks of the volcano in cascades and torrents, empty themselves -into the lakes at its base. As the water cools, siliceous sinter is -deposited in vast sheets, and incrustations of flint form around the -extraneous substances lying in the course of the thermal streams. Silex -is also precipitated by the boiling waters in stalagmitic concretions, -and in nodules resembling in colour and solidity the flints of the -English chalk. The complete impregnation and silicification of -organized bodies is attributable to an agency of this kind; and -although the origin of the siliceous waters that deposited the nodules -and veins of flint in the chalk is still involved in obscurity, the -mode in which the latter were formed is satisfactorily elucidated. - -[AL] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' p. 100. - -[AM] Ibid., p. 95. - -[AN] Ibid., p. 98. - -[Illustration: Lign. 24:--Zoophytes in Chalk and Flint. - - 1. A minute coral from chalk and flint; the lower figure is of the - natural size. - - 2. Branch of a sponge in flint. 3. Pebble enclosing a zoophyte. - -] - -Of the perfect transmutation into flint of the most delicate organic -structures, the pebbles strewn along the sea-shore of the south coast -of England, afford a beautiful illustration; those from the Isle of -Wight are especially celebrated for their rich and varied colours. -The most common and interesting are those which exhibit sections of -Choanites, as in the specimen which suggested the reflections embodied -in these pages. Other allied forms are scarcely less beautiful; the -petrified zoophytes called _Siphonia_, which, when living, consisted -of a soft mass traversed by tubes, for the free ingress and egress of -the water, often display the internal structure of the original: as -in the polished transverse section figured above, _Lign. 24, fig. 3_. -Other bodies of this class occur in the flint, and present interesting -examples of the zoophytes of the chalk ocean. - -But many of the Isle of Wight pebbles exhibit no traces of animal -structure, yet are valuable and instructive as mineralogical specimens: -such are the clear and transparent pebbles with bands and veins of -quartz and chalcedony. Some specimens are as pellucid as rock-crystal; -others are of a bright yellow, amber, dark-brown, and bluish-black -colour, and are often mottled with dendritical or arborescent -manganese. (_Plate IV._) The moss agates, as they are called by the -lapidaries, are silicified sponges. Small pebbles of pure transparent -rock-crystal are often found among the shingle in Compton and Sandown -bays, and have probably been washed out of the wealden strata; for -similar stones occur in the Tilgate grit, and at Tunbridge Wells: in -the latter place, they are cut and polished for rings, brooches, &c. - -[Illustration: _Plate IV._ - -_Polished sections of Pebbles._ - -_Page 86._] - -[Sidenote: ZOOPHYTES OF THE CHALK.] - -On the shores of the Isle of Wight, pebbles of jasper, resembling those -from Egypt, and of banded quartz, with arborescent markings, or with -zones of rich brown, are also met with; these do not appear to have -originated from the chalk strata. - -Pebbles of silicified wood have been collected in Sandown bay by Mr. -Fowlstone; and water-worn boulders and pebbles of petrified wood, -bones, &c., are common in Brook bay; rolled masses of the fresh-water -shelly limestones (Sussex and Purbeck marbles) are also abundant in the -same localities.[AO] - -[AO] All these varieties may be obtained of Mr. Fowlstone, 4, Victoria -Arcade, Ryde. - - - - -Note VIII. Page 45. _Zoophytes of the Chalk._ - - -Zoophytes, especially sponges, occur in such prodigious numbers in some -of the chalk strata, that the nucleus of almost every flint nodule is -an organic body. In many instances the silex has completely permeated -the animal substance, as in the pebbles before described; but sometimes -the sponge is a white calcareous mass, occupying a hollow in the flint: -a branched specimen of this kind, exposed on breaking a small nodule, -is represented at _Lign. 24, fig. 2_. - -In describing sponge as an animal substance, it may be necessary to -explain that the sponge in ordinary use is the flexible skeleton of -a living zoophyte, and was originally invested with a gelatinous or -slimy matter, which lined all the pores and channels. When alive in -the water, currents constantly enter the outer pores, traverse all -the internal inosculating canals, and issue from the larger orifices -which often project above the surface in perforated papillę. By -the circulation of the sea-water through the porous structure, the -nutrition of the animated mass is effected; and the modifications -observable in the number, size, form, and arrangement of the pores, -canals, and apertures, in the different kinds of this type of -organization, are subservient to this especial function. - -But associated with the true _Poriferę_ or sponges, are numerous -zoophytes which resemble them in form, but are of an entirely distinct -nature; for they are the fossilized remains of _Polyparia_, that is, of -the frame-work of an aggregation of polypes, each individual of which -had an independent existence, although the whole were united by one -common living integument, like the _Alcyonium_, or dead-men's fingers, -of our coasts.[AP] - -[AP] See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 251. - -[Illustration: Lign. 25:--Flints deriving their forms from the -zoophytes they enclose.] - -[Sidenote: FUNGIFORM FLINTS.] - -Among the flints whose forms depend on the organic bodies they enclose, -are some which bear so close a resemblance in shape to _Fungi_, that -they are provincially called in Sussex "_petrified mushrooms_;" several -of them are figured above (_Lign. 25_). In these fossils there are -openings at the base, and a groove on the margin of the upper part, in -which the structure of the enclosed body is generally more or less -distinctly seen; and upon breaking one of these bodies, a section of -a funnel-shaped zoophyte is obtained. The origin of these flints will -be understood by reference to the four interesting specimens here -delineated, one-sixth of the natural size in linear dimensions. - -[Illustration: Lign. 26:--Ventriculites from the Chalk, Lewes. - - 1. A perfect specimen in Chalk, shewing the external net-like surface. - - 2. An expanded specimen, displaying the inner surface studded with cells. - - 3. A Ventriculite with the lower part enveloped in Flint. - - 4. Part of a Ventriculite; the base invested with Flint: the root-like - fibres are seen at a. - -] - -[Sidenote: VENTRICULITES.] - -This zoophyte, to which the name of _Ventriculite_ has been given to -denote its usual shape, was a hollow inverted cone, terminating at -the base in a point, whence radicles or root-like processes were sent -off, by which the animal was firmly attached to the rock. The outer -integument was disposed in meshes like a net (see _Lign. 26, fig. -1_), and the inner surface was beset with regular circular openings, -the orifices of tubular cells (_fig. 2_); each of which was probably -occupied by a polype. The substance of the _Polyparium_, or general -support of this family of animalcules, which alone occurs in a fossil -state, appears to have been analogous to that of the soft _Alcyonia_, -and to have possessed a common irritability; the entire mass -contracting and expanding, as is the case in many recent zoophytes.[AQ] - -[AQ] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' 6th Ed., p. 610; '_Medals of -Creation_,' p. 273-276; and '_Geological Excursions round the Isle of -Wight_,' pp. 179-184, for an account of the silicification of these and -other Zoophytes. - -The flints, _figs. 3, 7, 8, 9, Lign. 25_, were evidently formed -in the manner exemplified in _fig. 3, Lign. 26_; _figs._ 2, 4, 6, -are illustrated by _fig. 4, Lign. 26_; for the chalk specimens, -_Lign. 26_, shew that all these flints have been moulded around -_Ventriculites_, and that their diversity of figure has arisen from -the quantity of silex that happened to permeate the substance of the -zoophyte; if but a small portion, flint like _figs._ 2 and 4, were -the result; if the quantity were considerable, the larger fungiform -examples were produced. - - - - -Note IX. Page 50. _Minute Corals from Chalk._ - - -Some layers of chalk are composed of an aggregation of many kinds of -delicate corals, the interstices being filled up with _Rotalię_ and -other foraminiferous shells. In the cliffs near Dover there are several -beds of this nature, well known to collectors for the profusion of -exquisite specimens they yield to the experienced investigator. _Lign. -17_, p. 50, represents several varieties from different localities; -the small figures shew the natural size, and the enlarged ones their -appearance when magnified. Attached to the surface of shells, and -sometimes standing erect in crannies of flint nodules, beautiful corals -may often be detected by the aid of a lens of moderate power. By -brushing chalk in water, and examining the deposit, delicate fossils of -this kind may also be obtained.[AR] - -[AR] Refer to '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 284, and to '_Wonders of -Geology_,' _Lecture VI._ p. 588, for a comprehensive view of Recent and -Fossil Corals. - -[Sidenote: NATURE OF CORALS.] - -From the close analogy of the fossil corals to existing forms, it would -not be difficult to give restored figures of the originals. Every -little branch might be represented fraught with living polypes: in some -cells the agile inmates might be shown with the mouth expanded, and -the tentacula in rapid motion; in others withdrawn into their stony -recesses, and devouring the infinitesimal atoms that constitute their -food: even their varied hues might be introduced, and thus a vivid -picture be presented of the microscopic beings which peopled the waters -of the ancient chalk ocean. - -That the Corals, which from their elegance and beauty are preserved in -almost every cabinet, have been fabricated--or, in other words, built -up--by polypes, in the same manner as the honey-comb of the bee and -wasp, is so prevalent yet erroneous an opinion, that I am induced to -point out its fallacy, by giving a brief account of the formation of -these substances. The three recent specimens represented in _Lign. 27_ -will serve to illustrate my remarks. - -[Illustration: Lign. 27:--Recent Corals. - - 1. _Oculina ramea._ - - 2. _Madrepora muricata._ - - 3. _Isis hippuris._ - -] - -The coral, _fig. 1_, was an internal axis or skeleton, deposited by the -soft fleshy integument with which, when living, it was wholly invested; -in the same manner as are the bones of animals, by the special membrane -(_periosteum_) that secretes them. This integument lined every cell, -and the polypes were permanently united to it. When the live coral is -taken out of the water, the animalcules shrink up and quickly perish; -their soft parts and the external investing substance putrefy, and the -stony axis beset with the radiated cells alone remains. - -[Sidenote: RECENT CORALS.] - -In the example of _Oculina ramea_, or May-blossom Coral, _fig. 1_, from -the Mediterranean, the cells are large and distinct; in the _Madrepore_ -from the West Indies, _fig. 2_, they are small and very closely -aggregated. - -The specimen of _Isis_ (_fig. 3_) belongs to a group of coral-zoophytes -in which the polype-cells consist of a substance that is durable, but -not so hard as coral, and invests an axis composed of a tough flexible -material, which is exposed at the base of _fig 3_, by the removal of -the external or cortical part in which the polypes were situated. The -_Gorgonia_, or Venus's fan, has a similar structure and composition.[AS] - -[AS] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' vol. ii. p. 616. - -In the _Red Coral_, so largely employed in the manufacture of beads, -brooches, and other ornaments, not only the animalcules, but also -their receptacles, are composed of a soft perishable substance. When -alive, the polypes, as well as the investing fleshy integument, are of -a delicate bluish tint; the internal calcareous axis alone possesses -the peculiar red colour. Upon being taken out of the sea, vitality -quickly ceases, the soft parts decompose, and the beautiful crimson -stone commonly known as the _true coral_, is obtained free from all -traces of the soft mass by which it was secreted. Although an actual -investigation of the facts described can only be instituted near the -seas of warm climates, yet our coasts abound in certain coral-zoophytes -in which similar phenomena may readily be observed. Most persons in -their rambles by the sea-side must have noticed on the fuci, algę, -shells, pebbles, &c., patches of a white earthy substance, which -when closely examined resemble delicate lace-work. These apparently -calcareous incrustations are clusters of the zoophytes termed -the _Flustra_, or sea-mat.[AT] When removed from the water, this -aggregation of polypes seems coated over with a glossy film or varnish; -and with a lens of moderate power the surface is seen to be full of -pores, disposed with much regularity. If viewed under the microscope -while immersed in sea-water, a very different appearance is presented. -Every pore is found to be the opening of a cell whence issues a tube -fringed with several long feelers or arms; these expand, then suddenly -contract and withdraw into the cell, and again issue forth; the whole -surface of the Flustra being covered with these hydra-like animalcules. -The Flustra, therefore, like the corals, constitutes an assemblage of -polypes, each individual being permanently fixed in a durable cell, -and the whole attached to a common integument by which the calcareous -frame-work was secreted and maintained.[AU] - -[AT] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' Plate 5. - -[AU] See Dr. Johnson's beautiful work on '_British Zoophytes_,' in -which are numerous figures of various species of Flustra. - - - - - - -Note X. Page 53. _Infusorial earth from Richmond in Virginia._ - - -[Sidenote: INFUSORIAL EARTHS.] - -The greatest natural operations are produced by the most simple -and apparently inadequate agents: for as the illustrious Galileo -emphatically remarked, "_La nature fait beaucoup avec peu, et ses -opérations sont toutes également merveilleuses._" The profound thinker -Hobbes, in the same spirit observes, "The majesty of God appeareth no -less in small things than in great, and as it exceedeth human sense in -the immensity of the universe, so also doth it in the smallness of the -parts thereof." This sublime truth is strongly impressed on the mind -of the geological inquirer, who perceives that whole countries and -mountain ranges of great elevation and extent, are wholly composed of -the aggregated remains of beings of such infinite minuteness that but -for the powerful optical instruments of modern times, their presence -would never have been suspected. - -A few years only have elapsed since the sagacious Ehrenberg first -drew attention to this subject, and pointed out the proper method of -investigation;[AV] and so rapid has been the progress of discovery in -this department of science, that _infusorial deposits_, as these beds -of fossil animalcules are designated, have been detected in every -quarter of the globe. A fact equally unexpected and remarkable has also -been established, namely, that at the present moment similar minute -living agents are largely contributing to the increase of the solid -materials of the crust of our planet. - -[AV] See '_Medals of Creation_,' p. 244, for instructions for the -microscopical examination of earths, chalk, &c. - -[Sidenote: RICHMOND EARTH.] - -The infusorial earth of Virginia, alluded to in the text, is a -yellowish siliceous clay, forming a deposit from twelve to fifteen -feet in thickness, upon which the towns of Richmond and Petersburgh -are built. The surface of the country over which it extends is -characterized by a scanty vegetation, owing to the siliceous nature of -the soil dependent on the minute organisms of which it almost entirely -consists. When a few grains of this earth are properly prepared for -microscopic examination, immense numbers of the shields or cases of -animalcules are visible under a magnifying power of 300 diameters; in -fact, the merest stain left by the evaporation of water in which some -of the marl has been mixed, teems with these fossil remains.[AW] - -[AW] Specimens of Infusorial earths, prepared for the microscope, may -be obtained of Mr. Topping, 4, New Winchester Street, Pentonville Hill, -New Road, London. - -These organisms are of exquisite structure, and comprise many -species and genera. The most beautiful and abundant are the circular -shields, termed _Coscinodisci_ (sieve-like disks), which are elegant -saucer-shaped cases, elaborately ornamented with hexagonal apertures -disposed in curves, somewhat resembling the engine-turned sculpturing -of a watch; these shells are from 1/1000 to 1/100 of an inch in -diameter. A segment of one of these disks, highly magnified, is -represented in _Lign. 18, fig. 2_. The body of the living animalcule -was protected and enclosed by a pair of these concave shells, the -perforations admitting of the exsertion of filaments or tentacula. -This species of _Coscinodiscus_ abounds in the present seas, and -constitutes no inconsiderable proportion of the food of Pectens and -other testaceous mollusca.[AX] - -[AX] See '_Thoughts on Animalcules_,' p. 103. - -All the animalcules found in the Richmond earth are marine, and most -of them belong to genera, and many to existing species; although the -position of the American strata proves that they are referable to a -period of immense antiquity. - -In Germany, beds of a white infusorial earth, resembling magnesia -in appearance, and termed _Bergh-mehl_, or fossil farina, occur at -Bilin, and several other places: at San Fiora in Tuscany, near Egra -in Bohemia, in the Bermudas, Barbadoes, &c., similar deposits have -been discovered; all being composed of the shields of various kinds of -animalcules. But I must not extend these remarks, and will only add a -few observations on the infusorial earth of Barbadoes, which has but -recently been brought under the notice of geologists by Sir Robert -Schomburgk, and is especially interesting for the exquisite beauty and -variety of its organisms, and the circumstances under which the deposit -occurs. - -[Sidenote: FOSSIL INFUSORIA OF BARBADOES.] - -Barbadoes, an island of the West Indies, is about twelve miles in -length from north to south, and consists of coral reefs, capped in one -district by tertiary sandstones and limestones, which attain a height -of 1200 feet above the sea. Over the rest of the island, coral reefs -form the entire surface, which is divided by vertical walls of coral, -some of them nearly 200 feet high, into six terraces, indicating as -many periods of upheaval. In the lowest reef, Indian hatchets have -been found twenty feet above high water mark; shewing that the last -movement, at least, took place within the human period. The tertiary -strata are more or less inclined, and in many places vertical, and -contorted. Strata of marl, several hundred feet thick, predominate; and -there are beds of bituminous coal, sandstone, clays, and ferruginous -sands. Arenaceous limestone containing teeth of sharks, spines of -echini, and shells, forms the summit of a hill nearly 1,000 feet high. -The white marls abound in 300 species of the most beautiful siliceous -infusoria; many are peculiar, others the same as occur in the Richmond -earth, and some belong to recent species.[AY] - -[AY] Sir R. H. Schomburgk: Brit. Assoc. 1847. - - - - - THE END. - - - * * * * * - - - WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. - - -_In 2 Vols, foolscap 8vo, cloth, lettered, with numerous Illustrations -and Coloured Plates, price 18s. the Sixth Edition of_ - - THE WONDERS OF GEOLOGY; - - OR, - - A FAMILIAR EXPOSITION OF GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA. - - By GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S, - Vice-President of the Geological Society of London. - - "Dr. Mantell's _Wonders of Geology_ will continue to be a favourite - work equally in the Geological schools, in the private study, and in - the family circle. It may be read and understood by any intelligent - and educated individual; its exact science, sound logic, and dignity - of style ensure its acceptance with the learned; its elegance, - beauty, and perspicuity, with the polite and refined; and its - comprehensive brevity, with the student of the elements of Geology. - It realizes, indeed, our beau-ideal of a familiar yet dignified - philosophical style: being alike condensed and luminous, possessing - a graceful flowing eloquence, and rising as the subject may require, - into the sublime as well as the beautiful. We are not aware of the - existence of any work, on any department of science, which has higher - claims at once to a place in the library of the philosopher, and on - the table of a refined family."--_Review of the American Edition of - the Wonders of Geology._ _American Journal of Science._ - - "Dr. Mantell's eloquent and delightful work, the Wonders of - Geology."--_Sir E. B. 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margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} -.poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} -.poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - -.antiqua {font-family: "Old English Text MT", "Germany", "Fraktur BT", "Cooper Black", - "Lucida Calligraphy"} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Thoughts on a Pebble, by Gideon Algernon Mantell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Thoughts on a Pebble - or, A First Lesson in Geology - -Author: Gideon Algernon Mantell - -Release Date: August 7, 2020 [EBook #62871] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from materials made freely available -on The Internet Archive. All derived products are placed -in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 258px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="258" height="324" alt="Thoughts on a Pebble, by Gideon Algernon Mantell" /> -</div> - - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">« i »</a></span></p> - - -<div class="bbox" style="padding: 150px 0;"> -<p class="caption1"><span class="smaller">THOUGHTS</span><br /> - -<span class="vsmall">ON A</span><br /> - -PEBBLE</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">« ii »</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 171px;"> -<img src="images/logo.png" width="171" height="169" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center pmb4">REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE,<br /> -PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS,<br /> -KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/mantell2.png" width="591" height="692" alt="" /><br /> -<div style="width:580px;"> -<div style="float: left;" class="smaller tdl2">Painted by J. J. Masquerier.</div> -<div style="float: right;" class="smaller tdr">Engraved by Samuel Stepney.</div> -</div> -<div class="fig_caption" style="padding-top: 1em; clear:both;">GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, L.L.D. F.R.S<br /> - -<i>Vice-President of the Geological Society &c. &c.</i><br /> -</div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">« iii »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h1>THOUGHTS<br /> - -ON A<br /> - -PEBBLE,<br /> - -<span class="smaller">OR,<br /> - -A FIRST LESSON IN GEOLOGY.</span></h1> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p class="caption2nb">BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE WONDERS OF GEOLOGY."</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 400px;"><a id="Lign_1"></a> -<img src="images/lign_1.png" width="307" height="234" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>The Nautilus and the Ammonite.</i> <i>Vide</i>, <a href="#NAUTILUS_and_the_AMMONITE">p. 57.</a></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>"There is no picking up a pebble by the brook-side, without finding all nature in -connexion with it."</p> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<i>Contemplations of Nature.</i><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center">EIGHTH EDITION; WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="caption3nb">LONDON:</p> - -<p class="caption4nb">REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.</p> - -<p class="caption4nb">1849.</p> - -<p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">« iv »</a></span></p> -<p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">« v »</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption4nb pmt4 pmb1">TO</p> - -<p class="caption3nb pmb1">MY SON,</p> - -<p class="center larger antiqua">Reginald Nebille Mantell, C.E.,</p> - -<p class="caption4nb pmt1 pmb1">THESE</p> - -<p class="caption4nb pmb1">"THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE"</p> - -<p class="caption4nb pmb1">ARE MOST AFFECTIONATELY</p> - -<p class="caption4nb pmb4">INSCRIBED.</p> - - -<p class="tdl2 pmb4"> -<span style="margin: 3em;">LONDON,</span><br /> -19, CHESTER SQUARE, PIMLICO.<br /> -<span style="margin: 5.5em;">1849.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">« vi »</a></span></p> - -<p>"Every grain of sand is an immensity—every leaf a world—every insect an -assemblage of incomprehensible effects in which reflection is lost."</p> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Lavater.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<p>"To the natural philosopher there is no natural object that is unimportant or -trifling. From the least of Nature's works he may learn the greatest lessons. The -fall of an apple to the ground may raise his thoughts to the laws which govern the -revolutions of the planets in their orbits; or the situation of a <i>pebble</i> may afford -him evidence of the state of the globe he inhabits, myriads of ages before his -species became its denizens."</p> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Sir J. F. W. Herschel.</span><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">« vii »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2>TO THE READER.</h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<p>Deeply impressed with the conviction that it is of the -highest importance the young and inquiring mind should -have a correct idea of natural phenomena—that it should -not be left to its own unaided efforts to unravel the -mysteries of the beautiful world in which this first state -of being is destined to be passed—or have its curiosity -stifled or misled by unsatisfactory or erroneous conjectures—I -have endeavoured in this little work to explain -in a simple and attractive guise, some of the grand truths -relating to the ancient physical history of our planet, -which modern geology has established.</p> - -<p>The favourable reception of these desultory "<i>Thoughts</i>" -which were originally penned for the amusement and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">« viii »</a></span> -instruction of an intelligent boy, is a gratifying proof -that the attempt has not been unsuccessful; and I would -fain indulge the hope, that this "<i>First Lesson in Geology</i>" -may still be productive of good, by exciting in some -youthful minds a desire for the acquisition of natural -knowledge; and inculcating the important truth, that -He who formed the Universe has created nothing in -vain; that His works all harmonize to blessings unbounded -by the mightiest or most minute of His creatures; -and that the more our knowledge is increased, -and our powers of observation are enlarged, the more -exalted will be our conception of His wondrous works.</p> - -<p class="p0"> -<span class="smcap">Chester Square,<br /> - Pimlico.</span><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">« ix »</a></span></p> - - - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td colspan="3"></td> - <td class="smaller tdr">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Thoughts on a Pebble: Part I.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PART_I">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">More Thoughts on a Pebble: Part II.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PART_II">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">"The Nautilus and the Ammonite"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NAUTILUS_and_the_AMMONITE">57</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Supplementary Notes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SUPPLEMENTARY_NOTES">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Note</td> - <td class="tdl">I.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Shells in Chalk</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_I_Page_13_Shells_in_Chalk">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">II.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Wood in Flint</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_II_Page_17_Wood_in_Flint">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">III.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Whitby Ammonites</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_III_Page_20_Whitby_Ammonites">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">IV.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Fossil Nautili</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_IV_Page_23_Fossil_Nautili">72</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">V.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Brighton Cliffs</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_V_Page_27_Brighton_Cliffs">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">VI.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Rotalię in Chalk and Flint</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_VI_Page_38_Rotaliae_in_Chalk_and_Flint">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">VII.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Isle of Wight Pebbles</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_VII_Page_43_Isle_of_Wight_Pebbles">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">VIII.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Zoophytes of the Chalk</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">« x »</a></span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_VIII_Page_45_Zoophytes_of_the_Chalk">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">IX.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Minute Corals from the Chalk</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_IX_Page_50_Minute_Corals_from_Chalk">92</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">——</td> - <td class="tdl">X.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Infusorial Earths</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Note_X_Page_53_Infusorial_earth_from_Richmond">97</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">« xi »</a></span></p> - - - -<h2>LIGNOGRAPHS.</h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="LIGN"> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="smaller tdr">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#Lign_12">Vignette of Title-page.</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fossil Turban-echinus (<i>Cidaris</i>), with spines.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_2">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bivalve with spines (<i>Plagiostoma spinosum</i>) in chalk; from Lewes.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_3">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Teeth of several species of the Shark tribe, in chalk; from Lewes.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_4">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Chalk-dust highly magnified, consisting of minute shells.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_5">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td class="tdl">Shells (<i>Rotalię</i>) from the chalk, highly magnified.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_6">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ammonite (<i>A. communis</i>) from the Lias, at Whitby.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_7">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nautilus (<i>N. elegans</i>) from the chalk-marl, Lewes.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_8">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td class="tdl"> View of the Cliffs east of Brighton. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">« xii »</a></span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_9">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fossil animalcules (<i>Xanthidia</i>) in flint.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_10">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Xanthidium palmatum</i>, in flint.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_11">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td class="tdl">Rotalia in flint.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_12">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td class="tdl">Minute scales of fishes in flint.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_13">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td class="tdl">Choanites from the chalk; near Lewes.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_14">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td class="tdl">A branch of fossil coral attached to the pebble</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_15">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td class="tdl">Coral-polype in flint.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_16">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td class="tdl">Minute Corals from chalk.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_17">50</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr vtop">18.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fossil cases or shields of animalcules from Richmond, Virginia; highly magnified.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_18">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td class="tdl vtop">Several species of Lamp-shells (<i>Terebratulę</i>) from the chalk, near Brighton.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_19">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td class="tdl">Silicified Oyster from the chalk.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_20">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">21.</td> - <td class="tdl">Coniferous wood in flint, from Lewes Priory.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_21">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">22.</td> - <td class="tdl">Several species of Ammonite.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_22">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">23.</td> - <td class="tdl vtop">The body of a recent microscopic animalcule (<i>Nonionina</i>), the shell having been removed by immersion in acid. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">« xiii »</a></span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_23">81</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">24.</td> - <td class="tdl">A branch of Sponge in flint; a minute Coral from chalk; and a section of a pebble enclosing a zoophyte (<i>Siphonia Morrisiana</i>).</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_24">85</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">25.</td> - <td class="tdl">Flints deriving their shapes from Zoophytes (<i>Ventriculites</i>).</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_25">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">26.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ventriculites in chalk; from Lewes.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_26">90</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">27.</td> - <td class="tdl">Portions of three kinds of recent corals.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Lign_27">94</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">« xiv »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2>LITHOGRAPHS.</h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="LITH"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="smaller tdr">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="tdlhng">Plate I. A rolled flint pebble, having a Choanite as a - nucleus, and the remains of an echinus and spine, shell, and coral, - apparent on the surface.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><a href="#Plate_I">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="tdlhng">Plate II. A longitudinal section of the pebble, showing the structure of the - enclosed <i>Choanite</i>.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><a href="#Plate_II">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="tdlhng">Plate III. A polished section of an Ammonite, having the septa or chambers - filled with variously coloured spar, &c.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><a href="#Plate_III">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="tdlhng">Plate IV. Polished sections of two pebbles from the Isle of Wight; in the - upper specimen, the transition from opaque flint to cloudy chalcedony - and transparent quartz crystals, is beautifully shown; the lower - specimen is richly tinted; the dark appearance is derived from manganese.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><a href="#Plate_IV">86</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Plate_I" id="Plate_I"></a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="tdr2"><i>Plate I.</i></p> -<div class="bbox" style="padding-top: 2em;"> -<img src="images/plate_i.png" width="455" height="405" alt="" /> - -<div class="caption2nb">"THE PEBBLE"<br /> - -<div class="smaller tdr2 pmb4"><i>Page 5</i></div> -</div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">« 5 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2>THOUGHTS<br /> -<br /> -ON A<br /> -<br /> -PEBBLE.</h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<p>"Honoured, therefore, be thou, thou small pebble, lying in the lane; -and whenever any one looks at thee, may he think of the beautiful and -noble world he lives in, and all of which it is capable."</p> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Leigh Hunt's</span> <i>London Journal</i>, p. 10.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - - -<h2><a name="PART_I" id="PART_I">PART I.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Well might our immortal Shakspeare talk of -"<i>Sermons in stones</i>;" and Lavater exclaim, that -"<i>Every grain of sand is an immensity</i>" and the -author of 'Contemplations of Nature' remark, -that "<i>there is no picking up a pebble by the -brook-side without finding all nature in connexion -with it.</i>"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">« 6 »</a></span></p> - -<p>I shall confine my remarks to a <i>flint</i> pebble, -as being the kind of stone familiar to every one. -The pebble I hold in my hand was picked up in -the bed of the torrent which is dashing down -the side of yonder hill, and winding its way -through that beautiful valley, and over those</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">Huge rocks and mounds confus'dly hurl'd.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The fragments of an earlier world,<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="p0">which partially filling up the chasm, and obstructing -the course of the rushing waters, give -rise to those gentle murmurings that are so -inexpressibly soothing and delightful to the soul.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">ORIGIN OF THE PEBBLE.</div> - -<p>Upon examining this stone I discover that -it is but the fragment of a much larger mass, -and has evidently been transported from a distance, -for its surface is smooth and rounded, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">« 7 »</a></span> -angles having been worn away by friction against -other pebbles, produced by the agency of running -water. I trace the stream to its source, half way -up the hill, and find that it gushes out from a -bed of gravel lying on a stratum of clay, which -forms the eminence where I am standing, and -is nearly 300 feet above the level of the British -Channel. From this accumulation of water-worn -materials the pebble must have been removed by -the torrent, and carried down to the spot where -it first attracted our notice; but we are still -very far from having ascertained its origin. The -bed of stones on the summit of this hill is clearly -but a heap of transported gravel—an ancient -sea-beach or shingle—formed of chalk-flints, that -at some remote period were detached from their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> -parent rock, and broken, rolled, and thrown -together, by the action of the waves. We are -certain of this because we know that flints cannot -grow;<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> that they were originally formed in the -hollows or fissures of other stones; and upon -inspecting the pebble more attentively, we perceive, -not only that such was the case, but also -that it has been moulded in <i>Chalk</i>, for it contains -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">« 9 »</a></span> -the remains of certain species of extinct shells -and corals, which are found exclusively in that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">« 10 »</a></span> -rock. Here then a remarkable phenomenon presents -itself for our consideration; this flint, now -so hard and unyielding, must once have been in -a soft or fluid state, for the delicate markings of -the case and spine of an <i>Echinus</i>, or Sea-Urchin, -are deeply impressed on its surface;<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> and a -fragile shell with its spines, is partially imbedded -in its substance.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> Nay more, upon breaking off -one end of the pebble,<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> we find that a sponge, or -some analogous marine zoophyte, is entirely enveloped -by the flint; and also that there are here -and there portions of minute corals, and scales of -fishes. What a "<i>Medal of Creation</i>" is here—what -a page of nature's volume to interpret—what -interesting reflections crowd upon the mind!</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> "<i>Flints cannot grow.</i>"—Here I would digress for a moment to -notice an opinion so generally prevalent, that perhaps some of my young -readers will not be prepared at once to answer the question—<i>Do stones -grow?</i> The farmer who annually ploughs the same land, and observes -a fresh crop of stones every season, will probably reply in the affirmative; -and the general observer who has for successive years noticed his gardens -and plantations strewn with stones, notwithstanding their frequent removal, -may possibly entertain the same opinion; but a little reflection -will show that stones cannot be said to grow or increase, in the proper -acceptation of the term. Animals and plants grow, because they are -provided with vessels and organs by winch they are capable of taking up -particles of matter and converting them into their own substance; but -an inorganic body can only increase in bulk by the addition of some -extraneous material; hence stones may become incrusted, or they may be -cemented together and form a solid conglomerate, but they possess no -inherent power by which they can increase either in size or number—<i>they -cannot grow</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I, <i>a</i></a>.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I, <i>b</i></a>.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I, <i>c</i></a>.</p></div> - - -<div class="sidenote">FOSSIL ECHINUS WITH SPINES.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 399px;"><a id="Lign_2"></a> -<img src="images/lign_2.png" width="399" height="295" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 2</span>:—Fossil Turban Echinus, with its spines; in limestone.<br /> - -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>', p. 340.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">« 11 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">FOSSIL SHELLS IN CHALK.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 356px;"><a id="Lign_3"></a> -<img src="images/lign_3.png" width="356" height="268" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 3</span>:—Shell with spines, imbedded in Chalk; from Lewes.<br /> - -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' 1 p. 390.)</div> -</div> - -<p>To avoid confusion, we will reverse the order -of our inquiry, and first contemplate the formation -of the flint in its native rock. The Chalk, -that beautiful white stone, which (as an American -friend, who saw it for the first time, observed), -is so like an artificial production, abounds in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">« 12 »</a></span> -marine shells and corals, and in the remains of -fishes, crabs, lobsters, and reptiles, all of which -differ essentially from living species; although a -few of the corals and shells resemble, in some -particulars, certain kinds that inhabit the seas of -hot climates. These remains are found in so -perfect a state—the shells with all their spines -and delicate processes (<a href="#Lign_3"><i>Lign. 3</i></a>), and the fishes -with their teeth (<a href="#Lign_4"><i>Lign. 4</i></a>), scales, and fins, entire—that -no doubt can be entertained of the -animals having been surrounded by the chalk -while living in their native sea, and that many -of them were entombed in their stony sepulchres -suddenly, when the rock was in the state of mud, -or like liquid plaster of Paris.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See <a href="#Note_I_Page_13_Shells_in_Chalk">Note I</a>. <i>Shells in the Chalk.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 410px;"><a id="Lign_4"></a> -<img src="images/lign_4.png" width="410" height="315" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 4</span>:—Fossil teeth of Fishes of the Shark family, in Chalk; from Lewes.<br /> -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>.' p. 625.)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">« 13 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">SHELLS AND FISHES IN CHALK.</div> - -<p>But besides the fossils which are obvious to -the unassisted eye, the Chalk teems with myriads -of minute forms that may readily be detected -with a lens of moderate power; and even when -these have been extracted, the residue, which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">« 14 »</a></span> -appears to be merely white calcareous earth, is -found, when examined under the microscope, to -consist almost wholly of bodies yet more infinitesimal—of -perfect shells and corals, so minute, -that a cubic inch of chalk may contain upwards -of a million of these organic remains (see <a href="#Lign_5"><i>Lign. 5</i></a>)!</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 350px;"><a id="Lign_5"></a> -<img src="images/lign_5.png" width="350" height="182" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 5</span>:—A few grains of Chalk-dust highly magnified, and shown to consist of -shells, &c.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>a, a</i>, Shells called Rotalia.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>b</i>, ——————- Textularia.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 232.)<br /> -</div> -</div></div> - - - -<p>The Chalk is stratified—that is, divided into -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">« 15 »</a></span> -<i>strata</i> or layers—as if a certain quantity of mud -had sunk to the bottom of the sea, and enveloped -the shells, corals, &c., which fell in its way, and -had become somewhat solid before another layer -was deposited upon it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">FLINT NODULES AND VEINS.</div> - -<p>The mineral substance termed <i>silex</i> or <i>flint</i>, is -variously distributed in the chalk. It most commonly -occurs in the state of nodules of an irregular -or spheroidal, globular figure, which are -arranged in rows parallel and alternating with, -the cretaceous strata; it is likewise disposed in -continuous thin layers, which are spread over -considerable areas; and it often forms horizontal, -vertical, and oblique veins, that fill up the fissures -and interstices of the chalk. The siliceous nodules -frequently enclose corals, shells, sponges, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">« 16 »</a></span> -and other organic remains, as in the pebble before -us; and in many instances these fossils are found -partly imbedded in the chalk and partly invested -with flint. But though flints contain in abundance -relics of the same species of marine animals -as the chalk, they are not like that rock composed -of an aggregation of fossil remains; on the contrary, -the siliceous earth, which is their constituent -substance, was evidently once in a state -of complete solution in water, and precipitated -into the chalk before the latter was consolidated, -the organic bodies serving as nuclei or centres -around which the silex concreted; for the deposition -of the flint, like that of the chalk, -appears to have taken place periodically.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> <a href="#Note_II_Page_17_Wood_in_Flint">Note II.</a> <i>Wood in flint.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 366px;"><a id="Lign_6"></a> -<img src="images/lign_6.png" width="366" height="250" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 6</span>:—Minute fossil shells from Flint and Chalk, very highly magnified, and -seen by transmitted light.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">1, 2, 3, 6, Rotalię;</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">4, Portion of a Nautilus;</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">5, Rotalia composed of flint.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 232.)<br /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">« 17 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">ANIMALCULES IN CHALK.</div> - -<p>The composition of the Chalk, and the prevalence -throughout that rock of the relics of -animals that can only live in salt-water, prove -incontestably that the chalk and flint were deposited -in the sea; and that our beautiful South -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">« 18 »</a></span> -Downs, now so smooth and verdant, and supporting -thousands of flocks and herds, and the -rich plains and fertile valleys spread around their -flanks, were once the bed of an ocean. It is also -evident not only that such must have been the -case, but also that the Chalk was deposited in -the basin of a very <i>deep</i> sea—in the profound -abyss of an ocean as vast as the Atlantic.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">AMMONITES AND NAUTILI.</div> - -<p>From the absence of gravel, shingle, and sea-beach, -it is certain that the white chalk-strata -were formed at a great distance from sea-shores -and cliffs; and this inference is confirmed by -the swarms of shells termed <i>Ammonites</i> and <i>Nautili</i>, -which we know from their peculiar structure -were, like the recent pearly Nautilus, inhabitants -of deep waters only. For these are chambered -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">« 19 »</a></span> -shells; that is, are divided internally by thin -transverse shelly septa or plates, into numerous -cells; the body of the animal occupied only the -outer compartment, but was connected with the -entire series of chambers by a tube or siphuncle, -which passed through each partition. This mechanism -constituted an apparatus which contributed -to the buoyancy of these animals when -afloat on the waves; for the Ammonites and -Nautili were able to swim on the surface, or sink -to the depths of the ocean at pleasure.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The fragile Nautilus that steers his prow,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The sea-born sailor of his shell canoe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Ocean Mab, the fairy of the sea,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O'er the blue waves at will to roam is free.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He, when the lightning-winged tornadoes sweep<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The surf, is safe, his home is in the deep;<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">« 20 »</a></span> -<span class="i0">And triumphs o'er the Armadas of mankind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which shake the world, yet crumble in the wind.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Byron</span>, <i>The Island</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">WHITBY SNAKE-STONES.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 210px;"><a id="Lign_7"></a> -<img src="images/lign_7.png" width="210" height="184" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 7</span>:—Ammonite from Whitby.</div> -</div> - -<p>The Ammonites, so called from the supposed -resemblance of their shells to the fabled horn of -Jupiter Ammon, are only known in a fossil state; -but they must have swarmed in the ancient seas, -for several hundred species have been discovered -in the Chalk and antecedent strata, though none -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">« 21 »</a></span> -have been found in any deposits of more recent -formation; at the termination of the chalk epoch -the whole race, therefore, appears to have perished. -The Ammonites are commonly termed -<i>snake-stones</i>, from the origin ascribed to them -by local legends; those of Whitby are well -known (see <a href="#Lign_7"><i>Lign. 7</i></a>).<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> <a href="#Note_III_Page_20_Whitby_Ammonites">Note III.</a> <i>Whitby Ammonites.</i></p></div> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Thus Whitby's nuns exulting told—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">How that of thousand snakes, each one<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Was changed into a coil of stone,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">When holy Hilda prayed:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Themselves, within their sacred bound,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their stony folds had often found.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Scott's</span> <i>Marmion</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">« 22 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 266px;"><a id="Lign_8"></a> -<img src="images/lign_8.png" width="266" height="200" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 8</span>:—Nautilus from the Chalk, near Lewes, -(one-eighth the natural size.)</div> -</div> - -<p>The Nautili were the contemporaries of the -Ammonites, and many kinds are found associated -with those shells, in strata far more ancient than -the Chalk; and several species of both genera, as -we have previously shown, were inhabitants of the -cretaceous ocean. When the Ammonites became -extinct, the Nautili continued to flourish, -and numerous examples occur in the strata that -were deposited during the vast period which intervened -between the close of the Chalk formation, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">« 23 »</a></span> -and the dawn of the existing condition of -the earth's surface. At the present time two or -three kinds only are known in a living state, -and these are restricted to the seas of tropical -climes, and so seldom approach the shores, that -but few specimens of the animals that inhabit -the shells have been obtained.</p> - -<p>The Nautilus, therefore, is one of those types -of animal organization that have survived all the -physical revolutions to which the surface of the -earth was subjected during the innumerable -ages that preceded the creation of the human -race.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> This remarkable fact is portrayed with -much force and beauty by Mrs. Howitt, in the -following stanzas:</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> <a href="#Note_IV_Page_23_Fossil_Nautili">Note IV.</a> <i>Fossil Nautili.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">« 24 »</a></span></p></div> - -<p class="caption2">TO THE NAUTILUS.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Thou didst laugh at sun and breeze<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In the new created seas;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thou wast with the reptile broods<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In the old sea solitudes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sailing in the new-made light,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With the curled-up Ammonite.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thou surviv'dst the awful shock,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which turn'd the ocean-bed to rock;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And chang'd its myriad living swarms<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To the marble's veined forms.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thou wert there, thy little boat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Airy voyager! kept afloat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O'er the waters wild and dismal,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O'er the yawning gulfs abysmal;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Amid wreck and overturning,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Rock-imbedding, heaving, burning,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mid the tumult and the stir,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thou, most ancient mariner!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In that pearly boat of thine,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sail'dst upon the troubled brine.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">« 25 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">THE SEA-SHORE.</div> - -<p>We have thus acquired satisfactory proof that -the flint of which our pebble is composed, was -once fluid in an ocean teeming with beings, of -genera and species unknown in a living state, -and that it consolidated and became imbedded -in the chalk, which was then being deposited -at the bottom of the sea; hence the shells, -corals, and other organic remains, which we now -find attached to its surface, and enclosed in its -substance. Thus much for the origin of the -pebble; let us next inquire by what means it was -dislodged from its rocky sepulchre, cast up from -the depths of the ocean, and transported to the -summit of the hill whence it was dislodged by -yonder torrent. If we stroll along the sea-shore, -and observe the changes which are there going -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">« 26 »</a></span> -on, we shall obtain an answer to these questions; for</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">There is a <i>language</i> by the lonely shore—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There is society where none intrudes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">By the deep Sea, and music in its roar!<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Byron.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The incessant dashing of the waves against -the base of the chalk-cliffs, undermines the strata, -and huge masses of rock are constantly giving -way and falling into the waters. The chalk then -becomes softened and disintegrated, and is quickly -reduced to the state of mud, and transported to -the tranquil depths of the ocean, where it subsides -and forms new deposits; but the flints -thus detached, are broken and rolled by attrition -into the state of boulders, pebbles, and gravel, -and ultimately of sand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">« 27 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 450px;"><a id="Lign_9"></a> -<img src="images/lign_9.png" width="450" height="288" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 9</span>:—View of Brighton Cliffs; looking eastward from Kemp Town.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a><br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td><i>a. Cliff's composed of chalk rubble.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>b. Ancient elevated sea-beach.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>c. Chalk forming the base of the Cliffs.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> <a href="#Note_V_Page_27_Brighton_Cliffs">Note V.</a> <i>Brighton Cliffs.</i></p></div> -</div></div> - - -<div class="sidenote">BRIGHTON CLIFFS.</div> - -<p>Now we must bear in mind, that had the -chalk remained at the bottom of the deep sea in -which it was originally deposited, it would not -have been exposed to these destructive operations. -It is therefore manifest, that at some very distant -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">« 28 »</a></span> -period of the earth's physical history, the -bed of the Chalk-ocean was broken up, extensive -areas were protruded above the waters, -lines of sea-cliffs were formed, and boulders, -sand, and shingle accumulated at their base. -Subsequent elevations of the land took place, and -finally, the sea-beach was raised to its present -situation, which is several hundred feet above the -level of the sea!</p> - -<p>Every part of the earth's surface presents unequivocal -proofs that the elevation of the bed of -the ocean in some places, and the subsidence -of the dry land in others, have been, and are -still, going on; and that, in truth, the continual -changes in the relative position of the land -and water, are the effects of laws which the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">« 29 »</a></span> -Divine Author of the Universe has impressed on -matter, and thus rendered it capable of perpetual -renovation:—</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Art, Empire, Earth itself, to change are doomed;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Earthquakes have raised to heaven the humble vale,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And gulfs the mountain's mighty mass entombed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And where the Atlantic rolls wide continents have bloomed.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Beattie.</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">IMMUTABILITY OF THE SEA.</div> - -<p>Our noble poet, Lord Byron, in his sublime -apostrophe to the Sea, has most eloquently -enunciated the startling fact revealed by modern -geological researches,—namely, that if the character -of immutability be attributable to anything -on the surface of our planet, it is to the ocean -and not to the land!—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">« 30 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean—roll!<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Man marks the earth with ruin—his controul<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Stops with the shore:—upon the watery plain<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain<br /></span> -<span class="i2">A shadow of man's ravage, save his own.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When, for a moment, like a drop of rain.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee,—<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they?<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Thy waters wasted them while they were free,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And many a tyrant since; their shores obey<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The stranger, slave, or savage,—their decay<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Has dried up realms to deserts:—not so thou,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Unchangeable, save to thy wild waves' play—<br /></span> -<span class="i2"><i>Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow:</i><br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Such as Creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now!</i><br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">« 31 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Glasses itself in tempests; in all time,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Calm or convulsed—in breeze, or gale, or storm,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Icing the Pole, or in the torrid clime<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Dark-heaving, boundless, endless, and sublime—<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The image of Eternity—the throne<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Of the Invisible; even from out thy slime<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The monsters of the deep are made; each zone<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Obeys thee: thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone!<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Childe Harold.</span> <i>Canto IV.</i><br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">APOSTROPHE TO THE OCEAN.</div> - -<p>I will conclude this "first lesson" with the -following beautiful remark of an eminent living -philosopher:<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a>—"To discover order and intelligence, -in scenes of apparent wildness and confusion, -is the pleasing task of the geological -inquirer; who recognises, in the changes which -are continually taking place on the surface of the -globe, a series of necessary operations, by which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">« 32 »</a></span> -the harmony, beauty, and integrity of the -Universe are maintained and perpetuated; and -which must be regarded, not as symptoms of -frailty or decay, but as wise provisions of the -Supreme Cause, to ensure that circle of changes, -so essential to animal and vegetable existence."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Dr. Paris.</p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 382px;"> -<img src="images/page_32.png" width="382" height="251" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">« 33 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="MORE_THOUGHTS" id="MORE_THOUGHTS">MORE THOUGHTS</a><br /> - -ON A<br /> - -PEBBLE.</h2> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<p>"Not a mote in the beam, not an herb on the mountain, not a pebble -on the shore, not a seed far-blown into the wilderness, but contributes -to the lore that seeks in all the true principle of life—the beautiful—the -joyous—the immortal."</p> - -<p class="tdr2"> -Sir <span class="smcap">E. Bulwer Lytton's</span> <i>Zanoni</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - - -<h2><a name="PART_II" id="PART_II">PART II.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<p>More thoughts on a pebble!—is not the subject -exhausted? have not all the hieroglyphics impressed -on the flint been interpreted?—can -Science, like the fabled wand of the magician, -call forth from the stone and from the rock their -hidden lore, and reveal the secrets they have -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">« 34 »</a></span> -so long enshrined?—Gentle Reader! but one -page of the eventful history of the pebble has been -deciphered; I proceed to transcribe this natural -record of the past, explain its mysterious characters, -and present to thy notice the marvels -they disclose.</p> - -<p>Our previous examination of the specimen -showed that the flint had once been in a fluid -state, and had consolidated in a sea inhabited by -shells, echini, fishes, corals, sponges, and other -zoophytes; and the appearance of the fractured -end (<i><a href="#Plate_I">Plate I, c</a></i>), indicated that some organic -body had formed the nucleus of the pebble, -and that traces of the structure of the original -still remained. To ascertain if this inference is -correct, it will be necessary to divide the stone -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">« 35 »</a></span> -in a longitudinal direction—but I will first strike -off a small fragment, and examine it by the aid -of a microscope.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">FOSSIL ANIMALCULES.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 395px;"><a id="Lign_10"></a> -<img src="images/lign_10.png" width="395" height="271" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 10</span>:—Fossil animalcules (<i>Xanthidia</i>) in Flint.</div> -</div> - -<p>By a sharp blow of a hammer, a very thin -and minute portion of the flint has been detached -(see <a href="#Lign_10"><i>Lign. 10, fig. 1</i></a>); it is translucent, and when -held between the eye and a strong light, appears -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">« 36 »</a></span> -like a slice of horn; and a few extremely minute -specks may with difficulty be detected. Under -the microscope, five of these almost invisible -points are well defined, and present a radiated -appearance (see <i><a href="#Lign_10">fig. 3</a></i>); but I will substitute a -higher power, and lo! they are seen to be distinct -globular or spherical bodies beset with spines -(<i><a href="#Lign_10">fig. 3</a></i>); and with a still more powerful lens, -one which magnifies many hundred times, their -nature is completely displayed. The whole -five possess this general character—a central -globular case or shell, from which radiate tubes -or hollow spines, that terminate in fringed or -divided extremities (<i><a href="#Lign_10">figs. 4, 5, 6</a></i>); but these -bodies differ from each other in the relative -proportions of the shell and spines, and in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">« 37 »</a></span> -the number, shape, and length of the tubular -appendages. The group, in short, is separable -into three distinct species, of the same kind of -fossil remains; and several other varieties occur -in the chalk and flint. .</p> - -<div class="sidenote">XANTHIDIA IN FLINT.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 242px;"><a id="Lign_11"></a> -<img src="images/lign_11.png" width="242" height="247" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 11</span>:—<i>Xanthidium palmatum</i> in flint: highly magnified.</div> -</div> - -<p>But what are these bodies?—They are the -durable cases of animalcules, many species of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">« 38 »</a></span> -which swarm in our seas, and are so minute, that -thousands may be contained in a drop of water! -In a living state, the case is flexible and filled -with a granular jelly, which is the soft body of -the animalcule, and the tubes and the outer -surface are invested with a similar substance. -After death the soft parts dissolve; but the case -and its spines often remain unchanged.</p> - -<p>In another magnified portion of the pebble, a -specimen of the microscopic discoidal shells which -we have already seen compose the greater part of -the white chalk (<a href="#Lign_5"><i>Lign. 5</i></a>, p. 14), is beautifully displayed -when viewed by transmitted light, under -a highly magnifying power (<a href="#Lign_12"><i>Lign. 12</i></a>).<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> Our -investigation has thus shown, that a great part -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">« 39 »</a></span> -of the pebble is actually composed of the aggregated -fossil remains of animalcules, so minute as -to elude our unassisted vision, but which the -magic power of the microscope reveals to us, preserved, -like flies in amber, in all their original -sharpness of outline and delicacy of structure.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> <a href="#Note_VI_Page_38_Rotaliae_in_Chalk_and_Flint">Note VI.</a> <i>Rotalię in chalk and flint.</i></p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">ROTALIA IN FLINT.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 318px;"><a id="Lign_12"></a> -<img src="images/lign_12.png" width="318" height="260" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 12</span>:—Rotalia in flint: highly magnified.</div> -</div> - -<p>On another fragment of this stone two -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">« 40 »</a></span> -glittering specks, not larger than a pin's head, -are discernible (<a href="#Lign_9"><i>Lign. 9</i></a>): these with a magnifier -of moderate power, are seen at a glance to be -scales of fishes. But they differ from each other; -both have the surface smooth, and without -enamel: in the one the margin or edge is simple -(<a href="#Lign_13"><i>fig. 3</i></a>); in the other, it is divided like the teeth of -a comb (<a href="#Lign_13"><i>fig. 2</i></a>);—trifling as this difference may -appear, it is sufficient to enable the naturalist to -determine that the fishes which furnished these -scales belonged to two distinct orders, of which -the Salmon and the Mullet are living examples.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 403px;"><a id="Lign_13"></a> -<img src="images/lign_13.png" width="403" height="216" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 13</span>:—<span class="smcap">Scales of Fishes</span> in flint.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="3">Fig.</td> - <td class="vtop">1.—</td> - <td class="tdl">A fragment of the pebble with the scales of the natural size.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">2.—</td> - <td class="tdl">One of the Scales (of a species of <i>Beryx</i>) highly magnified.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>3.—</td> - <td class="tdl">The other Scale (of a species of <i>Salmo</i>).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Plate_II" id="Plate_II"></a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="tdr2"><i>Plate II.</i></p> -<div class="bbox" style="padding-top: 2em;"> -<img src="images/plate_ii.png" width="303" height="439" alt="" /> - -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Longitudinal section of the Pebble.</i><br /> - -<div class="tdr2 pmb4"><i>Page 41.</i></div> -</div> -</div></div> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">« 41 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="sidenote">SECTION OF THE PEBBLE.</div> - -<p class="caption2">SECTION OF THE PEBBLE.</p> - -<p class="center"><a href="#Plate_II"><i>Plate II</i></a></p> - - -<p>We will now avail ourselves of the assistance -of the lapidary, and divide the pebble in a longitudinal -direction;—what a beautiful and interesting -section is thus obtained! The markings -observable on the fractured portion of the stone -(see <span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_I">Plate I, c</a></span>), are thus shown to have originated, -as we surmised, from some organic body, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">« 42 »</a></span> -which the flint, when fluid, had penetrated and -enveloped. The enclosed fossil was obviously one -of those soft marine zoophytes, allied to the -<i>Actinię</i> or <i>Sea-Anemones</i>, which are of a globular, -spherical, or inversely conical shape, and -consist of a tough, jelly-like substance, permeated -with tubes, disposed in a radiated manner -around a central cavity, or digestive sac; a -structure admitting of that constant supply and -circulation of sea-water, which the economy of -these curious forms of animal existence requires.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">ISLE OF WIGHT PEBBLES.</div> - -<p>The surface exposed by the division of the -pebble, is an oblique vertical section of the petrified -zoophyte. It shows a central canal filled -with bluish-grey flint (<i><a href="#Plate_II">Plate II, c</a></i>), in a mass -traversed by tubes or channels, which possess -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">« 43 »</a></span> -considerable beauty and variety of colour from -an impregnation of iron.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> A transverse section -(see <a href="#Lign_14"><i>Lign. 14.</i> fig. 1</a>) would, of course, have a -central spot, with rays proceeding thence to the -circumference, as in the oblique fracture (<a href="#Plate_I"><i>Plate -I, c</i></a>).<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Specimens of this kind form beautiful objects when polished, and -are mounted as brooches by the lapidaries of Brighton, Bognor, and the -Isle of Wight, who term them petrified sea-animal flowers. Mr. G. -Fowlstone (4, Victoria Arcade) of Ryde, has many splendid examples, -and also agates and jaspers, the genuine productions of the Island.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> <a href="#Note_VII_Page_43_Isle_of_Wight_Pebbles">Note VII.</a> <i>Isle of Wight Pebbles.</i></p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">CHOANITES KONIGI.</div> - -<p>The form of the original zoophyte when living, -must have been that of an inverted cone or funnel, -(hence the scientific name <i>Choanite</i> or funnel-like,) -with a long cylindrical digestive cavity in -the centre, from which tubes ramified through -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">« 44 »</a></span> -every part of the mass. It was attached to a -rock, stone, or shell, by root-like fibres which -spread out from its base; and its soft body was -strengthened, as is the case in many sponges and -animals of a similar nature, by numerous siliceous -spines or spicula, which are often found in -the flint and chalk (see <a href="#Lign_10"><i>Lign. 10.</i> fig. 5</a>).<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> <a href="#Note_VIII_Page_45_Zoophytes_of_the_Chalk">Note VIII.</a> <i>Zoophytes of the Chalk.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 389px;"><a id="Lign_14"></a> -<img src="images/lign_14.png" width="389" height="343" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 14</span>:—<span class="smcap">Choanites</span> <i>Konigi</i>: from the <span class="smcap">Chalk</span>.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="5">Fig.</td> - <td>1.—</td> - <td class="tdl">A transverse section.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">2.—</td> - <td class="tdl">Upper portion of the body.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">3.—</td> - <td class="tdl">Vertical section, like the pebble, <a href="#Plate_I">Pl. II.</a> p. 41.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">4.—</td> - <td class="tdl">A flint, enclosing a Choanite, which is exposed on the upper surface.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">5.—</td> - <td class="tdl">Various forms of siliceous spines of Choanites and other analogous bodies; magnified slightly.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -(See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 264.)<br /> -</div> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">« 45 »</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>Choanites</i> must have swarmed in the -Chalk ocean, for in some of the strata almost -every flint exhibits traces of these zoophytes.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> The shingle at Brighton and Bognor in Sussex, and in various localities -in the Isle of Wight, abounds in specimens more or less perfect. -I would inform my fair readers who may visit these places, and be inclined -to purchase a brooch, in illustration of these "<i>Thoughts on a Pebble</i>," -that by far the greater number of the so-called Brighton and Isle of -Wight moss-agates, jaspers, &c., sold by the lapidaries and jewellers, are -of German or Scotch origin; and that the <i>false-emeralds</i>, and -<i>aquamarines</i>, are water-worn fragments of common green glass bottles!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">« 46 »</a></span></p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">CORALS IN CHALK.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 400px;"><a id="Lign_15"></a> -<img src="images/lign_15.png" width="254" height="170" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 15</span>:—Branch of <span class="smcap">Coral</span> on the Pebble.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="2">Fig.</td> - <td>1.—</td> - <td class="tdl">A portion magnified.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop">2.—</td> - <td class="tdl">A fragment represented as when alive.<br /> - <span class="ind2em"><i>a, a</i></span>, Two polypes collapsed.<br /> - <span class="ind2em"><i>b, b</i></span>, Two polypes with their tentacula extended.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - - -<p>One more character inscribed on the pebble -remains to be interpreted; it is the minute -branch of coral partially imbedded in the flint.<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> -The surface of this coral, when seen with a powerful -lens, is found to be studded with small pores -or cells. In a recent state, each cell was inhabited -by a living polype or animalcule, which, -though permanently united at its base to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">« 47 »</a></span> -general mass, had an independent existence, and -possessed sensation and voluntary motion; expanding -its thread-like feelers or tentacula to -catch its prey, and withdrawing, at will, into its -little cell.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a> immediately below the shell and spine of Echinus.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> For a popular account of recent and fossil corals, see 'Wonders of -Geology,' 6th Edit., vol. ii. Lecture VI. p. 589.</p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 300px;"><a id="Lign_16"></a> -<img src="images/lign_16.png" width="179" height="262" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 16</span>:—A Coral-polype preserved in flint: magnified 500 diameters.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">« 48 »</a></span></p> - -<p>From these investigations, we learn that the -Pebble, which has formed the subject of our -contemplation, had its origin in a living zoophyte -that was growing on a rock, in a sea whose -boundaries have long since been swept away; -that corals, shells, and echini inhabited the -bottom of the deep; and that fishes related to -existing families, sported in the waters of that -ancient ocean. In fine, we have presented to -us the scene so exquisitely described by the -American poet:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">THE CORAL GROVE.</div> - -<p class="caption2">THE CORAL GROVE.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Deep in the waves is a coral grove.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where the purple mullet and gold fish rove,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where the sea-flower spreads its leaves of blue,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That never are wet with the falling dew.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">« 49 »</a></span> -<span class="i0">But in bright and changeful beauty shine,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Far down in the green and glassy brine.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The floor is of sand, like the mountain drift.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the pearl-shells spangle the flinty snow;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From coral rocks the sea-plants lift<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their boughs, where the tides and billows flow;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The water is calm and still below.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For the winds and the waves are absent there,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the sands are bright as the stars that glow<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In the motionless fields of upper air:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There with its waving blade of green,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The sea-flag waves through the silent water,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the crimson leaf of the dulse is seen.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To blush like a banner bathed in slaughter.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There with a light and easy motion<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The fan-coral sweeps through the clear deep sea;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the yellow and scarlet tufts of ocean,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are bending like corn on the upland lea;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And life in rare and beautiful forms,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is sporting amidst those bowers of stone.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class="tdr2"> -<span class="smcap">Percival.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">« 50 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 355px;"><a id="Lign_17"></a> -<img src="images/lign_17.png" width="355" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 17</span>:—Minute Corals from the - Chalk;<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> - <i>highly magnified</i>.</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> <a href="#Note_IX_Page_50_Minute_Corals_from_Chalk">Note IX.</a> <i>Minute corals from the Chalk.</i></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">MICROSCOPIC CORALS.</div> - -<p>Our previous examination of the pebble had -prepared us for these results; but the microscope, -that mighty talisman of wisdom, has -shown us, that even those infinitesimal creatures -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">« 51 »</a></span> -to whom a drop of water is an unbounded ocean—those -living atoms of that world of being which -is for ever concealed from the uninstructed mind—the -inhabitants of that universe beneath us, -which the eye of science can alone penetrate, -existed in ages incalculably remote, and were, -like their gigantic contemporaries, the living instruments -by which a large proportion of the -solid materials of the surface of our planet was -elaborated; their imperishable siliceous and calcareous -skeletons, constituting no inconsiderable -amount of the crust of the earth.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> See <i>"Thoughts on Animalcules, or a Glimpse of the Invisible -World revealed by the Microscope</i>," by the Author. Published by -Mr. Murray, London, 1846.</p></div> - -<p>Fossil animalcules and corals similar to those -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">« 52 »</a></span> -we have discovered in the pebble and in the -chalk, and hundreds of other genera and species -equally minute, occur in such prodigious numbers, -as to warrant the conclusion, that this class of -animal existence has contributed more largely -than any other, to the formation of the sedimentary -strata.</p> - -<p>Not only the Chalk hills, but whole mountain-ranges -formed of other deposits of great thickness -and extent, are found to consist almost entirely -of similar remains. In the state of rock, of -sand, of clay, of marl—in the coarsest limestone, -and in the purest crystal, the petrified skeletons of -animalcules alike abound. The town of Richmond, -in Virginia, is built on a bed of stone twenty feet -thick, which is wholly composed of the fossil -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">« 53 »</a></span> -skeletons of different kinds of marine animalcules. -The polishing slate of Bilin, in Germany, -is wholly made up of the siliceous shields of -similar beings, disposed in layers without any -connecting medium; and these belong to species -so minute, and are so closely compressed together, -that in a cubic inch of the stone, weighing but -two hundred and twenty grains, there are the -remains of <i>forty-one thousand millions</i> of animalcules!<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[T]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 221.</p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 405px;"><a id="Lign_18"></a> -<img src="images/lign_18.png" width="405" height="294" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 18</span>:—Animalcules - from the Richmond earth: very highly magnified<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" - class="fnanchor"></a></div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> <a href="#Note_X_Page_53_Infusorial_earth_from_Richmond">Note X.</a> <i>Richmond Infusorial earth.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">« 54 »</a></span></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="sidenote">REFLECTIONS.</div> - -<p>Here we must bring our "<i>Thoughts on a -Pebble</i>" to a close; but not without adverting -to the pure and elevating gratification which investigations -of this nature afford, and the beneficial -influence they exert upon the mind and -character. In circumstances where the uninstructed -and incurious eye can perceive neither -novelty nor beauty, he who is imbued with a -taste for natural science will everywhere discover -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">« 55 »</a></span> -an inexhaustible mine of pleasure and instruction, -and new and stupendous proofs of the power and -goodness of the Eternal! For every rock in the -desert, every boulder on the plain, every pebble -by the brook-side, every grain of sand on the -sea-shore, is fraught with lessons of wisdom to -the mind which is fitted to receive and comprehend -their sublime import.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"From millions take thy choice,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In all that lives a guide to God is given;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ever thou hear'st some guardian angel's voice,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When nature speaks of heaven!"<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>Amidst the turmoil of the world and the -dreary intercourse of common life, we possess in -these pursuits a never-failing source of delight, -of which nothing can deprive us—an oasis in the -desert, to which we may escape, and find a home -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">« 56 »</a></span> -"wherever the intellect can pierce, and the spirit -can breathe the air."<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[V]</a> For like the plant which -the Prophet threw into the waters of Marah,<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[W]</a> -that changed the bitterness of the wave into -sweetness, a branch from the tree of knowledge -thrown into the turbid stream of life, purifies its -waters, and imparts to them a healing virtue, -which sheds a hallowing and refreshing influence -over the soul!</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> Sir E. Bulwer Lytton.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[W]</span></a> Exod. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 23.</p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">« 57 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a id="NAUTILUS_and_the_AMMONITE"></a><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> - -NAUTILUS and the AMMONITE.</h2> - -<p class="center">(<i>See <a href="#Page_22">Page 22</a>.</i>)</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<p class="center">FROM SKETCHES IN PROSE AND VERSE,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the late G. F. Richardson, Esq.</span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The Nautilus and the Ammonite<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Were launch'd in storm and strife;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Each sent to float, in its tiny boat,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">On the wide, wild sea of life.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">And each could swim on the ocean's brim,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And anon, its sails could furl;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And sink to sleep in the great sea deep,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">In a palace all of pearl.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">And their's was a bliss, more fair than this,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">That we feel in our colder time;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For they were rife in a tropic life,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">In a brighter, happier clime.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">« 58 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">They swam 'mid isles, whose summer smiles<br /></span> -<span class="i4">No wintry winds annoy;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whose groves were palm, whose air was balm.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Where life was only joy.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">They roam'd all day, through creek and bay,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And travers'd the ocean deep;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And at night they sank on a coral bank,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">In its fairy bowers to sleep.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">And the monsters vast, of ages past.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">They beheld in their ocean caves;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And saw them ride, in their power and pride,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And sink in their billowy graves.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Thus hand in hand, from strand to strand,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">They sail'd in mirth and glee;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Those fairy shells, with their crystal cells,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Twin creatures of the sea.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">But they came at last, to a sea long past,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And as they reach'd its shore,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Almighty's breath spake out in death,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And the Ammonite liv'd no more.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">« 59 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">And the Nautilus now, in its shelly prow,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">As o'er the deep it strays,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Still seems to seek, in bay and creek,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Its companion of other days.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">And thus do we, in life's stormy sea,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">As we roam from shore to shore;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While tempest-tost, seek the lov'd—the lost—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">But find them on earth no more!<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">« 60 »</a></span></p> - -<p class="pmt4">Geology, in the magnitude and sublimity of the objects of which it treats, ranks -next to Astronomy in the scale of the sciences.</p> - -<p class="tdr2 pmb4"> -Sir <span class="smcap">J. F. W. Herschel</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 370px;"> -<img src="images/page_60.png" width="370" height="190" alt="fossils, tools and map" /> -</div> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">« 61 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="SUPPLEMENTARY_NOTES" id="SUPPLEMENTARY_NOTES">SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.</a></h2> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - - - -<h2><a name="Note_I_Page_13_Shells_in_Chalk" id="Note_I_Page_13_Shells_in_Chalk">Note I.</a> <a href="#Page_13">Page 13.</a> <i>Shells in Chalk.</i></h2> - - -<p>The shells of mollusca, in consequence of their durability, -are the most abundant fossils in the sedimentary -strata;<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[X]</a> entire layers of marble and other limestone, of -great thickness and extent, are wholly composed of an -aggregation of a few species or genera: in some instances -of fresh-water snails—as, for example, the Sussex and -Purbeck marbles;<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[Y]</a> in others, of marine bivalves and -univalves, as the oyster-conglomerate of Bromley, and -the shelly limestones of Portland, Dorsetshire, &c.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[X]</span></a> For an account of the geological value of fossil shells, see '<i>Medals of -Creation</i>,' vol. i. p. 363.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[Y]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' 6th Edition, p. 402.</p></div> - -<p>The cretaceous strata contain many hundred species of -bivalves and univalves, by far the greater part of which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">« 62 »</a></span> -belong to extinct genera; and the species, with but four -or five exceptions, are unknown in more recent deposits. -In loose sandy strata, fossil shells are oftentimes beautifully -preserved, and may be obtained in as perfect a condition -as if gathered from the sands on the sea-shores: such -is the state of the specimens which abound in the sandy -clays near Barton in Hampshire, and in the "<i>Crag</i>" of -Essex and Suffolk. In certain beds of clay, shells are -also found entire; sometimes retaining the epidermis, -and the cartilaginous ligament of the hinge. The bivalves -in the white chalk are generally perfect; but the -univalves, probably from the more delicate structure of -the originals, seldom retain any vestiges of the shell, excepting -portions of the internal nacreous coat adhering to -the chalk casts, which have been moulded in the interior -of the shells.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">« 63 »</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 450px;"><a id="Lign_19"></a> -<img src="images/lign_19.png" width="398" height="448" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 19</span>:—Bivalve shells (<i>Terebratulę</i>) from Chalk (<i>natural size</i>).<br /> - -1, 2. Plicated species. 1. <i>T. octoplicata.</i> 2. <i>T. subplicata.</i><br /> -3, 4. Smooth species. 3. <i>T. semiglobosa.</i> 4. <i>T. subrotunda.</i><br /> -</div></div> - - - - -<div class="sidenote">TEREBRATULĘ FROM CHALK.</div> - -<p>In some of the cretaceous strata several extinct species -of <i>Oyster</i>, <i>Scallop</i>, <i>Arca</i>, <i>Tellina</i>, and other well-known -marine bivalves abound; and with them are associated -many genera of which no living species have been observed. -Among the bivalves that prevail in the English -chalk, are three or four kinds of <i>Terebratulę</i>: which are -small, elegant, subglobular shells, belonging to a family -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">« 64 »</a></span> -of which nearly 500 species, referable to several genera, -have been obtained from the British strata.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[Z]</a> Certain -genera are restricted to the most ancient sedimentary -rocks, in which they occur in almost incredible numbers; -others have a wider range and are met with in the later -secondary deposits; while a few are found in the newest -beds, and have living representative species in the seas of -warm climates. From the immense antiquity of their -lineage, these <i>Terebratulę</i> have been humourously termed -the "<i>fossil aristocracy</i>." Some of the most common -chalk species are figured of the natural size in <a href="#Lign_19"><i>Lign. 19</i></a>. -When living the animal was attached to a rock or other -body by means of a <i>byssus</i> or peduncle, exserted through -the aperture in the beak or curved extremity of the -largest valve.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[AA]</a> The shells of the smooth <i>Terebratulę</i> -are full of minute holes or perforations, which may readily -be distinguished with a lens of moderate power.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[Z]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' 6th Edit. p. 329.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[AA]</span></a> In the Conchological Gallery of the British Museum there is a group -of thirty or forty recent <i>Terebratulę</i> attached to a stone by their peduncles; -from Australia.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">« 65 »</a></span></p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">PETRIFIED OYSTER.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 426px;"><a id="Lign_20"></a> -<img src="images/lign_20.png" width="426" height="349" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 20</span>:—Oyster from the Chalk, near Brighton (natural size).</div> -</div> - -<p>Occasionally the soft body of the mollusk completely -silicified—that is, transmuted into flint—is found in its -natural position in the shell. A beautiful example of -this kind is represented in <a href="#Lign_20"><i>Lign. 20</i></a>. It is an extinct -species of oyster: both valves were entire when I removed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">« 66 »</a></span> -the chalk and cleared the specimen; part of one -valve has been broken away to expose the petrified body -of the animal. I have seen a <i>Trigonia</i><a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[AB]</a> from the oolite -of Tisbury in Wiltshire, in which the entire body of the -mollusk was transformed into flint, and the <i>branchię</i> or -lamellated gills were beautifully defined, though converted -into semi-transparent chalcedony.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[AB]</span></a> <i>Trigonia:</i> a genus of bivalves, of which there are many extinct -species in the chalk and oolite; some bands of Portland stone are an aggregation -of <i>Trigonię:</i> a few very small species, inhabitants of the -seas of Australia and New Zealand, are the only known living forms of -this once prevailing type of mollusca. See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 407.</p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_II_Page_17_Wood_in_Flint" id="Note_II_Page_17_Wood_in_Flint">Note II.</a> <a href="#Page_17">Page 17.</a> <i>Wood in Flint.</i></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">WOOD IN FLINT.</div> - -<p>I would remind the reader that the white chalk, -together with the various strata of sand, clay, and limestone, -comprising the cretaceous formation of England, -must be regarded as an ancient ocean-bed; in other -words, an accumulation of earthy sediments, formed in the -profound depths of the sea, in periods of long duration -and of incalculable antiquity, and more or less consolidated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">« 67 »</a></span> -by subsequent chemical and mechanical agency. These -deposits are made up of organic and inorganic materials: -the former consist of the debris of the cliffs and shores -which encompassed the ancient ocean, of the spoils of -the land brought into the waters by floods and rivers, and -of mineral matter thrown down from chemical solutions. -The organic substances are the durable remains of the -animals and plants which lived and died in the sea, and -of terrestrial and fluviatile species that were transported -from islands or continents by rivers and their tributaries. -The whole constitutes such an assemblage of strata as -would probably be presented to observation, if a mass of -the bed of the Atlantic 2,000 feet in thickness, were elevated -above the waters, and became dry land; the only -essential difference would be in the generic and specific -characters of the imbedded animal and vegetable remains.</p> - -<p>The vestiges of terrestrial and fluviatile animals and -plants found in the chalk are comparatively but few: I -have collected from Kent and Sussex, bones of gigantic -land lizards, (the <i>Iguanodon</i>), of flying reptiles, -(<i>Pterodactyles</i>), and of fresh-water Turtles, and water-worn fragments -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">« 68 »</a></span> -of stems of coniferous trees allied to the <i>Araucaria</i> -or Norfolk Island Pine; fruits or aments of coniferse; and -stems and foliage of plants related to the <i>Cycas</i> and <i>Zamia</i>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 386px;"><a id="Lign_21"></a> -<img src="images/lign_21.png" width="386" height="292" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 21</span>:—Fragment of coniferous wood in flint.</div> -</div> - -<p>A fragment of silicified wood imbedded in a flint, is -represented in <a href="#Lign_21"><i>Lign. 21</i></a>. It was obtained from a wall in -Lewes Priory in Sussex; and though it has been exposed -to the atmosphere seven or eight centuries, still exhibits -the characteristic internal structure.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">« 69 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_III_Page_20_Whitby_Ammonites" id="Note_III_Page_20_Whitby_Ammonites">Note III.</a> <a href="#Page_20">Page 20.</a> <i>Whitby Ammonites.</i>></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">AMMONITES.</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 389px;"><a id="Lign_22"></a> -<img src="images/lign_22.png" width="389" height="362" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 22</span>:—Ammonites from the cretaceous formation.</div> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Ammonites varians</i>, from Hamsey.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>A. Dufresnoyi</i>: 2<i>a</i>, part of the same.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>A. lautus</i>: 3<i>a</i>, keel and septum of the same.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<p>The Ammonites differ from the Nautili in having the -margins of the septa or internal shelly partitions (which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">« 70 »</a></span> -in the latter are smooth), foliated or wrinkled; and the -siphunculus or tube placed along the back of the shell, -whereas in the Nautilus it is central. The sides of the -shell in the Ammonites are very generally more or less -ornamented with arched elevations and depressions, and -studded with spines and tubercles, as in the specimens -above figured.</p> - -<p>There are several kinds of Ammonites found in the -Lias at Whitby and other places in Yorkshire; the most -common species is figured in <a href="#Lign_7"><i>Lign. 7</i>. p. 20</a>; the dark -colour of this fossil is produced by the argillaceous stone -with which it is now filled. The internal structure of -these Ammonites is generally well preserved, the chambers -being lined with spar or other mineral matter; transverse -polished sections are often very beautiful from the several -cells being occupied by variously coloured marble, susceptible -of a high polish. (<a href="#Plate_III">Pl. III.</a>) In some examples -the entire shell is transmuted into brilliant pyrites (sulphuret -of iron), and the chambers are filled with white -spar; a specimen of this kind in my possession, collected -by Lady Murchison, is the most elegant fossil imaginable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Plate_III" id="Plate_III"></a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="tdr2"><i>Plate III.</i></p> - -<div class="bbox" style="padding-top: 2em;"> -<img src="images/plate_iii.png" width="365" height="333" alt="" /> - -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Polished section of an Ammonite.</i><br /> - -<div class="smaller tdr2 pmb4"><i>Page 70.</i></div> -</div> -</div></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">« 71 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">AMMONITE-MARBLE.</div> - -<p>It is not unusual for the visitors at Whitby to inquire -of the collectors how it is that the head of the animal is -never found? and the crafty dealers, willing to accommodate -the taste of their customers, carve the extremity -of an Ammonite into the semblance of a serpent's head, -and affix two red eyes; thus producing a veritable proof -of the truth of the legend of St. Hilda! My young -readers will not be duped by this trick-of-trade, if they -reflect but a moment on the real nature of a fossil Ammonite: -they will remember that it is a shell which, when -empty, became filled with what was then soft mud, but is -now stone; in like manner as if liquid plaster of Paris -were poured into an empty snail-shell and consolidated.</p> - -<p>In some parts of Somersetshire, a beautiful marble -composed of an aggregation of two or three small species -of Ammonites, is used for sideboards and other ornamental -purposes: the polished slabs are diversified by the -numerous sections of the shells.</p> - -<p>Some of the clays of the Lias abound in a species of -Ammonite of extraordinary beauty from the iridescent -lustre of the pearly coat of the shell: a slab of stone from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">« 72 »</a></span> -Watchett, on which a hundred or more Ammonites of -this kind are displayed, may be seen in the British -Museum.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Note_IV_Page_23_Fossil_Nautili" id="Note_IV_Page_23_Fossil_Nautili">Note IV.</a> <a href="#Page_23">Page 23.</a> <i>Fossil Nautili.</i></h2> - - -<p>The beauty, elegant form, and remarkable internal -structure of the shell of the Nautilus, have rendered it in -all ages an object of curiosity and admiration: yet an -accurate knowledge of the organization of the animal to -which it belongs, has but recently been obtained. The -Nautili may be regarded as Cuttle-fish or <i>Sepię</i>, inhabiting -shells furnished with an apparatus to impart -buoyancy, and enable the animals to swim on the surface, -or sink to the profound depths of the ocean. A few -explanatory remarks on the nature of the recent Sepia -may be necessary to render the subject intelligible to the -unscientific reader.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">RECENT NAUTILUS.</div> - -<p>The <i>Sepia</i> or Cuttle-fish of our seas is of an oblong -form, and composed of a soft substance covered with a -tough integument or skin: it varies from a few inches -to a foot or more in length. The mouth is placed in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">« 73 »</a></span> -centre of one extremity of the body, and has a pair of -powerful, curved, horny mandibles, much resembling the -beaks of a parrot: it is surrounded by eight long arms -like the rays of a star-fish, and these are beset with rows -of little cups which act as suckers, and enable the animal -to secure its prey, and attach itself with great firmness to -any object.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[AC]</a> It has a distinct head, with two eyes as -perfect as in the vertebrated animals, and complicated -organs of hearing: and below the head there is a tube or -funnel which acts as a locomotive instrument, and propels -the animal backwards by the forcible ejection of the water -which has served the purpose of respiration, and can be -thrown out with considerable force by the contraction of -the body. The soft parts are supported by a large internal -bone or osselet of a very curious structure, which, when -dried and reduced to powder, forms the substance used -by scriveners, termed <i>pounce</i>. These naked mollusca also -possess a membranous bag or sac, containing a dark-coloured -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">« 74 »</a></span> -fluid resembling ink in appearance, which they -eject into the surrounding water upon the approach of -danger, and by the obscurity thus induced foil the -pursuit of their enemies. This fluid, when inspissated, -forms the base of the colour termed <i>sepia</i> by artists.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[AC]</span></a> From this arrangement of the organs of prehension around the head, -this order of mollusca is termed the <i>Cephalopoda</i>; <i>i. e.</i>, the feet around -the head.</p></div> - -<p>The body of the Nautilus resembles in its essential -characters that of the Cuttle-fish, and occupies the large -outer receptacle of the shell; maintaining a connection -with the inner compartments by means of the membranous -siphunculus or tube, which is only partially invested with -shell. The internal chambers are air-cells, and the -animal can fill the siphunculus with fluid, or exhaust it -at will; the difference thus effected in its specific gravity -enables it to rise to the surface or sink to the bottom -with facility. Now if' we imagine a Cuttle-fish placed in -the outer chamber of a Nautilus-shell, and provided with -a siphuncule, but having neither ink-bag nor osselet—these -organs being unnecessary to an animal possessing a chambered -shell—we shall have a general idea of the nature of -the recent species.</p> - -<p>The Nautilus is essentially an inhabitant of deep water: -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">« 75 »</a></span> -it creeps along the ground at the bottom of the sea, with -its shell upwards like the snail; and by means of its arms -can proceed with considerable speed.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[AD]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[AD]</span></a> See '<i>Conchologia Systematica</i>,' vol. ii. p. 302, and '<i>Elements of -Conchology</i>,' p. 22, by Mr. Lovell Reeve, F.L.S., for an admirable description -of the recent Nautilus, with illustrations.</p></div> - -<p>A large and splendid species of fossil Nautilus is not -uncommon in the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey, -Sussex, and Hampshire. The chambers are often lined -with spar or other brilliant mineral matter; and polished -sections, like those of the Ammonites, admirably display -the internal structure.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[AE]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[AE]</span></a> See Dr. Buckland's '<i>Bridgewater Treatise</i>' for numerous figures of -Ammonites and Nautili; <i>plates</i> 31 to 34. Consult also '<i>Medals of -Creation</i>,' vol. ii. p. 457.</p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_V_Page_27_Brighton_Cliffs" id="Note_V_Page_27_Brighton_Cliffs">Note V.</a> <a href="#Page_27">Page 27.</a> <i>Brighton Cliffs.</i></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">BRIGHTON CLIFFS.</div> - -<p>The stranger who approaches Brighton by the railroads -through deep tunnels and cuttings in the chalk, and perceives -the town spread over the plain and on the sides of -a valley of the South Downs, will naturally expect to find -the sea-shore bounded by chalk-cliffs. But a wall of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">« 76 »</a></span> -admirable construction, extends from the Steyne to beyond -Kemptown, and effectually conceals from view the materials -that compose the site of that part of Brighton; a ramble -along the shore to Rottingdean is therefore necessary to -reveal to the inquiring observer, the nature of the strata -that flank the southern border of the Downs.</p> - -<p>The sketch given in <a href="#Page_27">page 27</a>, represents the appearance -of part of the coast to the east of Kemptown. The -base of the cliff to the height of a few feet, is seen to -consist of the white chalk with its usual layers of flint -nodules, forming a low wall or terrace, which slopes -seaward, and extends far into the British channel—probably -to the opposite coast of France: at low-water a -considerable expanse of modern shingle and sand is -spread over, and in a great measure conceals, the chalk, -at a few yards distance from the cliff. Upon the terrace -of chalk, at the height of from ten to fifteen feet above -the modern beach, there is a bed of pebbles and sand, -containing also a considerable number of boulders of -granite, porphyry, and other crystalline rocks foreign to -the south-east of England: in fact, a sea-beach, which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">« 77 »</a></span> -must have been formed at some remote period, in the -same manner as the modern shingle. Upon this ancient -beach are strata of loam, and chalk-rubble, with flints -partially water-worn, and boulders of sandstone, breccia, -granite, &c., constituting the upper sixty or eighty feet -of the cliff. In these beds, and also in the ancient -shingle, many teeth and bones of mammoths (extinct -species of elephant), horse, deer, oxen, and other ruminants, -and bones of whales, have been discovered.<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[AF]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[AF]</span></a> See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 914.</p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">THE SUSSEX COAST.</div> - -<p>A few hundred yards beyond Kemptown the inroads of -the sea have destroyed all vestiges of the strata above -described, and the cliffs consist of a perpendicular wall of -chalk; if we extend our walk to Rottingdean, we shall perceive -here and there isolated patches of the ancient shingle, -and of the calcareous strata containing elephants' bones.</p> - -<p>The appearances described demonstrate the following -changes in this part of the Sussex coast. <i>Firstly</i>, the -chalk terrace (<a href="#Lign_9"><i>Lign. 9, c</i>; p. 27</a>) on which the ancient -shingle (<i>b</i>) rests, was on a level with the sea for a long -period; for this beach must have been accumulated, like -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">« 78 »</a></span> -the modern, by the action of the waves on the then existing -chalk cliffs. But there must also have been some cause -not now in operation, by which pebbles, and boulders of -granite and other rocks foreign to this coast, with bones -of extinct mammalia, &c., were thrown up on the strand, -and imbedded in the beach then in progress of formation. -These materials were probably brought from some distant -part of the then continental shores by floating ice: an agency -by which delicate bones and shells may be transported -and deposited without injury amidst pebbles and boulders.</p> - -<p><i>Secondly.</i> The whole line of coast with the ancient -shingle must have subsided to such a depth as to admit of -the deposition of the calcareous materials forming the -"Elephant bed;" and from the absence of beach and -shingle in these strata, it may be inferred that this deposition -took place in tranquil water: possibly at that -period this part of the Sussex coast formed a sheltered bay.</p> - -<p><i>Lastly.</i> The land was elevated to its present level, and the -formation of the modern sea-beach and cliffs commenced.<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[AG]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[AG]</span></a> See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' "On the Geological structure of Brighton -Cliffs," p. 913.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">« 79 »</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_VI_Page_38_Rotaliae_in_Chalk_and_Flint" id="Note_VI_Page_38_Rotaliae_in_Chalk_and_Flint">Note VI.</a> <a href="#Page_38">Page 38.</a> <i>Rotalię in Chalk and Flint.</i></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA.</div> - -<p>The shells called <i>Rotalię</i> (see <a href="#Lign_5"><i>Lign.</i> 5</a> and <a href="#Lign_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">p. 14</a> and -<a href="#Page_16">16</a>) belong to a group of marine animals of very simple -organization, and which present great variety in the form -and markings of their testaceous coverings; but they all -agree in having the sides of the shell pierced by numerous -holes or foramina; whence the scientific term of the Order, -<i>Foraminifera</i>, is derived: these openings are for the egress -of delicate filaments, which appear to be organs of progression -and respiration.</p> - -<p>The <i>Foraminifera</i> are, with but few exceptions, exceedingly -minute; in an ounce of sea-sand, between three and -four millions have been detected. The body of these -animalcules consists of uniform granules enclosed in a skin -or integument, having one or more digestive sacs or cavities; -these creatures appear, in fact, to be mere polypes, -protected by testaceous coverings. Some have but a -single cell; others have many, disposed in a conical or -cylindrical form; many kinds, of which the <i>Rotalię</i> are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">« 80 »</a></span> -examples, are discoidal involutes, and divided internally -by septa into distinct chambers:<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[AH]</a> they resemble in this -respect the shell of the Nautilus, but are readily distinguished -by the perforations.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[AH]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' 6th Edit. p. 322.</p></div> - -<p>All the various kinds of <i>Foraminifera</i> swarm in the -present seas, and were not less numerous in the ancient -ocean. We have seen that the white chalk almost wholly -consists of a few genera of these animalcules; and in -many strata of sand they are so abundant, that a cubic -inch of the mass contains upwards of sixty thousand. In -the <i>Rotalia</i>, the body is entirely enclosed within the shell, -and occupies all the cells; and long, soft, tentacula are -sent off through the foramina. The shell, therefore, though -resembling in form that of the Nautilus, is essentially -different; for in the latter, the outer chamber only is -occupied by the body of the animal, the internal ones -being successively quitted empty dwellings; whereas, in -the <i>Rotalię</i> and analogous <i>Polythalamia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[AI]</a> all the cells -are contemporaneously filled by the soft parts of the -animalcule.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[AI]</span></a> <i>Polythalamia, many-chambered</i>, is a general term applied to these -shells.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">« 81 »</a></span></p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">RECENT FORAMINIFERA.</div> - -<p>When the shell is removed, which is readily effected by -immersion in diluted hydrochloric acid, the body is exposed, -and found to consist of a series of lobes or sacs, united -by a tube corresponding somewhat in its position with -the siphuncle of the Nautilus, but which is the digestive -canal. The body of a recent animalcule of this kind, deprived -of the shell, is figured in <a href="#Lign_23"><i>Lign. 23</i></a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 304px;"><a id="Lign_23"></a> -<img src="images/lign_23.png" width="304" height="236" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 23</span>:—The body of a recent animalcule allied to the <i>Rotalia</i>, deprived of its -shell; <i>highly magnified</i>.</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">« 82 »</a></span></p> - -<p>Not only the characters of fossil shells of such infinite -minuteness can be revealed by the microscope, but even -the soft parts of the animalcules which inhabited them; -for these are occasionally preserved, and may be demonstrated -with as much distinctness as the recent examples.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[AJ]</a> -In flint the soft parts of <i>Rotalię</i>, <i>Textularię</i>, &c., are -abundant, and may be seen, with but little preparation, like -insects in amber: the specimen figured in <a href="#Lign_12"><i>Lign. 12</i>, p. 39</a>, -shews the body of a <i>Rotalia</i> well defined; the only preparation -this atom of flint has undergone, is immersion in -Canada balsam. To detect such delicate structures in -chalk requires, however, some experience in microscopic -manipulation, as the calcareous matter must be dissolved -in hydrochloric acid, and the animal substance separated -from the residuum.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[AK]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[AJ]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' 6th Edit., p. 322.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[AK]</span></a> See my '<i>Memoir on the fossil remains of the soft parts of -Foraminifera in Chalk, &c.</i>' Philosophical Transactions, 1846, p. 465.</p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_VII_Page_43_Isle_of_Wight_Pebbles" id="Note_VII_Page_43_Isle_of_Wight_Pebbles">Note VII.</a> <a href="#Page_43">Page 43.</a> <i>Isle of Wight Pebbles.</i></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">ISLE OF WIGHT PEBBLES.</div> - -<p>The nodules and veins of flint that are so abundant in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">« 83 »</a></span> -the upper chalk, have probably been produced by the -agency of heated waters and vapours; the perfect fluidity -of the siliceous matter before its consolidation is proved, -not only by the sharp moulds and impressions of shells -and other organisms retained by the flints, but also by the -presence of numerous remains in the substance of the -nodules, and the silicified condition of the sponges and -other zoophytes which abound in the cretaceous strata.</p> - -<p>Now although silex, or the earth of flint, is but sparingly -soluble in water of the ordinary temperature, its solution -readily takes places in vapour heated a little above that of -fused cast iron, as has been proved by direct experiment;<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[AL]</a> -and similar effects are being produced at the present -moment by natural causes. The siliceous deposits thrown -down by the intermittent boiling fountains, called the -Geysers, in Iceland, are well known;<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[AM]</a> and in New Zealand -this phenomenon is exhibited on a still grander scale. -From the crater of the volcanic mountain of Tongariro,<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[AN]</a> -which is several thousand feet above the level of the sea, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">« 84 »</a></span> -jets of vapour and streams of boiling water highly charged -with silex, are continually issuing forth, and dashing down -the flanks of the volcano in cascades and torrents, empty -themselves into the lakes at its base. As the water cools, -siliceous sinter is deposited in vast sheets, and incrustations -of flint form around the extraneous substances lying in the -course of the thermal streams. Silex is also precipitated -by the boiling waters in stalagmitic concretions, and in -nodules resembling in colour and solidity the flints of the -English chalk. The complete impregnation and silicification -of organized bodies is attributable to an agency of -this kind; and although the origin of the siliceous waters -that deposited the nodules and veins of flint in the chalk -is still involved in obscurity, the mode in which the latter -were formed is satisfactorily elucidated.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[AL]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' p. 100.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[AM]</span></a> Ibid., p. 95.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[AN]</span></a> Ibid., p. 98.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">« 85 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 450px;"><a id="Lign_24"></a> -<img src="images/lign_24.png" width="347" height="298" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 24</span>:—Zoophytes in Chalk and Flint.<br /> - -1. A minute coral from chalk and flint; the lower figure is of the natural size. -2. Branch of a sponge in flint. 3. Pebble enclosing a zoophyte.<br /> -</div></div> - - - -<p>Of the perfect transmutation into flint of the most delicate -organic structures, the pebbles strewn along the sea-shore -of the south coast of England, afford a beautiful illustration; -those from the Isle of Wight are especially celebrated -for their rich and varied colours. The most common and -interesting are those which exhibit sections of Choanites, -as in the specimen which suggested the reflections embodied -in these pages. Other allied forms are scarcely -less beautiful; the petrified zoophytes called <i>Siphonia</i>, -which, when living, consisted of a soft mass traversed -by tubes, for the free ingress and egress of the water, -often display the internal structure of the original: -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">« 86 »</a></span> -as in the polished transverse section figured above, -<a href="#Lign_24"><i>Lign. 24, fig. 3</i></a>. Other bodies of this class occur in the -flint, and present interesting examples of the zoophytes of -the chalk ocean.</p> - -<p>But many of the Isle of Wight pebbles exhibit no traces -of animal structure, yet are valuable and instructive as -mineralogical specimens: such are the clear and transparent -pebbles with bands and veins of quartz and chalcedony. -Some specimens are as pellucid as rock-crystal; others are -of a bright yellow, amber, dark-brown, and bluish-black -colour, and are often mottled with dendritical or arborescent -manganese. (<i><a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV.</a></i>) The moss agates, as they are -called by the lapidaries, are silicified sponges. Small -pebbles of pure transparent rock-crystal are often found -among the shingle in Compton and Sandown bays, and -have probably been washed out of the wealden strata; for -similar stones occur in the Tilgate grit, and at Tunbridge -Wells: in the latter place, they are cut and polished -for rings, brooches, &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Plate_IV" id="Plate_IV"></a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="tdr2"><i>Plate IV.</i></p> -<div class="bbox" style="padding-top: 2em;"> - -<img src="images/plate_iv.png" width="382" height="545" alt="" /> - -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Polished sections of Pebbles.</i><br /> - -<div class="smaller tdr2 pmb4"><i>Page 86.</i></div> -</div> -</div></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">« 87 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">ZOOPHYTES OF THE CHALK.</div> - -<p>On the shores of the Isle of Wight, pebbles of jasper, -resembling those from Egypt, and of banded quartz, with -arborescent markings, or with zones of rich brown, are also -met with; these do not appear to have originated from the -chalk strata.</p> - -<p>Pebbles of silicified wood have been collected in Sandown -bay by Mr. Fowlstone; and water-worn boulders and pebbles -of petrified wood, bones, &c., are common in Brook -bay; rolled masses of the fresh-water shelly limestones -(Sussex and Purbeck marbles) are also abundant in the -same localities.<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[AO]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[AO]</span></a> All these varieties may be obtained of Mr. Fowlstone, 4, Victoria -Arcade, Ryde.</p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="Note_VIII_Page_45_Zoophytes_of_the_Chalk" id="Note_VIII_Page_45_Zoophytes_of_the_Chalk">Note VIII.</a> <a href="#Page_45">Page 45.</a> <i>Zoophytes of the Chalk.</i></h2> - - -<p>Zoophytes, especially sponges, occur in such prodigious -numbers in some of the chalk strata, that the nucleus of -almost every flint nodule is an organic body. In many -instances the silex has completely permeated the animal -substance, as in the pebbles before described; but sometimes -the sponge is a white calcareous mass, occupying a -hollow in the flint: a branched specimen of this kind, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">« 88 »</a></span> -exposed on breaking a small nodule, is represented at -<a href="#Lign_24"><i>Lign. 24, fig. 2</i></a>.</p> - -<p>In describing sponge as an animal substance, it may be -necessary to explain that the sponge in ordinary use is the -flexible skeleton of a living zoophyte, and was originally -invested with a gelatinous or slimy matter, which lined all -the pores and channels. When alive in the water, currents -constantly enter the outer pores, traverse all the internal -inosculating canals, and issue from the larger orifices which -often project above the surface in perforated papillę. By -the circulation of the sea-water through the porous -structure, the nutrition of the animated mass is effected; -and the modifications observable in the number, size, -form, and arrangement of the pores, canals, and apertures, -in the different kinds of this type of organization, are -subservient to this especial function.</p> - -<p>But associated with the true <i>Poriferę</i> or sponges, are -numerous zoophytes which resemble them in form, but -are of an entirely distinct nature; for they are the fossilized -remains of <i>Polyparia</i>, that is, of the frame-work of -an aggregation of polypes, each individual of which had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">« 89 »</a></span> -an independent existence, although the whole were united -by one common living integument, like the <i>Alcyonium</i>, -or dead-men's fingers, of our coasts.<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[AP]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[AP]</span></a> See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 251.</p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 369px;"><a id="Lign_25"></a> -<img src="images/lign_25.png" width="369" height="208" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 25</span>:—Flints deriving their forms from the zoophytes they enclose.</div> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">FUNGIFORM FLINTS.</div> - -<p>Among the flints whose forms depend on the organic -bodies they enclose, are some which bear so close a resemblance -in shape to <i>Fungi</i>, that they are provincially called -in Sussex "<i>petrified mushrooms</i>;" several of them are -figured above (<a href="#Lign_25"><i>Lign. 25</i></a>). In these fossils there are openings -at the base, and a groove on the margin of the upper -part, in which the structure of the enclosed body is generally -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">« 90 »</a></span> -more or less distinctly seen; and upon breaking one -of these bodies, a section of a funnel-shaped zoophyte is -obtained. The origin of these flints will be understood -by reference to the four interesting specimens here delineated, -one-sixth of the natural size in linear dimensions.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 360px;"><a id="Lign_26"></a> -<img src="images/lign_26.png" width="360" height="315" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 26</span>:—Ventriculites from the Chalk, Lewes.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td class="tdl">A perfect specimen in Chalk, shewing the external net-like surface.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td class="tdl">An expanded specimen, displaying the inner surface studded with cells.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td class="tdl">A Ventriculite with the lower part enveloped in Flint.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Part of a Ventriculite; the base invested with Flint: the root-like fibres are seen at a.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">« 91 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">VENTRICULITES.</div> - -<p>This zoophyte, to which the name of <i>Ventriculite</i> has -been given to denote its usual shape, was a hollow inverted -cone, terminating at the base in a point, whence radicles -or root-like processes were sent off, by which the animal -was firmly attached to the rock. The outer integument -was disposed in meshes like a net (see <a href="#Lign_26"><i>Lign. 26, fig. 1</i></a>), and -the inner surface was beset with regular circular openings, -the orifices of tubular cells (<a href="#Lign_26"><i>fig. 2</i></a>); each of which was -probably occupied by a polype. The substance of the <i>Polyparium</i>, -or general support of this family of animalcules, -which alone occurs in a fossil state, appears to have been -analogous to that of the soft <i>Alcyonia</i>, and to have -possessed a common irritability; the entire mass contracting -and expanding, as is the case in many recent -zoophytes.<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[AQ]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[AQ]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' 6th Ed., p. 610; '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' -p. 273-276; and '<i>Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight</i>,' -pp. 179-184, for an account of the silicification of these and other Zoophytes.</p></div> - -<p>The flints, <a href="#Lign_25"><i>figs. 3, 7, 8, 9, Lign. 25</i></a>, were evidently -formed in the manner exemplified in <a href="#Lign_26"><i>fig. 3, Lign. 26</i></a>; <i>figs.</i> -2, 4, 6, are illustrated by <a href="#Lign_26"><i>fig. 4, Lign. 26</i></a>; for the chalk -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">« 92 »</a></span> -specimens, <a href="#Lign_26"><i>Lign. 26</i></a>, shew that all these flints have been -moulded around <i>Ventriculites</i>, and that their diversity of -figure has arisen from the quantity of silex that happened -to permeate the substance of the zoophyte; if but a small -portion, flint like <i>figs.</i> 2 and 4, were the result; if the -quantity were considerable, the larger fungiform examples -were produced.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Note_IX_Page_50_Minute_Corals_from_Chalk" id="Note_IX_Page_50_Minute_Corals_from_Chalk">Note IX.</a> <a href="#Page_50">Page 50.</a> <i>Minute Corals from Chalk.</i></h2> - - -<p>Some layers of chalk are composed of an aggregation -of many kinds of delicate corals, the interstices being filled -up with <i>Rotalię</i> and other foraminiferous shells. In the -cliffs near Dover there are several beds of this nature, -well known to collectors for the profusion of exquisite -specimens they yield to the experienced investigator. -<a href="#Lign_17"><i>Lign. 17</i>, p. 50</a>, represents several varieties from different -localities; the small figures shew the natural size, and the -enlarged ones their appearance when magnified. Attached -to the surface of shells, and sometimes standing erect in -crannies of flint nodules, beautiful corals may often be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">« 93 »</a></span> -detected by the aid of a lens of moderate power. By -brushing chalk in water, and examining the deposit, delicate -fossils of this kind may also be obtained.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[AR]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[AR]</span></a> Refer to '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 284, and to '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' -<i>Lecture VI.</i> p. 588, for a comprehensive view of Recent and Fossil Corals.</p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">NATURE OF CORALS.</div> - -<p>From the close analogy of the fossil corals to existing -forms, it would not be difficult to give restored figures of -the originals. Every little branch might be represented -fraught with living polypes: in some cells the agile inmates -might be shown with the mouth expanded, and -the tentacula in rapid motion; in others withdrawn into -their stony recesses, and devouring the infinitesimal atoms -that constitute their food: even their varied hues might -be introduced, and thus a vivid picture be presented of -the microscopic beings which peopled the waters of the -ancient chalk ocean.</p> - -<p>That the Corals, which from their elegance and beauty -are preserved in almost every cabinet, have been fabricated—or, -in other words, built up—by polypes, in the -same manner as the honey-comb of the bee and wasp, is -so prevalent yet erroneous an opinion, that I am induced -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">« 94 »</a></span> -to point out its fallacy, by giving a brief account of the -formation of these substances. The three recent specimens -represented in <a href="#Lign_27"><i>Lign. 27</i></a> will serve to illustrate my -remarks.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 388px;"><a id="Lign_27"></a> -<img src="images/lign_27.png" width="388" height="247" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Lign. 27</span>:—Recent Corals.<br /> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Oculina ramea.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Madrepora muricata.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Isis hippuris.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - - -<p>The coral, <a href="#Lign_27"><i>fig. 1</i></a>, was an internal axis or skeleton, -deposited by the soft fleshy integument with which, when -living, it was wholly invested; in the same manner as are -the bones of animals, by the special membrane (<i>periosteum</i>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">« 95 »</a></span> -that secretes them. This integument lined every -cell, and the polypes were permanently united to it. -When the live coral is taken out of the water, the animalcules -shrink up and quickly perish; their soft parts -and the external investing substance putrefy, and the -stony axis beset with the radiated cells alone remains.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">RECENT CORALS.</div> - -<p>In the example of <i>Oculina ramea</i>, or May-blossom -Coral, <a href="#Lign_27"><i>fig. 1</i></a>, from the Mediterranean, the cells are large -and distinct; in the <i>Madrepore</i> from the West Indies, -<a href="#Lign_27"><i>fig. 2</i></a>, they are small and very closely aggregated.</p> - -<p>The specimen of <i>Isis</i> (<a href="#Lign_27"><i>fig. 3</i></a>) belongs to a group of -coral-zoophytes in which the polype-cells consist of a -substance that is durable, but not so hard as coral, and -invests an axis composed of a tough flexible material, -which is exposed at the base of <a href="#Lign_27"><i>fig 3</i></a>, by the removal of -the external or cortical part in which the polypes were -situated. The <i>Gorgonia</i>, or Venus's fan, has a similar -structure and composition.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[AS]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[AS]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' vol. ii. p. 616.</p></div> - -<p>In the <i>Red Coral</i>, so largely employed in the manufacture -of beads, brooches, and other ornaments, not only -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">« 96 »</a></span> -the animalcules, but also their receptacles, are composed -of a soft perishable substance. When alive, the polypes, -as well as the investing fleshy integument, are of a delicate -bluish tint; the internal calcareous axis alone possesses -the peculiar red colour. Upon being taken out of -the sea, vitality quickly ceases, the soft parts decompose, -and the beautiful crimson stone commonly known as the -<i>true coral</i>, is obtained free from all traces of the soft -mass by which it was secreted. Although an actual investigation -of the facts described can only be instituted -near the seas of warm climates, yet our coasts abound in -certain coral-zoophytes in which similar phenomena may -readily be observed. Most persons in their rambles by -the sea-side must have noticed on the fuci, algę, shells, -pebbles, &c., patches of a white earthy substance, which -when closely examined resemble delicate lace-work. These -apparently calcareous incrustations are clusters of the -zoophytes termed the <i>Flustra</i>, or sea-mat.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[AT]</a> When removed -from the water, this aggregation of polypes seems -coated over with a glossy film or varnish; and with a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">« 97 »</a></span> -lens of moderate power the surface is seen to be full of -pores, disposed with much regularity. If viewed under -the microscope while immersed in sea-water, a very -different appearance is presented. Every pore is found -to be the opening of a cell whence issues a tube fringed -with several long feelers or arms; these expand, then -suddenly contract and withdraw into the cell, and again -issue forth; the whole surface of the Flustra being -covered with these hydra-like animalcules. The Flustra, -therefore, like the corals, constitutes an assemblage of -polypes, each individual being permanently fixed in a -durable cell, and the whole attached to a common -integument by which the calcareous frame-work was -secreted and maintained.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[AU]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[AT]</span></a> See '<i>Wonders of Geology</i>,' Plate 5.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[AU]</span></a> See Dr. Johnson's beautiful work on '<i>British Zoophytes</i>,' in which -are numerous figures of various species of Flustra.</p></div> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Note_X_Page_53_Infusorial_earth_from_Richmond" id="Note_X_Page_53_Infusorial_earth_from_Richmond">Note X.</a> <a href="#Page_53">Page 53.</a> <i>Infusorial earth from Richmond -in Virginia.</i></h2> - - -<div class="sidenote">INFUSORIAL EARTHS.</div> - -<p>The greatest natural operations are produced by the -most simple and apparently inadequate agents: for as the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">« 98 »</a></span> -illustrious Galileo emphatically remarked, "<i>La nature fait -beaucoup avec peu, et ses opérations sont toutes également -merveilleuses.</i>" The profound thinker Hobbes, in the -same spirit observes, "The majesty of God appeareth no -less in small things than in great, and as it exceedeth -human sense in the immensity of the universe, so also -doth it in the smallness of the parts thereof." This -sublime truth is strongly impressed on the mind of the -geological inquirer, who perceives that whole countries -and mountain ranges of great elevation and extent, are -wholly composed of the aggregated remains of beings of -such infinite minuteness that but for the powerful optical -instruments of modern times, their presence would never -have been suspected.</p> - -<p>A few years only have elapsed since the sagacious -Ehrenberg first drew attention to this subject, and -pointed out the proper method of investigation;<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[AV]</a> and so -rapid has been the progress of discovery in this department -of science, that <i>infusorial deposits</i>, as these beds of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">« 99 »</a></span> -fossil animalcules are designated, have been detected in -every quarter of the globe. A fact equally unexpected -and remarkable has also been established, namely, that at -the present moment similar minute living agents are -largely contributing to the increase of the solid materials -of the crust of our planet.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[AV]</span></a> See '<i>Medals of Creation</i>,' p. 244, for instructions for the microscopical -examination of earths, chalk, &c.</p></div> - -<div class="sidenote">RICHMOND EARTH.</div> - -<p>The infusorial earth of Virginia, alluded to in the text, -is a yellowish siliceous clay, forming a deposit from -twelve to fifteen feet in thickness, upon which the towns -of Richmond and Petersburgh are built. The surface of -the country over which it extends is characterized by a -scanty vegetation, owing to the siliceous nature of the soil -dependent on the minute organisms of which it almost -entirely consists. When a few grains of this earth are -properly prepared for microscopic examination, immense -numbers of the shields or cases of animalcules are visible -under a magnifying power of 300 diameters; in fact, the -merest stain left by the evaporation of water in which -some of the marl has been mixed, teems with these fossil -remains.<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[AW]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[AW]</span></a> Specimens of Infusorial earths, prepared for the microscope, may -be obtained of Mr. Topping, 4, New Winchester Street, Pentonville Hill, -New Road, London.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">« 100 »</a></span></p></div> - -<p>These organisms are of exquisite structure, and comprise -many species and genera. The most beautiful -and abundant are the circular shields, termed -<i>Coscinodisci</i> (sieve-like disks), which are elegant saucer-shaped -cases, elaborately ornamented with hexagonal -apertures disposed in curves, somewhat resembling the -engine-turned sculpturing of a watch; these shells are -from 1/1000 to 1/100 of an inch in diameter. A segment of -one of these disks, highly magnified, is represented in -<a href="#Lign_18"><i>Lign. 18, fig. 2</i></a>. The body of the living animalcule was -protected and enclosed by a pair of these concave shells, -the perforations admitting of the exsertion of filaments -or tentacula. This species of <i>Coscinodiscus</i> abounds in -the present seas, and constitutes no inconsiderable proportion -of the food of Pectens and other testaceous -mollusca.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[AX]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[AX]</span></a> See '<i>Thoughts on Animalcules</i>,' p. 103.</p></div> - -<p>All the animalcules found in the Richmond earth are -marine, and most of them belong to genera, and many to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">« 101 »</a></span> -existing species; although the position of the American -strata proves that they are referable to a period of immense -antiquity.</p> - -<p>In Germany, beds of a white infusorial earth, resembling -magnesia in appearance, and termed <i>Bergh-mehl</i>, -or fossil farina, occur at Bilin, and several other places: -at San Fiora in Tuscany, near Egra in Bohemia, in -the Bermudas, Barbadoes, &c., similar deposits have -been discovered; all being composed of the shields of -various kinds of animalcules. But I must not extend -these remarks, and will only add a few observations on -the infusorial earth of Barbadoes, which has but recently -been brought under the notice of geologists by Sir -Robert Schomburgk, and is especially interesting for the -exquisite beauty and variety of its organisms, and the -circumstances under which the deposit occurs.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">FOSSIL INFUSORIA OF BARBADOES.</div> - -<p>Barbadoes, an island of the West Indies, is about -twelve miles in length from north to south, and consists -of coral reefs, capped in one district by tertiary sandstones -and limestones, which attain a height of 1200 feet -above the sea. Over the rest of the island, coral reefs -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">« 102 »</a></span> -form the entire surface, which is divided by vertical walls -of coral, some of them nearly 200 feet high, into six -terraces, indicating as many periods of upheaval. In the -lowest reef, Indian hatchets have been found twenty -feet above high water mark; shewing that the last movement, -at least, took place within the human period. The -tertiary strata are more or less inclined, and in many -places vertical, and contorted. Strata of marl, several -hundred feet thick, predominate; and there are beds of -bituminous coal, sandstone, clays, and ferruginous sands. -Arenaceous limestone containing teeth of sharks, spines -of echini, and shells, forms the summit of a hill nearly -1,000 feet high. The white marls abound in 300 species -of the most beautiful siliceous infusoria; many are peculiar, -others the same as occur in the Richmond earth, -and some belong to recent species.<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[AY]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[AY]</span></a> Sir R. H. Schomburgk: Brit. Assoc. 1847.</p></div> - - - - -<p class="caption2 pmb4">THE END.</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">« 103 »</a></span></p> - - -<p class="pmt4 caption3">WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>In 2 Vols, foolscap 8vo, cloth, lettered, with numerous Illustrations and -Coloured Plates, price 18s. the Sixth Edition of</i></p> - -<p class="caption2">THE WONDERS OF GEOLOGY;</p> - -<p class="center">OR,<br /> - -A FAMILIAR EXPOSITION OF GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA.<br /> - -<span class="larger">By GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S,</span><br /> - -Vice-President of the Geological Society of London.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p>"Dr. Mantell's <i>Wonders of Geology</i> will continue to be a favourite work -equally in the Geological schools, in the private study, and in the family -circle. It may be read and understood by any intelligent and educated individual; -its exact science, sound logic, and dignity of style ensure its acceptance -with the learned; its elegance, beauty, and perspicuity, with the -polite and refined; and its comprehensive brevity, with the student of the -elements of Geology. It realizes, indeed, our beau-ideal of a familiar yet -dignified philosophical style: being alike condensed and luminous, possessing -a graceful flowing eloquence, and rising as the subject may require, into the -sublime as well as the beautiful. We are not aware of the existence of any -work, on any department of science, which has higher claims at once to a -place in the library of the philosopher, and on the table of a refined family."—<i>Review -of the American Edition of the Wonders of Geology.</i> <i>American -Journal of Science.</i></p> - -<p>"Dr. Mantell's eloquent and delightful work, the <span class="smcap">Wonders of Geology</span>."—<i>Sir E. B. Lytton.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">« 104 »</a></span></p> - - -<p><i>In 2 vols. foolscap 8vo, cloth, lettered, with Coloured Plates, and several -hundred Figures of Fossil Remains, price One Guinea.</i></p> - -<p class="caption2">THE MEDALS OF CREATION;</p> - - -<p class="center">OR,<br /> -<br /> -FIRST LESSONS IN GEOLOGY, AND IN THE STUDY OF ORGANIC REMAINS.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p>These volumes comprise a <span class="smcap">Popular Introduction</span> to the study of -Organic remains, and a general view of <span class="smcap">Fossil Botany</span> and <span class="smcap">Zoology</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Geological Excursions</span> to some of the most interesting places in -England are described, in illustration of the method of observing and investigating -Geological Phenomena, and of collecting Organic Remains.</p> - -<p>Ample instructions are given for the development and arrangement of -Fossil <i>Vegetables</i>, <i>Corals</i>, <i>Shells</i>, <i>Bones</i>, <i>Teeth</i>, &c.: and practical directions -for the microscopical examination of rocks composed of Fossil Infusoria, and -the intimate structure of mineralized Plants, Teeth, &c. In fine, these -volumes are offered as a popular guide and hand-hook for the Student and -Amateur Collector of Fossil Remains, and the Reader who may desire a -general acquaintance with a science replete with objects of the highest interest; -and for the Tourist who may wish, in the course of his travels, to -employ profitably and agreeably a leisure hour, in the various districts he -may visit. Such a work has long been required; and the present will be -found to comprise all that can reasonably be expected in two pocket volumes. -The plates are alike beautiful and faithful representations of the originals.</p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>"Very rarely can we find a work which is so perfect an example of the art of book, -making, in the best understanding of that term; we mean technically and <i>mechanically</i> -as well as <i>intellectually</i>. Dr. Mantell's '<span class="smcap">Medals of Creation</span>' are, indeed, -among the <i>chef d'œuvres</i> of the art; and, being elegantly bound in embossed covers, -of the still portable size of the larger 12mo, will and must take their place as the companions, -not only of the geologist in his study, but in the field; while they will also -accompany the intelligent travellers of both sexes as most instructive and delightful -Mentors in their journeyings among the grand and beautiful scenes of our globe. This -work is a <i>classic of high excellence</i>, of great research, and formidable labour; and we -cannot close our remarks without again expressing our admiration of the perspicuity, -method, and condensation by which it is distinguished."—<i>American Journal of Science -for January</i>, 1845.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">« 105 »</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center pmt2"><i>In one volume square 8vo, with 12 coloured plates; price 10s.</i></p> - -<p class="caption2">THOUGHTS ON ANIMALCULES;</p> - - -<p class="center">OR,<br /> -<br /> -A GLIMPSE OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD REVEALED BY THE MICROSCOPE.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"In this beautiful work Dr. Mantell has presented a vast deal of information on -the most interesting genera and species of Infusoria, and clothed it with that fascinating -garb, that persuasive eloquence, with which he has been ever wont to impart -knowledge."—<i>Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review.</i></p></div> - - -<p><i>In one volume 8vo, with numerous plates, sections, coloured geological -maps, &c.; price 12s.</i></p> - -<p class="caption2">GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS ROUND THE<br /> -ISLE OF WIGHT</p> - -<p class="center">OR,<br /> -<br /> -ALONG THE ADJACENT COASTS OF HAMPSHIRE AND DORSETSHIRE.<br /> -<br /> -Illustrative of the most interesting geological phenomena and organic remains.<br /> -</p> - -<p>This work is a popular guide to the geology of the "beautiful Island," -pointing out and explaining the most remarkable localities and the fossils -with which they abound; not only of the Isle of Wight, but also of the Isles -of Purbeck and Portland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">« 106 »</a></span></p> - - -<p><i>In one volume, with plates; price 5s.</i></p> - -<p class="caption2">A DAY'S RAMBLE IN AND ABOUT THE<br /> -ANCIENT TOWN OF LEWES;</p> - - -<p class="center">ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE OBJECTS OF HISTORICAL, GEOLOGICAL, AND<br /> -ANTIQUARIAN INTEREST OF THE TOWN AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"A charming guide to a charming spot; rich in picturesque scenery, and historical -associations of the highest interest. A day's ramble which every one who visits -Brighton and has leisure will not fail to undertake with so instructive and delightful a -companion."—<i>Brighton Gazette.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"> -<i>Preparing for Publication.</i><br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">THE PHENOMENA OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM;</span><br /> -<br /> -OR,<br /> -<br /> -A FAMILIAR EXPOSITION OF THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVES:<br /> -<br /> -Being the substance of a course of popular Lectures.<br /> -<br /> -<i>In one volume, with numerous illustrations.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">« 107 »</a></span></p> - - -<p class="tdr2"> -<i>August, 1850.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p class="caption2"><b>LIST OF WORKS</b></p> - -<p class="center"> -PRINCIPALLY ON<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">NATURAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE,</span><br /> -<br /> -PUBLISHED BY<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">REEVE AND BENHAM,</span><br /> -<br /> -5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"> -1.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">POPULAR FIELD BOTANY;</span><br /> -<br /> -COMPRISING<br /> -<br /> -A familiar and technical description of the Plants most common to the British<br /> -Isles, adapted to the study of either the Artificial or Natural System.<br /> -<br /> -By AGNES CATLOW.<br /> -<br /> -<b>Second Edition.</b><br /> -<br /> -<i>Arranged in twelve chapters, each being the Botanical lesson for the month.</i><br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"A useful aid to young persons at a loss how to take the first steps in -Botany. One of the impediments in their way is the uncertainty that -attends all attempts at making out the names of the objects they have to -examine, and this impediment can only be removed by drawings and very -familiar descriptions. Miss Catlow, in the work before us, has furnished a -clear and concise supply of both. We recommend her 'Popular Botany' to -favourable notice."—<i>Gardeners' Chronicle.</i></p> - -<p>"The design of this work is to furnish young persons with a Self-instructor -in Botany, enabling them with little difficulty to discover the scientific names -of the common plants they may find in their country rambles, to which are -appended a few facts respecting their uses, habits, &c. The plants are classed -in months, the illustrations are nicely coloured, and the book is altogether -an elegant, as well as useful present."—<i>Illustrated London News.</i></p></div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ In one vol. royal 16mo, with twenty plates of figures. Price 7<i>s.</i> plain; -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">« 108 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>2. INSTINCT AND REASON. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Smee</span>, F.R.S., Author of -'Electro-Biology.' One vol. 8vo. With coloured Plates by Wing, and -Woodcuts. 16<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>3. THE TOURIST'S FLORA. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Flowering -Plants and Ferns of the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, -Italy, and the Italian Islands. By <span class="smcap">Joseph Woods</span>, F.A.S., F.L.S., -and F.G.S. 8vo.</p> - -<p>4. POPULAR HISTORY OF MAMMALIA. By <span class="smcap">Adam White</span>, F.L.S., -Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. With -sixteen coloured Plates of Quadrupeds, &c., by <span class="smcap">B. Waterhouse Hawkins</span>, -F.L.S. Royal 16mo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>5. VOICES FROM THE WOODLANDS; or, History of Forest Trees, -Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns. By <span class="smcap">Mary Roberts</span>. With twenty -coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Fitch</span>. Royal 16mo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>6. THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE; or, A First Lesson in Geology. By -Dr. <span class="smcap">Mantell</span>, F.R.S. Eighth Edition, considerably enlarged. With -four coloured plates, twenty-seven woodcuts, and a Portrait of the -Author. Square 12mo. 5<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>7. THE POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena -of Nature. By <span class="smcap">Robert Hunt</span>, Esq., Author of 'Panthea.' Second -Edition. Revised by the Author. With an Index.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"An able and clever exposition of the great generalities of Science, adapted to the -comprehension of those who know little of her mysteries."—<i>Athenęum.</i></p> - -<p>"One of the most readable epitomes of the present state and progress of science -we have yet perused."—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p> - -<p>"This book displays a fund of knowledge, and is the work of an eloquent and -earnest man."—<i>Examiner.</i></p></div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ One vol. demy 8vo. Price 12<i>s.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>8. EPISODES OF INSECT LIFE. First Series.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"The letterpress is interspersed with vignettes clearly and cleverly engraved on -stone, and the whole pile of natural history—fable, poetry, theory, and fact—is -stuck over with quaint apophthegms and shrewd maxims, deduced for the benefit of -man from the contemplation of such tiny monitors as gnats and moths.—Altogether -the book is a curious and interesting one—quaint and clever, genial and -well-informed."—<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p></div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ One vol. crown 8vo, with 16 illustrations. Price 16<i>s.</i> elegantly bound -in fancy cloth. <i>Coloured and bound extra, gilt, 21s.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>9. EPISODES OF INSECT LIFE. Second Series.</p></div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ One vol. crown 8vo, with 36 illustrations. Price 16<i>s.</i> elegantly bound -in fancy cloth. <i>Coloured and bound extra, gilt, 21s.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">« 109 »</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"> -10.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">POPULAR HISTORY</span><br /> -<br /> -OF<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BRITISH SEA-WEEDS;</span><br /> -<br /> -Comprising a familiar and technical description of the Sea-weeds<br /> -of the British Isles.<br /> -<br /> -By the Rev. DAVID LANDSBOROUGH, A.L.S.,<br /> -Member of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"This charming contribution to the study of a very interesting branch of -Natural History combines scientific correctness with artistical -beauty."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>"The book is as well executed as it is well timed. The descriptions are -scientific as well as popular, and the plates are clear and explicit. Not only -the forms, but the uses of Algę, are minutely described. It is a worthy sea-side -companion—a hand-book for every occasional or permanent resident on -the sea-shore."—<i>Economist.</i></p> - -<p>"A work of much general interest, and one which every dweller by the -sea-side, who makes a right use of his eyes, would do well to -procure."—<i>Edinburgh Witness.</i></p> - -<p>"Mr. Landsborough's very beautiful volume is meant for young students -of Sea-weeds. The volume is illustrated with many coloured plates, executed -in a superb style."—<i>Glasgow Daily Mail.</i></p> - -<p>"Profusely illustrated with specimens of the various Sea-weeds, beautifully -drawn and exquisitely coloured."—<i>Sun.</i></p> - -<p>"This elegant work, though intended for beginners, is well worthy the -perusal of those advanced in the science."—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p> - -<p>"Those who desire to make themselves acquainted with British Sea-weeds, -cannot do better than begin with this elegantly illustrated manual."—<i>Globe.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ In one vol. royal 16mo, with twenty-two plates of figures -by Fitch. Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">« 110 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>11. PANTHEA, THE SPIRIT OF NATURE. By <span class="smcap">Robert Hunt</span>. Author -of 'The Poetry of Science.' One vol. 8vo. Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"A brave attempt to range from the elemental to the universal, from the known to -the unknown."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>"There is, throughout, the closeness of matter and eloquence of style that distinguish -the 'Poetry of Science.'"—<i>Spectator.</i></p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>12. A REVIEW OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848. By -<span class="smcap">Captain Chamier</span>, R.N. Two vols. 8vo. Price 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>13. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF IRELAND. By <span class="smcap">William Thompson</span>, -Esq., President of the Natural History and Philosophical Society of -Belfast. <span class="smcap">Birds.</span> Vol. I. Price 16<i>s.</i> cloth. Vol. II. Price 12<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>14. THE RHODODENDRONS OF SIKKIM-HIMALAYA. By Dr. <span class="smcap">J. D. -Hooker</span>. Second Edition. In handsome imperial folio, with ten -beautifully coloured plates. Price 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>15. TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRAZIL, principally through -the Northern Provinces and the Gold and Diamond Districts, during -the years 1836-41. By <span class="smcap">George Gardner</span>, M.D., F.L.S. Second -and Cheaper Edition. 8vo. Plate and Map. Price 12<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>16. ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH MYCOLOGY; or. Figures and Descriptions -of British Funguses. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">T. J. Hussey</span>. Royal 4to. -Ninety plates, beautifully coloured. Price 7<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, cloth.</p> - -<p>17. THE ESCULENT FUNGUSES OF ENGLAND, By the Rev. Dr. -<span class="smcap">Badham</span>. Super-royal 8vo. Price 21<i>s.</i>, coloured plates.</p> - -<p>18. NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG in the -Eastern Archipelago during the years 1843-46. By Captain Sir <span class="smcap">Edward -Belcher</span>, C.B., F.R.A.S. and G.S. In 2 vols. 8vo, 35 Charts, Coloured -Plates, and Etchings. Price 36<i>s.</i>, cloth.</p> - -<p>19. CURTIS'S BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY, being Illustrations and Descriptions -of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland, -comprising coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful -species and of the plants upon which they are found. By <span class="smcap">John Curtis</span>, -F.L.S. Sixteen vols. royal 8vo. 770 copper-plates, beautifully coloured. -Price £21. (Published at £43 16<i>s.</i>)</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">« 111 »</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"> -20.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">POPULAR BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY;</span><br /> -<br /> -COMPRISING<br /> -<br /> -A familiar and technical description of the Birds of the British Isles.<br /> -<br /> -By P. H. GOSSE,<br /> -<br /> -Author of 'The Ocean,' 'The Birds of Jamaica,' &c.<br /> -<br /> -<i>In twelve chapters, each being the Ornithological lesson for the month.</i><br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"Goes over every month of the year, figures the birds naturally in painted -colours, describes them and their habits well, and is a capital manual for -youthful naturalists."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>"To render the subject of ornithology clear, and its study attractive, has -been the great aim of the author of this beautiful little volume. It contains -descriptions of all our British birds, with the exception of those which may -be considered in the light of stragglers, and which are not likely to fall in the -way of the young naturalist, for whose use this work is intended. It is embellished -by upwards of 70 plates of British birds beautifully coloured."—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p> - -<p>"We can answer for this compact and elegant little volume being beautifully -got up, and written in a manner likely to attract the interest of the -youthful student."—<i>Globe.</i></p> - -<p>"This was a book much wanted, and will prove a boon of no common -value, containing, as it does, the names, descriptions, and habits of all the -British birds. It is handsomely got up, and ought to find a place on the -shelves of every book-case."—<i>Mirror.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ In one vol. royal 16mo, with twenty plates of figures. Price 7<i>s.</i> plain; -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">« 112 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>21. THE DODO AND ITS KINDRED; or, the History, Affinities, and -Osteology of the <span class="smcap">Dodo</span>, <span class="smcap">Solitaire</span>, and other extinct birds of the -Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon. By <span class="smcap">H. E. Strickland</span>, -Esq., M.A., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.; and <span class="smcap">A. G. Melville</span>, M.D., M.R.C.S. -One vol. royal quarto, with eighteen plates and numerous wood illustrations. -Price 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>22. A CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS, the Plates selected -from the Botanical Magazine. The descriptions re-written by Sir -<span class="smcap">William Jackson Hooker</span>, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens -of Kew; with Introduction and instructions for their culture by <span class="smcap">John -Charles Lyons</span>, Esq. One hundred coloured plates, royal quarto. -Price Five Guineas.</p> - -<p>23. CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA; or, Complete System of Conchology. -300 plates of upwards of 1,500 figures of Shells. By -<span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, F.L.S. Two vols. 4to, cloth. Price 10<i>l.</i> coloured; -6<i>l.</i> plain.</p> - -<p>24. CONCHOLOGIST'S NOMENCLATOR; or. Catalogue of recent -Shells. By <span class="smcap">Agnes Catlow</span> and <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, F.L.S. Price 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>25. FLORA ANTARCTICA; or. Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. By -<span class="smcap">Joseph Dalton Hooker</span>, M.D., R.N., F.R.S., &c. Two vols. royal -4to, 200 plates. Price 10<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i> coloured; 7<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> plain.</p> - -<p>26. CRYPTOGAMIA ANTARCTICA; or, Cryptogamic Botany of the -Antarctic Voyage. By <span class="smcap">Joseph Dalton Hooker</span>, F.R.S., &c. -Royal 4to. Price 4<i>l.</i> 4<i>s.</i> coloured; 2<i>l.</i> 17<i>s.</i> plain.</p> - -<p>27. THE BRITISH DESMIDIEĘ; or, Fresh-Water Algę. By <span class="smcap">John -Ralfs</span>, M.R.C.S. Price 36<i>s.</i> coloured plates.</p> - -<p>28. CONCHYLIA DITHYRA INSULARUM BRITANNICARUM. By -<span class="smcap">William Turton</span>, M.D. Reprinted verbatim from the original -edition. Large paper, price 2<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>29. THE PLANETARY AND STELLAR UNIVERSE. By Robert -<span class="smcap">James Mann</span>. Price 5<i>s.</i>, cloth.</p> - -<p>30. ILLUSTRATIONS of the WISDOM and BENEVOLENCE of the -DEITY, as manifested in Nature. By <span class="smcap">H. Edwards</span>, LL.D. Price -2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, cloth.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">« 113 »</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"> -31.<br /> -<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY;</span><br /> -<br /> -COMPRISING<br /> -<br /> -A familiar and technical description of the Insects most common<br /> -to the British Isles.<br /> -<br /> -By MARIA E. CATLOW.<br /> -<br /> -<i>In twelve chapters, each being the Entomological lesson for the month.</i><br /> -</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p>"Judiciously executed, with excellent figures of the commoner species, for -the use of young beginners."—<i>Annual Address of the President of the -Entomological Society.</i></p> - -<p>"Miss Catlow's 'Popular British Entomology' contains an introductory -chapter or two on classification, which are followed by brief generic and -specific descriptions in English of above 200 of the commoner British -species, together with accurate figures of about 70 of those described. The -work is beautifully printed, and the figures nicely coloured, and will be quite -a treasure to any one just commencing the study of this fascinating -science."—<i>Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p class="hanging">⁂ In one vol. royal 16mo, with sixteen plates of figures. -Price 7<i>s.</i> plain; 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">« 114 »</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3">Serials.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>32. CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE; by Sir <span class="smcap">William Jackson -Hooker</span>, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c., Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew. -With observations on the culture of each species, by Mr. John Smith, -A.L.S., Curator of the Royal Gardens. In monthly numbers, each -containing six plates, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p>33. HOOKER'S JOURNAL OF BOTANY, and KEW GARDEN MISCELLANY. -Edited by Sir <span class="smcap">William Jackson Hooker</span>, F.R.S., -&c. In monthly numbers. Price One Shilling.</p> - -<p>34. ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG. Edited -by <span class="smcap">Arthur Adams</span>, Assistant-Surgeon, R.N. <span class="smcap">Fishes.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">John -Richardson</span>, M.D., F.R.S. <span class="smcap">Crustacea.</span> By the Editor and <span class="smcap">Adam -White</span>, F.L.S. <span class="smcap">Mollusca.</span> By the Editor and <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, -F.L.S., including the anatomy of the <i>Spirula</i>, by Prof. <span class="smcap">Owen</span>, F.R.S.</p> - -<p>35. PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA; or, History of the British Sea-weeds. -By Professor <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, M.D., M.R.I.A. In parts, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured; -large paper, 5<i>s.</i> To be completed in 60 parts. Part 49 just published.</p> - -<p>36. NEREIS AUSTRALIS; or, Illustrations of the Algę of the Southern -Ocean. By Professor <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, M.D., M.R.I.A. To be completed in -Four Parts, each containing 25 coloured plates, imp. 8vo, price 1<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> -Parts 1 and 2 recently published.</p> - -<p>37. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORNITHOLOGY. By Sir <span class="smcap">William Jardine</span>, -Bart. In parts, each containing 4 plates, price 3<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>38. CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA; or, Figures and Descriptions of the -Shells of Molluscous Animals. By <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, F.L.S. Demy 4to. -Monthly. Eight plates. 10<i>s.</i> coloured. Part 87 just published.</p> - -<p>39. ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY; or, Introduction to the Natural -History of Shells and their molluscous inhabitants. By <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, -F.L.S. Royal 8vo. In twelve parts, each containing five plates. Price -3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p> - -<p>40. CURTIS'S BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. Re-issued in monthly parts, -each containing 4 coloured plates and corresponding text. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>41. A CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS. Published in -monthly numbers, each containing five plates. Price 5<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 160px;"> -<img src="images/wiggle.png" width="160" height="10" alt="~~~~~~~~~~" /> -</div> - -<p class="center larger">LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center">REEVE and BENHAM, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<div class="trans_notes"> - -<p class="caption2nb">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>Illustrations may have been moved to prevent splitting paragraphs. -Minor typos were corrected. 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