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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Big Bend National Park, by W. Ray Scott
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Big Bend National Park
-       Land of Dramatic Contrasts and Scenic Grandeur
-
-Author: W. Ray Scott
-
-Release Date: July 15, 2020 [EBook #62658]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
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-
-
-                                Big Bend
-                             National Park
-                                Land of
-                           Dramatic Contrasts
-                                  and
-                            Scenic Grandeur
-
-
-                         Story and Photography
-                                   by
-                              W. RAY SCOTT
-
-                              Published by
-                    NATIONAL PARK CONCESSIONS, INC.
-
-          Copyrighted 1950 by National Park Concessions, Inc.
-
-                         _National Parks_
-
-  ACADIA                                                   MAINE
-  BIG BEND                                                 TEXAS
-  BRYCE CANYON                                              UTAH
-  CARLSBAD CAVERNS                                    NEW MEXICO
-  CRATER LAKE                                             OREGON
-  EVERGLADES                                             FLORIDA
-  GLACIER                                                MONTANA
-  GRAND CANYON                                           ARIZONA
-  GRAND TETON                                            WYOMING
-  GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS               NORTH CAROLINA & TENNESSEE
-  HAWAII                                                  HAWAII
-  HOT SPRINGS                                           ARKANSAS
-  ISLE ROYALE                                           MICHIGAN
-  KINGS CANYON                                        CALIFORNIA
-  LASSEN VOLCANIC                                     CALIFORNIA
-  MAMMOTH CAVE                                          KENTUCKY
-  MESA VERDE                                            COLORADO
-  MOUNT McKINLEY                                          ALASKA
-  MOUNT RAINIER                                       WASHINGTON
-  OLYMPIC                                             WASHINGTON
-  PLATT                                                 OKLAHOMA
-  ROCKY MOUNTAIN                                        COLORADO
-  SEQUOIA                                             CALIFORNIA
-  SHENANDOAH                                            VIRGINIA
-  VIRGIN ISLANDS                                  VIRGIN ISLANDS
-  WIND CAVE                                         SOUTH DAKOTA
-  YELLOWSTONE                              WYOMING-MONTANA-IDAHO
-  YOSEMITE                                            CALIFORNIA
-  ZION                                                      UTAH
-
-    [Illustration: Decorated capital]
-
-Southwestern Texas, along the Big Bend of the Rio Grande, one of the
-last scenic frontiers of America is located in a remote and unspoiled
-setting. Vast stretches of plains and range land, interspersed with
-numerous outcroppings of buttresses and ridges, end abruptly against a
-mass of mountains near the Mexican border. Etched and carved by the
-master hand of “Erosion” giant arroyos and imposing gorges are spread
-through the area in wild abandon. Towering, jagged peaks of the Chisos
-Mountains merge with the desert, plains and valleys in Big Bend National
-Park to create a kaleidoscopic pattern of dramatic contrasts and
-striking grandeur.
-
-The northern approach to Big Bend is through Marathon. Leaving U. S.
-Highway 90 from this point, the Park boundary at Persimmon Gap is about
-forty miles over State Road 51. The Big Bend area is about 330 miles
-west of San Antonio and 220 miles southeast of El Paso. Alpine, the
-western gateway to Big Bend is 118 miles from the Basin of the Chisos
-Mountains, in the center of the Park.
-
-Embraced in the gigantic curve of the Rio Grande, the Park lies just
-across the river from Old Mexico, where many geological features have a
-profound influence on the scenic aspects of this area. On the east,
-majestically rising above the Boquillas Canyon, the Sierra del Carmen
-Range provides a picturesque backdrop for the mesquite and cactus
-covered plains. Two other canyons complete the international features on
-the south and west. At the southernmost boundary of the Park, and almost
-inaccessible, is the rugged Mariscal Canyon, where the Rio Grande has
-carved its tortuous channel through more than seven miles of limestone
-rock. Precipitous walls of this abyss are almost sixteen hundred and
-fifty feet in height. The most imposing and the most easily accessible
-of the three canyons is the Santa Elena, along the western boundary of
-Big Bend.
-
-    [Illustration: SANTA ELENA CANYON—The majestic grandeur of the Big
-    Bend area is emphasized by the towering walls of the Santa Elena
-    Canyon. Here, where the Rio Grande emerges from the winding gorge,
-    Mexico appears at the left, the United States on the right.]
-
-Here, a deep gash in the mesa de Anguila and Sierra Ponce marks the
-course of the river for eighteen miles. Through millions of years, the
-silt and gravel laden waters have continued their endless task of
-grinding away the limestone bit by bit until now the walls of the canyon
-rise perpendicularly more than fifteen hundred feet above the waters of
-the river.
-
-    [Illustration: BOQUILLAS, MEXICO AND SIERRA DEL CARMEN RANGE—The
-    Village of Boquillas is located in a picturesque setting along the
-    Rio Grande and at the base of the Sierra del Carmen Range.]
-
-    [Illustration: SIERRA DEL CARMEN RANGE—One of the outstanding scenic
-    features of the eastern section of Big Bend National Park is
-    Mexico’s picturesque Sierra del Carmen Range, which exceeds 8,000
-    feet in elevation.]
-
-    [Illustration: SPIRES AND PINNACLES IN THE GRAPEVINE HILLS—Erosion,
-    like a master sculptor, has carved many weird and grotesque forms
-    throughout the Big Bend area.]
-
-The geological story of Big Bend is vividly revealed in the rock strata,
-the spires, buttresses, erosive remnants, arroyos and canyons. The
-entire Big Bend area was submerged by an ocean millions of years ago.
-Sediments of sand, mud and lime deposited on the floor of the sea later
-hardened into rock. Common to all oceans, various types of aquatic life
-abounded in these waters, many of which were fossilized in the forming
-of the rock. Igneous action within the earth’s interior caused an
-uplifting of the surface and receding of the ocean waters. It was during
-this period that giant trees grew and later became petrified. (Evidence
-may be noted on the Tornillo Flats.) Swamp and shoreline vegetation
-provided food for the dinosaurs during this period. As the igneous
-action increased, molten rock was deposited in some sections and
-mountains were formed along the lines of greatest pressure. This newly
-formed rock was soft and highly susceptible to the processes of erosion,
-which gradually broke down the softer portions of the mountains, making
-deposits in the valleys and lowlands.
-
-    [Illustration: ROCK FORMATIONS IN THE GRAPEVINE HILLS—Fantastic
-    shapes have been created by erosive action in the Big Bend National
-    Park. Here, the massive boulders form a frame for the mountains in
-    the distance.]
-
-Evidence of the tremendous force of erosion is very pronounced
-throughout the Big Bend National Park. Here nature has carved a cross
-section out of the earth leaving the rocks of various geological eras
-etched in bold relief. The Big Bend country reveals to the novice a
-greater understanding of the geological evolution through which the
-earth has passed. Scientists, who have searched the arroyos, buttresses
-and canyons, have obtained vital information and substantiating facts
-which have contributed to the knowledge and advancement of the science
-of geology.
-
-Climatic conditions throughout the Big Bend region are mild and arid.
-Here again, in this land of contrasts, it is possible to experience a
-variation of temperatures and weather conditions. During the hottest
-part of the summer the high altitudes of the Chisos Mountains remain
-moderate and cool, while the temperatures are much higher along the
-lower plains, the desert and river valleys. The annual rainfall is
-light, varying from 8 to 20 inches. Although there is some snow and
-freezing weather in the mountains during the winter months, extreme
-temperatures normally are of short duration. In other sections of the
-Park the temperatures rarely drop below freezing. Throughout the winter
-the temperatures are mild along the Rio Grande.
-
-    [Illustration: ARROYO—Arroyos dip below the plains in appalling
-    vistas of sand and desert wasteland revealing the continuous
-    processes of erosion. The foothills of the Chisos Mountains are in
-    the distance.]
-
-Outstanding in natural phenomena the scenic features of Big Bend
-National Park comprise a variety of spectacular attractions. In addition
-to the canyons of the Rio Grande, numerous colorful arroyos dip below
-the plains in appalling vistas of sand, rock and scrub vegetation of the
-desert. Buttresses push their towering masses into the azure sky,
-revealing a graphic account of endless battles with the elements. The
-uncovered strata opens the book of geologic history. High in the Chisos
-Mountains, majestically reigning over the Basin, Casa Grande, an erosive
-remnant of rhyolite, rises 7,300 feet above sea level. This massive
-monolith is a conspicuous landmark, photogenic in its moods of shifting
-lights and shadows. Climaxing the mountain scenery are the outstanding
-vistas that unfold from the South Rim of the Chisos Mountains. From this
-lofty plateau, more than 7,000 feet above sea level and a mile above the
-sprawling valley of the Rio Grande, the extensive awe-inspiring view
-reaches far into Old Mexico. To the east, blue and purple in the
-distance, ranges of the Sierra del Carmen and Sierra Fronterisa pose in
-their grandeur. More than a hundred miles to the south the distant
-Sierra Madres form the horizon line in Mexico and the Mesa de Anguila
-forms a sharp outline to the west. Dropping sheer from the South Rim,
-precipitous cliffs slope into the Lower Chisos, more than 1,000 feet
-below the rim.
-
-    [Illustration: TULE MOUNTAIN—Erosion has carved innumerable spires
-    and buttresses out of Big Bend’s igneous rock.]
-
-    [Illustration: WEST FACE OF THE SOUTH RIM—Dynamic and spectacular,
-    the view from the South Rim of the Chisos Mountains reaches across
-    the Rio Grande and far into Old Mexico.]
-
-    [Illustration: THE SOUTH RIM OF THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—Looking west
-    along the face of the South Rim where perpendicular cliffs drop more
-    than 1,000 feet to the lower Chisos. The Rio Grande valley is in the
-    middle distance.]
-
-    [Illustration: SOUTH RIM VISTA—One of the most spectacular views in
-    Big Bend National Park is the amazing expanse that unfolds from the
-    South Rim of the Chisos Mountains. In the middle distance is the Rio
-    Grande—and Mexico beyond.]
-
-Among the lesser peaks of the Chisos Mountains, many of the names are
-closely related to resemblance or legendary origin. Crown Mountain,
-Pummel Peak and Mule Ear Peaks are formed in the image of their
-namesakes. Legends of a lost silver mine center around Lost Mine Peak,
-supposed to be the scene of mining operations by the early Spanish
-explorers. Historical episodes of the Spanish Conquistadors, legendary
-stories of the Apache Indians and the drama of bandits, rustlers and
-Texas rangers of the Wild West, have all made a definite contribution
-toward the fascination of the Big Bend country.
-
-    [Illustration: PUMMEL PEAK—From the plains, Pummel Peak in the
-    Chisos Mountains, rises to form the replica of a massive saddle.]
-
-    [Illustration: ANTELOPE—The natural habitat of the antelope is along
-    the grassy slopes of Big Bend’s foothills, while mule deer roam the
-    plains and the flag tail deer live in the higher elevations of the
-    mountains.]
-
-The Chisos Mountains have been classed as a biological island due to
-their isolation from other mountain groups or ranges. While the Chisos
-are erroneously considered as the southern extremity of the Rocky
-Mountains they are widely separated by a vast expanse of desert and
-plains. This factor has influenced the types of wildlife that are
-prevalent in this area and many species are more closely related to the
-Sierra Madres in Mexico than to the environs of the Rockies. The
-flagtail deer, mountain lion and black bear are found at the higher
-elevations in the Chisos Mountains, while mule deer, antelope and
-javalina frequent the foothills and plains. Due to excessive hunting
-before Big Bend was established as a National Park, antelope and big
-horn sheep had completely disappeared from the area. Antelope have been
-restocked in recent years and are gradually on the increase. Along the
-Rio Grande beaver and badger comprise the principal types of wildlife.
-Many rare species of birds found in Big Bend include the Colima warbler,
-aplomade falcon, Inca dove, white-necked raven and golden eagle. More
-common types are the orioles, tanagers, cardinals, hummingbirds,
-thrashers and wrens.
-
-    [Illustration: THE GOLDEN EAGLE—Rocky spires and crags in the high
-    elevations of the Chisos Mountains provide an ideal setting for the
-    Golden Eagle.]
-
-Vegetation in Big Bend National Park has been influenced by climatic
-conditions as well as the various elevations above sea level. These
-factors, contributing to species and types of plant communities, have
-provided for four separate groups—desert, foothills, mountains and river
-valley types. Many of the desert plants are typical of the vegetation of
-the desert and plains throughout the southwest. Some of the more common
-varieties include mesquite, petaya (or strawberry cactus), sotol, yucca,
-lechiguilla, prickly pear and cholla cactus. In the foothills and along
-the mountain slopes, pinion and juniper trees as well as maguey and
-lesser plants, comprise the principal vegetation. Ponderosa pine and
-Douglas fir are the dominant types of forest trees found in the ravines
-and canyons of the higher mountains. Near the South Rim trees are sparse
-and many are dwarfed and twisted as a result of the continuous battle
-for survival. The trees and plants along the Rio Grande reflect the
-influence of moisture—cottonwoods, willows and cane reeds being common
-to this area.
-
-    [Illustration: BIG BEND VEGETATION—Typical vegetation of the Big
-    Bend area includes ocotillo, yucca, cactus, and mesquite.]
-
-The early history of the Big Bend country is linked with Indian legends
-and stories of the Spanish Conquistadors. In 1530 Cabeza de Vaca
-traveled through Big Bend during his expedition and exploration of the
-southwest. In his report on the area near the Rio Grande he mentioned
-the beans and melons that grew along the river valleys.
-
-    [Illustration: YUCCA OR SPANISH DAGGER—The yucca grows throughout
-    the lower elevations of Big Bend National Park. During the spring
-    blossoming season, the yucca exhibits a rare floral display in
-    Dagger Flats.]
-
-    [Illustration: MAGUEY OR CENTURY PLANT—The golden yellow blossoms of
-    the Century Plant make their appearance during late spring and early
-    summer. This is one of the typical plants of the Big Bend area.]
-
-    [Illustration: LOST MINE PEAK—As the road to the Basin winds up
-    through Green Gulch, colorful peaks rise majestically on all sides.
-    The summit of Lost Mine Peak, which is 7,000 feet in elevation, is
-    reached by a trail from the Basin.]
-
-For many years Indians of the Apache and Comanche tribes lived and
-traveled through the Big Bend. They sought the seclusion and protection
-of the Chisos Mountains after raids in the United States and Mexico. The
-fighting Comanches of the Great Plains traveled through what is now a
-part of the National Park, enroute to Mexico where they raided and
-pillaged the ranches. The park entrance road now follows closely the
-route of the historic “Comanche Trail” through Big Bend.
-
-    [Illustration: EMORY PEAK—With an elevation of 7,835 feet above sea
-    level, Emory Peak is the highest mountain in Big Bend National Park.
-    One of the dominating features of the Basin, Emory Peak was named
-    for Major Emory.]
-
-    [Illustration: THE WINDOW—From the Basin of the Chisos Mountains,
-    the “Window” provides the only vista of the lower plains. Unique and
-    colorful rock formations may be observed along the trail to the
-    “Window.”]
-
-    [Illustration: SANTA ELENA CANYON—The Rio Grande has carved its
-    channel for eighteen miles through the Mesa de Anguila and Sierra
-    Ponce. Here at the river’s exit, the walls of the canyon rise 1,500
-    feet above the Rio Grande.]
-
-Legendary stories of the Apache Indians and of lost silver mines are
-prevalent in the Big Bend region. A popular legend of Spanish and
-Mexican origin is related to Lost Mine Peak. More than one hundred years
-ago, when Texas was a part of Mexico, a prison was located at San
-Vincente, on the south side of the Rio Grande. On many occasions the
-prisoners were assigned to work in a mine located in the Chisos
-Mountains. None of the prisoners ever returned to San Vincente as those
-persons in command did not intend to divulge the location of the mine.
-To this day Mexicans like to relate that on Easter Sunday morning, if a
-person will stand in the doorway of the San Vicente Mission and wait for
-the sun to rise, the first rays of the sun will strike a cave in the
-side of Lost Mine Peak, indicating the location of the mine. Many
-investigations and diligent searches for the mine have been
-unsuccessful, and Lost Mine Peak retains the secret of this legend in
-mute repose. Another phase of the lost mine story is that the miners
-were about to be attacked by a hostile band of Indians and blasted the
-opening of the mine, which was covered by an avalanche of igneous rock.
-The group of miners were pursued and killed by the Indians, carrying
-with them the secret of the mine’s location.
-
-Following the early explorations of Cabeza de Vaca, the history of the
-Big Bend region is linked with Spanish Missionaries and the settlers and
-ranchers who began to push westward in the 1800’s. The Big Bend area was
-surveyed by Major W. H. Emory of the International Boundary Survey
-Commission of the United States and Mexico in 1852. Emory Peak, with an
-elevation of 7,835 feet, the highest in the Park, was named for Major
-Emory.
-
-A later episode of historical significance is associated with the
-expedition of Lt. Echols in 1859-1860. Lt. Echols was sent from Fort
-Stockton to locate a site for an Army post in the Big Bend area, near
-the Comanche War Trail. During this expedition, in which camels were
-used to test their value in the desert southwest, Lt. Echols traveled
-along the Comanche Trail through an extensive section of the Park. In
-his report, which was published in Messages and Documents, Lt. Echols
-described his visit to the Santa Elena Canyon. He selected a site for a
-post near Castolon and reported favorably on the use of camels in the
-southwest.
-
-After the Civil War settlers moved farther into the southwest and
-ranching became the principal industry throughout western Texas. The
-Southern Pacific Railroad, in keeping apace with this western movement,
-reached the present site of Alpine in 1882. Alpine was settled in 1883
-and Marathon in 1886.
-
-    [Illustration: GREEN GULCH—Visitors entering the basin, follow the
-    road up Green Gulch. Rock outcroppings include Casa Grande of upper
-    left and erosive spires of Pulliam Mountain on the upper right.]
-
-Following this period, southwestern Texas passed through an era of
-cattle rustling, bandits and outlaws, with much of the activity
-centering around the Big Bend country. Texas rangers wrote vivid pages
-in this phase of Texas history, which was truly the “Wild West.” Graphic
-accounts of the daring and bravery which these men portrayed in
-establishing law and order has been dramatized in hundreds of stories
-and motion pictures.
-
-The epic events of the “Old West” have contributed extensively to the
-popularity of the western cowboy, who might well be placed in the Hall
-of Fame with other American immortals.
-
-    [Illustration: THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—At a distance of ten miles
-    across the plains, the Chisos Mountains form a bold outline against
-    the sky. This mountain group reaches an elevation of 7,835 feet
-    above sea level.]
-
-The story of Big Bend’s development into a National Park reflects the
-interest and enthusiasm of the people of Texas. It was through the
-diligent effort and unselfish action of these people that this new Park
-has been set aside by the Congress of the United States for the
-preservation of its many natural features and the enjoyment of the
-people.
-
-In 1933, through legislative action by the state of Texas, parts of the
-Big Bend area became Texas Canyons State Park. Later the same year
-another bill was passed which created Big Bend State Park.
-
-Congressman R. E. Thomason in 1934 introduced a bill to establish a
-National Park in the Big Bend country. In 1935 Senator Morris Sheppard
-suggested in a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the
-establishment of an International Park along the Texas-Mexican border. A
-copy of this letter was sent to the Secretary of the Interior for study
-and a report which was favorable to the International Park idea. The
-establishment of Big Bend National Park was authorized by Act of
-Congress June 20, 1935.
-
-    [Illustration: SPIRES OF PULLIAM MOUNTAIN—Spires and rock formations
-    jut skyward, revealing unique patterns of light and shadows. Pulliam
-    Mountain is one of the dominant features of the Basin.]
-
-    [Illustration: THE BASIN FROM LOST MINE PEAK—A magnificent panorama
-    of mountains and plains unfolds from Lost Mine Peak. At the upper
-    left is Casa Grande and Bailey Mountain is at the upper-right
-    center.]
-
-The Fort Worth Star-Telegram announced in July, 1937 a campaign to raise
-$1,000,000 by public subscription to purchase lands for the proposed Big
-Bend National Park. The next year, in May, 1938, Governor James V.
-Allred appointed an executive committee to work out plans for collecting
-$1,000,000 with which to acquire the lands for the Park. Later that
-year, when the Big Bend Park Association was organized, Amon G. Carter,
-of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, was named President of the
-organization.
-
-The Texas Legislature passed a bill in 1941 which provided for
-$1,500,000 to purchase lands for the Big Bend National Park. In
-February, 1944, the Governor of Texas, Coke R. Stevenson, gave the Deed
-of Cession to Amon G. Carter with instructions to give it to the proper
-officials in Washington, D. C. In June, 1944, Amon G. Carter delivered
-the Deed of Cession to the President of the United States, and the
-Secretary of the Interior accepted the deed to Big Bend lands on June
-12, 1944, establishing Big Bend as the 27th National Park.
-
-Today, the Big Bend visitor travels through the Park near the Old
-Comanche Trail. South of Persimmon Gap the Park road dips into an
-expansive plain, which is traversed by Tornillo Creek and the Tornillo
-Flats. Many miles beyond a hazy blue ridge marks the outline of the
-Chisos Range.
-
-From the winding road across the flat, the bold profile of the mountains
-becomes more pronounced; then the serpentine roadway climbs into Green
-Gulch, where towering, craggy peaks rise to imposing heights. Ascending
-to an elevation of 6,000 feet at the pass, the road then slopes down
-into the Basin, where the Mountain Cottages, Dining Room, Store and
-Service Station provide accommodations for Big Bend visitors. The
-facilities, which are located at an elevation of 5,400 feet above sea
-level, are open throughout the year. Temperatures in the Basin are
-pleasingly comfortable during the spring, summer and fall and cold
-weather is rarely experienced during the winter. The Basin, completely
-surrounded by the rugged peaks of the Chisos Mountains, is in the center
-of the natural phenomena of the Park.
-
-Innumerable attractions beckon the Big Bend traveler to new adventures.
-The wide expanse of the plains, towering spires and monoliths of the
-mountains, erosive arroyos, canyons and valleys of the Rio Grande have
-classed Big Bend National Park as a land of rugged beauty, amazing
-contrasts and unique natural features. The shifting of the light and
-shadows paints a constantly changing picture of this scenic grandeur,
-which is accessible by automobile, horseback or hiking along the trails.
-
-    [Illustration: THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—The plains gradually slope up
-    into hills that end against the Chisos Mountains. Just left of
-    center is Casa Grande and the profile of Chief Alsate is at the
-    upper right.]
-
-Some of the most spectacular features are accessible only by trail
-trips, either horseback or on foot. Interesting short trips may be made
-to the “Window” or juniper Flat. The trail to the “Window” leads down
-into Oak Canyon, where towering cliffs of Vernon Bailey Peak and Ward
-Mountains rise like majestic sentinels above the picturesque canyon.
-From Juniper Flat, the entire Basin appears like a gigantic
-amphitheater, enclosed by mountains of the Chisos range. The Corral is
-conveniently located to the guest facilities in the Basin where saddle
-horses, under competent guides, are available for either short rides or
-for all-day trips to the South Rim of the Chisos Mountains. The South
-Rim Trail leads to the higher elevations of the Park. The Rim, itself,
-is 7,000 feet above sea level and is the climax of Big Bend’s scenic
-panoramas. The trail skirts the South Rim for a mile, then loops back
-along the West Rim. From this lofty vantage point the tremendous sweep
-of distance is spell-binding in its magnitude.
-
-    [Illustration: GREEN GULCH—Interesting lights and shadows are
-    created by the rock outcroppings in Green Gulch. The road to the
-    Basin winds through this gap in the mountains.]
-
-Scenic trips to many of the outstanding features of the park may be made
-by automobile. One of the most popular points of interest is the Santa
-Elena Canyon, about 40 miles from the Basin. The road to the canyon
-passes through a variety of terrain, skirting the Chisos Mountains on
-the north and west. Barren desert wasteland, colorful arroyos and
-buttresses dominate the landscape in this area. Gravel covered plains,
-once the bed of an ancient sea, are dotted with cactus and other typical
-species of southwest vegetation.
-
-    [Illustration: MOUNTAIN COTTAGES IN THE CHISOS BASIN—The Cottages
-    and other accommodations, located at an elevation of 5,400 feet, are
-    completely surrounded by towering mountains. Emory Peak, at the
-    upper right, is the highest in the park.]
-
-    [Illustration: CHISOS MOUNTAINS COTTAGES AND CASA GRANDE—The
-    Mountain Cottages are located high in the Chisos Basin at an
-    elevation of 5,400 feet above sea level. Casa Grande, towering more
-    than 2,000 feet above the cottages is one of the outstanding
-    mountains of the park.]
-
-From a distance of ten miles, the Santa Elena Canyon forms a purple “V”
-in the Mesa de Anguila and Sierra Ponce. The approach to the canyon
-becomes more striking with each receding mile, until the sheer cliffs of
-the yawning gorge rise majestically above the waters of the river. Since
-it is possible to drive within a few hundred feet of the canyon, this is
-an ideal trip for all-age groups. Picnic lunches are enjoyable on the
-sand bars along the Rio Grande or under the shade of the cottonwood
-trees near the canyon. This spectacular attraction provides an
-interesting all day outing and scenic trip from the Basin.
-
-    [Illustration: THE RIO GRANDE—The Big Bend of the Rio Grande
-    provides the Southern boundary of Big Bend National Park. Within the
-    park boundary, the river courses through three spectacular canyons:
-    Santa Elena, Mariscal and Boquillas.]
-
-    [Illustration: OAK CREEK CANYON—The trail to the “Window” descends
-    into this chasm where the towering mountain masses dwarf the figures
-    of men.]
-
-    [Illustration: PINNACLES AND CANYONS OF PULLIAM MOUNTAIN—Many unique
-    and interesting rock formations have been created by the erosive
-    action on Pulliam Mountain.]
-
-    [Illustration: CORRAL—Located in the center of the Chisos Basin, the
-    corral depicts a true western atmosphere. Saddle horses are
-    available for short rides or all day trips into the mountains.]
-
-Boquillas, located in the eastern section of the park, is also
-accessible by automobile. The Rio Grande area retains much of the
-frontier atmosphere of Texas and Mexico. Farther east near the Boquillas
-Canyon, Mexico’s Sierra del Carmen Range stands bold and magnificent,
-one of the most beautiful and inspiring sights of the Park.
-
-    [Illustration: PANORAMA FROM THE SOUTH RIM—Sheer perpendicular
-    cliffs drop more than 1,000 feet from the Rim, sloping into the
-    foothills of the Lower Chisos. Beyond the Rio Grande, in the middle
-    distance, lies the varied terrain of Mexico.]
-
-Numerous evening activities provide fun and entertainment for the Park
-visitor. National Park Service Naturalist and Rangers interpret the
-natural features and historical background of Big Bend around a campfire
-circle or in the ranger station.
-
-    [Illustration: SANTA ELENA CANYON—Perpendicular walls of the Canyon
-    rise more than 1500 feet above the Rio Grande. Mexico is on the
-    left, the United States on the right.]
-
-Far removed from the conventional world, there is a certain friendliness
-of the Big Bend country that depicts an atmosphere of the old frontier.
-Devoid of any pretentions, the community high in the Chisos Mountains
-greets the traveler with the genuine hospitality of the southwest, where
-informality is the keynote to pleasant living.
-
-    [Illustration: From the Lost Mine Peak Trail ridges and valleys
-    unfold in a striking panorama of mountain scenery.]
-
-    [Illustration: TRAIL RIDERS AT THE SOUTH RIM—Climaxing the scenery
-    along the South Rim Trail is the spectacular vista from the Rim
-    itself. In the distance, the Sierra del Carmen range is visible in
-    Mexico.]
-
-In Big Bend National Park nature rules supreme. Untamed mountains and
-canyons flaunt a challenge to the adventuresome traveler. Undefiled and
-unblemished by the annals of time, Big Bend retains its scenic treasures
-for those who would prospect on the “Last Frontier.”
-
-    [Illustration: BOQUILLAS RANGER STATION—In the southeastern section
-    of Big Bend National Park, the Boquillas Ranger Station is located
-    near the Rio Grande. The Chisos Mountains form the horizon line in
-    the distance.]
-
-    [Illustration: CASTELLAN PEAK—Colorful strata reveals various phases
-    of geology in the eroded remnants throughout the Big Bend area.]
-
-    [Illustration: BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK
-    TEXAS]
-
-  PARK ENTRANCE
-    SANTIAGO MTS
-    SIERRA DEL CARMEN
-    PERSIMMON GAP
-    _TO MARATHON_ 19 MILES
-    _TO PARK HEADQUARTERS_ 29 MILES
-    ROSILLOS MTS
-    DAGGER FLAT
-    GRAPEVINE HILLS
-  PARK ENTRANCE
-    LANTAS
-    TERLINGUA
-    _TO ALPINE_ 81 MILES
-    MAVERICK
-    TO CAMPGROUND 13 MILES
-    _TO BASIN ROAD_ 19 MILES
-  {BASIN ROAD CUTOFF}
-    _TO PARK HEADQUARTERS_ 3 MILES
-    _TO THE BASIN AREA_  7 MILES
-  THE BASIN AREA
-    CHISOS MOUNTAINS
-    FOOD, LODGING
-    CAMPGROUND
-  PARK HEADQUARTERS
-    _TO BOQUILLAS_ 20 MILES
-    PANTHER JUNCTION
-  RIO GRANDE RIVER
-    MESA DE ANGUILA
-    SANTA ELENA CANYON
-    CASTOLON
-    RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE
-    TORNILLO CREEK
-    BOQUILLAS
-    BOQUILLAS CANYON
-    MARISCAL MT
-    MARISCAL CANYON
-    TALLEY MT
-    CHILCOTAL MT
-    SAN VICENTE
-  {KEY}
-    Ranger Station
-    Paved Road
-    Improved Road
-    Park Boundary
-  MEXICO
-    The International Boundary is at the Rio Grande
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Big Bend National Park, by W. Ray Scott
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