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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #62472 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62472)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Aviation Book, by Haywood Leslie Davis
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Aviation Book
-
-
-Author: Haywood Leslie Davis
-
-
-
-Release Date: June 25, 2020  [eBook #62472]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK***
-
-
-E-text prepared by Richard Tonsing, Nick Wall, and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
-available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
-
-
-
-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
-      file which includes the original illustrations.
-      See 62472-h.htm or 62472-h.zip:
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62472/62472-h/62472-h.htm)
-      or
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62472/62472-h.zip)
-
-
-      Images of the original pages are available through
-      Internet Archive. See
-      https://archive.org/details/aviationbook00davi
-
-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-
-
-
-
-AVIATION BOOK
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-Copyright, 1918, by
-McLoughlin Brothers. Inc.
-New York
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-[Illustration: ORIGINAL WRIGHT BIPLANE. INVENTED AND FLOWN BY WRIGHT
-BROTHERS IN 1905 AT KITTY HAWK, N. C.]
-
-
-
-
-                             AVIATION BOOK
-
-
-[Illustration: UNCLE SAM STARTS HIS AVIATION STORY]
-
-Tom and Jack are brothers and chums. They are Boy Scouts. Jack is first
-class, but Tom is only a tenderfoot. Like all bright, manly boys they
-are interested in airships and are anxious for the time to come when
-they can fly too.
-
-Tom and Jack’s uncle is a famous aviator, and he knows all about flying.
-His name being Samuel the boys always call him Uncle Sam, and they
-sometimes jokingly pretend to think that he is the great Uncle Sam who
-represents the United States.
-
-Tom and Jack knew that the best way to find out about airships was to
-ask their Uncle Sam. So, as soon as they saw him, they made him consent
-to tell his wonderful story of aviation.
-
-Tom and Jack were all ears as their uncle started his aviation story.
-
-“First,” he began, “I shall tell you the thrilling tale of Man’s long
-striving to learn how to rival the birds. In myths and fairy tales there
-were men and goblins who had wings or who owned winged chariots and
-animals. But real, everyday people never learned how to go up in the air
-until 1783.”
-
-“The very year England and the United States made peace after the
-Revolutionary War!” exclaimed Tom.
-
-[Illustration: THE ASCENSION OF MONTGOLFIER’S BALLOON]
-
-“Don’t interrupt Uncle Sam; it is not polite,” advised Jack.
-
-“Well,” continued Uncle Sam, “it was on June 5, 1783 that Stephen and
-Joseph Montgolfier, two French brothers, sent up the first balloon. You
-can just imagine the amazement it caused when it arose from the ground.
-
-“Many successful experiments were made with balloons; but they were
-harder to run than old-time sailboats. A balloon could not fly against
-the wind. In a storm or a heavy gale it would be wrecked and the
-passengers killed. A machine was needed that could speed against the
-wind and not upset in a heavy blow.
-
-“A few inventors tried to solve the flying problem with motor-driven
-balloons such as the German Zeppelin. But most attention was given to
-heavier-than-air machines known as aeroplanes. Aeroplanes are called
-heavier-than-air to distinguish them from balloons, which, being
-inflated with gas, are lighter than air. There were many discouraging
-years of hard thought and labor before success came. Finally, in 1905,
-two American brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, invented the first
-successful flying machine; and in a series of marvelous flights showed
-that Man had, at last, rivaled the birds.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-“Numerous inventions have made man almost the equal of the birds in the
-air. Flying has been made nearly as safe as riding on horseback or in an
-automobile. The aeroplane is now a necessity in times of war and peace.
-Its startling deeds will be the subject of the story I’m about to tell.
-
-“Of course, you want to know something about the man who runs an
-aeroplane,” said Uncle Sam.
-
-“Indeed, we do,” replied both boys at the same time.
-
-[Illustration: THE AEROPLANE IS A NECESSITY IN TIMES OF WAR AND PEACE]
-
-[Illustration: SOME TYPES OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN AEROPLANES]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: GROUP OF FRENCH AVIATORS]
-
-“Now,” continued Uncle Sam, “to become a military aviator a man must,
-first of all, have a strong, healthy body, a quick, active mind, and
-iron nerves. There are many good aviators that wouldn’t be good
-_military_ aviators, because the strain of war would prove too much for
-them. If a man is just right in body and mind, they send him to an
-aviation training camp where he is taught to fly.
-
-[Illustration: LEARNING TO FLY BY WATCHING THE EXPERT AVIATOR]
-
-“At the training camp he is instructed in the care of an aeroplane and
-its powerful motor. He goes up in the air a number of times with an
-expert aviator. By constantly watching the expert, he learns to fly.
-Then he learns many dazzling stunts—to loop-the-loop, make figure
-eights, fly upside down, and other dangerous maneuvers.
-
-“After the new aviator knows how to care for an aeroplane and fly
-perfectly, he is taught wireless telegraphy, and shown how to take
-aerial photographs, fire machine guns and drop bombs. As soon as he
-learns all these things, he’s a full-fledged aviator, and ready to go
-into active service for his country.”
-
-Tom and Jack had their eyes wide open in wonder as Uncle Sam continued:
-
-“Ordinary flying, as I told you boys before, is now almost as safe as
-riding on horseback or in an auto. But, in time of war, running a
-military aeroplane is the riskiest work in the world. When I tell you of
-the marvelous, death-defying deeds military aviators have done, I doubt
-if you will believe me. Yet everything is absolutely true.
-
-[Illustration: AEROPLANE DIRECTING ARTILLERY FIRE]
-
-[Illustration: AVIATORS TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS]
-
-“An aviator’s most important duties are to take photographs of the
-enemy’s location and direct artillery fire. The aviator must seek out
-the enemy and learn their exact position. He must discover, if he can,
-about how many men and guns they have; how well they are fortified; how
-hard or easy it is to attack them. He makes many photographs and
-sketches which are valuable to his officers in planning an attack.”
-
-“You haven’t told us how the brave aviator directs artillery fire,”
-broke in Tom.
-
-“I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam. “You know that there was a
-time when a man who fired a cannon could see his target. But now, a
-cannon, or the artillery, fires at a range of from six to thirty miles.
-No matter how big the target, it is impossible to see it from such a
-distance, especially when trees, mountains or fogs are in the way.
-Firing artillery is now a matter of calculation. Just where to shoot has
-to be figured out by means of maps, instruments, and mathematics. Quite
-often the figuring is not exactly right. The aviator must go up—bombs
-and shells bursting all around him—and discover if the guns are hitting
-the mark. When a shot doesn’t strike in the right place, the aviator
-sends directions by wireless for firing the next shell so that it will
-hit the enemy’s position and destroy it.
-
-[Illustration: SCOUTING OVER THE RUINED REGION BETWEEN THE LINES (NO
-MAN’S LAND)]
-
-[Illustration: BATTLEPLANES CONVOYING PHOTOGRAPHING AEROPLANES]
-
-“Not all the excitement is over the battle lines. One of the most
-thrilling experiences an aviator can have is to fight off enemy
-aeroplanes and Zeppelins when they come to drop bombs on a city or town.
-Cities liable to be raided by hostile machines are protected by lookout
-towers. As soon as the Zeppelins are sighted, the men in the towers toot
-shrill blasts on loud siren horns. At the signal of the horns every
-light in the attacked city is put out, and all the people rush into
-houses and cellars for safety. Big anti-Zeppelin guns are pointed
-skyward to fire destruction-dealing shells at the enemy overhead.
-
-“The brave aviators, who protect the city, start their machines and go
-up in the air to drive off the foe—amid the reek of fire and the scream
-of shot and shell. The battle is usually short. The swift defending
-aeroplanes, with their machine guns constantly spitting bullets, fight
-rings around the Zeppelins. The big guns on the ground send deadly
-missiles through many of the enemy airships. All of a sudden one bursts
-into flames. With a roar and a bang it hurtles to the earth. In the next
-moment, still another is hit. One of the doomed men saves himself by
-dropping off in a huge floating parachute. He is made prisoner the
-minute he touches ground.
-
-[Illustration: FIGHTING ZEPPELIN RAIDERS]
-
-[Illustration: TOOTING THE SIRENS OF WARNING]
-
-“In a little while the remnant of the once-proud enemy air fleet flees
-in mortal terror. The day is saved. The heroic aviators, who
-successfully defended the city, return to earth amid the cheers of the
-grateful people.
-
-“Usually the damage done is unimportant from a military point of view.
-Several non-combatants are killed and a few houses and an occasional
-church are damaged.
-
-“Now, we will go back to the firing line, and see how the aeroplane is
-used in connection with the land fighting.
-
-“Many German aeroplanes come to grief by trying to battle British
-tanks.”
-
-“What’s a British tank?” put in Jack.
-
-“I thought everyone was familiar with the tank, but as you evidently are
-not, I shall explain what it is. A tank is a great big battle car,
-protected with heavy shot-proof steel and armed with guns. It can travel
-anywhere—over hills, walls, trenches, through mud, bushes, and trees.
-Many people call a tank a land-battleship.
-
-[Illustration: DROPPING OFF IN PARACHUTE FROM FLAMING BALLOON]
-
-[Illustration: BATTLE BETWEEN AEROPLANE AND BRITISH TANK]
-
-“Now that you know what a tank is, I will go on with my story. When the
-British attack the Germans, they often use tanks, which rumble along,
-crushing everything before them. The enemy forces are driven back in
-terror. In reckless despair they try to save the day by pitting their
-aeroplanes against these unbeatable steel monsters.
-
-“Aeroplanes fighting British tanks are practically helpless and seldom
-attack them. ‘Zip! Zip! Bang!’ go the machine guns of the hostile
-aeroplanes. But the rain of shot and shell rattles harmlessly against
-the huge armored tanks. ‘Boom! Bang!’ roar the tanks’ heavy guns. Down
-drops one enemy aeroplane, in a horrible wake of flames and exploding
-gasoline. It strikes the earth—a shattered tangle of wire and wood. The
-aviator, of course, is dashed to death. Another of the foe’s machines is
-struck; and still another. All meet the same fate. Nothing can resist
-the tanks.”
-
-“Such battles must be more exciting than fairy tales and novels,”
-exclaimed Tom and Jack in breathless wonder.
-
-“There’s one thing our aviators do sometimes that is seldom excelled for
-courage and daring,” said Uncle Sam, pleased with the way his nephews
-were enjoying his story. “The enemy soldiers are very strongly
-entrenched behind earthworks and barbed wire fences. When our infantry
-find it impossible to make them flee, our bold aviators are assigned to
-the task.
-
-[Illustration: THE AGE OF FLYING]
-
-[Illustration: THEY SWOOP DOWN OVER THE TRENCHES]
-
-“With dash and bravery they go up in the air and hover near the hostile
-positions. Suddenly, like eagles they swoop down over the trenches
-shooting at the frightened enemy. ‘Zip! Crack! Bang!’ rattle their
-machine guns. Those who are not killed or seriously wounded flee in
-terror into the dugouts for safety.
-
-“Then, quick as a flash, our men rush in and capture the trench before
-enemy reinforcements come up. The courageous aviators are wildly cheered
-but haven’t time now to listen to the praise; they must go up in the air
-again to protect their comrades from enemy aeroplanes, which lurk
-everywhere waiting for a chance to drop bombs.”
-
-“By the way, Uncle Sam,” asked Jack, “why do aviators wear such heavy
-clothing?”
-
-[Illustration: JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE]
-
-“It must be very cold up in the air,” thought Tom to himself, not saying
-anything for the first time.
-
-“It’s frightfully cold up above the clouds,” said Uncle Sam. “The higher
-you fly the colder it becomes. Up in the sky, I have often felt a
-temperature below zero, while down on the earth it was comfortable and
-warm. Later on in school, you boys will learn that the sun’s rays give
-very little heat until they reach the earth. I would explain the reason
-myself, but I want to go on with the story.
-
-“Our aviators are flying around in the sky about three miles above the
-earth when, all at once, the enemy’s machines dash into view. The two
-hostile air fleets see each other almost at the same time, and quickly
-prepare for action. A thrilling battle in the air is at hand.
-
-“Our machines are outnumbered, but that does not deter us.
-‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’ shrieks one of our machine guns. One of the foe is put
-out of action. His machine in flames, he falls dizzily to earth.
-Marvelous flying is now going on. One of our men loops-the-loop to get
-into position. An enemy aviator backs up his machine in mid-air: then
-dives down headlong a thousand feet. Swiftly he rights himself and
-speeds up firing right, left, and straight ahead. We have a hard time
-dodging that dangerous fellow.
-
-[Illustration: WE POUNCE ON THE BIG ENEMY BATTLEPLANE]
-
-“A big enemy battleplane gets separated from the group. In just two
-seconds two of our force pounce upon it. The huge machine battles
-skillfully for a while. Then we force it into a bad position, and rain
-upon it a terrible storm of bullets from our machine guns. The big
-battleplane goes down, but fighting to the last.
-
-“Night approaches and envelops the earth with a blanket of darkness.
-Powerful searchlights from below, each of which is a wonderful
-instrument, scan the heavens with beams of ghostly white and yellow. The
-aeroplanes still struggle. The constant flashes from the bursting shells
-are even more terrible than in the day time. The scene is still more
-hideous when an unfortunate aviator takes the fatal plunge, his machine
-ablaze. One of our fine biplanes makes a mistake and gets right in line
-with an enemy’s gun. The foe’s machine-gun bullets penetrate its
-gasoline tank. It explodes in mid-air, and the biplane rushes to earth
-in a roaring blaze.”
-
-“Who wins this great battle?” broke in Tom.
-
-“Well, I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam.
-
-“Tom, you ought to be ashamed of yourself. You have done nothing but
-interrupt during the whole story,” declared Jack.
-
-[Illustration: THE BATTLEPLANES STRUGGLE IN THE NIGHT]
-
-“Now, don’t you boys start quarreling. You might get in a worse scrape
-than the aeroplanes I’m telling about.
-
-“Now I’ll get back to my story again:
-
-[Illustration: A SAFE LANDING SPOT]
-
-“Between nine and ten o’clock, the two rival air fleets are equally
-tired of the strife. Almost at the same time, both decide to stop
-fighting, and withdraw to their own sides of the battleline. The
-struggle itself might be called a tie. But since we kept the enemy from
-dropping bombs on our men in the trenches, the victory is really ours.
-
-“It is dangerous for our airmen to land their machines in the dark. They
-might land on bad ground or in a tree, or possibly collide with some
-building. To make landing at night safe and avoid being seen by the
-enemy, was a problem we had to solve. We placed powerful electric lights
-deep in the ground and covered them with heavy glasses to prevent their
-breaking. When the lights are sunk in this manner they can be seen only
-from above. Wherever our aviators see one of these lights, they know it
-marks a safe landing spot.
-
-“Now,” said Uncle Sam, “so far as our story is concerned we shall leave
-the bloody battlefront, and I will tell you about the aeroplane of the
-sea. The flying machine of the sea is called the hydroaeroplane. That is
-a rather long name. Seaplane is an easier word to pronounce, and is more
-commonly used. The seaplane can float like a boat and fly like an
-aeroplane.
-
-[Illustration: THE SEAPLANE CAN SAIL ON THE WATER LIKE A BOAT AND FLY IN
-THE AIR LIKE AN AEROPLANE]
-
-“I suppose you boys have the same opinion of seaplanes as most people.
-You think the seaplane is not half as important as the land battleplanes
-I’ve been telling you about.”
-
-[Illustration: THE BLIMP DIRIGIBLE BALLOON]
-
-“That’s right,” agreed Tom and Jack.
-
-“Well,” continued Uncle Sam with an air of superior wisdom, “the
-aviation service of the sea is just as important as that of the land. As
-the land aeroplanes are the ‘eyes’ of the army, so the seaplanes are the
-‘eyes’ of the navy. If it weren’t for these marvelous flying boats, the
-German submarines might have succeeded in sinking nearly all of our
-merchant ships—the boats that carry food, clothing, guns, and ammunition
-to the Allies of Democracy. Sometimes, too, our seaplanes have helped
-the battleships to destroy the enemy fleet.
-
-“Just after the World War started, Germany launched her U-Boat
-submarines and undertook a campaign which eventually brought this
-country into the war. England was in a dreadful fix. Very little food,
-clothing, and munitions could get in from America; many of her fine
-ships were being sent to the bottom of the sea. There was no way to stop
-the U-Boats. What could we do?
-
-“In these hours of trial, a smart Englishman invented a motor-driven
-balloon called a Blimp. It’s a mystery to me why they named it a Blimp.
-But, even with such a modern name, the Blimp could certainly scout for
-German submarines—the U-Boats. Whenever a Blimp found a U-Boat it would
-send a wireless message to a ship called a Submarine Destroyer which
-would chase the submarine and sink it.”
-
-[Illustration: A GREAT BATTLE IN WHICH THE AMAZING AIR FLEETS OF THE SEA
-TAKE PART]
-
-[Illustration: BOMB SPLITS ZEPPELIN IN HALF]
-
-“What I can’t understand,” said Tom thoughtfully, “is why they need a
-Blimp or an aeroplane to find U-Boats? Why can’t the Submarine
-Destroyers seek out the U-Boats for themselves?”
-
-“Yes, Uncle Sam, please explain that,” said Jack.
-
-“I’ll gladly tell you the reason,” said Uncle Sam. “You know that you
-can’t see through a window from the outside when the sun shines on it.
-It is the same on the sea. When the light shines on the water, it is
-impossible to see beneath the waves. But when an aviator is high
-overhead the light is not reflected in his eyes. Therefore, he is able
-to see twenty, thirty, and, sometimes, a hundred feet under the surface
-of the water. Furthermore, a man high in the air can look around and see
-more than the man below.
-
-“Now, I’ll start where I left off. I shall have to hurry along, as it is
-getting late. Since the early days of the great World War, many new
-inventions have made sea flying the marvel of the age. Suppose I tell
-you boys of a great battle in which the amazing air fleets of the sea
-take part.
-
-“Two hostile fleets of warships steam defiantly toward each other. How
-proudly their banners flaunt gay colors in the breeze! How boldly their
-stately bows plough through the sea! How grim, how stern their gray
-sides reflect the sunlight! Ere the day is over, many, many ships of
-these grand fleets will lie on the ocean floor. Many others will stagger
-to home ports—battered wrecks.
-
-“High over the enemy fleet are their Zeppelins, floating lazily with the
-clouds. Over our warships, darting here and there, are the ‘eyes’ of the
-fleet—our seaplanes. It won’t be long before the Zeppelins, the hostile
-aeroplanes, and our seaplanes are clinched in a struggle to death.
-
-[Illustration: THE DEPTH BOMB DESTROYS A U-BOAT]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: A MASS OF WRECKAGE THAT STRIKES THE DECK OF ONE OF OUR
-WARSHIPS]
-
-“Let us look at the battleships again. Many of them carry small elevated
-railways on which run tiny cars. These are called seaplane catapults.
-The word catapult means, ‘To throw heavy stones.’ So we conclude that
-these little railways throw seaplanes. Well, they _do_ throw seaplanes.
-Let’s inspect one and see how it is done. The little car, bearing a big
-seaplane, with its propeller spinning, shoots along the railway track at
-lightning speed. At the very end, it strikes a bumper. Off shoots the
-seaplane. The car darts back to the starting point. When a battleship
-clears for action, the catapult is taken down.
-
-“The monster warships have now begun to fight. Their big guns are
-banging and booming—hundreds of times louder than thunder. On the decks,
-behind the guns, in the engine rooms and wireless cabins—everywhere, men
-are striving, straining every nerve, risking their lives for the land
-they love.
-
-“It’s aviation we are talking about, so let’s look high overhead. Our
-marvelous seaplanes are spying on the hostile battleships, fighting the
-Zeppelins and enemy aeroplanes, and dropping bombs on the foe below—all
-at the same time. ‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’ shrieks a seaplane’s deadly machine
-gun. With a sickening plunge, an enemy aeroplane darts down—a streak of
-flaming wood and tangled metal. Down goes another—a mass of wreckage
-that strikes the deck of one of our warships. A daring aviator dashes
-up, up, away up in the air; and drops a bomb on a Zeppelin. Right in the
-middle strikes the missile of destruction. The enemy’s cigar-shaped
-airship makes a headlong dive for the ocean—split in half. It strikes
-the bosom of the sea; and disappears in one final, deafening explosion,
-which throws the salt spray high into the air.
-
-[Illustration: THE SEAPLANE SHOOTS OFF THE CATAPULT]
-
-“Let’s get a glimpse of another part of the battle scene. One of our
-seaplanes is flying along at a moderate rate of speed, when the
-tell-tale periscope is sighted. A U-Boat is near the surface of the
-water. Our aviator drops a remarkable, a terrific bomb. When this bomb
-sinks deep enough, the pressure of the water makes it explode. The force
-of the underwater explosion causes anything near it to be crushed like
-an egg shell. You can imagine what happens to the unfortunate submarine.
-
-[Illustration: SENDING UP A “HUMMING” SHOT A LITTLE TOO CLOSE FOR
-COMFORT]
-
-“All of a sudden, three enemy aeroplanes dash into view, determined to
-attack our seaplane—to avenge the sunken U-Boat. But when one of the big
-guns on our warship sends up a ‘humming’ shot, a little too close to the
-foe for comfort, they withdraw at once.
-
-“We finally won this dreadful sea battle, and the seaplanes certainly
-deserve a great deal of credit.
-
-“If you boys have followed my story, you know the value of land and sea
-aviation service in time of war.”
-
-“Indeed, I have followed it,” said Tom warmly.
-
-“It’s the most interesting tale I ever heard or read,” exclaimed Jack.
-
-“Listen to me, boys,” said their Uncle Sam. He was a bit annoyed and
-impatient; for he now had little time to spare for interruptions.
-
-[Illustration: FAST MAIL-CARRYING AEROPLANES WILL MAKE POSTAL DELIVERIES
-EVERYWHERE]
-
-“The greatest benefit from the ‘Conquest of the Air’ will come in times
-of peace. Before I go, I shall tell you boys a few of the peace-time
-uses of the land aeroplane, the hydroaeroplane or seaplane, the
-Zeppelin, the Blimp, the ordinary balloon—all the mechanical birds of
-Man’s inventive genius. Some of these uses you are already familiar
-with; some you and I will live to see; some won’t come to pass until we
-are in our graves.
-
-“The greatest aviation service will likely be transportation, both for
-business and pleasure. Aeroplanes and motor-driven balloons will rival
-steamships, trains, and automobiles as carriers of passengers, freight,
-and mail. There will be big aerial ocean liners plying over the Atlantic
-and, possibly, the wide Pacific. Fast mail-carrying aeroplanes, capable
-of a speed of two or more miles a minute, will make postal deliveries
-everywhere. Letters from New York will reach Chicago in a few hours.
-Private aeroplanes, darting here and there among the clouds, will be as
-numerous as the birds. Thousands of seaplanes will sail on and glide
-over our lakes, rivers, bays, and oceans.
-
-[Illustration: CAPRONI TRIPLANE CROSSING THE ALPS]
-
-“Aerial transportation is not just a thing of the future. It is already
-here. In May, 1918, regular aeroplane mail service was begun between New
-York City and Washington, D. C. Many men now have their own aeroplanes
-or seaplanes, and travel around in them as commonly as in an automobile.
-Two brave Italians flew, in a trifle over seven hours, from Turin,
-Italy, across the Alps and then to London—a distance of 650 miles. A
-gigantic aeroplane has been invented in Italy. It is called the Caproni
-Triplane, because a man named Caproni invented it, and because it bears
-three sets of planes or wings. It is able to travel a long distance and
-carry heavy loads.
-
-[Illustration: SHIP SAVED BY LIFE LINE THROWN FROM A RESCUE AIRSHIP]
-
-“Outside of transportation, there are and will be numerous other
-peace-time uses for aeroplanes and balloons. But I have time to tell
-about only two more—ship saving and aerial weather observation. Many a
-ship stranded on the rocks in a storm can be reached by a life line
-thrown from a rescue airship. An aviator high in the sky can find out
-weather conditions not known on the earth below. From his reports, we
-shall be able to make more accurate weather forecasts.
-
-“Well, boys,” said Uncle Sam, “my aviation story is over, and I must be
-on my way.”
-
-He gives each boy a warm handshake, and bids good-bye. He jumps into his
-aeroplane, and starts the motor. The propellers whirl. The noise of the
-motor is deafening. Finally, the big bird skims the ground and
-gracefully ascends.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-A beautiful landscape closes the scene. The sun, in a halo of golden
-glory, sinks in the west. Uncle Sam in his aeroplane is a mere speck in
-the lonely twilight sky. The boys watch him float out of sight, and then
-start for home with their minds full of aeroplanes, balloons, aviators,
-aviation.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
- 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
-
- 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK***
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-<h1 class="pgx" title="">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Aviation Book, by Haywood Leslie Davis</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
-<p>Title: Aviation Book</p>
-<p>Author: Haywood Leslie Davis</p>
-<p>Release Date: June 25, 2020  [eBook #62472]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK***</p>
-<h4 class="pgx" title="">E-text prepared by Richard Tonsing, Nick Wall,<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
-    from page images generously made available by<br />
-    Internet Archive<br />
-    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
-  <tr>
-    <td valign="top">
-      Note:
-    </td>
-    <td>
-      Images of the original pages are available through
-      Internet Archive. See
-      <a href="https://archive.org/details/aviationbook00davi">
-      https://archive.org/details/aviationbook00davi</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pgx" />
-
-<div class='titlepage'>
-
-<div>
-  <h1 class='c001'><span class='sc'>Aviation book</span></h1>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_001.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c002'>
-    <div>COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY</div>
-    <div><span class='xlarge'>McLOUGHLIN BROTHERS. Inc.</span></div>
-    <div><span class='large'>NEW YORK</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c002' />
-</div>
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_002.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>ORIGINAL WRIGHT BIPLANE. INVENTED AND FLOWN BY WRIGHT BROTHERS IN 1905 AT KITTY HAWK, N. C.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <h2 class='c003'>AVIATION BOOK</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_003.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>UNCLE SAM STARTS HIS AVIATION STORY</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c004'>Tom and Jack are
-brothers and chums.
-They are Boy Scouts. Jack
-is first class, but Tom is
-only a tenderfoot. Like all
-bright, manly boys they are
-interested in airships and
-are anxious for the time to
-come when they can fly too.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>Tom and Jack’s uncle is
-a famous aviator, and he
-knows all about flying. His
-name being Samuel the
-boys always call him Uncle
-Sam, and they sometimes
-jokingly pretend to think
-that he is the great Uncle
-Sam who represents the
-United States.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>Tom and Jack knew that the best way to find out about airships
-was to ask their Uncle Sam. So, as soon as they saw him, they made
-him consent to tell his wonderful story of aviation.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>Tom and Jack were all ears as their uncle started his aviation story.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“First,” he began, “I shall tell you the thrilling tale of Man’s long
-striving to learn how to rival the birds. In myths and fairy tales
-there were men and goblins who had wings or who owned winged
-chariots and animals. But real, everyday people never learned how to
-go up in the air until 1783.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“The very year England and the United States made peace after the
-Revolutionary War!” exclaimed Tom.</p>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_004.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE ASCENSION OF MONTGOLFIER’S BALLOON</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Don’t interrupt Uncle Sam;
-it is not polite,” advised Jack.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Well,” continued Uncle
-Sam, “it was on June 5, 1783
-that Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier,
-two French brothers,
-sent up the first balloon. You
-can just imagine the amazement
-it caused when it arose
-from the ground.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Many successful experiments
-were made with balloons;
-but they were harder to run
-than old-time sailboats. A
-balloon could not fly against
-the wind. In a storm or a
-heavy gale it would be wrecked
-and the passengers killed. A
-machine was needed that
-could speed against the wind
-and not upset in a heavy blow.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“A few inventors tried to
-solve the flying problem with
-motor-driven balloons such as the German Zeppelin. But most
-attention was given to heavier-than-air machines known as aeroplanes.
-Aeroplanes are called heavier-than-air to distinguish them from
-balloons, which, being inflated with gas, are lighter than air. There
-were many discouraging years of hard thought and labor before
-success came. Finally, in 1905, two American brothers, Wilbur
-and Orville Wright, invented the first successful flying machine;
-and in a series of marvelous flights showed that Man had, at last,
-rivaled the birds.</p>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_005a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Numerous inventions have made
-man almost the equal of the birds in the
-air. Flying has been made nearly as safe
-as riding on horseback or in an automobile.
-The aeroplane is now a necessity
-in times of war and peace.
-Its startling deeds will be
-the subject of the story I’m
-about to tell.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Of course, you want to know something about the man who runs
-an aeroplane,” said Uncle Sam.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Indeed, we do,” replied both
-boys at the same time.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id004'>
-<img src='images/illus_005b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE AEROPLANE IS A NECESSITY IN TIMES OF WAR AND PEACE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_006.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SOME TYPES OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN AEROPLANES</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_007.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_008.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>GROUP OF FRENCH AVIATORS</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now,” continued
-Uncle Sam, “to become
-a military aviator a
-man must, first of
-all, have a strong,
-healthy body, a
-quick, active mind, and iron
-nerves. There are many
-good aviators that wouldn’t
-be good <i>military</i> aviators,
-because the strain of war
-would prove too much for
-them. If a man is just
-right in body and mind,
-they send him to an aviation
-training camp where
-he is taught to fly.</p>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_009.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>LEARNING TO FLY BY WATCHING THE EXPERT AVIATOR</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“At the training camp
-he is instructed in the care
-of an aeroplane and its
-powerful motor. He goes
-up in the air a number of
-times with an expert
-aviator. By constantly
-watching the expert, he
-learns to fly. Then he learns many dazzling stunts—to loop-the-loop,
-make figure eights, fly upside down, and other dangerous maneuvers.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“After the new aviator knows how to care for an aeroplane and fly
-perfectly, he is taught wireless telegraphy, and shown how to take
-aerial photographs, fire machine guns and drop bombs. As soon as he
-learns all these things, he’s a full-fledged aviator, and ready to go into
-active service for his country.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>Tom and Jack had their eyes wide open in wonder as Uncle Sam
-continued:</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Ordinary flying, as I told you boys before, is now almost as safe as
-riding on horseback or in an auto. But, in time of war, running a
-military aeroplane is the riskiest work in the world. When I tell
-you of the marvelous, death-defying deeds military aviators have
-done, I doubt if you will
-believe me. Yet everything
-is absolutely true.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_010.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>AEROPLANE DIRECTING ARTILLERY FIRE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>AVIATORS TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“An aviator’s most important
-duties are to take
-photographs of the enemy’s
-location and direct artillery
-fire. The aviator must
-seek out the enemy and
-learn their exact position.
-He must discover, if he
-can, about how many men
-and guns they have; how
-well they are fortified; how
-hard or easy it is to attack
-them. He makes many
-photographs and sketches
-which are valuable to his
-officers in planning an
-attack.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“You haven’t told us how the brave aviator directs artillery fire,”
-broke in Tom.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam. “You know that there
-was a time when a man who fired a cannon could see his target. But
-now, a cannon, or the artillery, fires at a range of from six to thirty
-miles. No matter how big the target, it is impossible to see it from
-such a distance, especially when trees, mountains or fogs are in the
-way. Firing artillery is now a matter of calculation. Just where to
-shoot has to be figured out by means of maps, instruments, and mathematics.
-Quite often the figuring is not exactly right. The aviator
-must go up—bombs and shells bursting all around him—and discover
-if the guns are hitting the mark. When a shot doesn’t strike in the
-right place, the aviator
-sends directions by wireless
-for firing the next
-shell so that it will hit
-the enemy’s position and
-destroy it.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SCOUTING OVER THE RUINED REGION BETWEEN THE LINES (NO MAN’S LAND)</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_013.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>BATTLEPLANES CONVOYING PHOTOGRAPHING AEROPLANES</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Not all the excitement
-is over the battle
-lines. One of the most
-thrilling experiences an
-aviator can have is to
-fight off enemy aeroplanes
-and Zeppelins
-when they come to
-drop bombs on a city
-or town. Cities liable
-to be raided by hostile
-machines are protected
-by lookout towers. As
-soon as the Zeppelins are
-sighted, the men in the towers toot shrill blasts on loud siren horns.
-At the signal of the horns every light in the attacked city is put out,
-and all the people rush into houses and cellars for safety. Big anti-Zeppelin
-guns are pointed skyward to fire destruction-dealing shells at
-the enemy overhead.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“The brave aviators, who protect the city, start their machines and
-go up in the air to drive off the foe—amid the reek of fire and the
-scream of shot and shell. The battle is usually short. The swift defending
-aeroplanes, with their machine guns constantly spitting bullets,
-fight rings around the Zeppelins. The big guns on the ground send
-deadly missiles through many of the enemy airships. All of a sudden
-one bursts into flames. With a roar and a bang it hurtles to the earth.
-In the next moment, still
-another is hit. One of the
-doomed men saves himself
-by dropping off in a huge
-floating parachute. He is
-made prisoner the minute he
-touches ground.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_014.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>FIGHTING ZEPPELIN RAIDERS</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_015.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>TOOTING THE SIRENS OF WARNING</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“In a little while the
-remnant of the once-proud
-enemy air fleet flees in mortal
-terror. The day is saved. The
-heroic aviators, who successfully
-defended the city, return
-to earth amid the cheers of
-the grateful people.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Usually the damage done
-is unimportant from a military
-point of view. Several
-non-combatants are killed
-and a few houses and an occasional
-church are damaged.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now, we will go back to
-the firing line, and see how the aeroplane is used in connection with
-the land fighting.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Many German aeroplanes come to grief by trying to battle British
-tanks.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“What’s a British tank?” put in Jack.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“I thought everyone was familiar with the tank, but as you
-evidently are not, I shall explain what it is. A tank is a great big battle
-car, protected with heavy shot-proof steel and armed with guns. It
-can travel anywhere—over hills, walls, trenches, through mud, bushes,
-and trees. Many people call a tank a land-battleship.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>DROPPING OFF IN PARACHUTE FROM FLAMING BALLOON</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>BATTLE BETWEEN AEROPLANE AND BRITISH TANK</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now that you know
-what a tank is, I will go on
-with my story. When the
-British attack the Germans,
-they often use tanks, which
-rumble along, crushing everything
-before them. The
-enemy forces are driven
-back in terror. In reckless
-despair they try to save the
-day by pitting their aeroplanes
-against these unbeatable
-steel monsters.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Aeroplanes fighting
-British tanks are practically
-helpless and seldom attack
-them. ‘Zip! Zip! Bang!’
-go the machine guns of the
-hostile aeroplanes. But the rain of shot and shell rattles harmlessly
-against the huge armored tanks. ‘Boom! Bang!’ roar the tanks’
-heavy guns. Down drops one enemy aeroplane, in a horrible wake of
-flames and exploding gasoline. It strikes the earth—a shattered tangle
-of wire and wood. The aviator, of course, is dashed to death. Another
-of the foe’s machines is struck; and still another. All meet the same
-fate. Nothing can resist the tanks.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Such battles must be more exciting than fairy tales and novels,”
-exclaimed Tom and Jack in breathless wonder.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“There’s one thing our aviators do sometimes that is seldom
-excelled for courage and daring,” said Uncle Sam, pleased with the way
-his nephews were enjoying his story. “The enemy soldiers are very
-strongly entrenched behind earthworks and barbed wire fences. When
-our infantry find it impossible to make them flee, our bold aviators are
-assigned to the task.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id005'>
-<img src='images/illus_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE AGE OF FLYING</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id004'>
-<img src='images/illus_020.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THEY SWOOP DOWN OVER THE TRENCHES</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“With dash and bravery they go up in the air and hover near the
-hostile positions. Suddenly, like eagles they swoop down over the
-trenches shooting at the frightened enemy. ‘Zip! Crack! Bang!’ rattle
-their machine guns. Those who are not killed or seriously wounded
-flee in terror into the dugouts for safety.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Then, quick as a flash, our men rush in and capture the trench
-before enemy reinforcements come up. The courageous aviators are
-wildly cheered but haven’t time now to listen to the praise; they must
-go up in the air again to protect their comrades from enemy aeroplanes,
-which lurk everywhere waiting for a chance to drop bombs.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“By the way, Uncle Sam,” asked Jack, “why do aviators wear such
-heavy clothing?”</p>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“It must be very cold
-up in the air,” thought
-Tom to himself, not saying
-anything for the
-first time.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“It’s frightfully cold
-up above the clouds,”
-said Uncle Sam. “The
-higher you fly the colder
-it becomes. Up in the
-sky, I have often felt a
-temperature below zero,
-while down on the earth
-it was comfortable and
-warm. Later on in
-school, you boys will
-learn that the sun’s rays
-give very little heat
-until they reach the earth. I would explain the reason myself, but I
-want to go on with the story.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Our aviators are flying around in the sky about three miles above
-the earth when, all at once, the enemy’s machines dash into view.
-The two hostile air fleets see each other almost at the same time, and
-quickly prepare for action. A thrilling battle in the air is at hand.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Our machines are outnumbered, but that does not deter us. ‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’
-shrieks one of our machine guns. One of the foe is put
-out of action. His machine in flames, he falls dizzily to earth.
-Marvelous flying is now going on. One of our men loops-the-loop to
-get into position. An enemy aviator backs up his machine in mid-air:
-then dives down headlong a thousand feet. Swiftly he rights himself
-and speeds up firing right, left, and straight ahead. We have a hard
-time dodging that dangerous fellow.</p>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_022.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>WE POUNCE ON THE BIG ENEMY BATTLEPLANE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“A big enemy battleplane
-gets separated from
-the group. In just two
-seconds two of our force
-pounce upon it. The huge
-machine battles skillfully
-for a while. Then we force
-it into a bad position,
-and rain upon it a terrible
-storm of bullets from
-our machine guns. The
-big battleplane goes down,
-but fighting to the last.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Night approaches and
-envelops the earth with a
-blanket of darkness. Powerful
-searchlights from
-below, each of which is
-a wonderful instrument,
-scan the heavens with
-beams of ghostly white
-and yellow. The aeroplanes
-still struggle. The
-constant flashes from the bursting shells are even more terrible than in
-the day time. The scene is still more hideous when an unfortunate
-aviator takes the fatal plunge, his machine ablaze. One of our fine
-biplanes makes a mistake and gets right in line with an enemy’s gun.
-The foe’s machine-gun bullets penetrate its gasoline tank. It explodes
-in mid-air, and the biplane rushes to earth in a roaring blaze.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Who wins this great battle?” broke in Tom.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Well, I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Tom, you ought to be ashamed of yourself. You have done nothing
-but interrupt during the whole story,”
-declared Jack.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_023.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE BATTLEPLANES STRUGGLE IN THE NIGHT</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now, don’t you boys start quarreling.
-You might get in a worse scrape than
-the aeroplanes I’m telling about.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now I’ll get back to my story again:</p>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_024.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>A SAFE LANDING SPOT</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Between nine and ten o’clock, the
-two rival air fleets are equally tired of the
-strife. Almost at the same time, both
-decide to stop
-fighting, and
-withdraw to
-their own sides
-of the battleline.
-The
-struggle itself
-might be called
-a tie. But
-since we kept
-the enemy
-from dropping
-bombs on our
-men in the
-trenches, the
-victory is really
-ours.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“It is dangerous
-for our
-airmen to land
-their machines
-in the dark.
-They might
-land on bad
-ground or in a tree, or possibly collide with some building. To make
-landing at night safe and avoid being seen by the enemy, was a problem
-we had to solve. We placed powerful electric lights deep in the ground
-and covered them with heavy glasses to prevent their breaking. When
-the lights are sunk in this manner they can be seen only from above.
-Wherever our aviators see one of these lights, they know it marks
-a safe landing spot.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now,” said Uncle Sam, “so far as our story is concerned we shall
-leave the bloody battlefront,
-and I will tell you about the
-aeroplane of the sea. The flying
-machine of the sea is called
-the hydroaeroplane. That is a
-rather long name. Seaplane is
-an easier word to pronounce,
-and is more commonly used.
-The seaplane can float like
-a boat and fly like an aeroplane.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_025.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE SEAPLANE CAN SAIL ON THE WATER LIKE A BOAT AND FLY IN THE AIR LIKE AN AEROPLANE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“I suppose you boys have
-the same opinion of seaplanes
-as most people. You
-think the seaplane is
-not half as important
-as the land
-battleplanes I’ve
-been telling you
-about.”</p>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_026.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE BLIMP DIRIGIBLE BALLOON</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“That’s right,”
-agreed Tom and
-Jack.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Well,” continued
-Uncle Sam
-with an air of superior
-wisdom, “the aviation
-service of the sea is just as important as that of the land. As the
-land aeroplanes are the ‘eyes’ of the army, so the seaplanes are the
-‘eyes’ of the navy. If it weren’t for these marvelous flying boats,
-the German submarines might have succeeded in sinking nearly
-all of our merchant ships—the boats that carry food, clothing,
-guns, and ammunition to the Allies of Democracy. Sometimes,
-too, our seaplanes have helped the battleships to destroy the enemy
-fleet.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Just after the World War started, Germany launched her U-Boat
-submarines and undertook a campaign which eventually brought this
-country into the war. England was in a dreadful fix. Very little
-food, clothing, and munitions could get in from America; many of her
-fine ships were being sent to the bottom of the sea. There was no way
-to stop the U-Boats. What could we do?</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“In these hours of trial, a smart Englishman invented a motor-driven
-balloon called a Blimp. It’s a mystery to me why they named
-it a Blimp. But, even with such a modern name, the Blimp could
-certainly scout for German submarines—the U-Boats. Whenever a
-Blimp found a U-Boat it would send a wireless message to a ship called
-a Submarine Destroyer which would chase the submarine and sink it.”</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_027.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>A GREAT BATTLE IN WHICH THE AMAZING AIR FLEETS OF THE SEA TAKE PART</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_028.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>BOMB SPLITS ZEPPELIN IN HALF</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“What I can’t understand,” said
-Tom thoughtfully, “is why they
-need a Blimp or an aeroplane to
-find U-Boats? Why can’t the Submarine
-Destroyers seek out the U-Boats
-for themselves?”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Yes, Uncle Sam, please explain
-that,” said Jack.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“I’ll gladly tell you the reason,”
-said Uncle Sam. “You know that
-you can’t see through a window
-from the outside when the sun shines on it. It is the same on the sea.
-When the light shines on the water, it is impossible to see beneath the
-waves. But when an aviator is high overhead the light is not reflected
-in his eyes. Therefore, he is able to see twenty, thirty, and, sometimes,
-a hundred feet under the surface of the water. Furthermore, a man
-high in the air can look around and see more than the man below.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Now, I’ll start where I left off. I shall have to hurry along, as it is
-getting late. Since the early days of the great World War, many new
-inventions have made sea flying the marvel of the age. Suppose I tell
-you boys of a great battle in which the amazing air fleets of the sea
-take part.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Two hostile fleets of warships steam defiantly toward each other.
-How proudly their banners flaunt gay colors in the breeze! How boldly
-their stately bows plough through the sea! How grim, how stern their
-gray sides reflect the sunlight! Ere the day is over, many, many ships
-of these grand fleets will lie on the ocean floor. Many others will
-stagger to home ports—battered wrecks.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“High over the enemy fleet are their Zeppelins, floating lazily with
-the clouds. Over our warships, darting here and there, are the ‘eyes’
-of the fleet—our seaplanes. It won’t be long before the Zeppelins, the
-hostile aeroplanes, and our seaplanes are clinched in a struggle to death.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_029.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE DEPTH BOMB DESTROYS A U-BOAT</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figleft id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_030a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_030b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>A MASS OF WRECKAGE THAT STRIKES THE DECK OF ONE OF OUR WARSHIPS</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Let us look at
-the battleships
-again. Many of
-them carry small
-elevated railways
-on which run tiny
-cars. These are
-called seaplane
-catapults. The
-word catapult
-means, ‘To throw
-heavy stones.’ So
-we conclude that
-these little railways
-throw seaplanes. Well, they <i>do</i> throw seaplanes. Let’s inspect one
-and see how it is done. The
-little car, bearing a big seaplane,
-with its propeller spinning, shoots
-along the railway track at lightning
-speed. At the very end, it
-strikes a bumper. Off shoots
-the seaplane. The car darts
-back to the starting point. When
-a battleship clears for action,
-the catapult is taken down.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“The monster warships have
-now begun to fight. Their big
-guns are banging and booming—hundreds
-of times louder than
-thunder. On the decks, behind
-the guns, in the engine rooms
-and wireless cabins—everywhere,
-men are striving, straining every nerve, risking their lives for
-the land they love.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“It’s aviation we are talking about, so let’s look high overhead. Our
-marvelous seaplanes are spying on the hostile battleships, fighting the
-Zeppelins and enemy aeroplanes, and dropping bombs on the foe
-below—all at the same time. ‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’ shrieks a seaplane’s
-deadly machine gun. With a sickening plunge, an enemy aeroplane
-darts down—a streak of flaming wood and tangled metal. Down goes
-another—a mass of wreckage that strikes the deck of one of our warships.
-A daring aviator dashes up, up, away up in the air; and drops a
-bomb on a Zeppelin. Right in the middle strikes the missile of destruction.
-The enemy’s cigar-shaped airship makes a headlong dive for
-the ocean—split in half. It strikes the bosom of the sea; and disappears
-in one final, deafening explosion, which throws the salt spray high into
-the air.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id004'>
-<img src='images/illus_031.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE SEAPLANE SHOOTS OFF THE CATAPULT</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Let’s get a glimpse of another part of the battle scene. One of
-our seaplanes is flying along at a moderate rate of speed, when the
-tell-tale periscope is sighted. A U-Boat is near the surface of the
-water. Our aviator drops a remarkable, a terrific bomb. When this
-bomb sinks deep enough, the pressure of the water
-makes it explode. The force of the underwater
-explosion causes anything near it to be crushed
-like an egg shell. You can imagine what happens
-to the unfortunate submarine.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_032.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SENDING UP A “HUMMING” SHOT A LITTLE TOO CLOSE FOR COMFORT</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“All of a sudden, three enemy aeroplanes
-dash into view, determined to
-attack our seaplane—to avenge the
-sunken U-Boat. But when one
-of the big guns on our
-warship sends up a ‘humming’ shot, a little too close to the foe for
-comfort, they withdraw at once.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“We finally won this dreadful sea battle, and the seaplanes certainly
-deserve a great deal of credit.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“If you boys have followed my story, you know the value of land
-and sea aviation service in time of war.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Indeed, I have followed it,” said Tom warmly.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“It’s the most interesting tale I ever heard or read,” exclaimed Jack.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Listen to me, boys,” said their Uncle Sam. He was a bit annoyed
-and impatient; for he now had little time to spare for interruptions.</p>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_033.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>FAST MAIL-CARRYING AEROPLANES WILL MAKE POSTAL DELIVERIES EVERYWHERE</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“The greatest benefit from the ‘Conquest of the Air’ will come in
-times of peace. Before I go, I shall tell you boys a few of the peace-time
-uses of the land aeroplane, the hydroaeroplane or seaplane, the
-Zeppelin, the Blimp, the ordinary balloon—all the mechanical birds of
-Man’s inventive genius. Some
-of these uses you are already
-familiar with; some you and I
-will live to see; some won’t
-come to pass until we are in
-our graves.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“The greatest aviation service
-will likely be transportation,
-both for business and
-pleasure. Aeroplanes and
-motor-driven balloons will
-rival steamships, trains, and
-automobiles as carriers of
-passengers, freight, and mail.
-There will be big aerial ocean
-liners plying over the Atlantic
-and, possibly, the wide Pacific.
-Fast mail-carrying aeroplanes,
-capable of a speed of two or
-more miles a minute, will make postal deliveries everywhere. Letters
-from New York will reach Chicago in a few hours. Private aeroplanes,
-darting here and there among the clouds, will be as numerous as the
-birds. Thousands of seaplanes will sail on and glide over our lakes,
-rivers, bays, and oceans.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_034.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>CAPRONI TRIPLANE CROSSING THE ALPS</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Aerial transportation is not just a thing of the future. It is
-already here. In May, 1918, regular aeroplane mail service was begun
-between New York City and Washington, D. C. Many men now have
-their own aeroplanes or seaplanes, and travel around in them as
-commonly as in an automobile. Two brave Italians flew, in a trifle over
-seven hours, from Turin, Italy, across the Alps and then to London—a
-distance of 650 miles. A gigantic aeroplane has been invented in Italy.
-It is called the Caproni Triplane, because a man named Caproni invented
-it, and because it bears three sets of planes or wings. It is
-able to travel a long distance and carry heavy loads.</p>
-
-<div  class='figright id003'>
-<img src='images/illus_035.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SHIP SAVED BY LIFE LINE THROWN FROM A RESCUE AIRSHIP</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Outside of transportation, there are and will be numerous other
-peace-time uses for aeroplanes and balloons. But I have time to tell
-about only two more—ship saving and aerial weather observation.
-Many a ship stranded on the rocks
-in a storm can be reached by a life
-line thrown from a rescue airship.
-An aviator high in the sky can find
-out weather conditions not known
-on the earth below. From his
-reports, we shall be able to make
-more accurate weather forecasts.</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>“Well, boys,” said Uncle Sam,
-“my aviation story is over, and I
-must be on my way.”</p>
-
-<p class='c005'>He gives each boy a warm handshake,
-and bids good-bye. He
-jumps into his aeroplane, and starts
-the motor. The propellers whirl.
-The noise of the motor is deafening. Finally, the
-big bird skims the ground and gracefully ascends.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_036.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<p class='c005'>A beautiful landscape closes the scene. The sun,
-in a halo of golden glory, sinks in the west. Uncle
-Sam in his aeroplane is a mere speck in the lonely
-twilight sky. The boys watch him float out of
-sight, and then start for home with their minds full
-of aeroplanes, balloons, aviators, aviation.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c006'>
-    <div><span class='small'>THE END</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/illus_back.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
- <hr class='pb c002' />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-</div>
-<div class='tnotes'>
-
-<div class='section ph2'>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c007'>
-    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
- <ol class='ol_1 c006'>
-    <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
-
-    </li>
-    <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
-    </li>
-  </ol>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pgx" />
-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK***</p>
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