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diff --git a/old/62472-0.txt b/old/62472-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index dbb7374..0000000 --- a/old/62472-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,970 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Aviation Book, by Haywood Leslie Davis - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Aviation Book - - -Author: Haywood Leslie Davis - - - -Release Date: June 25, 2020 [eBook #62472] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK*** - - -E-text prepared by Richard Tonsing, Nick Wall, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 62472-h.htm or 62472-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62472/62472-h/62472-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62472/62472-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/aviationbook00davi - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - - - - -AVIATION BOOK - - -[Illustration] - - -Copyright, 1918, by -McLoughlin Brothers. Inc. -New York - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: ORIGINAL WRIGHT BIPLANE. INVENTED AND FLOWN BY WRIGHT -BROTHERS IN 1905 AT KITTY HAWK, N. C.] - - - - - AVIATION BOOK - - -[Illustration: UNCLE SAM STARTS HIS AVIATION STORY] - -Tom and Jack are brothers and chums. They are Boy Scouts. Jack is first -class, but Tom is only a tenderfoot. Like all bright, manly boys they -are interested in airships and are anxious for the time to come when -they can fly too. - -Tom and Jack’s uncle is a famous aviator, and he knows all about flying. -His name being Samuel the boys always call him Uncle Sam, and they -sometimes jokingly pretend to think that he is the great Uncle Sam who -represents the United States. - -Tom and Jack knew that the best way to find out about airships was to -ask their Uncle Sam. So, as soon as they saw him, they made him consent -to tell his wonderful story of aviation. - -Tom and Jack were all ears as their uncle started his aviation story. - -“First,” he began, “I shall tell you the thrilling tale of Man’s long -striving to learn how to rival the birds. In myths and fairy tales there -were men and goblins who had wings or who owned winged chariots and -animals. But real, everyday people never learned how to go up in the air -until 1783.” - -“The very year England and the United States made peace after the -Revolutionary War!” exclaimed Tom. - -[Illustration: THE ASCENSION OF MONTGOLFIER’S BALLOON] - -“Don’t interrupt Uncle Sam; it is not polite,” advised Jack. - -“Well,” continued Uncle Sam, “it was on June 5, 1783 that Stephen and -Joseph Montgolfier, two French brothers, sent up the first balloon. You -can just imagine the amazement it caused when it arose from the ground. - -“Many successful experiments were made with balloons; but they were -harder to run than old-time sailboats. A balloon could not fly against -the wind. In a storm or a heavy gale it would be wrecked and the -passengers killed. A machine was needed that could speed against the -wind and not upset in a heavy blow. - -“A few inventors tried to solve the flying problem with motor-driven -balloons such as the German Zeppelin. But most attention was given to -heavier-than-air machines known as aeroplanes. Aeroplanes are called -heavier-than-air to distinguish them from balloons, which, being -inflated with gas, are lighter than air. There were many discouraging -years of hard thought and labor before success came. Finally, in 1905, -two American brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, invented the first -successful flying machine; and in a series of marvelous flights showed -that Man had, at last, rivaled the birds. - -[Illustration] - -“Numerous inventions have made man almost the equal of the birds in the -air. Flying has been made nearly as safe as riding on horseback or in an -automobile. The aeroplane is now a necessity in times of war and peace. -Its startling deeds will be the subject of the story I’m about to tell. - -“Of course, you want to know something about the man who runs an -aeroplane,” said Uncle Sam. - -“Indeed, we do,” replied both boys at the same time. - -[Illustration: THE AEROPLANE IS A NECESSITY IN TIMES OF WAR AND PEACE] - -[Illustration: SOME TYPES OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN AEROPLANES] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: GROUP OF FRENCH AVIATORS] - -“Now,” continued Uncle Sam, “to become a military aviator a man must, -first of all, have a strong, healthy body, a quick, active mind, and -iron nerves. There are many good aviators that wouldn’t be good -_military_ aviators, because the strain of war would prove too much for -them. If a man is just right in body and mind, they send him to an -aviation training camp where he is taught to fly. - -[Illustration: LEARNING TO FLY BY WATCHING THE EXPERT AVIATOR] - -“At the training camp he is instructed in the care of an aeroplane and -its powerful motor. He goes up in the air a number of times with an -expert aviator. By constantly watching the expert, he learns to fly. -Then he learns many dazzling stunts—to loop-the-loop, make figure -eights, fly upside down, and other dangerous maneuvers. - -“After the new aviator knows how to care for an aeroplane and fly -perfectly, he is taught wireless telegraphy, and shown how to take -aerial photographs, fire machine guns and drop bombs. As soon as he -learns all these things, he’s a full-fledged aviator, and ready to go -into active service for his country.” - -Tom and Jack had their eyes wide open in wonder as Uncle Sam continued: - -“Ordinary flying, as I told you boys before, is now almost as safe as -riding on horseback or in an auto. But, in time of war, running a -military aeroplane is the riskiest work in the world. When I tell you of -the marvelous, death-defying deeds military aviators have done, I doubt -if you will believe me. Yet everything is absolutely true. - -[Illustration: AEROPLANE DIRECTING ARTILLERY FIRE] - -[Illustration: AVIATORS TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS] - -“An aviator’s most important duties are to take photographs of the -enemy’s location and direct artillery fire. The aviator must seek out -the enemy and learn their exact position. He must discover, if he can, -about how many men and guns they have; how well they are fortified; how -hard or easy it is to attack them. He makes many photographs and -sketches which are valuable to his officers in planning an attack.” - -“You haven’t told us how the brave aviator directs artillery fire,” -broke in Tom. - -“I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam. “You know that there was a -time when a man who fired a cannon could see his target. But now, a -cannon, or the artillery, fires at a range of from six to thirty miles. -No matter how big the target, it is impossible to see it from such a -distance, especially when trees, mountains or fogs are in the way. -Firing artillery is now a matter of calculation. Just where to shoot has -to be figured out by means of maps, instruments, and mathematics. Quite -often the figuring is not exactly right. The aviator must go up—bombs -and shells bursting all around him—and discover if the guns are hitting -the mark. When a shot doesn’t strike in the right place, the aviator -sends directions by wireless for firing the next shell so that it will -hit the enemy’s position and destroy it. - -[Illustration: SCOUTING OVER THE RUINED REGION BETWEEN THE LINES (NO -MAN’S LAND)] - -[Illustration: BATTLEPLANES CONVOYING PHOTOGRAPHING AEROPLANES] - -“Not all the excitement is over the battle lines. One of the most -thrilling experiences an aviator can have is to fight off enemy -aeroplanes and Zeppelins when they come to drop bombs on a city or town. -Cities liable to be raided by hostile machines are protected by lookout -towers. As soon as the Zeppelins are sighted, the men in the towers toot -shrill blasts on loud siren horns. At the signal of the horns every -light in the attacked city is put out, and all the people rush into -houses and cellars for safety. Big anti-Zeppelin guns are pointed -skyward to fire destruction-dealing shells at the enemy overhead. - -“The brave aviators, who protect the city, start their machines and go -up in the air to drive off the foe—amid the reek of fire and the scream -of shot and shell. The battle is usually short. The swift defending -aeroplanes, with their machine guns constantly spitting bullets, fight -rings around the Zeppelins. The big guns on the ground send deadly -missiles through many of the enemy airships. All of a sudden one bursts -into flames. With a roar and a bang it hurtles to the earth. In the next -moment, still another is hit. One of the doomed men saves himself by -dropping off in a huge floating parachute. He is made prisoner the -minute he touches ground. - -[Illustration: FIGHTING ZEPPELIN RAIDERS] - -[Illustration: TOOTING THE SIRENS OF WARNING] - -“In a little while the remnant of the once-proud enemy air fleet flees -in mortal terror. The day is saved. The heroic aviators, who -successfully defended the city, return to earth amid the cheers of the -grateful people. - -“Usually the damage done is unimportant from a military point of view. -Several non-combatants are killed and a few houses and an occasional -church are damaged. - -“Now, we will go back to the firing line, and see how the aeroplane is -used in connection with the land fighting. - -“Many German aeroplanes come to grief by trying to battle British -tanks.” - -“What’s a British tank?” put in Jack. - -“I thought everyone was familiar with the tank, but as you evidently are -not, I shall explain what it is. A tank is a great big battle car, -protected with heavy shot-proof steel and armed with guns. It can travel -anywhere—over hills, walls, trenches, through mud, bushes, and trees. -Many people call a tank a land-battleship. - -[Illustration: DROPPING OFF IN PARACHUTE FROM FLAMING BALLOON] - -[Illustration: BATTLE BETWEEN AEROPLANE AND BRITISH TANK] - -“Now that you know what a tank is, I will go on with my story. When the -British attack the Germans, they often use tanks, which rumble along, -crushing everything before them. The enemy forces are driven back in -terror. In reckless despair they try to save the day by pitting their -aeroplanes against these unbeatable steel monsters. - -“Aeroplanes fighting British tanks are practically helpless and seldom -attack them. ‘Zip! Zip! Bang!’ go the machine guns of the hostile -aeroplanes. But the rain of shot and shell rattles harmlessly against -the huge armored tanks. ‘Boom! Bang!’ roar the tanks’ heavy guns. Down -drops one enemy aeroplane, in a horrible wake of flames and exploding -gasoline. It strikes the earth—a shattered tangle of wire and wood. The -aviator, of course, is dashed to death. Another of the foe’s machines is -struck; and still another. All meet the same fate. Nothing can resist -the tanks.” - -“Such battles must be more exciting than fairy tales and novels,” -exclaimed Tom and Jack in breathless wonder. - -“There’s one thing our aviators do sometimes that is seldom excelled for -courage and daring,” said Uncle Sam, pleased with the way his nephews -were enjoying his story. “The enemy soldiers are very strongly -entrenched behind earthworks and barbed wire fences. When our infantry -find it impossible to make them flee, our bold aviators are assigned to -the task. - -[Illustration: THE AGE OF FLYING] - -[Illustration: THEY SWOOP DOWN OVER THE TRENCHES] - -“With dash and bravery they go up in the air and hover near the hostile -positions. Suddenly, like eagles they swoop down over the trenches -shooting at the frightened enemy. ‘Zip! Crack! Bang!’ rattle their -machine guns. Those who are not killed or seriously wounded flee in -terror into the dugouts for safety. - -“Then, quick as a flash, our men rush in and capture the trench before -enemy reinforcements come up. The courageous aviators are wildly cheered -but haven’t time now to listen to the praise; they must go up in the air -again to protect their comrades from enemy aeroplanes, which lurk -everywhere waiting for a chance to drop bombs.” - -“By the way, Uncle Sam,” asked Jack, “why do aviators wear such heavy -clothing?” - -[Illustration: JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE] - -“It must be very cold up in the air,” thought Tom to himself, not saying -anything for the first time. - -“It’s frightfully cold up above the clouds,” said Uncle Sam. “The higher -you fly the colder it becomes. Up in the sky, I have often felt a -temperature below zero, while down on the earth it was comfortable and -warm. Later on in school, you boys will learn that the sun’s rays give -very little heat until they reach the earth. I would explain the reason -myself, but I want to go on with the story. - -“Our aviators are flying around in the sky about three miles above the -earth when, all at once, the enemy’s machines dash into view. The two -hostile air fleets see each other almost at the same time, and quickly -prepare for action. A thrilling battle in the air is at hand. - -“Our machines are outnumbered, but that does not deter us. -‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’ shrieks one of our machine guns. One of the foe is put -out of action. His machine in flames, he falls dizzily to earth. -Marvelous flying is now going on. One of our men loops-the-loop to get -into position. An enemy aviator backs up his machine in mid-air: then -dives down headlong a thousand feet. Swiftly he rights himself and -speeds up firing right, left, and straight ahead. We have a hard time -dodging that dangerous fellow. - -[Illustration: WE POUNCE ON THE BIG ENEMY BATTLEPLANE] - -“A big enemy battleplane gets separated from the group. In just two -seconds two of our force pounce upon it. The huge machine battles -skillfully for a while. Then we force it into a bad position, and rain -upon it a terrible storm of bullets from our machine guns. The big -battleplane goes down, but fighting to the last. - -“Night approaches and envelops the earth with a blanket of darkness. -Powerful searchlights from below, each of which is a wonderful -instrument, scan the heavens with beams of ghostly white and yellow. The -aeroplanes still struggle. The constant flashes from the bursting shells -are even more terrible than in the day time. The scene is still more -hideous when an unfortunate aviator takes the fatal plunge, his machine -ablaze. One of our fine biplanes makes a mistake and gets right in line -with an enemy’s gun. The foe’s machine-gun bullets penetrate its -gasoline tank. It explodes in mid-air, and the biplane rushes to earth -in a roaring blaze.” - -“Who wins this great battle?” broke in Tom. - -“Well, I’m getting to that now,” said Uncle Sam. - -“Tom, you ought to be ashamed of yourself. You have done nothing but -interrupt during the whole story,” declared Jack. - -[Illustration: THE BATTLEPLANES STRUGGLE IN THE NIGHT] - -“Now, don’t you boys start quarreling. You might get in a worse scrape -than the aeroplanes I’m telling about. - -“Now I’ll get back to my story again: - -[Illustration: A SAFE LANDING SPOT] - -“Between nine and ten o’clock, the two rival air fleets are equally -tired of the strife. Almost at the same time, both decide to stop -fighting, and withdraw to their own sides of the battleline. The -struggle itself might be called a tie. But since we kept the enemy from -dropping bombs on our men in the trenches, the victory is really ours. - -“It is dangerous for our airmen to land their machines in the dark. They -might land on bad ground or in a tree, or possibly collide with some -building. To make landing at night safe and avoid being seen by the -enemy, was a problem we had to solve. We placed powerful electric lights -deep in the ground and covered them with heavy glasses to prevent their -breaking. When the lights are sunk in this manner they can be seen only -from above. Wherever our aviators see one of these lights, they know it -marks a safe landing spot. - -“Now,” said Uncle Sam, “so far as our story is concerned we shall leave -the bloody battlefront, and I will tell you about the aeroplane of the -sea. The flying machine of the sea is called the hydroaeroplane. That is -a rather long name. Seaplane is an easier word to pronounce, and is more -commonly used. The seaplane can float like a boat and fly like an -aeroplane. - -[Illustration: THE SEAPLANE CAN SAIL ON THE WATER LIKE A BOAT AND FLY IN -THE AIR LIKE AN AEROPLANE] - -“I suppose you boys have the same opinion of seaplanes as most people. -You think the seaplane is not half as important as the land battleplanes -I’ve been telling you about.” - -[Illustration: THE BLIMP DIRIGIBLE BALLOON] - -“That’s right,” agreed Tom and Jack. - -“Well,” continued Uncle Sam with an air of superior wisdom, “the -aviation service of the sea is just as important as that of the land. As -the land aeroplanes are the ‘eyes’ of the army, so the seaplanes are the -‘eyes’ of the navy. If it weren’t for these marvelous flying boats, the -German submarines might have succeeded in sinking nearly all of our -merchant ships—the boats that carry food, clothing, guns, and ammunition -to the Allies of Democracy. Sometimes, too, our seaplanes have helped -the battleships to destroy the enemy fleet. - -“Just after the World War started, Germany launched her U-Boat -submarines and undertook a campaign which eventually brought this -country into the war. England was in a dreadful fix. Very little food, -clothing, and munitions could get in from America; many of her fine -ships were being sent to the bottom of the sea. There was no way to stop -the U-Boats. What could we do? - -“In these hours of trial, a smart Englishman invented a motor-driven -balloon called a Blimp. It’s a mystery to me why they named it a Blimp. -But, even with such a modern name, the Blimp could certainly scout for -German submarines—the U-Boats. Whenever a Blimp found a U-Boat it would -send a wireless message to a ship called a Submarine Destroyer which -would chase the submarine and sink it.” - -[Illustration: A GREAT BATTLE IN WHICH THE AMAZING AIR FLEETS OF THE SEA -TAKE PART] - -[Illustration: BOMB SPLITS ZEPPELIN IN HALF] - -“What I can’t understand,” said Tom thoughtfully, “is why they need a -Blimp or an aeroplane to find U-Boats? Why can’t the Submarine -Destroyers seek out the U-Boats for themselves?” - -“Yes, Uncle Sam, please explain that,” said Jack. - -“I’ll gladly tell you the reason,” said Uncle Sam. “You know that you -can’t see through a window from the outside when the sun shines on it. -It is the same on the sea. When the light shines on the water, it is -impossible to see beneath the waves. But when an aviator is high -overhead the light is not reflected in his eyes. Therefore, he is able -to see twenty, thirty, and, sometimes, a hundred feet under the surface -of the water. Furthermore, a man high in the air can look around and see -more than the man below. - -“Now, I’ll start where I left off. I shall have to hurry along, as it is -getting late. Since the early days of the great World War, many new -inventions have made sea flying the marvel of the age. Suppose I tell -you boys of a great battle in which the amazing air fleets of the sea -take part. - -“Two hostile fleets of warships steam defiantly toward each other. How -proudly their banners flaunt gay colors in the breeze! How boldly their -stately bows plough through the sea! How grim, how stern their gray -sides reflect the sunlight! Ere the day is over, many, many ships of -these grand fleets will lie on the ocean floor. Many others will stagger -to home ports—battered wrecks. - -“High over the enemy fleet are their Zeppelins, floating lazily with the -clouds. Over our warships, darting here and there, are the ‘eyes’ of the -fleet—our seaplanes. It won’t be long before the Zeppelins, the hostile -aeroplanes, and our seaplanes are clinched in a struggle to death. - -[Illustration: THE DEPTH BOMB DESTROYS A U-BOAT] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: A MASS OF WRECKAGE THAT STRIKES THE DECK OF ONE OF OUR -WARSHIPS] - -“Let us look at the battleships again. Many of them carry small elevated -railways on which run tiny cars. These are called seaplane catapults. -The word catapult means, ‘To throw heavy stones.’ So we conclude that -these little railways throw seaplanes. Well, they _do_ throw seaplanes. -Let’s inspect one and see how it is done. The little car, bearing a big -seaplane, with its propeller spinning, shoots along the railway track at -lightning speed. At the very end, it strikes a bumper. Off shoots the -seaplane. The car darts back to the starting point. When a battleship -clears for action, the catapult is taken down. - -“The monster warships have now begun to fight. Their big guns are -banging and booming—hundreds of times louder than thunder. On the decks, -behind the guns, in the engine rooms and wireless cabins—everywhere, men -are striving, straining every nerve, risking their lives for the land -they love. - -“It’s aviation we are talking about, so let’s look high overhead. Our -marvelous seaplanes are spying on the hostile battleships, fighting the -Zeppelins and enemy aeroplanes, and dropping bombs on the foe below—all -at the same time. ‘Rat-a-tat-tat,’ shrieks a seaplane’s deadly machine -gun. With a sickening plunge, an enemy aeroplane darts down—a streak of -flaming wood and tangled metal. Down goes another—a mass of wreckage -that strikes the deck of one of our warships. A daring aviator dashes -up, up, away up in the air; and drops a bomb on a Zeppelin. Right in the -middle strikes the missile of destruction. The enemy’s cigar-shaped -airship makes a headlong dive for the ocean—split in half. It strikes -the bosom of the sea; and disappears in one final, deafening explosion, -which throws the salt spray high into the air. - -[Illustration: THE SEAPLANE SHOOTS OFF THE CATAPULT] - -“Let’s get a glimpse of another part of the battle scene. One of our -seaplanes is flying along at a moderate rate of speed, when the -tell-tale periscope is sighted. A U-Boat is near the surface of the -water. Our aviator drops a remarkable, a terrific bomb. When this bomb -sinks deep enough, the pressure of the water makes it explode. The force -of the underwater explosion causes anything near it to be crushed like -an egg shell. You can imagine what happens to the unfortunate submarine. - -[Illustration: SENDING UP A “HUMMING” SHOT A LITTLE TOO CLOSE FOR -COMFORT] - -“All of a sudden, three enemy aeroplanes dash into view, determined to -attack our seaplane—to avenge the sunken U-Boat. But when one of the big -guns on our warship sends up a ‘humming’ shot, a little too close to the -foe for comfort, they withdraw at once. - -“We finally won this dreadful sea battle, and the seaplanes certainly -deserve a great deal of credit. - -“If you boys have followed my story, you know the value of land and sea -aviation service in time of war.” - -“Indeed, I have followed it,” said Tom warmly. - -“It’s the most interesting tale I ever heard or read,” exclaimed Jack. - -“Listen to me, boys,” said their Uncle Sam. He was a bit annoyed and -impatient; for he now had little time to spare for interruptions. - -[Illustration: FAST MAIL-CARRYING AEROPLANES WILL MAKE POSTAL DELIVERIES -EVERYWHERE] - -“The greatest benefit from the ‘Conquest of the Air’ will come in times -of peace. Before I go, I shall tell you boys a few of the peace-time -uses of the land aeroplane, the hydroaeroplane or seaplane, the -Zeppelin, the Blimp, the ordinary balloon—all the mechanical birds of -Man’s inventive genius. Some of these uses you are already familiar -with; some you and I will live to see; some won’t come to pass until we -are in our graves. - -“The greatest aviation service will likely be transportation, both for -business and pleasure. Aeroplanes and motor-driven balloons will rival -steamships, trains, and automobiles as carriers of passengers, freight, -and mail. There will be big aerial ocean liners plying over the Atlantic -and, possibly, the wide Pacific. Fast mail-carrying aeroplanes, capable -of a speed of two or more miles a minute, will make postal deliveries -everywhere. Letters from New York will reach Chicago in a few hours. -Private aeroplanes, darting here and there among the clouds, will be as -numerous as the birds. Thousands of seaplanes will sail on and glide -over our lakes, rivers, bays, and oceans. - -[Illustration: CAPRONI TRIPLANE CROSSING THE ALPS] - -“Aerial transportation is not just a thing of the future. It is already -here. In May, 1918, regular aeroplane mail service was begun between New -York City and Washington, D. C. Many men now have their own aeroplanes -or seaplanes, and travel around in them as commonly as in an automobile. -Two brave Italians flew, in a trifle over seven hours, from Turin, -Italy, across the Alps and then to London—a distance of 650 miles. A -gigantic aeroplane has been invented in Italy. It is called the Caproni -Triplane, because a man named Caproni invented it, and because it bears -three sets of planes or wings. It is able to travel a long distance and -carry heavy loads. - -[Illustration: SHIP SAVED BY LIFE LINE THROWN FROM A RESCUE AIRSHIP] - -“Outside of transportation, there are and will be numerous other -peace-time uses for aeroplanes and balloons. But I have time to tell -about only two more—ship saving and aerial weather observation. Many a -ship stranded on the rocks in a storm can be reached by a life line -thrown from a rescue airship. An aviator high in the sky can find out -weather conditions not known on the earth below. From his reports, we -shall be able to make more accurate weather forecasts. - -“Well, boys,” said Uncle Sam, “my aviation story is over, and I must be -on my way.” - -He gives each boy a warm handshake, and bids good-bye. He jumps into his -aeroplane, and starts the motor. The propellers whirl. The noise of the -motor is deafening. Finally, the big bird skims the ground and -gracefully ascends. - -[Illustration] - -A beautiful landscape closes the scene. The sun, in a halo of golden -glory, sinks in the west. Uncle Sam in his aeroplane is a mere speck in -the lonely twilight sky. The boys watch him float out of sight, and then -start for home with their minds full of aeroplanes, balloons, aviators, -aviation. - -[Illustration] - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AVIATION BOOK*** - - -******* This file should be named 62472-0.txt or 62472-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/4/7/62472 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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