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diff --git a/old/61365-0.txt b/old/61365-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a565da6..0000000 --- a/old/61365-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5937 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Armies of Europe, by Fedor von Köppen, -Translated by Lord Edward Gleichen, Illustrated by Richard Knötel - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Armies of Europe - - -Author: Fedor von Köppen - - - -Release Date: February 10, 2020 [eBook #61365] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE*** - - -E-text prepared by Brian Coe, David Tipple, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the large number of original - illustrations, many of which are in color. - See 61365-h.htm or 61365-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h/61365-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836 - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Underscores are used to enclose text in italics; the three - words that end this sentence _are in italics_. - - Plus signs are used to enclose text in bold face; the four - words that end this sentence +are in bold face+. - - The symbols ^{} are used to represent a superscript; for - example “3 squared” would be printed as “3^{2}”. - - There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by characters - such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to - numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the - chapter that contains its marker. - - - - - -[Illustration: England. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - -THE ARMIES OF EUROPE - -Illustrated. - -Translated and Revised by Count Gleichen, -Grenadier Guards, - -From the German of FEDOR VON KÖPPEN. - -Illustrated by Richard Knötel. - - - - - - -London: -William Clowes & Sons, Limited, -13, Charing Cross, S.W. -1890. - -London: -Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, -Stamford Street and Charing Cross. - - - - - CONTENTS - - PAGE - - CONTENTS iii - - PREFACE v - - TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE vii - - ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 1 - - THE GERMAN ARMY 20 - - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 36 - - ITALY 42 - - FRANCE 46 - - RUSSIA 53 - - DENMARK 59 - - SWEDEN AND NORWAY 61 - - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 64 - - SWITZERLAND 67 - - HOLLAND AND BELGIUM 69 - - TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA 73 - - APPENDIX (NAVIES) 79 - - - - - PREFACE. - - “Si vis pacem, para bellum!” - - -“Let him who is desirous of peace prepare himself for war.” Thus runs -the proverb which sums up the experiences and history of the most -powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in the old Roman days, -how much more applicable is it to the present time, when war-clouds are -darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in ruin and devastation on -all nations who have not heeded the warning! There are, however, few -who have not heeded it, and the governments of all nations have been -for some time, and are still, reorganising their Armies and bringing -them to a high state of efficiency in accordance with the experience -taught them by the great wars of the last thirty years. - -It is therefore necessary for all who take an interest in military -matters, or in foreign politics, to become acquainted with the strength -and organisation of the armed forces of the different European Powers, -for it is only by a study of these Armies that we get to know the -relative value of our own. - - - - - TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. - - -The matter contained in the following pages has been corrected up -to date. The _Corrigenda_ at the end of Germany, France, Italy, and -Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken place during the -progress of this work through the press. - -A few words of the original text, such as “Landwehr” and “Ersatz,” have -been retained in the translation, although applied to other than German -countries. For their meaning, _v._ “The German Army,” p. 21, etc. There -are no corresponding English words. - - G. - _November_, 1890. - - - - -[Illustration: England. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.[1] - - -The British Army is constructed on a purely original system. It is like -no other army in the world, and for this very good reason, that there -is no empire in the world like the British Empire. - -[Sidenote: +The British Empire.+] - -Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute the Empire. India, -Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other colonies in every -quarter of the globe, all help to build it up, and for its defence we -must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it. Let us see what we -have got. - -The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of -a decent size, it is not by any means too large—in fact, some people -say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question -which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and -with which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine -ourselves to contemplating its actual size. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Imperial Army.+] - -The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of square miles, and over -326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we have an Army which -numbers roughly as follows:— - - Regular Forces 202,000 - 1st and 2nd Class Reserves 57,000 - Militia and Militia Reserve 134,000 - Yeomanry 11,000 - Volunteers 224,000 - Colonial Forces 84,000 - Indian Native Army 152,000 - -altogether, 864,000 men at the outside. This apparently large number, -however, includes every single able-bodied man, British or Native, -who has been trained to bear arms: the Regular Army forms not quite -a quarter of it. Taken altogether, this gives an average of about 1 -combatant to 350 non-combatants—not a large proportion. Germany’s -proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large proportion, it is true, but -then she is threatened by powerful enemies on her eastern and western -frontiers, whereas we are an island, and look to our Navy as the first -line of defence. This being so, we can do with a moderately small Army, -and need not (yet) have recourse to the system of all other European -countries—namely, universal conscription. - -It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the -principle which underlies the military systems of all countries, -whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle -is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time, -with a large reserve of trained men ready to be called out in case -of war. In our case, the small number under arms in peace-time is -represented by the Active Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,[2] -and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the -Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers. - -Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would be -as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the -British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history. - -[Illustration: Mounted Infantry. - -(Tropical Field Kit.)] - -[Sidenote: +Recruitment.+] - -The system of recruitment throughout the Army is that of voluntary -enlistment. As mentioned above, we are the _only_ country in Europe -whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The subjects of all other European -countries are liable to be enrolled in the army whether they like it -or not, and, as a rule, they do not like it. This voluntary enlistment -is a great advantage for us in one way, in that only those need be -soldiers who want to be; but, on the other hand, the strength of our -Army is chiefly dependent on the number of men who happen to fancy -soldiering, and this is hardly a matter for congratulation. Up till -now, the system has sufficed: let us hope we shall never have to change -it. - -It is not generally known that there exists an Act[3] which has to be -suspended annually by Parliament (or else it would now be in force), -by which the Crown is empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may -be necessary for the Army. In other words, the country _is_ liable -to conscription, as far as may be determined by the Crown’s advisers. -This Act has, however, not been enforced since 1815. N.B.—This mode -of raising troops must not be confounded with the “Embodiment of the -Militia,” of which more hereafter. - -[Illustration: Cavalry. - -(Tropical Field Kit.)] - -Recruiting is carried out by paid recruiters (non-commissioned -officers) in the different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant -used to clinch the bargain with the would-be recruit by presenting him -with a shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The “Queen’s -Shilling” has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to -get drunk at his own expense. - -After going through certain formalities and answering certain questions -before a magistrate, the recruit signs his “attestation-paper,” and is -then considered as enlisted. - -[Illustration: Officers of Highland Light Infantry and Argyll and -Sutherland Highlanders.] - -The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours and -five years thereafter in the Reserve. There are a few exceptions to -this; men joining the Household Cavalry, Colonial Corps,[4] and one -or two other smaller branches of the Service, enlist for twelve years -with the colours; men for the Royal Engineers or Foot Guards have the -alternative of the usual term, or three years with the colours and nine -years in the Reserve; whilst the Army Service Corps and Medical Staff -Corps men and a few others serve for only three years with the colours -and a varying term of years in the Reserve. - -[Illustration: Officer, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers.] - -Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical -equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least 5 ft. 4 in. high, and -must have a minimum chest-measurement of 33 inches.[5] - -Re-engagements up to seven or twelve years with the colours are -permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases. - -[Sidenote: +Sketch of the History of Our Army.+] - -At a very early period of English history every able-bodied man was -bound to take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was, -however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed -was called the General Levy. - -During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, _i.e._, the -retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to -attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their -turn were bound to attend the king when _he_ went to fight abroad, -and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This -army, _i.e._, the knights and their followers, was called the Feudal -Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the General -Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown. They were -trained and exercised in the profession of arms, and received the name -of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar force, -was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary, hire -additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were paid -by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.’s reign, upset the -general military system, and for some time there was no National Army. - -On the Restoration, in 1660, considerable changes and improvements -took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the -Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing Army. - -It may be news to some people that the “raising or keeping a standing -army within the kingdom in time of peace is against law,” but such is -the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its consent to -a standing army; otherwise the Army would cease to exist. - -Since Charles II.’s time, the Standing Army has gradually been -increasing and improving. Voluntary enlistment dates from his reign, -but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men, -for we find in the last century that debtors and criminals were obliged -to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to strength. The -pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then -that some, nay, a great many, ill-educated people have been taught, -by means of traditions handed down from their great-grandfathers, to -look upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold -extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They -need be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations -enlist. The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn -chiefly from the labouring and _not_ from the criminal classes (as some -people seem to imagine). The proportion of educated recruits is rapidly -increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military -crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years -ago, and is still decreasing. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Active Army is divided into— - - 1. The Regular Army; - 2. The Native Indian Army; and - 3. The Colonial Forces. - -1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and -Infantry; besides these are the non-combatant branches, consisting of -the Army Service Corps, the Ordnance Store Corps, the Medical Staff -Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary Departments, and a -few more. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, including— - - 2 Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry). - 1 Regiment of Royal Horse Guards (Blues) (Household Cavalry). - 7 Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st to 7th). - 3 Regiments of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th). - 5 Regiments of Lancers (5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 17th). - 13 Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, - 13th to 15th, and 18th to 21st inclusive). - -The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of -nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses -are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm; thus -their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as -good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen, -and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The -consequence is that when our men find themselves in a predicament not -provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in -good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good -account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties. -The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according -to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd -Dragoons, are heavy, and are never quartered abroad, the Hussars are -light, and all the rest are medium Cavalry. - -The Life Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th -Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue, tunics. - -The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses, -and these they would probably leave behind on active service. They, the -Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear -bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with plumes varying in colour -according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap, -with the scarlet[6] “plastron” in front of their tunics. The Hussars -wear the busby, with busby-bag and plume of different colours according -to the regiment; and they have also six rows of yellow braid across the -front of the tunic. All the Cavalry wear dark blue pantaloons[7] or -overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household Cavalry -has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full dress. -The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over the -right ear. - -Their arms are sword and carbine throughout; the Lancer regiments in -addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white -pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a -bore of ·450 in.; it is sighted up to 1,000 yds., and is a first-rate -little weapon. - -The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron (2 troops) in the field is:— - - 6 officers, - 16 non-commissioned officers, and - 122 rank and file, of whom 26 are dismounted, and - 144 horses, including draught-horses. - -A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:— - - 1 lieutenant-colonel, - 3 majors, - 6 captains, - 16 subalterns, and 6 other officers, including adjutant, - quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 “vets.” - 75 N. C. O.’s, - 666 rank and file, and - 614 horses. - -A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114 -officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses. - -A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2 batteries Horse -Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details altogether 325 -officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Artillery forms one “Royal Regiment,” consisting of:— - - 20 Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery, - 80 ” ” Field Artillery, - 10 Mountain Batteries, and - 96 Garrison Batteries, - -with several depôts and 3 depôt batteries for their maintenance and -supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into groups of 2 or 3 -batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called Brigade Divisions, each -under a lieutenant-colonel. - -A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3 -subalterns, 21 N. C. O.’s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193 -horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons. - -A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52 -horses less. - -The guns in use are at present of four different patterns:— - - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - | Weight of | Calibre. | Sighted | Are Armed with it. - | Shell. | | up to. | - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - _a_ | 12 lbs. | 3 in. | 5,000 yds. | { 14 R. H. A. and 29 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - _b_ | 13 ” | 3 in. | 4,800 ” | { 1 R. H. A. and 12 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - _c_ | 16 ” | 3·6 in. | 4,000 ” | 2 F. A. batteries. - _d_ | 9 ” | 3 in. | 3,500 ” | { 5 R. H. A. and 37 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - -Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader; the others -are muzzle-loaders. - -The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A. -batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field -Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun, -and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to -a team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new -10-pounder B.-L. gun. - -2 guns and wagons together are called a Section; 1 gun and wagon, a -Sub-division. - -A Garrison Battery is variously constituted, according to its locality. -The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and sizes in the -different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule, have no guns -of their own. - -Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege-train batteries, quartered in -the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering purposes, -and 4 more are “Heavy” batteries, quartered in India, the guns of -which are drawn by elephants and the wagons by bullocks. - -[Illustration: Sergeant-Drummer, Coldstream Guards.] - -The Garrison Artillery is grouped in 3 divisions: the Eastern (29 -batteries), Southern (42), and Western (25). Although these divisions -are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass -in Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every -quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not -necessarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones. - -The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2½-inch 7-pounder jointed guns, -each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One -battery is in England (Newport), one in South Africa, and the rest in -India. - -The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is -composed of Maltese officers and men. - -Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like -jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet busby-bag; the -remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and -black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are -armed with Martini-Henry carbines, and either sword or sword-bayonet, -according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round, -brimless one, with a band of orange braid. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The corps of Royal Engineers is divided into a number of battalions, -depôts, and other units, which are given below as far as possible. As -will be seen, their duties, and especially those of the officers, are -extremely various. - -[Illustration: Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards (Carbineers).] - -The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes apart -from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400) -serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops; others -are employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public -works, Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, military telegraphy and -railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other duties -too numerous to mention. In fact, the Engineers form the Scientific -Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at -Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men, -skilled mechanics and trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That -their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been -shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are -numerous. - -Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of -independent companies, split up and quartered throughout the Empire. -Now they have been collated together and formed into different -battalions and other units, according to their work. - -The Corps is now composed as follows:— - -(a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each troop -numbering 5 officers, 28 N. C. O.’s, and 183 men, with 20 pontoon- and -8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the material for 120 -yards of pontoon-bridge. - -(b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however -still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in -widely divergent localities, according to requirements. - -The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23 -independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 12, 26, 37, and 38. - -A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N. C. O.’s, 184 sappers, -etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles. - -A proportion of the company, from one-fifth to one-third, is mounted. - -These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging, -sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active service. - -(c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2 divisions (in war, of 4 sections), the -whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N. C. O.’s, 224 men, 171 horses, and -22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field telegraphs, -and making themselves generally useful in their branch of science -wherever they may happen to be. - -(d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one depôt and 11 -service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, -39, and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Their strength varies -according to the locality in which they are employed. - -(e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all -ranks, employed in defensive works on the sea-coast. - -(f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14, 16, and 19), 330 men in all, -engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys. - -(g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, -9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are employed -in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they would -design and execute siege-batteries, parallels, and all work connected -with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In peace-time they -number altogether about 1600 men. - -(h.) 8 Depôt Companies, which are employed in the training and drilling -of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number 820 men. - -(i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and 10), which number 140 men -together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway -lines on service. - -(k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a -great variety of duties too numerous to mention. - -420 more men are distributed in different parts of the world and in -military schools of different sorts. - -The grand total of Royal Engineers in peace-time is therefore about -7,300 men. - -Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped very similarly -to the Infantry of the Line (q. v.). They may, however, be readily -distinguished by the broad red stripe on their trousers, and by the -Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage-caps of the rank-and-file -are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no brim, worn on the -top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pouch belt instead of a -sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with yellow edging. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The British Infantry is composed of— - - The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments). - 69 Regiments of Infantry of the Line. - 1 West India Regiment. - -Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: “It is the best -infantry in the world; luckily, there is not much of it.” It has -certainly not deteriorated since his day; but, unfortunately, it is not -much more numerous now than it was then. - -Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English -Guardsman: “Are your men as fine a lot as they were in ’54?” and on -receiving an answer in the affirmative, said: “I am sorry for it, if we -ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the -Crimea.” And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in 1885: “No one -but English soldiers could have done what they did.” - -Such remarks speak for themselves. - -The Brigade of Guards consists of three regiments— - - The Grenadier Guards, of which there are 3 battalions. - The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions. - The Scots Guards, of which there are 2 battalions. - -These three regiments form the Sovereign’s Body-Guard, and do not -usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882 -and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of -which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that -every rule has its exceptions. - -At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the other -two in Windsor and Dublin respectively. - -The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the Line -chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head-gear, the latter -being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for Grenadiers -or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with bands of red, -white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The armament and -equipment is precisely that of the Infantry of the Line. - -Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one (Cameron Highlanders) consists -of 1 battalion; two (60th King’s Royal Rifle Corps and Rifle Brigade) -of 4 battalions; and the remainder of 2 battalions each. Total 141 -battalions. - -The regiments are now called after their “Territorial Districts,” which -are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which their -depôt is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted of -109 regiments, mostly of 1 battalion each, and numbered up to 109. In -that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now known -by the county or part of the country it recruits in, with occasionally -the addition of a few other titles, such as “Borderers,” “King’s Own,” -“Loyal,” etc., etc. - -Of the 69 regiments we have— - - 9 Regiments of Fusiliers. - 4 ” ” Rifles. - 5 ” ” Highlanders. - 7 ” ” Light Infantry. - 44 ” ” Infantry (pure and simple). - -The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of -course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white, -yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a “Royal,” -English, Scottish, or Irish one. - -The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped -similarly to the Guards’ bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th) -Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder none. - -The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black, -uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R. -R. red, and those of the other two, Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark -and light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically -connected with Hussar regiments,[8] and consequently the officers -wear round forage-caps, trailing swords, and a few other Cavalry-like -details; and the late head-gear used to be a Hussar-like black busby. -The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at present black, but it will -shortly be exchanged for a black Astrakhan fatigue-cap, with plume for -full dress. - -The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), -the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland -Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well-known Highland -dress—plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran, -hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments. - -The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear[9] -black felt helmets with brass spike and fixings, the scarlet tunic -aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their forage-cap is the “Glengarry.” - -The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes, -officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn -about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast -of Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest -over them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The -head-dress is a turban. - -The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the -Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new -magazine rifle, which has already been issued to a considerable -number. The action is on the breech-loading bolt system; by it -cartridges may be fired either singly or by means of the magazine, -which is a black tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended -immediately in front of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely -small, being only ·303 inches. The bullet is coated with a hard metal -composition, for if it were of lead, it would “strip” in the grooves -of the barrel, and by degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not -definitely fixed on, though numerous varieties have been tried with -great success. It shoots point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on -the back sight up to 2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement, -it can be sighted up to 3,500 yards—nearly two miles! The cartridges -are so small and light that more than twice the amount of ammunition -can now be carried than was possible in the case of the late weapon. - -The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one, looking -more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new rifle is -the Burton-Lee. - -The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather -braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog. -Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap), -and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as boots, -shirt, socks, hold-all, etc. - -A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being issued. - -Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds -Martini-Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the -valise and havresack, making seventy in all. With the new rifle -cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that each man will -be able to carry 150 rounds. - -A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company -numbering 3 officers, 10 N. C. O.’s, and 111 men on a field -establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men -all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of— - - 30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4 majors, 5 captains, - 16 subalterns, etc., etc.), - 91 N. C. O.’s, - 975 men, - 70 horses, - 16 carts. - -These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental -Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the -1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter). - -An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and -numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses. - -An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field -Artillery, 1 squadron of Cavalry and details—total, 327 officers, -10,060 men, and 2000 horses. - -An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse -Artillery, and 2 Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry -squadron and details—total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000 -horses. - -[Sidenote: +Medical Staff Corps.+] - -The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17 Divisions, distributed -throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering altogether about -400 medical officers and 2,000 N. C. O.’s and men. The depôt and -training-school is at Aldershot, and the Army Medical School at -Netley. This Corps does not include the Indian Medical Staff Corps. - -[Sidenote: +Army Service Corps.+] - -The Army Service Corps corresponds to the former Commissariat and -Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of rations and general -transport duty. It is divided into 37 companies, distributed throughout -Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering 230 officers, 3,363 N. C. O.’s -and men, and 1,300 horses and mules. - -[Sidenote: +Chaplains’ Department.+] - -The Chaplains’ Department consists of about 80 chaplains, divided into -four classes. There are four official denominations allowed, Church of -England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterians, and Wesleyans. Men belonging to -any other of the numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are -officially entered as “Church of England.” - -The organisation of the remaining departments, _i.e._, Ordnance Store, -Veterinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and need not be detailed here. - -[Sidenote: +Military Districts.+] - -Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of Cavalry, 91 batteries of -Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73 battalions of Infantry are -quartered in Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is divided into -11, Ireland into 3, and the Channel Islands into 2, Districts, each -under the command of a major-general. These districts are sub-divided -into Regimental Districts, each of these latter comprising the -recruiting ground, depôt, and Volunteer battalions of a Territorial -(_i.e._, Line Infantry) Regiment of two Regular and two or more Militia -battalions. The Artillery and Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and -Volunteer, are also apportioned to each district. The Regular Corps -of all arms rarely remain more than two years in the same quarters, -changing from station to station in accordance with different rosters -and requirements. - -[Sidenote: +Foreign Service.+] - -The whole of the Regular Forces, with the exception of the five Heavy -Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their turn at foreign -service in India and the Colonies. As a rule, one battalion of each -regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, and is “fed” with men -from the other battalion at home. This system, by which all the best -and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can hardly be called a -good one, but it is difficult to suggest another. For foreign service -it is no use having the youngest and unmatured soldiers—they would -probably only fall sick in a hot climate. It is, therefore, necessary -to keep and train the men till they know their duty thoroughly, and -then send them out as full-grown men. It is for this reason that -complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that certain regiments -are apparently composed of “beardless boys.” This may be so with the -home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to journey to the -Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon alter their -opinion. - -It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in which -case the depôt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to feed -the two. - -Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are fed -by their depôt. - -This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of -recruiting by conscription. - -Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88 batteries of -Artillery, 3 companies R. E., and 53 battalions of Infantry are in -India; and 1 Cavalry regiment, 27 batteries Artillery, 13 companies R. -E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the Colonies. - -[Sidenote: +Marines.+] - -The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly under the head of the -Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the word, for they have -been engaged by land and sea in every single campaign since their -formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions, _i.e._ Artillery -(16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies), in all nearly -14,000 men. They enlist for twelve years’ service, and may re-engage -for nine years more. In garrison they perform the same duties as the -Regular army, and on board ship work of a military character, such as -guard mounting, working big guns, forming part of armed force on boat -service, or fighting on shore under all sorts of conditions and in all -climates. The latest development of the Marine is not a Horse-, but a -Camel-Marine, a force of Marines having served up the Nile with the -Camel Corps. - -The Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form, -chiefly no doubt owing to their long service, some of our steadiest -troops on service. - -Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the -corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told -from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder-straps—a globe -with the thoroughly apposite motto of “Per Mare, per Terram.” - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Native Indian Army.+] - -The Native Indian Army is composed of Native Cavalry, Artillery, -Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc., partly officered by -Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000 men, including -13,000 Volunteers. - -It is divided into the Armies of the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay -Presidencies. The English officers are drawn from the three Staff -Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after serving for -at least one year with their English regiments. - -The Army of Bengal numbers— - - 19 Regiments of Bengal Cavalry, including 7 Lancer regiments. - 4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry. - Central India Horse. - 2 Bengal Mountain Batteries. - 5 Punjab Mountain Batteries. - Corps of Bengal Sappers. - Corps of Guides, Cavalry (6 troops), and Infantry (8 companies). - 45 Regiments Bengal Infantry. - 5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry. - 4 Regiments Sikh Infantry. - 6 Regiments Punjab Infantry. - Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F. Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, - and 6 regiments Infantry. - Several Irregular Corps, and a Medical Department, - chiefly Englishmen. - -The Army of Madras numbers— - - 4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. - Corps of Madras Sappers. - 33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a Madras Medical Department, etc. - -The Army of Bombay numbers— - - 7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. - 2 Mountain Batteries. - Corps of Bombay Sappers. - 30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a Bombay Medical Department, etc. - -Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to thirty. -Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They must be -physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man. They are -for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that come from -the North-West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the men have to -find everything except firearms—even horses, accoutrements, and food, -on their pay of about eighteenpence a day; and yet in some popular -regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for admission. - -The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British Infantry. -Their rifle is of the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged for -the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very -variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The -usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary -too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments -the native uniform, in others an English one. - -A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops each, -with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 540 privates. - -A Native Infantry Regiment consists of 1 battalion of 8 companies, -with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two -others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of -war. - -The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to -locality. - -A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely organised. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Colonial Forces.+] - -The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each Colony of the -British Empire for its own protection. With the exception of a few of -the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may be said that -every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of men for home -defence. - -The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony, -according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent -forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are -called out for an annual training only. - -The native forces of _Canada_ are— - - Cavalry, 4 regiments of Dragoons. - 5 ” of Hussars. - 4 Independent troops. - Artillery, 19 batteries Field Artillery. - 5 Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery. - ½ battery Mountain Artillery. - Engineers, 2 companies. - Infantry, 74 battalions of Infantry. - 21 ” of Rifles. - 5 Independent companies. - Medical Staff Corps. - Total strength 38,500. - -Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the -remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days’ -training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the -Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war -the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men! Not -more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is -divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade -and Regimental Divisions. - -Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College, and Royal -Schools of Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery. - -_Cape Colony_ has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of Corps of— - - Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force), - Volunteer Artillery, - ” Engineers, - ” Mounted Infantry, - ” Infantry, and a - ” Corps of Cadets. - -_Ceylon_ possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light Infantry. - -_Hong Kong_ possesses a force of Volunteer Artillery and Military -Police (370). - -_Jamaica_ possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted Rifles, and -Garrison Artillery (1,300). - -_Natal_ possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery, and -Rifles, 1,500 altogether. - -_Singapore_ possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery and Military Police -(1,000). - -_New Zealand_ possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers, 13 -batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia -Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men. - -_New South Wales_ has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of— - - Regular Artillery} - } 940 of all ranks. - Volunteer ” } - Engineers, 200 of all ranks. - Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks. - 4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks. - -Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all ranks; -besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering nearly -500 men. - -_Queensland_ has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering -altogether over 4,500 men. - - 1st Class—“Permanent Defence”—135 men. - 2nd Class—“Defence”—2,600 men. - 3rd Class—“Volunteers”—about 1,800 men; besides 4 Lines of Reserves - in case of national danger, composed of every male between - 18 and 60. - -_South Australia_ has 2 troops of Lancers, 1 Field and 2 Garrison -Batteries, 2 battalions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle Corps, -numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers. - -_Victoria_ has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps, 4 -battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer -Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men. - -_Tasmania_ has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of Rifles, -total 930 of all ranks. - -_Western Australia_ has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry, and -Artillery—640 altogether. - -_Trinidad_ and other islands in the West Indies have raised small -forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether. - -Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men. - - * * * * * - -Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home, composed of the two -classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, Yeomanry, and -Volunteers. We will not take into account either the Native Indian -Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the Colonial Militia or -Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with the Colonial Forces -already described. - -[Sidenote: +Army Reserve.+] - -The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in 1877, consists of men who have -served their three, seven, or eight years with the Colours, and who -then pass to this Reserve to complete their service to twelve years. -They are liable to service at home and abroad when called out; this -would happen only in case of war or national danger. The men would then -either join their own regiments or be formed into separate corps, or, -with their consent, be attached to a regiment or corps other than their -old one. This class numbers over 54,000 men. - -The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not quite 3,000 men, is -composed of those men who have served twelve years with the Colours and -then choose to enter this Reserve, and of a few other special classes -of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain. Both classes are liable -to be called out for an annual training, but have never yet been so -called out. - -[Sidenote: +Militia.+] - -The Militia consists of men voluntarily enlisted for six years, with -power to re-engage for periods of four years up to forty-five years of -age. The recruits are trained for six months or less at the depôt of the -regimental district, and have subsequently to undergo only twenty-eight -days’[10] training a year with their corps when called out. During these -twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with a “bounty” of 10_s._ -or upward at the end of the training. They are then dismissed till next -year. - -In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out, _i.e._ -“embodied,” for active service. This has occurred four times already in -this century; during the Crimean War, for instance, ten battalions of -Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the Mediterranean, and no -fewer than 32,000 entered the Regulars and fought before Sebastopol. - -The Militia comprises Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry. - -The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery, attached -to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows:—4 to the -Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The -Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies. - -The Infantry consists of 131 battalions, attached to the different -regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other -battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some -regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many as -five. - -The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the -Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears -the number of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in -addition on his shoulder-straps. - -The Channel Islands have 4 regiments of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry -Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter. - -The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men. - -[Sidenote: +Militia Reserve.+] - -The Militia Reserve consists of men enlisted from the Militia for six -years or for the remainder of their Militia engagements. These are -liable to an annual training, or to embodiment in case of national -danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary expedient for an -Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 having caused extreme -uneasiness to our authorities; for they discovered then that we had -absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war. The inducement -to join is a pecuniary one, _i.e._ £1 bounty, paid in advance, for -every year service in the Militia. It numbers altogether 30,160 men. - -[Illustration: England. III. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Yeomanry.+] - -The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and forms -a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out -annually for only one week’s training. They are liable to be called -out, in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of -threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and -pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms, -from the Government; but have to find their own horses. There is no -Yeomanry in Ireland. - -The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men. - -[Sidenote: +Volunteers.+] - -The Volunteers consist of a large number of Corps, both Artillery, -Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light -Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company -(composed of 1 battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and -8 companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be -considered as coming under this head. - -The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to -their locality, forming 62 Corps. - -The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions -Submarine Miners, and 1 Railway Staff-Corps. - -The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed -throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular -regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been -formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded -by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces. - -The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily -increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were originally -intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in everything except -arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to their importance -as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a Capitation Grant -of 35_s._ a year to the different Corps for every efficient Volunteer -on their lists, and £2 10_s._ more for every officer and sergeant who -obtains a certificate of proficiency. - -Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service in -Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion. - -It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on -the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply -giving notice of their wish to retire! A little legislation on this -point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is -not to be dreamt of. - -Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be -employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no -pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts -every year, otherwise they are not considered efficient. - -The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but -strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and -public enterprise. - -Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab -or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps -will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with -the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons -instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars. - -The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the Snider. - -The organisation of the Volunteer Corps is identical with that of the -corresponding Regular Forces. - -There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient Volunteers, -besides 7,022 non-efficients—total 224,021. - -[Sidenote: +Entrance Of Officers.+] - -The mode of entrance of officers to the Regular Army is as follows:—The -candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or Infantry has two routes -open to him. He may either pass a competitive “preliminary” and -“further” examination for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, remain -there one year, and then enter his regiment direct (if successful -in passing the “final” examination), or else he may be appointed as -2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual trainings, -and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst “final.” -Formerly this latter mode of entrance, _i.e._ through the Militia, -was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to choose -between the two. - -A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two examinations -in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years there. The -order of merit in which the cadets pass the “final” determines which -branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out high up join the -Engineers, and the others the Artillery. - -[Sidenote: +Military Establishments.+] - -Other Military establishments are:— - -(a.) The Staff College near Sandhurst, which an officer may enter by -means of a competitive examination, after he has served five years -at least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is -instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff -officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed -the final examination, the officer is attached for two months each to -the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to, -and then rejoins his own regiment; he is then entitled to put p.s.c. -after his name in the Army List. - -(b.) School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, where experiments are carried -out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc. - -(c.) Artillery College at Woolwich.—Instruction, etc., in the higher -branches of gunnery. - -(d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and N. -C. O.’s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in -engineering tried, etc., etc. - -(e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N. C. -O.’s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small -arms. - -(f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signalling at Aldershot, the Army Medical -School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the School -of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their _raison -d’être_. - -[Sidenote: +Mounted Infantry, &c.+] - -A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in the shape of Mounted -Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be out of place here. - -The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry (_i.e._, -Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the greatest use to the -Army in case of war. Accordingly, a force is being trained, little by -little, which would be available to act as such on active service. - -For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of -volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there, -and 1 company at the Curragh, consisting of 150 men each, have been -trained during the winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the -conclusion of the course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and -a fresh lot come on the following winter. These companies are intended -to be formed into battalions when required. The duty of this force on -service will be to act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport -from one place to another unattainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they -may be pushed forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position -till supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform -a hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry. - -It is proposed that every battalion of Infantry and regiment of Cavalry -should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detachment of 2 machine-guns, -worked by 1 officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large number of men -have been trained in this work, but there are at this moment but few -complete detachments in existence. - -Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately been started, -but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be of any use in -a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro along good roads. - -[Sidenote: +Army Corps.+] - -Finally, mention must be made of the recent apportioning of the British -Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious difficulties have arisen in -organising this matter, for, since regiments are always on the move -from point to point at home, or between home, India, and the Colonies, -it is a very difficult task indeed to arrange so that even one Army -Corps should be ready to take the field at the shortest possible -notice. It has, however, been done, and the 1st Army Corps is an -accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high road to completion, though as -yet it is badly off for horses. - -The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and constitution -of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true, is still -our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of years; but -although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough for our -needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large enough. -It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high pitch of -efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in order that -if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal European powers -detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found wanting. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 1: This article has been entirely re-written by the -Translator.] - -[Footnote 2: The Colonial forces really form a class between the two, -but may be taken here with the Active Army.] - -[Footnote 3: The Militia Ballot Act.] - -[Footnote 4: _I.e._, West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc.] - -[Footnote 5: More than 40 per cent. of would-be recruits are annually -rejected by the doctors.] - -[Footnote 6: Blue in the 16th and white in the 17th Lancers.] - -[Footnote 7: Crimson in the 11th Hussars and brick-red in the lévée -dress of the officers of the 10th Hussars.] - -[Footnote 8: The Black Brunswick Hussars came over to England after -Waterloo, and their uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and -95th, who were in process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle -regiments, adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern.] - -[Footnote 9: With one or two exceptions.] - -[Footnote 10: Though liable to fifty-six days.] - - - - - THE GERMAN ARMY. - - -[Sidenote: +The German Empire.+] - -[Illustration: Prussian Hussar of the Guard.] - -It was in the autumn of 1870, during the Franco-German War, that the -preliminary arrangements were made for the forthcoming consolidation of -the German Empire. Up to that time, Germany consisted of a multitude of -States, each with its own Government and its own Army. The interests -of these States, ranging as they did from kingdoms down to small -principalities, were extremely conflicting, and internal hostility was -frequently the result. The one great aim of King William of Prussia -was to see them all united into one Empire, and defended by one Army. -Aided by the genius of Bismarck, the negotiations were brought to -a successful conclusion, and on the 18th January, 1871, William of -Prussia was declared Emperor of Germany with the title of William I. At -the same time the forces of the different States were combined, and the -present German Army is the result. - -[Illustration: Prussian Garde du Corps. Court full-dress.] - -In peace and war this United Army is under the command of the Emperor, -and each man is bound by oath to render him faithful and loyal service. - -Several of the States, whilst keeping their own troops, have, by -means of special military conventions, attached themselves and their -forces still closer to the chief military power of the Empire, namely, -Prussia. On the other hand, a few of the larger States have reserved -for themselves a certain independence in the management of their -armies. The chief outward and visible sign thereof is seen in the -variations of uniform from the strict Prussian pattern. Thus, the -Bavarian Infantry has kept its light-blue tunic, the Saxons still -have red piping round their skirts, and the Württembergers wear -double-breasted tunics and grey greatcoats. - -[Illustration: German Empire. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Army may be roughly divided into -four groups: - -1. The combined forces of Prussia and the following States, which -have concluded conventions with her: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, -Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two -principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Lippe, -Schaumburg-Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Brunswick, Grand -Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy -of Baden, and Grand Duchy of Hesse. - -2. The Saxon Army Corps—(one). - -3. The Bavarian Army Corps—(two). - -4. The Württemberg Army Corps—(one). - -Universal Conscription is the keystone of the Army. Introduced on -September 3rd, 1814, first of all, it was amended by the law of the -16th April, 1871, and perfected by subsequent laws passed in 1874 -and 1881. The recent edict of the 11th February, 1888, has put the -finishing touches to it, so that it now holds sway throughout the whole -Empire. According to this law, every German who is physically capable -and who is in the enjoyment of civil rights, is bound to serve as a -soldier. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -A man is bound to commence his service, as a rule, with his 21st year. - -The period of service is as follows:— - - 3 years with the Colours.[11] - 4 years in the Reserve of the Active Army.[11] - 5 years in the 1st Class Landwehr. - 7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr. - 6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm. - -By this time the soldier is in his 45th year. - -The 1st Class Landwehr is divided into complete units, and these are -formed into Reserve Divisions for the Active Army. The 2nd Class -Landwehr garrisons the interior and fortresses, and acts, if called -out, as a reserve for the above-mentioned Landwehr Reserve divisions. - -All men between the ages of 17 and 45 who are fit to bear arms and -who are not serving in either the Active Army (including the Ersatz -Reserve) or in the Landwehr, are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm. -This body can only be called out in case of national invasion, or for -garrison duty at home. - -The Ersatz (_i.e._ Supply) Reserve consists of those men who are -physically fit, but have, owing to surplus numbers or other causes, -escaped being sent to serve in the Regular Army. Part of this Reserve -undergoes a training of ten weeks in the first, six weeks in the -second, and four weeks in the third year. These are considered as -belonging to the so-called “Furlough Men”[12] class, and serve when -required to complete the Army in the field. On the completion of -their thirty-first year, the men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd -Class Landsturm, and there they remain till the termination of their -liability to service, _i.e._, their forty-fifth year. The men of the -untrained portion of the Ersatz Reserve remain available for service -up to their thirty-second year, and then pass over to the 1st and 2nd -Classes of the Landsturm in due order. - -If every single able-bodied young man were to be taken for the Regular -Army, two disadvantages would accrue to the State; on the one hand an -immense amount of industrial labour would be lost to the country, and -on the other, it would be impossible for the State to support such a -huge Army. For this reason the law of the constitution has laid down -that the peace Army is not to exceed one per cent. of the population. -This gives the Army the respectable peace-strength of 468,409 men (not -including officers and one-year volunteers). Of these numbers about -156,000 annually enter the ranks as recruits. - -There is a supplementary clause to the law of universal conscription, -and that is the one which allows of _One-year Volunteers_. It stands -to reason that with a three-years’ bout of compulsory service, a large -portion of the youth of the country are interrupted in the studies -which are to prepare them for their particular professions, and that at -a period when they can least afford to lose the time. For the labourer, -who needs but little knowledge for his daily task, and for those -handicraftsmen whose work demands but little brain capacity or culture -of any sort, this interruption of business is of small moment. It is -far otherwise, however, with the young man who requires to spend some -time in the higher schools in order to fit himself for the profession -he has chosen, be it industrial or scientific. This disadvantage of -the conscription law makes itself felt in proportion to the progress -in education and general culture made in the country. At the same time -it is obvious that a man who has the assistance of a well-educated -and well-trained mind does not require so long a period to master the -intricacies of soldiering as one who is less intelligent. - -For this reason the Government allows young men who have either -received a certificate of educational efficiency from one of the higher -schools or else passed an examination before a commission appointed -for the purpose, to enter the service as volunteers on completing -their seventeenth year. After one year with the Colours they are sent -“on furlough” to the Active Reserve, and for this privilege they have -to find themselves in uniform, equipment, and food during the period -of their service. They may become officers in the following manner: -If they have behaved well and have subsequently, during two trainings -of several weeks each, whilst attached to a Corps, shown themselves -professionally and socially qualified to become officers, they are -balloted for by the officers of their district. If the ballot is -favourable, they are commissioned by his Majesty and become full-blown -officers of the Reserve. These have, in case of war, to complete the -active establishment of officers to war-strength, or have to fill -vacancies as officers in the Landwehr. - -[Sidenote: +Officers.+] - -The German Army represents the people under arms, and their officers -represent the cream of the Army. The road to the higher, and even -to the highest ranks, lies open to every educated man, without -reference to social standing or birth, if he only have the necessary -qualifications thereto. - -Every candidate for an officer commission must possess— - -1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give -satisfactory proof, either by the possession of an “Abiturient” -certificate,[13] or by passing an examination before a commission held -in Berlin. - -2. Physical qualifications for military service, including good eyes. - -3. An honourable character. - -Having satisfied the authorities on these subjects, the candidate now -serves as a private for five months, generally with the regiment he -intends to enter. At the end of this time, during which he is called an -“avantageur,” he undergoes an examination in military duties, etc., and -on receiving a certificate of satisfactory service from his superior -officers, he becomes an ensign (“Porte-épée Fähnrich”) and is sent to -a military college for a year. There he passes a final examination in -military knowledge, and, if balloted for successfully by the officers -of the regiment of his choice, he joins as second lieutenant. - -As much as 40 to 45 per cent. of the officers are drawn from the Cadet -Corps, which is distributed amongst establishments at Lichterfelde -(near Berlin, head college), Kulm, Potsdam, Wahlstatt, Bensberg, Plön -and Oranienstein, in Prussia; Dresden in Saxony, and Munich in Bavaria. -A new college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. This Corps is chiefly -composed of the sons of officers, who receive a cheap and excellent -training and education. The proverb that “the apple falls close to the -stem” is well exemplified here, for amongst the cadets are many who -bear celebrated soldiers’ names, such as Roon, Steinmetz, Canstein, -etc., etc. - -Although the training in the Cadet Corps is chiefly a military one, -yet on the whole the cadets receive an education equal to that of a -first-class civilian college. Thus they are enabled in after-life, when -they have left the Service, to pursue a civilian calling with greater -ease than if their education had been purely military. - -Mention may also be made here of the establishments in which the -“Porte-épée Fähnrichs” (ensigns) are instructed: they are the military -colleges of Potsdam, Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel, Anklam, -Metz, and Munich. The higher branches of military science are pursued -in the United Artillery and Engineer School, and the Staff College -(Kriegsakademie), both in Berlin. The entire military education and -training of the country are managed by an Inspection-General. - -As in all large armies, the three great branches of the German service -are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, besides the Engineers and -Transport Corps, the latter of which is called the “Train.” - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -As everybody knows, Infantry is intended to go anywhere and fight -anywhere. It is, therefore, equipped for all contingencies that may -arise, and is armed with a weapon for use either at a long range or in -close hand-to-hand fighting. - -The German Infantry is[14] armed with a capital magazine-rifle, with a -bore of ·315 inches, which, with a point-blank range of over 300 yards, -will carry up to 2,400 yards. The magazine is detachable, and holds 8 -cartridges. The bayonet is a short sword-bayonet, very similar to the -new English bayonet. - -[Illustration: Württemberg, Sergeant of the Train.] - -As a rule, the German foot-soldier has to carry his own equipment, -both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack -with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to -which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle, -and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold, -altogether, 150 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off -at a moment notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt -and slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new -arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused -by the older pattern of equipment, which compressed the man chest -considerably. - -The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and -Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of -view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped, -they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training, -with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions (Jäger) spend -somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other troops. - -[Illustration: Prussian Engineer.] - -“Grenadiers” first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century; -as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw -hand-grenades amongst the enemy ranks. For this object, particularly -powerful men were selected, and in France, under Louis XIV., four -Grenadiers were at first attached to each company; subsequently, each -battalion received a Grenadier company. Grenadiers were now introduced -into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for -the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and -remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied -to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier -battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in -memory of these troops the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still -wears the old sugar-loaf brass helmet on big review days and other -special occasions. The title of “Grenadier Regiments,” which the first -twelve Prussian Infantry regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed -in order to keep green the memory of the old Grenadiers. - -The names of “Musketeers” and “Fusiliers” come from the different -firearms their predecessors bore, _i.e._, the musket and the rifle -(fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The -Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to -the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on -each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it -is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there -exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy Musketeer. - -The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been -developed _par excellence_ in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These draw -a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and -forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already -trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry. -They are well acquainted with firearms and can shoot; they can put up -with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange -country, and they have studied in the school of nature—in short, they -are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in -their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the -first to train the Jäger as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen -to this day. “Vive le roi et ses chasseurs” was the motto engraved on -their “hirschfänger” (lit. “stag-sticker,” a large knife still worn by -keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his _coup de grâce_) in his -day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Riflemen of to-day. -Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen was to -extend them as skirmishers, and there is a story which tells how, when -one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in close order, -the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted: “Get out of -that, get out of that, you scoundrels!” and made them march past in -extended order. - -On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171 regiments -of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions—total 534 battalions. - -The Guard and Grenadier Regiments are:— - - 4 Regiments of Foot-Guards, - 4 Regiments of Guard Grenadiers, - 12 Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1–12), - 1 Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89), - 2 Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and 110), - 2 Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101), - 2 Württemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123), - 1 Bavarian Body-Guard regiment, - 1 Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. 115). - -The Fusilier and Rifle (Schützen) Regiments are:— - - 12 Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of 1 Guard Fusilier - regiment, and Nos. 33–40, 73, 80, and 86 of the Line). - 1 Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. 90), and - 1 Saxon Rifle (Schützen) regiment (No. 108). - -Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, _i.e._, Nos. 13–32, -41–72, 74–79, 81–85, 87–88, 97–99, 128–132, 135–138, and 140–143; - - No. 91 is Oldenburg, - No. 92 ” Brunswick, - No. 93 ” Anhalt, - No. 94 ” Saxe-Weimar, - No. 95 ” Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, - No. 96 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the two - principalities of Reuss, - Nos. 111–114, and 144, are Baden, and - Nos. 116–118 are Hessian. - Total, 95 regiments of the first group. - -Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, _i.e._, Nos. 102–107, 133, 134, -and 139. - -Six belong to the 3rd group, Württemberg, _i.e._, Nos. 120–122 and -124–126. - -The 4th group, Bavaria, has 18 regiments of the Line, which are -numbered apart from the rest of the Army. - -The Rifle (Jäger) battalions are thus divided:— - - Prussia: 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard; 1 battalion Schützen of the - Guard; 11 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1–11); 1 battalion - Mecklenburg Rifles. Total, 14 battalions. - Saxony: 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15). - Bavaria: 4 battalions Rifles (numbered apart). - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at close quarters and on -open ground. Their use on the battle-field is generally confined to -the attack in close order. - -Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light, receive -an identical training, yet the distinction between them has not yet -entirely lost its old significance. The Cavalry of the German Army -is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment -and arms; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and -the Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the -Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight -sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved. Besides this -weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may -happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot, -at present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871 -pattern); the non-commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver -instead. - -The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, _i.e._, the moment -when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the result -of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an -irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the -enemy. The best powers of man and horse must therefore be reserved for -this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has -often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any -use whatever of cold steel. - -[Illustration: German Empire. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best record. This -dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his celebrated Cavalry -leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use of bold and clever -offensive tactics which led to grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, -Zorndorf, and other actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and -capable of considerable endurance, so that they are particularly suited -to military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital -groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and -tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of -excellence that is surpassed by few. - -The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance -most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass, -from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field -service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the -enemy bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced, a genuine knightly -weapon has been brought in to take its place. - -The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du-Corps, whose chief is _ex-officio_ -the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the same way as the -Cuirassiers. Although it forms a Royal body-guard, still the regiment -has seen a considerable amount of service. History tells of a memorable -saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel von Wacknitz, at the -battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the enemy, the Russians, -were getting the best of the day; Frederick the Great was with his -regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously to Colonel von -Wacknitz: “What do you think of it? My idea is that we shall get the -worst of the action.” Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said: “Your -Majesty, no battle is lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps -have not charged.” “Very good,” said the king, “then charge.” And the -fortune of the day was decided by the brilliant and successful attack -made by this regiment. The battle was won, and the country saved. - -[Illustration: Württemberg. Dragoon.] - -In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the -regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, correspond to the Prussian -Cuirassiers. - -The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of -Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore -armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Brandenburg -Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the -fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and Fehrbellin. -The uncertainty, however, of the results of shooting when mounted, and -the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as to whether -the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as time went on -that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted infantry, could -not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were therefore, during -the eighteenth century, gradually formed into Cavalry pure and simple, -and at the present time they are horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers -only. One of the most celebrated Cavalry attacks was that of the -regiment of Anspach-Bayreuth Dragoons in the battle of Hohenfriedberg -(4th June, 1745). In this action, the regiment rode down no fewer than -20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 prisoners and 66 standards, -besides a large number of guns: as Frederick the Great said, “It is a -feat unparalleled in history.” This regiment was, at a later period, -turned into a Cuirassier regiment, and is now known as the Queen’s 2nd -Cuirassiers (Pomeranians). - -The Bavarian Chevau-légers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and -many a record testifies to their gallantry in action. - -The spirit of Zieten, the “Hussar-father,” and of old Blücher, “Field -Marshal Forwards,” still lives in the Hussars of the German Empire. -Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which make a good -Hussar, and many are the songs which record their successes in camp and -field. - -The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in the -war of 1870–71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.[15] For -this reason, the French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz -of the Steppes, or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only -foreign element about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially -German. - -The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused such -consternation among the French, although it had been the most popular -weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from European -armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and Polish Cavalry -alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in 1745, Frederick -the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and gave them the -name of “Bosniaks.” Consisting at first of only 1 “company,” their -strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies, and in the year -1800 they were founded into a regiment under the name of “Towarczys,” -_i.e._, experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to “Uhlans,” -and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose number was -increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry called the -whole of the German Cavalry “ulans,” and the sudden appearance of a few -of their horsemen in a district at a time when the Frenchmen flattered -themselves that the enemy was still far distant, caused shouts of “les -ulans! les ulans!” universal consternation, and immediate flight. The -German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More than one populous town, -_e.g._, Nancy on the 11th August, 1870, opened their gates at their -approach, and the small fortress of Vitry le françois surrendered to a -mere handful of Uhlans. - -[Illustration: Bavarian Halberdier. - -(Full-dress.)] - -The Cavalry of the German Empire consists altogether of 93 -regiments of 5 squadrons each—total, 465 squadrons. On the regiment -being ordered on active service, one of the squadrons remains -behind as supply-squadron for the rest. Its duty is to replace the -partially-trained or unserviceable horses by good ones, and also to -fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men when required. -By this means, the active part of the regiment is brought to a high -state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in efficiency. There -are:— - -14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including: - - The Garde-du-Corps regiment, - The Guard Cuirassier regiment, - 8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments, - 2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments, - 1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and - 1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers. - -34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely: - - 2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards, - 16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1–16), - 2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 17 and 18), - 1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19). - 3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20–22), - 2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24), - 2 Württemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and - 6 Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiments. - -20 Regiments of Hussars, namely: - - 1 Body-Guard Hussar regiment, - 16 Prussian ” regiments, - 1 Brunswick ” regiment, and - 2 Saxon ” regiments (Nos. 18 and 19). - -25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely: - - 3 Guard-Uhlan regiments, - 16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1–16), - 2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18), - 2 Württemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and - 2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments. - - * * * * * - -Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising -the present force into a so-called “General” Cavalry, and this would -be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all -branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped, -armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called -on to take part. An important step has been made in this direction by -the recent arming of the _whole_ of the Cavalry with lances. There -is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the authorities to -carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as taking away their -particular mode of action from the different branches of the Cavalry, -or giving them all exactly the same uniform, would never be entertained -for a moment. It is obvious that such measures would be the deathblow -of all _esprit de corps_ which, as we know, has led to such brilliant -results in the past. The shock of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the -charge of Uhlans with their fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work -of Hussars, and the mobility of Dragoons and Chevau-légers, each has -its particular effect on the enemy, and each distinctive attribute -must be taken into serious account. There can be no doubt that a -total amalgamation of the four branches, and the abolition of their -distinctive uniforms, would produce much more harm in the end than good. - -Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of -the lately-formed Empress’s Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two -sergeants, and 24 men. They were first put on duty in August, 1889, -during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual -dark-blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress -white Cuirassier tunic. The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and -fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace -on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white -leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the -costume. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -Artillery has but one rôle to play on the battle-field, and that is to -come into action and do as much harm as possible to the enemy from a -long distance off. - -The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison Artillery. - -The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on the -field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse Artillery, -in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field Artillery is -armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (C. 73), the Horse Artillery guns -having a bore of 2·95, and the others a bore of 3·43 inches. They carry -“double-ring shells” (a form of segment shell which fly into about 180 -pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240 bullets), and case-shot. -The guns themselves are handy to work, and carry with great accuracy up -to about four miles. - -A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than four in -peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them. - -There are altogether 318 batteries of Field-and 46 batteries of Horse -Artillery, the whole forming 37 regiments. - -To the Prussian group belong 29 regiments, forming 245 Field-and 38 -Horse Artillery batteries—total 283 batteries. - -Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field-and 2 Horse -Artillery batteries. - -Württemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 13 and 29), forming 18 Field -batteries. - -Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34 Field-and 6 Horse Artillery -batteries. - -Grand Total, 364 batteries. - -Of the 29 “Prussian” regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24 (Nos. 1–11, -15–24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden (Nos. 14 and -30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian. - -In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will undergo -considerable changes in matériel as well as in organisation. It is -intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A. regiments, each of 2 divisions -of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the two divisions of the Army Corps -would have one F. A. regiment of 6 batteries, and the 3rd regiment -would be available as Corps Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce -a common calibre of gun for the whole, both Field and Horse Artillery, -and also a common projectile which would combine the advantages of -common shell and shrapnel. The introduction of this latter would tend -greatly to simplify both the action and the supply of the gun. - -The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and -defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply -work the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, according to -circumstances. These gunners go by the name of “cannoniers.” They are -armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1871 pattern. - -The Garrison Artillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 battalions each, -of 4 companies each, besides 3 independent battalions, altogether 31 -battalions. - -Of this force, Prussia has 11 regiments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1 -to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the -latter belonging to Baden. - -Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12). - -Württemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and - -Bavaria has 2 regiments. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -There remain yet the Engineers and the Train. - -[Illustration: Bavarian Officer of Lancers. - -(Aide-de-Camp.)] - -The officers of the corps of Engineers are divided into the -Engineer Staff Corps (_i.e._, generals and field officers) and 4 -“Engineer-Inspections” (captains and lieutenants). - -This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Württemberg, and Bavarian -officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either with -the “fortification branch,” _i.e._, that branch which superintends the -construction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with the “Pioneers,” -_i.e._, Field Engineers. - -There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions, distributed -thus: - - 1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos. 1–11, 14–16), including - 1 Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia. - 1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12), - 1 battalion to Württemberg (No. 18), and - 2 battalions to Bavaria. - -Each battalion numbers 4 companies; of these the 1st is a Pontoon -company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies: _i.e._, for sap-work, -construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc.; and the 4th -is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean galleries in -siege-work. - -Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4 battalions (including -1 Saxon and 1 Württemberg company), and 1 Bavarian Railway -battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of military railways -and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway Regiment are the -Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections. - -[Sidenote: +Train.+] - -The “Train” (corresponding to our Army Service Corps) is for the -transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material of all sorts. The -drivers and men of the corps are trained in peace-time in the Train -battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train depôts. - -There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided: - -14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a depôt (the Guard -battalion, and Nos. 1–11, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in -Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in -Württemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria. - -To the depôt of each battalion belong: 5 provision sections, 3 medical -detachments with field hospitals and bearers, 1 remount-depôt, 1 field -bakery section, and 5 sections of transport. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Tactical Organisation.+] - -The above account gives a general résumé of the fighting force of -Germany. It now remains to give the tactical organisation of the -different branches of the Army. - -In the Infantry, the smallest independent body of troops, or “tactical -unit,” is a battalion (except in the case of the independent Rifle -battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In the -Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war -strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men; that of a -squadron is about 150 mounted men; and that of a battery is 6 guns, -with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit -is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full -strength in time of war; and, on the other hand, on the amount of -training requisite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is -dependent on the state of the Treasury. - -The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies) is:— - - 1 major (commanding the battalion), - 4 captains, - 12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants, - 1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant), - 559 N. C. O.’s and men, and - 7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster, 4 privates trained - as medical assistants, and 1 armourer-sergeant). - -[Illustration: German Empire. III. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -N.B.—A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that in -calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff (colonel, -lieutenant-colonel, regimental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.), should be -taken into account. - -That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is:— - - 25 officers, - 2 or 3 surgeons, - 686 N. C. O.’s and men, - 14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons, medical assistants, - armourers, etc., etc.), and - 667 horses. - -The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in Bavaria, Württemberg, -and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments and those in -Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Formation of Brigades, Divisions, and Army Corps.+] - -As a rule, two regiments of Infantry (6 battalions), or two of Cavalry -(8 to 10 squadrons), form a Brigade, under a Major-general as brigadier. - -The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry division. -It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one regiment -of Cavalry; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of -Artillery and 1 company of Engineers, the whole under the command of -a lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has -always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery attached. - -[Illustration: Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.] - -Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of -Field Artillery, Engineers and Train, constitute an Army Corps, under -the command of a full general. The Army Corps therefore comprises all -branches of the service, and is thoroughly independent. - -The 12th (Saxon) and 13th (Württemberg) Corps have a slightly different -composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry and 1 Field -Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2 regiments), besides -one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the Train. The Guard Corps -also is constituted rather differently from any other. - -[Sidenote: +Size of Army.+] - -On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army consisted of 20 Army -Corps, quartered as follows:— - -The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau (with -the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is quartered -at Coblenz). - - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - Corps. | District. | Head - | | Quarters. - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - I. | East Prussia | Königsberg - II. | Pomerania | Stettin - III. | Brandenburg | Berlin - IV. | Province of Saxony | Magdeburg - V. | Posen | Posen - VI. | Silesia | Breslau - VII. | Westphalia | Münster - VIII. | Rhine Provinces | Coblenz - IX. | Schleswig-Holstein | Altona - X. | Hanover | Hanover - XI. | Hesse-Nassau[16] | Cassel - XII. | Kingdom of Saxony | Dresden - XIII. | Kingdom of Württemberg | Stuttgart - XIV. | Grand Duchy of Baden | Carlsruhe - XV. | Alsace | Strasburg - XVI. | Lorraine | Metz - XVII. | West Prussia | Danzig - 1st Bavarian } | | - Corps. } | Bavaria | Munich - 2nd Bavarian } | | - Corps. } | ” | Würzburg - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - -The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the -nineteen Army Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth -and XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are -distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits -from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace-Lorraine. - -The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of troops -was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in case of war -in any quarter. Formerly, the tendency was to group the forces where -they could be most conveniently trained and worked, without reference -to the possibilities of war. - -Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps -(XIVth, XVth, and XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (Ist, IInd, -Vth, XVIIth) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first -declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses -of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy’s territory. One or two -battalions of Jäger are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in order -to watch the passes over the Vosges. - -The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at— - - 534 Battalions of Infantry, - 465 Squadrons of Cavalry, - 364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully-horsed guns. - Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men. - -In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm, -it is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German -war-strength.[17] In the event of war, different Army Corps and -Cavalry Divisions will be combined into Armies, but their number and -strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are to be -utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the enemy. -The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end with the -20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been describing. Behind the -men doing their seven years of service, who compose the Active Army, -come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, and behind these again -come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm. - -Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of well-trained -and well-armed men may at first sight appear a menace to the peace of -the world, still we must remember that Germany is absolutely obliged, -for the preservation of her very existence, to keep up these huge -forces, and that she has no intention of using them except for that -purpose. As an old national proverb has it: “He who wants to come to -grief in war had better try a fall with Germany.” - - - ADDENDUM TO GERMANY. - -P. 25. The German Infantry now numbers 173 regiments and 19 Rifle -battalions—total 538 battalions. - -P. 31. The Artillery has lately been increased to 387 batteries of -Field, and 47 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole forming 43 -regiments. - -P. 32. The Engineers number 20 battalions. - -P. 34. The peace strength of the German Army now numbers - - 538 battalions of Infantry, - 465 squadrons of Cavalry, - 434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns. - -The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, _i.e._ Active -Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as follows— - - 48,635 officers, - 2,253,841 men, - 445,104 horses, - 3,982 guns. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 11: Or in the Navy and Naval Reserve respectively as -required.] - -[Footnote 12: “Beurlaubtenstand.”] - -[Footnote 13: Corresponding somewhat to our University Degree.] - -[Footnote 14: Or rather, will be in the near future.—_Tr._] - -[Footnote 15: The word Uhlan means “belonging to the hoof,” in the -language of that region.] - -[Footnote 16: Including the independent (25th) Hesse-Darmstadt -Division.] - -[Footnote 17: It may be taken as 36,582 officers, 1,493,690 combatants, -27,000 non-combatants, 331,904 horses, 2,952 guns.—_Tr._] - - - - - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. - - -The next on the list is Germany’s powerful neighbour, friend, and ally -on her southern frontier, Austria-Hungary. - -There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of different -races: the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian, the smart -Czech, the true-hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating Wallachian, the -hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless gipsy, etc., etc., -are all represented in its ranks. All these have been welded together -by the iron bands of discipline into the “Imperial and Royal” Army. -The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests the decision for -peace or war. - -After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian Army was entirely -reorganised. The reorganisation is now almost completed, and the -Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in the world. The -division of the Empire into Cis- and Trans-Leithania—_i.e._ this side, -the Austrian, and that side, _i.e._ the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a -tributary of the Danube, is only partially carried out in the military -system. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to the conscription law of December, 1868, universal -conscription is now the rule; in the whole Austro-Hungarian Empire, and -exemption by purchase, formerly allowed, is now abolished. The forces -are divided into the Standing Army, the Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr, -and the Landsturm. - -About 103,000 recruits are yearly admitted into the Standing Army, -of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those able-bodied young -men who are not taken into the Standing or Active Army are sent for -ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended, as in Germany, to -provide reinforcements for the Active Army. Service in the latter is -for three years with the Colours and seven years in the Active Reserve. -Service in the Landwehr is for two years for those who have served ten -years in the Active Army and Reserve or in the Ersatz Reserve, and for -twelve years for those who have been sent straight thither, for various -reasons, on conscription. After the Landwehr service, the soldier is -sent for five years to the 1st Class Landsturm, and for five years more -to the 2nd Class Landsturm. By this time he is forty-two years of age. -The one-year Volunteers are enlisted in the same manner as in Germany -(q. v.). - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole Empire is, for military purposes, divided into fifteen -Territorial Districts; these are of various sizes, so that the Austrian -Army Corps are not all of the same strength. In case of war, the whole -“Imperial and Royal” Army would be grouped into three armies, under one -supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army Corps. The -Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades. The -division is commanded by a “field-marshal-lieutenant,” corresponding to -our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a major-general. - -Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and 1 battalion of -Rifles. Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division has in addition -2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division (2 to 3 batteries of -Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -[Illustration: Officer of Infantry (Marching Order).] - -The Infantry of the Active Army comprises 102 regiments, each of 4 -Field and 1 Ersatz battalions; the latter is in peace-time represented -by a cadre only. The 4th Field battalions, so-called “Mobile” -battalions, have mostly a stronger peace-establishment than the others, -and are used to garrison Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of -Novi-Bazar; _i.e._ they are completely separated from their regiments. - -[Illustration: Cavalry Officer (Undress).] - -The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2 -Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4 -Field and 1 Ersatz companies. - -The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white uniform, -and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and light -blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being ornamented -with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian regiments wear -lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons. The usual head-dress is the -fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The Rifles are dressed -in blue-grey. - -After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent -breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have -attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a -magazine-rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for -the Infantry and Rifles. - -So quickly has the work of manufacturing and issuing them proceeded, -that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that they will -all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German Infantry. The new -Austrian magazine-rifle, called after its inventor, Colonel Männlicher, -is of ·315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots in the minute. - -Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the Tyrolese, the -so-called Emperor Rifles, mentioned above, which is composed of men -accustomed from their youth up to the use of the rifle. They are -recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Active Army consists -of— - - 14 Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians), - 16 Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and - 11 Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve). - -Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depôt-cadre. In case of -mobilisation the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which -are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve -squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for -service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field-Supply stores. The -peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes -to 246 squadrons, and the war-establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve, -and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry. - -The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their nationality. The -Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their tunic of peculiar -cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the latter as a rule -suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The whole Cavalry wear red -breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and loose in the others. - -The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a -peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word -“husz,” meaning “twenty,” from the fact that every twenty houses in -Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been -particularly prominent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be -pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some -regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten -in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for -themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins. - -The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword and Werndl carbine. -The Uhlans’ lances have been done away with since 1884, but there is a -question of the re-introduction of this old Polish weapon. After the -Infantry has been fully armed with the magazine-rifle, the Cavalry -will, it is said, be armed with repeating-carbines, which will have -been served out by next spring (1891). This is an example which, it is -to be hoped, other armies will soon follow.[18] - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Artillery comprises Field and Garrison Artillery. The Field -Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps Artillery, numbered -according to their Army Corps and each of 5 batteries; and of 28 -independent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3 batteries. Several -Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple of Horse Artillery -Batteries, or a Mountain Battery. - -The batteries have each in peace-time 4, and in war-time 8, -fully-horsed guns. An exception to this are the Horse Artillery -batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery. - -The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in campaigns -in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature of the -Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on the -backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along narrow -mountain-paths. - -The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries -increased by one each, but this will barely be completed before 1892. - -The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape of -the 2·95-inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the 3·43-inch -bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to the Krupp -gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel have fewer -bullets than the German ones. Besides these projectiles, case-shot, -fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting among troops -behind cover, are carried with the battery. - -The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and 1 -Depôt-cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected, -and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to the -amount of money in hand. - -The uniform of the Artillery is dark-brown. The men are armed with -sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery carrying the -Werndl rifle instead. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Corps of Engineers is composed of the Engineer Staff and Engineer -troops. The former is exclusively composed of officers; the latter of 2 -regiments of 5 battalions each. Each battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve, -and 1 Depôt-cadre companies. The Pioneer Regiment, not considered as -Engineers, consists of 5 battalions, similarly constituted to the -Engineer battalions. - -The Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been -formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Depôt-cadre -battalions. - -The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a Depôt-cadre. - -There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so several bodies of -troops have been formed for the honour of protecting the Emperor -person and guarding his palaces. These are the Arcieren squadron of -Life-Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten Body-Guard, the -squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of the Guard. These -troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms. - -[Sidenote: +Reserve Troops.+] - -The Landwehr is formed into two distinct bodies, which are also quite -distinct from the Active Army; each Landwehr is under its own ministry -of defence. In peace-time only the cadres exist; that is to say, that -of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry regiments (24 squadrons) of -Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only 1 strong company per battalion and 1 -strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are kept up. - -The Native Rifles (Landesschützen) of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg consist -of 10 battalions in time of peace, which are in war-time increased by -ten Reserve battalions. - -[Illustration: Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.] - -[Illustration: Hungarian Palace Guard.] - -[Sidenote: +The Honvéd.+] - -In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms a peculiar national Hungarian -Army, the so-called Honvéd Army, which is subject in war-time only to -the commander-in-chief, and in peace-time only to the Royal Hungarian -jurisdiction, _i.e._ the Ministry of Defence and the Landwehr Ministry. -It forms in peace-time the Cadres for 92 battalions of Infantry and -15 regiments of Honvéd Hussars (60 squadrons). The officers of this -force are trained in the Honvéd Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It -is on this Army, whose standards and badges are of the Hungarian -colours, and which in time of war reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the -pride of Hungary rests. It is this Army whose predecessors saved the -Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from destruction a century and a half ago. On -the 21st of September, 1741, the Empress Queen, Maria Theresa, came to -her Parliament at Presburg in dire distress. Dressed in the national -Hungarian dress, with her newly born son (destined to become Joseph -II.) in her arms, pain and courage depicted on her noble countenance, -she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, and in a powerful Latin -speech asked for the National Army to be called out, to protect her and -her country from her many foes. Then the Hungarian magnates tore their -crooked swords from their scabbards, clashed them wildly together, and -shouted: “Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!” With the help of her -brave Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making peace with Frederick II. -of Prussia, succeeded in beating off her numerous enemies. - -[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -If we consider that the total strength (on a war establishment) of -the Austro-Hungarian Army, Line and Landwehr included, exceeds one -million of trained men, of which 778,889 belong to the 1st Line, and -we remember that the Cis-Leithanians are in no way inferior in warlike -spirit, that inheritance of their forefathers, to their brethren on -the far side of the Leitha, we shall come to the conclusion that in -the Austrian Army, with its excellent Corps of officers and excellent -material in the shape of men and horses, any State in Europe would find -either a powerful adversary or a most desirable ally. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 18: Turkey set this example long ago.—_Tr._] - - - - - ITALY. - - -In Italy we have the third of the Powers who have formed the Triple -Alliance in order to maintain the peace of Europe and to make common -cause against any disturber thereof. The history of this country has -been very similar to that of Germany. In this instance also, an -energetic Prince, King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia (died 1878), -supported by an active statesman, Count Cavour, placed himself at the -head of the national movement in favour of unity, and formed the various -States of the Peninsula into one kingdom under his rule. - -The kingdom of Italy appears thenceforth as the last formed among the -European Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army in order to -maintain its position as such. The development of the latter has since -that time progressed considerably, and especially so during the last -decade, when a distinct advance has been apparent. - -Constituted on the principle of Universal Conscription, the land forces -of Italy are formed, similarly to those of the German Empire, into a -Standing Army, a Landwehr (Milizia mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia -territoriale). - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The liability to serve commences with the twentieth year, and continues -till the thirty-ninth. It consists of eight years in the Standing -Army (three with the Colours and five in the Reserve); four years in -the Landwehr, and seven years in the Landsturm. Those who have been -exempted from service by ballot are sent straight to the Landsturm for -nineteen years. - -When the young men attain the age rendering them liable to serve, those -physically unfit are “cast,” and some are put back who are ill or -excused for domestic reasons. The remainder of the men draw lots and -are placed according to their lottery number in the 1st or 2nd class, -those excused being placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class conscripts -are distributed throughout the Standing Army. The 2nd class go through -three months’ training, to form an Ersatz (or reinforcing) Reserve, and -the 3rd class men are called out every four years for a few days at a -time for instruction in the use and manipulation of their arms. - -The Standing Army consists accordingly of eight yearly batches of the -1st class and eight of the 2nd class; the Landwehr of four yearly -batches of men who have served their time in the Standing Army, and -four batches of the 2nd class; and the Landsturm comprises seven -batches of the 1st, seven of the 2nd, and nineteen of the 3rd class. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The Infantry of the Standing Army consists of 96 regiments (including -2 Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company. -Besides these, there are the special Corps d’Élite, the Bersaglieri -(“marksmen”—from bersaglia = a target), and the Alpini (Alpine Rifles). - -The Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of -3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company, are Light Infantry, trained to -execute all movements at the “double,” exceedingly good shots, and -looking very smart in their neat uniforms, the large hats of which are -ornamented with a waving bunch of cock feathers. - -The Alpine Troops consist of 7 regiments (forming 75 companies), to -which are attached 9 mountain batteries. These are also considered -Corps d’Élite. - -Composed of herdsmen and gamekeepers, familiar with every footpath in -the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight and hearing, and excellent -shots, they are equally valuable in reconnoitring work or on the field -of battle, although their original rôle is that of acting in defence -of their mountain passes. The Alpine companies are placed in summer as -near as possible to the particular mountain passes whose defence is -assigned to them, and are stationed for only half the year in the towns -as winter quarters. - -Their duty is carried out with a particular object in view, and -consists mostly in shooting, skirmishing, constant marches over -mountain paths, reconnaissance duty and patrolling, and in minor -tactics. - -The whole of the Italian Infantry is at this moment armed (until the -alteration of their former weapon, the single-loader Vetterli, is -completed) with an excellent repeating rifle, the Vitali. Particular -attention is paid to musketry instruction, and facilities for shooting -are given and encouraged by the holding of National Rifle Meetings at -stated times. At these meetings, any soldier on furlough is allowed to -compete, with his Service rifle. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Italian Army, on account of the scarcity of -useful horses, and the mountainous character of the land, is weak in -comparison with the Cavalry of other European armies. - -It consists of 24 regiments, each of 6 squadrons and an Ersatz-cadre; -_i.e._, 10 Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of Light Cavalry -(Cavalleggieri). - -The Light Cavalry are armed with a long curved sword, and the Lancers -with a lance. In addition to these weapons, the whole of the Cavalry is -armed with a rifled breech-loading carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of 24 regiments, each of 8 batteries; -there are also 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain batteries. It can put -in the field in war-time 1,196 guns. The heavy batteries are armed with -3·54-inch breech-loaders; the Light and Horse Artillery batteries with -2·76-inch breech-loaders. The mountain guns, for the transport of each -of which three horses or mules are provided, are of 2·95-inch calibre, -of steel-bronze, and mounted on wooden carriages. - -The Garrison Artillery consists of 5 regiments; the Siege-train of 2 -parts—each of 200 guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Engineers consist of 4 regiments, including a Railway and Telegraph -Company, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop. - -The Artillery and Engineers provide their own Train. - -12 Commissariat companies are told off for service in the depôts. - -The men of the Field Artillery and Engineers carry a revolver besides a -sword; Garrison Artillerymen are armed with a breech-loading carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Gendarmerie.+] - -[Illustration: Carbineer.] - -There is also a Corps closely connected with the Army which deserves -mention, namely, the Gendarmes, or “Carabinieri Reali,” whose strength -amounts to 543 officers, 22,487 Foot Gendarmes, and 11 legions of -Mounted Gendarmes. - -Formerly many a story was told of the fights between the Carabinieri -and the banditti. Nowadays, both the robbers and the old Carabinieri -have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form an excellent -Corps, whose duty it is to maintain peace and good order in the country. - -In war-time a battalion of them is sent with each Army Corps. They have -then to provide orderlies for the Staff, as well as to act as Military -Police. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole kingdom is divided into twelve Army Corps Districts. - -[Illustration: Bersagliere of the African Contingent.] - -In peace-time the Army Corps vary in strength. In war, each Army Corps -consists of 2 Divisions, the Division numbering 2 Brigades (each -brigade consisting of 2 regiments of Infantry), and an Artillery -Division of 3 batteries. Besides these, each Army Corps has 1 regiment -of Bersaglieri, 1 or 2 Artillery Divisions, each of 4 batteries, 1 -regiment of Cavalry, 2 companies of Engineers, with bridging-train, -and 1 battalion of Carabinieri, forming altogether 27 battalions of -Infantry, 5 or 6 squadrons of Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery, -and 2 companies of Engineers, etc.—total, about 29,000 men and 112 guns. - -The Alpini are not included in the Corps organisation. - -[Sidenote: +Milizie.+] - -The Landwehr consists of 48 regiments of Infantry, 18 battalions of -Bersaglieri, 22 Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of Artillery, and 35 -companies of Engineers. It is formed into twelve divisions in time of -war. - -Besides the above, there are 342 battalions, 30 Engineer companies, and -100 companies of Foot Artillery of the Landsturm, for garrison purpose. -In peace-time depôts for the Landwehr and Landsturm are not organised: -preparations are however being made for instituting them. - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -In this manner is organised the Army which has now for about ten years -proudly taken its place alongside the proved and war-tried armies of -the senior Powers. Anyone accustomed to English or German troops, such -as the Brigade of Guards in Hyde Park, or the German Foot-Guards at -Potsdam, will find much that is strange on seeing the Italian Army, -resulting from the peculiarity of race. He will miss the upright -bearing, the regular movements and the steady drill of the Infantry, -and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the Cavalry; but he will be -pleased with the picturesque uniforms of the Army, the extremely smart -appearance and active movements of the Bersaglieri, with their waving -green plumes, and with the martial and powerful bearing of the Alpini, -with their upright plumes in their head-dress; and he will find that -the cry of “Evviva il Re Umberto” sounds just as loud and strong here -as our own English “God save the Queen.” The impression that he will -take away with him will be that the like spirit of the ancient Romans -has not been lost in their descendants, and that the young kingdom of -Italy is well prepared to throw her Army as a decisive weight on to the -side of victory in some future European war. - - - ADDENDUM TO ITALY - -P. 43. Additional troops have lately been raised for service in Africa. -They consist of— - - 1 Regiment African Rifles (4 battalions), - 1 Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions), - 1 Battalion African Bersaglieri, - 1 Squadron Native Cavalry, - 3 Batteries African Mountain Artillery. - -These are all for service at Massowah. - -[Illustration: Italy. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - FRANCE. - - -[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Artillery.] - -The next on the list is France, our nearest continental neighbour, who -for a long time was the foremost of European Military Powers. In the -disastrous war of 1870 she lost this position entirely, and has ever -since then been making the most strenuous exertions to regain something -of her old strength by thorough revision and reorganisation of her -Army. - -The laws of 1872 and 1873 were passed with a view to this object, -and by them Universal Conscription was introduced, as in Germany. On -economical grounds, all able-bodied conscripts were divided into two -classes, the first of which serves five years with the Colours, and the -second only one year. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -After his five years’ active service (or one year, as the case may -be) the soldier goes for four (or eight) years to the Active Reserve. -Thereafter he enters the Territorial Army for five years, and the -Territorial Army Reserve for a subsequent six years, making twenty -years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the Army of the 1st -Line, and the Territorial Army and its Reserve the Army of the 2nd Line. - -The institution of one-year Volunteers covers a much larger area than -in the German Army. The main point looked to in a would-be one-year -Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs; the scientific and -educational certificates required from such candidates in Germany are -quite a secondary consideration in France. - -[Illustration: France. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -France was not content with following the German model when she -re-constituted her Army, but endeavoured to organise a system -whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned out in -the shortest possible time—something like the “levée en masse” which -took place at the time of the French Revolution in 1793. This has been -the aim of successive war ministers since 1871. It seems to have been -brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July, 1889, which -for severity and harshness appears to surpass any military sacrifices -and duties ever demanded of any people. - -[Sidenote: +New Law.+] - -[Illustration: - - Hospital Orderly. Surgeon.] - -The main points of this law are as follows:— - -1. Extension of liability to service from twenty to twenty-five years. - -2. Change from five years’ to three years’ service with the Colours. - -3. Abolition of all exemptions from service; even the only sons of -widows, the eldest sons of orphans, and those whose brothers are -already serving, must serve one year, and may be sent away at its -conclusion; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the ranks, -they may be kept on for another two years. Candidates for the higher -professions and theological students will have to serve for one year, -the latter to serve as bearers during active service. - -4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of -science, and from a few moderately high schools. - -5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who are -unfit for service, and by any who are conscribed for less than three -years. - -[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Rifles.] - -A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to accept -a governmental or departmental office without having previously served -for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these years -to have served in the capacity of either officer or non-commissioned -officer. - -[Sidenote: +War-Strength.+] - -The war-strength of France was, before the passing of this law, and -according to French sources:— - - Army of the 1st Line 2,051,458 men. - Army of the 2nd Line 2,057,196 ” - --------- - Total 4,108,654 ” - -It is almost impossible to calculate, from the new law, what her -strength will be exactly, but it appears to be nearly equal to that of -the three Powers together who form the Triple Alliance! - -Whether this law has been promulgated in view of an approaching war, or -whether it will be carried out in all its Spartan severity throughout -the present peace—and long may it last!—is a question only to be -determined by the future. In either case the spirit of self-sacrifice -which has prompted the French to lay the heavy burden on themselves is -much to be admired. The mainspring of this spirit appears, however, to -be more the frantic effort to get back the country’s former military -prestige than pure patriotism. - -The peace-strength of France is no criterion by which to measure the -forces that she could put in the field in case of war. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The Infantry consists of— - - 162 Line Regiments, each of 3 battalions—486 battalions. - 4 Zouave Regiments, each of 4 battalions—16 battalions. - 4 Algerian Rifle Regiments (Turcos) 4 battalions—16 battalions. - 2 Regiments of the Foreign Legion, 4 battalions—8 battalions. - 30 Battalions of Rifles (Chasseurs)—30 battalions. - 5 Battalions of African Light Infantry (Zéphyrs)—5 battalions. - Grand total, 561 battalions. - -The magazine rifle of the French Infantry, introduced in 1887, and -called after its inventor, Colonel Lebel, director of the Normal -School of Musketry at Chalons, is certainly equal to both the German -and Austrian magazine rifles in shooting and general value. As regards -the powder for its cartridges, the composition of which[19] remains -a secret up till now, the inventor has claimed that its use will -revolutionise Infantry tactics. According to French accounts, the -powder is both noiseless and smokeless. If this were the case, no doubt -it would produce changes in the mode of fighting, and surprises would -be greatly facilitated thereby. Last year, however, experiments were -made at the German Artillery School and at the Manœuvres with an almost -identical powder, the results of which proved that the advantages of -the French powder were greatly exaggerated. The report of the rifle -is distinctly heard, and is little, if at all, less loud than that of -the old powder. The smoke, it is true, is very much less, but is still -quite visible on a still day, its colour being a transparent dull blue. -The new powder, therefore, certainly possesses advantages, but these -will be of little account when all armies—as seems very probable in the -near future—come to use the same powder. - -The Lebel rifle is apparently being superseded by a new rifle, that -invented by Captain Pralon, and it is said that the Rifle battalions -will shortly be armed with it. The uniform of the French Infantry is -the same as it has been for the last forty years, the main features in -field-order being the long blue-grey great-coat, red képi and loose red -trousers. The full dress is shako and double-breasted dark-blue -tunic. The Rifle battalions wear blue-grey trousers. - -[Illustration: France. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +African Troops.+] - -The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a remarkable feature in the -French Army; they consist of Zouaves, Turcos, Foreign Legion, and -Spahis, and take the field with the French troops against any Power, -civilised or otherwise. - -The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French conquered -and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque, consisting of -an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers, and white -gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a white -turban. At the present time, there are but few Africans amongst them, -the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple. - -The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a -bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves, excepting -that their knickerbockers are blue, or white, instead of red. - -Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light Infantry. -The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the attack, -and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long as there -is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of _élan_ and courage, -but a defeat takes much of their spirit out of them. - -Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Zéphyrs -Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are -sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison -different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and -though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so -in future wars. - -The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of foreigners -voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a happy time of -it. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry, with the latest additions to it, is composed of 79 -regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a depôt-squadron), and 4 -regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons each—total, 419 squadrons. They -consist of— - - 12 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 28 ” ” Dragoons, - 21 ” ” Chasseurs à Cheval, - 12 ” ” Hussars, - 6 ” ” Chasseurs d’Afrique, - 4 ” ” Spahis. - Total, 83 regiments. - -The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust sword. Lances -there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the other regiments a -carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier regiments. - -The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or as fit for service -as the German (_i.e._, Lithuanian and Hanoverian) horse. Nor is the -French Cavalry soldier a good groom. The Chasseurs d’Afrique and the -Spahis, mounted on Arabian stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The -Spahis are for the most part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen. -Their whole appearance produces a novel impression, dressed as they -are in their Oriental attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long -red-leather riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their -shoulders, and mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide -at will with a mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see -these children of the desert at their games, tearing along with wild -war-shrieks and waving their long guns frantically over their heads, -each man and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race. - -[Illustration: Railway Troop.] - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one to each Army Corps), -each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has 12, the other 11 -batteries, including between them 3 batteries of Horse Artillery, -so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries. Each battery has 6 guns, -fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these, some mountain batteries -are going to be formed, but only in case of need. - -The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3·53-in.) gun, on the De -Bange system. It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870–71 -campaign, and at an enormous cost. - -The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries each, is also -armed with first-rate new guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5 battalions. An -independent Railway Regiment has lately been formed. - -The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more or -less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is employed -on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many Field -Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping order -in rear of the Army. The Garde-Républicaine of Paris (Cavalry and -Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, and -the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is in -reality only the Fire Brigade. - -[Illustration: Trumpeter of the Paris Mounted Garde Républicaine.] - -The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each. - -Besides the above troops, there are military corps organised for -Postal and Telegraph service in the field; also a Balloon Corps, a -Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a Dog-training Corps. - -[Sidenote: +Military Schools.+] - -There are numerous schools in France intended either for military -education or further military instruction. Chief amongst them is the -Military School of St. Cyr, into which 400 candidates are admitted -every year as cadets, after a competitive examination. The course lasts -for two years, and the cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the -Infantry and Cavalry. The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets -annually under like conditions to the Artillery and Engineers. In the -time of Napoleon I., a great many of the officers, including some of -his most famous marshals, rose from the ranks; and even now a very -large proportion of them come from the same source. - -[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+] - -The whole of France is divided for administrative and organising -purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army Corps is quartered. -The 19th Corps is in Algeria. - -Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades of 2 -regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of Cavalry (2 -regiments), and a brigade of Artillery. - -On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot -help being struck by the fact that, besides being exceedingly -numerous, it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper -warlike spirit. Although not “the best in the world,” as every -Frenchman will tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many -excellent and soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one’s judgment -by the extremely slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as -regards physique and uniform. The “Piou-piou,” as the Infantry -soldier is called by his fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with -his képi well on the back of his head and his hands deep in his baggy -trouser-pockets, does certainly not present a soldier-like appearance, -but all the same he is an active and handy man on service, and on the -field of battle advances pluckily through a murderous fire, with little -thought of danger or alarm. - -[Illustration: Chasseur d’Afrique.] - -If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given such -numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence, France -has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in the -morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in which -the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to duty -which is the foundation of all discipline, have never taken root. -Ambition and desire of conquest form the motive-power of many great and -glorious deeds, and are certainly not wanting in the French character. -Higher than these, however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a -man at his post through all hardships and perils, without a thought for -his own gain or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will -to a higher one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which -permits of no loosening of the bonds of training and order even in -times of disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith -in its final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This -feeling cannot be learnt in a three years’, nor five years’, nor even -twenty-five years’ service, if it is not ingrained and actually born -in the national character and national system of education. Without -these main features even universal conscription itself will not be -successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may -bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of -combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death -which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is -thoroughly implanted. - -France is well-armed for attack as well as defence; for attack, by -means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy -country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the -troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time; and -for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer -line of which consists of frontier-fortresses and stop-gap forts from -the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge -to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank -of the Meuse. Behind this first line of defence a second one has been -built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles -apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but few -roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some fortress or -other. The central point of the whole of this vast defensive system is -the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle of protecting forts -surrounding her on a fifteen-mile radius, is more like a fortified -province than a fortress. - -The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like -these. “It is the spirit which forms the body” and brings into -subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a -combat of material forces; it is in a higher sense a combat of cultured -forces. Let us, therefore, remember that the best preparation for trial -by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach another in -material and brute force, but in the striving after a more complete -development of warlike skill. - - - ADDENDUM TO FRANCE. - -Pp. 46, 47. Now that the new law has come into force, July 1890, the -terms of service have been entirely changed. As the law now stands, -seven-tenths of the annual contingent of recruits have to serve for 3 -years, and three-tenths for 1 year. After his colour-service, a man -joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) years, then the Territorial -Army for 6 years, and after that the Territorial Reserve for 9 years -more—total 25 years. - -312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these only -174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new law will -be that by 1915 A.D. there will be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen -properly trained as soldiers and ready to take the field, and 60,000 -trained men per annum will have been added to the army! - -N.B.—The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on page 47 includes all -men, old and young, who have ever received any military training, and -is therefore hardly a just estimate of the French fighting-strength. -The latest trustworthy estimates put it at 2,790,000 men. - -P. 49. The Cavalry is now, or will be very shortly, composed of 92 -regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons -each—total, 484 squadrons. - -They consist of - - 14 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 34 ” ” Dragoons, - 22 ” ” Chasseurs à Cheval, - 14 ” ” Hussars, - 8 ” ” Chasseurs d’Afrique, - 4 ” ” Spahis. - Total, 96 regiments. - -P. 49. 12 Mountain Batteries are being formed. There are, in addition -to the numbers given, 12 batteries in Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 19: Invented by Colonel Bruyère.] - - - - - RUSSIA. - - -Russia is situated, from a military point of view, quite differently -to any other European country, for of the whole Russian Empire only -about a quarter lies in Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger -than the rest of all Europe put together, but it contains only a third -of the population. Although by far the greater part of her dominions -lies in another continent, Russia has had a pretty large finger in the -European pie, and will in the future, no doubt, often mix herself up -in European politics. Her policy, if it can be called so, is to try to -influence Western questions in such a manner as eventually to bring all -Slav races under her rule. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Russia has therefore organised her Army on an European footing, -and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought in Universal -Conscription, from which, however, the upper classes, _i.e._, the -nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The actual Colour -service lasts six years; after that the soldier is sent for nine years -more to the Reserve, which can be called out to reinforce the Standing -Army. During the rest of his time, _i.e._, up to his twentieth year of -service he belongs to the Opoltschenie—a body of men similar to the -German Landsturm. - -The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the requisite -age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000 are -conscribed, and the requisite number for the Army are selected from -these by lot; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The latter -body, therefore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly untrained. -There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr, in the -Russian Army. - -The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the -respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces, -Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces. - -The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take the field in case -of war. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments of 4 battalions each, and -58½ Rifle battalions, as follows:— - - 12 Regiments of the Guard. - 16 ” Grenadiers. - 164 ” Infantry of the Line. - 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard. - 54½ ” ” ” Line. - -The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and their -officers rank one step higher in the Army. - -Many alterations in the uniform have been made by the present Czar. -The dark green colour has been preserved, but the cut of the tunic has -been altered from that of the Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted -jacket fastened with hook and eye, and with no buttons. The head-gear -is a round fur-cap, white in the case of Generals and Staff-officers, -and black in all others. The soldier has little to do in the way of -metal-polishing, it is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed -glint which one usually associates with a military uniform. The -Regiments of the Guard and Grenadiers have special distinguishing marks -on their uniform. - -[Illustration: Infantry (heavy marching order).] - -The Infantry rifle is a useful breech-loader with bayonet, on the -system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of -magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its mind; so -that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather behindhand in the -matter. - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Guard.] - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Caucasus.] - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:— - -Guard Cavalry:— - - 4 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 2 ” ” Dragoons, - 2 ” ” Hussars, - 2 ” ” Lancers, - -and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line. - -The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each. -Besides the above, there is a Division (2 squadrons) of Crimean Tartar -Cavalry, which would be expanded in case of war to a regiment. - -The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by our plates, is -very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of the Line. The -whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved sabre, called -a “Shashka,” which is worn on a narrow band over the right shoulder. -The front-ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry lances on -garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would not be taken -on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter than that of -the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the “Shashka”-scabbard; -other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of:— - - 3 Brigades of Guard Field Artillery, - 4 Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery, - 44 Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line. - -Each brigade numbering 6 batteries. - -The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and 23 -batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line; besides the above, there are -two Mounted Mountain Batteries. - -The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in -peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed guns. - -The matériel consists of excellent steel-guns, mostly from Krupp works -in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4·16 inches, and that -of the light ones 3·39 inches. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Engineers consist of 17 battalions of Sappers (including 1 Guard -and 1 Grenadier Battalion), and a few independent companies, 8 -battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 Field-parks, 16 -Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks. - -There is no Train; it is formed in war-time by taking men from -the Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and -manœuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great. - -During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete the -Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz forces, -whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death, wounds, -disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by depôt-cadres. - -To the Local forces belong 50½ battalions of Garrison Artillery, -distributed amongst the fortresses of the country, besides 32 Line -battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison duties; they may, -however, if necessary, be employed on Active Service. To these forces -also belong the “Instruction troops,” which practise new regulations, -tactical and otherwise, as they are brought out, and experimentalise -with new arms and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and -the Frontier Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces. - -[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+] - -The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19 Army Corps -(including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps); 2 to 3 Infantry -Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form an Army -Corps. The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades, each of 2 -regiments and 1 brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry Division numbers -in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each; besides 2 batteries of -Horse Artillery. - -The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like 700,000 -men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000 men and -3,260 guns. - -In addition to this enormous number there are the Irregular troops—a -force quite peculiar to Russia—namely, the Cossacks.[20] - -[Sidenote: +Cossacks.+] - -The Cossacks are tribes of mixed Russian, Turkish, and Tatar blood. -They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after the Mongol -invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and Dnieper and -established their own forms of government. Every three years they used -to elect a “Hetman” as chief, with a council of elders, “Narschines,” -to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia have their -head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the mountainous districts -of that region. Branches of these Cossacks have settled on the Volga, -on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the Ural, in the Kuban -North-Western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since they became subject -to Russia they have assisted in carrying the Russian dominion further -into Asia. The history of the settlement of these tribes in Siberia, -led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is exceedingly interesting. This bold -leader crossed the Ural mountains in 1758 with a following of only 840 -Cossacks. His conquering progress equalled that of the Spaniards under -Cortez in Mexico for adventure and for the great results that flowed -from his successes. - -Although attached to Russia, the Cossacks are Russian in neither -their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extraordinarily -sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent -horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and -inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound -down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the -country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of -inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in -the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of -Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the -different frontiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a soldier. They -have a military organisation and are divided into Cavalry regiments, or -“polks.” - -[Illustration: Russia. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Russia. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -They are gradually being more and more definitely organised, -disciplined, and trained. Each man has to provide himself with clothing -and equipment according to regulation, and with a horse, and keep -them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a short -coat, “kasakin,” or a long one, “tcherkesska,” with a woollen shirt, -“beshmet,” loose trousers, long boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap, -“papasha.” Their chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with -sabre (“shashka”), pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus, -long knives, “kinzhal,” and finally, a rifle of some sort. - -[Illustration: Officer of the Field Police (full dress).] - -[Illustration: Field Gendarme (service kit).] - -Their small insignificant-looking horses are not to be beaten for speed -and endurance. A day journey of twenty hours is not too much for them; -their hardiness is extraordinary, and the worst forage possible does -not come amiss to them. - -[Sidenote: +Cossack Characteristics.+] - -A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner, _i.e._ with a loose rein, high -saddle, short stirrup, and toes down; he is very fond of his horse and -treats him kindly. - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Amour.] - -Their extraordinary mobility, endurance, and cleverness in getting -over all obstacles of ground, particularly fit the Cossack troops for -outpost and reconnaissance duty, for rapid raids and bold surprises, as -well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is also by no means their -least advantage is that this mode of employing them in war would leave -the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual combat in the field. - -The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of -character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers -in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15 regiments -of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard-Cossacks, and 7 batteries of the Line. -In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and the whole -Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136 regiments -Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns). - -This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and die -in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the Regular -Army or attach themselves to it, is well known in Germany, where it -appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806–1815). One might say -with Schiller: “The rider and his swift horse are fearsome guests.” On -the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be regarded with -feelings of greater respect as enemies than as friends. - -Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks are some of the -other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian Irregulars, such -as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the Caucasus, the -Tcherkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although these people -render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic possessions, still -she can hardly count on their services in an European war, so that an -invasion by these Asiatic races, like what happened in the times of -Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken into account by the Europe -of to-day. - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -Laying aside the question of these Irregular troops, we cannot deny -that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army, and one which is -prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine the Russian soldier -to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher culture. Frederick the Great -learnt to respect Russia as a powerful adversary, and in the beginning -of this century she brought a heavy weight to bear in favour of Austria -and Prussia, and fought valiantly as their ally against the power of -Napoleon I. Since that period Russia has made important progress, -not only in her culture, but in the organisation and arming of her -Army; universal conscription has also acted as a powerful assistant -to universal education. Whether Russia will fight Germany in the near -or in the distant future is a matter that does not concern us here; -we will leave the discussion of the probabilities pro and con to the -newspapers. The time may come, but all we need know about the matter -is that Germany is fully prepared and, though respecting her possible -adversary, is not afraid of her. - - - ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA. - -P. 53. The Russian Infantry now numbers— - - 10 Regiments of the Guard, - 18 ” ” Grenadiers, - 164 ” ” the Line, - 20 ” ” Rifles (2 battalions each), - 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard, - 38 Rifle Battalions of the Line. - -Pp. 56–58. The Cossacks form altogether— - - 32 Regiments Regular Cavalry, - 136 Squadrons Irregular ” - 7 Battalions of Infantry, - 12 Batteries of Artillery. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 20: From the Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish -a robber, and in Tatar a free lightly-armed warrior.] - - - - - DENMARK. - - -[Illustration: - - Switzerland. Denmark. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -The military organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served -as patterns to the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must -have an Army of its own wherewith to defend its independence and secure -the vindication of its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would -depend on the size, geographical situation, and historical associations -of the State. - -[Sidenote: +Historical.+] - -In recent times the small State of Denmark has once or twice been -obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep possession of -the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, to the right of attaching which -to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption into the Danish -commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848–49 the small Danish -Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against the might of -Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers, namely, Russia -and England, to step in in her favour. The result was that Prussia was -obliged to stay her hand from taking under her protection the German -inhabitants of the two Duchies. - -In 1863–64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the German rights -in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably altered, and the war, -which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close by the Treaty -of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies from Denmark -and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage, however, with -which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the vastly superior -forces of the other two Powers, and the determined opposition which -they offered, more especially in their fortifications at Danewirke, -Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope of foreign -intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to the excellence -and courage of the Danish troops. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -After this war Denmark made use of her bitter experience in -reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she had, in spite of -the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea of being a Power -in the North of Europe. She has now made an important step in the -military line by introducing universal conscription, the terms of which -are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve, and eight in the -“Reinforcement” Reserve. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Danish Army is now constituted as follows:— - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Infantry— - - 1 Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve. - - 10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and 1 battalion - Reinforcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades (2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and - 1 Fünen) of 2 regiments each. - -[Illustration: Foot Guardsman.] - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -Cavalry— - - 1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and 4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 - squadrons. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -Artillery— - - Field Artillery—2 Regiments of 2 divisions each—total, 12 Line and 4 - Reinforcement Reserve Batteries. - - Garrison Artillery—2 Battalions—total, 6 Line and 4 Reinforcement - Reserve Companies. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies. Train—4 - Sections. - -The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000 men, -with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve battalions and batteries only -exist as depôt-cadres. - -The Infantry is still armed with a single-loading rifle, the Remington, -but it is intended to shortly arm them with a magazine-rifle, which is -now in course of preparation. - -The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their -Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large -purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the breed. - -The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and -endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accordingly is better -fitted for a defensive rôle, such as holding a fortified position to -the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack. - -The general plan of national defence is based on this characteristic, -for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned into a great -entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger portion of the -Danish Army in case of war. - -[Illustration: Surgeon.] - - - - - SWEDEN AND NORWAY. - - -[Illustration: - - Sweden. Norway. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -Sweden, which once, in the time of the Thirty Years’ War, represented -the first Military Power in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army, -just large enough for the needs of the country. The military system of -Sweden is a peculiar one, and entirely different from that of other -States. - -[Sidenote: +Military System.+] - -The whole land is divided into a great many small “Rote” or Divisions, -each of which has to supply one able-bodied man of the right age for -the Army. This man serves for as long as his physical powers last. He -receives a small property, consisting of house, farm, and ploughland, -and definite pay as long as he is actually with the Colours. - -Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with their -horses by the larger landowners or “Rusthalters,” in return for their -exemption from certain taxes. - -These troops are called “Indelta” men. - -The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the “Värfvade,” -the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years’ -service, and may re-engage for further service. - -The Värfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of the -Indelta, for the former are continually with their Corps, whilst the -latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough, looking -after their farms. - -The third portion is the “Bewäring,” which consists of all men between -their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. In case of war they -would have to reinforce the other two portions. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Swedish Army consists of— - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Infantry— - - 2 Regiments of the Body-Guard, - 2 ” ” Body-Grenadiers, - 17 ” ” Infantry, - 2 Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and - 4 Rifle battalions. - -Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace-and 3 in war-time: this -would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -Cavalry— - - 1 Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons, - 4 Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons, - 2 Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons, - 1 Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons. - Total, 47 squadrons. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - - Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery, of 5 divisions - of 2 batteries each, the regiment consisting of 10 - (2 “Driving,” 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 “Foot”) batteries, - besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries. - Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number - of 234 field-guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph - Company, and 1 battalion of Sappers. - - Train—1 battalion of 2 companies. - -The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and -leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something astonishing. The -skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are directed by a sergeant -in the centre with uplifted rifle. Every time a man in the firing-line -snaps his rifle, he shouts out “Piff-paff!” The introduction of a new -magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably cause some fatigue to the -throats of the Swedish Infantry. - - - NORWAY. - -Although Norway is united under the same Crown with Sweden, still her -military system differs entirely from that of the latter. - -[Sidenote: +Military System.+] - -Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years old is sent to the so-called -“Land-armament,” to serve five years in the Line, four in the -“Landwehr” and four in the “Landsturm.” The conscripts remain but very -few weeks with the Colours. The main portion of the Army consists of -men voluntarily enlisted, who are bound to stay for six years. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of which one forms a Guard-Company, -consisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted men, constitutes the only -Corps under arms in time of peace; of the remaining troops there are -only cadres in existence. In the event of war, the Line Infantry would -consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions each—total, 20 battalions. The -Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of Light Dragoons—total, 11 squadrons; -the Artillery of 5 battalions = 11 batteries with 66 guns; the -Engineers of a small division. Grand total, about 18,000 men. - -[Illustration: Officer (Standard-bearer) of the Life Guards (Andra -Lifgardet).] - -The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington, -which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine-rifle invented -by Colonel Jarman of their Army. - -[Illustration: Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands hästjägarecorps.)] - -The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the sabre. The -Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in the Krupp -works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel works. - -It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress -similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an -almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere. - -The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does not -appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian-Swedish government. -The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners, sturdy and -enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every reason to -believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case fully equal to -its true and destined use—_i.e._, the defence of the country. - - - - - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. - - -In most European States the Army is worked by the Sovereign or -Government of the country for the defence of the Crown and the nation, -and for the upholding of the Law. This, however, was for a long time -not the case in the south-western portion of Europe, _i.e._ the -Iberian Peninsula. It could not be the case, for during even this -century revolution has succeeded revolution, and the different forms -of government introduced at rapidly-recurring intervals have made it -impossible for the Army to be always at the beck and call of the head -of the State for the time being. The energetic young king, Alfonso -XII., who ascended the Spanish throne in 1874 (and died in 1885), -experienced the necessity of making himself chief of the Army, and -instituted a military system by which he hoped to put an end to the -earlier irregularities. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Army of Spain is therefore now divided into the Peninsular Army, -which serves in Spain itself, and the Colonial Army, which serves in -Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of universal conscription, -to which every Spaniard becomes liable on attaining his twentieth year. -Those who are exempted by law from the Army are only called out in time -of war, and those who belong to certain named professions are allowed -to buy exemptions from service for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied -men it is the ballot which decides which are to enter the Active Army. - -Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which six years, as -a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the Colours. The -remainder of a man’s service is passed in the Active Reserve. All those -who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours, including those -exempted by law and purchase, are classed as “Disponible Recruits;” -these receive only a very short training and are called out to -reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After six years’ service -as such, the “Disponible” recruits enter the 2nd Reserve. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The kingdom of Spain is divided up into 14 Military Districts, each -under a Captain-general. These are again divided into 140 Military -Zones, each under a colonel, who is responsible for mobilisation and -supply details. Each Zone comprises 1 Active, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt -battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented -only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line -battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are -Rifles; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each. - -[Illustration: - - Spain. Spain. Portugal. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Halberdier of the Palace.] - -There are in peace-time no higher units than battalions; brigades, -divisions, and army corps would be formed only in case of war. - -The remainder of the Spanish Army consists of:— - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - - Cavalry— 8 Regiments of Lancers, 14 Regiments of Cazaderos (Light - Horse), 2 Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 - squadrons. Besides these there are 28 Reserve regiments, of which - only cadres exist in peace-time, and 1 squadron of Life-Guards. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - - Artillery—5 Regiments of Divisional Artillery of 6 batteries each, - altogether 30 batteries with 180 guns; 5 regiments of Corps - Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20 batteries with 120 - guns; 2 regiments of Mountain Artillery, each of 6 batteries, - altogether 72 guns, and 1 regiment of Siege and Position Artillery, - 4 batteries of 4 guns each, altogether 16 guns. Total therefore, 388 - guns, and 9 battalions Fortress Artillery. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—5 Pioneer regiments, 1 Railway battalion, - 1 Telegraph battalion, and 5 Reserve regiments. - -There is no Train in time of peace. - -The peace-strength of the Peninsular Army amounts to 116,000 men. - -[Illustration: General (full dress).] - -Besides these there are 16 regiments of Gendarmes (Guardia Civil), -numbering 15,000 men, and 11,000 men of the Carabineros, or Frontier -Force. - -The Colonial Army, about 33,000 men in all, is formed by voluntary -enlistment. - -[Sidenote: +Armament.+] - -The Infantry is armed with the Remington rifle, the Cavalry with sword -and Remington carbine. Three sections[21] of each squadron of Lancers -carry the lance. The Artillery is armed with cast-steel Krupp guns of -3·15 inches calibre; the Mountain Artillery with those of 2·95 inches. -The guns have, however, been altered to Colonel Placentia’s system. - -The two Royal Household Companies, Halberdiers, are the only ones who -wear the old Spanish dress. - -The Spaniard combines the liveliness and hot blood of the southerner -with the determination and endurance of the northerner, and would now -count as one of the best soldiers in Europe if it were not that, in -consequence of the long civil wars and disturbances in the country, he -had become somewhat less amenable to discipline than formerly. If an -instance is required of what Spaniards can do when fighting for their -land and freedom, we have only to look at the guerilla and mountain -warfare waged by this plucky nation against the old campaigners of -Napoleon at the beginning of this century, before the English troops -came to their assistance. - - - PORTUGAL. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Universal Conscription is the rule in Portugal as well as in most other -countries, but there are numerous exemptions and sendings on “unlimited -furlough with the Colours” (in order to save the national exchequer), -so that the Army does not by any means comprise as many men as would -appear from the strength as laid down on paper. With a nominal peace -strength of 37,000, the actual strength is only about 18,000. - -The terms of service are three years with the Colours, five years in -the 1st Class, and four in the 2nd Class Reserves. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Infantry consists of 24 Line and 12 Rifle regiments, each of 2 -Active and 1 Depôt battalions, altogether 72 battalions, the Depôt -battalions being skeleton ones. - -Cavalry—10 regiments, of which the first two are Lancers, and the -remainder Light Dragoons (Caçadores a Cavallo). Each regiment consists -of 3 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons. - -Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery of 12 batteries each, 2 -Regiments of Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 Mountain -Brigade of 6 batteries.—Total, 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with -132 guns. - -Engineers—2 Active and 1 Reserve battalions, and 1 Torpedo Company. - -Portugal has, besides this Army, a Colonial Force of 9,600 men, chiefly -natives. - -The Infantry is now armed with the Kropatschek repeating-rifle; till -quite recently, they had the Enfield rifle. The Field Artillery is -chiefly armed with 3·54-inch steel Krupp guns. - -More attention appears to be paid in Portugal to the Navy than to the -Army, and it seems unlikely that the latter will be engaged in war, at -all events for some time to come. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 21: Out of four.] - - - - - SWITZERLAND. - - -The Swiss Republic, or rather the Free Confederation of twenty-two -small Republics (Cantons), had its beginning in the four “Forest” -towns of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Glarus. It was by the treaties -of 1815, upon which, after the downfall of Napoleon I., the present -distribution of Powers was founded and still to a great extent remains, -that the neutrality of Switzerland was recognised, so that she is now, -to all intents and purposes, excluded from taking part in an European -war. Being, however, surrounded by three Great Powers, whose Armies -may at any time traverse her territories from any quarter, she is -obliged to guard her neutrality very strictly. This object she seeks -to accomplish by universal conscription and by a military system which -is adapted to the exigencies of the country and rests on the so-called -“Militia System.” - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to this system the conscript has to pass only a few weeks -or months in being trained, and is subsequently called out for only -a few weeks annually during peace-time. This system certainly allows -of universal service in the widest sense of the word, and also gives -a small State the power of calling out a proportionally large Army -in time of war. At the same time, however, this system, in order to -be of any use, would require the people to be naturally of a warlike -tendency, and every man to be thoroughly accustomed to the use of a -rifle; in fine, it would require that there should always be a nucleus -of thoroughly-trained troops, even in peace-time. - -Every Swiss is liable to service from the 20th to the 44th year of his -age. Of these twenty-five years of service, thirteen are spent in the -“Auszug” (Active Army) and twelve in the “Landwehr.” All able-bodied -men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are not employed in either of the -above branches belong to the “Landsturm.” Anyone who is not fit to -serve has to pay a small fine as a sort of compensation. - -In case of war the “Auszug” would provide the Army as follows:— - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - - Infantry—98 Fusilier and 8 Rifle Battalions. - - Cavalry—8 Regiments (24 squadrons) of Dragoons and - 12 Companies of Guides. - - Artillery—24 Regiments of Field Artillery, and 1 of - Mountain Artillery, each of 2 batteries of 6 guns each— - total, 300 guns, besides 10 batteries of Position Artillery. - - Engineers—9 Battalions. - - Train—8 Battalions. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The strength of the Field Army comes to about 100,000 men. It consists -of the Army Staff and 8 Divisions, each comprising 2 Infantry -Brigades, each Brigade comprising 2 Regiments of Infantry, 1 Rifle -Battalion, 1 Regiment of Dragoons, 1 Company of Guides, 1 Brigade of -Artillery, 1 Battalion of Engineers, 1 of Train, 1 Field Hospital and 1 -Administration Company. - -The Landwehr consists of nearly as many men as the Auszug, but the -former are only called on to serve on garrison duty at home. As for -arms, the Swiss troops are not behindhand with other nations. The -Infantry is armed with the repeating Vetterli rifle, the Rifles -with a similar short repeating-rifle, and the Dragoons with a -repeating-carbine. The Field Artillery has three patterns of guns: -the light 3·28-in., the heavy 3·93-in., and the mountain 2·92-inch -guns. The Swiss soldier is more of a Light Infantry man than anything -else; as for the Swiss Cavalry, it is not to be considered on the same -footing as the Cavalry of other nations, being feeble. - -The Swiss Militiaman is trained for a short time and then sent home -with his uniform and rifle. Thereafter he appears yearly for a short -training, in order to “keep his eye in.” This sketchy military -education is, however, greatly helped by the numerous Cadet divisions -in the schools, and by Volunteer Rifle and Gymnastic clubs. - -[Illustration: - - Holland. Belgium. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. - - -The “Kingdom of the Netherlands,” instituted by the Vienna Congress in -1815, was, after the revolt of the southern provinces, divided into two -kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former extending from the mouth of -the Ems to those of the Rhine, Maas, and Scheldt, and the latter from -these mouths to the north-eastern frontier of France. The neutrality of -these two States, recognised by the other Great Powers of Europe, have -so far exempted them from keeping up large standing armies, that their -organisation remains very much as it was in 1830. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The Dutch military system is a combination of the old Voluntary -Enlistment and the Militia systems. Every able-bodied young man between -20 and 25 years of age is bound to enter the Militia; the number of -these not to exceed 11,000 annually. The length of service of these -men, nominally one year, is as a matter of fact shortened to nine or -even six months. - -The Army consists partly of voluntarily-enlisted men, who bind -themselves to six years’ service, and partly of Militiamen. Gaps are -often caused by the impossibility of filling Volunteer vacancies by -Militiamen, and this leads to the disadvantage that the training of -the Militiamen is not so thorough as it might be, and also that the -troops are not always kept up to their full establishment. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Standing Dutch Army consists of— - - Infantry—1 Grenadier and Rifle Regiment (comprising 3 battalions of - Grenadiers and 2 of Rifles), and 8 Line Regiments of 5 battalions - each—Grand total, 45 battalions. - - Cavalry—3 Regiments of Hussars, each of 5 Field and one Depôt - squadrons. - - Artillery—1 Corps of Horse Artillery, 3 regiments Field Artillery, - altogether 42 batteries with 252 guns: and 4 regiments of Garrison - Artillery. - - Engineers—3 Field Companies, 3 Fortress, 1 Railway and Telegraph - Company, and 1 Instruction and Depôt Company. - -Besides the above there is a Colonial Army Depôt of three companies, and -the Corps of Maréchaussée, which corresponds to the Gendarmerie in other -States, 373 men. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The total strength of the Active Army approaches 64,000 men and 270 -guns. The Colonial Army, recruited entirely by voluntary enlistment, -comes to about 30,000 men. - -[Illustration: Infantry of the Schutterij.] - -In case a necessity should arise for reinforcing the Dutch Army, -another body of men has been formed, called the “Schutterij,” of all -Dutchmen between their 20th and 30th years not included in the Active -Army or Militia. No great expectations can be formed of this body, for -the members are only trained for forty to fifty hours annually. - -The Landsturm and Rifle Clubs are also destined to increase the -strength of the Army in case of emergency. - -Since Holland has been declared a neutral State, and her energy is -chiefly devoted to the furthering of her commercial and colonial -interests, the chief duty of the Army will probably be confined to that -of national defence. The numerous sluices and canals, which would offer -numerous obstacles to an invading army, would be of great assistance -in case of war. It has, in fact, already happened that the country has -been saved by letting in the sea through the sluices and forming a -general inundation. - -[Illustration: Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)] - - - BELGIUM. - -Belgium also is not one of the warlike States. She has, however, often -served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her neutrality has -not been always duly respected. She must therefore possess an Army, if -only to watch her frontiers, and to prevent her total dependence on -the will of other Powers. Her Army is, however, not numerous, and is -considerably behindhand both in organisation and training. - -[Illustration: Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)] - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the yearly so-called “Appels,” but -this is easily evaded by either paying a substitute, or by paying an -exemption of £64, in consideration of which the Government provides a -substitute of its own finding. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Belgian Army is formed as follows: - -The Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9 Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments -each, _i.e.:_ - - 1 Regiment of Carbineers. - 1 Regiment of Grenadiers. - 3 Regiments of Rifles. - 14 Regiments of Infantry of the Line. - -The Carbineer Regiment consists of 4 Active and 2 Depôt battalions; the -remainder of 3 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, the latter being only -skeleton battalions. This makes altogether 58 Active and 20 Depôt -battalions. - -The Cavalry numbers 2 Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each, -_i.e._:— - - 2 Regiments of Light Dragoons. - 2 Regiments of Guides (similar to Hussars), and - 4 Regiments of Lancers, - -each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons—Grand total, 8 -regiments, forming 32 Active and 8 Depôt squadrons. - -[Illustration: Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)] - - Artillery—4 Regiments Field Artillery, consisting of 30 Field, 4 Horse - and 6 Reserve batteries. The Reserve batteries are skeleton ones - and have no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each—total, 34 batteries - with 204 guns, besides 3 regiments of Siege Artillery, each of - 16 Siege, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt batteries. - - Engineers—1 Regiment of 3 battalions, and 5 companies for special work, - _i.e._, pontooning, railway, telegraph, pyrotechnic and - general trades. - - Train—1 Battalion of 6 companies. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The whole peace-strength numbers about 45,000 men, with 204 guns. Both -Dutch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single breech-loaders, the -Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there seems no present -intention of introducing magazine-rifles. - -The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model; the -tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and striking. - -Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other -nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only -when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed -strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made on a National Army. - - - - - TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE - BALKAN PENINSULA. - - -[Sidenote: +Historical.+] - -[Illustration: Officer of the Dorobanze (full dress).] - -[Illustration: Officer of the Roșiori (undress).] - -In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe -were several times alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of -their territories by a foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and -connected primarily with the Mongols. This race, known as Turks or -Osmanli, had made itself master of Constantinople, the capital of the -Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and set up its government there under a -Padishah or Sultan. From this point they extended their empire further -and further to the north-west, over Hungary and the intervening lands, -and took possession of the Hungarian capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683 -they actually besieged Vienna, and this city would undoubtedly have -fallen if it had not been for its heroic defence by Field-Marshal -Rüdiger von Starhemberg, who held out till he was succoured by Duke -Charles of Lorraine with the Army of the Austrian Empire, and John -Sobieski, King of Poland. - -The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually declined -in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and -nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire -became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence -under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent -kingdoms of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of -Bulgaria (under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present -century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but -she has her own administration. The Turkish Empire—once the terror -of Christendom—is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her -hold over the small remnants of her European possessions. Russia, who -considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the -East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the -“Sick Man” on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other -Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however, -Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without -a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what far-reaching -consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip her over, but -must give a short account of her Army as well as of the others. - -Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed -the Sultan body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000), -organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is -chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that -purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from -1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count Moltke. - -Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after every war. Though -it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the great Powers, still -that is the fault of neither the military system nor yet of the Turkish -soldier. The responsibility lies with the confused system of military -administration, which deals in the most hopeless and in the worst -possible way with the clothing and equipment, and even with the feeding -and pay of the Army. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to the Law, every able-bodied Mahomedan inhabitant of Turkey -is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are exempted on payment of a -fine. - -Service in the “Nizam,” or Active Army, lasts six years, of which -the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and Artilleryman -four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the Active -Reserve or “Ikhtiat.” After this the soldier joins the Landwehr or -“Redif” for eight years, and subsequently six years in the Landsturm -or “Muhstafiz.” As a matter of fact, the period of service with the -Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the outside. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole Turkish Empire is divided into 7 military districts or -“Ordu,” of which the seventh, Arabia, is exceptionally constituted. -“Ordus” 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam -troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army Corps of the Redif in case of -necessity. The seventh Ordu only possesses 1 Army Corps altogether. - -Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1 -Regiment of Field Artillery, 1 battalion of Pioneers and 1 of the -Train. - -A Division consists of 2 brigades; an Infantry brigade numbers 2, and a -Cavalry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5 battalions, of -which 1 is a Depôt battalion; a regiment of Cavalry, 5 squadrons, of -which 1 is a Depôt squadron. - -The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse -Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns. - -The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army, (including Redif) comprise -a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 guns,[22] and these could be -heavily reinforced by drawing on the “Muhstafiz.” - -[Sidenote: +Armament.+] - -The Infantry is armed with three different patterns of rifles at this -moment, but will shortly be armed altogether with a magazine-rifle. -Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are armed with a repeating carbine. -The guns are good cast-steel breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The -mountain batteries have steel guns. - -As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be -compared on the same grounds with his European comrade. As for a -discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of country, -the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however, compensated for -to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike spirit. - -The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour, -unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to -the death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks -with unequalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable -stubbornness in the defence of strong positions, has faded. In vain -does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses, -with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments. With the -exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a -distinctly European cut. The “Nizam” wear a dark-blue coat, usually -wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body, -which take place during their six years’ service, and the “Redif” wear -jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the -Bashi-Bazouks (_i.e._ “lost heads”), a wild body of Irregular troops -who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little amenable to -discipline. These wear bizarre and wild-looking dresses, and are armed -with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war, but is sadly -deficient in good officers and non-commissioned officers. - - * * * * * - -The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised on -the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably only -act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast but a -hasty glance at them. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +GREECE.+] - -_Greece_ has, in consequence of her universal conscription— - - Infantry—27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions of Rifles. - - Cavalry—12 squadrons. - - Artillery—2 Field, and 2 Mountain battalions, and 1 Garrison Artillery - battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64 guns. - -The Army (including Engineers and Train, as well as Gendarmerie) -consists of about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be reinforced in -war-time to 80,000 men. - -[Illustration: Turkish Infantry of the Redif.] - -[Sidenote: +ROUMANIA.+] - -_Roumania_ can bring into the 1st Line 4 Army Corps, well-drilled and -well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp guns), and into the 2nd -Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength consists of— - - Infantry—16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of Rifles and - 65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial Militia)—total, 85 - battalions. - - Cavalry—16 squadrons of Roșiori, (Hussars) and 54 squadrons of - Kalaraschi (a species of Gendarmerie)—total, 70 squadrons. - - Artillery—54 batteries with 312 guns. - -The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men. - -The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80 squadrons -of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of Engineers, and -details; altogether 150,000 men and 448 guns. - -Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of men -corresponding to the German Landsturm. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +SERVIA.+] - -_Servia_ can put into the field 5 Divisions, namely:— - - Field Army—45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries, besides Engineers - and Train—total, 65,000 men and 100 guns. - - Reserve Army—65,000 men, formed similarly to the above. - - Landsturm—60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men. - Total war-strength 130,000 men and 200 guns. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +BULGARIA.+] - -[Illustration: Bashi-Bazouks] - -[Illustration: - - Turkey.—Greece. Servia.—Bulgaria. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Roumania. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -_Bulgaria_, although her constitution is as yet not definitely -settled, is not at all behindhand in the organisation of her Army. -The principality would be able to put into the field an Army of over -30,000 well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000 -Landsturm. - -[Illustration: Montenegro: Soldier.] - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +EASTERN ROUMELIA.+] - -The Army of _Eastern Roumelia_ is a species of Militia, which would in -war-time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing Army numbers only 3,400 -men, and their efficiency is not very great. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +MONTENEGRO.+] - -_Montenegro._ In the western portion of the Balkan Peninsula, between -the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic, though not touching the latter, -lies a wild and craggy mountain land. According to the inhabitants, -“When the Creator was walking over the earth, distributing rocks and -plains, the bag in which the rocks were split, and those which remained -fell on to Montenegro.” - -There can certainly not have been many rocks in the bag, for the land -of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny country -of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild as their -country. They are a small, liberty-loving nation, of great physical -beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day, called the -Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his speech -probably referred less to the Prince himself than to the people whose -merit and determined bravery he so much admired. - -[Illustration: Montenegro: Officer.] - -This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its independence. -Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the people, came to -grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 the inhabitants -of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the Crescent, -and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The Turkish -Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar Pasha, from -exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent against -Herzegovina and her ally. - -Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful -Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that -the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but -the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible -to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed -themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro, -therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against -the advance of the Crescent. - -Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every -able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from -his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for -the Prince, composed of 300 men,[23] of whom 50 are mounted. It is, -however, stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could -be put in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country -against an invader from any quarter. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 22: Numbering 468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry, -252 batteries Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—_Tr._] - -[Footnote 23: “Peganicis.”] - - - - - APPENDIX. - - SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE. - - -We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the Armies of Europe. A -country armed strength does not, however, consist exclusively of her -Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We will, therefore, -glance at the naval forces of the chief of the European States. - -[Sidenote: +ENGLAND.+] - -The first place amongst Naval Powers is undoubtedly still held by -Great Britain as queen of the seas, however much other nations may -try to overhaul her in ships and material. There have certainly been -voices heard lately in Parliament anent the alleged standstill—_i.e._, -backsliding, when the race with foreign nations is taken into -account—in the naval development of England. The late great Naval -Review, however, last August, appeared to disarm all hostile criticism -as to the strength and efficiency of the British Fleet. There were at -that time, off Portsmouth, several square miles of vessels, altogether -112 fighting-ships. Yet this was but a small portion of England Navy, -for the total English Fleet amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as -follows:— - - Turreted and belted men-of-war 37 - Ironclad corvettes and cruisers 80 - Sloops and gun-vessels 40 - Gunboats 102 - Torpedo-boats 120 - Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc. 43 - Despatch-vessels and survey-ships 33 - Transports, sailing-vessels, - and turret-ships 29 - Various, for coast and harbour service 195 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 23 - --- - Total 702 - India 28 - South Africa 2 - Australia 31 - --- - Grand total 763 - --- - -[Sidenote: +FRANCE.+] - -France possesses now— - - Men-of-war 25 - Other ironclads 29 - Cruisers 58 - Gunboats and avisos 82 - Gun-sloops (small) 54 - Torpedo-vessels, etc. 16 - Torpedo-boats 136 - Transports and sailing-ships 72 - Coast and harbour service, etc. 107 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 14 - --- - Total 593 - --- - -Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks. - -[Sidenote: +RUSSIA.+] - -Russia has of late years considerably increased her fleet, spending her -substance chiefly on large ironclads, which appear to be the fashion -nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in the Black Sea. The Russian -Navy should not be, all the same, considered as a very powerful one, -for a great many of her ironclads and torpedo-boats are out of date, -and not up to the requirements of modern naval warfare. - -The Russian fleet numbers altogether— - - Men-of-war 21 - Monitors and cruisers 44 - Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 21 - Torpedo-boats (old and new) 140 - Sailing-vessels, etc. 50 - Transports, etc. 123 - Coast and harbour service 50 - Boat-flotilla 33 - --- - Total 482 - --- - -[Sidenote: +ITALY.+] - -The naval forces of Italy have increased -very rapidly during the last twelve years. -At present they number— - - Men-of-war 19 - Corvettes 19 - Torpedo-vessels and avisos 26 - Gunboats 10 - Torpedo-boats 122 - Transports and survey-ships 19 - Harbour and coast service 92 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 7 - --- - Total 314 - --- - -[Sidenote: +AUSTRIA.+] - -Austria also has considerably increased -her fleet. It now consists of— - - Men-of-war and cruisers 15 - Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 15 - Corvettes, Transports, and avisos 21 - Torpedo-boats 56 - Harbour and coast service 19 - --- - Total 126 - --- - -[Sidenote: +GERMANY.+] - -The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany, “last not least,” of -whose naval organisation we will give a few details. - -The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at -Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17 -post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120 -lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 100 -naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in proportion. - -The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2 -Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven. Besides these, -there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions -of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of Marine -Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical -Department. - -The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army -Reserve and Landwehr. - -The matériel consists of— - - Men-of-war and other ironclads 26 - Cruisers 26 - Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos 18 - Torpedo-boats 93 - Various for harbour service 42 - --- - Total 205 - --- - -The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been -departed from in several details, gained from the experience of other -nations and from the knowledge of German requirements; economy had -also something to do with the matter. The building of huge ironclads -was not persevered in, and more attention was paid to increasing the -torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the coasts and ports. - -Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete -successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea, -still one great object has been gained, _i.e._, the protection of -trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter -into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and -to make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way -which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be -able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the foreign -invasion of her coasts an impossibility. It is difficult to forecast -the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies which the -country has recently founded and is still founding will increase its -task and may lead to the formation of a much larger fleet. - -The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides, -especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will soon -be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. One thing -is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the hoisting -of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the more -peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, are -followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole of -the German Empire. - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, - STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. - - - - - ADVERTISEMENTS - - LAMBERT, - Goldsmiths, Jewellers, and Silversmiths, - TO H.M. THE QUEEN, - H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, - THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH; - THE UNIVERSITIES OF - OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE, - The Royal Artillery, - THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION. - - [Illustration] - - A large Collection of every description of New and Second-hand - Plate always on Sale. - - _Precious Stones, Clocks, Watches, Electro-Plate, &c., &c._ - - PLATE and JEWELS Bought or Exchanged. - - 10, 11, & 12, COVENTRY STREET, LONDON. W - - - - - SODA WATER MACHINERY. - - - BOTTLES, BOXES, - CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS, - - AND ALL THE APPLIANCES FOR THE - - AERATED WATER TRADE. - - Highest Awards at all important Exhibitions since 1851. - - The “NIAGARA” MACHINES - -Are fast superseding all other kinds for the manufacture of first-class -Aerated Waters, and are in use in most of the leading manufactories in -the world. - - A size single, as drawing, capacity 600 - doz. large bot. per day £65 - B size single, as drawing, capacity 1,200 - doz. large bot. per day £70 - C size Double Pumps & Cylinder 2,400 - doz. large bot. per day £125 - D size Double Pumps & Cylinder 4,000 - doz. large bot. per day £180 - E size Double Pumps & Cylinder 7,000 - doz. large bot. per day £250 - - Thousands of Testimonials have been received by us - from users of these Machines. - -[Illustration: _As the result of latest Improvements our Machinery -effects a saving of 50 per cent. in cost of Labour and Material._] - - - - - THE “EXCELSIOR” TURNOVER FILLING MACHINE. - - - This is the most serviceable, reliable, and economical - in the market. - - A boy can syrup and fill 60 to 80 dozen per hour. - -There is no waste of Syrup, Water, or Gas. - -It has the only Syrup Pump where there is no strain upon the -glass barrel, consequently this never breaks. The Pump Leather is -self-tightening, and will wear, and it will last for years without -touching. - -It is the quickest in filling. - -It is the quickest for altering and adjusting Syrup! Both are done with -the thumb and finger. - -It is by far the strongest! - -It is comparatively valveless! - -It is the simplest to work and most lasting! - -It is not liable to go out of order, having but few working parts. - - - _Price, with Glass Barrel Syrup Pump, and all recent Improvements, - including also an extra glass barrel, and set of spanners_, - +£9 9s.+ - -[Illustration] - -Where power is used we recommend the “+Eclipse+” Filling Machine. By -this a boy or girl places two bottles at a time in, and can syrup, -fill, and deliver full-sized bottles at the rate of 120 dozen per hour. -Estimated cost of filling, ¼_d._ per gross of first-class waters. - - - - - THE “NIAGARA” BOTTLE, - Or Improved CODD’S. - - Is admitted to be the most perfect Bottle in - the market. - - - _SEND FOR SAMPLE AND COMPARE._ - - PRICES ON APPLICATION. - -Name on Bottles free, for Orders of 30 Gross. Under that quantity -Moulds are charged 10/- for each size or shape. Extra Rings, 1/6 per -Gross, printed with name of owner 2_d._ per gross extra. - -[Illustration] - - _Illustrated Catalogue_ (A) _Forwarded Free on - Application to_ - - BARNETT & FOSTER, - - “Niagara Works,” 25N, Eagle Wharf Rd., London, N. - - - - - BUY THE - - “London Made” Syphon, - - (TITLE REGISTERED) - - AND SUPPORT BRITISH INDUSTRY. - - It is the strongest, cheapest, handsomest - and best in the world. - - _PURE BLOCK TIN TOPS._ - - PRICE 1s. 6d. EACH. - -[Illustration] - - - Marking on Tops Free. - Marking on Vases Free for orders of 1000. - Nickel Plating Tops From 1½_d._ each. - Silver Plating Tops From 3½_d._ each. - - - - - THORNHILL. - - THORNHILL’S - - IMPROVED - - FULLY FITTED - - SUIT CASES. - - In best Solid Leather, - with Silver Mounted Toilet Fittings, - Ivory Brushes, &c. - - A VARIETY IN STOCK. - - _Full Particulars Post free._ - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: Hunting Appointment Frame, in Red Morocco or Pigskin -with Silver Mounts Price +25s.+ post free.] - -[Illustration: New combined Solid Silver Cigarette Box, Lamp, Match -Stands, and Ash Tray. - -_An assortment or other Patterns in stock._] - - - NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE - OF - Travelling Bags and - Dressing Cases, - _POST FREE._ - -[Illustration: Thornhill New Triple Pencil, for Black, Red and Blue -Lead. (_Registered_). - - With enamelled Bands to indicate which part of the Pencil must be - turned to bring out the corresponding coloured Lead. In Silver - +25s.+, In Gold +73s. 6d.+] - - WEDDING PRESENTS. - - New Illustrated Catalogue - OF - _LATEST NOVELTIES_, - POST FREE. - - THORNHILL & CO., To H.M. THE QUEEN and ROYAL FAMILY. - 144, New Bond Street, London. - - - - - By Royal Appointment. - - GOLD MEDAL AWARDED 1889. - - LITSICA, MARX & CO. - - TURKISH TOBACCO IMPORTERS & CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS. - - 82, STRAND, LONDON. - - -Manufacturers of the “+VASSO+,” “+ROSE+,” “+LADIES+,” “+RUSSIANS+,” -“+KALINIKI+,” and other leading brands of high-class Cigarettes, all of -which are made from the purest and choicest Oriental Tobaccos. - - These brands were specially selected, and were the only ones sold at - the Royal Military Exhibition, Chelsea, 1890. - - _TURKISH TOBACCOS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES._ - -Our new cigarette, “+The KHÂTIBEH+,” is pronounced by those who have -smoked it to be the acme of perfection. The Press say: “For mildness, -sweetness, aroma, and delicacy of taste there is no cigarette to equal -‘+The KHÂTIBEH+’.... It is without doubt the cigarette of the future.” - - Our Cigarettes and Tobaccos are to be obtained from all respectable - Tobacconists. - - SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND MESSES. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. - Telegraphic Address, “LITSICA, LONDON.” - - - - - WM. CLOWES & SONS’ LIST. - - THE WATERLOO ROLL CALL, - - WITH NOTES AND PORTRAITS. BY CHARLES DALTON, F.R.G.S. - - Author of “Life and Times of Gen. Sir Edward Cecil,” &c. - - Price, 2s. 6d. paper covers, or in cloth, boards, 3s. 6d. - - - +Fixed Bayonets+: A Complete System of Fence for the British Magazine - Rifle, both in offence and defence; comprising also a Glossary of - English, French, and Italian terms common to the art of fencing, - with a bibliographical list of works affecting the bayonet. By - ALFRED HUTTON, late Captain King Dragoon Guards. Illustrated by J. - E. BREUN. 8vo., cloth, price 10_s._ 6_d._ - - BY SAME AUTHOR. - - +Cold Steel+: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre. Based on the Old - English Backsword Play of the Eighteenth Century combined with the - method of the Modern Italian School; also on various other Weapons - of the Present Day, including the Short Sword-Bayonet and the - Constable’s Truncheon. Illustrated with numerous Figures. 8vo., - cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ - - New Edition, Entirely Revised and Enlarged. - - +London Water Supply.+ Including a History and Description of the - London Waterworks, Statistical Tables, and Maps. By the late - Colonel Sir FRANCIS BOLTON, C.E. With a Short Exposition of the Law - Relating to Water Companies generally, and an Alphabetical Digest - of the leading Decisions of the Courts; the Statutes; and a copious - Index. By PHILIP A. SCRATCHLEY, M.A. Demy 8vo., cloth, 14_s._ - - +Fires and Fire Brigades.+ By Captain EYRE SHAW, C.B., London Fire - Brigade. With Frontispiece by GUSTAVE DORÉ and other Illustrations. - Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Cloth boards, price 2_s._ - 6_d._ - - +Exercises for Light Dumb-bells.+ Arranged for Schools and Athletic - Clubs, by RICHARD PLUNKETT, Sergeant-Instructor of Fencing and - Gymnastics, Royal Scots Greys. Third Edition. Price 6_d._ Post - free 6½_d._, cloth 9_d._ - - +Physical Drill+, with and without Arms, and the NEW BAYONET EXERCISE, - with Illustrations. By Lieut-Colonel G. M. FOX, late First - Battalion “The Black Watch.” Eighth Edition. Cloth, price 1_s._ - - +Guide to Stretcher and Bearer Company Drill.+ Containing Key to the - New Medical Staff Corps Drill, 1889. Consisting of Duties in the - Field, Stretcher Drill, Waggon Drill, Litter and Cacolet Drill, - Hand-seats, the Triangular Bandage, &c., &c. Illustrated by - Staff-Sergeant W. N. WATERSON. Cloth, price 2_s._ - - +Accidental Injuries+: their Relief and Immediate Treatment. Including - the Stretcher Exercises in Use by the St. John Ambulance - Association. Illustrated with upwards of 70 Woodcuts. By JAMES - CANTLIE, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to Charing Cross - Hospital. Twelfth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price 1_s._ 6_d._; - cloth, 2_s._ - - - CONVENIENT MANUALS BY CAPTAIN W. D. MALTON. - - Limp cloth, uniform with INFANTRY DRILL, 1889. - - +A Key to Infantry Drill: 1889.+ Inscribed, by permission, to General - Viscount WOLESLEY, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Post free, 1_s._ 6_d._ - - +Skirmishing, Attack, and Defence+: as laid down in Infantry Drill, - 1889. With Words of Command. Post free, 1_s._ - - +A Manual for Majors and Adjutants+ in Drill and Manœuvre. With - Appendix on Miscellaneous Subjects. With Plates, post free, 1_s._ - - +Brigade Drill and Attack Formations.+ With Plates, post free, 2_s._ - - +Duties of Markers+ in Company, Battalion, and Brigade Drill. Price - 6_d._; post free, 6½_d._ - - +Sinnott’s Catechism on Infantry Drill+: adapted to the present - Regulations. With the addition of Questions on MANŒUVRE and - Miscellaneous Subjects. _Thirtieth Edition_, 1889. Cloth, fcap. - 8vo., post free 3_s._ - - - CAPT. CHAS. SLACK’S WORKS - - +Handbook of Company Drill.+ Also of Skirmishing, Attack, Advancing by - Rushes, Advance and Rear Guards; Guard and Sentry Duties, Infantry - Sword Exercises, &c. Illustrated by 50 Plates, which show every - movement in Company Drill. Thirty-second Edition. Post free, 1_s._ - - (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 1_s._ 6_d._) - - +Handbook of Battalion Drill.+ Skirmishing, Battalion Attack, - Inspections, Encampments, Field Firing and Army Signalling. Sixty - Plates. Eighteenth Edition. Post free, 2_s._ - - (Bound with “Handbook of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 2_s._ 6_d._) - - +Handbook of Brigade Drill+. Inspections, Reviews, and Attack - Formations. Thirty Plates with Formation of Grand Divisions for - Marching Past. Map of Aldershot. Post free, 2_s._ - - (Bound with “Handbook of Company and Battalion Drill,” in one - vol., 4_s._) - - +Catechism of Company Drill+, Squad Drill, Musketry Instruction, - Regimental Duties, Cipher Messages, Officer Field Kit, &c. Syllabus - for Examination of Lieutenants in the Army, Militia, and - Volunteers. Twentieth Edition. Post free, 1_s._ - - +Catechism of Battalion Drill+, Brigade Drill, Reviews, Outposts, - Queen Regulations, Military Law, Tactics, &c. Syllabus for Captains - and Majors. Ninth Edition. Post free, 2_s._ 6_d._ - - (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 3_s._) - - +Handbook of Infantry Drill.+ Handbooks and Catechisms. One vol., - 6_s._ 6_d._ - - List of Military Books Post Free on application. - - - LONDON: WM. CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross. S.W. - - - - - EGIDIO VITALI - - [Illustration] - - Importer and Shipper of - - The Wines of Italy. - - VITALI’S - ITALIAN WINES. - - _DEPÔT: 5 & 6, GREAT WINCHESTER ST., E.C._ - - - - - EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, - - Government and General Publishers, - - _And AGENTS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT_, - - EAST HARDING STREET, LONDON, E.C. - - Demy 8vo., cloth, 15_s._ - - +SOUDAN CAMPAIGN, HISTORY of the.+ By Col. H. E. COLVILLE, C.B., - Grenadier Guards. Compiled in the Intelligence Division of the War - Office. In two parts, with case of Maps. Part I. contains the - Events leading up to the Nile Expedition, and its History to the - Departure of the Desert Column from Korti. Part II., from the - Departure of the Desert Column to the conclusion of the Campaign. - - “Whatever may be thought of general history, there is no doubt that - military history is written with a definite object. The soldier - studies a past campaign in order the better to be able to conduct a - future one.... For the soldier Colonel Colville’s book is a mine of - valuable information. Its military lessons are summoned up in one - word—transport. From Cairo to Khartoum is 1000 miles in a straight - line, and 1400 miles by the Nile. The country affords no supplies. The - problem, therefore, was to move a small army to within a practicable - distance of Khartoum in such a way that it may be fed during its - advance, and when at its destination may still have stores to last for - some time. The official history shows how this problem was solved, and - how infinitely difficult it was. The British army never came out more - brilliantly from any trial than from this contest with the - wilderness.”—_Manchester Guardian._ - - Crown 8vo., cloth, 8_s._ - - +MANUAL FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ By W. E. RIORDAN, Surgeon-Major, - Medical Staff. - - “Although it is primarily no doubt intended for medical officers, yet - it embraces such a range of important information as must render it of - use to every branch of the service, and even to civilians who want a - book of the kind for handy reference. While he takes the official War - Office regulations and manuals to build upon, and freely lays under - tribute the regulations of every branch of the service, yet the result - is no mere dry compilation of Army Acts and Orders, but a book full of - original and collected matter of a most useful and interesting - character.... The modern army medical officer has no longer, like his - predecessor, to grope about for want of definite instructions; with - his new medical regulations in one pocket, and this volume in the - other, he can safely take up any duty. We heartily congratulate - Surgeon-Major Riordan on his really admirable book; and as his best - reward may he find it, where it deserves to be, in the hands of every - medical officer, whether of the regular or the auxiliary forces.”—_The - British Medical Journal._ - - “This useful volume is in the nature of a supplement to the War Office - Regulations upon which it is based. It fills in the details which they - necessarily lack, and elucidates and explains them; and it is, - moreover, a comprehensive handbook to all matters which affect the - physical well-being of the soldier.”—_Army and Navy Gazette._ - - +INFANTRY DRILL, 1889+ (corrected to JULY, 1890). 12mo. Forty-seven - Plates, 1_s._; by post, 1_s._ 2_d._ - - +FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.+ Drawings of the Flags in use at the present - time by various Nations. Issued by the Admiralty. £2 10_s._ - - +RUSSIAN ARMY IN ASIA, HANDBOOK of the.+ Prepared in the Intelligence - Division of the War Office. By Major J. WOLFE MURRAY. 6_d._; by - post, 7_d._ - - +NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, A TEXT-BOOK of.+ For the use of Officers of the - Royal Navy. By J. J. WELCH, R. N. College, Greenwich. 4_s._ - - +REGULATIONS FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ PART I., 2_s._ 6_d._ Part II. - Manual for the Medical Staff Corps. (Reprinted from the Edition of - 1889, with alterations subsequently made by Army Order 99 of - 1890.) 1_s._ 6_d._ - - +NAVAL AND MILITARY DEPARTMENTS.+ Preliminary and further Reports of - the Royal Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Civil and - Professional Administrations of the Naval and Military - Departments, and the Relation of those Departments to each other - and to the Treasury, with Appendix. 1_s._ 3_d._ - - +ARMY LISTS+ (Monthly and Quarterly), Army Circulars and Orders, - Infantry Drill, Musketry Instruction, Gunnery Text Book, Queen - Regulations, Historical Records of various Regiments, Rifle - Exercises, War Game, and all Official Military Books. - - +ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.+ Parliamentary Papers, Bills _under discussion_ - in both Houses of Parliament, and all Government Publications, - except Maps, Patent Specifications, Mercantile Marine Forms, and - Hydrographical Notices, or any information relating thereto. - - _DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS opened for Large or Small Sums, and Books and Papers - of any Series sent on day of issue._ - - - - - “+FIGITUR IN JUSSO NOSTRA SAGITTA LOCO.+”—_Ovid._ - -[Illustration] - - The - Broad - Arrow - and - Naval & Military Gazette. - - _EVERY SATURDAY._ Established 1833. _PRICE SIXPENCE._ - - -+The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ has by far the largest -circulation of all the Military Papers. This results from the -reputation it has acquired for early and exclusive intelligence, from -the high character of its articles, the independent course of its staff -of writers, and from its earnest support of all measures for the good -of the Services. Articles on specially interesting subjects appear -from week to week written for the most part by officers of rank and -experience, or by men of note in literature who have made the Naval and -Military affairs of the country their special study. - -The ordinary weekly issue of +The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military -Gazette+ contains fully one-fourth more matter than the other Service -Journals, even with their frequent supplements. - -+The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ circulates largely -throughout India and the Colonies. It is supplied direct to the Army -and Marine bureaux of the French, Russian, and other Governments, and -it is read extensively by Officers of Foreign Services, especially of -the German, French, and American Armies, who desire to acquire a true -impression of facts and public opinion in England regarding Military -affairs. - - - Offices:—No. 6 LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C. - - - - - Crown 8vo. cloth, with Illustrations, 5_s._ - - WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, - - FIRST SERIES. - - BY ERNEST SPON. - - SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. - -Bookbinding—Bronzes and Bronzing—Candles—Cement—Cleaning— -Colour-washing—Concretes—Dipping Acids—Drawing Office Details— -Drying Oils—Dynamite—Electro-Metallurgy—Enamels—Engraving on Wood, -Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone—Etching and Aqua Tint—Firework -Making—Fluxes—Foundry Mixtures—Freezing—Fulminates—Furniture Creams, -Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes—Gilding—Glass Cutting, Cleansing, -Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting—Glass -Making—Glues—Gold—Graining—Gums—Gun Cotton—Gunpowder—Horn Working— -Indiarubber—Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes—Lacquers—Lathing— -Lubricants—Marble Working—Matches—Mortars—Nitro-Glycerine—Oils—Paper— -Paper Hanging—Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, -House, Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting—Photography—Plastering— -Polishes—Scouring—Silvering—Soap—Solders—Tanning—Taxidermy—Tempering -Metals—Treating Horn, Mother-o’-Pearl, and like substances—Varnishes, -Manufacture and Use of—Veneering—Washing—Waterproofing—Welding. - -Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and -processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, -Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, -Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others -too numerous to mention. - - - - - In Demy 8vo. cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._ - - SPONS’ - - MECHANICS’ OWN BOOK; - - A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS. - - PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. - -Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding—Forging and Finishing -Iron—Sheetmetal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and Burning—Carpentry -and Joinery—Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, Rough -Furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building—Cabinet-Making -and Veneering—Carving and Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining, -and Marbling—Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding— -Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical Movements— -Turning in Wood and Metals—Masonry—Roofing—Glazing—Plastering— -Whitewashing—Paperhanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging, Ordinary, -and Electric Systems, &c. &c. - - London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. - - - - - Mr. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E. - - _WITH A TEACHING STAFF OF TWENTY-THREE INSTRUCTORS_, - - PREPARES CANDIDATES FOR ALL ARMY EXAMINATIONS. - - SANDHURST, WOOLWICH, AND DIRECT COMMISSIONS. - -+402+ Candidates have +passed+ the competitive Examinations direct -from +Mr. Wolffram Establishment+ into the +Royal Military College, -Sandhurst+, and the +Royal Military Academy, Woolwich+, and for +Direct -Commissions+. This sum total has +never been equalled+ by any tutor in -or out of London. - - - MILITIA MILITARY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS. - -+257+ Militia Officers have passed from Mr. Wolffram -Establishment, and during the last three years the first place has been -taken three times:— - - 1888 {1st place Lieut. A. Martyn 1760 marks. - 1889 {1st place Lieut. C. H. Turner 1929 marks. - 1890 {1st place Lieut. S. Fitzgerald Cox 2034 marks. - -The Militia Military Competitive Classes are under the direction -of Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Needham, R.M.A., P.S.C., late Professor of -Fortification and Instructor of Tactics and Military Topography at the -R.N. College, Greenwich, and formerly Garrison Instructor. - - - PRELIMINARY ARMY EXAMINATION. - -In addition to the above numbers, +364+ Candidates have passed the -Preliminary Army Examinations in all subjects. - -+BIENNIAL TOTALS from 1872 to 1889 of SUCCESSFUL ARMY CANDIDATES+, -Who have passed from Mr. Wolffram for Woolwich, Sandhurst, Direct -Commissions, and Commissions through the Militia:— - - 1872 and 1873 Eight 8 - 1874 ” 1875 Thirty-eight 38 - 1876 ” 1877 Fifty-six 56 - 1878 ” 1879 Sixty-seven 67 - 1880 ” 1881 Sixty-two 62 - 1882 ” 1883 Eighty-one 81 - 1884 ” 1885 One hundred and seven 107 - 1886 ” 1887 One hundred and twenty-one 121 - 1888 ” 1889 One hundred and twenty-two 122 - ---- - Total Six hundred and sixty-two 662 - -N.B.—The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr. -Wolffram Establishment up to the date of the Examination in question. - - - NOTICE. - -In compliance with the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will -open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident Students only, a -Branch Establishment of Classes for the Militia Military Competitive -Examinations. - - _All applications to be addressed to_ - +H. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.+ - - - - - ARMY SCRIPTURE READERS’ - - AND - - SOLDIERS’ FRIEND SOCIETY. - - 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C. - - Patron—REV. DR. EDGHILL. - - President—GENERAL SIR A. J. LAWRENCE, K.C.B. - - SOLE OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY— - - TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST AMONG OUR SOLDIERS. - - -The Committee make an EARNEST APPEAL FOR FUNDS to all who have the -religious and moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who would -wish to see the hands of the Military Chaplains strengthened by the -assistance of a body of men of the Soldiers’ own station in life, who, -without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different -classes of Society, may commend to them the love of Christ, read to -them the Word of Life, and strive to lead them from the deceitful -pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor -take away. - -There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the Society at home -and abroad. - -Contributions in aid of the Society will be thankfully received by -the Treasurer, G. M. HOLT, Esq., 17, Whitehall Place; and at -the National Provincial Bank of England, Piccadilly, W.; and by the -Secretary, Rev. WILLIAM A. BLAKE, at the Offices, 4, Trafalgar -Square, Charing Cross, W.C. - - - - - CARRIAGES. - - HOOPER & CO.. - - 107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. - - ESTABLISHED 1807. - - By Appointment to - - HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. - - His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor. - Her Majesty the Queen Regent of the Netherlands. - His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G. - - COACHBUILDERS TO - - His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, K.G. - Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise. - Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife. - Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G. - - Also to the Embassies of GERMANY, RUSSIA, ITALY, and SPAIN. - -[Illustration] - - -CARRIAGES OF BEST QUALITY ONLY. HIGHEST WORKMANSHIP. FINEST MATERIALS. - EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS. - -+LANDAUS+, with own patent self acting balanced heads, light, strong, -compact, and durable. For one horse or for a pair of horses. - -+BROUGHAMS+, on elliptic springs, for one horse. Rubber tyres, and all -latest improvements. - -+VICTORIAS+, on elliptic springs, light, for one horse. On C and under -springs with perch, large, high, and stylish, for a pair of horses. - -+MAIL PHAETONS+, on perch and mail springs, mail axles. On elliptic -springs, for smaller horses. The most stylish carriage for gentlemen’s -own driving. - -+CHAR-A-BANCS+ for a pair or a team, our speciality, in various sizes, -a unique carriage for the country. - -+SOCIABLES+, as built by Hooper & Co., for Royalty and the Nobility. - -+OMNIBUSES+ for private use, compact and comfortable. - -+REPAIRS+ at moderate prices; estimates free. - -+CARRIAGES+ of all kinds, new, and slightly used, to let on hire with -option of purchase. - - - - - OPENED TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CIVIL SERVICE STORES. - - - CHA^{S}. BAKER & C^{O}.. - STORES, LIMITED. - - _The Cash Sales at these Stores now exceed a Quarter of a Million - Sterling per annum._ - - ALL GOODS 25 PER CENT. UNDER USUAL LONDON PRICES. - -CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, WITH EASY SELF-MEASUREMENT - FORMS, POST-FREE. - - All Goods Carriage Paid to any part of the - United Kingdom. - - -+GENTLEMEN’S SUPERIOR CLOTHING+, - -TO ORDER OR READY FOR IMMEDIATE WEAR. - -UNIFORMS. LIVERIES. - - -+BOYS’ & YOUTHS’ CLOTHING+, - - OVERCOATS, WATERPROOFS, HOSIERY, SHIRTS, - HATS, BOOTS, etc., AND COMPLETE SCHOOL OUTFITS. - - -[Illustration: ETON JACKETS AND VESTS. - -In super Black and Diagonal Cloths, ready for immediate wear, -thoroughly well cut and made. For Boys from 9 years of age. - - Quality 1 17/9 to 25/9 - ” 2 22/6 to 31/6 - ” 3 27/6 to 41/6 - Trousers, 8/11, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11] - -[Illustration: BOYS’ NORFOLK SUITS. - -A Two-garment Suit for School and general wear; for Boys from 7 to 11 -years of age. - -In durable Tweeds and Cheviots. 8/11, 12/11 - -In Scotch Cheviots, &c. 14/11, 19/11] - -[Illustration: GIRLS’ TAILOR-MADE REEFERS. - -In Serges— 8/11, 12/9, 14/12 - -In Nap— 8/12, 11/9, 14/11, 19/11 - -SAILOR COSTUMES. - -8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 14/11] - -[Illustration: BOYS’ ROYAL NAVY SUITS. - -This favourite Suit, consisting of Blue Serge Blouse (with Badge on -arm) and Knickerbockers, Singlet, Lanyard and Whistle complete. - -4/11, 6/11, 8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 16/11, 19/11. - -In Tweeds, 4/11, 5/11, 6/11, 9/11, 11/9, 18/9. - -In Fine Worsted Cloths, 19/11] - -[Illustration: YOUTHS’ CAMBRIDGE SUITS.] - -This style of Suit is kept in a very large variety of materials; -thoroughly well made and cut. - -In Tweeds, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11, 18/11, 19/11, 22/6. - -In Real West of England Cloths, Scotch Cheviots, &c. 27/6, 33/9, 37/6, -41/6, 45/6. - -In Black Diagonals, 18/11 to 41/6. - - -+BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS+ are open at each of CHAS. BAKER & -CO.’S DEPOTS. Purchasers are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of -+REAL WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS, -TROUSERINGS+, etc, showing in these Departments. - -_PATTERNS POST-FREE._ CHEQUES, POSTAL ORDERS, etc., to be crossed -“BARCLAY, BEVAN, TRITTON & CO.” - - HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED, - A GOOD STYLE AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED. - - - CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S STORES, LIMITED, - -+HEAD DEPOT & LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 & 272, HIGH HOLBORN+ (City side -of the Inns of Court Hotel.) - -+City Branch: 82, FLEET S^{T}.+ (Close to Ludgate Circus) +West End -Branch: 192 & 194, OXFORD S^{T}.+ (A few doors from Peter Robinson.) - -+TOTTENHAM CT. RD.: 137, 138, 139 & 140, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD+ (The -extensive premises at the corner of Euston Road.) - -+EXPORT DEPT.+ -CHAS. BAKER & CO., Limited, forward consignments of their goods to any -part of the World on receipt of order and remittance. Price Lists, -Patterns, and Easy Self-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the -Globe. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - -A small number of obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - -The spelling and punctuation of the source book have not been changed -even though some of the punctuation would not be accepted today; for -example, the plural of NCO (non-commissioned officer) is printed as -N. C. 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