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diff --git a/old/61365-0.txt b/old/61365-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a565da6..0000000 --- a/old/61365-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5937 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Armies of Europe, by Fedor von Köppen, -Translated by Lord Edward Gleichen, Illustrated by Richard Knötel - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Armies of Europe - - -Author: Fedor von Köppen - - - -Release Date: February 10, 2020 [eBook #61365] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE*** - - -E-text prepared by Brian Coe, David Tipple, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the large number of original - illustrations, many of which are in color. - See 61365-h.htm or 61365-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h/61365-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836 - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Underscores are used to enclose text in italics; the three - words that end this sentence _are in italics_. - - Plus signs are used to enclose text in bold face; the four - words that end this sentence +are in bold face+. - - The symbols ^{} are used to represent a superscript; for - example “3 squared” would be printed as “3^{2}”. - - There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by characters - such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to - numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the - chapter that contains its marker. - - - - - -[Illustration: England. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - -THE ARMIES OF EUROPE - -Illustrated. - -Translated and Revised by Count Gleichen, -Grenadier Guards, - -From the German of FEDOR VON KÖPPEN. - -Illustrated by Richard Knötel. - - - - - - -London: -William Clowes & Sons, Limited, -13, Charing Cross, S.W. -1890. - -London: -Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, -Stamford Street and Charing Cross. - - - - - CONTENTS - - PAGE - - CONTENTS iii - - PREFACE v - - TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE vii - - ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 1 - - THE GERMAN ARMY 20 - - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 36 - - ITALY 42 - - FRANCE 46 - - RUSSIA 53 - - DENMARK 59 - - SWEDEN AND NORWAY 61 - - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 64 - - SWITZERLAND 67 - - HOLLAND AND BELGIUM 69 - - TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA 73 - - APPENDIX (NAVIES) 79 - - - - - PREFACE. - - “Si vis pacem, para bellum!” - - -“Let him who is desirous of peace prepare himself for war.” Thus runs -the proverb which sums up the experiences and history of the most -powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in the old Roman days, -how much more applicable is it to the present time, when war-clouds are -darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in ruin and devastation on -all nations who have not heeded the warning! There are, however, few -who have not heeded it, and the governments of all nations have been -for some time, and are still, reorganising their Armies and bringing -them to a high state of efficiency in accordance with the experience -taught them by the great wars of the last thirty years. - -It is therefore necessary for all who take an interest in military -matters, or in foreign politics, to become acquainted with the strength -and organisation of the armed forces of the different European Powers, -for it is only by a study of these Armies that we get to know the -relative value of our own. - - - - - TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. - - -The matter contained in the following pages has been corrected up -to date. The _Corrigenda_ at the end of Germany, France, Italy, and -Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken place during the -progress of this work through the press. - -A few words of the original text, such as “Landwehr” and “Ersatz,” have -been retained in the translation, although applied to other than German -countries. For their meaning, _v._ “The German Army,” p. 21, etc. There -are no corresponding English words. - - G. - _November_, 1890. - - - - -[Illustration: England. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.[1] - - -The British Army is constructed on a purely original system. It is like -no other army in the world, and for this very good reason, that there -is no empire in the world like the British Empire. - -[Sidenote: +The British Empire.+] - -Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute the Empire. India, -Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other colonies in every -quarter of the globe, all help to build it up, and for its defence we -must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it. Let us see what we -have got. - -The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of -a decent size, it is not by any means too large—in fact, some people -say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question -which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and -with which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine -ourselves to contemplating its actual size. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Imperial Army.+] - -The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of square miles, and over -326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we have an Army which -numbers roughly as follows:— - - Regular Forces 202,000 - 1st and 2nd Class Reserves 57,000 - Militia and Militia Reserve 134,000 - Yeomanry 11,000 - Volunteers 224,000 - Colonial Forces 84,000 - Indian Native Army 152,000 - -altogether, 864,000 men at the outside. This apparently large number, -however, includes every single able-bodied man, British or Native, -who has been trained to bear arms: the Regular Army forms not quite -a quarter of it. Taken altogether, this gives an average of about 1 -combatant to 350 non-combatants—not a large proportion. Germany’s -proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large proportion, it is true, but -then she is threatened by powerful enemies on her eastern and western -frontiers, whereas we are an island, and look to our Navy as the first -line of defence. This being so, we can do with a moderately small Army, -and need not (yet) have recourse to the system of all other European -countries—namely, universal conscription. - -It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the -principle which underlies the military systems of all countries, -whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle -is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time, -with a large reserve of trained men ready to be called out in case -of war. In our case, the small number under arms in peace-time is -represented by the Active Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,[2] -and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the -Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers. - -Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would be -as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the -British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history. - -[Illustration: Mounted Infantry. - -(Tropical Field Kit.)] - -[Sidenote: +Recruitment.+] - -The system of recruitment throughout the Army is that of voluntary -enlistment. As mentioned above, we are the _only_ country in Europe -whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The subjects of all other European -countries are liable to be enrolled in the army whether they like it -or not, and, as a rule, they do not like it. This voluntary enlistment -is a great advantage for us in one way, in that only those need be -soldiers who want to be; but, on the other hand, the strength of our -Army is chiefly dependent on the number of men who happen to fancy -soldiering, and this is hardly a matter for congratulation. Up till -now, the system has sufficed: let us hope we shall never have to change -it. - -It is not generally known that there exists an Act[3] which has to be -suspended annually by Parliament (or else it would now be in force), -by which the Crown is empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may -be necessary for the Army. In other words, the country _is_ liable -to conscription, as far as may be determined by the Crown’s advisers. -This Act has, however, not been enforced since 1815. N.B.—This mode -of raising troops must not be confounded with the “Embodiment of the -Militia,” of which more hereafter. - -[Illustration: Cavalry. - -(Tropical Field Kit.)] - -Recruiting is carried out by paid recruiters (non-commissioned -officers) in the different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant -used to clinch the bargain with the would-be recruit by presenting him -with a shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The “Queen’s -Shilling” has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to -get drunk at his own expense. - -After going through certain formalities and answering certain questions -before a magistrate, the recruit signs his “attestation-paper,” and is -then considered as enlisted. - -[Illustration: Officers of Highland Light Infantry and Argyll and -Sutherland Highlanders.] - -The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours and -five years thereafter in the Reserve. There are a few exceptions to -this; men joining the Household Cavalry, Colonial Corps,[4] and one -or two other smaller branches of the Service, enlist for twelve years -with the colours; men for the Royal Engineers or Foot Guards have the -alternative of the usual term, or three years with the colours and nine -years in the Reserve; whilst the Army Service Corps and Medical Staff -Corps men and a few others serve for only three years with the colours -and a varying term of years in the Reserve. - -[Illustration: Officer, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers.] - -Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical -equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least 5 ft. 4 in. high, and -must have a minimum chest-measurement of 33 inches.[5] - -Re-engagements up to seven or twelve years with the colours are -permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases. - -[Sidenote: +Sketch of the History of Our Army.+] - -At a very early period of English history every able-bodied man was -bound to take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was, -however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed -was called the General Levy. - -During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, _i.e._, the -retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to -attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their -turn were bound to attend the king when _he_ went to fight abroad, -and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This -army, _i.e._, the knights and their followers, was called the Feudal -Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the General -Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown. They were -trained and exercised in the profession of arms, and received the name -of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar force, -was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary, hire -additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were paid -by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.’s reign, upset the -general military system, and for some time there was no National Army. - -On the Restoration, in 1660, considerable changes and improvements -took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the -Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing Army. - -It may be news to some people that the “raising or keeping a standing -army within the kingdom in time of peace is against law,” but such is -the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its consent to -a standing army; otherwise the Army would cease to exist. - -Since Charles II.’s time, the Standing Army has gradually been -increasing and improving. Voluntary enlistment dates from his reign, -but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men, -for we find in the last century that debtors and criminals were obliged -to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to strength. The -pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then -that some, nay, a great many, ill-educated people have been taught, -by means of traditions handed down from their great-grandfathers, to -look upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold -extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They -need be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations -enlist. The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn -chiefly from the labouring and _not_ from the criminal classes (as some -people seem to imagine). The proportion of educated recruits is rapidly -increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military -crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years -ago, and is still decreasing. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Active Army is divided into— - - 1. The Regular Army; - 2. The Native Indian Army; and - 3. The Colonial Forces. - -1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and -Infantry; besides these are the non-combatant branches, consisting of -the Army Service Corps, the Ordnance Store Corps, the Medical Staff -Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary Departments, and a -few more. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, including— - - 2 Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry). - 1 Regiment of Royal Horse Guards (Blues) (Household Cavalry). - 7 Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st to 7th). - 3 Regiments of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th). - 5 Regiments of Lancers (5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 17th). - 13 Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, - 13th to 15th, and 18th to 21st inclusive). - -The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of -nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses -are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm; thus -their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as -good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen, -and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The -consequence is that when our men find themselves in a predicament not -provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in -good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good -account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties. -The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according -to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd -Dragoons, are heavy, and are never quartered abroad, the Hussars are -light, and all the rest are medium Cavalry. - -The Life Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th -Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue, tunics. - -The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses, -and these they would probably leave behind on active service. They, the -Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear -bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with plumes varying in colour -according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap, -with the scarlet[6] “plastron” in front of their tunics. The Hussars -wear the busby, with busby-bag and plume of different colours according -to the regiment; and they have also six rows of yellow braid across the -front of the tunic. All the Cavalry wear dark blue pantaloons[7] or -overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household Cavalry -has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full dress. -The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over the -right ear. - -Their arms are sword and carbine throughout; the Lancer regiments in -addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white -pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a -bore of ·450 in.; it is sighted up to 1,000 yds., and is a first-rate -little weapon. - -The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron (2 troops) in the field is:— - - 6 officers, - 16 non-commissioned officers, and - 122 rank and file, of whom 26 are dismounted, and - 144 horses, including draught-horses. - -A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:— - - 1 lieutenant-colonel, - 3 majors, - 6 captains, - 16 subalterns, and 6 other officers, including adjutant, - quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 “vets.” - 75 N. C. O.’s, - 666 rank and file, and - 614 horses. - -A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114 -officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses. - -A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2 batteries Horse -Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details altogether 325 -officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Artillery forms one “Royal Regiment,” consisting of:— - - 20 Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery, - 80 ” ” Field Artillery, - 10 Mountain Batteries, and - 96 Garrison Batteries, - -with several depôts and 3 depôt batteries for their maintenance and -supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into groups of 2 or 3 -batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called Brigade Divisions, each -under a lieutenant-colonel. - -A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3 -subalterns, 21 N. C. O.’s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193 -horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons. - -A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52 -horses less. - -The guns in use are at present of four different patterns:— - - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - | Weight of | Calibre. | Sighted | Are Armed with it. - | Shell. | | up to. | - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - _a_ | 12 lbs. | 3 in. | 5,000 yds. | { 14 R. H. A. and 29 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - _b_ | 13 ” | 3 in. | 4,800 ” | { 1 R. H. A. and 12 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - _c_ | 16 ” | 3·6 in. | 4,000 ” | 2 F. A. batteries. - _d_ | 9 ” | 3 in. | 3,500 ” | { 5 R. H. A. and 37 - | | | | { F. A. batteries. - ----+-----------+----------+------------+--------------------- - -Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader; the others -are muzzle-loaders. - -The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A. -batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field -Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun, -and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to -a team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new -10-pounder B.-L. gun. - -2 guns and wagons together are called a Section; 1 gun and wagon, a -Sub-division. - -A Garrison Battery is variously constituted, according to its locality. -The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and sizes in the -different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule, have no guns -of their own. - -Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege-train batteries, quartered in -the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering purposes, -and 4 more are “Heavy” batteries, quartered in India, the guns of -which are drawn by elephants and the wagons by bullocks. - -[Illustration: Sergeant-Drummer, Coldstream Guards.] - -The Garrison Artillery is grouped in 3 divisions: the Eastern (29 -batteries), Southern (42), and Western (25). Although these divisions -are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass -in Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every -quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not -necessarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones. - -The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2½-inch 7-pounder jointed guns, -each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One -battery is in England (Newport), one in South Africa, and the rest in -India. - -The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is -composed of Maltese officers and men. - -Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like -jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet busby-bag; the -remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and -black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are -armed with Martini-Henry carbines, and either sword or sword-bayonet, -according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round, -brimless one, with a band of orange braid. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The corps of Royal Engineers is divided into a number of battalions, -depôts, and other units, which are given below as far as possible. As -will be seen, their duties, and especially those of the officers, are -extremely various. - -[Illustration: Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards (Carbineers).] - -The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes apart -from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400) -serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops; others -are employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public -works, Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, military telegraphy and -railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other duties -too numerous to mention. In fact, the Engineers form the Scientific -Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at -Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men, -skilled mechanics and trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That -their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been -shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are -numerous. - -Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of -independent companies, split up and quartered throughout the Empire. -Now they have been collated together and formed into different -battalions and other units, according to their work. - -The Corps is now composed as follows:— - -(a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each troop -numbering 5 officers, 28 N. C. O.’s, and 183 men, with 20 pontoon- and -8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the material for 120 -yards of pontoon-bridge. - -(b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however -still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in -widely divergent localities, according to requirements. - -The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23 -independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 12, 26, 37, and 38. - -A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N. C. O.’s, 184 sappers, -etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles. - -A proportion of the company, from one-fifth to one-third, is mounted. - -These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging, -sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active service. - -(c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2 divisions (in war, of 4 sections), the -whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N. C. O.’s, 224 men, 171 horses, and -22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field telegraphs, -and making themselves generally useful in their branch of science -wherever they may happen to be. - -(d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one depôt and 11 -service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, -39, and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Their strength varies -according to the locality in which they are employed. - -(e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all -ranks, employed in defensive works on the sea-coast. - -(f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14, 16, and 19), 330 men in all, -engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys. - -(g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, -9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are employed -in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they would -design and execute siege-batteries, parallels, and all work connected -with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In peace-time they -number altogether about 1600 men. - -(h.) 8 Depôt Companies, which are employed in the training and drilling -of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number 820 men. - -(i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and 10), which number 140 men -together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway -lines on service. - -(k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a -great variety of duties too numerous to mention. - -420 more men are distributed in different parts of the world and in -military schools of different sorts. - -The grand total of Royal Engineers in peace-time is therefore about -7,300 men. - -Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped very similarly -to the Infantry of the Line (q. v.). They may, however, be readily -distinguished by the broad red stripe on their trousers, and by the -Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage-caps of the rank-and-file -are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no brim, worn on the -top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pouch belt instead of a -sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with yellow edging. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The British Infantry is composed of— - - The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments). - 69 Regiments of Infantry of the Line. - 1 West India Regiment. - -Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: “It is the best -infantry in the world; luckily, there is not much of it.” It has -certainly not deteriorated since his day; but, unfortunately, it is not -much more numerous now than it was then. - -Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English -Guardsman: “Are your men as fine a lot as they were in ’54?” and on -receiving an answer in the affirmative, said: “I am sorry for it, if we -ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the -Crimea.” And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in 1885: “No one -but English soldiers could have done what they did.” - -Such remarks speak for themselves. - -The Brigade of Guards consists of three regiments— - - The Grenadier Guards, of which there are 3 battalions. - The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions. - The Scots Guards, of which there are 2 battalions. - -These three regiments form the Sovereign’s Body-Guard, and do not -usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882 -and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of -which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that -every rule has its exceptions. - -At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the other -two in Windsor and Dublin respectively. - -The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the Line -chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head-gear, the latter -being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for Grenadiers -or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with bands of red, -white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The armament and -equipment is precisely that of the Infantry of the Line. - -Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one (Cameron Highlanders) consists -of 1 battalion; two (60th King’s Royal Rifle Corps and Rifle Brigade) -of 4 battalions; and the remainder of 2 battalions each. Total 141 -battalions. - -The regiments are now called after their “Territorial Districts,” which -are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which their -depôt is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted of -109 regiments, mostly of 1 battalion each, and numbered up to 109. In -that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now known -by the county or part of the country it recruits in, with occasionally -the addition of a few other titles, such as “Borderers,” “King’s Own,” -“Loyal,” etc., etc. - -Of the 69 regiments we have— - - 9 Regiments of Fusiliers. - 4 ” ” Rifles. - 5 ” ” Highlanders. - 7 ” ” Light Infantry. - 44 ” ” Infantry (pure and simple). - -The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of -course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white, -yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a “Royal,” -English, Scottish, or Irish one. - -The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped -similarly to the Guards’ bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th) -Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder none. - -The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black, -uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R. -R. red, and those of the other two, Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark -and light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically -connected with Hussar regiments,[8] and consequently the officers -wear round forage-caps, trailing swords, and a few other Cavalry-like -details; and the late head-gear used to be a Hussar-like black busby. -The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at present black, but it will -shortly be exchanged for a black Astrakhan fatigue-cap, with plume for -full dress. - -The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), -the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland -Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well-known Highland -dress—plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran, -hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments. - -The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear[9] -black felt helmets with brass spike and fixings, the scarlet tunic -aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their forage-cap is the “Glengarry.” - -The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes, -officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn -about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast -of Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest -over them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The -head-dress is a turban. - -The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the -Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new -magazine rifle, which has already been issued to a considerable -number. The action is on the breech-loading bolt system; by it -cartridges may be fired either singly or by means of the magazine, -which is a black tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended -immediately in front of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely -small, being only ·303 inches. The bullet is coated with a hard metal -composition, for if it were of lead, it would “strip” in the grooves -of the barrel, and by degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not -definitely fixed on, though numerous varieties have been tried with -great success. It shoots point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on -the back sight up to 2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement, -it can be sighted up to 3,500 yards—nearly two miles! The cartridges -are so small and light that more than twice the amount of ammunition -can now be carried than was possible in the case of the late weapon. - -The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one, looking -more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new rifle is -the Burton-Lee. - -The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather -braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog. -Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap), -and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as boots, -shirt, socks, hold-all, etc. - -A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being issued. - -Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds -Martini-Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the -valise and havresack, making seventy in all. With the new rifle -cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that each man will -be able to carry 150 rounds. - -A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company -numbering 3 officers, 10 N. C. O.’s, and 111 men on a field -establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men -all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of— - - 30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4 majors, 5 captains, - 16 subalterns, etc., etc.), - 91 N. C. O.’s, - 975 men, - 70 horses, - 16 carts. - -These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental -Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the -1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter). - -An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and -numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses. - -An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field -Artillery, 1 squadron of Cavalry and details—total, 327 officers, -10,060 men, and 2000 horses. - -An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse -Artillery, and 2 Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry -squadron and details—total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000 -horses. - -[Sidenote: +Medical Staff Corps.+] - -The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17 Divisions, distributed -throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering altogether about -400 medical officers and 2,000 N. C. O.’s and men. The depôt and -training-school is at Aldershot, and the Army Medical School at -Netley. This Corps does not include the Indian Medical Staff Corps. - -[Sidenote: +Army Service Corps.+] - -The Army Service Corps corresponds to the former Commissariat and -Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of rations and general -transport duty. It is divided into 37 companies, distributed throughout -Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering 230 officers, 3,363 N. C. O.’s -and men, and 1,300 horses and mules. - -[Sidenote: +Chaplains’ Department.+] - -The Chaplains’ Department consists of about 80 chaplains, divided into -four classes. There are four official denominations allowed, Church of -England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterians, and Wesleyans. Men belonging to -any other of the numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are -officially entered as “Church of England.” - -The organisation of the remaining departments, _i.e._, Ordnance Store, -Veterinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and need not be detailed here. - -[Sidenote: +Military Districts.+] - -Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of Cavalry, 91 batteries of -Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73 battalions of Infantry are -quartered in Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is divided into -11, Ireland into 3, and the Channel Islands into 2, Districts, each -under the command of a major-general. These districts are sub-divided -into Regimental Districts, each of these latter comprising the -recruiting ground, depôt, and Volunteer battalions of a Territorial -(_i.e._, Line Infantry) Regiment of two Regular and two or more Militia -battalions. The Artillery and Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and -Volunteer, are also apportioned to each district. The Regular Corps -of all arms rarely remain more than two years in the same quarters, -changing from station to station in accordance with different rosters -and requirements. - -[Sidenote: +Foreign Service.+] - -The whole of the Regular Forces, with the exception of the five Heavy -Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their turn at foreign -service in India and the Colonies. As a rule, one battalion of each -regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, and is “fed” with men -from the other battalion at home. This system, by which all the best -and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can hardly be called a -good one, but it is difficult to suggest another. For foreign service -it is no use having the youngest and unmatured soldiers—they would -probably only fall sick in a hot climate. It is, therefore, necessary -to keep and train the men till they know their duty thoroughly, and -then send them out as full-grown men. It is for this reason that -complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that certain regiments -are apparently composed of “beardless boys.” This may be so with the -home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to journey to the -Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon alter their -opinion. - -It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in which -case the depôt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to feed -the two. - -Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are fed -by their depôt. - -This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of -recruiting by conscription. - -Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88 batteries of -Artillery, 3 companies R. E., and 53 battalions of Infantry are in -India; and 1 Cavalry regiment, 27 batteries Artillery, 13 companies R. -E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the Colonies. - -[Sidenote: +Marines.+] - -The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly under the head of the -Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the word, for they have -been engaged by land and sea in every single campaign since their -formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions, _i.e._ Artillery -(16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies), in all nearly -14,000 men. They enlist for twelve years’ service, and may re-engage -for nine years more. In garrison they perform the same duties as the -Regular army, and on board ship work of a military character, such as -guard mounting, working big guns, forming part of armed force on boat -service, or fighting on shore under all sorts of conditions and in all -climates. The latest development of the Marine is not a Horse-, but a -Camel-Marine, a force of Marines having served up the Nile with the -Camel Corps. - -The Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form, -chiefly no doubt owing to their long service, some of our steadiest -troops on service. - -Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the -corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told -from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder-straps—a globe -with the thoroughly apposite motto of “Per Mare, per Terram.” - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Native Indian Army.+] - -The Native Indian Army is composed of Native Cavalry, Artillery, -Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc., partly officered by -Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000 men, including -13,000 Volunteers. - -It is divided into the Armies of the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay -Presidencies. The English officers are drawn from the three Staff -Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after serving for -at least one year with their English regiments. - -The Army of Bengal numbers— - - 19 Regiments of Bengal Cavalry, including 7 Lancer regiments. - 4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry. - Central India Horse. - 2 Bengal Mountain Batteries. - 5 Punjab Mountain Batteries. - Corps of Bengal Sappers. - Corps of Guides, Cavalry (6 troops), and Infantry (8 companies). - 45 Regiments Bengal Infantry. - 5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry. - 4 Regiments Sikh Infantry. - 6 Regiments Punjab Infantry. - Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F. Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, - and 6 regiments Infantry. - Several Irregular Corps, and a Medical Department, - chiefly Englishmen. - -The Army of Madras numbers— - - 4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. - Corps of Madras Sappers. - 33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a Madras Medical Department, etc. - -The Army of Bombay numbers— - - 7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. - 2 Mountain Batteries. - Corps of Bombay Sappers. - 30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a Bombay Medical Department, etc. - -Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to thirty. -Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They must be -physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man. They are -for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that come from -the North-West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the men have to -find everything except firearms—even horses, accoutrements, and food, -on their pay of about eighteenpence a day; and yet in some popular -regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for admission. - -The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British Infantry. -Their rifle is of the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged for -the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very -variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The -usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary -too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments -the native uniform, in others an English one. - -A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops each, -with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 540 privates. - -A Native Infantry Regiment consists of 1 battalion of 8 companies, -with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two -others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of -war. - -The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to -locality. - -A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely organised. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Colonial Forces.+] - -The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each Colony of the -British Empire for its own protection. With the exception of a few of -the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may be said that -every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of men for home -defence. - -The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony, -according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent -forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are -called out for an annual training only. - -The native forces of _Canada_ are— - - Cavalry, 4 regiments of Dragoons. - 5 ” of Hussars. - 4 Independent troops. - Artillery, 19 batteries Field Artillery. - 5 Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery. - ½ battery Mountain Artillery. - Engineers, 2 companies. - Infantry, 74 battalions of Infantry. - 21 ” of Rifles. - 5 Independent companies. - Medical Staff Corps. - Total strength 38,500. - -Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the -remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days’ -training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the -Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war -the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men! Not -more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is -divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade -and Regimental Divisions. - -Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College, and Royal -Schools of Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery. - -_Cape Colony_ has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of Corps of— - - Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force), - Volunteer Artillery, - ” Engineers, - ” Mounted Infantry, - ” Infantry, and a - ” Corps of Cadets. - -_Ceylon_ possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light Infantry. - -_Hong Kong_ possesses a force of Volunteer Artillery and Military -Police (370). - -_Jamaica_ possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted Rifles, and -Garrison Artillery (1,300). - -_Natal_ possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery, and -Rifles, 1,500 altogether. - -_Singapore_ possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery and Military Police -(1,000). - -_New Zealand_ possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers, 13 -batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia -Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men. - -_New South Wales_ has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of— - - Regular Artillery} - } 940 of all ranks. - Volunteer ” } - Engineers, 200 of all ranks. - Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks. - 4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks. - -Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all ranks; -besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering nearly -500 men. - -_Queensland_ has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering -altogether over 4,500 men. - - 1st Class—“Permanent Defence”—135 men. - 2nd Class—“Defence”—2,600 men. - 3rd Class—“Volunteers”—about 1,800 men; besides 4 Lines of Reserves - in case of national danger, composed of every male between - 18 and 60. - -_South Australia_ has 2 troops of Lancers, 1 Field and 2 Garrison -Batteries, 2 battalions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle Corps, -numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers. - -_Victoria_ has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps, 4 -battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer -Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men. - -_Tasmania_ has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of Rifles, -total 930 of all ranks. - -_Western Australia_ has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry, and -Artillery—640 altogether. - -_Trinidad_ and other islands in the West Indies have raised small -forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether. - -Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men. - - * * * * * - -Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home, composed of the two -classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, Yeomanry, and -Volunteers. We will not take into account either the Native Indian -Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the Colonial Militia or -Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with the Colonial Forces -already described. - -[Sidenote: +Army Reserve.+] - -The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in 1877, consists of men who have -served their three, seven, or eight years with the Colours, and who -then pass to this Reserve to complete their service to twelve years. -They are liable to service at home and abroad when called out; this -would happen only in case of war or national danger. The men would then -either join their own regiments or be formed into separate corps, or, -with their consent, be attached to a regiment or corps other than their -old one. This class numbers over 54,000 men. - -The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not quite 3,000 men, is -composed of those men who have served twelve years with the Colours and -then choose to enter this Reserve, and of a few other special classes -of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain. Both classes are liable -to be called out for an annual training, but have never yet been so -called out. - -[Sidenote: +Militia.+] - -The Militia consists of men voluntarily enlisted for six years, with -power to re-engage for periods of four years up to forty-five years of -age. The recruits are trained for six months or less at the depôt of the -regimental district, and have subsequently to undergo only twenty-eight -days’[10] training a year with their corps when called out. During these -twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with a “bounty” of 10_s._ -or upward at the end of the training. They are then dismissed till next -year. - -In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out, _i.e._ -“embodied,” for active service. This has occurred four times already in -this century; during the Crimean War, for instance, ten battalions of -Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the Mediterranean, and no -fewer than 32,000 entered the Regulars and fought before Sebastopol. - -The Militia comprises Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry. - -The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery, attached -to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows:—4 to the -Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The -Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies. - -The Infantry consists of 131 battalions, attached to the different -regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other -battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some -regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many as -five. - -The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the -Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears -the number of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in -addition on his shoulder-straps. - -The Channel Islands have 4 regiments of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry -Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter. - -The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men. - -[Sidenote: +Militia Reserve.+] - -The Militia Reserve consists of men enlisted from the Militia for six -years or for the remainder of their Militia engagements. These are -liable to an annual training, or to embodiment in case of national -danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary expedient for an -Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 having caused extreme -uneasiness to our authorities; for they discovered then that we had -absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war. The inducement -to join is a pecuniary one, _i.e._ £1 bounty, paid in advance, for -every year service in the Militia. It numbers altogether 30,160 men. - -[Illustration: England. III. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Yeomanry.+] - -The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and forms -a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out -annually for only one week’s training. They are liable to be called -out, in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of -threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and -pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms, -from the Government; but have to find their own horses. There is no -Yeomanry in Ireland. - -The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men. - -[Sidenote: +Volunteers.+] - -The Volunteers consist of a large number of Corps, both Artillery, -Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light -Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company -(composed of 1 battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and -8 companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be -considered as coming under this head. - -The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to -their locality, forming 62 Corps. - -The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions -Submarine Miners, and 1 Railway Staff-Corps. - -The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed -throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular -regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been -formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded -by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces. - -The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily -increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were originally -intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in everything except -arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to their importance -as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a Capitation Grant -of 35_s._ a year to the different Corps for every efficient Volunteer -on their lists, and £2 10_s._ more for every officer and sergeant who -obtains a certificate of proficiency. - -Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service in -Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion. - -It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on -the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply -giving notice of their wish to retire! A little legislation on this -point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is -not to be dreamt of. - -Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be -employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no -pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts -every year, otherwise they are not considered efficient. - -The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but -strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and -public enterprise. - -Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab -or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps -will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with -the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons -instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars. - -The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the Snider. - -The organisation of the Volunteer Corps is identical with that of the -corresponding Regular Forces. - -There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient Volunteers, -besides 7,022 non-efficients—total 224,021. - -[Sidenote: +Entrance Of Officers.+] - -The mode of entrance of officers to the Regular Army is as follows:—The -candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or Infantry has two routes -open to him. He may either pass a competitive “preliminary” and -“further” examination for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, remain -there one year, and then enter his regiment direct (if successful -in passing the “final” examination), or else he may be appointed as -2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual trainings, -and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst “final.” -Formerly this latter mode of entrance, _i.e._ through the Militia, -was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to choose -between the two. - -A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two examinations -in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years there. The -order of merit in which the cadets pass the “final” determines which -branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out high up join the -Engineers, and the others the Artillery. - -[Sidenote: +Military Establishments.+] - -Other Military establishments are:— - -(a.) The Staff College near Sandhurst, which an officer may enter by -means of a competitive examination, after he has served five years -at least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is -instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff -officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed -the final examination, the officer is attached for two months each to -the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to, -and then rejoins his own regiment; he is then entitled to put p.s.c. -after his name in the Army List. - -(b.) School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, where experiments are carried -out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc. - -(c.) Artillery College at Woolwich.—Instruction, etc., in the higher -branches of gunnery. - -(d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and N. -C. O.’s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in -engineering tried, etc., etc. - -(e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N. C. -O.’s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small -arms. - -(f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signalling at Aldershot, the Army Medical -School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the School -of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their _raison -d’être_. - -[Sidenote: +Mounted Infantry, &c.+] - -A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in the shape of Mounted -Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be out of place here. - -The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry (_i.e._, -Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the greatest use to the -Army in case of war. Accordingly, a force is being trained, little by -little, which would be available to act as such on active service. - -For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of -volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there, -and 1 company at the Curragh, consisting of 150 men each, have been -trained during the winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the -conclusion of the course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and -a fresh lot come on the following winter. These companies are intended -to be formed into battalions when required. The duty of this force on -service will be to act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport -from one place to another unattainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they -may be pushed forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position -till supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform -a hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry. - -It is proposed that every battalion of Infantry and regiment of Cavalry -should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detachment of 2 machine-guns, -worked by 1 officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large number of men -have been trained in this work, but there are at this moment but few -complete detachments in existence. - -Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately been started, -but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be of any use in -a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro along good roads. - -[Sidenote: +Army Corps.+] - -Finally, mention must be made of the recent apportioning of the British -Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious difficulties have arisen in -organising this matter, for, since regiments are always on the move -from point to point at home, or between home, India, and the Colonies, -it is a very difficult task indeed to arrange so that even one Army -Corps should be ready to take the field at the shortest possible -notice. It has, however, been done, and the 1st Army Corps is an -accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high road to completion, though as -yet it is badly off for horses. - -The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and constitution -of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true, is still -our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of years; but -although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough for our -needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large enough. -It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high pitch of -efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in order that -if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal European powers -detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found wanting. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 1: This article has been entirely re-written by the -Translator.] - -[Footnote 2: The Colonial forces really form a class between the two, -but may be taken here with the Active Army.] - -[Footnote 3: The Militia Ballot Act.] - -[Footnote 4: _I.e._, West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc.] - -[Footnote 5: More than 40 per cent. of would-be recruits are annually -rejected by the doctors.] - -[Footnote 6: Blue in the 16th and white in the 17th Lancers.] - -[Footnote 7: Crimson in the 11th Hussars and brick-red in the lévée -dress of the officers of the 10th Hussars.] - -[Footnote 8: The Black Brunswick Hussars came over to England after -Waterloo, and their uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and -95th, who were in process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle -regiments, adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern.] - -[Footnote 9: With one or two exceptions.] - -[Footnote 10: Though liable to fifty-six days.] - - - - - THE GERMAN ARMY. - - -[Sidenote: +The German Empire.+] - -[Illustration: Prussian Hussar of the Guard.] - -It was in the autumn of 1870, during the Franco-German War, that the -preliminary arrangements were made for the forthcoming consolidation of -the German Empire. Up to that time, Germany consisted of a multitude of -States, each with its own Government and its own Army. The interests -of these States, ranging as they did from kingdoms down to small -principalities, were extremely conflicting, and internal hostility was -frequently the result. The one great aim of King William of Prussia -was to see them all united into one Empire, and defended by one Army. -Aided by the genius of Bismarck, the negotiations were brought to -a successful conclusion, and on the 18th January, 1871, William of -Prussia was declared Emperor of Germany with the title of William I. At -the same time the forces of the different States were combined, and the -present German Army is the result. - -[Illustration: Prussian Garde du Corps. Court full-dress.] - -In peace and war this United Army is under the command of the Emperor, -and each man is bound by oath to render him faithful and loyal service. - -Several of the States, whilst keeping their own troops, have, by -means of special military conventions, attached themselves and their -forces still closer to the chief military power of the Empire, namely, -Prussia. On the other hand, a few of the larger States have reserved -for themselves a certain independence in the management of their -armies. The chief outward and visible sign thereof is seen in the -variations of uniform from the strict Prussian pattern. Thus, the -Bavarian Infantry has kept its light-blue tunic, the Saxons still -have red piping round their skirts, and the Württembergers wear -double-breasted tunics and grey greatcoats. - -[Illustration: German Empire. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Army may be roughly divided into -four groups: - -1. The combined forces of Prussia and the following States, which -have concluded conventions with her: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, -Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two -principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Lippe, -Schaumburg-Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Brunswick, Grand -Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy -of Baden, and Grand Duchy of Hesse. - -2. The Saxon Army Corps—(one). - -3. The Bavarian Army Corps—(two). - -4. The Württemberg Army Corps—(one). - -Universal Conscription is the keystone of the Army. Introduced on -September 3rd, 1814, first of all, it was amended by the law of the -16th April, 1871, and perfected by subsequent laws passed in 1874 -and 1881. The recent edict of the 11th February, 1888, has put the -finishing touches to it, so that it now holds sway throughout the whole -Empire. According to this law, every German who is physically capable -and who is in the enjoyment of civil rights, is bound to serve as a -soldier. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -A man is bound to commence his service, as a rule, with his 21st year. - -The period of service is as follows:— - - 3 years with the Colours.[11] - 4 years in the Reserve of the Active Army.[11] - 5 years in the 1st Class Landwehr. - 7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr. - 6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm. - -By this time the soldier is in his 45th year. - -The 1st Class Landwehr is divided into complete units, and these are -formed into Reserve Divisions for the Active Army. The 2nd Class -Landwehr garrisons the interior and fortresses, and acts, if called -out, as a reserve for the above-mentioned Landwehr Reserve divisions. - -All men between the ages of 17 and 45 who are fit to bear arms and -who are not serving in either the Active Army (including the Ersatz -Reserve) or in the Landwehr, are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm. -This body can only be called out in case of national invasion, or for -garrison duty at home. - -The Ersatz (_i.e._ Supply) Reserve consists of those men who are -physically fit, but have, owing to surplus numbers or other causes, -escaped being sent to serve in the Regular Army. Part of this Reserve -undergoes a training of ten weeks in the first, six weeks in the -second, and four weeks in the third year. These are considered as -belonging to the so-called “Furlough Men”[12] class, and serve when -required to complete the Army in the field. On the completion of -their thirty-first year, the men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd -Class Landsturm, and there they remain till the termination of their -liability to service, _i.e._, their forty-fifth year. The men of the -untrained portion of the Ersatz Reserve remain available for service -up to their thirty-second year, and then pass over to the 1st and 2nd -Classes of the Landsturm in due order. - -If every single able-bodied young man were to be taken for the Regular -Army, two disadvantages would accrue to the State; on the one hand an -immense amount of industrial labour would be lost to the country, and -on the other, it would be impossible for the State to support such a -huge Army. For this reason the law of the constitution has laid down -that the peace Army is not to exceed one per cent. of the population. -This gives the Army the respectable peace-strength of 468,409 men (not -including officers and one-year volunteers). Of these numbers about -156,000 annually enter the ranks as recruits. - -There is a supplementary clause to the law of universal conscription, -and that is the one which allows of _One-year Volunteers_. It stands -to reason that with a three-years’ bout of compulsory service, a large -portion of the youth of the country are interrupted in the studies -which are to prepare them for their particular professions, and that at -a period when they can least afford to lose the time. For the labourer, -who needs but little knowledge for his daily task, and for those -handicraftsmen whose work demands but little brain capacity or culture -of any sort, this interruption of business is of small moment. It is -far otherwise, however, with the young man who requires to spend some -time in the higher schools in order to fit himself for the profession -he has chosen, be it industrial or scientific. This disadvantage of -the conscription law makes itself felt in proportion to the progress -in education and general culture made in the country. At the same time -it is obvious that a man who has the assistance of a well-educated -and well-trained mind does not require so long a period to master the -intricacies of soldiering as one who is less intelligent. - -For this reason the Government allows young men who have either -received a certificate of educational efficiency from one of the higher -schools or else passed an examination before a commission appointed -for the purpose, to enter the service as volunteers on completing -their seventeenth year. After one year with the Colours they are sent -“on furlough” to the Active Reserve, and for this privilege they have -to find themselves in uniform, equipment, and food during the period -of their service. They may become officers in the following manner: -If they have behaved well and have subsequently, during two trainings -of several weeks each, whilst attached to a Corps, shown themselves -professionally and socially qualified to become officers, they are -balloted for by the officers of their district. If the ballot is -favourable, they are commissioned by his Majesty and become full-blown -officers of the Reserve. These have, in case of war, to complete the -active establishment of officers to war-strength, or have to fill -vacancies as officers in the Landwehr. - -[Sidenote: +Officers.+] - -The German Army represents the people under arms, and their officers -represent the cream of the Army. The road to the higher, and even -to the highest ranks, lies open to every educated man, without -reference to social standing or birth, if he only have the necessary -qualifications thereto. - -Every candidate for an officer commission must possess— - -1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give -satisfactory proof, either by the possession of an “Abiturient” -certificate,[13] or by passing an examination before a commission held -in Berlin. - -2. Physical qualifications for military service, including good eyes. - -3. An honourable character. - -Having satisfied the authorities on these subjects, the candidate now -serves as a private for five months, generally with the regiment he -intends to enter. At the end of this time, during which he is called an -“avantageur,” he undergoes an examination in military duties, etc., and -on receiving a certificate of satisfactory service from his superior -officers, he becomes an ensign (“Porte-épée Fähnrich”) and is sent to -a military college for a year. There he passes a final examination in -military knowledge, and, if balloted for successfully by the officers -of the regiment of his choice, he joins as second lieutenant. - -As much as 40 to 45 per cent. of the officers are drawn from the Cadet -Corps, which is distributed amongst establishments at Lichterfelde -(near Berlin, head college), Kulm, Potsdam, Wahlstatt, Bensberg, Plön -and Oranienstein, in Prussia; Dresden in Saxony, and Munich in Bavaria. -A new college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. This Corps is chiefly -composed of the sons of officers, who receive a cheap and excellent -training and education. The proverb that “the apple falls close to the -stem” is well exemplified here, for amongst the cadets are many who -bear celebrated soldiers’ names, such as Roon, Steinmetz, Canstein, -etc., etc. - -Although the training in the Cadet Corps is chiefly a military one, -yet on the whole the cadets receive an education equal to that of a -first-class civilian college. Thus they are enabled in after-life, when -they have left the Service, to pursue a civilian calling with greater -ease than if their education had been purely military. - -Mention may also be made here of the establishments in which the -“Porte-épée Fähnrichs” (ensigns) are instructed: they are the military -colleges of Potsdam, Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel, Anklam, -Metz, and Munich. The higher branches of military science are pursued -in the United Artillery and Engineer School, and the Staff College -(Kriegsakademie), both in Berlin. The entire military education and -training of the country are managed by an Inspection-General. - -As in all large armies, the three great branches of the German service -are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, besides the Engineers and -Transport Corps, the latter of which is called the “Train.” - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -As everybody knows, Infantry is intended to go anywhere and fight -anywhere. It is, therefore, equipped for all contingencies that may -arise, and is armed with a weapon for use either at a long range or in -close hand-to-hand fighting. - -The German Infantry is[14] armed with a capital magazine-rifle, with a -bore of ·315 inches, which, with a point-blank range of over 300 yards, -will carry up to 2,400 yards. The magazine is detachable, and holds 8 -cartridges. The bayonet is a short sword-bayonet, very similar to the -new English bayonet. - -[Illustration: Württemberg, Sergeant of the Train.] - -As a rule, the German foot-soldier has to carry his own equipment, -both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack -with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to -which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle, -and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold, -altogether, 150 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off -at a moment notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt -and slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new -arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused -by the older pattern of equipment, which compressed the man chest -considerably. - -The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and -Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of -view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped, -they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training, -with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions (Jäger) spend -somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other troops. - -[Illustration: Prussian Engineer.] - -“Grenadiers” first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century; -as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw -hand-grenades amongst the enemy ranks. For this object, particularly -powerful men were selected, and in France, under Louis XIV., four -Grenadiers were at first attached to each company; subsequently, each -battalion received a Grenadier company. Grenadiers were now introduced -into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for -the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and -remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied -to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier -battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in -memory of these troops the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still -wears the old sugar-loaf brass helmet on big review days and other -special occasions. The title of “Grenadier Regiments,” which the first -twelve Prussian Infantry regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed -in order to keep green the memory of the old Grenadiers. - -The names of “Musketeers” and “Fusiliers” come from the different -firearms their predecessors bore, _i.e._, the musket and the rifle -(fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The -Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to -the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on -each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it -is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there -exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy Musketeer. - -The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been -developed _par excellence_ in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These draw -a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and -forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already -trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry. -They are well acquainted with firearms and can shoot; they can put up -with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange -country, and they have studied in the school of nature—in short, they -are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in -their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the -first to train the Jäger as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen -to this day. “Vive le roi et ses chasseurs” was the motto engraved on -their “hirschfänger” (lit. “stag-sticker,” a large knife still worn by -keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his _coup de grâce_) in his -day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Riflemen of to-day. -Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen was to -extend them as skirmishers, and there is a story which tells how, when -one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in close order, -the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted: “Get out of -that, get out of that, you scoundrels!” and made them march past in -extended order. - -On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171 regiments -of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions—total 534 battalions. - -The Guard and Grenadier Regiments are:— - - 4 Regiments of Foot-Guards, - 4 Regiments of Guard Grenadiers, - 12 Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1–12), - 1 Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89), - 2 Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and 110), - 2 Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101), - 2 Württemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123), - 1 Bavarian Body-Guard regiment, - 1 Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. 115). - -The Fusilier and Rifle (Schützen) Regiments are:— - - 12 Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of 1 Guard Fusilier - regiment, and Nos. 33–40, 73, 80, and 86 of the Line). - 1 Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. 90), and - 1 Saxon Rifle (Schützen) regiment (No. 108). - -Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, _i.e._, Nos. 13–32, -41–72, 74–79, 81–85, 87–88, 97–99, 128–132, 135–138, and 140–143; - - No. 91 is Oldenburg, - No. 92 ” Brunswick, - No. 93 ” Anhalt, - No. 94 ” Saxe-Weimar, - No. 95 ” Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, - No. 96 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the two - principalities of Reuss, - Nos. 111–114, and 144, are Baden, and - Nos. 116–118 are Hessian. - Total, 95 regiments of the first group. - -Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, _i.e._, Nos. 102–107, 133, 134, -and 139. - -Six belong to the 3rd group, Württemberg, _i.e._, Nos. 120–122 and -124–126. - -The 4th group, Bavaria, has 18 regiments of the Line, which are -numbered apart from the rest of the Army. - -The Rifle (Jäger) battalions are thus divided:— - - Prussia: 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard; 1 battalion Schützen of the - Guard; 11 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1–11); 1 battalion - Mecklenburg Rifles. Total, 14 battalions. - Saxony: 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15). - Bavaria: 4 battalions Rifles (numbered apart). - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at close quarters and on -open ground. Their use on the battle-field is generally confined to -the attack in close order. - -Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light, receive -an identical training, yet the distinction between them has not yet -entirely lost its old significance. The Cavalry of the German Army -is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment -and arms; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and -the Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the -Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight -sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved. Besides this -weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may -happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot, -at present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871 -pattern); the non-commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver -instead. - -The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, _i.e._, the moment -when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the result -of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an -irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the -enemy. The best powers of man and horse must therefore be reserved for -this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has -often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any -use whatever of cold steel. - -[Illustration: German Empire. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best record. This -dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his celebrated Cavalry -leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use of bold and clever -offensive tactics which led to grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, -Zorndorf, and other actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and -capable of considerable endurance, so that they are particularly suited -to military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital -groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and -tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of -excellence that is surpassed by few. - -The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance -most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass, -from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field -service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the -enemy bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced, a genuine knightly -weapon has been brought in to take its place. - -The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du-Corps, whose chief is _ex-officio_ -the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the same way as the -Cuirassiers. Although it forms a Royal body-guard, still the regiment -has seen a considerable amount of service. History tells of a memorable -saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel von Wacknitz, at the -battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the enemy, the Russians, -were getting the best of the day; Frederick the Great was with his -regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously to Colonel von -Wacknitz: “What do you think of it? My idea is that we shall get the -worst of the action.” Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said: “Your -Majesty, no battle is lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps -have not charged.” “Very good,” said the king, “then charge.” And the -fortune of the day was decided by the brilliant and successful attack -made by this regiment. The battle was won, and the country saved. - -[Illustration: Württemberg. Dragoon.] - -In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the -regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, correspond to the Prussian -Cuirassiers. - -The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of -Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore -armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Brandenburg -Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the -fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and Fehrbellin. -The uncertainty, however, of the results of shooting when mounted, and -the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as to whether -the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as time went on -that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted infantry, could -not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were therefore, during -the eighteenth century, gradually formed into Cavalry pure and simple, -and at the present time they are horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers -only. One of the most celebrated Cavalry attacks was that of the -regiment of Anspach-Bayreuth Dragoons in the battle of Hohenfriedberg -(4th June, 1745). In this action, the regiment rode down no fewer than -20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 prisoners and 66 standards, -besides a large number of guns: as Frederick the Great said, “It is a -feat unparalleled in history.” This regiment was, at a later period, -turned into a Cuirassier regiment, and is now known as the Queen’s 2nd -Cuirassiers (Pomeranians). - -The Bavarian Chevau-légers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and -many a record testifies to their gallantry in action. - -The spirit of Zieten, the “Hussar-father,” and of old Blücher, “Field -Marshal Forwards,” still lives in the Hussars of the German Empire. -Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which make a good -Hussar, and many are the songs which record their successes in camp and -field. - -The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in the -war of 1870–71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.[15] For -this reason, the French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz -of the Steppes, or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only -foreign element about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially -German. - -The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused such -consternation among the French, although it had been the most popular -weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from European -armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and Polish Cavalry -alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in 1745, Frederick -the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and gave them the -name of “Bosniaks.” Consisting at first of only 1 “company,” their -strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies, and in the year -1800 they were founded into a regiment under the name of “Towarczys,” -_i.e._, experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to “Uhlans,” -and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose number was -increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry called the -whole of the German Cavalry “ulans,” and the sudden appearance of a few -of their horsemen in a district at a time when the Frenchmen flattered -themselves that the enemy was still far distant, caused shouts of “les -ulans! les ulans!” universal consternation, and immediate flight. The -German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More than one populous town, -_e.g._, Nancy on the 11th August, 1870, opened their gates at their -approach, and the small fortress of Vitry le françois surrendered to a -mere handful of Uhlans. - -[Illustration: Bavarian Halberdier. - -(Full-dress.)] - -The Cavalry of the German Empire consists altogether of 93 -regiments of 5 squadrons each—total, 465 squadrons. On the regiment -being ordered on active service, one of the squadrons remains -behind as supply-squadron for the rest. Its duty is to replace the -partially-trained or unserviceable horses by good ones, and also to -fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men when required. -By this means, the active part of the regiment is brought to a high -state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in efficiency. There -are:— - -14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including: - - The Garde-du-Corps regiment, - The Guard Cuirassier regiment, - 8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments, - 2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments, - 1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and - 1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers. - -34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely: - - 2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards, - 16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1–16), - 2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 17 and 18), - 1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19). - 3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20–22), - 2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24), - 2 Württemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and - 6 Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiments. - -20 Regiments of Hussars, namely: - - 1 Body-Guard Hussar regiment, - 16 Prussian ” regiments, - 1 Brunswick ” regiment, and - 2 Saxon ” regiments (Nos. 18 and 19). - -25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely: - - 3 Guard-Uhlan regiments, - 16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1–16), - 2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18), - 2 Württemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and - 2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments. - - * * * * * - -Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising -the present force into a so-called “General” Cavalry, and this would -be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all -branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped, -armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called -on to take part. An important step has been made in this direction by -the recent arming of the _whole_ of the Cavalry with lances. There -is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the authorities to -carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as taking away their -particular mode of action from the different branches of the Cavalry, -or giving them all exactly the same uniform, would never be entertained -for a moment. It is obvious that such measures would be the deathblow -of all _esprit de corps_ which, as we know, has led to such brilliant -results in the past. The shock of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the -charge of Uhlans with their fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work -of Hussars, and the mobility of Dragoons and Chevau-légers, each has -its particular effect on the enemy, and each distinctive attribute -must be taken into serious account. There can be no doubt that a -total amalgamation of the four branches, and the abolition of their -distinctive uniforms, would produce much more harm in the end than good. - -Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of -the lately-formed Empress’s Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two -sergeants, and 24 men. They were first put on duty in August, 1889, -during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual -dark-blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress -white Cuirassier tunic. The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and -fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace -on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white -leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the -costume. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -Artillery has but one rôle to play on the battle-field, and that is to -come into action and do as much harm as possible to the enemy from a -long distance off. - -The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison Artillery. - -The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on the -field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse Artillery, -in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field Artillery is -armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (C. 73), the Horse Artillery guns -having a bore of 2·95, and the others a bore of 3·43 inches. They carry -“double-ring shells” (a form of segment shell which fly into about 180 -pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240 bullets), and case-shot. -The guns themselves are handy to work, and carry with great accuracy up -to about four miles. - -A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than four in -peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them. - -There are altogether 318 batteries of Field-and 46 batteries of Horse -Artillery, the whole forming 37 regiments. - -To the Prussian group belong 29 regiments, forming 245 Field-and 38 -Horse Artillery batteries—total 283 batteries. - -Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field-and 2 Horse -Artillery batteries. - -Württemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 13 and 29), forming 18 Field -batteries. - -Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34 Field-and 6 Horse Artillery -batteries. - -Grand Total, 364 batteries. - -Of the 29 “Prussian” regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24 (Nos. 1–11, -15–24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden (Nos. 14 and -30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian. - -In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will undergo -considerable changes in matériel as well as in organisation. It is -intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A. regiments, each of 2 divisions -of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the two divisions of the Army Corps -would have one F. A. regiment of 6 batteries, and the 3rd regiment -would be available as Corps Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce -a common calibre of gun for the whole, both Field and Horse Artillery, -and also a common projectile which would combine the advantages of -common shell and shrapnel. The introduction of this latter would tend -greatly to simplify both the action and the supply of the gun. - -The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and -defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply -work the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, according to -circumstances. These gunners go by the name of “cannoniers.” They are -armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1871 pattern. - -The Garrison Artillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 battalions each, -of 4 companies each, besides 3 independent battalions, altogether 31 -battalions. - -Of this force, Prussia has 11 regiments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1 -to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the -latter belonging to Baden. - -Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12). - -Württemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and - -Bavaria has 2 regiments. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -There remain yet the Engineers and the Train. - -[Illustration: Bavarian Officer of Lancers. - -(Aide-de-Camp.)] - -The officers of the corps of Engineers are divided into the -Engineer Staff Corps (_i.e._, generals and field officers) and 4 -“Engineer-Inspections” (captains and lieutenants). - -This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Württemberg, and Bavarian -officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either with -the “fortification branch,” _i.e._, that branch which superintends the -construction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with the “Pioneers,” -_i.e._, Field Engineers. - -There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions, distributed -thus: - - 1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos. 1–11, 14–16), including - 1 Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia. - 1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12), - 1 battalion to Württemberg (No. 18), and - 2 battalions to Bavaria. - -Each battalion numbers 4 companies; of these the 1st is a Pontoon -company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies: _i.e._, for sap-work, -construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc.; and the 4th -is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean galleries in -siege-work. - -Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4 battalions (including -1 Saxon and 1 Württemberg company), and 1 Bavarian Railway -battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of military railways -and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway Regiment are the -Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections. - -[Sidenote: +Train.+] - -The “Train” (corresponding to our Army Service Corps) is for the -transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material of all sorts. The -drivers and men of the corps are trained in peace-time in the Train -battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train depôts. - -There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided: - -14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a depôt (the Guard -battalion, and Nos. 1–11, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in -Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in -Württemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria. - -To the depôt of each battalion belong: 5 provision sections, 3 medical -detachments with field hospitals and bearers, 1 remount-depôt, 1 field -bakery section, and 5 sections of transport. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Tactical Organisation.+] - -The above account gives a general résumé of the fighting force of -Germany. It now remains to give the tactical organisation of the -different branches of the Army. - -In the Infantry, the smallest independent body of troops, or “tactical -unit,” is a battalion (except in the case of the independent Rifle -battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In the -Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war -strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men; that of a -squadron is about 150 mounted men; and that of a battery is 6 guns, -with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit -is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full -strength in time of war; and, on the other hand, on the amount of -training requisite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is -dependent on the state of the Treasury. - -The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies) is:— - - 1 major (commanding the battalion), - 4 captains, - 12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants, - 1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant), - 559 N. C. O.’s and men, and - 7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster, 4 privates trained - as medical assistants, and 1 armourer-sergeant). - -[Illustration: German Empire. III. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -N.B.—A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that in -calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff (colonel, -lieutenant-colonel, regimental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.), should be -taken into account. - -That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is:— - - 25 officers, - 2 or 3 surgeons, - 686 N. C. O.’s and men, - 14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons, medical assistants, - armourers, etc., etc.), and - 667 horses. - -The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in Bavaria, Württemberg, -and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments and those in -Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +Formation of Brigades, Divisions, and Army Corps.+] - -As a rule, two regiments of Infantry (6 battalions), or two of Cavalry -(8 to 10 squadrons), form a Brigade, under a Major-general as brigadier. - -The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry division. -It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one regiment -of Cavalry; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of -Artillery and 1 company of Engineers, the whole under the command of -a lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has -always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery attached. - -[Illustration: Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.] - -Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of -Field Artillery, Engineers and Train, constitute an Army Corps, under -the command of a full general. The Army Corps therefore comprises all -branches of the service, and is thoroughly independent. - -The 12th (Saxon) and 13th (Württemberg) Corps have a slightly different -composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry and 1 Field -Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2 regiments), besides -one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the Train. The Guard Corps -also is constituted rather differently from any other. - -[Sidenote: +Size of Army.+] - -On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army consisted of 20 Army -Corps, quartered as follows:— - -The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau (with -the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is quartered -at Coblenz). - - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - Corps. | District. | Head - | | Quarters. - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - I. | East Prussia | Königsberg - II. | Pomerania | Stettin - III. | Brandenburg | Berlin - IV. | Province of Saxony | Magdeburg - V. | Posen | Posen - VI. | Silesia | Breslau - VII. | Westphalia | Münster - VIII. | Rhine Provinces | Coblenz - IX. | Schleswig-Holstein | Altona - X. | Hanover | Hanover - XI. | Hesse-Nassau[16] | Cassel - XII. | Kingdom of Saxony | Dresden - XIII. | Kingdom of Württemberg | Stuttgart - XIV. | Grand Duchy of Baden | Carlsruhe - XV. | Alsace | Strasburg - XVI. | Lorraine | Metz - XVII. | West Prussia | Danzig - 1st Bavarian } | | - Corps. } | Bavaria | Munich - 2nd Bavarian } | | - Corps. } | ” | Würzburg - ---------------+-------------------------+------------ - -The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the -nineteen Army Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth -and XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are -distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits -from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace-Lorraine. - -The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of troops -was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in case of war -in any quarter. Formerly, the tendency was to group the forces where -they could be most conveniently trained and worked, without reference -to the possibilities of war. - -Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps -(XIVth, XVth, and XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (Ist, IInd, -Vth, XVIIth) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first -declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses -of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy’s territory. One or two -battalions of Jäger are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in order -to watch the passes over the Vosges. - -The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at— - - 534 Battalions of Infantry, - 465 Squadrons of Cavalry, - 364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully-horsed guns. - Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men. - -In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm, -it is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German -war-strength.[17] In the event of war, different Army Corps and -Cavalry Divisions will be combined into Armies, but their number and -strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are to be -utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the enemy. -The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end with the -20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been describing. Behind the -men doing their seven years of service, who compose the Active Army, -come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, and behind these again -come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm. - -Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of well-trained -and well-armed men may at first sight appear a menace to the peace of -the world, still we must remember that Germany is absolutely obliged, -for the preservation of her very existence, to keep up these huge -forces, and that she has no intention of using them except for that -purpose. As an old national proverb has it: “He who wants to come to -grief in war had better try a fall with Germany.” - - - ADDENDUM TO GERMANY. - -P. 25. The German Infantry now numbers 173 regiments and 19 Rifle -battalions—total 538 battalions. - -P. 31. The Artillery has lately been increased to 387 batteries of -Field, and 47 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole forming 43 -regiments. - -P. 32. The Engineers number 20 battalions. - -P. 34. The peace strength of the German Army now numbers - - 538 battalions of Infantry, - 465 squadrons of Cavalry, - 434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns. - -The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, _i.e._ Active -Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as follows— - - 48,635 officers, - 2,253,841 men, - 445,104 horses, - 3,982 guns. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 11: Or in the Navy and Naval Reserve respectively as -required.] - -[Footnote 12: “Beurlaubtenstand.”] - -[Footnote 13: Corresponding somewhat to our University Degree.] - -[Footnote 14: Or rather, will be in the near future.—_Tr._] - -[Footnote 15: The word Uhlan means “belonging to the hoof,” in the -language of that region.] - -[Footnote 16: Including the independent (25th) Hesse-Darmstadt -Division.] - -[Footnote 17: It may be taken as 36,582 officers, 1,493,690 combatants, -27,000 non-combatants, 331,904 horses, 2,952 guns.—_Tr._] - - - - - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. - - -The next on the list is Germany’s powerful neighbour, friend, and ally -on her southern frontier, Austria-Hungary. - -There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of different -races: the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian, the smart -Czech, the true-hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating Wallachian, the -hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless gipsy, etc., etc., -are all represented in its ranks. All these have been welded together -by the iron bands of discipline into the “Imperial and Royal” Army. -The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests the decision for -peace or war. - -After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian Army was entirely -reorganised. The reorganisation is now almost completed, and the -Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in the world. The -division of the Empire into Cis- and Trans-Leithania—_i.e._ this side, -the Austrian, and that side, _i.e._ the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a -tributary of the Danube, is only partially carried out in the military -system. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to the conscription law of December, 1868, universal -conscription is now the rule; in the whole Austro-Hungarian Empire, and -exemption by purchase, formerly allowed, is now abolished. The forces -are divided into the Standing Army, the Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr, -and the Landsturm. - -About 103,000 recruits are yearly admitted into the Standing Army, -of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those able-bodied young -men who are not taken into the Standing or Active Army are sent for -ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended, as in Germany, to -provide reinforcements for the Active Army. Service in the latter is -for three years with the Colours and seven years in the Active Reserve. -Service in the Landwehr is for two years for those who have served ten -years in the Active Army and Reserve or in the Ersatz Reserve, and for -twelve years for those who have been sent straight thither, for various -reasons, on conscription. After the Landwehr service, the soldier is -sent for five years to the 1st Class Landsturm, and for five years more -to the 2nd Class Landsturm. By this time he is forty-two years of age. -The one-year Volunteers are enlisted in the same manner as in Germany -(q. v.). - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole Empire is, for military purposes, divided into fifteen -Territorial Districts; these are of various sizes, so that the Austrian -Army Corps are not all of the same strength. In case of war, the whole -“Imperial and Royal” Army would be grouped into three armies, under one -supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army Corps. The -Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades. The -division is commanded by a “field-marshal-lieutenant,” corresponding to -our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a major-general. - -Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and 1 battalion of -Rifles. Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division has in addition -2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division (2 to 3 batteries of -Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -[Illustration: Officer of Infantry (Marching Order).] - -The Infantry of the Active Army comprises 102 regiments, each of 4 -Field and 1 Ersatz battalions; the latter is in peace-time represented -by a cadre only. The 4th Field battalions, so-called “Mobile” -battalions, have mostly a stronger peace-establishment than the others, -and are used to garrison Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of -Novi-Bazar; _i.e._ they are completely separated from their regiments. - -[Illustration: Cavalry Officer (Undress).] - -The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2 -Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4 -Field and 1 Ersatz companies. - -The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white uniform, -and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and light -blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being ornamented -with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian regiments wear -lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons. The usual head-dress is the -fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The Rifles are dressed -in blue-grey. - -After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent -breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have -attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a -magazine-rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for -the Infantry and Rifles. - -So quickly has the work of manufacturing and issuing them proceeded, -that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that they will -all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German Infantry. The new -Austrian magazine-rifle, called after its inventor, Colonel Männlicher, -is of ·315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots in the minute. - -Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the Tyrolese, the -so-called Emperor Rifles, mentioned above, which is composed of men -accustomed from their youth up to the use of the rifle. They are -recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Active Army consists -of— - - 14 Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians), - 16 Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and - 11 Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve). - -Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depôt-cadre. In case of -mobilisation the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which -are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve -squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for -service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field-Supply stores. The -peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes -to 246 squadrons, and the war-establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve, -and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry. - -The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their nationality. The -Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their tunic of peculiar -cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the latter as a rule -suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The whole Cavalry wear red -breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and loose in the others. - -The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a -peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word -“husz,” meaning “twenty,” from the fact that every twenty houses in -Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been -particularly prominent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be -pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some -regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten -in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for -themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins. - -The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword and Werndl carbine. -The Uhlans’ lances have been done away with since 1884, but there is a -question of the re-introduction of this old Polish weapon. After the -Infantry has been fully armed with the magazine-rifle, the Cavalry -will, it is said, be armed with repeating-carbines, which will have -been served out by next spring (1891). This is an example which, it is -to be hoped, other armies will soon follow.[18] - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Artillery comprises Field and Garrison Artillery. The Field -Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps Artillery, numbered -according to their Army Corps and each of 5 batteries; and of 28 -independent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3 batteries. Several -Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple of Horse Artillery -Batteries, or a Mountain Battery. - -The batteries have each in peace-time 4, and in war-time 8, -fully-horsed guns. An exception to this are the Horse Artillery -batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery. - -The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in campaigns -in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature of the -Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on the -backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along narrow -mountain-paths. - -The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries -increased by one each, but this will barely be completed before 1892. - -The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape of -the 2·95-inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the 3·43-inch -bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to the Krupp -gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel have fewer -bullets than the German ones. Besides these projectiles, case-shot, -fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting among troops -behind cover, are carried with the battery. - -The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and 1 -Depôt-cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected, -and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to the -amount of money in hand. - -The uniform of the Artillery is dark-brown. The men are armed with -sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery carrying the -Werndl rifle instead. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Corps of Engineers is composed of the Engineer Staff and Engineer -troops. The former is exclusively composed of officers; the latter of 2 -regiments of 5 battalions each. Each battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve, -and 1 Depôt-cadre companies. The Pioneer Regiment, not considered as -Engineers, consists of 5 battalions, similarly constituted to the -Engineer battalions. - -The Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been -formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Depôt-cadre -battalions. - -The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a Depôt-cadre. - -There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so several bodies of -troops have been formed for the honour of protecting the Emperor -person and guarding his palaces. These are the Arcieren squadron of -Life-Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten Body-Guard, the -squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of the Guard. These -troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms. - -[Sidenote: +Reserve Troops.+] - -The Landwehr is formed into two distinct bodies, which are also quite -distinct from the Active Army; each Landwehr is under its own ministry -of defence. In peace-time only the cadres exist; that is to say, that -of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry regiments (24 squadrons) of -Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only 1 strong company per battalion and 1 -strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are kept up. - -The Native Rifles (Landesschützen) of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg consist -of 10 battalions in time of peace, which are in war-time increased by -ten Reserve battalions. - -[Illustration: Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.] - -[Illustration: Hungarian Palace Guard.] - -[Sidenote: +The Honvéd.+] - -In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms a peculiar national Hungarian -Army, the so-called Honvéd Army, which is subject in war-time only to -the commander-in-chief, and in peace-time only to the Royal Hungarian -jurisdiction, _i.e._ the Ministry of Defence and the Landwehr Ministry. -It forms in peace-time the Cadres for 92 battalions of Infantry and -15 regiments of Honvéd Hussars (60 squadrons). The officers of this -force are trained in the Honvéd Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It -is on this Army, whose standards and badges are of the Hungarian -colours, and which in time of war reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the -pride of Hungary rests. It is this Army whose predecessors saved the -Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from destruction a century and a half ago. On -the 21st of September, 1741, the Empress Queen, Maria Theresa, came to -her Parliament at Presburg in dire distress. Dressed in the national -Hungarian dress, with her newly born son (destined to become Joseph -II.) in her arms, pain and courage depicted on her noble countenance, -she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, and in a powerful Latin -speech asked for the National Army to be called out, to protect her and -her country from her many foes. Then the Hungarian magnates tore their -crooked swords from their scabbards, clashed them wildly together, and -shouted: “Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!” With the help of her -brave Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making peace with Frederick II. -of Prussia, succeeded in beating off her numerous enemies. - -[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -If we consider that the total strength (on a war establishment) of -the Austro-Hungarian Army, Line and Landwehr included, exceeds one -million of trained men, of which 778,889 belong to the 1st Line, and -we remember that the Cis-Leithanians are in no way inferior in warlike -spirit, that inheritance of their forefathers, to their brethren on -the far side of the Leitha, we shall come to the conclusion that in -the Austrian Army, with its excellent Corps of officers and excellent -material in the shape of men and horses, any State in Europe would find -either a powerful adversary or a most desirable ally. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 18: Turkey set this example long ago.—_Tr._] - - - - - ITALY. - - -In Italy we have the third of the Powers who have formed the Triple -Alliance in order to maintain the peace of Europe and to make common -cause against any disturber thereof. The history of this country has -been very similar to that of Germany. In this instance also, an -energetic Prince, King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia (died 1878), -supported by an active statesman, Count Cavour, placed himself at the -head of the national movement in favour of unity, and formed the various -States of the Peninsula into one kingdom under his rule. - -The kingdom of Italy appears thenceforth as the last formed among the -European Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army in order to -maintain its position as such. The development of the latter has since -that time progressed considerably, and especially so during the last -decade, when a distinct advance has been apparent. - -Constituted on the principle of Universal Conscription, the land forces -of Italy are formed, similarly to those of the German Empire, into a -Standing Army, a Landwehr (Milizia mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia -territoriale). - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The liability to serve commences with the twentieth year, and continues -till the thirty-ninth. It consists of eight years in the Standing -Army (three with the Colours and five in the Reserve); four years in -the Landwehr, and seven years in the Landsturm. Those who have been -exempted from service by ballot are sent straight to the Landsturm for -nineteen years. - -When the young men attain the age rendering them liable to serve, those -physically unfit are “cast,” and some are put back who are ill or -excused for domestic reasons. The remainder of the men draw lots and -are placed according to their lottery number in the 1st or 2nd class, -those excused being placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class conscripts -are distributed throughout the Standing Army. The 2nd class go through -three months’ training, to form an Ersatz (or reinforcing) Reserve, and -the 3rd class men are called out every four years for a few days at a -time for instruction in the use and manipulation of their arms. - -The Standing Army consists accordingly of eight yearly batches of the -1st class and eight of the 2nd class; the Landwehr of four yearly -batches of men who have served their time in the Standing Army, and -four batches of the 2nd class; and the Landsturm comprises seven -batches of the 1st, seven of the 2nd, and nineteen of the 3rd class. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The Infantry of the Standing Army consists of 96 regiments (including -2 Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company. -Besides these, there are the special Corps d’Élite, the Bersaglieri -(“marksmen”—from bersaglia = a target), and the Alpini (Alpine Rifles). - -The Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of -3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company, are Light Infantry, trained to -execute all movements at the “double,” exceedingly good shots, and -looking very smart in their neat uniforms, the large hats of which are -ornamented with a waving bunch of cock feathers. - -The Alpine Troops consist of 7 regiments (forming 75 companies), to -which are attached 9 mountain batteries. These are also considered -Corps d’Élite. - -Composed of herdsmen and gamekeepers, familiar with every footpath in -the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight and hearing, and excellent -shots, they are equally valuable in reconnoitring work or on the field -of battle, although their original rôle is that of acting in defence -of their mountain passes. The Alpine companies are placed in summer as -near as possible to the particular mountain passes whose defence is -assigned to them, and are stationed for only half the year in the towns -as winter quarters. - -Their duty is carried out with a particular object in view, and -consists mostly in shooting, skirmishing, constant marches over -mountain paths, reconnaissance duty and patrolling, and in minor -tactics. - -The whole of the Italian Infantry is at this moment armed (until the -alteration of their former weapon, the single-loader Vetterli, is -completed) with an excellent repeating rifle, the Vitali. Particular -attention is paid to musketry instruction, and facilities for shooting -are given and encouraged by the holding of National Rifle Meetings at -stated times. At these meetings, any soldier on furlough is allowed to -compete, with his Service rifle. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Italian Army, on account of the scarcity of -useful horses, and the mountainous character of the land, is weak in -comparison with the Cavalry of other European armies. - -It consists of 24 regiments, each of 6 squadrons and an Ersatz-cadre; -_i.e._, 10 Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of Light Cavalry -(Cavalleggieri). - -The Light Cavalry are armed with a long curved sword, and the Lancers -with a lance. In addition to these weapons, the whole of the Cavalry is -armed with a rifled breech-loading carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of 24 regiments, each of 8 batteries; -there are also 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain batteries. It can put -in the field in war-time 1,196 guns. The heavy batteries are armed with -3·54-inch breech-loaders; the Light and Horse Artillery batteries with -2·76-inch breech-loaders. The mountain guns, for the transport of each -of which three horses or mules are provided, are of 2·95-inch calibre, -of steel-bronze, and mounted on wooden carriages. - -The Garrison Artillery consists of 5 regiments; the Siege-train of 2 -parts—each of 200 guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Engineers consist of 4 regiments, including a Railway and Telegraph -Company, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop. - -The Artillery and Engineers provide their own Train. - -12 Commissariat companies are told off for service in the depôts. - -The men of the Field Artillery and Engineers carry a revolver besides a -sword; Garrison Artillerymen are armed with a breech-loading carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Gendarmerie.+] - -[Illustration: Carbineer.] - -There is also a Corps closely connected with the Army which deserves -mention, namely, the Gendarmes, or “Carabinieri Reali,” whose strength -amounts to 543 officers, 22,487 Foot Gendarmes, and 11 legions of -Mounted Gendarmes. - -Formerly many a story was told of the fights between the Carabinieri -and the banditti. Nowadays, both the robbers and the old Carabinieri -have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form an excellent -Corps, whose duty it is to maintain peace and good order in the country. - -In war-time a battalion of them is sent with each Army Corps. They have -then to provide orderlies for the Staff, as well as to act as Military -Police. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole kingdom is divided into twelve Army Corps Districts. - -[Illustration: Bersagliere of the African Contingent.] - -In peace-time the Army Corps vary in strength. In war, each Army Corps -consists of 2 Divisions, the Division numbering 2 Brigades (each -brigade consisting of 2 regiments of Infantry), and an Artillery -Division of 3 batteries. Besides these, each Army Corps has 1 regiment -of Bersaglieri, 1 or 2 Artillery Divisions, each of 4 batteries, 1 -regiment of Cavalry, 2 companies of Engineers, with bridging-train, -and 1 battalion of Carabinieri, forming altogether 27 battalions of -Infantry, 5 or 6 squadrons of Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery, -and 2 companies of Engineers, etc.—total, about 29,000 men and 112 guns. - -The Alpini are not included in the Corps organisation. - -[Sidenote: +Milizie.+] - -The Landwehr consists of 48 regiments of Infantry, 18 battalions of -Bersaglieri, 22 Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of Artillery, and 35 -companies of Engineers. It is formed into twelve divisions in time of -war. - -Besides the above, there are 342 battalions, 30 Engineer companies, and -100 companies of Foot Artillery of the Landsturm, for garrison purpose. -In peace-time depôts for the Landwehr and Landsturm are not organised: -preparations are however being made for instituting them. - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -In this manner is organised the Army which has now for about ten years -proudly taken its place alongside the proved and war-tried armies of -the senior Powers. Anyone accustomed to English or German troops, such -as the Brigade of Guards in Hyde Park, or the German Foot-Guards at -Potsdam, will find much that is strange on seeing the Italian Army, -resulting from the peculiarity of race. He will miss the upright -bearing, the regular movements and the steady drill of the Infantry, -and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the Cavalry; but he will be -pleased with the picturesque uniforms of the Army, the extremely smart -appearance and active movements of the Bersaglieri, with their waving -green plumes, and with the martial and powerful bearing of the Alpini, -with their upright plumes in their head-dress; and he will find that -the cry of “Evviva il Re Umberto” sounds just as loud and strong here -as our own English “God save the Queen.” The impression that he will -take away with him will be that the like spirit of the ancient Romans -has not been lost in their descendants, and that the young kingdom of -Italy is well prepared to throw her Army as a decisive weight on to the -side of victory in some future European war. - - - ADDENDUM TO ITALY - -P. 43. Additional troops have lately been raised for service in Africa. -They consist of— - - 1 Regiment African Rifles (4 battalions), - 1 Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions), - 1 Battalion African Bersaglieri, - 1 Squadron Native Cavalry, - 3 Batteries African Mountain Artillery. - -These are all for service at Massowah. - -[Illustration: Italy. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - FRANCE. - - -[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Artillery.] - -The next on the list is France, our nearest continental neighbour, who -for a long time was the foremost of European Military Powers. In the -disastrous war of 1870 she lost this position entirely, and has ever -since then been making the most strenuous exertions to regain something -of her old strength by thorough revision and reorganisation of her -Army. - -The laws of 1872 and 1873 were passed with a view to this object, -and by them Universal Conscription was introduced, as in Germany. On -economical grounds, all able-bodied conscripts were divided into two -classes, the first of which serves five years with the Colours, and the -second only one year. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -After his five years’ active service (or one year, as the case may -be) the soldier goes for four (or eight) years to the Active Reserve. -Thereafter he enters the Territorial Army for five years, and the -Territorial Army Reserve for a subsequent six years, making twenty -years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the Army of the 1st -Line, and the Territorial Army and its Reserve the Army of the 2nd Line. - -The institution of one-year Volunteers covers a much larger area than -in the German Army. The main point looked to in a would-be one-year -Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs; the scientific and -educational certificates required from such candidates in Germany are -quite a secondary consideration in France. - -[Illustration: France. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -France was not content with following the German model when she -re-constituted her Army, but endeavoured to organise a system -whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned out in -the shortest possible time—something like the “levée en masse” which -took place at the time of the French Revolution in 1793. This has been -the aim of successive war ministers since 1871. It seems to have been -brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July, 1889, which -for severity and harshness appears to surpass any military sacrifices -and duties ever demanded of any people. - -[Sidenote: +New Law.+] - -[Illustration: - - Hospital Orderly. Surgeon.] - -The main points of this law are as follows:— - -1. Extension of liability to service from twenty to twenty-five years. - -2. Change from five years’ to three years’ service with the Colours. - -3. Abolition of all exemptions from service; even the only sons of -widows, the eldest sons of orphans, and those whose brothers are -already serving, must serve one year, and may be sent away at its -conclusion; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the ranks, -they may be kept on for another two years. Candidates for the higher -professions and theological students will have to serve for one year, -the latter to serve as bearers during active service. - -4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of -science, and from a few moderately high schools. - -5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who are -unfit for service, and by any who are conscribed for less than three -years. - -[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Rifles.] - -A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to accept -a governmental or departmental office without having previously served -for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these years -to have served in the capacity of either officer or non-commissioned -officer. - -[Sidenote: +War-Strength.+] - -The war-strength of France was, before the passing of this law, and -according to French sources:— - - Army of the 1st Line 2,051,458 men. - Army of the 2nd Line 2,057,196 ” - --------- - Total 4,108,654 ” - -It is almost impossible to calculate, from the new law, what her -strength will be exactly, but it appears to be nearly equal to that of -the three Powers together who form the Triple Alliance! - -Whether this law has been promulgated in view of an approaching war, or -whether it will be carried out in all its Spartan severity throughout -the present peace—and long may it last!—is a question only to be -determined by the future. In either case the spirit of self-sacrifice -which has prompted the French to lay the heavy burden on themselves is -much to be admired. The mainspring of this spirit appears, however, to -be more the frantic effort to get back the country’s former military -prestige than pure patriotism. - -The peace-strength of France is no criterion by which to measure the -forces that she could put in the field in case of war. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The Infantry consists of— - - 162 Line Regiments, each of 3 battalions—486 battalions. - 4 Zouave Regiments, each of 4 battalions—16 battalions. - 4 Algerian Rifle Regiments (Turcos) 4 battalions—16 battalions. - 2 Regiments of the Foreign Legion, 4 battalions—8 battalions. - 30 Battalions of Rifles (Chasseurs)—30 battalions. - 5 Battalions of African Light Infantry (Zéphyrs)—5 battalions. - Grand total, 561 battalions. - -The magazine rifle of the French Infantry, introduced in 1887, and -called after its inventor, Colonel Lebel, director of the Normal -School of Musketry at Chalons, is certainly equal to both the German -and Austrian magazine rifles in shooting and general value. As regards -the powder for its cartridges, the composition of which[19] remains -a secret up till now, the inventor has claimed that its use will -revolutionise Infantry tactics. According to French accounts, the -powder is both noiseless and smokeless. If this were the case, no doubt -it would produce changes in the mode of fighting, and surprises would -be greatly facilitated thereby. Last year, however, experiments were -made at the German Artillery School and at the Manœuvres with an almost -identical powder, the results of which proved that the advantages of -the French powder were greatly exaggerated. The report of the rifle -is distinctly heard, and is little, if at all, less loud than that of -the old powder. The smoke, it is true, is very much less, but is still -quite visible on a still day, its colour being a transparent dull blue. -The new powder, therefore, certainly possesses advantages, but these -will be of little account when all armies—as seems very probable in the -near future—come to use the same powder. - -The Lebel rifle is apparently being superseded by a new rifle, that -invented by Captain Pralon, and it is said that the Rifle battalions -will shortly be armed with it. The uniform of the French Infantry is -the same as it has been for the last forty years, the main features in -field-order being the long blue-grey great-coat, red képi and loose red -trousers. The full dress is shako and double-breasted dark-blue -tunic. The Rifle battalions wear blue-grey trousers. - -[Illustration: France. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Sidenote: +African Troops.+] - -The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a remarkable feature in the -French Army; they consist of Zouaves, Turcos, Foreign Legion, and -Spahis, and take the field with the French troops against any Power, -civilised or otherwise. - -The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French conquered -and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque, consisting of -an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers, and white -gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a white -turban. At the present time, there are but few Africans amongst them, -the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple. - -The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a -bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves, excepting -that their knickerbockers are blue, or white, instead of red. - -Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light Infantry. -The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the attack, -and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long as there -is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of _élan_ and courage, -but a defeat takes much of their spirit out of them. - -Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Zéphyrs -Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are -sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison -different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and -though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so -in future wars. - -The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of foreigners -voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a happy time of -it. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry, with the latest additions to it, is composed of 79 -regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a depôt-squadron), and 4 -regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons each—total, 419 squadrons. They -consist of— - - 12 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 28 ” ” Dragoons, - 21 ” ” Chasseurs à Cheval, - 12 ” ” Hussars, - 6 ” ” Chasseurs d’Afrique, - 4 ” ” Spahis. - Total, 83 regiments. - -The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust sword. Lances -there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the other regiments a -carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier regiments. - -The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or as fit for service -as the German (_i.e._, Lithuanian and Hanoverian) horse. Nor is the -French Cavalry soldier a good groom. The Chasseurs d’Afrique and the -Spahis, mounted on Arabian stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The -Spahis are for the most part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen. -Their whole appearance produces a novel impression, dressed as they -are in their Oriental attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long -red-leather riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their -shoulders, and mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide -at will with a mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see -these children of the desert at their games, tearing along with wild -war-shrieks and waving their long guns frantically over their heads, -each man and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race. - -[Illustration: Railway Troop.] - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one to each Army Corps), -each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has 12, the other 11 -batteries, including between them 3 batteries of Horse Artillery, -so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries. Each battery has 6 guns, -fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these, some mountain batteries -are going to be formed, but only in case of need. - -The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3·53-in.) gun, on the De -Bange system. It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870–71 -campaign, and at an enormous cost. - -The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries each, is also -armed with first-rate new guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5 battalions. An -independent Railway Regiment has lately been formed. - -The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more or -less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is employed -on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many Field -Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping order -in rear of the Army. The Garde-Républicaine of Paris (Cavalry and -Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, and -the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is in -reality only the Fire Brigade. - -[Illustration: Trumpeter of the Paris Mounted Garde Républicaine.] - -The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each. - -Besides the above troops, there are military corps organised for -Postal and Telegraph service in the field; also a Balloon Corps, a -Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a Dog-training Corps. - -[Sidenote: +Military Schools.+] - -There are numerous schools in France intended either for military -education or further military instruction. Chief amongst them is the -Military School of St. Cyr, into which 400 candidates are admitted -every year as cadets, after a competitive examination. The course lasts -for two years, and the cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the -Infantry and Cavalry. The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets -annually under like conditions to the Artillery and Engineers. In the -time of Napoleon I., a great many of the officers, including some of -his most famous marshals, rose from the ranks; and even now a very -large proportion of them come from the same source. - -[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+] - -The whole of France is divided for administrative and organising -purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army Corps is quartered. -The 19th Corps is in Algeria. - -Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades of 2 -regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of Cavalry (2 -regiments), and a brigade of Artillery. - -On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot -help being struck by the fact that, besides being exceedingly -numerous, it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper -warlike spirit. Although not “the best in the world,” as every -Frenchman will tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many -excellent and soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one’s judgment -by the extremely slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as -regards physique and uniform. The “Piou-piou,” as the Infantry -soldier is called by his fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with -his képi well on the back of his head and his hands deep in his baggy -trouser-pockets, does certainly not present a soldier-like appearance, -but all the same he is an active and handy man on service, and on the -field of battle advances pluckily through a murderous fire, with little -thought of danger or alarm. - -[Illustration: Chasseur d’Afrique.] - -If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given such -numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence, France -has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in the -morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in which -the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to duty -which is the foundation of all discipline, have never taken root. -Ambition and desire of conquest form the motive-power of many great and -glorious deeds, and are certainly not wanting in the French character. -Higher than these, however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a -man at his post through all hardships and perils, without a thought for -his own gain or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will -to a higher one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which -permits of no loosening of the bonds of training and order even in -times of disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith -in its final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This -feeling cannot be learnt in a three years’, nor five years’, nor even -twenty-five years’ service, if it is not ingrained and actually born -in the national character and national system of education. Without -these main features even universal conscription itself will not be -successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may -bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of -combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death -which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is -thoroughly implanted. - -France is well-armed for attack as well as defence; for attack, by -means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy -country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the -troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time; and -for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer -line of which consists of frontier-fortresses and stop-gap forts from -the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge -to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank -of the Meuse. Behind this first line of defence a second one has been -built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles -apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but few -roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some fortress or -other. The central point of the whole of this vast defensive system is -the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle of protecting forts -surrounding her on a fifteen-mile radius, is more like a fortified -province than a fortress. - -The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like -these. “It is the spirit which forms the body” and brings into -subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a -combat of material forces; it is in a higher sense a combat of cultured -forces. Let us, therefore, remember that the best preparation for trial -by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach another in -material and brute force, but in the striving after a more complete -development of warlike skill. - - - ADDENDUM TO FRANCE. - -Pp. 46, 47. Now that the new law has come into force, July 1890, the -terms of service have been entirely changed. As the law now stands, -seven-tenths of the annual contingent of recruits have to serve for 3 -years, and three-tenths for 1 year. After his colour-service, a man -joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) years, then the Territorial -Army for 6 years, and after that the Territorial Reserve for 9 years -more—total 25 years. - -312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these only -174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new law will -be that by 1915 A.D. there will be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen -properly trained as soldiers and ready to take the field, and 60,000 -trained men per annum will have been added to the army! - -N.B.—The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on page 47 includes all -men, old and young, who have ever received any military training, and -is therefore hardly a just estimate of the French fighting-strength. -The latest trustworthy estimates put it at 2,790,000 men. - -P. 49. The Cavalry is now, or will be very shortly, composed of 92 -regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons -each—total, 484 squadrons. - -They consist of - - 14 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 34 ” ” Dragoons, - 22 ” ” Chasseurs à Cheval, - 14 ” ” Hussars, - 8 ” ” Chasseurs d’Afrique, - 4 ” ” Spahis. - Total, 96 regiments. - -P. 49. 12 Mountain Batteries are being formed. There are, in addition -to the numbers given, 12 batteries in Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 19: Invented by Colonel Bruyère.] - - - - - RUSSIA. - - -Russia is situated, from a military point of view, quite differently -to any other European country, for of the whole Russian Empire only -about a quarter lies in Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger -than the rest of all Europe put together, but it contains only a third -of the population. Although by far the greater part of her dominions -lies in another continent, Russia has had a pretty large finger in the -European pie, and will in the future, no doubt, often mix herself up -in European politics. Her policy, if it can be called so, is to try to -influence Western questions in such a manner as eventually to bring all -Slav races under her rule. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Russia has therefore organised her Army on an European footing, -and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought in Universal -Conscription, from which, however, the upper classes, _i.e._, the -nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The actual Colour -service lasts six years; after that the soldier is sent for nine years -more to the Reserve, which can be called out to reinforce the Standing -Army. During the rest of his time, _i.e._, up to his twentieth year of -service he belongs to the Opoltschenie—a body of men similar to the -German Landsturm. - -The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the requisite -age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000 are -conscribed, and the requisite number for the Army are selected from -these by lot; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The latter -body, therefore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly untrained. -There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr, in the -Russian Army. - -The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the -respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces, -Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces. - -The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take the field in case -of war. - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments of 4 battalions each, and -58½ Rifle battalions, as follows:— - - 12 Regiments of the Guard. - 16 ” Grenadiers. - 164 ” Infantry of the Line. - 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard. - 54½ ” ” ” Line. - -The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and their -officers rank one step higher in the Army. - -Many alterations in the uniform have been made by the present Czar. -The dark green colour has been preserved, but the cut of the tunic has -been altered from that of the Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted -jacket fastened with hook and eye, and with no buttons. The head-gear -is a round fur-cap, white in the case of Generals and Staff-officers, -and black in all others. The soldier has little to do in the way of -metal-polishing, it is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed -glint which one usually associates with a military uniform. The -Regiments of the Guard and Grenadiers have special distinguishing marks -on their uniform. - -[Illustration: Infantry (heavy marching order).] - -The Infantry rifle is a useful breech-loader with bayonet, on the -system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of -magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its mind; so -that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather behindhand in the -matter. - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Guard.] - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Caucasus.] - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:— - -Guard Cavalry:— - - 4 Regiments of Cuirassiers, - 2 ” ” Dragoons, - 2 ” ” Hussars, - 2 ” ” Lancers, - -and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line. - -The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each. -Besides the above, there is a Division (2 squadrons) of Crimean Tartar -Cavalry, which would be expanded in case of war to a regiment. - -The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by our plates, is -very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of the Line. The -whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved sabre, called -a “Shashka,” which is worn on a narrow band over the right shoulder. -The front-ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry lances on -garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would not be taken -on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter than that of -the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the “Shashka”-scabbard; -other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan carbine. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -The Field Artillery consists of:— - - 3 Brigades of Guard Field Artillery, - 4 Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery, - 44 Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line. - -Each brigade numbering 6 batteries. - -The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and 23 -batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line; besides the above, there are -two Mounted Mountain Batteries. - -The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in -peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed guns. - -The matériel consists of excellent steel-guns, mostly from Krupp works -in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4·16 inches, and that -of the light ones 3·39 inches. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - -The Engineers consist of 17 battalions of Sappers (including 1 Guard -and 1 Grenadier Battalion), and a few independent companies, 8 -battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 Field-parks, 16 -Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks. - -There is no Train; it is formed in war-time by taking men from -the Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and -manœuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great. - -During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete the -Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz forces, -whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death, wounds, -disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by depôt-cadres. - -To the Local forces belong 50½ battalions of Garrison Artillery, -distributed amongst the fortresses of the country, besides 32 Line -battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison duties; they may, -however, if necessary, be employed on Active Service. To these forces -also belong the “Instruction troops,” which practise new regulations, -tactical and otherwise, as they are brought out, and experimentalise -with new arms and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and -the Frontier Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces. - -[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+] - -The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19 Army Corps -(including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps); 2 to 3 Infantry -Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form an Army -Corps. The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades, each of 2 -regiments and 1 brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry Division numbers -in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each; besides 2 batteries of -Horse Artillery. - -The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like 700,000 -men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000 men and -3,260 guns. - -In addition to this enormous number there are the Irregular troops—a -force quite peculiar to Russia—namely, the Cossacks.[20] - -[Sidenote: +Cossacks.+] - -The Cossacks are tribes of mixed Russian, Turkish, and Tatar blood. -They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after the Mongol -invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and Dnieper and -established their own forms of government. Every three years they used -to elect a “Hetman” as chief, with a council of elders, “Narschines,” -to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia have their -head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the mountainous districts -of that region. Branches of these Cossacks have settled on the Volga, -on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the Ural, in the Kuban -North-Western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since they became subject -to Russia they have assisted in carrying the Russian dominion further -into Asia. The history of the settlement of these tribes in Siberia, -led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is exceedingly interesting. This bold -leader crossed the Ural mountains in 1758 with a following of only 840 -Cossacks. His conquering progress equalled that of the Spaniards under -Cortez in Mexico for adventure and for the great results that flowed -from his successes. - -Although attached to Russia, the Cossacks are Russian in neither -their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extraordinarily -sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent -horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and -inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound -down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the -country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of -inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in -the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of -Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the -different frontiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a soldier. They -have a military organisation and are divided into Cavalry regiments, or -“polks.” - -[Illustration: Russia. I. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Russia. II. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -They are gradually being more and more definitely organised, -disciplined, and trained. Each man has to provide himself with clothing -and equipment according to regulation, and with a horse, and keep -them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a short -coat, “kasakin,” or a long one, “tcherkesska,” with a woollen shirt, -“beshmet,” loose trousers, long boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap, -“papasha.” Their chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with -sabre (“shashka”), pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus, -long knives, “kinzhal,” and finally, a rifle of some sort. - -[Illustration: Officer of the Field Police (full dress).] - -[Illustration: Field Gendarme (service kit).] - -Their small insignificant-looking horses are not to be beaten for speed -and endurance. A day journey of twenty hours is not too much for them; -their hardiness is extraordinary, and the worst forage possible does -not come amiss to them. - -[Sidenote: +Cossack Characteristics.+] - -A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner, _i.e._ with a loose rein, high -saddle, short stirrup, and toes down; he is very fond of his horse and -treats him kindly. - -[Illustration: Cossack of the Amour.] - -Their extraordinary mobility, endurance, and cleverness in getting -over all obstacles of ground, particularly fit the Cossack troops for -outpost and reconnaissance duty, for rapid raids and bold surprises, as -well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is also by no means their -least advantage is that this mode of employing them in war would leave -the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual combat in the field. - -The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of -character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers -in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15 regiments -of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard-Cossacks, and 7 batteries of the Line. -In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and the whole -Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136 regiments -Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns). - -This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and die -in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the Regular -Army or attach themselves to it, is well known in Germany, where it -appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806–1815). One might say -with Schiller: “The rider and his swift horse are fearsome guests.” On -the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be regarded with -feelings of greater respect as enemies than as friends. - -Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks are some of the -other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian Irregulars, such -as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the Caucasus, the -Tcherkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although these people -render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic possessions, still -she can hardly count on their services in an European war, so that an -invasion by these Asiatic races, like what happened in the times of -Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken into account by the Europe -of to-day. - -[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+] - -Laying aside the question of these Irregular troops, we cannot deny -that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army, and one which is -prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine the Russian soldier -to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher culture. Frederick the Great -learnt to respect Russia as a powerful adversary, and in the beginning -of this century she brought a heavy weight to bear in favour of Austria -and Prussia, and fought valiantly as their ally against the power of -Napoleon I. Since that period Russia has made important progress, -not only in her culture, but in the organisation and arming of her -Army; universal conscription has also acted as a powerful assistant -to universal education. Whether Russia will fight Germany in the near -or in the distant future is a matter that does not concern us here; -we will leave the discussion of the probabilities pro and con to the -newspapers. The time may come, but all we need know about the matter -is that Germany is fully prepared and, though respecting her possible -adversary, is not afraid of her. - - - ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA. - -P. 53. The Russian Infantry now numbers— - - 10 Regiments of the Guard, - 18 ” ” Grenadiers, - 164 ” ” the Line, - 20 ” ” Rifles (2 battalions each), - 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard, - 38 Rifle Battalions of the Line. - -Pp. 56–58. The Cossacks form altogether— - - 32 Regiments Regular Cavalry, - 136 Squadrons Irregular ” - 7 Battalions of Infantry, - 12 Batteries of Artillery. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 20: From the Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish -a robber, and in Tatar a free lightly-armed warrior.] - - - - - DENMARK. - - -[Illustration: - - Switzerland. Denmark. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -The military organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served -as patterns to the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must -have an Army of its own wherewith to defend its independence and secure -the vindication of its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would -depend on the size, geographical situation, and historical associations -of the State. - -[Sidenote: +Historical.+] - -In recent times the small State of Denmark has once or twice been -obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep possession of -the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, to the right of attaching which -to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption into the Danish -commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848–49 the small Danish -Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against the might of -Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers, namely, Russia -and England, to step in in her favour. The result was that Prussia was -obliged to stay her hand from taking under her protection the German -inhabitants of the two Duchies. - -In 1863–64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the German rights -in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably altered, and the war, -which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close by the Treaty -of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies from Denmark -and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage, however, with -which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the vastly superior -forces of the other two Powers, and the determined opposition which -they offered, more especially in their fortifications at Danewirke, -Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope of foreign -intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to the excellence -and courage of the Danish troops. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -After this war Denmark made use of her bitter experience in -reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she had, in spite of -the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea of being a Power -in the North of Europe. She has now made an important step in the -military line by introducing universal conscription, the terms of which -are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve, and eight in the -“Reinforcement” Reserve. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Danish Army is now constituted as follows:— - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Infantry— - - 1 Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve. - - 10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and 1 battalion - Reinforcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades (2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and - 1 Fünen) of 2 regiments each. - -[Illustration: Foot Guardsman.] - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -Cavalry— - - 1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and 4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 - squadrons. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - -Artillery— - - Field Artillery—2 Regiments of 2 divisions each—total, 12 Line and 4 - Reinforcement Reserve Batteries. - - Garrison Artillery—2 Battalions—total, 6 Line and 4 Reinforcement - Reserve Companies. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies. Train—4 - Sections. - -The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000 men, -with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve battalions and batteries only -exist as depôt-cadres. - -The Infantry is still armed with a single-loading rifle, the Remington, -but it is intended to shortly arm them with a magazine-rifle, which is -now in course of preparation. - -The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their -Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large -purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the breed. - -The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and -endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accordingly is better -fitted for a defensive rôle, such as holding a fortified position to -the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack. - -The general plan of national defence is based on this characteristic, -for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned into a great -entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger portion of the -Danish Army in case of war. - -[Illustration: Surgeon.] - - - - - SWEDEN AND NORWAY. - - -[Illustration: - - Sweden. Norway. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -Sweden, which once, in the time of the Thirty Years’ War, represented -the first Military Power in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army, -just large enough for the needs of the country. The military system of -Sweden is a peculiar one, and entirely different from that of other -States. - -[Sidenote: +Military System.+] - -The whole land is divided into a great many small “Rote” or Divisions, -each of which has to supply one able-bodied man of the right age for -the Army. This man serves for as long as his physical powers last. He -receives a small property, consisting of house, farm, and ploughland, -and definite pay as long as he is actually with the Colours. - -Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with their -horses by the larger landowners or “Rusthalters,” in return for their -exemption from certain taxes. - -These troops are called “Indelta” men. - -The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the “Värfvade,” -the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years’ -service, and may re-engage for further service. - -The Värfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of the -Indelta, for the former are continually with their Corps, whilst the -latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough, looking -after their farms. - -The third portion is the “Bewäring,” which consists of all men between -their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. In case of war they -would have to reinforce the other two portions. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Swedish Army consists of— - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -Infantry— - - 2 Regiments of the Body-Guard, - 2 ” ” Body-Grenadiers, - 17 ” ” Infantry, - 2 Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and - 4 Rifle battalions. - -Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace-and 3 in war-time: this -would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively. - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - -Cavalry— - - 1 Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons, - 4 Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons, - 2 Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons, - 1 Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons. - Total, 47 squadrons. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - - Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery, of 5 divisions - of 2 batteries each, the regiment consisting of 10 - (2 “Driving,” 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 “Foot”) batteries, - besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries. - Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number - of 234 field-guns. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph - Company, and 1 battalion of Sappers. - - Train—1 battalion of 2 companies. - -The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and -leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something astonishing. The -skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are directed by a sergeant -in the centre with uplifted rifle. Every time a man in the firing-line -snaps his rifle, he shouts out “Piff-paff!” The introduction of a new -magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably cause some fatigue to the -throats of the Swedish Infantry. - - - NORWAY. - -Although Norway is united under the same Crown with Sweden, still her -military system differs entirely from that of the latter. - -[Sidenote: +Military System.+] - -Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years old is sent to the so-called -“Land-armament,” to serve five years in the Line, four in the -“Landwehr” and four in the “Landsturm.” The conscripts remain but very -few weeks with the Colours. The main portion of the Army consists of -men voluntarily enlisted, who are bound to stay for six years. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of which one forms a Guard-Company, -consisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted men, constitutes the only -Corps under arms in time of peace; of the remaining troops there are -only cadres in existence. In the event of war, the Line Infantry would -consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions each—total, 20 battalions. The -Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of Light Dragoons—total, 11 squadrons; -the Artillery of 5 battalions = 11 batteries with 66 guns; the -Engineers of a small division. Grand total, about 18,000 men. - -[Illustration: Officer (Standard-bearer) of the Life Guards (Andra -Lifgardet).] - -The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington, -which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine-rifle invented -by Colonel Jarman of their Army. - -[Illustration: Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands hästjägarecorps.)] - -The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the sabre. The -Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in the Krupp -works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel works. - -It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress -similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an -almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere. - -The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does not -appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian-Swedish government. -The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners, sturdy and -enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every reason to -believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case fully equal to -its true and destined use—_i.e._, the defence of the country. - - - - - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. - - -In most European States the Army is worked by the Sovereign or -Government of the country for the defence of the Crown and the nation, -and for the upholding of the Law. This, however, was for a long time -not the case in the south-western portion of Europe, _i.e._ the -Iberian Peninsula. It could not be the case, for during even this -century revolution has succeeded revolution, and the different forms -of government introduced at rapidly-recurring intervals have made it -impossible for the Army to be always at the beck and call of the head -of the State for the time being. The energetic young king, Alfonso -XII., who ascended the Spanish throne in 1874 (and died in 1885), -experienced the necessity of making himself chief of the Army, and -instituted a military system by which he hoped to put an end to the -earlier irregularities. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Army of Spain is therefore now divided into the Peninsular Army, -which serves in Spain itself, and the Colonial Army, which serves in -Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of universal conscription, -to which every Spaniard becomes liable on attaining his twentieth year. -Those who are exempted by law from the Army are only called out in time -of war, and those who belong to certain named professions are allowed -to buy exemptions from service for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied -men it is the ballot which decides which are to enter the Active Army. - -Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which six years, as -a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the Colours. The -remainder of a man’s service is passed in the Active Reserve. All those -who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours, including those -exempted by law and purchase, are classed as “Disponible Recruits;” -these receive only a very short training and are called out to -reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After six years’ service -as such, the “Disponible” recruits enter the 2nd Reserve. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -[Sidenote: +Infantry.+] - -The kingdom of Spain is divided up into 14 Military Districts, each -under a Captain-general. These are again divided into 140 Military -Zones, each under a colonel, who is responsible for mobilisation and -supply details. Each Zone comprises 1 Active, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt -battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented -only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line -battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are -Rifles; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each. - -[Illustration: - - Spain. Spain. Portugal. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Halberdier of the Palace.] - -There are in peace-time no higher units than battalions; brigades, -divisions, and army corps would be formed only in case of war. - -The remainder of the Spanish Army consists of:— - -[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+] - - Cavalry— 8 Regiments of Lancers, 14 Regiments of Cazaderos (Light - Horse), 2 Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 - squadrons. Besides these there are 28 Reserve regiments, of which - only cadres exist in peace-time, and 1 squadron of Life-Guards. - -[Sidenote: +Artillery.+] - - Artillery—5 Regiments of Divisional Artillery of 6 batteries each, - altogether 30 batteries with 180 guns; 5 regiments of Corps - Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20 batteries with 120 - guns; 2 regiments of Mountain Artillery, each of 6 batteries, - altogether 72 guns, and 1 regiment of Siege and Position Artillery, - 4 batteries of 4 guns each, altogether 16 guns. Total therefore, 388 - guns, and 9 battalions Fortress Artillery. - -[Sidenote: +Engineers.+] - - Engineers—5 Pioneer regiments, 1 Railway battalion, - 1 Telegraph battalion, and 5 Reserve regiments. - -There is no Train in time of peace. - -The peace-strength of the Peninsular Army amounts to 116,000 men. - -[Illustration: General (full dress).] - -Besides these there are 16 regiments of Gendarmes (Guardia Civil), -numbering 15,000 men, and 11,000 men of the Carabineros, or Frontier -Force. - -The Colonial Army, about 33,000 men in all, is formed by voluntary -enlistment. - -[Sidenote: +Armament.+] - -The Infantry is armed with the Remington rifle, the Cavalry with sword -and Remington carbine. Three sections[21] of each squadron of Lancers -carry the lance. The Artillery is armed with cast-steel Krupp guns of -3·15 inches calibre; the Mountain Artillery with those of 2·95 inches. -The guns have, however, been altered to Colonel Placentia’s system. - -The two Royal Household Companies, Halberdiers, are the only ones who -wear the old Spanish dress. - -The Spaniard combines the liveliness and hot blood of the southerner -with the determination and endurance of the northerner, and would now -count as one of the best soldiers in Europe if it were not that, in -consequence of the long civil wars and disturbances in the country, he -had become somewhat less amenable to discipline than formerly. If an -instance is required of what Spaniards can do when fighting for their -land and freedom, we have only to look at the guerilla and mountain -warfare waged by this plucky nation against the old campaigners of -Napoleon at the beginning of this century, before the English troops -came to their assistance. - - - PORTUGAL. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Universal Conscription is the rule in Portugal as well as in most other -countries, but there are numerous exemptions and sendings on “unlimited -furlough with the Colours” (in order to save the national exchequer), -so that the Army does not by any means comprise as many men as would -appear from the strength as laid down on paper. With a nominal peace -strength of 37,000, the actual strength is only about 18,000. - -The terms of service are three years with the Colours, five years in -the 1st Class, and four in the 2nd Class Reserves. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Infantry consists of 24 Line and 12 Rifle regiments, each of 2 -Active and 1 Depôt battalions, altogether 72 battalions, the Depôt -battalions being skeleton ones. - -Cavalry—10 regiments, of which the first two are Lancers, and the -remainder Light Dragoons (Caçadores a Cavallo). Each regiment consists -of 3 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons. - -Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery of 12 batteries each, 2 -Regiments of Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 Mountain -Brigade of 6 batteries.—Total, 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with -132 guns. - -Engineers—2 Active and 1 Reserve battalions, and 1 Torpedo Company. - -Portugal has, besides this Army, a Colonial Force of 9,600 men, chiefly -natives. - -The Infantry is now armed with the Kropatschek repeating-rifle; till -quite recently, they had the Enfield rifle. The Field Artillery is -chiefly armed with 3·54-inch steel Krupp guns. - -More attention appears to be paid in Portugal to the Navy than to the -Army, and it seems unlikely that the latter will be engaged in war, at -all events for some time to come. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 21: Out of four.] - - - - - SWITZERLAND. - - -The Swiss Republic, or rather the Free Confederation of twenty-two -small Republics (Cantons), had its beginning in the four “Forest” -towns of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Glarus. It was by the treaties -of 1815, upon which, after the downfall of Napoleon I., the present -distribution of Powers was founded and still to a great extent remains, -that the neutrality of Switzerland was recognised, so that she is now, -to all intents and purposes, excluded from taking part in an European -war. Being, however, surrounded by three Great Powers, whose Armies -may at any time traverse her territories from any quarter, she is -obliged to guard her neutrality very strictly. This object she seeks -to accomplish by universal conscription and by a military system which -is adapted to the exigencies of the country and rests on the so-called -“Militia System.” - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to this system the conscript has to pass only a few weeks -or months in being trained, and is subsequently called out for only -a few weeks annually during peace-time. This system certainly allows -of universal service in the widest sense of the word, and also gives -a small State the power of calling out a proportionally large Army -in time of war. At the same time, however, this system, in order to -be of any use, would require the people to be naturally of a warlike -tendency, and every man to be thoroughly accustomed to the use of a -rifle; in fine, it would require that there should always be a nucleus -of thoroughly-trained troops, even in peace-time. - -Every Swiss is liable to service from the 20th to the 44th year of his -age. Of these twenty-five years of service, thirteen are spent in the -“Auszug” (Active Army) and twelve in the “Landwehr.” All able-bodied -men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are not employed in either of the -above branches belong to the “Landsturm.” Anyone who is not fit to -serve has to pay a small fine as a sort of compensation. - -In case of war the “Auszug” would provide the Army as follows:— - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - - Infantry—98 Fusilier and 8 Rifle Battalions. - - Cavalry—8 Regiments (24 squadrons) of Dragoons and - 12 Companies of Guides. - - Artillery—24 Regiments of Field Artillery, and 1 of - Mountain Artillery, each of 2 batteries of 6 guns each— - total, 300 guns, besides 10 batteries of Position Artillery. - - Engineers—9 Battalions. - - Train—8 Battalions. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The strength of the Field Army comes to about 100,000 men. It consists -of the Army Staff and 8 Divisions, each comprising 2 Infantry -Brigades, each Brigade comprising 2 Regiments of Infantry, 1 Rifle -Battalion, 1 Regiment of Dragoons, 1 Company of Guides, 1 Brigade of -Artillery, 1 Battalion of Engineers, 1 of Train, 1 Field Hospital and 1 -Administration Company. - -The Landwehr consists of nearly as many men as the Auszug, but the -former are only called on to serve on garrison duty at home. As for -arms, the Swiss troops are not behindhand with other nations. The -Infantry is armed with the repeating Vetterli rifle, the Rifles -with a similar short repeating-rifle, and the Dragoons with a -repeating-carbine. The Field Artillery has three patterns of guns: -the light 3·28-in., the heavy 3·93-in., and the mountain 2·92-inch -guns. The Swiss soldier is more of a Light Infantry man than anything -else; as for the Swiss Cavalry, it is not to be considered on the same -footing as the Cavalry of other nations, being feeble. - -The Swiss Militiaman is trained for a short time and then sent home -with his uniform and rifle. Thereafter he appears yearly for a short -training, in order to “keep his eye in.” This sketchy military -education is, however, greatly helped by the numerous Cadet divisions -in the schools, and by Volunteer Rifle and Gymnastic clubs. - -[Illustration: - - Holland. Belgium. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - - - - - HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. - - -The “Kingdom of the Netherlands,” instituted by the Vienna Congress in -1815, was, after the revolt of the southern provinces, divided into two -kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former extending from the mouth of -the Ems to those of the Rhine, Maas, and Scheldt, and the latter from -these mouths to the north-eastern frontier of France. The neutrality of -these two States, recognised by the other Great Powers of Europe, have -so far exempted them from keeping up large standing armies, that their -organisation remains very much as it was in 1830. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -The Dutch military system is a combination of the old Voluntary -Enlistment and the Militia systems. Every able-bodied young man between -20 and 25 years of age is bound to enter the Militia; the number of -these not to exceed 11,000 annually. The length of service of these -men, nominally one year, is as a matter of fact shortened to nine or -even six months. - -The Army consists partly of voluntarily-enlisted men, who bind -themselves to six years’ service, and partly of Militiamen. Gaps are -often caused by the impossibility of filling Volunteer vacancies by -Militiamen, and this leads to the disadvantage that the training of -the Militiamen is not so thorough as it might be, and also that the -troops are not always kept up to their full establishment. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Standing Dutch Army consists of— - - Infantry—1 Grenadier and Rifle Regiment (comprising 3 battalions of - Grenadiers and 2 of Rifles), and 8 Line Regiments of 5 battalions - each—Grand total, 45 battalions. - - Cavalry—3 Regiments of Hussars, each of 5 Field and one Depôt - squadrons. - - Artillery—1 Corps of Horse Artillery, 3 regiments Field Artillery, - altogether 42 batteries with 252 guns: and 4 regiments of Garrison - Artillery. - - Engineers—3 Field Companies, 3 Fortress, 1 Railway and Telegraph - Company, and 1 Instruction and Depôt Company. - -Besides the above there is a Colonial Army Depôt of three companies, and -the Corps of Maréchaussée, which corresponds to the Gendarmerie in other -States, 373 men. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The total strength of the Active Army approaches 64,000 men and 270 -guns. The Colonial Army, recruited entirely by voluntary enlistment, -comes to about 30,000 men. - -[Illustration: Infantry of the Schutterij.] - -In case a necessity should arise for reinforcing the Dutch Army, -another body of men has been formed, called the “Schutterij,” of all -Dutchmen between their 20th and 30th years not included in the Active -Army or Militia. No great expectations can be formed of this body, for -the members are only trained for forty to fifty hours annually. - -The Landsturm and Rifle Clubs are also destined to increase the -strength of the Army in case of emergency. - -Since Holland has been declared a neutral State, and her energy is -chiefly devoted to the furthering of her commercial and colonial -interests, the chief duty of the Army will probably be confined to that -of national defence. The numerous sluices and canals, which would offer -numerous obstacles to an invading army, would be of great assistance -in case of war. It has, in fact, already happened that the country has -been saved by letting in the sea through the sluices and forming a -general inundation. - -[Illustration: Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)] - - - BELGIUM. - -Belgium also is not one of the warlike States. She has, however, often -served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her neutrality has -not been always duly respected. She must therefore possess an Army, if -only to watch her frontiers, and to prevent her total dependence on -the will of other Powers. Her Army is, however, not numerous, and is -considerably behindhand both in organisation and training. - -[Illustration: Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)] - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the yearly so-called “Appels,” but -this is easily evaded by either paying a substitute, or by paying an -exemption of £64, in consideration of which the Government provides a -substitute of its own finding. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The Belgian Army is formed as follows: - -The Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9 Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments -each, _i.e.:_ - - 1 Regiment of Carbineers. - 1 Regiment of Grenadiers. - 3 Regiments of Rifles. - 14 Regiments of Infantry of the Line. - -The Carbineer Regiment consists of 4 Active and 2 Depôt battalions; the -remainder of 3 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, the latter being only -skeleton battalions. This makes altogether 58 Active and 20 Depôt -battalions. - -The Cavalry numbers 2 Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each, -_i.e._:— - - 2 Regiments of Light Dragoons. - 2 Regiments of Guides (similar to Hussars), and - 4 Regiments of Lancers, - -each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons—Grand total, 8 -regiments, forming 32 Active and 8 Depôt squadrons. - -[Illustration: Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)] - - Artillery—4 Regiments Field Artillery, consisting of 30 Field, 4 Horse - and 6 Reserve batteries. The Reserve batteries are skeleton ones - and have no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each—total, 34 batteries - with 204 guns, besides 3 regiments of Siege Artillery, each of - 16 Siege, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt batteries. - - Engineers—1 Regiment of 3 battalions, and 5 companies for special work, - _i.e._, pontooning, railway, telegraph, pyrotechnic and - general trades. - - Train—1 Battalion of 6 companies. - -[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+] - -The whole peace-strength numbers about 45,000 men, with 204 guns. Both -Dutch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single breech-loaders, the -Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there seems no present -intention of introducing magazine-rifles. - -The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model; the -tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and striking. - -Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other -nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only -when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed -strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made on a National Army. - - - - - TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE - BALKAN PENINSULA. - - -[Sidenote: +Historical.+] - -[Illustration: Officer of the Dorobanze (full dress).] - -[Illustration: Officer of the Roșiori (undress).] - -In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe -were several times alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of -their territories by a foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and -connected primarily with the Mongols. This race, known as Turks or -Osmanli, had made itself master of Constantinople, the capital of the -Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and set up its government there under a -Padishah or Sultan. From this point they extended their empire further -and further to the north-west, over Hungary and the intervening lands, -and took possession of the Hungarian capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683 -they actually besieged Vienna, and this city would undoubtedly have -fallen if it had not been for its heroic defence by Field-Marshal -Rüdiger von Starhemberg, who held out till he was succoured by Duke -Charles of Lorraine with the Army of the Austrian Empire, and John -Sobieski, King of Poland. - -The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually declined -in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and -nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire -became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence -under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent -kingdoms of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of -Bulgaria (under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present -century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but -she has her own administration. The Turkish Empire—once the terror -of Christendom—is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her -hold over the small remnants of her European possessions. Russia, who -considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the -East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the -“Sick Man” on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other -Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however, -Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without -a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what far-reaching -consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip her over, but -must give a short account of her Army as well as of the others. - -Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed -the Sultan body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000), -organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is -chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that -purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from -1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count Moltke. - -Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after every war. Though -it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the great Powers, still -that is the fault of neither the military system nor yet of the Turkish -soldier. The responsibility lies with the confused system of military -administration, which deals in the most hopeless and in the worst -possible way with the clothing and equipment, and even with the feeding -and pay of the Army. - -[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+] - -According to the Law, every able-bodied Mahomedan inhabitant of Turkey -is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are exempted on payment of a -fine. - -Service in the “Nizam,” or Active Army, lasts six years, of which -the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and Artilleryman -four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the Active -Reserve or “Ikhtiat.” After this the soldier joins the Landwehr or -“Redif” for eight years, and subsequently six years in the Landsturm -or “Muhstafiz.” As a matter of fact, the period of service with the -Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the outside. - -[Sidenote: +Organisation.+] - -The whole Turkish Empire is divided into 7 military districts or -“Ordu,” of which the seventh, Arabia, is exceptionally constituted. -“Ordus” 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam -troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army Corps of the Redif in case of -necessity. The seventh Ordu only possesses 1 Army Corps altogether. - -Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1 -Regiment of Field Artillery, 1 battalion of Pioneers and 1 of the -Train. - -A Division consists of 2 brigades; an Infantry brigade numbers 2, and a -Cavalry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5 battalions, of -which 1 is a Depôt battalion; a regiment of Cavalry, 5 squadrons, of -which 1 is a Depôt squadron. - -The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse -Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns. - -The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army, (including Redif) comprise -a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 guns,[22] and these could be -heavily reinforced by drawing on the “Muhstafiz.” - -[Sidenote: +Armament.+] - -The Infantry is armed with three different patterns of rifles at this -moment, but will shortly be armed altogether with a magazine-rifle. -Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are armed with a repeating carbine. -The guns are good cast-steel breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The -mountain batteries have steel guns. - -As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be -compared on the same grounds with his European comrade. As for a -discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of country, -the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however, compensated for -to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike spirit. - -The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour, -unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to -the death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks -with unequalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable -stubbornness in the defence of strong positions, has faded. In vain -does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses, -with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments. With the -exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a -distinctly European cut. The “Nizam” wear a dark-blue coat, usually -wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body, -which take place during their six years’ service, and the “Redif” wear -jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the -Bashi-Bazouks (_i.e._ “lost heads”), a wild body of Irregular troops -who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little amenable to -discipline. These wear bizarre and wild-looking dresses, and are armed -with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war, but is sadly -deficient in good officers and non-commissioned officers. - - * * * * * - -The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised on -the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably only -act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast but a -hasty glance at them. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +GREECE.+] - -_Greece_ has, in consequence of her universal conscription— - - Infantry—27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions of Rifles. - - Cavalry—12 squadrons. - - Artillery—2 Field, and 2 Mountain battalions, and 1 Garrison Artillery - battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64 guns. - -The Army (including Engineers and Train, as well as Gendarmerie) -consists of about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be reinforced in -war-time to 80,000 men. - -[Illustration: Turkish Infantry of the Redif.] - -[Sidenote: +ROUMANIA.+] - -_Roumania_ can bring into the 1st Line 4 Army Corps, well-drilled and -well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp guns), and into the 2nd -Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength consists of— - - Infantry—16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of Rifles and - 65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial Militia)—total, 85 - battalions. - - Cavalry—16 squadrons of Roșiori, (Hussars) and 54 squadrons of - Kalaraschi (a species of Gendarmerie)—total, 70 squadrons. - - Artillery—54 batteries with 312 guns. - -The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men. - -The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80 squadrons -of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of Engineers, and -details; altogether 150,000 men and 448 guns. - -Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of men -corresponding to the German Landsturm. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +SERVIA.+] - -_Servia_ can put into the field 5 Divisions, namely:— - - Field Army—45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries, besides Engineers - and Train—total, 65,000 men and 100 guns. - - Reserve Army—65,000 men, formed similarly to the above. - - Landsturm—60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men. - Total war-strength 130,000 men and 200 guns. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +BULGARIA.+] - -[Illustration: Bashi-Bazouks] - -[Illustration: - - Turkey.—Greece. Servia.—Bulgaria. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -[Illustration: Roumania. - - _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ - _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] - -_Bulgaria_, although her constitution is as yet not definitely -settled, is not at all behindhand in the organisation of her Army. -The principality would be able to put into the field an Army of over -30,000 well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000 -Landsturm. - -[Illustration: Montenegro: Soldier.] - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +EASTERN ROUMELIA.+] - -The Army of _Eastern Roumelia_ is a species of Militia, which would in -war-time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing Army numbers only 3,400 -men, and their efficiency is not very great. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: +MONTENEGRO.+] - -_Montenegro._ In the western portion of the Balkan Peninsula, between -the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic, though not touching the latter, -lies a wild and craggy mountain land. According to the inhabitants, -“When the Creator was walking over the earth, distributing rocks and -plains, the bag in which the rocks were split, and those which remained -fell on to Montenegro.” - -There can certainly not have been many rocks in the bag, for the land -of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny country -of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild as their -country. They are a small, liberty-loving nation, of great physical -beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day, called the -Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his speech -probably referred less to the Prince himself than to the people whose -merit and determined bravery he so much admired. - -[Illustration: Montenegro: Officer.] - -This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its independence. -Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the people, came to -grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 the inhabitants -of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the Crescent, -and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The Turkish -Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar Pasha, from -exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent against -Herzegovina and her ally. - -Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful -Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that -the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but -the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible -to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed -themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro, -therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against -the advance of the Crescent. - -Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every -able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from -his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for -the Prince, composed of 300 men,[23] of whom 50 are mounted. It is, -however, stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could -be put in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country -against an invader from any quarter. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 22: Numbering 468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry, -252 batteries Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—_Tr._] - -[Footnote 23: “Peganicis.”] - - - - - APPENDIX. - - SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE. - - -We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the Armies of Europe. A -country armed strength does not, however, consist exclusively of her -Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We will, therefore, -glance at the naval forces of the chief of the European States. - -[Sidenote: +ENGLAND.+] - -The first place amongst Naval Powers is undoubtedly still held by -Great Britain as queen of the seas, however much other nations may -try to overhaul her in ships and material. There have certainly been -voices heard lately in Parliament anent the alleged standstill—_i.e._, -backsliding, when the race with foreign nations is taken into -account—in the naval development of England. The late great Naval -Review, however, last August, appeared to disarm all hostile criticism -as to the strength and efficiency of the British Fleet. There were at -that time, off Portsmouth, several square miles of vessels, altogether -112 fighting-ships. Yet this was but a small portion of England Navy, -for the total English Fleet amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as -follows:— - - Turreted and belted men-of-war 37 - Ironclad corvettes and cruisers 80 - Sloops and gun-vessels 40 - Gunboats 102 - Torpedo-boats 120 - Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc. 43 - Despatch-vessels and survey-ships 33 - Transports, sailing-vessels, - and turret-ships 29 - Various, for coast and harbour service 195 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 23 - --- - Total 702 - India 28 - South Africa 2 - Australia 31 - --- - Grand total 763 - --- - -[Sidenote: +FRANCE.+] - -France possesses now— - - Men-of-war 25 - Other ironclads 29 - Cruisers 58 - Gunboats and avisos 82 - Gun-sloops (small) 54 - Torpedo-vessels, etc. 16 - Torpedo-boats 136 - Transports and sailing-ships 72 - Coast and harbour service, etc. 107 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 14 - --- - Total 593 - --- - -Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks. - -[Sidenote: +RUSSIA.+] - -Russia has of late years considerably increased her fleet, spending her -substance chiefly on large ironclads, which appear to be the fashion -nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in the Black Sea. The Russian -Navy should not be, all the same, considered as a very powerful one, -for a great many of her ironclads and torpedo-boats are out of date, -and not up to the requirements of modern naval warfare. - -The Russian fleet numbers altogether— - - Men-of-war 21 - Monitors and cruisers 44 - Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 21 - Torpedo-boats (old and new) 140 - Sailing-vessels, etc. 50 - Transports, etc. 123 - Coast and harbour service 50 - Boat-flotilla 33 - --- - Total 482 - --- - -[Sidenote: +ITALY.+] - -The naval forces of Italy have increased -very rapidly during the last twelve years. -At present they number— - - Men-of-war 19 - Corvettes 19 - Torpedo-vessels and avisos 26 - Gunboats 10 - Torpedo-boats 122 - Transports and survey-ships 19 - Harbour and coast service 92 - Auxiliary ocean steamers 7 - --- - Total 314 - --- - -[Sidenote: +AUSTRIA.+] - -Austria also has considerably increased -her fleet. It now consists of— - - Men-of-war and cruisers 15 - Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 15 - Corvettes, Transports, and avisos 21 - Torpedo-boats 56 - Harbour and coast service 19 - --- - Total 126 - --- - -[Sidenote: +GERMANY.+] - -The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany, “last not least,” of -whose naval organisation we will give a few details. - -The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at -Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17 -post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120 -lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 100 -naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in proportion. - -The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2 -Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven. Besides these, -there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions -of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of Marine -Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical -Department. - -The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army -Reserve and Landwehr. - -The matériel consists of— - - Men-of-war and other ironclads 26 - Cruisers 26 - Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos 18 - Torpedo-boats 93 - Various for harbour service 42 - --- - Total 205 - --- - -The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been -departed from in several details, gained from the experience of other -nations and from the knowledge of German requirements; economy had -also something to do with the matter. The building of huge ironclads -was not persevered in, and more attention was paid to increasing the -torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the coasts and ports. - -Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete -successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea, -still one great object has been gained, _i.e._, the protection of -trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter -into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and -to make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way -which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be -able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the foreign -invasion of her coasts an impossibility. It is difficult to forecast -the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies which the -country has recently founded and is still founding will increase its -task and may lead to the formation of a much larger fleet. - -The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides, -especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will soon -be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. One thing -is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the hoisting -of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the more -peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, are -followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole of -the German Empire. - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, - STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. - - - - - ADVERTISEMENTS - - LAMBERT, - Goldsmiths, Jewellers, and Silversmiths, - TO H.M. THE QUEEN, - H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, - THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH; - THE UNIVERSITIES OF - OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE, - The Royal Artillery, - THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION. - - [Illustration] - - A large Collection of every description of New and Second-hand - Plate always on Sale. - - _Precious Stones, Clocks, Watches, Electro-Plate, &c., &c._ - - PLATE and JEWELS Bought or Exchanged. - - 10, 11, & 12, COVENTRY STREET, LONDON. W - - - - - SODA WATER MACHINERY. - - - BOTTLES, BOXES, - CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS, - - AND ALL THE APPLIANCES FOR THE - - AERATED WATER TRADE. - - Highest Awards at all important Exhibitions since 1851. - - The “NIAGARA” MACHINES - -Are fast superseding all other kinds for the manufacture of first-class -Aerated Waters, and are in use in most of the leading manufactories in -the world. - - A size single, as drawing, capacity 600 - doz. large bot. per day £65 - B size single, as drawing, capacity 1,200 - doz. large bot. per day £70 - C size Double Pumps & Cylinder 2,400 - doz. large bot. per day £125 - D size Double Pumps & Cylinder 4,000 - doz. large bot. per day £180 - E size Double Pumps & Cylinder 7,000 - doz. large bot. per day £250 - - Thousands of Testimonials have been received by us - from users of these Machines. - -[Illustration: _As the result of latest Improvements our Machinery -effects a saving of 50 per cent. in cost of Labour and Material._] - - - - - THE “EXCELSIOR” TURNOVER FILLING MACHINE. - - - This is the most serviceable, reliable, and economical - in the market. - - A boy can syrup and fill 60 to 80 dozen per hour. - -There is no waste of Syrup, Water, or Gas. - -It has the only Syrup Pump where there is no strain upon the -glass barrel, consequently this never breaks. The Pump Leather is -self-tightening, and will wear, and it will last for years without -touching. - -It is the quickest in filling. - -It is the quickest for altering and adjusting Syrup! Both are done with -the thumb and finger. - -It is by far the strongest! - -It is comparatively valveless! - -It is the simplest to work and most lasting! - -It is not liable to go out of order, having but few working parts. - - - _Price, with Glass Barrel Syrup Pump, and all recent Improvements, - including also an extra glass barrel, and set of spanners_, - +£9 9s.+ - -[Illustration] - -Where power is used we recommend the “+Eclipse+” Filling Machine. By -this a boy or girl places two bottles at a time in, and can syrup, -fill, and deliver full-sized bottles at the rate of 120 dozen per hour. -Estimated cost of filling, ¼_d._ per gross of first-class waters. - - - - - THE “NIAGARA” BOTTLE, - Or Improved CODD’S. - - Is admitted to be the most perfect Bottle in - the market. - - - _SEND FOR SAMPLE AND COMPARE._ - - PRICES ON APPLICATION. - -Name on Bottles free, for Orders of 30 Gross. Under that quantity -Moulds are charged 10/- for each size or shape. Extra Rings, 1/6 per -Gross, printed with name of owner 2_d._ per gross extra. - -[Illustration] - - _Illustrated Catalogue_ (A) _Forwarded Free on - Application to_ - - BARNETT & FOSTER, - - “Niagara Works,” 25N, Eagle Wharf Rd., London, N. - - - - - BUY THE - - “London Made” Syphon, - - (TITLE REGISTERED) - - AND SUPPORT BRITISH INDUSTRY. - - It is the strongest, cheapest, handsomest - and best in the world. - - _PURE BLOCK TIN TOPS._ - - PRICE 1s. 6d. EACH. - -[Illustration] - - - Marking on Tops Free. - Marking on Vases Free for orders of 1000. - Nickel Plating Tops From 1½_d._ each. - Silver Plating Tops From 3½_d._ each. - - - - - THORNHILL. - - THORNHILL’S - - IMPROVED - - FULLY FITTED - - SUIT CASES. - - In best Solid Leather, - with Silver Mounted Toilet Fittings, - Ivory Brushes, &c. - - A VARIETY IN STOCK. - - _Full Particulars Post free._ - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: Hunting Appointment Frame, in Red Morocco or Pigskin -with Silver Mounts Price +25s.+ post free.] - -[Illustration: New combined Solid Silver Cigarette Box, Lamp, Match -Stands, and Ash Tray. - -_An assortment or other Patterns in stock._] - - - NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE - OF - Travelling Bags and - Dressing Cases, - _POST FREE._ - -[Illustration: Thornhill New Triple Pencil, for Black, Red and Blue -Lead. (_Registered_). - - With enamelled Bands to indicate which part of the Pencil must be - turned to bring out the corresponding coloured Lead. In Silver - +25s.+, In Gold +73s. 6d.+] - - WEDDING PRESENTS. - - New Illustrated Catalogue - OF - _LATEST NOVELTIES_, - POST FREE. - - THORNHILL & CO., To H.M. THE QUEEN and ROYAL FAMILY. - 144, New Bond Street, London. - - - - - By Royal Appointment. - - GOLD MEDAL AWARDED 1889. - - LITSICA, MARX & CO. - - TURKISH TOBACCO IMPORTERS & CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS. - - 82, STRAND, LONDON. - - -Manufacturers of the “+VASSO+,” “+ROSE+,” “+LADIES+,” “+RUSSIANS+,” -“+KALINIKI+,” and other leading brands of high-class Cigarettes, all of -which are made from the purest and choicest Oriental Tobaccos. - - These brands were specially selected, and were the only ones sold at - the Royal Military Exhibition, Chelsea, 1890. - - _TURKISH TOBACCOS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES._ - -Our new cigarette, “+The KHÂTIBEH+,” is pronounced by those who have -smoked it to be the acme of perfection. The Press say: “For mildness, -sweetness, aroma, and delicacy of taste there is no cigarette to equal -‘+The KHÂTIBEH+’.... It is without doubt the cigarette of the future.” - - Our Cigarettes and Tobaccos are to be obtained from all respectable - Tobacconists. - - SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND MESSES. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. - Telegraphic Address, “LITSICA, LONDON.” - - - - - WM. CLOWES & SONS’ LIST. - - THE WATERLOO ROLL CALL, - - WITH NOTES AND PORTRAITS. BY CHARLES DALTON, F.R.G.S. - - Author of “Life and Times of Gen. Sir Edward Cecil,” &c. - - Price, 2s. 6d. paper covers, or in cloth, boards, 3s. 6d. - - - +Fixed Bayonets+: A Complete System of Fence for the British Magazine - Rifle, both in offence and defence; comprising also a Glossary of - English, French, and Italian terms common to the art of fencing, - with a bibliographical list of works affecting the bayonet. By - ALFRED HUTTON, late Captain King Dragoon Guards. Illustrated by J. - E. BREUN. 8vo., cloth, price 10_s._ 6_d._ - - BY SAME AUTHOR. - - +Cold Steel+: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre. Based on the Old - English Backsword Play of the Eighteenth Century combined with the - method of the Modern Italian School; also on various other Weapons - of the Present Day, including the Short Sword-Bayonet and the - Constable’s Truncheon. Illustrated with numerous Figures. 8vo., - cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ - - New Edition, Entirely Revised and Enlarged. - - +London Water Supply.+ Including a History and Description of the - London Waterworks, Statistical Tables, and Maps. By the late - Colonel Sir FRANCIS BOLTON, C.E. With a Short Exposition of the Law - Relating to Water Companies generally, and an Alphabetical Digest - of the leading Decisions of the Courts; the Statutes; and a copious - Index. By PHILIP A. SCRATCHLEY, M.A. Demy 8vo., cloth, 14_s._ - - +Fires and Fire Brigades.+ By Captain EYRE SHAW, C.B., London Fire - Brigade. With Frontispiece by GUSTAVE DORÉ and other Illustrations. - Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Cloth boards, price 2_s._ - 6_d._ - - +Exercises for Light Dumb-bells.+ Arranged for Schools and Athletic - Clubs, by RICHARD PLUNKETT, Sergeant-Instructor of Fencing and - Gymnastics, Royal Scots Greys. Third Edition. Price 6_d._ Post - free 6½_d._, cloth 9_d._ - - +Physical Drill+, with and without Arms, and the NEW BAYONET EXERCISE, - with Illustrations. By Lieut-Colonel G. M. FOX, late First - Battalion “The Black Watch.” Eighth Edition. Cloth, price 1_s._ - - +Guide to Stretcher and Bearer Company Drill.+ Containing Key to the - New Medical Staff Corps Drill, 1889. Consisting of Duties in the - Field, Stretcher Drill, Waggon Drill, Litter and Cacolet Drill, - Hand-seats, the Triangular Bandage, &c., &c. Illustrated by - Staff-Sergeant W. N. WATERSON. Cloth, price 2_s._ - - +Accidental Injuries+: their Relief and Immediate Treatment. Including - the Stretcher Exercises in Use by the St. John Ambulance - Association. Illustrated with upwards of 70 Woodcuts. By JAMES - CANTLIE, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to Charing Cross - Hospital. Twelfth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price 1_s._ 6_d._; - cloth, 2_s._ - - - CONVENIENT MANUALS BY CAPTAIN W. D. MALTON. - - Limp cloth, uniform with INFANTRY DRILL, 1889. - - +A Key to Infantry Drill: 1889.+ Inscribed, by permission, to General - Viscount WOLESLEY, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Post free, 1_s._ 6_d._ - - +Skirmishing, Attack, and Defence+: as laid down in Infantry Drill, - 1889. With Words of Command. Post free, 1_s._ - - +A Manual for Majors and Adjutants+ in Drill and Manœuvre. With - Appendix on Miscellaneous Subjects. With Plates, post free, 1_s._ - - +Brigade Drill and Attack Formations.+ With Plates, post free, 2_s._ - - +Duties of Markers+ in Company, Battalion, and Brigade Drill. Price - 6_d._; post free, 6½_d._ - - +Sinnott’s Catechism on Infantry Drill+: adapted to the present - Regulations. With the addition of Questions on MANŒUVRE and - Miscellaneous Subjects. _Thirtieth Edition_, 1889. Cloth, fcap. - 8vo., post free 3_s._ - - - CAPT. CHAS. SLACK’S WORKS - - +Handbook of Company Drill.+ Also of Skirmishing, Attack, Advancing by - Rushes, Advance and Rear Guards; Guard and Sentry Duties, Infantry - Sword Exercises, &c. Illustrated by 50 Plates, which show every - movement in Company Drill. Thirty-second Edition. Post free, 1_s._ - - (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 1_s._ 6_d._) - - +Handbook of Battalion Drill.+ Skirmishing, Battalion Attack, - Inspections, Encampments, Field Firing and Army Signalling. Sixty - Plates. Eighteenth Edition. Post free, 2_s._ - - (Bound with “Handbook of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 2_s._ 6_d._) - - +Handbook of Brigade Drill+. Inspections, Reviews, and Attack - Formations. Thirty Plates with Formation of Grand Divisions for - Marching Past. Map of Aldershot. Post free, 2_s._ - - (Bound with “Handbook of Company and Battalion Drill,” in one - vol., 4_s._) - - +Catechism of Company Drill+, Squad Drill, Musketry Instruction, - Regimental Duties, Cipher Messages, Officer Field Kit, &c. Syllabus - for Examination of Lieutenants in the Army, Militia, and - Volunteers. Twentieth Edition. Post free, 1_s._ - - +Catechism of Battalion Drill+, Brigade Drill, Reviews, Outposts, - Queen Regulations, Military Law, Tactics, &c. Syllabus for Captains - and Majors. Ninth Edition. Post free, 2_s._ 6_d._ - - (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post - free, 3_s._) - - +Handbook of Infantry Drill.+ Handbooks and Catechisms. One vol., - 6_s._ 6_d._ - - List of Military Books Post Free on application. - - - LONDON: WM. CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross. S.W. - - - - - EGIDIO VITALI - - [Illustration] - - Importer and Shipper of - - The Wines of Italy. - - VITALI’S - ITALIAN WINES. - - _DEPÔT: 5 & 6, GREAT WINCHESTER ST., E.C._ - - - - - EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, - - Government and General Publishers, - - _And AGENTS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT_, - - EAST HARDING STREET, LONDON, E.C. - - Demy 8vo., cloth, 15_s._ - - +SOUDAN CAMPAIGN, HISTORY of the.+ By Col. H. E. COLVILLE, C.B., - Grenadier Guards. Compiled in the Intelligence Division of the War - Office. In two parts, with case of Maps. Part I. contains the - Events leading up to the Nile Expedition, and its History to the - Departure of the Desert Column from Korti. Part II., from the - Departure of the Desert Column to the conclusion of the Campaign. - - “Whatever may be thought of general history, there is no doubt that - military history is written with a definite object. The soldier - studies a past campaign in order the better to be able to conduct a - future one.... For the soldier Colonel Colville’s book is a mine of - valuable information. Its military lessons are summoned up in one - word—transport. From Cairo to Khartoum is 1000 miles in a straight - line, and 1400 miles by the Nile. The country affords no supplies. The - problem, therefore, was to move a small army to within a practicable - distance of Khartoum in such a way that it may be fed during its - advance, and when at its destination may still have stores to last for - some time. The official history shows how this problem was solved, and - how infinitely difficult it was. The British army never came out more - brilliantly from any trial than from this contest with the - wilderness.”—_Manchester Guardian._ - - Crown 8vo., cloth, 8_s._ - - +MANUAL FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ By W. E. RIORDAN, Surgeon-Major, - Medical Staff. - - “Although it is primarily no doubt intended for medical officers, yet - it embraces such a range of important information as must render it of - use to every branch of the service, and even to civilians who want a - book of the kind for handy reference. While he takes the official War - Office regulations and manuals to build upon, and freely lays under - tribute the regulations of every branch of the service, yet the result - is no mere dry compilation of Army Acts and Orders, but a book full of - original and collected matter of a most useful and interesting - character.... The modern army medical officer has no longer, like his - predecessor, to grope about for want of definite instructions; with - his new medical regulations in one pocket, and this volume in the - other, he can safely take up any duty. We heartily congratulate - Surgeon-Major Riordan on his really admirable book; and as his best - reward may he find it, where it deserves to be, in the hands of every - medical officer, whether of the regular or the auxiliary forces.”—_The - British Medical Journal._ - - “This useful volume is in the nature of a supplement to the War Office - Regulations upon which it is based. It fills in the details which they - necessarily lack, and elucidates and explains them; and it is, - moreover, a comprehensive handbook to all matters which affect the - physical well-being of the soldier.”—_Army and Navy Gazette._ - - +INFANTRY DRILL, 1889+ (corrected to JULY, 1890). 12mo. Forty-seven - Plates, 1_s._; by post, 1_s._ 2_d._ - - +FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.+ Drawings of the Flags in use at the present - time by various Nations. Issued by the Admiralty. £2 10_s._ - - +RUSSIAN ARMY IN ASIA, HANDBOOK of the.+ Prepared in the Intelligence - Division of the War Office. By Major J. WOLFE MURRAY. 6_d._; by - post, 7_d._ - - +NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, A TEXT-BOOK of.+ For the use of Officers of the - Royal Navy. By J. J. WELCH, R. N. College, Greenwich. 4_s._ - - +REGULATIONS FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ PART I., 2_s._ 6_d._ Part II. - Manual for the Medical Staff Corps. (Reprinted from the Edition of - 1889, with alterations subsequently made by Army Order 99 of - 1890.) 1_s._ 6_d._ - - +NAVAL AND MILITARY DEPARTMENTS.+ Preliminary and further Reports of - the Royal Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Civil and - Professional Administrations of the Naval and Military - Departments, and the Relation of those Departments to each other - and to the Treasury, with Appendix. 1_s._ 3_d._ - - +ARMY LISTS+ (Monthly and Quarterly), Army Circulars and Orders, - Infantry Drill, Musketry Instruction, Gunnery Text Book, Queen - Regulations, Historical Records of various Regiments, Rifle - Exercises, War Game, and all Official Military Books. - - +ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.+ Parliamentary Papers, Bills _under discussion_ - in both Houses of Parliament, and all Government Publications, - except Maps, Patent Specifications, Mercantile Marine Forms, and - Hydrographical Notices, or any information relating thereto. - - _DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS opened for Large or Small Sums, and Books and Papers - of any Series sent on day of issue._ - - - - - “+FIGITUR IN JUSSO NOSTRA SAGITTA LOCO.+”—_Ovid._ - -[Illustration] - - The - Broad - Arrow - and - Naval & Military Gazette. - - _EVERY SATURDAY._ Established 1833. _PRICE SIXPENCE._ - - -+The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ has by far the largest -circulation of all the Military Papers. This results from the -reputation it has acquired for early and exclusive intelligence, from -the high character of its articles, the independent course of its staff -of writers, and from its earnest support of all measures for the good -of the Services. Articles on specially interesting subjects appear -from week to week written for the most part by officers of rank and -experience, or by men of note in literature who have made the Naval and -Military affairs of the country their special study. - -The ordinary weekly issue of +The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military -Gazette+ contains fully one-fourth more matter than the other Service -Journals, even with their frequent supplements. - -+The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ circulates largely -throughout India and the Colonies. It is supplied direct to the Army -and Marine bureaux of the French, Russian, and other Governments, and -it is read extensively by Officers of Foreign Services, especially of -the German, French, and American Armies, who desire to acquire a true -impression of facts and public opinion in England regarding Military -affairs. - - - Offices:—No. 6 LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C. - - - - - Crown 8vo. cloth, with Illustrations, 5_s._ - - WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, - - FIRST SERIES. - - BY ERNEST SPON. - - SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. - -Bookbinding—Bronzes and Bronzing—Candles—Cement—Cleaning— -Colour-washing—Concretes—Dipping Acids—Drawing Office Details— -Drying Oils—Dynamite—Electro-Metallurgy—Enamels—Engraving on Wood, -Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone—Etching and Aqua Tint—Firework -Making—Fluxes—Foundry Mixtures—Freezing—Fulminates—Furniture Creams, -Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes—Gilding—Glass Cutting, Cleansing, -Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting—Glass -Making—Glues—Gold—Graining—Gums—Gun Cotton—Gunpowder—Horn Working— -Indiarubber—Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes—Lacquers—Lathing— -Lubricants—Marble Working—Matches—Mortars—Nitro-Glycerine—Oils—Paper— -Paper Hanging—Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, -House, Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting—Photography—Plastering— -Polishes—Scouring—Silvering—Soap—Solders—Tanning—Taxidermy—Tempering -Metals—Treating Horn, Mother-o’-Pearl, and like substances—Varnishes, -Manufacture and Use of—Veneering—Washing—Waterproofing—Welding. - -Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and -processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, -Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, -Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others -too numerous to mention. - - - - - In Demy 8vo. cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._ - - SPONS’ - - MECHANICS’ OWN BOOK; - - A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS. - - PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. - -Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding—Forging and Finishing -Iron—Sheetmetal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and Burning—Carpentry -and Joinery—Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, Rough -Furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building—Cabinet-Making -and Veneering—Carving and Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining, -and Marbling—Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding— -Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical Movements— -Turning in Wood and Metals—Masonry—Roofing—Glazing—Plastering— -Whitewashing—Paperhanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging, Ordinary, -and Electric Systems, &c. &c. - - London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. - - - - - Mr. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E. - - _WITH A TEACHING STAFF OF TWENTY-THREE INSTRUCTORS_, - - PREPARES CANDIDATES FOR ALL ARMY EXAMINATIONS. - - SANDHURST, WOOLWICH, AND DIRECT COMMISSIONS. - -+402+ Candidates have +passed+ the competitive Examinations direct -from +Mr. Wolffram Establishment+ into the +Royal Military College, -Sandhurst+, and the +Royal Military Academy, Woolwich+, and for +Direct -Commissions+. This sum total has +never been equalled+ by any tutor in -or out of London. - - - MILITIA MILITARY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS. - -+257+ Militia Officers have passed from Mr. Wolffram -Establishment, and during the last three years the first place has been -taken three times:— - - 1888 {1st place Lieut. A. Martyn 1760 marks. - 1889 {1st place Lieut. C. H. Turner 1929 marks. - 1890 {1st place Lieut. S. Fitzgerald Cox 2034 marks. - -The Militia Military Competitive Classes are under the direction -of Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Needham, R.M.A., P.S.C., late Professor of -Fortification and Instructor of Tactics and Military Topography at the -R.N. College, Greenwich, and formerly Garrison Instructor. - - - PRELIMINARY ARMY EXAMINATION. - -In addition to the above numbers, +364+ Candidates have passed the -Preliminary Army Examinations in all subjects. - -+BIENNIAL TOTALS from 1872 to 1889 of SUCCESSFUL ARMY CANDIDATES+, -Who have passed from Mr. Wolffram for Woolwich, Sandhurst, Direct -Commissions, and Commissions through the Militia:— - - 1872 and 1873 Eight 8 - 1874 ” 1875 Thirty-eight 38 - 1876 ” 1877 Fifty-six 56 - 1878 ” 1879 Sixty-seven 67 - 1880 ” 1881 Sixty-two 62 - 1882 ” 1883 Eighty-one 81 - 1884 ” 1885 One hundred and seven 107 - 1886 ” 1887 One hundred and twenty-one 121 - 1888 ” 1889 One hundred and twenty-two 122 - ---- - Total Six hundred and sixty-two 662 - -N.B.—The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr. -Wolffram Establishment up to the date of the Examination in question. - - - NOTICE. - -In compliance with the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will -open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident Students only, a -Branch Establishment of Classes for the Militia Military Competitive -Examinations. - - _All applications to be addressed to_ - +H. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.+ - - - - - ARMY SCRIPTURE READERS’ - - AND - - SOLDIERS’ FRIEND SOCIETY. - - 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C. - - Patron—REV. DR. EDGHILL. - - President—GENERAL SIR A. J. LAWRENCE, K.C.B. - - SOLE OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY— - - TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST AMONG OUR SOLDIERS. - - -The Committee make an EARNEST APPEAL FOR FUNDS to all who have the -religious and moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who would -wish to see the hands of the Military Chaplains strengthened by the -assistance of a body of men of the Soldiers’ own station in life, who, -without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different -classes of Society, may commend to them the love of Christ, read to -them the Word of Life, and strive to lead them from the deceitful -pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor -take away. - -There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the Society at home -and abroad. - -Contributions in aid of the Society will be thankfully received by -the Treasurer, G. M. HOLT, Esq., 17, Whitehall Place; and at -the National Provincial Bank of England, Piccadilly, W.; and by the -Secretary, Rev. WILLIAM A. BLAKE, at the Offices, 4, Trafalgar -Square, Charing Cross, W.C. - - - - - CARRIAGES. - - HOOPER & CO.. - - 107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. - - ESTABLISHED 1807. - - By Appointment to - - HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. - - His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor. - Her Majesty the Queen Regent of the Netherlands. - His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G. - - COACHBUILDERS TO - - His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, K.G. - Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise. - Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife. - Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany. - His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G. - - Also to the Embassies of GERMANY, RUSSIA, ITALY, and SPAIN. - -[Illustration] - - -CARRIAGES OF BEST QUALITY ONLY. HIGHEST WORKMANSHIP. FINEST MATERIALS. - EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS. - -+LANDAUS+, with own patent self acting balanced heads, light, strong, -compact, and durable. For one horse or for a pair of horses. - -+BROUGHAMS+, on elliptic springs, for one horse. Rubber tyres, and all -latest improvements. - -+VICTORIAS+, on elliptic springs, light, for one horse. On C and under -springs with perch, large, high, and stylish, for a pair of horses. - -+MAIL PHAETONS+, on perch and mail springs, mail axles. On elliptic -springs, for smaller horses. The most stylish carriage for gentlemen’s -own driving. - -+CHAR-A-BANCS+ for a pair or a team, our speciality, in various sizes, -a unique carriage for the country. - -+SOCIABLES+, as built by Hooper & Co., for Royalty and the Nobility. - -+OMNIBUSES+ for private use, compact and comfortable. - -+REPAIRS+ at moderate prices; estimates free. - -+CARRIAGES+ of all kinds, new, and slightly used, to let on hire with -option of purchase. - - - - - OPENED TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CIVIL SERVICE STORES. - - - CHA^{S}. BAKER & C^{O}.. - STORES, LIMITED. - - _The Cash Sales at these Stores now exceed a Quarter of a Million - Sterling per annum._ - - ALL GOODS 25 PER CENT. UNDER USUAL LONDON PRICES. - -CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, WITH EASY SELF-MEASUREMENT - FORMS, POST-FREE. - - All Goods Carriage Paid to any part of the - United Kingdom. - - -+GENTLEMEN’S SUPERIOR CLOTHING+, - -TO ORDER OR READY FOR IMMEDIATE WEAR. - -UNIFORMS. LIVERIES. - - -+BOYS’ & YOUTHS’ CLOTHING+, - - OVERCOATS, WATERPROOFS, HOSIERY, SHIRTS, - HATS, BOOTS, etc., AND COMPLETE SCHOOL OUTFITS. - - -[Illustration: ETON JACKETS AND VESTS. - -In super Black and Diagonal Cloths, ready for immediate wear, -thoroughly well cut and made. For Boys from 9 years of age. - - Quality 1 17/9 to 25/9 - ” 2 22/6 to 31/6 - ” 3 27/6 to 41/6 - Trousers, 8/11, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11] - -[Illustration: BOYS’ NORFOLK SUITS. - -A Two-garment Suit for School and general wear; for Boys from 7 to 11 -years of age. - -In durable Tweeds and Cheviots. 8/11, 12/11 - -In Scotch Cheviots, &c. 14/11, 19/11] - -[Illustration: GIRLS’ TAILOR-MADE REEFERS. - -In Serges— 8/11, 12/9, 14/12 - -In Nap— 8/12, 11/9, 14/11, 19/11 - -SAILOR COSTUMES. - -8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 14/11] - -[Illustration: BOYS’ ROYAL NAVY SUITS. - -This favourite Suit, consisting of Blue Serge Blouse (with Badge on -arm) and Knickerbockers, Singlet, Lanyard and Whistle complete. - -4/11, 6/11, 8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 16/11, 19/11. - -In Tweeds, 4/11, 5/11, 6/11, 9/11, 11/9, 18/9. - -In Fine Worsted Cloths, 19/11] - -[Illustration: YOUTHS’ CAMBRIDGE SUITS.] - -This style of Suit is kept in a very large variety of materials; -thoroughly well made and cut. - -In Tweeds, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11, 18/11, 19/11, 22/6. - -In Real West of England Cloths, Scotch Cheviots, &c. 27/6, 33/9, 37/6, -41/6, 45/6. - -In Black Diagonals, 18/11 to 41/6. - - -+BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS+ are open at each of CHAS. BAKER & -CO.’S DEPOTS. Purchasers are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of -+REAL WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS, -TROUSERINGS+, etc, showing in these Departments. - -_PATTERNS POST-FREE._ CHEQUES, POSTAL ORDERS, etc., to be crossed -“BARCLAY, BEVAN, TRITTON & CO.” - - HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED, - A GOOD STYLE AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED. - - - CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S STORES, LIMITED, - -+HEAD DEPOT & LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 & 272, HIGH HOLBORN+ (City side -of the Inns of Court Hotel.) - -+City Branch: 82, FLEET S^{T}.+ (Close to Ludgate Circus) +West End -Branch: 192 & 194, OXFORD S^{T}.+ (A few doors from Peter Robinson.) - -+TOTTENHAM CT. RD.: 137, 138, 139 & 140, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD+ (The -extensive premises at the corner of Euston Road.) - -+EXPORT DEPT.+ -CHAS. BAKER & CO., Limited, forward consignments of their goods to any -part of the World on receipt of order and remittance. Price Lists, -Patterns, and Easy Self-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the -Globe. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - -A small number of obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - -The spelling and punctuation of the source book have not been changed -even though some of the punctuation would not be accepted today; for -example, the plural of NCO (non-commissioned officer) is printed as -N. C. 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- clear: both; - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 190%; - margin-top: 0em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - word-spacing: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0em; - line-height: 1; } - h2.pgx { text-align: center; - clear: both; - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 135%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - word-spacing: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0em; - line-height: 1; } - h3.pgx { text-align: center; - clear: both; - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 110%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - word-spacing: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0em; - line-height: 1; } - h4.pgx { text-align: center; - clear: both; - font-weight: bold; - font-size: 100%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - word-spacing: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0em; - line-height: 1; } - hr.pgx { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pgx" title="header title">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Armies of Europe, by Fedor von Köppen, -Translated by Lord Edward Gleichen, Illustrated by Richard Knötel</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Armies of Europe</p> -<p>Author: Fedor von Köppen</p> -<p>Release Date: February 10, 2020 [eBook #61365]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="pgx" title="credit">E-text prepared by Brian Coe, David Tipple,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836"> - https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="pgx" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate01L"> -<p class="caption2">England. I. [LHS]</p> -<img class="colours" alt="" -src="images/plate01left.jpg" /> -<img class="colours" alt="" -src="images/legend01left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate01R"> -<p class="caption2">England. I. [RHS]</p> -<img class="colours" alt="" -src="images/plate01right.jpg" /> -<img class="colours" alt="" -src="images/legend01right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<h1><span class="titlesmall">THE</span><br /> ARMIES OF EUROPE</h1> - -<p class="illd">ILLUSTRATED.</p> - -<p class="center vsmall skip1">TRANSLATED AND REVISED BY</p> - -<p class="center">COUNT GLEICHEN,</p> - -<p class="center vsmall"><i>Grenadier Guards</i>,</p> - -<p class="german">FROM THE GERMAN OF FEDOR VON KÖPPEN.</p> - -<p class="knotel">ILLUSTRATED BY RICHARD KNÖTEL.</p> - -<p class="published">LONDON:<br /> -<span class="clowes">WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, -<span class="smcap">Limited</span>,</span><br /> - 13, CHARING CROSS, S.W.<br /> - 1890. -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="printed">LONDON:<br /> - PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br /> - <span class="smaller">STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="contents">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<table class="contents" summary="Table of contents"> - <tr> - <td></td><td class="tdr"><span class="vsmall">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#contents"> - <span class="smcap">Contents</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">iii</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#preface"> - <span class="smcap">Preface</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">v</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#transpreface"> - <span class="smcap">Translator’s - Preface</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">vii</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#british"> - <span class="smcap">Army of the - British Empire</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#german"> - <span class="smcap">The German Army</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#austria"> - <span class="smcap">Austria-Hungary</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#italy"> - <span class="smcap">Italy</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#france"> - <span class="smcap">France</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#russia"> - <span class="smcap">Russia</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#denmark"> - <span class="smcap">Denmark</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#sweden"> - <span class="smcap">Sweden and Norway</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#spain"> - <span class="smcap">Spain and Portugal</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#switzerland"> - <span class="smcap">Switzerland</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#holland"> - <span class="smcap">Holland and Belgium</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#turkey"> - <span class="smcap">Turkey and the - States of the Balkan Peninsula</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#navies"> - <span class="smcap">Appendix (Navies</span>)</a></td> - <td class="tdr">79</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="transnotes"> -<p class="center skip4"> -A list of all the illustrations has been added to this ebook.<br /> Here -is a link to it: <a href="#illns">Illustrations</a> -</p> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="preface">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="center italic skip2">“Si vis pacem, para bellum!”</p> - -<p class="preface">“Let him who is desirous of peace prepare himself -for war.” Thus runs the proverb which sums up the experiences and -history of the most powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in -the old Roman days, how much more applicable is it to the present time, -when war-clouds are darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in -ruin and devastation on all nations who have not heeded the warning! -There are, however, few who have not heeded it, and the governments of -all nations have been for some time, and are still, reorganising their -Armies and bringing them to a high state of efficiency in accordance -with the experience taught them by the great wars of the last thirty -years.</p> - -<p class="preface">It is therefore necessary for all who take an -interest in military matters, or in foreign politics, to become -acquainted with the strength and organisation of the armed forces of -the different European Powers, for it is only by a study of these -Armies that we get to know the relative value of our own.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="transpreface">TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="preface">The matter contained in the following pages has been -corrected up to date. The <i>Corrigenda</i> at the end of Germany, -France, Italy, and Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken -place during the progress of this work through the press.</p> - -<p class="preface">A few words of the original text, such as “Landwehr” -and “Ersatz,” have been retained in the translation, although applied -to other than German countries. For their meaning, -<i>v.</i> “<a href="#german">The German Army</a>,” p. 21, etc. -There are no corresponding English words.</p> - -<p class="right">G.</p> - -<p class="noindent smaller"><i>November</i>, 1890.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate02L"> - <p class="caption2">England. II. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate02left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend02left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate02R"> - <p class="caption2">England. II. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate02right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend02right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="british">ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.<a id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnh2anchor">[1]</a></h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> British Army is constructed on a -purely original system. It is like no other army in the world, and for -this very good reason, that there is no empire in the world like the -British Empire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The British Empire.</div> - -<p class="sind">Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute -the Empire. India, Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other -colonies in every quarter of the globe, all help to build it up, and -for its defence we must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it. -Let us see what we have got.</p> - -<p>The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of -a decent size, it is not by any means too large—in fact, some people -say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question -which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and with -which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine -ourselves to contemplating its actual size.</p> - -<p>The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of -square miles, and over 326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we -have an Army which numbers roughly as follows:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Strength of Imperial Army.</div> - -<table class="strength" summary="Strength of Imperial Army"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Regular Forces</td> - <td class="tdr">202,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1st and 2nd Class Reserves</td> - <td class="tdr">57,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Militia and Militia Reserve</td> - <td class="tdr">134,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Yeomanry</td> - <td class="tdr">11,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Volunteers</td> - <td class="tdr">224,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Colonial Forces</td> - <td class="tdr">84,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Indian Native Army</td> - <td class="tdr">152,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="noindent">altogether, 864,000 men at the outside. This -apparently large number, however, includes every single able-bodied -man, British or Native, who has been trained to bear arms: the Regular -Army forms not quite a quarter of it. Taken altogether, this gives an -average of about 1 combatant to 350 non-combatants—not a large -proportion. Germany’s proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large -proportion, it is true, but then she is threatened by powerful enemies -on her eastern and western frontiers, whereas we are an island, and -look to our Navy as the first line of defence. This being so, we can do -with a moderately small Army, and need not (yet) have recourse to the -system of all other European countries—namely, universal -conscription.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig001"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig001.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Mounted Infantry.<br /> - (Tropical Field Kit.)</p> -</div> - -<p>It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the -principle which underlies the military systems of all countries, -whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle -is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time, -with a large reserve of -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> -trained men ready to be called out in case of war. In our case, the -small number under arms in peace-time is represented by the Active -Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,<a id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the -Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers.</p> - -<p>Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would -be as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the -British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Recruit­ment.</div> - -<p class="sind">The system of recruitment throughout the Army is -that of voluntary enlistment. As mentioned above, we are the -<i>only</i> country in Europe whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The -subjects of all other European countries are liable to be enrolled in -the army whether they like it or not, and, as a rule, they do not like -it. This voluntary enlistment is a great advantage for us in one way, -in that only those need be soldiers who want to be; but, on the other -hand, the strength of our Army is chiefly dependent on the number of -men who happen to fancy soldiering, and this is hardly a matter for -congratulation. Up till now, the system has sufficed: let us hope we -shall never have to change it.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig002"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig002.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Cavalry.<br /> - (Tropical Field Kit.)</p> -</div> - -<p>It is not generally known that there exists -an Act<a id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" -class="fnanchor">[3]</a> which has to be suspended annually -by Parliament (or else it would now be in force), by which the Crown is -empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may be necessary for the -Army. In other words, the country <i>is</i> liable to conscription, as -far as may be determined by the Crown’s advisers. This Act has, however, -not been enforced since 1815. N.B.—This mode of raising troops must not -be confounded with the “Embodiment of the Militia,” of which more -hereafter.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig003"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig003.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officers of Highland Light<br />Infantry and -Argyll and<br />Sutherland Highlanders.</p> -</div> - -<p>Recruiting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> -is carried out by paid recruiters (non-commissioned officers) in the -different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant used to clinch -the bargain with the would-be recruit by presenting him with a -shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The “Queen’s -Shilling” has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to -get drunk at his own expense.</p> - -<p>After going through certain formalities and answering certain -questions before a magistrate, the recruit signs his -“attestation-paper,” and is then considered as enlisted.</p> - -<p>The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours -and five years thereafter in the Reserve. There are a few exceptions to -this; men joining the Household Cavalry, Colonial Corps,<a -id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" -class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and one or two other smaller branches of the -Service, enlist for twelve years with the colours; men for the Royal -Engineers or Foot Guards have the alternative of the usual term, or -three years with the colours and nine years in the Reserve; whilst the -Army Service Corps and Medical Staff Corps men and a few others serve -for only three years with the colours and a varying term of years in -the Reserve.</p> - -<p>Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical -equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least -5 ft. 4 in. high, and must have a minimum -chest-measurement of 33 inches.<a id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> - -<p>Re-engagements up to seven or twelve years with the colours are -permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sketch of the History of Our Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">At a very early period of English history every able-bodied man was -bound to take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was, -however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed -was called the General Levy.</p> - -<p>During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, <i>i.e.</i>, -the retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to -attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their -turn were bound to attend the king when <i>he</i> went to fight abroad, -and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This -army, <i>i.e.</i>, the knights and their followers, was called the -Feudal Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the -General Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown. -They were trained and exercised in the profession of arms, and received -the name of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar -force, was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary, -hire additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were -paid by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.’s reign, -upset the general military system, and for some time there was no -National Army.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig004"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig004.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer, 5th (Northumberland)<br />Fusiliers.</p> -</div> - -<p>On the Restoration, in 1660, considerable changes and improvements -took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the -Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing -Army.</p> - -<p>It may be news to some people that the “raising or keeping a -standing army within the kingdom in time of peace is against law,” but -such is the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its -consent to a standing army; otherwise the Army would cease to -exist.</p> - -<p>Since Charles II.’s time, the Standing Army has gradually been -increasing and improving. Voluntary enlistment dates from his reign, -but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men, -for we find in the last century that debtors and criminals were obliged -to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to strength. The -pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then -that some, nay, a great many, ill-educated people have been taught, by -means of traditions handed down from their great-grandfathers, to look -upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold -extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They need -be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations enlist. -The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn chiefly -from the labouring and <i>not</i> from the criminal classes (as some -people seem to imagine). The proportion of educated recruits is rapidly -increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military -crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years -ago, and is still decreasing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Active Army is divided into—</p> -<ol class="army"> - <li>The Regular Army;</li> - <li>The Native Indian Army; and</li> - <li>The Colonial Forces.</li> -</ol> - -<p class="skip1">1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and -Infantry; besides these are the non-combatant branches, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> -consisting of the Army Service Corps, the Ordnance Store Corps, the -Medical Staff Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary -Departments, and a few more.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, including—</p> - -<table class="strength" summary="British cavalry regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiment of Royal Horse Guards (Blues) - (Household Cavalry).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st to 7th).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Lancers - (5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 17th).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, - 13th to 15th, and 18th to 21st inclusive).</td> - - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of -nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses -are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm; thus -their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as -good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen, -and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The -consequence is that when our men find themselves in a predicament not -provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in -good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good -account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties. -The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according -to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd -Dragoons, are heavy, and are never quartered abroad, the Hussars are -light, and all the rest are medium Cavalry.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig005"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig005.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Sergeant-Drummer,<br />Coldstream Guards.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Life Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th -Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue, -tunics.</p> - -<p>The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses, -and these they would probably leave behind on active service. They, the -Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear -bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with plumes varying in colour -according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap, -with the scarlet<a id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> -“plastron” in front of their tunics. The Hussars wear the busby, with -busby-bag and plume of different colours according to the regiment; and -they have also six rows of yellow braid across the front of the tunic. -All the Cavalry wear dark blue pantaloons<a id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> -or overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household -Cavalry has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full -dress. The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over -the right ear.</p> - -<p>Their arms are sword and carbine throughout; the Lancer regiments in -addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white -pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a -bore of ·450 in.; it is sighted up to 1,000 yds., and is a first-rate -little weapon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> - -<p>The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron -(2 troops) in the field is:—</p> -<table class="strength" summary="Cavalry squadron"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdl">officers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdl">non-commissioned officers, and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">122</td> - <td class="tdl">rank and file, of whom 26 are dismounted, and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">144</td> - <td class="tdl">horses, including draught-horses.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:—</p> - -<table class="strength" summary="Cavalry regiment"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">lieutenant-colonel,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdl">majors,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdl">captains,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdl"> subalterns, and 6 other officers, including adjutant, - quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 “vets.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">75</td> - <td class="tdl">N. C. O.’s,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">666</td> - <td class="tdl">rank and file, and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">614</td> - <td class="tdl">horses.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114 -officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses.</p> - -<p class="skip1">A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2 -batteries Horse Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details -altogether 325 officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses.</p> - -<div class="sind">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="noindent">The Artillery forms one “Royal Regiment,” -consisting of:—</p> - -<table class="strength" summary="Artillery batteries"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdl">Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - <td class="tdl">Batteries of Field Artillery,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdl">Mountain Batteries, and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - <td class="tdl">Garrison Batteries,</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="noindent">with several depôts and 3 depôt batteries for their -maintenance and supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into -groups of 2 or 3 batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called -Brigade Divisions, each under a lieutenant-colonel.</p> - -<p>A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3 -subalterns, 21 N. C. O.’s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193 -horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons.</p> - -<p>A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52 -horses less.</p> - -<p>The guns in use are at present of four different patterns:—</p> - -<table class="guns" summary="British guns"> - <tr> - <th class="tdbr"></th> - <th class="tdbr">Weight of Shell.</th> - <th class="tdbr">Calibre.</th> - <th class="tdbr">Sighted up to.</th> - <th>Are Armed with it.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr"><i>a</i></td> - <td class="tdbr">12 lbs.</td> - <td class="tdbr">3 in.</td> - <td class="tdbr">5,000 yds.</td> - <td>14 R. H. A. and 29<br /> F. A. batteries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr"><i>b</i></td> - <td class="tdbr">13 lbs.</td> - <td class="tdbr">3 in.</td> - <td class="tdbr">4,800 yds.</td> - <td>1 R. H. A. and 12<br /> F. A. batteries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr"><i>c</i></td> - <td class="tdbr">16 lbs.</td> - <td class="tdbr">3.6 in.</td> - <td class="tdbr">4,800 yds.</td> - <td>2 F. A. batteries.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbbr"><i>d</i></td> - <td class="tdbbr">9 lbs.</td> - <td class="tdbbr">3 in.</td> - <td class="tdbbr">3,500 yds.</td> - <td class="tdbb">5 R. H. A. and 37<br /> F. A. batteries.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader; the -others are muzzle-loaders.</p> - -<p>The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A. -batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field -Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun, -and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to a -team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new -10-pounder B.-L. gun.</p> - -<p>2 guns and wagons together are called a Section; 1 gun and wagon, a -Sub-division.</p> - -<p>A Garrison Battery is variously constituted, according to its -locality. The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and -sizes in the different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule, -have no guns of their own.</p> - -<p>Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege-train batteries, quartered -in the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering -purposes, and 4 more are “Heavy” batteries, quartered in India, the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> -guns of which are drawn by elephants and the wagons by bullocks.</p> - -<p>The Garrison Artillery is grouped in 3 divisions: the Eastern (29 -batteries), Southern (42), and Western (25). Although these divisions -are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass in -Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every -quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not -necessarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones.</p> - -<p>The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2½-inch 7-pounder jointed -guns, each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One -battery is in England (Newport), one in South Africa, and the rest in -India.</p> - -<p>The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is -composed of Maltese officers and men.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like -jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet busby-bag; the -remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and -black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are armed -with Martini-Henry carbines, and either sword or sword-bayonet, -according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round, -brimless one, with a band of orange braid.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The corps of Royal Engineers is divided into a -number of battalions, depôts, and other units, which are given below as -far as possible. As will be seen, their duties, and especially those of -the officers, are extremely various.</p> - -<p>The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes -apart from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400) -serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops; others are -employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public works, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> -Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, military telegraphy and -railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other duties -too numerous to mention. In fact, the Engineers form the Scientific -Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at -Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men, -skilled mechanics and trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That -their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been -shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are -numerous.</p> - -<p>Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of -independent companies, split up and quartered throughout the Empire. -Now they have been collated together and formed into different -battalions and other units, according to their work.</p> - -<p>The Corps is now composed as follows:—</p> - -<p>(a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each -troop numbering 5 officers, 28 N. C. O.’s, and 183 men, with 20 -pontoon- and 8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the -material for 120 yards of pontoon-bridge.</p> - -<p>(b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however -still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in -widely divergent localities, according to requirements.</p> - -<p>The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23 -independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 12, 26, 37, and 38.</p> - -<p>A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N. C. O.’s, 184 sappers, -etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles.</p> - -<p>A proportion of the company, from one-fifth to one-third, is -mounted.</p> - -<p>These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging, -sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active -service.</p> - -<p>(c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2 divisions (in war, of 4 sections), -the whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N. C. O.’s, 224 men, 171 horses, -and 22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field -telegraphs, and making themselves generally useful in their branch of -science wherever they may happen to be.</p> - -<p>(d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one depôt and 11 -service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39, -and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Their strength varies -according to the locality in which they are employed.</p> - -<p>(e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all -ranks, employed in defensive works on the sea-coast.</p> - -<p>(f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14, 16, and 19), 330 men in all, -engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys.</p> - -<p>(g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, -6, 9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are -employed in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they -would design and execute siege-batteries, parallels, and all work -connected with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In -peace-time they number altogether about 1600 men.</p> - -<p>(h.) 8 Depôt Companies, which are employed in the training and -drilling of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number -820 men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<p>(i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and 10), which number 140 men -together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway -lines on service.</p> - -<p>(k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a -great variety of duties too numerous to mention.</p> - -<p>420 more men are distributed in different parts of the world and in -military schools of different sorts.</p> - -<p>The grand total of Royal Engineers in peace-time is therefore about -7,300 men.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped -very similarly to the Infantry of the Line (q. v.). They may, however, -be readily distinguished by the broad red stripe on their trousers, and -by the Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage-caps of the -rank-and-file are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no -brim, worn on the top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pouch -belt instead of a sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with -yellow edging.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The British Infantry is composed of—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments).</li> - <li>69 Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</li> - <li>1 West India Regiment.</li> -</ul> - -<p>Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: “It is the best -infantry in the world; luckily, there is not much of it.” It has -certainly not deteriorated since his day; but, unfortunately, it is not -much more numerous now than it was then.</p> - -<p>Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English -Guardsman: “Are your men as fine a lot as they were in ’54?” and on -receiving an answer in the affirmative, said: “I am sorry for it, if we -ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the -Crimea.” And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in 1885: “No one -but English soldiers could have done what they did.”</p> - -<p>Such remarks speak for themselves.</p> - -<p>The Brigade of Guards consists of three -regiments—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>The Grenadier Guards, of which there are 3 battalions.</li> - <li>The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.</li> - <li>The Scots Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.</li> -</ul> - -<p>These three regiments form the Sovereign’s Body-Guard, and do not -usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882 -and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of -which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that -every rule has its exceptions.</p> - -<p>At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the -other two in Windsor and Dublin respectively.</p> - -<p>The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the -Line chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head-gear, the -latter being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for -Grenadiers or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with -bands of red, white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The -armament and equipment is precisely that of the Infantry of the -Line.</p> - -<p>Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one -(Cameron Highlanders) consists of 1 -battalion; two (60th King’s Royal Rifle -Corps and Rifle Brigade) of 4 battalions; -and the remainder of 2 battalions each. -Total 141 battalions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<p>The regiments are now called after their “Territorial Districts,” -which are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which -their depôt is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted -of 109 regiments, mostly of 1 battalion each, and numbered up to 109. -In that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now -known by the county or part of the country it recruits in, with -occasionally the addition of a few other titles, such as “Borderers,” -“King’s Own,” “Loyal,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Of the 69 regiments we have—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Infantry regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdc">Regiments</td> - <td class="tdc">of</td> - <td class="tdl">Fusiliers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Rifles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Highlanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Light Infantry.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry (pure and simple).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of -course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white, -yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a “Royal,” -English, Scottish, or Irish one.</p> - -<p>The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped -similarly to the Guards’ bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th) -Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder -none.</p> - -<p>The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black, -uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R. -R. red, and those of the other two, Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark and -light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically -connected with Hussar regiments,<a id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> -and consequently the officers wear round forage-caps, trailing swords, -and a few other Cavalry-like details; and the late head-gear used to be -a Hussar-like black busby. The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at -present black, but it will shortly be exchanged for a black Astrakhan -fatigue-cap, with plume for full dress.</p> - -<p>The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), -the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland -Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well-known Highland -dress—plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran, -hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig006"> -<img class="noborder" alt="" - src="images/fig006.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards<br />(Carbineers).</p> -</div> - -<p>The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear<a -id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" -class="fnanchor">[9]</a> black felt helmets with brass spike and -fixings, the scarlet tunic aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their -forage-cap is the “Glengarry.”</p> - -<p>The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes, -officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn -about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast of -Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest over -them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The -head-dress is a turban.</p> - -<p>The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the -Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> -magazine rifle, which has already been issued to a considerable number. -The action is on the breech-loading bolt system; by it cartridges may -be fired either singly or by means of the magazine, which is a black -tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended immediately in front -of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely small, being only ·303 -inches. The bullet is coated with a hard metal composition, for if it -were of lead, it would “strip” in the grooves of the barrel, and by -degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not definitely fixed on, -though numerous varieties have been tried with great success. It shoots -point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on the back sight up to -2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement, it can be sighted up -to 3,500 yards—nearly two miles! The cartridges are so small and light -that more than twice the amount of ammunition can now be carried than -was possible in the case of the late weapon.</p> - -<p>The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one, -looking more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new -rifle is the Burton-Lee.</p> - -<p>The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather -braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog. -Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap), -and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as boots, -shirt, socks, hold-all, etc.</p> - -<p>A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being -issued.</p> - -<p>Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds -Martini-Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the -valise and havresack, making seventy in all. With the -new rifle cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that -each man will be able to carry 150 rounds.</p> - -<p class="skip1">A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company -numbering 3 officers, 10 N. C. O.’s, and 111 men on a field -establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men -all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of—</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4 -majors, 5 captains, 16 subalterns, etc., etc.),</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 91 N. C. O.’s,</p> - -<p class="hang1">975 men,</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 70 horses,</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1"> 16 carts.</p> - -<p>These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental -Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the -1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter).</p> - -<p>An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and -numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses.</p> - -<p>An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field -Artillery, 1 squadron of Cavalry and details—total, 327 officers, -10,060 men, and 2000 horses.</p> - -<p>An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse -Artillery, and 2 Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry -squadron and details—total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000 -horses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Medical Staff Corps.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17 -Divisions, distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and -numbering altogether about 400 medical officers and 2,000 N. C. O.’s -and men. The depôt and training-school is at Aldershot, and the Army -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -Medical School at Netley. This Corps does not include the Indian -Medical Staff Corps.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Army Service Corps.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Army Service Corps corresponds to the -former Commissariat and Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of -rations and general transport duty. It is divided into 37 companies, -distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering 230 -officers, 3,363 N.C.O.’s and men, and 1,300 horses and mules.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Chaplains’ Depart­ment.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Chaplains’ Department consists of about 80 -chaplains, divided into four classes. There are four official -denominations allowed, Church of England, Roman Catholic, -Presbyterians, and Wesleyans. Men belonging to any other of the -numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are officially entered -as “Church of England.”</p> - -<p class="skip1">The organisation of the remaining departments, -<i>i.e.</i>, Ordnance Store, Veterinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and -need not be detailed here.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military Districts.</div> - -<p class="sind">Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of -Cavalry, 91 batteries of Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73 -battalions of Infantry are quartered in Great Britain and Ireland. -Great Britain is divided into 11, Ireland into 3, and the Channel -Islands into 2, Districts, each under the command of a major-general. -These districts are sub-divided into Regimental Districts, each of -these latter comprising the recruiting ground, depôt, and Volunteer -battalions of a Territorial (<i>i.e.</i>, Line Infantry) Regiment of -two Regular and two or more Militia battalions. The Artillery and -Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and Volunteer, are also apportioned -to each district. The Regular Corps of all arms rarely remain more than -two years in the same quarters, changing from station to station in -accordance with different rosters and requirements.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Foreign Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole of the Regular Forces, with the exception -of the five Heavy Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their -turn at foreign service in India and the Colonies. As a rule, one -battalion of each regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, and -is “fed” with men from the other battalion at home. This system, by -which all the best and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can -hardly be called a good one, but it is difficult to suggest another. -For foreign service it is no use having the youngest and unmatured -soldiers—they would probably only fall sick in a hot climate. It is, -therefore, necessary to keep and train the men till they know their -duty thoroughly, and then send them out as full-grown men. It is for -this reason that complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that -certain regiments are apparently composed of “beardless boys.” This may -be so with the home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to -journey to the Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon -alter their opinion.</p> - -<p>It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in -which case the depôt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to -feed the two.</p> - -<p>Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are -fed by their depôt.</p> - -<p>This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of -recruiting by conscription.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88 -batteries of Artillery, 3 companies R. E., and 53 battalions of -Infantry are in India; and 1 Cavalry regiment, 27 batteries Artillery, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> -13 companies R. E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the -Colonies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Marines.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly -under the head of the Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the -word, for they have been engaged by land and sea in every single -campaign since their formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions, -<i>i.e.</i> Artillery (16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies), -in all nearly 14,000 men. They enlist for twelve years’ service, and -may re-engage for nine years more. In garrison they perform the same -duties as the Regular army, and on board ship work of a military -character, such as guard mounting, working big guns, forming part of -armed force on boat service, or fighting on shore under all sorts of -conditions and in all climates. The latest development of the Marine is -not a Horse-, but a Camel-Marine, a force of Marines having served up -the Nile with the Camel Corps.</p> - -<p>The Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form, -chiefly no doubt owing to their long service, some of our steadiest -troops on service.</p> - -<p>Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the -corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told -from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder-straps—a globe -with the thoroughly apposite motto of “Per Mare, per Terram.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">Native Indian Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Native Indian Army is composed of Native -Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc., -partly officered by Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000 -men, including 13,000 Volunteers.</p> - -<p class="skip1">It is divided into the Armies of the Bengal, Madras, -and Bombay Presidencies. The English officers are drawn from the -three Staff Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after -serving for at least one year with their English regiments.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Army of Bengal numbers—</p> - -<p class="hang1">19 Regiments of Bengal Cavalry, including -7 Lancer regiments.</p> - -<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Central India Horse.</p> - -<p class="hang1">2 Bengal Mountain Batteries.</p> - -<p class="hang1">5 Punjab Mountain Batteries.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Corps of Bengal Sappers.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Corps of Guides, Cavalry (6 troops), and -Infantry (8 companies).</p> - -<p class="hang1">45 Regiments Bengal Infantry.</p> - -<p class="hang1">5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry.</p> - -<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Sikh Infantry.</p> - -<p class="hang1">6 Regiments Punjab Infantry.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F. -Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, and 6 -regiments Infantry.</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1">Several Irregular Corps, and a Medical -Department, chiefly Englishmen.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Army of Madras numbers—</p> - -<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are -Lancer regiments.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Corps of Madras Sappers.</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1">33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a -Madras Medical Department, etc.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Army of Bombay numbers—</p> - -<p class="hang1">7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are -Lancer regiments.</p> - -<p class="hang1">2 Mountain Batteries.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Corps of Bombay Sappers.</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1">30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a -Bombay Medical Department, etc.</p> - -<p>Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to -thirty. Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> -must be physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man. -They are for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that -come from the North-West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the -men have to find everything except firearms—even horses, accoutrements, -and food, on their pay of about eighteenpence a day; and yet in some -popular regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for -admission.</p> - -<p>The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British -Infantry. Their rifle is of the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged -for the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very -variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The -usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary -too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments -the native uniform, in others an English one.</p> - -<p>A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops each, -with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 540 privates.</p> - -<p>A Native Infantry Regiment consists of 1 battalion of 8 companies, -with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C. -O.’s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two -others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of -war.</p> - -<p>The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to -locality.</p> - -<p>A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely -organised.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">Colonial Forces.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each -Colony of the British Empire for its own protection. With the exception -of a few of the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may -be said that every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of -men for home defence.</p> - -<p>The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony, -according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent -forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are -called out for an annual training only.</p> - -<p>The native forces of <i>Canada</i> are—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Canadian regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cavalry,</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">regiments of Dragoons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdl">regiments of Hussars.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">Independent troops.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Artillery,</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdl">batteries Field Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdl">Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdr">½</td> - <td class="tdl">battery Mountain Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Engineers,</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">companies.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Infantry,</td> - <td class="tdr">74</td> - <td class="tdl">battalions of Infantry.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdl">battalions of Rifles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">5 Independent companies.</td> - <td class="tdl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Medical Staff Corps.</td> - <td class="tdl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Total strength 38,500.</td> - <td class="tdl"></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the -remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days’ -training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the -Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war -the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men! Not -more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is -divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade -and Regimental Divisions.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -and Royal Schools of Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and -Artillery.</p> - -<p class="skip1"><i>Cape Colony</i> has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of -Corps of—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force),</li> - <li>Volunteer Artillery,</li> - <li>Volunteer Engineers,</li> - <li>Volunteer Mounted Infantry,</li> - <li>Volunteer Infantry, and a</li> - <li>Volunteer Corps of Cadets.</li> -</ul> - -<p><i>Ceylon</i> possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light -Infantry.</p> - -<p><i>Hong Kong</i> possesses a force of Volunteer Artillery and -Military Police (370).</p> - -<p><i>Jamaica</i> possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted -Rifles, and Garrison Artillery (1,300).</p> - -<p><i>Natal</i> possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery, -and Rifles, 1,500 altogether.</p> - -<p><i>Singapore</i> possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery and Military -Police (1,000).</p> - -<p><i>New Zealand</i> possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers, -13 batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia -Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men.</p> - -<p><i>New South Wales</i> has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>Regular and Volunteer Artillery, 940 of all ranks.</li> - <li>Engineers, 200 of all ranks.</li> - <li>Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks.</li> - <li>4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks.</li> -</ul> - -<p>Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all -ranks; besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering -nearly 500 men.</p> - -<p><i>Queensland</i> has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering -altogether over 4,500 men.</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>1st Class—“Permanent Defence”—135 men.</li> - <li>2nd Class—“Defence”—2,600 men.</li> - <li>3rd Class—“Volunteers”—about 1,800 men; besides 4 Lines of - Reserves in case of national danger, composed of - every male between 18 and 60.</li> -</ul> - -<p><i>South Australia</i> has 2 troops of Lancers, 1 Field and 2 -Garrison Batteries, 2 battalions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle -Corps, numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers.</p> - -<p><i>Victoria</i> has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps, -4 battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer -Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men.</p> - -<p><i>Tasmania</i> has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of -Rifles, total 930 of all ranks.</p> - -<p><i>Western Australia</i> has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry, -and Artillery—640 altogether.</p> - -<p><i>Trinidad</i> and other islands in the West Indies have raised -small forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether.</p> - -<p>Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="skip1">Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home, -composed of the two classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, -Yeomanry, and Volunteers. We will not take into account either the -Native Indian Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the -Colonial Militia or Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with -the Colonial Forces already described.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Army Reserve.</div> - -<p class="sind">The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in 1877, -consists of men who have served their three, seven, or eight years with -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> -the Colours, and who then pass to this Reserve to complete their -service to twelve years. They are liable to service at home and abroad -when called out; this would happen only in case of war or national -danger. The men would then either join their own regiments or be formed -into separate corps, or, with their consent, be attached to a regiment -or corps other than their old one. This class numbers over 54,000 -men.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not -quite 3,000 men, is composed of those men who have served twelve years -with the Colours and then choose to enter this Reserve, and of a few -other special classes of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain. -Both classes are liable to be called out for an annual training, but -have never yet been so called out.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Militia.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Militia consists of men voluntarily enlisted -for six years, with power to re-engage for periods of four years up to -forty-five years of age. The recruits are trained for six months or -less at the depôt of the regimental district, and have subsequently to -undergo only twenty-eight days’<a id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" -class="fnanchor">[10]</a> training a year with their corps when called -out. During these twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with -a “bounty” of 10<i>s.</i> or upward at the end of the training. They -are then dismissed till next year.</p> - -<p>In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out, -<i>i.e.</i> “embodied,” for active service. This has occurred four -times already in this century; during the Crimean War, for instance, -ten battalions of Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the -Mediterranean, and no fewer than 32,000 entered the Regulars and fought -before Sebastopol.</p> - -<p>The Militia comprises Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry.</p> - -<p>The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery, -attached to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows:—4 to -the Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The -Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies.</p> - -<p>The Infantry consists of 131 battalions, attached to the different -regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other -battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some -regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many as -five.</p> - -<p>The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the -Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears -the number of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in -addition on his shoulder-straps.</p> - -<p>The Channel Islands have 4 regiments of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry -Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Militia Reserve.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Militia Reserve consists of men enlisted from -the Militia for six years or for the remainder of their Militia -engagements. These are liable to an annual training, or to embodiment -in case of national danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary -expedient for an Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 having -caused extreme uneasiness to our authorities; for they discovered then -that we had absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war. -The inducement to join is a pecuniary one, <i>i.e.</i> £1 bounty, paid -in advance, for every year service in the Militia. It numbers -altogether 30,160 men.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate03L"> - <p class="caption2">England. III. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate03left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend03left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate03R"> - <p class="caption2">England. III. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate03right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend03right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Yeomanry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and -forms a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out -annually for only one week’s training. They are liable to be called out, -in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of -threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and -pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms, -from the Government; but have to find their own horses. There is no -Yeomanry in Ireland.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Volunteers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Volunteers consist of a large number of Corps, both Artillery, -Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light -Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company -(composed of 1 battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and 8 -companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be -considered as coming under this head.</p> - -<p>The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to -their locality, forming 62 Corps.</p> - -<p>The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions -Submarine Miners, and 1 Railway Staff-Corps.</p> - -<p>The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed -throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular -regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been -formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded -by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces.</p> - -<p>The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily -increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were -originally intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in -everything except arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to -their importance as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a -Capitation Grant of 35<i>s.</i> a year to the different Corps for every -efficient Volunteer on their lists, and £2 10<i>s.</i> more for every -officer and sergeant who obtains a certificate of proficiency.</p> - -<p>Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service -in Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion.</p> - -<p>It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on -the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply -giving notice of their wish to retire! A little legislation on this -point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is -not to be dreamt of.</p> - -<p>Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be -employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no -pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts -every year, otherwise they are not considered efficient.</p> - -<p>The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but -strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and -public enterprise.</p> - -<p>Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab -or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps -will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with -the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons -instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars.</p> - -<p>The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the -Snider.</p> - -<p>The organisation of the Volunteer Corps -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -is identical with that of the corresponding Regular Forces.</p> - -<p class="skip1">There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient -Volunteers, besides 7,022 non-efficients—total 224,021.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Entrance Of Officers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The mode of entrance of officers to the Regular -Army is as follows:—The candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or -Infantry has two routes open to him. He may either pass a competitive -“preliminary” and “further” examination for the Royal Military College, -Sandhurst, remain there one year, and then enter his regiment direct -(if successful in passing the “final” examination), or else he may be -appointed as 2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual -trainings, and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst -“final.” Formerly this latter mode of entrance, <i>i.e.</i> through the -Militia, was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to -choose between the two.</p> - -<p class="skip1">A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two -examinations in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years -there. The order of merit in which the cadets pass the “final” -determines which branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out -high up join the Engineers, and the others the Artillery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military Establish­ments.</div> - -<p class="sind">Other Military establishments are:—</p> - -<p>(a.) The Staff College near Sandhurst, which an officer may enter by -means of a competitive examination, after he has served five years at -least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is -instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff -officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed -the final examination, the officer is attached for two months each to -the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to, -and then rejoins his own regiment; he is then entitled to put p.s.c. -after his name in the Army List.</p> - -<p>(b.) School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, where experiments are -carried out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>(c.) Artillery College at Woolwich.—Instruction, etc., in the higher -branches of gunnery.</p> - -<p>(d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and -N. C. O.’s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in -engineering tried, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>(e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N. -C. O.’s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small -arms.</p> - -<p class="skip1">(f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signalling at Aldershot, the Army -Medical School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the -School of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their -<i>raison d’être</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mounted Infantry, &c.</div> - -<p class="sind">A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in -the shape of Mounted Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be -out of place here.</p> - -<p>The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry -(<i>i.e.</i>, Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the -greatest use to the Army in case of war. Accordingly, a force is being -trained, little by little, which would be available to act as such on -active service.</p> - -<p>For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of -volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there, and -1 company at the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> -Curragh, consisting of 150 men each, have been trained during the -winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the conclusion of the -course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and a fresh lot come -on the following winter. These companies are intended to be formed into -battalions when required. The duty of this force on service will be to -act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport from one place to -another unattainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they may be pushed -forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position till -supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform a -hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry.</p> - -<p>It is proposed that every battalion of Infantry and regiment of -Cavalry should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detachment of 2 -machine-guns, worked by 1 officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large -number of men have been trained in this work, but there are at this -moment but few complete detachments in existence.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately -been started, but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be -of any use in a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro -along good roads.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Army Corps.</div> - -<p class="sind" >Finally, mention must be made of the recent -apportioning of the British Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious -difficulties have arisen in organising this matter, for, since -regiments are always on the move from point to point at home, or -between home, India, and the Colonies, it is a very difficult task -indeed to arrange so that even one Army Corps should be ready to take -the field at the shortest possible notice. It has, however, been done, -and the 1st Army Corps is an accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high -road to completion, though as yet it is badly off for horses.</p> - -<p>The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and -constitution of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true, -is still our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of -years; but although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough -for our needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large -enough. It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high -pitch of efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in -order that if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal -European powers detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found -wanting.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="german">THE GERMAN ARMY.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The German Empire.</div> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig007"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig007.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Prussian Hussar<br /> of the Guard.</p> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">It</span> was in the autumn of -1870, during the Franco-German War, that the preliminary arrangements -were made for the forthcoming consolidation of the German Empire. Up to -that time, Germany consisted of a multitude of States, each with its own -Government and its own Army. The interests of these States, ranging as -they did from kingdoms down to small principalities, were extremely -conflicting, and internal hostility was frequently the result. The one -great aim of King William of Prussia was to see them all united into one -Empire, and defended by one Army. Aided by the genius of Bismarck, the -negotiations were brought to a successful conclusion, and on the 18th -January, 1871, William of Prussia was declared Emperor of Germany with -the title of William I. At the same time the forces of the different -States were combined, and the present German Army is the result.</p> - -<p>In peace and war this United Army is under the command of the -Emperor, and each man is bound by oath to render him faithful and loyal -service.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Several of the States, whilst keeping their own -troops, have, by means of special military conventions, attached -themselves and their forces still closer to the chief military power of -the Empire, namely, <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -Prussia. On the other hand, a few of -the larger States have reserved for themselves a certain independence -in the management of their armies. The chief outward and visible sign -thereof is seen in the variations of uniform from the strict Prussian -pattern. Thus, the Bavarian Infantry has kept its light-blue tunic, the -Saxons still have red piping round their skirts, and the Württembergers -wear double-breasted tunics and grey greatcoats.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate04L"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. I. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate04left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend04left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate04R"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. I. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate04right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend04right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Army may be roughly divided into four -groups:</p> - -<p>1. The combined forces of Prussia and the following States, which -have concluded conventions with her: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, -Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two -principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Lippe, -Schaumburg-Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Brunswick, Grand -Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy -of Baden, and Grand Duchy of Hesse.</p> - -<p>2. The Saxon Army Corps—(one).</p> - -<p>3. The Bavarian Army Corps—(two).</p> - -<p>4. The Württemberg Army Corps—(one).</p> - -<p class="skip1">Universal Conscription is the keystone of the Army. -Introduced on September 3rd, 1814, first of all, it was amended by the -law of the 16th April, 1871, and perfected by subsequent laws passed in -1874 and 1881. The recent edict of the 11th February, 1888, has put the -finishing touches to it, so that it now holds sway throughout the whole -Empire. According to this law, every German who is physically capable -and who is in the enjoyment of civil rights, is bound to serve as a -soldier.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">A man is bound to commence his service, as a rule, -with his 21st year.</p> - -<p>The period of service is as follows:—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>3 years with the Colours.<a id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></li> - <li>4 years in the Reserve of the Active Army.<a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></li> - <li>5 years in the 1st Class Landwehr.</li> - <li>7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr.</li> - <li>6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm.</li> -</ul> - -<p>By this time the soldier is in his 45th year.</p> - -<p>The 1st Class Landwehr is divided into complete units, and these are -formed into Reserve Divisions for the Active Army. The 2nd Class -Landwehr garrisons the interior and fortresses, and acts, if called -out, as a reserve for the above-mentioned Landwehr Reserve -divisions.</p> - -<p>All men between the ages of 17 and 45 who are fit to bear arms and -who are not serving in either the Active Army (including the Ersatz -Reserve) or in the Landwehr, are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm. -This body can only be called out in case of national invasion, or for -garrison duty at home.</p> - -<p>The Ersatz (<i>i.e.</i> Supply) Reserve consists of those men who -are physically fit, but have, owing to surplus numbers or other -causes, escaped being sent to serve in the Regular Army. Part of this -Reserve undergoes a training of ten weeks in the first, six weeks in -the second, and four weeks in the third year. These are considered as -belonging to the so-called “Furlough Men”<a id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" -class="fnanchor">[12]</a> class, and serve when required to complete -the Army in the field. On the completion of their thirty-first year, -the men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd Class Landsturm, and there -they remain till the termination of their -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> -liability to service, <i>i.e.</i>, their forty-fifth year. The men of -the untrained portion of the Ersatz Reserve remain available for -service up to their thirty-second year, and then pass over to the 1st -and 2nd Classes of the Landsturm in due order.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig008"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig008.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Prussian Garde du Corps.<br /> Court full-dress.</p> -</div> - -<p>If every single able-bodied young man were to be taken for the -Regular Army, two disadvantages would accrue to the State; on the one -hand an immense amount of industrial labour would be lost to the -country, and on the other, it would be impossible for the State to -support such a huge Army. For this reason the law of the constitution -has laid down that the peace Army is not to exceed one per cent. of the -population. This gives the Army the respectable peace-strength of -468,409 men (not including officers and one-year volunteers). Of these -numbers about 156,000 annually enter the ranks as recruits.</p> - -<p>There is a supplementary clause to the law of universal -conscription, and that is the one which allows of <i>One-year -Volunteers</i>. It stands to reason that with a three-years’ bout of -compulsory service, a large portion of the youth of the country are -interrupted in the studies which are to prepare them for their -particular professions, and that at a period when they can least afford -to lose the time. For the labourer, who needs but little knowledge for -his daily task, and for those handicraftsmen whose work demands but -little brain capacity or culture of any sort, this interruption of -business is of small moment. It is far otherwise, however, with the -young man who requires to spend some time in the higher schools in -order to fit himself for the profession he has chosen, be it industrial -or scientific. This disadvantage of the conscription law makes itself -felt in proportion to the progress in education and general culture -made in the country. At the same time it is obvious that a man who has -the assistance of a well-educated and well-trained mind does not -require so long a period to master the intricacies of soldiering as one -who is less intelligent.</p> - -<p class="skip1">For this reason the Government allows young men who -have either received a certificate of educational efficiency from one -of the higher schools or else passed an examination before a commission -appointed for the purpose, to enter the service as volunteers on -completing their seventeenth year. After one year with the Colours they -are sent “on furlough” to the Active Reserve, and for this privilege -they have to find themselves in uniform, equipment, and food during the -period of their service. They may become officers in the following -manner: If they have behaved well and have subsequently, during two -trainings of several weeks each, whilst attached to a Corps, shown -themselves professionally and socially qualified to become officers, -they are balloted for by the officers of their district. If the ballot -is favourable, they are commissioned by his Majesty and become -full-blown officers of the Reserve. These have, in case of war, to -complete the active establishment of officers to war-strength, or have -to fill vacancies as officers in the Landwehr.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Officers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The German Army represents the people under arms, -and their officers represent the cream of the Army. The road to the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -higher, and even to the highest ranks, lies open to every educated man, -without reference to social standing or birth, if -he only have the necessary qualifications thereto.</p> - -<p>Every candidate for an officer commission must possess—</p> - -<p>1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give -satisfactory proof, either by the possession of an “Abiturient” -certificate,<a id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a -href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> or by passing an -examination before a commission held in Berlin.</p> - -<p>2. Physical qualifications for military service, including good -eyes.</p> - -<p>3. An honourable character.</p> - -<p>Having satisfied the authorities on these subjects, the candidate -now serves as a private for five months, generally with the regiment he -intends to enter. At the end of this time, during which he is called an -“avantageur,” he undergoes an examination in military duties, etc., and -on receiving a certificate of satisfactory service from his superior -officers, he becomes an ensign (“Porte-épée Fähnrich”) and is sent to a -military college for a year. There he passes a final examination in -military knowledge, and, if balloted for successfully by the officers -of the regiment of his choice, he joins as second lieutenant.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig009"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig009.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Württemberg,<br />Sergeant of the Train.</p> -</div> - -<p>As much as 40 to 45 per cent. of the officers are drawn from the -Cadet Corps, which is distributed amongst establishments at -Lichterfelde (near Berlin, head college), Kulm, Potsdam, Wahlstatt, -Bensberg, Plön and Oranienstein, in Prussia; Dresden in Saxony, and -Munich in Bavaria. A new college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. This -Corps is chiefly composed of the sons of officers, who receive a cheap -and excellent training and education. The proverb that “the apple falls -close to the stem” is well exemplified here, for amongst the cadets are -many who bear celebrated soldiers’ names, such as Roon, Steinmetz, -Canstein, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Although the training in the Cadet Corps is chiefly a military one, -yet on the whole the cadets receive an education equal to that of a -first-class civilian college. Thus they are enabled in after-life, when -they have left the Service, to pursue a civilian calling with greater -ease than if their education had been purely military.</p> - -<p>Mention may also be made here of the establishments in which the -“Porte-épée Fähnrichs” (ensigns) are instructed: they are the military -colleges of Potsdam, Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel, Anklam, -Metz, and Munich. The higher branches of military science are pursued -in the United Artillery and Engineer School, and the Staff College -(Kriegsakademie), both in Berlin. The entire military education and -training of the country are managed by an Inspection-General.</p> - -<p class="skip1">As in all large armies, the three great branches of -the German service are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, besides the -Engineers and Transport Corps, the latter of which is called the -“Train.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="sind">As everybody knows, Infantry is intended to go -anywhere and fight anywhere. It is, therefore, equipped for all -contingencies that may arise, and is armed with a weapon for use either -at a long range or in close hand-to-hand fighting.</p> - -<p>The German Infantry is<a id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> armed with a capital magazine-rifle, with a -bore of ·315 inches, which, with a point-blank range of over 300 yards, -will carry up to 2,400 yards. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -The magazine is detachable, and holds 8 cartridges. The bayonet is a -short sword-bayonet, very similar to the new English bayonet.</p> - -<p>As a rule, the German foot-soldier has to carry his own equipment, -both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack -with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to -which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle, -and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold, -altogether, 150 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off at a -moment notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt and -slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new -arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused by -the older pattern of equipment, which compressed the man chest -considerably.</p> - -<p>The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and -Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of -view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped, -they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training, -with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions (Jäger) spend -somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other -troops.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig010"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig010.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Prussian Engineer.</p> -</div> - -<p>“Grenadiers” first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century; -as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw -hand-grenades amongst the enemy ranks. For this object, particularly -powerful men were selected, and in France, under Louis XIV., four -Grenadiers were at first attached to each company; subsequently, each -battalion received a Grenadier company. Grenadiers were now introduced -into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for -the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and -remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied -to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier -battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in -memory of these troops -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still wears the old sugar-loaf -brass helmet on big review days and other special occasions. The title -of “Grenadier Regiments,” which the first twelve Prussian Infantry -regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed in order to keep green -the memory of the old Grenadiers.</p> - -<p>The names of “Musketeers” and “Fusiliers” come from the different -firearms their predecessors bore, <i>i.e.</i>, the musket and the rifle -(fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The -Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to -the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on -each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it -is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there -exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy -Musketeer.</p> - -<p>The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been -developed <i>par excellence</i> in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These -draw a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and -forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already -trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry. -They are well acquainted with firearms and can shoot; they can put up -with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange -country, and they have studied in the school of nature—in short, they -are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in -their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the -first to train the Jäger as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen -to this day. “Vive le roi et ses chasseurs” was the motto engraved on -their “hirschfänger” (lit. “stag-sticker,” a large knife still worn by -keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his <i>coup de grâce</i>) in -his day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Riflemen of -to-day. Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen -was to extend them as skirmishers, and there is a story which tells -how, when one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in -close order, the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted: -“Get out of that, get out of that, you scoundrels!” and made them march -past in extended order.</p> - -<p>On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171 -regiments of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions—total 534 -battalions.</p> - -<p>The Guard and Grenadier Regiments -are:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="German guard and grenadier regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Foot-Guards,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Guard Grenadiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdl">Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1–12),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and 110),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">Württemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Bavarian Body-Guard regiment,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. 115).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The Fusilier and Rifle (Schützen) Regiments are:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="German fusilier and rifle regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdl">Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of - 1 Guard Fusilier regiment, and Nos. 33–40, 73, 80, - and 86 of the Line).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. 90), and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Saxon Rifle (Schützen) regiment (No. 108).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> - -<p class="skip1">Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, <i>i.e.</i>, Nos. -13–32, 41–72, 74–79, 81–85, 87–88, 97–99, 128–132, 135–138, and -140–143;</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 91 is Oldenburg,</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 92 is Brunswick,</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 93 is Anhalt,</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 94 is Saxe-Weimar,</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 95 is Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,</p> - -<p class="hang2">No. 96 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, - and the two principalities of Reuss,</p> - -<p class="hang2">Nos. 111–114, and 144, are Baden, and</p> - -<p class="hang2 skip1">Nos. 116–118 are Hessian.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Total, 95 regiments of the first group.</p> - -<p class="hang2">Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, -<i>i.e.</i>, Nos. 102–107, 133, 134, and 139.</p> - -<p class="hang2">Six belong to the 3rd group, Württemberg, -<i>i.e.</i>, Nos. 120–122 and 124–126.</p> - -<p class="hang2 skip1">The 4th group, Bavaria, has 18 regiments of the Line, -which are numbered apart from the rest of the Army.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Rifle (Jäger) battalions are thus -divided:—</p> - -<p class="hang2"> -Prussia: 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard; 1 battalion Schützen of the -Guard; 11 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1–11); 1 battalion -Mecklenburg Rifles. Total, 14 battalions.</p> - -<p class="hang2"> -Saxony: 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15).</p> - -<p class="hang2 skip1">Bavaria: 4 battalions Rifles (numbered apart).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig011"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig011.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Württemberg. Dragoon.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at -close quarters and on open ground. Their use on the battle-field is -generally confined to the attack in close order.</p> - -<p>Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light, -receive an identical training, yet the distinction between them has -not yet entirely lost its old significance. The Cavalry of the German -Army is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment -and arms; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and the -Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the -Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight -sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved. Besides this -weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may -happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot, at -present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871 -pattern); the non-commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver -instead.</p> - -<p>The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, <i>i.e.</i>, the -moment when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the -result of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an -irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the -enemy. The best powers of man and horse must therefore be reserved for -this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has -often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any -use whatever of cold steel.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate05L"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. II. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate05left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend05left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate05R"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. II. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate05right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend05right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p>Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best -record. This dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his -celebrated Cavalry leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use -of bold and clever offensive tactics which led to -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, Zorndorf, and other -actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and capable of -considerable endurance, so that they are particularly suited to -military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital -groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and -tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of -excellence that is surpassed by few.</p> - -<p>The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance -most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass, -from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field -service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the -enemy bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced, a genuine knightly -weapon has been brought in to take its place.</p> - -<p>The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du-Corps, whose chief is -<i>ex-officio</i> the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the -same way as the Cuirassiers. Although it forms a Royal body-guard, -still the regiment has seen a considerable amount of service. History -tells of a memorable saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel -von Wacknitz, at the battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the -enemy, the Russians, were getting the best of the day; Frederick the -Great was with his regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously -to Colonel von Wacknitz: “What do you think of it? My idea is that we -shall get the worst of the action.” -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> -Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said: “Your Majesty, no battle is -lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps have not charged.” -“Very good,” said the king, “then charge.” And the fortune of the day -was decided by the brilliant and successful attack made by this -regiment. The battle was won, and the country saved.</p> - -<p>In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the -regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, correspond to the Prussian -Cuirassiers.</p> - -<p>The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of -Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore -armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Brandenburg -Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the -fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and -Fehrbellin. The uncertainty, however, of the results of shooting when -mounted, and the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as -to whether the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as -time went on that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted -infantry, could not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were -therefore, during the eighteenth century, gradually formed into -Cavalry pure and simple, and at the present time they are -horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers only. One of the most celebrated -Cavalry attacks was that of the regiment of Anspach-Bayreuth Dragoons -in the battle of Hohenfriedberg (4th June, 1745). In this action, the -regiment rode down no fewer than 20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 -prisoners and 66 standards, besides a large number of guns: as -Frederick the Great said, “It is a feat unparalleled in history.” -This regiment was, at a later period, turned into a Cuirassier -regiment, and is now known as the Queen’s 2nd Cuirassiers -(Pomeranians).</p> - -<p>The Bavarian Chevau-légers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and -many a record testifies to their gallantry in action.</p> - -<p>The spirit of Zieten, the “Hussar-father,” and of old Blücher, -“Field Marshal Forwards,” still lives in the Hussars of the German -Empire. Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which -make a good Hussar, and many are the songs which record their -successes in camp and field.</p> - -<p>The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in -the war of 1870–71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.<a -id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a -href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> For this reason, the -French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz of the Steppes, -or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only foreign element -about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially German.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig012"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig012.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Bavarian<br />Halberdier.<br />(Full-dress.)</p> -</div> - -<p>The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused -such consternation among the French, although it had been the most -popular weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from -European armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and -Polish Cavalry alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in -1745, Frederick the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and -gave them the name of “Bosniaks.” Consisting at first of only 1 -“company,” their strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies, -and in the year 1800 they -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> -were founded into a regiment under the name of “Towarczys,” -<i>i.e.</i>, experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to -“Uhlans,” and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose -number was increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry -called the whole of the German Cavalry “ulans,” and the sudden -appearance of a few of their horsemen in a district at a time when the -Frenchmen flattered themselves that the enemy was still far distant, -caused shouts of “les ulans! les ulans!” universal consternation, and -immediate flight. The German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More -than one populous town, <i>e.g.</i>, Nancy on the 11th August, 1870, -opened their gates at their approach, and the small fortress of Vitry -le françois surrendered to a mere handful of Uhlans.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Cavalry of the German Empire consists -altogether of 93 regiments of 5 squadrons each—total, 465 -squadrons. On the regiment being ordered on active service, one of the -squadrons remains behind as supply-squadron for the rest. Its duty is -to replace the partially-trained or unserviceable horses by good ones, -and also to fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men -when required. By this means, the active part of the regiment is -brought to a high state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in -efficiency. There are:—</p> - -<p>14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including:</p> - -<p class="hang1"> The Garde-du-Corps regiment,</p> -<p class="hang1"> The Guard Cuirassier regiment,</p> -<p class="hang1"> 8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments,</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments,</p> -<p class="hang1"> 1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and</p> -<p class="hang1"> 1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers.</p> - -<p>34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely:</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards,</p> -<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1–16),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19).</p> -<p class="hang1"> 3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20–22),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Württemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and</p> -<p class="hang1"> 6 Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiments.</p> - - -<p>20 Regiments of Hussars, namely:</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 1 Body-Guard Hussar regiment,</p> -<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Hussar regiments,</p> -<p class="hang1"> 1 Brunswick Hussar regiment, and</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Saxon Hussar regiments (Nos. 18 and 19).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<p>25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely:</p> - -<p class="hang1"> 3 Guard-Uhlan regiments,</p> -<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1–16),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Württemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and</p> -<p class="hang1"> 2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising -the present force into a so-called “General” Cavalry, and this would -be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all -branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped, -armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called on -to take part. An important step has been made in this direction by -the recent arming of the <i>whole</i> of the Cavalry with -lances. There is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the -authorities to carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as -taking away their particular mode of action from the different -branches of the Cavalry, or giving them all exactly the same uniform, -would never be entertained for a moment. It is obvious that such -measures would be the deathblow of all <i>esprit de corps</i> which, -as we know, has led to such brilliant results in the past. The shock -of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the charge of Uhlans with their -fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work of Hussars, and the mobility -of Dragoons and Chevau-légers, each has its particular effect on the -enemy, and each distinctive attribute must be taken into serious -account. There can be no doubt that a total amalgamation of the four -branches, and the abolition of their distinctive uniforms, would -produce much more harm in the end than good.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of -the lately-formed Empress’s Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two -sergeants, and 24 men. They were first put on duty in August, 1889, -during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual -dark-blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress -white Cuirassier tunic. The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and -fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace -on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white -leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the -costume.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="sind">Artillery has but one rôle to play on the -battle-field, and that is to come into action and do as much harm as -possible to the enemy from a long distance off.</p> - -<p>The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison -Artillery.</p> - -<p>The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on -the field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse -Artillery, in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field -Artillery is armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (C. 73), the Horse -Artillery guns having a bore of 2·95, and the others a bore of 3·43 -inches. They carry “double-ring shells” (a form of segment shell -which fly into about 180 pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240 -bullets), and case-shot. The guns themselves are handy to work, and -carry with great accuracy up to about four miles.</p> - -<p>A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than -four in peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> - -<p>There are altogether 318 batteries of Field-and 46 batteries of -Horse Artillery, the whole forming 37 regiments.</p> - -<p>To the Prussian group belong 29 regiments, forming 245 Field-and 38 -Horse Artillery batteries—total 283 batteries.</p> - -<p>Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field-and 2 -Horse Artillery batteries.</p> - -<p>Württemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 13 and 29), forming 18 Field -batteries.</p> - -<p>Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34 Field-and 6 Horse Artillery -batteries.</p> - -<p>Grand Total, 364 batteries.</p> - -<p>Of the 29 “Prussian” regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24 -(Nos. 1–11, 15–24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden -(Nos. 14 and 30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian.</p> - -<p>In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will -undergo considerable changes in matériel as well as in -organisation. It is intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A. -regiments, each of 2 divisions of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the -two divisions of the Army Corps would have one F. A. regiment of 6 -batteries, and the 3rd regiment would be available as Corps -Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce a common calibre of gun -for the whole, both Field and Horse Artillery, and also a common -projectile which would combine the advantages of common shell and -shrapnel. The introduction of this latter would tend greatly to -simplify both the action and the supply of the gun.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig013"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig013.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Bavarian Officer of Lancers.<br /> (Aide-de-Camp.)</p> -</div> - -<p>The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and -defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply work -the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, according to -circumstances. These gunners go by the name of “cannoniers.” They -are armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1871 pattern.</p> - -<p>The Garrison Artillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 battalions -each, of 4 companies each, besides 3 independent battalions, -altogether 31 battalions.</p> - -<p>Of this force, Prussia has 11 regiments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1 -to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the -latter belonging to Baden.</p> - -<p>Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12).</p> - -<p>Württemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and</p> - -<p class="skip1">Bavaria has 2 regiments.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">There remain yet the Engineers and the Train.</p> - -<p>The officers of the corps of Engineers are -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -divided into the Engineer Staff Corps (<i>i.e.</i>, generals and field -officers) and 4 “Engineer-Inspections” (captains and lieutenants).</p> - -<p>This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Württemberg, and Bavarian -officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either -with the “fortification branch,” <i>i.e.</i>, that branch which -superintends the construction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with -the “Pioneers,” <i>i.e.</i>, Field Engineers.</p> - -<p>There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions, -distributed thus:</p> - -<p>1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos. 1–11, 14–16), including 1 -Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia.</p> - -<p>1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12),</p> - -<p>1 battalion to Württemberg (No. 18), and</p> - -<p>2 battalions to Bavaria.</p> - -<p>Each battalion numbers 4 companies; of these the 1st is a Pontoon -company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies: <i>i.e.</i>, for -sap-work, construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc.; and -the 4th is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean -galleries in siege-work.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4 -battalions (including 1 Saxon and 1 Württemberg company), and 1 -Bavarian Railway battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of -military railways and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway -Regiment are the Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Train.</div> - -<p class="sind">The “Train” (corresponding to our Army Service -Corps) is for the transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material -of all sorts. The drivers and men of the corps are trained in -peace-time in the Train battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train -depôts.</p> - -<p>There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided:</p> - -<p>14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a depôt (the Guard -battalion, and Nos. 1–11, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in -Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in -Württemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria.</p> - -<p>To the depôt of each battalion belong: -5 provision sections, 3 medical detachments -with field hospitals and bearers, 1 remount-depôt, -1 field bakery section, and 5 sections -of transport.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">Tactical Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The above account gives a general résumé of the -fighting force of Germany. It now remains to give the tactical -organisation of the different branches of the Army.</p> - -<p>In the Infantry, the smallest independent body of troops, or -“tactical unit,” is a battalion (except in the case of the independent -Rifle battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In -the Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war -strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men; that of a -squadron is about 150 mounted men; and that of a battery is 6 guns, -with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit -is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full -strength in time of war; and, on the other hand, on the amount of -training requisite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is -dependent on the state of the Treasury.</p> - -<p>The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies) -is<span class="nlbr">:—</span></p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>1 major (commanding the battalion),</li> - <li>4 captains,</li> - <li>12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants,</li> - <li>1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant),</li> - <li>559 N. C. O.’s and men, and</li> - <li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> - 7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster, - 4 privates trained as medical assistants, - and 1 armourer-sergeant).</li> -</ul> - -<p>N.B.—A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that -in calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff -(colonel, lieutenant-colonel, regimental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.), -should be taken into account.</p> - -<p>That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is:—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>25 officers,</li> - <li>2 or 3 surgeons,</li> - <li>686 N. C. O.’s and men,</li> - <li>14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons, - medical assistants, armourers, etc., etc.), and</li> - <li>667 horses.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="skip1">The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in -Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments -and those in Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate06L"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. III. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate06left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend06left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate06R"> - <p class="caption2">German Empire. III. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate06right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend06right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">Formation of Brigades, Divisions, and Army Corps.</div> - -<p class="sind">As a rule, two regiments of Infantry (6 -battalions), or two of Cavalry (8 to 10 squadrons), form a Brigade, -under a Major-general as brigadier.</p> - -<p>The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry -division. It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one -regiment of Cavalry; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of -Artillery and 1 company of Engineers, the whole under the command of a -lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has -always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery -attached.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig014"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig014.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.</p> -</div> - -<p>Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of -Field Artillery, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -Engineers and Train, constitute an Army Corps, under the command of a -full general. The Army Corps therefore comprises all branches of the -service, and is thoroughly independent.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The 12th (Saxon) and 13th (Württemberg) Corps have a -slightly different composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry -and 1 Field Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2 -regiments), besides one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the -Train. The Guard Corps also is constituted rather differently from any -other.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Size of Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army -consisted of 20 Army Corps, quartered as follows:—</p> - -<p>The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau -(with the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is -quartered at Coblenz).</p> - -<table class="corps" summary="German army corps"> - <tr> - <th class="tdbr">Corps.</th> - <th class="tdbr">District.</th> - <th>Head Quarters.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">I.</td> - <td class="tdbr">East Prussia</td> - <td>Königsberg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">II.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Pomerania</td> - <td>Stettin</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">III.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Brandenburg</td> - <td>Berlin</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">IV.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Province of Saxony</td> - <td>Magdeburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">V.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Posen</td> - <td>Posen</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">VI.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Silesia</td> - <td>Breslau</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">VII.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Westphalia</td> - <td>Münster</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">VIII.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Rhine Provinces</td> - <td>Coblenz</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">IX.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Schleswig-Holstein</td> - <td>Altona</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">X.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Hanover</td> - <td>Hanover</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XI.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Hesse-Nassau<a id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" - class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td> - <td>Cassel</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XII.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Kingdom of Saxony</td> - <td>Dresden</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XIII.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Kingdom of Württemberg</td> - <td>Stuttgart</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XIV.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Grand Duchy of Baden</td> - <td>Carlsruhe</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XV.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Alsace</td> - <td>Strasburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XVI.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Lorraine</td> - <td>Metz</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">XVII.</td> - <td class="tdbr">West Prussia</td> - <td>Danzig</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbr">1st Bavarian Corps.</td> - <td class="tdbr">Bavaria</td> - <td>Munich</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdbbr">2nd Bavarian Corps.</td> - <td class="tdbbr">Bavaria</td> - <td class="tdbb">Würzburg</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the -nineteen Army Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth and -XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are -distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits -from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace-Lorraine.</p> - -<p>The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of -troops was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in -case of war in any quarter. Formerly, the tendency was to group the -forces where they could be most conveniently trained and worked, -without reference to the possibilities of war.</p> - -<p>Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps -(XIVth, XVth, and XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (Ist, IInd, -Vth, XVIIth) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first -declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses -of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy’s territory. One or -two battalions of Jäger are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in -order to watch the passes over the Vosges.</p> - -<p>The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at—</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>534 Battalions of Infantry,</li> - <li>465 Squadrons of Cavalry,</li> - <li>364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully-horsed guns.</li> - <li>Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men.</li> -</ul> - -<p>In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm, it -is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German -war-strength.<a id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a -href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> In the event of war, -different Army Corps and Cavalry Divisions will be combined into -Armies, but their number -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> -and strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are -to be utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the -enemy. The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end -with the 20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been -describing. Behind the men doing their seven years of service, who -compose the Active Army, come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, -and behind these again come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm.</p> - -<p>Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of -well-trained and well-armed men may at first sight appear a menace to -the peace of the world, still we must remember that Germany is -absolutely obliged, for the preservation of her very existence, to -keep up these huge forces, and that she has no intention of using them -except for that purpose. As an old national proverb has it: “He who -wants to come to grief in war had better try a fall with Germany.”</p> - -<h3>ADDENDUM TO GERMANY.</h3> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><a href="#Page_25">P. 25</a>. The German Infantry now numbers -173 regiments and 19 Rifle battalions—total -538 battalions.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_31">P. 31</a>. The Artillery has lately been -increased to 387 batteries of Field, and 47 batteries of Horse -Artillery, the whole forming 43 regiments.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_32">P. 32</a>. The Engineers number 20 battalions.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_34">P. 34</a>. The peace strength of the German Army -now numbers</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> - <li>538 battalions of Infantry,</li> - <li>465 squadrons of Cavalry,</li> - <li>434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns.</li> -</ul> - -<p>The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, <i>i.e.</i> -Active Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as -follows—</p> - -<table class="garmy" summary="German Army: war-strength"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">48,635</td> - <td class="tdl">officers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2,253,841</td> - <td class="tdl">men,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">445,104</td> - <td class="tdl">horses,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3,982</td> - <td class="tdl">guns.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="austria">AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> next on the list is -Germany’s powerful neighbour, friend, and ally on her southern frontier, -Austria-Hungary.</p> - -<p>There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of -different races: the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian, -the smart Czech, the true-hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating -Wallachian, the hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless -gipsy, etc., etc., are all represented in its ranks. All these have -been welded together by the iron bands of discipline into the “Imperial -and Royal” Army. The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests -the decision for peace or war.</p> - -<p class="skip1">After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian -Army was entirely reorganised. The reorganisation is now almost -completed, and the Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in -the world. The division of the Empire into Cis- and -Trans-Leithania—<i>i.e.</i> this side, the Austrian, and that side, -<i>i.e.</i> the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a tributary of the Danube, -is only partially carried out in the military system.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">According to the conscription law of December, -1868, universal conscription is now the rule; in the whole -Austro-Hungarian Empire, and exemption by purchase, formerly allowed, -is now abolished. The forces are divided into the Standing Army, the -Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr, and the Landsturm.</p> - -<p class="skip1">About 103,000 recruits are yearly admitted into the -Standing Army, of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those -able-bodied young men who are not taken into the Standing or Active -Army are sent for ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended, -as in Germany, to provide reinforcements for the Active Army. Service -in the latter is for three years with the Colours and seven years in -the Active Reserve. Service in the Landwehr is for two years for -those who have served ten years in the Active Army and Reserve or in -the Ersatz Reserve, and for twelve years for those who have been sent -straight thither, for various reasons, on conscription. After the -Landwehr service, the soldier is sent for five years to the 1st Class -Landsturm, and for five years more to the 2nd Class Landsturm. By -this time he is forty-two years of age. The one-year Volunteers are -enlisted in the same manner as in Germany (q. v.).</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole Empire is, for military purposes, -divided into fifteen Territorial Districts; these are of various -sizes, so that the Austrian Army Corps are not all of the same -strength. In case of war, the whole “Imperial and Royal” Army would be -grouped into three armies, under -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -one supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army -Corps. The Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 -brigades. The division is commanded by a “field-marshal-lieutenant,” -corresponding to our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a -major-general.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and -1 battalion of Rifles. Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division -has in addition 2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division (2 to -3 batteries of Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Infantry of the Active Army comprises 102 -regiments, each of 4 Field and 1 Ersatz battalions; the latter is in -peace-time represented by a cadre only. The 4th Field battalions, -so-called “Mobile” battalions, have mostly a stronger -peace-establishment than the others, and are used to garrison Bosnia, -Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar; <i>i.e.</i> they are -completely separated from their regiments.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig015"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig015.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Infantry<br />(Marching Order).</p> -</div> - -<p>The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2 -Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4 -Field and 1 Ersatz companies.</p> - -<p>The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white -uniform, and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and -light blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being -ornamented with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian -regiments wear lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons. The usual -head-dress is the fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The -Rifles are dressed in blue-grey.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> - -<p>After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent -breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have -attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a -magazine-rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for -the Infantry and Rifles.</p> - -<p>So quickly has the work of manufacturing and issuing them -proceeded, that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that -they will all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German -Infantry. The new Austrian magazine-rifle, called after its inventor, -Colonel Männlicher, is of ·315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots -in the minute.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the -Tyrolese, the so-called Emperor Rifles, mentioned above, which is -composed of men accustomed from their youth up to the use of the -rifle. They are recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Active Army consists of—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Austrian cavalry"> - <tr> - <td>14</td><td>Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>16</td><td>Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>11</td><td>Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depôt-cadre. In case of -mobilisation the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which -are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve -squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for -service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field-Supply stores. The -peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes -to 246 squadrons, and the war-establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve, -and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig016"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig016.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Cavalry Officer (Undress).</p> -</div> - -<p>The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their -nationality. The Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their -tunic of peculiar cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the -latter as a rule suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The -whole Cavalry wear red breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and -loose in the others.</p> - -<p>The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a -peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word -“husz,” meaning “twenty,” from the fact that every twenty houses in -Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been -particularly prominent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be -pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some -regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten -in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for -themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword -and Werndl carbine. The Uhlans’ lances have been done away with since -1884, but there is a question of the re-introduction of this old -Polish weapon. After the Infantry has been fully armed with the -magazine-rifle, the Cavalry will, it is said, be armed with -repeating-carbines, which will have been served out by next spring -(1891). This is an example which, it is to be hoped, other armies will -soon follow.<a id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a -href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Artillery comprises Field and Garrison -Artillery. The Field Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -Artillery, numbered according to their Army Corps and each of 5 -batteries; and of 28 independent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3 -batteries. Several Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple -of Horse Artillery Batteries, or a Mountain Battery.</p> - -<p>The batteries have each in peace-time 4, and in war-time 8, -fully-horsed guns. An exception to this are the Horse Artillery -batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery.</p> - -<p>The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in -campaigns in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature -of the Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on -the backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along -narrow mountain-paths.</p> - -<p>The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries -increased by one each, but this will barely be completed before -1892.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig017"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig017.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape -of the 2·95-inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the -3·43-inch bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to -the Krupp gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel -have fewer bullets than the German ones. Besides these projectiles, -case-shot, fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting -among troops behind cover, are carried with the battery.</p> - -<p>The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and 1 -Depôt-cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected, -and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to -the amount of money in hand.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The uniform of the Artillery is dark-brown. The men -are armed with sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery -carrying the Werndl rifle instead.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Corps of Engineers is composed of the Engineer -Staff and Engineer troops. The former is exclusively composed of -officers; the latter of 2 regiments of 5 battalions each. Each -battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt-cadre companies. The -Pioneer Regiment, not considered as Engineers, consists of 5 -battalions, similarly constituted to the Engineer battalions.</p> - -<p>The Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been -formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Depôt-cadre -battalions.</p> - -<p>The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a -Depôt-cadre.</p> - -<p class="skip1">There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so -several bodies of troops have been formed for the honour of protecting -the Emperor person and guarding his palaces. These are the Arcieren -squadron of Life-Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten -Body-Guard, the squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of -the Guard. These troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reserve Troops.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Landwehr is formed into two distinct bodies, -which are also quite distinct from the Active Army; each Landwehr is -under its own ministry of defence. In peace-time only the cadres -exist; that is to say, that of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry -regiments (24 squadrons) of Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only 1 strong -company per battalion and 1 strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are -kept up.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Native Rifles (Landesschützen) of the Tyrol and -Vorarlberg consist of 10 battalions in time of peace, which are in -war-time increased by ten Reserve battalions.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig018"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig018.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Hungarian Palace<br />Guard.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Honvéd.</div> - -<p class="sind">In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms <span -class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> a -peculiar national Hungarian Army, the so-called Honvéd Army, which is -subject in war-time only to the commander-in-chief, and in peace-time -only to the Royal Hungarian jurisdiction, <i>i.e.</i> the Ministry of -Defence and the Landwehr Ministry. It forms in peace-time the Cadres -for 92 battalions of Infantry and 15 regiments of Honvéd Hussars (60 -squadrons). The officers of this force are trained in the Honvéd -Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It is on this Army, whose standards -and badges are of the Hungarian colours, and which in time of war -reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the pride of Hungary rests. It is -this Army whose predecessors saved the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from -destruction a century and a half ago. On the 21st of September, 1741, -the Empress Queen, Maria Theresa, came to her Parliament at Presburg -in dire distress. Dressed in the national Hungarian dress, with her -newly born son (destined to become Joseph II.) in her arms, pain and -courage depicted on her noble countenance, -she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, and in a powerful Latin -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> -speech asked for the National Army to be called out, to protect her -and her country from her many foes. Then the Hungarian magnates tore -their crooked swords from their scabbards, clashed them wildly -together, and shouted: “Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!” With -the help of her brave Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making peace -with Frederick II. of Prussia, succeeded in beating off her numerous -enemies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conclu­sions.</div> - -<p class="sind">If we consider that the total strength (on a war -establishment) of the Austro-Hungarian Army, Line and Landwehr -included, exceeds one million of trained men, of which 778,889 belong -to the 1st Line, and we remember that the Cis-Leithanians are in no -way inferior in warlike spirit, that inheritance of their forefathers, -to their brethren on the far side of the Leitha, we shall come to the -conclusion that in the Austrian Army, with its excellent Corps of -officers and excellent material in the shape of men and horses, any -State in Europe would find either a powerful adversary or a most -desirable ally.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate07L"> - <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary. I. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate07left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend07left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate07R"> - <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary. I. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate07right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend07right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate08L"> - <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary. II. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate08left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend08left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate08R"> - <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary. II. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate08right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend08right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="italy">ITALY.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> Italy we have the -third of the Powers who have formed the Triple Alliance in order to -maintain the peace of Europe and to make common cause against any -disturber thereof. The history of this country has been very similar to -that of Germany. In this instance also, an energetic Prince, King Victor -Emmanuel of Sardinia (died 1878), supported by an active statesman, -Count Cavour, placed himself at the head of the national movement in -favour of unity, and formed the various States of the Peninsula into one -kingdom under his rule.</p> - -<p>The kingdom of Italy appears thenceforth as the last formed among -the European Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army in order to -maintain its position as such. The development of the latter has -since that time progressed considerably, and especially so during the -last decade, when a distinct advance has been apparent.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Constituted on the principle of Universal -Conscription, the land forces of Italy are formed, similarly to those -of the German Empire, into a Standing Army, a Landwehr (Milizia -mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia territoriale).</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">The liability to serve commences with the -twentieth year, and continues till the thirty-ninth. It consists of -eight years in the Standing Army (three with the Colours and five in -the Reserve); four years in the Landwehr, and seven years in the -Landsturm. Those who have been exempted from service by ballot are -sent straight to the Landsturm for nineteen years.</p> - -<p>When the young men attain the age rendering them liable to serve, -those physically unfit are “cast,” and some are put back who are ill -or excused for domestic reasons. The remainder of the men draw lots -and are placed according to their lottery number in the 1st or 2nd -class, those excused being placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class -conscripts are distributed throughout the Standing Army. The 2nd class -go through three months’ training, to form an Ersatz (or reinforcing) -Reserve, and the 3rd class men are called out every four years for a -few days at a time for instruction in the use and manipulation of -their arms.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Standing Army consists accordingly of eight -yearly batches of the 1st class and eight of the 2nd class; the -Landwehr of four yearly batches of men who have served their time in -the Standing Army, and four batches of the 2nd class; and the -Landsturm comprises seven batches of the 1st, seven of the 2nd, and -nineteen of the 3rd class.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> - -<p class="sind">The Infantry of the Standing Army consists of 96 -regiments (including 2 Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions and -1 Ersatz company. Besides these, there are the special Corps d’Élite, -the Bersaglieri (“marksmen”—from bersaglia = a target), and the Alpini -(Alpine Rifles).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig019"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig019.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Bersagliere of the African Contingent.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of 3 battalions and 1 Ersatz -company, are Light Infantry, trained to execute all movements at the -“double,” exceedingly good shots, and looking very smart in their neat -uniforms, the large hats of which are ornamented with a waving bunch -of cock feathers.</p> - -<p>The Alpine Troops consist of 7 regiments (forming 75 companies), to -which are attached 9 mountain batteries. These are also considered -Corps d’Élite.</p> - -<p>Composed of herdsmen and gamekeepers, familiar with every footpath -in the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight and hearing, and excellent -shots, they are equally valuable in reconnoitring work or on the field -of battle, although their original rôle is that of acting in defence -of their mountain passes. The Alpine companies are placed in summer as -near as possible to the particular mountain passes whose defence is -assigned to them, and are stationed for only half the year in the -towns as winter quarters.</p> - -<p>Their duty is carried out with a particular object in view, and -consists mostly in shooting, skirmishing, constant marches over -mountain paths, reconnaissance duty and patrolling, and in minor -tactics.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The whole of the Italian Infantry is at this moment -armed (until the alteration of their former weapon, the single-loader -Vetterli, is completed) with an excellent repeating rifle, the -Vitali. Particular attention is paid to musketry instruction, and -facilities for shooting are given and encouraged by the holding of -National Rifle Meetings at stated times. At these meetings, any -soldier on furlough is allowed to compete, with his Service rifle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Italian Army, on account of the -scarcity of useful horses, and the mountainous character of the land, -is weak in comparison with the Cavalry of other European armies.</p> - -<p>It consists of 24 regiments, each of 6 squadrons and an -Ersatz-cadre; <i>i.e.</i>, 10 Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of -Light Cavalry (Cavalleggieri).</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Light Cavalry are armed with a long curved sword, -and the Lancers with a lance. In addition to these weapons, the whole -of the Cavalry is armed with a rifled breech-loading carbine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of 24 regiments, each -of 8 batteries; there are also 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain -batteries. It can put in the field in war-time 1,196 guns. The heavy -batteries are armed with 3·54-inch breech-loaders; the Light and Horse -Artillery batteries with 2·76-inch breech-loaders. The mountain guns, -for the transport of each of which three horses or mules are provided, -are of 2·95-inch calibre, of steel-bronze, and mounted on wooden -carriages.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Garrison Artillery consists of 5 regiments; the -Siege-train of 2 parts—each of 200 guns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Engineers consist of 4 regiments, including a -Railway and Telegraph Company, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop.</p> - -<p>The Artillery and Engineers provide their own Train.</p> - -<p>12 Commissariat companies are told off for service in the -depôts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> - -<p class="skip1">The men of the Field Artillery and Engineers carry a revolver -besides a sword; Garrison Artillerymen are armed with a breech-loading -carbine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Gendar­merie.</div> - -<div class="figright" id="fig020"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig020.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Carbineer.</p> -</div> - -<p class="sind">There is also a Corps closely connected with the -Army which deserves mention, namely, the Gendarmes, or “Carabinieri -Reali,” whose strength amounts to 543 officers, 22,487 Foot Gendarmes, -and 11 legions of Mounted Gendarmes.</p> - -<p>Formerly many a story was told of the fights between the -Carabinieri and the banditti. Nowadays, both the robbers and the old -Carabinieri have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form -an excellent Corps, whose duty it is to maintain peace and good order -in the country.</p> - -<p class="skip1">In war-time a battalion of them is sent with each -Army Corps. They have then to provide orderlies for the Staff, as well -as to act as Military Police.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organis­ation.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole kingdom is divided into -twelve Army Corps Districts.</p> - -<p>In peace-time the Army Corps vary in strength. In war, each Army -Corps consists of 2 Divisions, the Division numbering 2 Brigades (each -brigade consisting of 2 regiments of Infantry), and an Artillery -Division of 3 batteries. Besides these, each Army Corps has 1 -regiment of Bersaglieri, 1 or 2 Artillery Divisions, each of 4 -batteries, 1 regiment of Cavalry, 2 companies of -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> -Engineers, with bridging-train, and 1 battalion of Carabinieri, -forming altogether 27 battalions of Infantry, 5 or 6 squadrons of -Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery, and 2 companies of -Engineers, etc.—total, about 29,000 men and 112 guns.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Alpini are not included in the Corps organisation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Milizie.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Landwehr consists of 48 regiments of Infantry, -18 battalions of Bersaglieri, 22 Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of -Artillery, and 35 companies of Engineers. It is formed into twelve -divisions in time of war.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Besides the above, there are 342 battalions, 30 -Engineer companies, and 100 companies of Foot Artillery of the -Landsturm, for garrison purpose. In peace-time depôts for the Landwehr -and Landsturm are not organised: preparations are however being made -for instituting them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conclu­sions.</div> - -<p class="sind">In this manner is organised the Army which has now -for about ten years proudly taken its place alongside the proved and -war-tried armies of the senior Powers. Anyone accustomed to English -or German troops, such as the Brigade of Guards in Hyde Park, or the -German Foot-Guards at Potsdam, will find much that is strange on -seeing the Italian Army, resulting from the peculiarity of race. He -will miss the upright bearing, the regular movements and the steady -drill of the Infantry, and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the -Cavalry; but he will be pleased with the picturesque uniforms of the -Army, the extremely smart appearance and active movements of the -Bersaglieri, with their waving green plumes, and with the martial and -powerful bearing of the Alpini, with their upright plumes in their -head-dress; and he will find that the cry of “Evviva il Re Umberto” -sounds just as loud and strong here as our own English “God save the -Queen.” The impression that he will take away with him will be that -the like spirit of the ancient Romans has not been lost in their -descendants, and that the young kingdom of Italy is well prepared to -throw her Army as a decisive weight on to the side of victory in some -future European war.</p> - -<h3>ADDENDUM TO ITALY</h3> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><a href="#Page_43">P. 43</a>. Additional troops have lately been -raised for service in Africa. They consist of—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Italian regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment African Rifles (4 - battalions),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Battalion African Bersaglieri,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Squadron Native Cavalry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td><td>Batteries African Mountain Artillery.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>These are all for service at Massowah.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate09L"> - <p class="caption2">Italy. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate09left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend09left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate09R"> - <p class="caption2">Italy. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate09right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend09right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="france">FRANCE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> next on the list is -France, our nearest continental neighbour, who for a long time was the -foremost of European Military Powers. In the disastrous war of 1870 she -lost this position entirely, and has ever since then been making the -most strenuous exertions to regain something of her old strength by -thorough revision and reorganisation of her Army.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig021"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig021.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Mountain Artillery.</p> -</div> - -<p>The laws of 1872 and 1873 were passed with a view to -this object, and by them Universal Conscription was introduced, as in -Germany. On economical grounds, all able-bodied conscripts were -divided into two classes, the first of which serves five years with -the Colours, and the second only one year.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">After his five years’ active service (or one year, -as the case may be) the soldier goes for four (or eight) years to the -Active Reserve. Thereafter he enters the Territorial Army for five -years, and the Territorial Army Reserve for a subsequent six years, -making twenty years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the -Army of the 1st Line, and the Territorial Army and its Reserve the -Army of the 2nd Line.</p> - -<p>The institution of one-year Volunteers covers a much larger area -than in the German Army. The main point looked to in a would-be -one-year Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs; the -scientific and educational certificates required from such candidates -in Germany are quite a secondary consideration in France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">New Law.</div> - -<p class="sind">France was not content with following the German -model when she re-constituted her Army, but endeavoured to organise a -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> -system whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned -out in the shortest possible time—something like the “levée en masse” -which took place at the time of the French Revolution in 1793. This -has been the aim of successive war ministers since 1871. It seems to -have been brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July, -1889, which for severity and harshness appears to surpass any military -sacrifices and duties ever demanded of any people.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate10L"> - <p class="caption2">France. I. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate10left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend10left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate10R"> - <p class="caption2">France. I. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate10right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend10right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="sind">The main points of this law are as follows:—</p> - -<p>1. Extension of liability to service from -twenty to twenty-five years.</p> - -<p>2. Change from five years’ to three years’ -service with the Colours.</p> - -<p>3. Abolition of all exemptions from service; even the only sons of -widows, the eldest sons of orphans, and those whose brothers are -already serving, must serve one year, and may be sent away at its -conclusion; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the -ranks, they may be kept on for another two years. Candidates for the -higher professions and theological students will have to serve for one -year, the latter to serve as bearers during active service.</p> - -<p>4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of -science, and from a few moderately high schools.</p> - -<p>5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who -are unfit for service, and by any who are conscribed for less than -three years.</p> - -<p>A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to -accept a governmental or departmental office without having previously -served for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these -years to have served in the capacity of either officer or -non-commissioned officer.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">War-Strength.</div> - -<p class="sind">The war-strength of France was, before -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> -the passing of this law, and according to French sources:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="French war-strength"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">Army of the 1st Line</td><td> </td> - <td class="tdl">2,051,458 men.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">Army of the 2nd Line</td><td></td> - <td class="tdl">2,057,196 men.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td><td></td><td>————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">Total</td><td></td><td>4,108,654 men.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It is almost impossible to calculate, from the new law, what her -strength will be exactly, but it appears to be nearly equal to that of -the three Powers together who form the Triple Alliance!</p> - -<p>Whether this law has been promulgated in view of an approaching -war, or whether it will be carried out in all its Spartan severity -throughout the present peace—and long may it last!—is a question only -to be determined by the future. In either case the spirit of -self-sacrifice which has prompted the French to lay the heavy burden -on themselves is much to be admired. The mainspring of this spirit -appears, however, to be more the frantic effort to get back the -country’s former military prestige than pure patriotism.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The peace-strength of France is no criterion by which -to measure the forces that she could put in the field in case of -war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Infantry consists of—</p> - -<p class="hang2">162 Line Regiments, each of 3 battalions—486 battalions.</p> -<p class="hang2">  4 Zouave Regiments, - each of 4 battalions—16 battalions.</p> -<p class="hang2">  4 Algerian Rifle Regiments (Turcos) - 4 battalions—16 battalions.</p> -<p class="hang2">  2 Regiments of the Foreign Legion, - 4 battalions—8 battalions.</p> -<p class="hang2"> 30 Battalions of Rifles (Chasseurs)—30 battalions.</p> -<p class="hang2">  5 Battalions of African Light Infantry - (Zéphyrs)—5 battalions.</p> -<p class="skip1">Grand total, 561 battalions.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig022"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig022.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Hospital Orderly.  Surgeon.</p> -</div> - -<p>The magazine rifle of the French Infantry, introduced in 1887, and -called after its inventor, Colonel Lebel, director of the Normal -School of Musketry at Chalons, is certainly equal to both the German -and Austrian magazine rifles in shooting and general value. As regards -the powder for its cartridges, the composition of which<a -id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a -href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> remains a secret up -till now, the inventor has claimed that its use will revolutionise -Infantry tactics. According to French accounts, the powder is both -noiseless and smokeless. If this were the case, no doubt it would -produce changes in the mode of fighting, and surprises would be -greatly facilitated thereby. Last year, however, experiments were made -at the German Artillery School and at the Manœuvres with an almost -identical powder, the results of which proved that the advantages of -the French powder were greatly exaggerated. The report of the rifle -is distinctly heard, and is little, if at all, less loud than that of -the old powder. The smoke, it is true, is very much less, but is still -quite visible on a still day, its colour being a transparent dull -blue. The new powder, therefore, certainly possesses advantages, but -these will be of little account when all armies—as seems very probable -in the near future—come to use the same powder.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Lebel rifle is apparently being superseded by a -new rifle, that invented by Captain Pralon, and it is said that the -Rifle battalions will shortly be armed with it. The uniform of the -French Infantry is the same as it has been for the last forty years, -the main features in field-order being the long blue-grey great-coat, -red képi and loose red trousers. The full dress is -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -shako and double-breasted dark-blue tunic. The Rifle battalions wear -blue-grey trousers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">African Troops.</div> - -<p class="sind">The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a -remarkable feature in the French Army; they consist of Zouaves, -Turcos, Foreign Legion, and Spahis, and take the field with the French -troops against any Power, civilised or otherwise.</p> - -<p>The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French -conquered and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque, -consisting of an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers, -and white gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a -white turban. At the present time, there are but few Africans amongst -them, the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate11L"> - <p class="caption2">France. II. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate11left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend11left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate11R"> - <p class="caption2">France. II. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate11right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend11right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p>The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a -bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves, -excepting that their knickerbockers are blue, or white, instead of -red.</p> - -<p>Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light -Infantry. The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the -attack, and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long -as there is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of -<i>élan</i> and courage, but a defeat takes much of their spirit out -of them.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig023"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig023.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Mountain Rifles.</p> -</div> - -<p>Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Zéphyrs -Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are -sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison -different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and -though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so -in future wars.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of -foreigners voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a -happy time of it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry, with the latest additions to it, is -composed of 79 regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a -depôt-squadron), and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons -<span class="nlbr">each—total,</span> -419 squadrons. They consist of—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Frenchmen cavalry regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td> - <td class="tdc">of</td> - <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Chasseurs à Cheval,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td> - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Chasseurs d’Afrique,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Spahis.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Total, 83 regiments.</p> - -<p>The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust -sword. Lances there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the -other regiments a carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier -regiments.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig024"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig024.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Railway Troop.</p> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or -as fit for service as the German (<i>i.e.</i>, Lithuanian and -Hanoverian) horse. Nor is the French Cavalry soldier a good -groom. The Chasseurs d’Afrique and the Spahis, mounted on Arabian -stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The Spahis are for the most -part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen. Their whole appearance -produces a novel impression, dressed as they are in their Oriental -attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long red-leather -riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their shoulders, and -mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide at will with a -mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see these children of -the desert at their games, tearing along with wild war-shrieks and -waving their long guns frantically over their heads, each man -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one -to each Army Corps), each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has -12, the other 11 batteries, including between them 3 batteries of -Horse Artillery, so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries. Each -battery has 6 guns, fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these, -some mountain batteries are going to be formed, but only in case of -need.</p> - -<p>The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3·53-in.) gun, on the De -Bange system. It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870–71 -campaign, and at an enormous cost.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries -each, is also armed with first-rate new guns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5 -battalions. An independent Railway Regiment has lately been -formed.</p> - -<p>The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more -or less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is -employed on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many -Field Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping -order in rear of the Army. The Garde-Républicaine of Paris (Cavalry -and Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, -and the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is -in reality only the Fire Brigade.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig025"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig025.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Trumpeter of the Paris<br /> Mounted Garde -Républicaine.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Besides the above troops, there are military corps -organised for Postal and Telegraph service in the field; also a -Balloon Corps, a Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a -Dog-training Corps.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military Schools.</div> - -<p class="sind">There are numerous schools in France -intended either for military education or further military -instruction. Chief amongst them is the Military School of St. Cyr, -into which 400 candidates are admitted every year as cadets, after a -competitive examination. The course lasts for two years, and the -cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the Infantry and Cavalry. -The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets annually under like -conditions to the Artillery and Engineers. In the time of Napoleon -I., a great many of the officers, including some of his most famous -marshals, rose from the ranks; and even now a very large proportion of -them come from the same source.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Total Forces.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole of France is divided for administrative -and organising purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army -Corps is quartered. The 19th Corps is in Algeria.</p> - -<p>Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades -of 2 regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of -Cavalry (2 regiments), and a brigade of Artillery.</p> - -<p>On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot -help being struck by the fact that, besides being exceedingly numerous, -it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper warlike -spirit. Although not “the best in the world,” as every Frenchman will -tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many excellent and -soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one’s judgment by the extremely -slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as regards physique and -uniform. The “Piou-piou,” as the Infantry soldier is called by his -fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with his képi well on the back of -his head and his hands deep in his baggy trouser-pockets, does -certainly not present a soldier-like appearance, but all the same he is -an active and handy man on service, and on the field of battle advances -pluckily through a murderous fire, with little thought of danger or -alarm.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig026"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig026.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Chasseur d’Afrique.</p> -</div> - -<p>If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given -such numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence, -France has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in -the morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in -which the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to -duty which is the foundation -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> -of all discipline, have never taken root. Ambition and desire of -conquest form the motive-power of many great and glorious deeds, and -are certainly not wanting in the French character. Higher than these, -however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a man at his post -through all hardships and perils, without a thought for his own gain -or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will to a higher -one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which permits of no -loosening of the bonds of training and order even in times of -disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith in its -final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This -feeling cannot be learnt in a three years’, nor five years’, nor even -twenty-five years’ service, if it is not ingrained and actually born -in the national character and national system of education. Without -these main features even universal conscription itself will not be -successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may -bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of -combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death -which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is -thoroughly implanted.</p> - -<p>France is well-armed for attack as well as defence; for attack, by -means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy -country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the -troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time; and -for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer -line of which consists of frontier-fortresses and stop-gap forts from -the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge -to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank -of the Meuse. Behind this first line of defence a second one has been -built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles -apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but -few roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some -fortress or other. The central point of the whole of this vast -defensive system is the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle -of protecting forts surrounding her on a fifteen-mile radius, is more -like a fortified province than a fortress.</p> - -<p>The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like -these. “It is the spirit which forms the body” and brings into -subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a -combat of material forces; it is in a higher sense a combat of -cultured forces. Let us, therefore, remember that the best preparation -for trial by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach -another in material and brute force, but in the striving after a more -complete development of warlike skill.</p> - -<h3>ADDENDUM TO FRANCE.</h3> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><a href="#Page_46">Pp. 46, 47</a>. Now that the new law has come -into force, July 1890, the terms of service have been entirely -changed. As the law now stands, seven-tenths of the annual contingent -of recruits have to serve for 3 years, and three-tenths for 1 year. -After his colour-service, a man joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) -years, then the Territorial Army for 6 years, and after that the -Territorial Reserve for 9 years more—total 25 years.</p> - -<p>312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these -only 174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new -law will be that by 1915 <span class="smcap2">A.D.</span> there will -be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen properly trained as soldiers -and ready to take the field, and 60,000 trained men per annum will -have been added to the army!</p> - -<p class="skip1">N.B.—The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on <a -href="#Page_47">page 47</a> includes all men, old and young, who have -ever received any military training, and is therefore hardly a just -estimate of the French fighting-strength. The latest trustworthy -estimates put it at 2,790,000 men.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_49">P. 49</a>. The Cavalry is now, or will be very -shortly, composed of 92 regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of -Spahis of 6 squadrons each—total, 484 squadrons.</p> - -<p>They consist of</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Frenchmen cavalry regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td> - <td class="tdc">of</td> - <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">34</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Chasseurs à Cheval,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td> - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Chasseurs d’Afrique,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Spahis.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="skip7">Total, 96 regiments.</p> - -<p class="skip4"><a href="#Page_49">P. 49</a>. 12 Mountain Batteries are being -formed. There are, in addition to the numbers given, 12 batteries in -Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="russia">RUSSIA.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Russia</span> is situated, from -a military point of view, quite differently to any other European -country, for of the whole Russian Empire only about a quarter lies in -Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger than the rest of all Europe -put together, but it contains only a third of the population. Although -by far the greater part of her dominions lies in another continent, -Russia has had a pretty large finger in the European pie, and will in -the future, no doubt, often mix herself up in European politics. Her -policy, if it can be called so, is to try to influence Western questions -in such a manner as eventually to bring all Slav races under her -rule.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">Russia has therefore organised her Army on an -European footing, and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought -in Universal Conscription, from which, however, the upper classes, -<i>i.e.</i>, the nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The -actual Colour service lasts six years; after that the soldier is sent -for nine years more to the Reserve, which can be called out to -reinforce the Standing Army. During the rest of his time, <i>i.e.</i>, -up to his twentieth year of service he belongs to the Opoltschenie—a -body of men similar to the German Landsturm.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig027"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig027.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Infantry (heavy marching order).</p> -</div> - -<p>The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the -requisite age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000 -are conscribed, and the requisite number for the Army are selected -from these by lot; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The -latter body, therefore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly -untrained. There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr, -in the Russian Army.</p> - -<p>The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the -respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces, -Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take -the field in case of war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="sind">Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments of 4 -battalions each, and 58½ Rifle battalions, as follows:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Russian infantry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Guard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Grenadiers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">164</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Guard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">54½</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Line.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and -their officers rank one step higher in the Army.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig028"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig028.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Guard.</p> -</div> - -<p>Many alterations in the uniform have -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -been made by the present Czar. The dark green colour has been -preserved, but the cut of the tunic has been altered from that of the -Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted jacket fastened with hook -and eye, and with no buttons. The head-gear is a round fur-cap, white -in the case of Generals and Staff-officers, and black in all -others. The soldier has little to do in the way of metal-polishing, it -is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed glint which one -usually associates with a military uniform. The Regiments of the Guard -and Grenadiers have special distinguishing marks on their uniform.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The Infantry rifle is a useful breech-loader with bayonet, on the -system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of -magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -mind; so that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather -behindhand in the matter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:—</p> - -<p>Guard Cavalry:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Russian cavalry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td> - <td class="tdc">of</td> - <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">Lancers,</td> - </tr> -</table> -<p>and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line.</p> - -<p>The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each. -Besides the above, there is a Division (2 squadrons) of Crimean -Tartar Cavalry, which would be expanded in case of war to a -regiment.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by -our plates, is very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of -the Line. The whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved -sabre, called a “Shashka,” which is worn on a narrow band over the -right shoulder. The front-ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry -lances on garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would -not be taken on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter -than that of the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the -“Shashka”-scabbard; other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan -carbine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Russian artillery"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdl">Brigades of Guard Field Artillery,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdl">Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Each brigade numbering 6 batteries.</p> - -<p>The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and -23 batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line; besides the above, there -are two Mounted Mountain Batteries.</p> - -<p>The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in -peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed -guns.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The matériel consists of excellent steel-guns, mostly -from Krupp works in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4·16 -inches, and that of the light ones 3·39 inches.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Engineers consist of 17 battalions of Sappers -(including 1 Guard and 1 Grenadier Battalion), and a few independent -companies, 8 battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 -Field-parks, 16 Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks.</p> - -<p>There is no Train; it is formed in war-time by taking men from the -Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and -manœuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great.</p> - -<p>During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete -the Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz -forces, whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death, -wounds, disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by -depôt-cadres.</p> - -<p class="skip1">To the Local forces belong 50½ battalions of -Garrison Artillery, distributed amongst the fortresses of the country, -besides 32 Line battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison -duties; they may, however, if necessary, be employed on Active -Service. To these forces also belong the “Instruction troops,” which -practise new regulations, tactical and otherwise, as they are brought -out, and experimentalise with new arms -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and the Frontier -Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Total Forces.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19 -Army Corps (including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps); 2 to 3 -Infantry Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form -an Army Corps. The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades, -each of 2 regiments and 1 brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry -Division numbers in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each; -besides 2 batteries of Horse Artillery.</p> - -<p>The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like -700,000 men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000 -men and 3,260 guns.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate12L"> - <p class="caption2">Russia. I. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate12left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend12left.jpg" /></div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate12R"> - <p class="caption2">Russia. I. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate12right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend12right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate13L"> - <p class="caption2">Russia. II. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate13left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend13left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate13R"> - <p class="caption2">Russia. II. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate13right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend13right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">In addition to this enormous number there are the -Irregular troops—a force quite peculiar to Russia—namely, the -Cossacks.<a id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a -href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cossacks.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Cossacks are tribes of mixed Russian, Turkish, -and Tatar blood. They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after -the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and -Dnieper and established their own forms of government. Every three -years they used to elect a “Hetman” as chief, with a council of -elders, “Narschines,” to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia -have their head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the -mountainous districts of that region. Branches of these Cossacks have -settled on the Volga, on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the -Ural, in the Kuban North-Western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since -they became subject to Russia they have assisted in carrying the -Russian dominion further into Asia. The history of the settlement of -these tribes in Siberia, led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is -exceedingly interesting. This bold leader crossed the Ural mountains -in 1758 with a following of only 840 Cossacks. His conquering progress -equalled that of the Spaniards under Cortez in Mexico for adventure -and for the great results that flowed from his successes.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig029"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig029.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Caucasus.</p> -</div> - -<p>Although attached to Russia, the Cossacks are Russian in neither -their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extraordinarily -sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent -horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and -inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound -down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the -country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of -inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in -the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of -Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the -different frontiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a -soldier. They have a military organisation and are divided into -Cavalry regiments, or “polks.”</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig030"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig030.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of the Field<br />Police (full dress).</p> -</div> - -<p>They are gradually being more and more definitely organised, -disciplined, and trained. Each man has to provide himself with -clothing and equipment according to regulation, and with a horse, and -keep them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a -short coat, “kasakin,” or a long one, “tcherkesska,” with a woollen -shirt, “beshmet,” loose trousers, long boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap, -“papasha.” Their -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> -chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with sabre (“shashka”), -pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus, long knives, -“kinzhal,” and finally, a rifle of some sort.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Their small insignificant-looking horses are not to -be beaten for speed and endurance. A day journey of twenty hours is -not too much for them; their hardiness is extraordinary, and the worst -forage possible does not come amiss to them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cossack Charac­teristics.</div> - -<p class="sind">A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner, -<i>i.e.</i> with a loose rein, high saddle, short stirrup, and toes -down; he is very fond of his horse and treats him kindly.</p> - -<p>Their extraordinary mobility, endurance, and cleverness in getting -over all obstacles of ground, particularly fit the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> -Cossack troops for outpost and reconnaissance duty, for rapid raids -and bold surprises, as well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is -also by no means their least advantage is that this mode of employing -them in war would leave the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual -combat in the field.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig031"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig031.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Field Gendarme (service kit).</p> -</div> - -<p>The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of -character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers -in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15 -regiments of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard-Cossacks, and 7 batteries of -the Line. In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and -the whole Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136 -regiments Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns).</p> - -<p>This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and -die in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the -Regular Army or attach themselves to it, is well known in Germany, -where it appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806–1815). One -might say with Schiller: “The rider and his swift horse are fearsome -guests.” On the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be -regarded with feelings of greater respect as enemies than as -friends.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks -are some of the other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian -Irregulars, such as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the -Caucasus, the Tcherkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although -these people render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic -possessions, still she can hardly count on their services in an -European war, so that an invasion by these Asiatic races, like what -happened in the times of Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken -into account by the Europe of to-day.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig032"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig032.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Amour.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Conclu­sions.</div> - -<p class="sind">Laying aside the question of these Irregular -troops, we cannot deny that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army, -and one which is prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine -the Russian soldier to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher -culture. Frederick the Great learnt to respect Russia as a powerful -adversary, and in the beginning of this century she brought a heavy -weight to bear in favour of Austria and Prussia, and fought valiantly -as their ally against the power of Napoleon I. Since that period -Russia has made important progress, not only in her culture, but in -the organisation and arming of her Army; universal conscription has -also acted as a powerful assistant to universal education. Whether -Russia will fight Germany in the near or in the distant future is a -matter that does not concern us here; we will leave the discussion of -the probabilities pro and con to the newspapers. The time may come, -but all we need know about the matter is that Germany is fully -prepared and, though respecting her possible adversary, is not afraid -of her.</p> - -<h3>ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA.</h3> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p><a href="#Page_53">P. 53</a>. The Russian Infantry now numbers—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Current Russian infantry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Guard,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Grenadiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">164</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of the Line,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Rifles (2 battalions each),</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Guard,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">38</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Line.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><a href="#Page_56">Pp. 56–58</a>. The Cossacks form altogether—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Cossack regiments"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments Regular Cavalry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">136</td> - <td class="tdl">Squadrons Irregular Cavalry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdl">Battalions of Infantry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdl">Batteries of Artillery.</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="denmark">DENMARK.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> military -organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served as patterns to -the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must have an Army of its -own wherewith to defend its independence and secure the vindication of -its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would depend on the size, -geographical situation, and historical associations of the State.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Historical.</div> - -<p class="sind">In recent times the small State of Denmark has -once or twice been obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep -possession of the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, to the right of -attaching which to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption -into the Danish commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848–49 -the small Danish Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against -the might of Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers, -namely, Russia and England, to step in in her favour. The result was -that Prussia was obliged to stay her hand from taking under her -protection the German inhabitants of the two Duchies.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig033"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig033.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Foot Guardsman.</p> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">In 1863–64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the -German rights in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably altered, -and the war, which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close -by the Treaty of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies -from Denmark and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage, -however, with which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the -vastly superior forces of the other two Powers, and the determined -opposition which they offered, more especially in their fortifications -at Danewirke, Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope -of foreign intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to -the excellence and courage of the Danish troops.</p> - -<div class="sidenote skip1">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">After this war Denmark made use of her bitter -experience in reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she -had, in spite of the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea -of being a Power in the North of Europe. She has now made an important -step in the military line by introducing universal conscription, the -terms of which are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve, -and eight in the “Reinforcement” Reserve.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Danish Army is now constituted as -follows:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Infantry—</p> - -<p class="hang1"> - 1 Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve. -</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1"> -10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and -1 battalion Reinforcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> -(2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and 1 Fünen) of 2 regiments each. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Cavalry—</p> -<p class="hang1 skip1">1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and -4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Artillery—</p> - -<p class="hang1">Field Artillery—2 Regiments of 2 divisions each—total, -12 Line and 4 Reinforcement Reserve Batteries.</p> - -<p class="hang1 skip1">Garrison Artillery—2 Battalions—total, 6 Line and -4 Reinforcement Reserve Companies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Engineers—1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies.</p> - -<p class="hang1">Train—4 Sections.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig034"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig034.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Surgeon.</p> -</div> - -<p>The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000 -men, with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve battalions and batteries -only exist as depôt-cadres.</p> - -<p>The Infantry is still armed with a single-loading rifle, the -Remington, but it is intended to shortly arm them with a -magazine-rifle, which is now in course of preparation.</p> - -<p>The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their -Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large -purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the -breed.</p> - -<p>The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and -endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accordingly is better -fitted for a defensive rôle, such as holding a fortified position to -the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack.</p> - -<p>The general plan of national defence is based on this -characteristic, for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned -into a great entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger -portion of the Danish Army in case of war.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate14R"> - <p class="caption2">Denmark.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate14right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend14right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="sweden">SWEDEN AND NORWAY.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Sweden</span>, which once, in -the time of the Thirty Years’ War, represented the first Military Power -in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army, just large enough for the -needs of the country. The military system of Sweden is a peculiar one, -and entirely different from that of other States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military System.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole land is divided into a great many small -“Rote” or Divisions, each of which has to supply one able-bodied man -of the right age for the Army. This man serves for as long as his -physical powers last. He receives a small property, consisting of -house, farm, and ploughland, and definite pay as long as he is -actually with the Colours.</p> - -<p>Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with -their horses by the larger landowners or “Rusthalters,” in return for -their exemption from certain taxes.</p> - -<p>These troops are called “Indelta” men.</p> - -<p>The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the “Värfvade,” -the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years’ -service, and may re-engage for further service.</p> - -<p>The Värfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of -the Indelta, for the former are continually with their Corps, whilst -the latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough, -looking after their farms.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The third portion is the “Bewäring,” which consists -of all men between their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. -In case of war they would have to reinforce the other two -portions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind skip2">The Swedish Army consists of—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Infantry—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Swedish infantry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Body-Guard,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Body-Grenadiers,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of the Infantry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle battalions.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="skip1">Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace-and 3 -in war-time: this would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Cavalry—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Swedish cavalry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Total, 47 squadrons.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="hang4 skip1"> -Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery, of 5 divisions -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> -of 2 batteries each, the regiment consisting of 10 -(2 “Driving,” 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 “Foot”) batteries, -besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries. -Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number -of 234 field-guns. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="hang4"> -Engineers—1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph Company, -and 1 battalion of Sappers. -</p> - -<p>Train—1 battalion of 2 companies.</p> - -<p>The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and -leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something -astonishing. The skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are -directed by a sergeant in the centre with uplifted rifle. Every time -a man in the firing-line snaps his rifle, he shouts out “Piff-paff!” -The introduction of a new magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably -cause some fatigue to the throats of the Swedish Infantry.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate15L"> - <p class="caption2">Sweden.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate15left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend15left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>NORWAY.</h3> - -<p class="skip1">Although Norway is united under the same Crown with -Sweden, still her military system differs entirely from that of the -latter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military System.</div> - -<div class="figright" id="fig035"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig035.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer (Standard-bearer)<br />of the Life -Guards<br />(Andra Lifgardet).</p> -</div> - -<p class="sind">Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years -old is sent to the so-called “Land-armament,” to serve five years in -the Line, four in the “Landwehr” and four in the “Landsturm.” The -conscripts remain but very few weeks with the Colours. The main -portion of the Army consists of men voluntarily enlisted, who are -bound to stay for six years.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of which one -forms a Guard-Company, consisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted -men, constitutes the only Corps under arms in time of peace; of the -remaining troops there are only cadres in existence. In the event of -war, the Line Infantry would consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions -each—total, 20 battalions. The Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of -Light Dragoons—total, 11 squadrons; the Artillery of 5 battalions = 11 -batteries with 66 guns; the Engineers of a small division. Grand -total, about 18,000 men.</p> - -<p>The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington, -which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine-rifle -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -invented by Colonel Jarman of their Army.</p> - -<p>The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the -sabre. The Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in -the Krupp works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel -works.</p> - -<p>It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress -similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an -almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere.</p> - -<p>The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does -not appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian-Swedish -government. The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners, -sturdy and enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every -reason to believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case -fully equal to its true and destined use—<i>i.e.</i>, the defence of -the country.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig036"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig036.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands<br /> -hästjägarecorps.)</p> -</div> - - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate15R"> - <p class="caption2">Norway.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate15right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend15right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="spain">SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> most European States -the Army is worked by the Sovereign or Government of the country for the -defence of the Crown and the nation, and for the upholding of the Law. -This, however, was for a long time not the case in the south-western -portion of Europe, <i>i.e.</i> the Iberian Peninsula. It could not be -the case, for during even this century revolution has succeeded -revolution, and the different forms of government introduced at -rapidly-recurring intervals have made it impossible for the Army to be -always at the beck and call of the head of the State for the time being. -The energetic young king, Alfonso XII., who ascended the Spanish throne -in 1874 (and died in 1885), experienced the necessity of making himself -chief of the Army, and instituted a military system by which he hoped to -put an end to the earlier irregularities.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Army of Spain is therefore now divided -into the Peninsular Army, which serves in Spain itself, and the -Colonial Army, which serves in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine -Islands.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of -universal conscription, to which every Spaniard becomes liable on -attaining his twentieth year. Those who are exempted by law from the -Army are only called out in time of war, and those who belong to -certain named professions are allowed to buy exemptions from service -for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied men it is the ballot which -decides which are to enter the Active Army.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig037"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig037.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Halberdier of the Palace.</p> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which -six years, as a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the -Colours. The remainder of a man’s service is passed in the Active -Reserve. All those who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours, -including those exempted by law and purchase, are classed as -“Disponible Recruits;” these receive only a very short training and -are called out to reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After -six years’ service as such, the “Disponible” recruits enter the 2nd -Reserve.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The kingdom of Spain is divided up into 14 -Military Districts, each under a Captain-general. These are again -divided into 140 Military Zones, each under a colonel, who is -responsible for mobilisation and supply details.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Each Zone comprises 1 Active, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt -battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented -only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line -battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are -Rifles; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<p>There are in peace-time no higher units than battalions; brigades, -divisions, and army corps would be formed only in case of war.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The remainder of the Spanish Army consists of:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div> - -<p class="hang4 skip1">Cavalry—8 Regiments of Lancers, 14 Regiments of -Cazaderos (Light Horse), 2 Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of -Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons. Besides these there are 28 Reserve -regiments, of which only cadres exist in peace-time, and 1 squadron of -Life-Guards.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div> - -<p class="hang4 skip1">Artillery—5 Regiments of Divisional Artillery -of 6 batteries each, altogether 30 batteries with 180 guns; 5 -regiments of Corps Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20 -batteries with 120 guns; 2 regiments of Mountain Artillery, each of 6 -batteries, altogether 72 guns, and 1 regiment of Siege and Position -Artillery, 4 batteries of 4 guns each, altogether 16 guns. Total -therefore, 388 guns, and 9 battalions Fortress Artillery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div> - -<p class="hang4 skip1">Engineers—5 Pioneer regiments, 1 Railway -battalion, 1 Telegraph battalion, and 5 Reserve regiments.</p> - -<p>There is no Train in time of peace.</p> - -<p>The peace-strength of the Peninsular Army amounts to 116,000 -men.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig038"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig038.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">General (full dress).</p> -</div> - -<p>Besides these there are 16 regiments of Gendarmes (Guardia Civil), -numbering 15,000 men, and 11,000 men of the Carabineros, or Frontier -Force.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> - -<p class="skip1">The Colonial Army, about 33,000 men in all, is formed -by voluntary enlistment.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Armament.</div> - -<p>The Infantry is armed with the Remington rifle, the Cavalry with -sword and Remington carbine. Three sections<a id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" -class="fnanchor">[21]</a> of each squadron of Lancers carry the -lance. The Artillery is armed with cast-steel Krupp guns of 3·15 -inches calibre; the Mountain Artillery with those of 2·95 inches. The -guns have, however, been altered to Colonel Placentia’s system.</p> - -<p>The two Royal Household Companies, Halberdiers, are the only ones -who wear the old Spanish dress.</p> - -<p>The Spaniard combines the liveliness and hot blood of the -southerner with the determination and endurance of the northerner, and -would now count as one of the best soldiers in Europe if it were not -that, in consequence of the long civil wars and disturbances in the -country, he had become somewhat less amenable to discipline than -formerly. If an instance is required of what Spaniards can do when -fighting for their land and freedom, we have only to look at the -guerilla and mountain warfare waged by this plucky nation against the -old campaigners of Napoleon at the beginning of this century, before -the English troops came to their assistance.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate16L"> - <p class="caption2">Spain.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate16left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend16left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PORTUGAL.</h3> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">Universal Conscription is the rule in Portugal as well as in most -other countries, but there are numerous exemptions and sendings on -“unlimited furlough with the Colours” (in order to save the national -exchequer), so that the Army does not by any means comprise as many -men as would appear from the strength as laid down on paper. With a -nominal peace strength of 37,000, the actual strength is only about -18,000.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The terms of service are three years with the -Colours, five years in the 1st Class, and four in the 2nd Class -Reserves.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Infantry consists of 24 Line and 12 Rifle -regiments, each of 2 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, altogether 72 -battalions, the Depôt battalions being skeleton ones.</p> - -<p>Cavalry—10 regiments, of which the first two are Lancers, and the -remainder Light Dragoons (Caçadores a Cavallo). Each regiment -consists of 3 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons.</p> - -<p>Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery of 12 batteries each, 2 -Regiments of Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 Mountain -Brigade of 6 batteries.—Total, 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with -132 guns.</p> - -<p>Engineers—2 Active and 1 Reserve battalions, and 1 Torpedo -Company.</p> - -<p>Portugal has, besides this Army, a Colonial Force of 9,600 men, -chiefly natives.</p> - -<p>The Infantry is now armed with the Kropatschek repeating-rifle; -till quite recently, they had the Enfield rifle. The Field Artillery -is chiefly armed with 3·54-inch steel Krupp guns.</p> - -<p>More attention appears to be paid in Portugal to the Navy than to -the Army, and it seems unlikely that the latter will be engaged in -war, at all events for some time to come.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate16R"> - <p class="caption2">Spain and Portugal.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate16right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend16right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="switzerland">SWITZERLAND.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">The Swiss Republic, or rather the Free Confederation -of twenty-two small Republics (Cantons), had its beginning in the four -“Forest” towns of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Glarus. It was by the -treaties of 1815, upon which, after the downfall of Napoleon I., the -present distribution of Powers was founded and still to a great extent -remains, that the neutrality of Switzerland was recognised, so that -she is now, to all intents and purposes, excluded from taking part in -an European war. Being, however, surrounded by three Great Powers, -whose Armies may at any time traverse her territories from any -quarter, she is obliged to guard her neutrality very strictly. This -object she seeks to accomplish by universal conscription and by a -military system which is adapted to the exigencies of the country and -rests on the so-called “Militia System.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">According to this system the conscript has to pass -only a few weeks or months in being trained, and is subsequently -called out for only a few weeks annually during peace-time. This -system certainly allows of universal service in the widest sense of -the word, and also gives a small State the power of calling out a -proportionally large Army in time of war. At the same time, however, -this system, in order to be of any use, would require the people to be -naturally of a warlike tendency, and every man to be thoroughly -accustomed to the use of a rifle; in fine, it would require that there -should always be a nucleus of thoroughly-trained troops, even in -peace-time.</p> - -<p>Every Swiss is liable to service from the 20th to the 44th year of -his age. Of these twenty-five years of service, thirteen are spent in -the “Auszug” (Active Army) and twelve in the “Landwehr.” All -able-bodied men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are not employed in -either of the above branches belong to the “Landsturm.” Anyone who is -not fit to serve has to pay a small fine as a sort of -compensation.</p> - -<p class="skip1">In case of war the “Auszug” would provide the Army as -follows:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="noindent">Infantry—98 Fusilier and 8 Rifle Battalions.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Cavalry—8 Regiments (24 squadrons) of Dragoons and 12 -Companies of Guides.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Artillery—24 Regiments of Field Artillery, and 1 of -Mountain Artillery, each of 2 batteries of 6 guns -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> -each—total, 300 guns, besides 10 batteries of Position Artillery.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Engineers—9 Battalions.</p> - -<p class="noindent skip1">Train—8 Battalions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">The strength of the Field Army comes to about 100,000 men. It -consists of the Army Staff and 8 Divisions, each comprising 2 Infantry -Brigades, each Brigade comprising 2 Regiments of Infantry, 1 Rifle -Battalion, 1 Regiment of Dragoons, 1 Company of Guides, 1 Brigade of -Artillery, 1 Battalion of Engineers, 1 of Train, 1 Field Hospital and -1 Administration Company.</p> - -<p>The Landwehr consists of nearly as many men as the Auszug, but the -former are only called on to serve on garrison duty at home. As for -arms, the Swiss troops are not behindhand with other nations. The -Infantry is armed with the repeating Vetterli rifle, the Rifles with a -similar short repeating-rifle, and the Dragoons with a -repeating-carbine. The Field Artillery has three patterns of guns: the -light 3·28-in., the heavy 3·93-in., and the mountain 2·92-inch -guns. The Swiss soldier is more of a Light Infantry man than anything -else; as for the Swiss Cavalry, it is not to be considered on the same -footing as the Cavalry of other nations, being feeble.</p> - -<p>The Swiss Militiaman is trained for a short time and then sent home -with his uniform and rifle. Thereafter he appears yearly for a short -training, in order to “keep his eye in.” This sketchy military -education is, however, greatly helped by the numerous Cadet divisions -in the schools, and by Volunteer Rifle and Gymnastic clubs.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate14L"> - <p class="caption2">Switzerland.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate14left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend14left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="holland">HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">The “Kingdom of the Netherlands,” instituted by the -Vienna Congress in 1815, was, after the revolt of the southern -provinces, divided into two kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former -extending from the mouth of the Ems to those of the Rhine, Maas, and -Scheldt, and the latter from these mouths to the north-eastern -frontier of France. The neutrality of these two States, recognised by -the other Great Powers of Europe, have so far exempted them from -keeping up large standing armies, that their organisation remains very -much as it was in 1830.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Dutch military system is a combination of the -old Voluntary Enlistment and the Militia systems. Every able-bodied -young man between 20 and 25 years of age is bound to enter the -Militia; the number of these not to exceed 11,000 annually. The length -of service of these men, nominally one year, is as a matter of fact -shortened to nine or even six months.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig039"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig039.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Infantry of the Schutterij.</p> -</div> - -<p class="skip1">The Army consists partly of voluntarily-enlisted men, -who bind themselves to six years’ service, and partly of Militiamen. -Gaps are often caused by the impossibility of filling Volunteer -vacancies by Militiamen, and this leads to the disadvantage that the -training of the Militiamen is not so thorough as it might be, and also -that the troops are not always kept up to their full -establishment.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Standing Dutch Army consists of—</p> - -<p class="hang4">Infantry—1 Grenadier and Rifle Regiment (comprising 3 -battalions of Grenadiers and 2 of Rifles), and 8 Line Regiments of 5 -battalions each—Grand total, 45 battalions.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Cavalry—3 Regiments of Hussars, each of 5 Field and -one Depôt squadrons.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Artillery—1 Corps of Horse Artillery, 3 regiments -Field Artillery, altogether 42 batteries with 252 guns: and 4 -regiments of Garrison Artillery.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Engineers—3 Field Companies, 3 Fortress, 1 Railway -and Telegraph Company, and 1 Instruction and Depôt Company.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Besides the above there is a Colonial Army Depôt of -three companies, and the Corps of Maréchaussée, which corresponds to -the Gendarmerie in other States, 373 men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">The total strength of the Active Army -approaches 64,000 men and 270 guns. The -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> -Colonial Army, recruited entirely by voluntary enlistment, comes to -about 30,000 men.</p> - -<p>In case a necessity should arise for reinforcing the Dutch Army, -another body of men has been formed, called the “Schutterij,” of all -Dutchmen between their 20th and 30th years not included in the Active -Army or Militia. No great expectations can be formed of this body, -for the members are only trained for forty to fifty hours -annually.</p> - -<p>The Landsturm and Rifle Clubs are also destined to increase the -strength of the Army in case of emergency.</p> - -<p>Since Holland has been declared a neutral State, and her energy is -chiefly devoted to the furthering of her commercial and colonial -interests, the chief duty of the Army will probably be confined to -that of national defence. The numerous sluices and canals, which would -offer numerous obstacles to an invading army, would be of great -assistance in case of war. It has, in fact, already happened that the -country has been saved by letting in the sea through the sluices and -forming a general inundation.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig040"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig040.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)</p> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate17L"> - <p class="caption2">Holland.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate17left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend17left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>BELGIUM.</h3> - -<p class="skip1">Belgium also is not one of the warlike States. She has, however, -often served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her neutrality -has not been always duly respected. She must therefore possess an -Army, if only to watch her frontiers, and to prevent her total -dependence on the will of other Powers. Her Army is, however, not -numerous, and is considerably behindhand both in organisation and -training.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="fig041"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig041.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the -yearly so-called “Appels,” but this is easily evaded by either paying -a substitute, or by paying an exemption of £64, in consideration of -which the Government provides a substitute of its own finding.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Belgian Army is formed as follows:</p> - -<p>The Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9 -Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments each, <i>i.e.:</i></p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Belgian infantry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment of Carbineers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment of Grenadiers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Rifles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The Carbineer Regiment consists of 4 Active and 2 Depôt battalions; -the remainder of 3 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, the latter being -only skeleton battalions. This makes altogether 58 Active and 20 -Depôt battalions.</p> - -<p>The Cavalry numbers 2 Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each, -<i>i.e.</i>:—</p> - -<table class="regiments" summary="Belgian cavalry"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Light Dragoons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Guides - (similar to Hussars), and</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Lancers,</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons—Grand total, -8 regiments, forming 32 Active and 8 Depôt squadrons.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig042"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig042.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang4">Artillery—4 Regiments Field Artillery, consisting of -30 Field, 4 Horse and 6 Reserve batteries. The Reserve batteries are -skeleton ones and have no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each—total, -34 batteries with 204 guns, besides 3 regiments of -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> -Siege Artillery, each of 16 Siege, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt -batteries.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Engineers—1 Regiment of 3 battalions, -and 5 companies for special work, -<i>i.e.</i>, pontooning, railway, telegraph, -pyrotechnic and general trades.</p> - -<p class="hang4 skip1">Train—1 Battalion of 6 companies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole peace-strength numbers about 45,000 men, -with 204 guns. Both Dutch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single -breech-loaders, the Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there -seems no present intention of introducing magazine-rifles.</p> - -<p>The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model; -the tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and -striking.</p> - -<p>Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other -nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only -when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed -strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made on a National -Army.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate17R"> - <p class="caption2">Belgium.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate17right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend17right.jpg" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="turkey">TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Historical.</div> - -<div class="figright" id="fig043"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig043.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of the Dorobanze<br />(full dress).</p> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> the sixteenth and -seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe were several times -alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of their territories by a -foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and connected primarily with the -Mongols. This race, known as Turks or Osmanli, had made itself master of -Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and -set up its government there under a Padishah or Sultan. From this point -they extended their empire further and further to the north-west, over -Hungary and the intervening lands, and took possession of the Hungarian -capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683 they actually besieged Vienna, and this -city would undoubtedly have fallen if it had not been for its heroic -defence by Field-Marshal Rüdiger von Starhemberg, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -who held out till he was succoured by Duke Charles of Lorraine with the -Army of the Austrian Empire, and John Sobieski, King of Poland.</p> - -<p>The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually -declined in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and -nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire -became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence -under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent kingdoms -of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of Bulgaria -(under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present -century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but she -has her own administration. The Turkish Empire—once the terror of -Christendom—is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her hold -over the small remnants of her European possessions. Russia, who -considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the -East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the -“Sick Man” on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other -Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however, -Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without -a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what -far-reaching consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip -her over, but must give a short account of her Army as well as of the -others.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig044"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig044.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Officer of the Roșiori (undress).</p> -</div> - -<p>Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed -the Sultan body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000), -organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is -chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that -purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from -1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count -Moltke.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after -every war. Though it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the -great Powers, still that is the fault of neither the military system -nor yet of the Turkish soldier. The responsibility lies with the -confused system of military administration, which deals in the most -hopeless and in the worst possible way with the clothing and -equipment, and even with the feeding and pay of the Army.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div> - -<p class="sind">According to the Law, every able-bodied Mahomedan -inhabitant of Turkey is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are -exempted on payment of a fine.</p> - -<p class="skip1">Service in the “Nizam,” or Active Army, lasts six -years, of which the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and -Artilleryman four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the -Active Reserve or “Ikhtiat.” After this the soldier joins the Landwehr -or “Redif” for eight years, and subsequently six years in the -Landsturm or “Muhstafiz.” As a matter of fact, the period of service -with the Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the -outside.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Organisa­tion.</div> - -<p class="sind">The whole Turkish Empire is divided into 7 -military districts or “Ordu,” of which the seventh, Arabia, is -exceptionally constituted. “Ordus” 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to -supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army -Corps of the Redif in case of necessity. The seventh Ordu only -possesses 1 Army Corps altogether.</p> - -<p>Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1 -Regiment -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -of Field Artillery, 1 battalion of Pioneers and 1 of the Train.</p> - -<p>A Division consists of 2 brigades; an Infantry brigade numbers 2, -and a Cavalry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5 -battalions, of which 1 is a Depôt battalion; a regiment of Cavalry, 5 -squadrons, of which 1 is a Depôt squadron.</p> - -<p>The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse -Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army, -(including Redif) comprise a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 -guns,<a id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a -href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and these could be -heavily reinforced by drawing on the “Muhstafiz.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Armament.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Infantry is armed with three different -patterns of rifles at this moment, but will shortly be armed -altogether with a magazine-rifle. Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are -armed with a repeating carbine. The guns are good cast-steel -breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The mountain batteries have steel -guns.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig045"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig045.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Turkish Infantry of the Redif.</p> -</div> - -<p>As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be -compared on the same grounds with his European comrade. As for a -discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of -country, the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however, -compensated for to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike -spirit.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig046"> -<img class="bigbw" alt="" - src="images/fig046.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Bashi-Bazouks</p> -</div> - -<p>The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour, -unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to the -death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks with -unequalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable -stubbornness in the defence of strong positions, has faded. In vain -does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses, -with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments. With the -exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a -distinctly European cut. The “Nizam” wear a dark-blue coat, usually -wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body, -which take place during their six years’ service, and the “Redif” wear -jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the -Bashi-Bazouks (<i>i.e.</i> “lost heads”), a wild body of Irregular -troops who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little -amenable to discipline. These wear bizarre and wild-looking dresses, -and are armed with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war, -but is sadly deficient in good officers and non-commissioned -officers.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised -on the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably -only act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast -but a hasty glance at them.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">GREECE.</div> - -<p class="sind"><i>Greece</i> has, in consequence of her universal -conscription—</p> - -<p class="hang4">Infantry—27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions -of Rifles.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Cavalry—12 squadrons.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Artillery—2 Field, and 2 Mountain battalions, and 1 -Garrison Artillery battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64 -guns.</p> - -<p>The Army (including Engineers and -Train, as well as Gendarmerie) consists of -about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be -reinforced in war-time to 80,000 men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> - - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate18L"> - <p class="caption2">Turkey.—Greece.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate18left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend18left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">ROUMA­NIA.</div> - -<p class="sind"><i>Roumania</i> can bring into the 1st Line 4 Army -Corps, well-drilled and well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp -guns), and into the 2nd Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength -consists <span class="nlbr">of—</span></p> - -<p class="hang4">Infantry—16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of -Rifles and 65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial -Militia)—total, 85 battalions.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Cavalry—16 squadrons of Roșiori, (Hussars) and 54 -squadrons of Kalaraschi (a species of Gendarmerie)—total, 70 -squadrons.</p> - -<p>Artillery—54 batteries with 312 guns.</p> - -<p>The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men.</p> - -<p>The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80 -squadrons of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of -Engineers, and details; altogether 150,000 men and 448 guns.</p> - -<p>Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of -men corresponding to the German Landsturm.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate19L"> - <p class="caption2">Roumania. [LHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate19left.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend19left.jpg" /> -</div> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate19R"> - <p class="caption2">Roumania. [RHS]</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate19right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend19right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">SERVIA.</div> - -<p class="sind"><i>Servia</i> can put into the field 5 Divisions, -namely:—</p> - -<p class="hang4">Field Army—45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries, -besides Engineers and Train—total, 65,000 men and 100 guns.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Reserve Army—65,000 men, formed similarly to the -above.</p> - -<p class="hang4">Landsturm—60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men. Total -war-strength 130,000 men and 200 guns.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">BUL­GARIA.</div> - -<p class="sind"><i>Bulgaria</i>, although her constitution is as -yet not definitely settled, is not at all behindhand in the -organisation of her Army. The principality would be able to put into -the field an Army of over 30,000 -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000 Landsturm.</p> - -<div class="platecenter" id="plate18R"> - <p class="caption2">Servia.—Bulgaria.</p> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/plate18right.jpg" /> - <img class="colours" alt="" - src="images/legend18right.jpg" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">EASTERN ROUME­LIA.</div> - -<p class="sind">The Army of <i>Eastern Roumelia</i> is a species -of Militia, which would in war-time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing -Army numbers only 3,400 men, and their efficiency is not very -great.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">MONTE­NEGRO.</div> - -<p class="sind"><i>Montenegro.</i> In the western portion of the -Balkan Peninsula, between the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic, -though not touching the latter, lies a wild and craggy mountain -land. According to the inhabitants, “When the Creator was walking over -the earth, distributing rocks and plains, the bag in which the rocks -were split, and those which remained fell on to Montenegro.”</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="fig047"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig047.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Montenegro: Soldier.</p> -</div> - -<p>There can certainly not have been many rocks in the bag, for the -land of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny -country of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild -as their country. They are a small, liberty-loving nation, of great -physical beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day, -called the Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his -speech probably referred less to the Prince himself than to the people -whose merit and determined bravery he so much admired.</p> - -<p>This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its -independence. Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the -people, came to grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 -the inhabitants of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the -Crescent, and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The -Turkish Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> -Pasha, from exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent -against Herzegovina and her ally.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="fig048"> -<img class="smallbw" alt="" - src="images/fig048.jpg" /> -<p class="caption1">Montenegro: Officer.</p> -</div> - -<p>Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful -Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that -the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but -the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible -to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed -themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro, -therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against -the advance of the Crescent.</p> - -<p>Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every -able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from -his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for the -Prince, composed of 300 men,<a id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" -class="fnanchor">[23]</a> of whom 50 are mounted. It is, however, -stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could be put -in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country against an -invader from any quarter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="navies">APPENDIX.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="deccenter"> -<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline" - src="images/decoration.jpg" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip1">SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE.</p> - -<p class="skip1">We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the -Armies of Europe. A country armed strength does not, however, consist -exclusively of her Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We -will, therefore, glance at the naval forces of the chief of the -European States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">ENG­LAND.</div> - -<p class="sind">The first place amongst Naval Powers is -undoubtedly still held by Great Britain as queen of the seas, however -much other nations may try to overhaul her in ships and -material. There have certainly been voices heard lately in Parliament -anent the alleged standstill—<i>i.e.</i>, backsliding, when the race -with foreign nations is taken into account—in the naval development of -England. The late great Naval Review, however, last August, appeared -to disarm all hostile criticism as to the strength and efficiency of -the British Fleet. There were at that time, off Portsmouth, several -square miles of vessels, altogether 112 fighting-ships. Yet this was -but a small portion of England Navy, for the total English Fleet -amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as follows:—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="Royal Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Turreted and belted men-of-war</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ironclad corvettes and cruisers</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Sloops and gun-vessels</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gunboats</td> - <td class="tdr">102</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">43</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Despatch-vessels and survey-ships</td> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Transports, sailing-vessels, and turret-ships</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Various, for coast and harbour service</td> - <td class="tdr">195</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td> - <td class="tdu">23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdr">702</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tde">India</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tde">South Africa</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tde">Australia</td> - <td class="tdu">31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"> Grand total</td> - <td class="tdu">763</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">FRANCE.</div> - -<p class="sind">France possesses now—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="French Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Other ironclads</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cruisers</td> - <td class="tdr">58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gunboats and avisos</td> - <td class="tdr">82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gun-sloops (small)</td> - <td class="tdr">54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td> - <td class="tdr">136</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Transports and sailing-ships</td> - <td class="tdr">72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Coast and harbour service, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">107</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td> - <td class="tdu">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdu">593</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">RUSSIA.</div> - -<p class="sind">Russia has of late years considerably increased -her fleet, spending her substance chiefly on large ironclads, which -appear to be the fashion nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in -the Black Sea. The Russian Navy should not be, all the same, -considered as a very powerful one, for a great many of her ironclads -and torpedo-boats are out of date, and not up to the requirements of -modern naval warfare.</p> - -<p>The Russian fleet numbers altogether—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="Russian Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Monitors and cruisers</td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and gunboats</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats (old and new)</td> - <td class="tdr">140</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Sailing-vessels, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Transports, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">123</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Coast and harbour service</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Boat-flotilla</td> - <td class="tdu">33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdu">482</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">ITALY.</div> - -<p class="sind">The naval forces of Italy have increased very -rapidly during the last twelve years. At present they number—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="Italian Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Corvettes</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and avisos</td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gunboats</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td> - <td class="tdr">122</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Transports and survey-ships</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Harbour and coast service</td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td> - <td class="tdu">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdu">314</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">AUSTRIA.</div> - -<p class="sind">Austria also has considerably increased her -fleet. It now consists of—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="Austrian Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Men-of-war and cruisers</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and gunboats</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Corvettes, Transports, and avisos</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Harbour and coast service</td> - <td class="tdu">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdu">126</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="sidenote">GER­MANY.</div> - -<p class="sind">The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany, -“last not least,” of whose naval organisation we will give a few -details.</p> - -<p>The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at -Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17 -post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120 -lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 100 -naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in -proportion.</p> - -<p>The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2 -Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven. Besides these, -there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions -of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of -Marine Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval -Medical Department.</p> - -<p>The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army -Reserve and Landwehr.</p> - -<p>The matériel consists of—</p> - -<table class="ships" summary="German Navy"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Men-of-war and other ironclads</td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cruisers</td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td> - <td class="tdr">93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Various for harbour service</td> - <td class="tdu">42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdu">205</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been -departed from in several details, gained from the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -experience of other nations and from the knowledge of German -requirements; economy had also something to do with the matter. The -building of huge ironclads was not persevered in, and more attention -was paid to increasing the torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the -coasts and ports.</p> - -<p>Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete -successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea, -still one great object has been gained, <i>i.e.</i>, the protection of -trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter -into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and to -make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way -which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be -able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the -foreign invasion of her coasts an impossibility. It is difficult to -forecast the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies -which the country has recently founded and is still founding will -increase its task and may lead to the formation of a much larger -fleet.</p> - -<p>The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides, -especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will -soon be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. -One thing is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the -hoisting of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the -more peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, -are followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole -of the German Empire.</p> - -<!-- FOOTNOTES --> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">FOOTNOTES</h2> -</div> - -<div id="fn"> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a> This article has been entirely re-written -by the Translator.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a> The Colonial -forces really form a class between the two, but may be taken here with -the Active Army.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a> The Militia -Ballot Act.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a> <i>I.e.</i>, -West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a> More than 40 -per cent. of would-be recruits are annually rejected by the -doctors.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a> Blue in the -16th and white in the 17th Lancers.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a> Crimson in the -11th Hussars and brick-red in the lévée dress of the officers of the -10th Hussars.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a> The Black -Brunswick Hussars came over to England after Waterloo, and their -uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and 95th, who were in -process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle regiments, -adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a> With one or two -exceptions.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_10_10">[10]</a> Though -liable to fifty-six days.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_11_11">[11]</a> Or in the -Navy and Naval Reserve respectively as required.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_12_12">[12]</a> -“Beurlaubtenstand.”</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_13_13">[13]</a> -Corresponding somewhat to our University Degree.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_14_14">[14]</a> Or rather, -will be in the near future.—<i>Tr.</i></p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_15_15">[15]</a> The word -Uhlan means “belonging to the hoof,” in the language of that -region.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_16_16">[16]</a> Including -the independent (25th) Hesse-Darmstadt Division.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_17_17">[17]</a> It may be -taken as 36,582 officers, 1,493,690 combatants, 27,000 non-combatants, -331,904 horses, 2,952 guns.—<i>Tr.</i></p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_18_18">[18]</a> Turkey set -this example long ago.—<i>Tr.</i></p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_19_19">[19]</a> Invented by -Colonel Bruyère.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_20_20">[20]</a> From the -Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish a robber, and in Tatar -a free lightly-armed warrior.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_21_21">[21]</a> Out of -four.</p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_22_22">[22]</a> Numbering -468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry, 252 batteries -Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—<i>Tr.</i></p> - -<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a -href="#FNanchor_23_23">[23]</a> -“Peganicis.”</p></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="illns">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="tnotes"> -This list of illustrations is not in the source book. -</div> - -<p class="tabtitle">List of Grayscale Illustrations</p> - -<table class="illns" summary="List of Monochrome Illustrations"> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Army of the British Empire</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig001">fig001</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Mounted Infantry. (Tropical Field Kit)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig002">fig002</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Cavalry. (Tropical Field Kit)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig003">fig003</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officers of Highland Light Infantry and - Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig004">fig004</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig005">fig005</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Sergeant-Drummer, Coldstream Guards.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig006">fig006</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards (Carbineers).</td> -</tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">The German Army</td> - </tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig007">fig007</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Hussar of the Guard.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig008">fig008</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Garde du Corps, Court full-dress.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig009">fig009</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Württemberg. Sergeant of the Train.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig010">fig010</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Engineer.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig011">fig011</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Württemberg. Dragoon.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig012">fig012</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bavarian Halberdier. (Full-dress.)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig013">fig013</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bavarian Officer of Lancers. (Aide-de-Camp.)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig014">fig014</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.</td> -</tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Austria-Hungary</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig015">fig015</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Infantry. (Marching Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig016">fig016</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Cavalry Officer (Undress)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig017">fig017</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig018">fig018</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Hungarian Palace Guard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Italy</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig019">fig019</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bersagliere of the African Contingent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig020">fig020</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Carbineer.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">France</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig021">fig021</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Mountain Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig022">fig022</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Hospital Orderly.  Surgeon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig023">fig023</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Mountain Rifles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig024">fig024</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Railway Troop.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig025">fig025</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of the Paris Mounted Guarde Républicaine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig026">fig026</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Chasseur d’Afrique.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Russia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig027">fig027</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Infantry (heavy marching order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig028">fig028</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Guard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig029">fig029</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Caucasus.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig030">fig030</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of the Field Police (full dress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig031">fig031</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Field Gendarme (service kit).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig032">fig032</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Amour.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Denmark</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig033">fig033</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Foot Guardsman.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig034">fig034</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Surgeon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Sweden and Norway</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig035">fig035</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer (Standard-bearer) of the - Life Guards (Andra Leifgardet).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig036">fig036</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands hästjägarcorps.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain and Portugal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig037">fig037</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Halberdier of the Palace.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig038">fig038</a></td> - <td class="figcap">General (full dress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Holland and Belgium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig039">fig039</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Infantry of the Schutterij.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig040">fig040</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig041">fig041</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig042">fig042</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Turkey and the States of the - Balkan Peninsula</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig043">fig043</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of the Dorobanze (full dress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig044">fig044</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of the Roşiori (undress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig045">fig045</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Turkish Infantry of the Redif.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig046">fig046</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bashi-Bazouks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig047">fig047</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Montenegro: Soldier.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#fig048">fig048</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Montenegro: Officer.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="tabtitle">List of Colour Plates.</p> - -<table class="illns" summary="List of Colour Plates"> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Army of the British Empire</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate01L">plate01L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Infantry of the line. Grenadier Guards. - 4th Hussars. </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate01R">plate01R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Royal Horse Guards (Blues). - 2nd Life Guards. Drummer of Gordan Highlanders. - 2nd Dragoons (Scots Greys).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate02L">plate02L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">15th Lancers. Royal Engineers. - Officer of Royal Horse Artillery. - Staff Officer (Lévée Dress). Officer of Rifle brigade.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate02R">plate02R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bluejackets. Naval Officers (undress). - Naval Officer (Full Dress). Royal Marine Light Infantry.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate03L">plate03L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Private, London Rifle Brigade. - Field Officer, Royal Bucks. Yeomanry. - Sergeant, London Scottish (5th Middlesex R.V.). - Private, 3rd London R. V.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate03R">plate03R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Private (full Marching Order) and Officer - Artists (20th Middlesex R.V.). - Major, the Kent Artillery E. D. Royal Artillery. - Infantry and Trooper, Hon. Artillery Company. - Private, London Irish (16th Middlesex R. V.).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">The German Army</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate04L">plate04L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Infantry of the Line. - Prussian Staff Officer. - Drummer of Prussian Guards. Infantry (Marching Order). - Prussian Officer of Hussars (Field-day Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate04R">plate04R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Prussian Riflemen (Marching Order). - Prussian Cuirassiers on the March. - Prussian Lancer and Dragoon (Marching Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate05L">plate05L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Saxon Rifleman (Marching Order). - Oldenburg Dragoon and Brunswick Hussar (Review Order). - Saxon Life-Guardsman and Lancer (Review Order). - Saxon Horse-Artillery (Trumpeter).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate05R">plate05R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Baden Grenadier Guardsman & - Officer of Dragoon Guards (Marching Order). - Hessian Dragoon (Dismounted). - Mecklenberg-Schwerin Guardsman (Full Dress). - Würtemburg Infantry in Bivouac. - Sergeant of Würtemburg Artillery (Marching Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate06L">plate06L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bavarian Light Horse (Patrolling). - Bavarian Artillery Officer (Review Order). - Bavarian Rifleman and Infantry of the Line. </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate06R">plate06R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Sailor and Naval Officer - (Tropical Shore Rig). Marine. Naval Cadet. - Naval Officers (Full Dress and Undress). - Bluejackets (Full Dress and Working Rig).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Austria-Hungary</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate07L">plate07L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Dragoon. Ensign of the German - (-speaking) Infantry (Full Dress). Engineers. - Pioneer (Pontoon Corps). Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate07R">plate07R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Landwehr Infantry. - Officer of Tyrolese Rifles. Rifleman. - Lancer. General in (so-called) German Uniform - (Full Dress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate08L">plate08L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Hungarian Landwehr Infantry (Honvéd). - General in Hungarian Uniform (Review Order). - Hussar of the Honvéd. Hungarian Infantry - (New Equipment).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate08R">plate08R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of Hussars. Bluejacket. - Naval Cadet, 1st Class. Naval Officer. - Quartermaster.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Italy</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate09L">plate09L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Artillery. General. - Staff Officer. Infantry. Bersagliere. - Alpine Rifleman.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate09R">plate09R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Lancer (Light Cavalry). - Officer of Piedmont Regiment. Bluejacket. Naval - Surgeon. Naval Officer.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">France</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate10L">plate10L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Cuirassiers with Standard. - Aide-de-Camp. General. Infantry of the Line.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate10R">plate10R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Private and Officer of Rifles. - Chasseur à Cheval. Transport Corps. Engineers. - Horse Artillery. Dragoon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate11L">plate11L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Hussar. St. Cyr Military College Cavalry. - Mounted Gendarme. Zouave. Officer and Privates of - Algerian Rifles (Turcos).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate11R">plate11R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Bluejackets. Marine Infantry - (Tropical Shore Rig). Marine Artillery (Tropical Shore - Rig). Naval Officers (Undress and Full Dress).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Russia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate12L">plate12L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Privates of Infantry of the Line - and Paul Regiment of Guards (Review Order). - General. Staff Officer. Drummer of Line Infantry - (Marching Order). Grenadiers of the Palace.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate12R">plate12R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Hussars. Lancers. Officers of the - Dragoons and Mounted Grenadiers of the Guard. - Don Cossacks (Marching Order). Pioneer (in Great-coat).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate13L">plate13L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Horse Artillery (Review order). - Astrakhan Cossack (Marching Order). Frontier Force. - Officer of Cuban Cossacks. Kuban Cossacks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate13R">plate13R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Surgeon. Finland Rifleman. Horse - Guards (Marching Order). Orenburg Cossack - (Marching Order). Naval Officer. Marine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Denmark</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate14R">plate14R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Infantry. Artillery. Hussar. - Engineers. General Staff Officer. Dragoons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Sweden</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate15L">plate15L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Infantry of the Line. Life-Guards. - Officers of Wermland Rifles. Hussars. General. - Bluejacket. Naval Officer. Officer of the Body-Guard. - Dragoon-Guards. Engineers. Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Norway</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate15R">plate15R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Artillery. Cavalry. Infantry (Marching - Order). Guards. Officer of Engineers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate16L">plate16L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Rifleman, Line Infantry (Marching Order). - Officer of Gendarmerie. Officer of Mounted Rifles. - Lancer. Horse Artillery. Officer of Princess Hussars - (Marching Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain and Portugal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate16R">plate16R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Royal Spanish Body-guard. Spanish Naval Officers - in Undress and Full Dress. Spanish Bluejacket.<br /> - Portugal: Infantry, Corporal of Rifles, Officer of Cavalry, - General.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Switzerland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate14L">plate14L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of Guide Cavalry. Rifleman. - Infantry. Dragoon. General. Officer of Infantry. - Officer of Artillery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Holland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate17L">plate17L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer of Grenadiers. General. - Rifleman. Infantry. Naval Officers. Bluejacket. Marine. - Standard-bearer of Hussars. Officer of Field Artillery. - Engineers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Belgium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate17R">plate17R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Grenadier. Infantry. Mounted Rifles. - Lancer. Guide. Artillery. Engineers. Carabinier. - Transport.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Turkey and Greece</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate18L">plate18L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Turkey: Cavalry, Infantry, Staff. - Admiral, Artillery Officer.<br /> - Greece: Infantry, Rifles, Cavalry Officer, Admiral.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Servia and Bulgaria</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate18R">plate18R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Servia: Engineer Officer (Review order), - Artillery Officer (Cap and Great-coat), Cavalry, - Infantry (Review Order—with Fatigue-cap).<br /> - Bulgaria: Infantry (Summer Kit and Full Equipment), - Cavalry, Artillery Officer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Roumania</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate19L">plate19L</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Officer and Private of Infantry Marching Order). - Yeomanry. Hussars. Territorial Army. General and King’s - Aide-de-Camp (Review Order).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="figno"><a href="#plate19R">plate19R</a></td> - <td class="figcap">Rifleman. Medical Corps. Military School - at Bucharest. Artillery. Mounted Gendarmerie (Review - Order). Engineer (Review Order). Transport (Marching - Order). Officer of Gendarmerie, Staff Officer (in - Great-coats).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center">PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, - <span class="smcap">Limited</span>,</p> - -<p class="center smaller">STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">ADVERTISEMENTS</h2> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/lamberttop.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="lambert1"> -TO H.M. THE QUEEN,<br /> -H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES,<br /> -THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH; -</p> - -<p class="lambert2"> -THE UNIVERSITIES OF -</p> - -<p class="lambert3"> -OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE, -</p> - -<p class="lambert4"> -The Royal Artillery, -</p> - -<p class="lambert5"> -THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION. -</p> - -<div class="adcenterl"> -<img src="images/lambertbottom.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">A large Collection of every description of New and<br /> -Second-hand Plate always on Sale.</p> - -<p class="center italic"> - Precious Stones, Clocks, Watches, Electro-Plate, &c., &c -</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center bold spread3">PLATE and JEWELS Bought or Exchanged.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center vlarge">10, 11, & 12, COVENTRY STREET, LONDON. W</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="soda">SODA WATER MACHINERY.</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/niagara.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip4 vlarge">BOTTLES, BOXES, CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS,</p> - -<p class="center vsmall">AND ALL THE APPLIANCES FOR THE</p> - -<p class="center">AERATED WATER TRADE.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">Highest Awards at all important Exhibitions since 1851.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">The “NIAGARA” MACHINES</p> - -<p class="center">Are fast superseding all other kinds for the manufacture of first-class -Aerated Waters,<br /> and are in use in most of the leading manufactories in -the world.</p> - -<table class="niagra" summary="Table of Niagra Prices"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">A size single, as drawing, capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td> - <td class="tdr">£65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">B size single, as drawing, capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td> - <td class="tdr">£70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">C size Double Pumps & Cylinder</td> - <td class="tdr">2,400</td> - <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td> - <td class="tdr">£125</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">D size Double Pumps & Cylinder</td> - <td class="tdr">4,000</td> - <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td> - <td class="tdr">£180</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">E size Double Pumps & Cylinder</td> - <td class="tdr">7,000</td> - <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td> - <td class="tdr">£250</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">Thousands of Testimonials have been received by us from users of -these Machines.</p> - -<p class="center italic">As the result of latest Improvements our Machinery -effects a saving of 50 per cent. in cost of Labour and Material.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<div class="adcenterl2"> -<img src="images/excelsior.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip5 large">THE “EXCELSIOR” TURNOVER FILLING MACHINE.</p> - -<p class="center">This is the most serviceable, reliable, and economical -in the market.<br /> -A boy can syrup and fill 60 to 80 dozen per hour.</p> - -<p class="hang4">There is no waste of Syrup, Water, or Gas.</p> - -<p class="hang4">It has the only Syrup Pump where there is no strain upon the -glass barrel, consequently this never breaks. The Pump Leather is -self-tightening, and will wear, and it will last for years without -touching.</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is the quickest in filling.</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is the quickest for altering and adjusting Syrup! -Both are done with the thumb and finger.</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is by far the strongest!</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is comparatively valveless!</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is the simplest to work and most lasting!</p> - -<p class="hang4">It is not liable to go out of order, having but few -working parts.</p> - -<p class="italic center"> Price, with Glass Barrel Syrup Pump, and all recent -Improvements, including also an extra glass barrel, and set of spanners, -<span class="norm bold">£9 9s.</span></p> - -<p class="skip1">Where power is used we recommend the “<b>Eclipse</b>” -Filling Machine. By this a boy or girl places two bottles at a time in, -and can syrup, fill, and deliver full-sized bottles at the rate of 120 -dozen per hour. Estimated cost of filling, ¼<i>d.</i> per gross of -first-class waters.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<div class="adcenterl2"> -<img src="images/bottle.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip5">THE <span class="large">“NIAGARA” -BOTTLE</span>,<br /> Or Improved CODD’S.</p> - -<p class="center">Is admitted to be the most perfect Bottle in the market.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center italic">SEND FOR SAMPLE AND COMPARE.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center"><b>PRICES ON APPLICATION.</b></p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="noindent">Name on Bottles free, for Orders of 30 Gross. Under -that quantity Moulds are charged 10/- for each size or shape. Extra -Rings, 1/6 per Gross, printed with name of owner 2<i>d.</i> per -gross extra.</p> - -<p class= "center italic">Illustrated Catalogue <span -class="norm">(A)</span> Forwarded Free on Application to</p> - -<p class="center">BARNETT & FOSTER,<br /> - “Niagara Works,” 25N, Eagle Wharf Rd., London, N.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<div class="adcenterl2"> -<img src="images/syphon.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip5">BUY THE<br /> -<span class="vlarge">“London Made” Syphon</span>,</p> - -<p class="center vsmall skip1">(TITLE REGISTERED)</p> - -<p class="center">AND SUPPORT BRITISH INDUSTRY.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center">It is the strongest, cheapest, handsomest and best in -the world.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center italic">PURE BLOCK TIN TOPS.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center large">PRICE 1s. 6d. EACH.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<table class="niagra" summary="Marking and Plating"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Marking on Tops</td> - <td class="tdl">Free.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Marking on Vases</td> - <td class="tdl">Free for orders of 1000.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nickel Plating Tops</td> - <td class="tdr">From 1½<i>d.</i> each.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Silver Plating Tops</td> - <td class="tdr">From 3½<i>d.</i> each.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="thornhill">THORNHILL.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/thornhill01.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center"> THORNHILL’S<br /> -<span class="smaller">IMPROVED</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Fully Fitted</span><br /> -<span class="large">SUIT CASES.</span></p> - -<p class="center">In best Solid Leather,<br /> with Silver Mounted -Toilet Fittings, Ivory Brushes, &c.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center smaller">A VARIETY IN STOCK.</p> - -<p class="center italic smaller">Full Particulars Post free.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/thornhill02.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center"><b>Hunting Appointment Frame</b>, in Red Morocco<br />or Pigskin -with Silver Mounts Price <b>25s.</b> -post free.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">New combined Solid Silver Cigarette Box, Lamp,<br />Match -Stands, and Ash Tray.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/thornhill03.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center italic">An assortment or other Patterns in stock.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">Thornhill New Triple Pencil, for Black, Red and Blue - Lead. <i>(Registered)</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/thornhill04.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">With enamelled Bands to indicate which part of the Pencil must be - turned to bring out the corresponding coloured Lead. In Silver - <b>25s.</b>, In Gold <b>73s. 6d.</b></p> -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE<br /> - <span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> - <span class="large">Travelling Bags and Dressing Cases,</span><br /> - <i>POST FREE.</i></p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center">WEDDING PRESENTS.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center">New Illustrated Catalogue<br /> - <span class="vsmall">OF</span><br /> - <span class="italic large">LATEST NOVELTIES</span>,<br /> - Post Free.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center large bold">THORNHILL & CO.,</p> - -<p class="center smaller">To H.M. THE QUEEN and ROYAL FAMILY.</p> - - <p class="center large bold">144, New Bond Street, London.</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/litsica.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center large">TURKISH TOBACCO IMPORTERS & CIGARETTE -MANUFACTURERS.</p> - -<p class="center bold">82, STRAND, LONDON.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="noindent">Manufacturers of the “<b>VASSO</b>,” “<b>ROSE</b>,” -“<b>LADIES</b>,” “<b>RUSSIANS</b>,” “<b>KALINIKI</b>,” and other leading -brands of high-class Cigarettes, all of which are made from the purest -and choicest Oriental Tobaccos.</p> - -<p class="center bold"> -These brands were specially selected, and were the only ones sold at the -<br />the Royal Military Exhibition, Chelsea, 1890.</p> - -<p class="center italic large">TURKISH TOBACCOS OF THE FINEST -QUALITIES.</p> - -<p>Our new cigarette, “<b>The KHÂTIBEH</b>,” is pronounced by those who -have smoked it to be the acme of perfection. The Press say: “For -mildness, sweetness, aroma, and delicacy of taste there is no cigarette -to equal ‘<b>The KHÂTIBEH</b>’ … . It is without doubt the -cigarette of the future.”</p> - -<p class="center bold">Our Cigarettes and Tobaccos are to be obtained from all respectable - Tobacconists.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND MESSES.  PRICE -LISTS ON APPLICATION.</p> - -<p class="center bold">Telegraphic Address, “LITSICA, LONDON.”</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="clowes1">WM. CLOWES & SONS’ LIST.</p> - -<p class="clowes2">THE WATERLOO ROLL CALL,</p> - -<p class="center">WITH NOTES AND PORTRAITS. BY CHARLES DALTON, F.R.G.S.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Author of “Life and Times of Gen. Sir Edward -Cecil,” &c.</p> - -<p class="clowesprice">Price, 2s. 6d. paper covers, or in cloth, boards, 3s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Fixed Bayonets</b>: A Complete System of Fence for -the British Magazine Rifle, both in offence and defence; comprising -also a Glossary of English, French, and Italian terms common to the -art of fencing, with a bibliographical list of works affecting the -bayonet. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Hutton</span>, late Captain King Dragoon -Guards. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">J. E. Breun</span>. 8vo., -cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="center">BY SAME AUTHOR.</p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Cold Steel</b>: A Practical Treatise on the -Sabre. Based on the Old English Backsword Play of the Eighteenth -Century combined with the method of the Modern Italian School; also on -various other Weapons of the Present Day, including the Short -Sword-Bayonet and the Constable’s Truncheon. Illustrated with numerous -Figures. 8vo., cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller skip3">New Edition, Entirely Revised and Enlarged.</p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>London Water Supply.</b> Including a History and -Description of the London Waterworks, Statistical Tables, and Maps. By -the late Colonel Sir <span class="smcap">Francis Bolton</span>, C.E. -With a Short Exposition of the Law -Relating to Water Companies generally, and an Alphabetical Digest of -the leading Decisions of the Courts; the Statutes; and a copious -Index. By <span class="smcap">Philip A. Scratchley</span>, M.A. Demy 8vo., cloth, -14<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Fires and Fire Brigades.</b> By Captain -<span class="smcap">Eyre Shaw</span>, C.B., -London Fire Brigade. With Frontispiece by -<span class="smcap">Gustave Doré</span> and -other Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Cloth -boards, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Exercises for Light Dumb-bells.</b> Arranged for -Schools and Athletic Clubs, by <span class="smcap">Richard -Plunkett</span>, Sergeant-Instructor of Fencing -and Gymnastics, Royal Scots Greys. Third Edition. Price 6<i>d.</i> -Post free 6½<i>d.</i>, cloth 9<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Physical Drill</b>, with and without Arms, and the -<span class="smcap">New Bayonet Exercise</span>, with Illustrations. By -Lieut-Colonel <span class="smcap">G. M. Fox</span>, late First -Battalion “The Black Watch.” Eighth Edition. Cloth, price -1<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Guide to Stretcher and Bearer Company Drill.</b> -Containing Key to the New Medical Staff Corps Drill, 1889. Consisting -of Duties in the Field, Stretcher Drill, Waggon Drill, Litter and -Cacolet Drill, Hand-seats, the Triangular Bandage, &c., -&c. Illustrated by Staff-Sergeant <span class="smcap">W. N. Waterson</span>. -Cloth, price 2<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Accidental Injuries</b>: their Relief and -Immediate Treatment. Including the Stretcher Exercises in Use by the -St. John Ambulance Association. Illustrated with upwards of 70 -Woodcuts. By <span class="smcap">James Cantlie</span>, -M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon -to Charing Cross Hospital. Twelfth Edition, Revised and -Enlarged. Price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth, 2<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="clowes3">CONVENIENT MANUALS BY CAPTAIN W. D. MALTON.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Limp cloth, uniform with <span -class="smcap">Infantry Drill</span>, 1889.</p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>A Key to Infantry Drill: 1889.</b> Inscribed, by -permission, to General Viscount <span class="smcap">Wolesley</span>, -K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Post free, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Skirmishing, Attack, and Defence</b>: as laid down -in Infantry Drill, 1889. With Words of Command. Post free, -1<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>A Manual for Majors and Adjutants</b> in Drill and -Manœuvre. With Appendix on Miscellaneous Subjects. With Plates, post -free, 1<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Brigade Drill and Attack Formations.</b> With -Plates, post free, 2<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Duties of Markers</b> in Company, Battalion, and -Brigade Drill. Price 6<i>d.</i>; post free, 6½<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang4"><b>Sinnott’s Catechism on Infantry Drill</b>: adapted -to the present Regulations. With the addition of Questions on <span -class="smcap">Manœuvre</span> and Miscellaneous -Subjects. <i>Thirtieth Edition</i>, 1889. Cloth, fcap. 8vo., post free -3<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="clowes3 skip2">CAPT. CHAS. SLACK’S WORKS</p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Company Drill.</b> Also of -Skirmishing, Attack, Advancing by Rushes, Advance and Rear Guards; -Guard and Sentry Duties, Infantry Sword Exercises, &c. Illustrated -by 50 Plates, which show every movement in Company -Drill. Thirty-second Edition. Post free, 1<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in -one vol., post free, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)</p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Battalion Drill.</b> Skirmishing, -Battalion Attack, Inspections, Encampments, Field Firing and Army -Signalling. Sixty Plates. Eighteenth Edition. Post free, -2<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Handbook of Company Drill,” in -one vol., post free, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)</p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Brigade Drill</b>. Inspections, -Reviews, and Attack Formations. Thirty Plates with Formation of Grand -Divisions for Marching Past. Map of Aldershot. Post free, -2<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Handbook of Company and -Battalion Drill,” in one vol., 4<i>s.</i>)</p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Catechism of Company Drill</b>, Squad Drill, -Musketry Instruction, Regimental Duties, Cipher Messages, Officer -Field Kit, &c. Syllabus for Examination of Lieutenants in the -Army, Militia, and Volunteers. Twentieth Edition. -Post free, 1<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Catechism of Battalion Drill</b>, Brigade Drill, -Reviews, Outposts, Queen Regulations, Military Law, Tactics, -&c. Syllabus for Captains and Majors. Ninth Edition. Post free, -2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post -free, 3<i>s.</i>)</p> - -<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Infantry Drill.</b> Handbooks and -Catechisms. One vol., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="clowes4">List of Military Books Post Free on application.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">London</span>: WM. CLOWES -& SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross. S.W.</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/vitali.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="eyre1"><span class="smcap">Eyre & - Spottiswoode</span>,</p> - -<p class="eyre2">Government and General Publishers,</p> - -<p class="eyre3">And AGENTS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT,</p> - -<p class="center">EAST HARDING STREET, LONDON, E.C.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="center smaller">Demy 8vo., cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">SOUDAN CAMPAIGN, HISTORY of -the.</span> By Col. H. E. <span class="smcap">Colville,</span> -C.B., Grenadier Guards. Compiled in the Intelligence Division of the -War Office. In two parts, with case of Maps. Part I. contains the -Events leading up to the Nile Expedition, and its History to the -Departure of the Desert Column from Korti. Part II., from the -Departure of the Desert Column to the conclusion of the Campaign.</p> - -<p>“Whatever may be thought of general history, there is no doubt that -military history is written with a definite object. The soldier studies -a past campaign in order the better to be able to conduct a future -one.... For the soldier Colonel Colville’s book is a mine of valuable -information. Its military lessons are summoned up in one word—transport. -From Cairo to Khartoum is 1000 miles in a straight line, and 1400 miles -by the Nile. The country affords no supplies. The problem, therefore, -was to move a small army to within a practicable distance of Khartoum in -such a way that it may be fed during its advance, and when at its -destination may still have stores to last for some time. The official -history shows how this problem was solved, and how infinitely difficult -it was. The British army never came out more brilliantly from any trial -than from this contest with the wilderness.”—<i>Manchester -Guardian.</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">Crown 8vo., cloth, 8<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">MANUAL FOR ARMY MEDICAL -SERVICES.</span> By W. E. <span class="smcap">Riordan</span>, -<br />Surgeon-Major, Medical Staff.</p> - -<p>“Although it is primarily no doubt intended for -medical officers, yet it embraces such a range of important -information as must render it of use to every branch of the service, -and even to civilians who want a book of the kind for handy -reference. While he takes the official War Office regulations and -manuals to build upon, and freely lays under tribute the regulations -of every branch of the service, yet the result is no mere dry -compilation of Army Acts and Orders, but a book full of original and -collected matter of a most useful and interesting character.... The -modern army medical officer has no longer, like his predecessor, to -grope about for want of definite instructions; with his new medical -regulations in one pocket, and this volume in the other, he can safely -take up any duty. We heartily congratulate Surgeon-Major Riordan on -his really admirable book; and as his best reward may he find it, -where it deserves to be, in the hands of every medical officer, -whether of the regular or the auxiliary forces.”—<i>The British -Medical Journal.</i></p> - -<p class="skip1">“This useful volume is in the nature of a -supplement to the War Office Regulations upon which it is based. It -fills in the details which they necessarily lack, and elucidates and -explains them; and it is, moreover, a comprehensive handbook to all -matters which affect the physical well-being of the soldier.”—<i>Army -and Navy Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">INFANTRY DRILL, 1889</span> -(corrected to July, 1890). 12mo. Forty-seven Plates, 1<i>s.</i>; by -post, 1<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.</span> -Drawings of the Flags in use at the present time by various -Nations. Issued by the Admiralty. £2 10<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">RUSSIAN ARMY IN ASIA, HANDBOOK -of the.</span> Prepared in the Intelligence Division of the War -Office. By Major J. <span class="smcap">Wolfe Murray</span>. 6<i>d.</i>; by post, 7<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, A TEXT-BOOK -of.</span> For the use of Officers of the Royal Navy. -By J. J. <span class="smcap">Welch</span>, -R. N. College, Greenwich. 4<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">REGULATIONS FOR ARMY MEDICAL -SERVICES.</span> Part I., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Part II. Manual for -the Medical Staff Corps. (Reprinted from the Edition of 1889, with -alterations subsequently made by Army Order 99 of 1890.) -1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">NAVAL AND MILITARY -DEPARTMENTS.</span> Preliminary and further Reports of the Royal -Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Civil and Professional -Administrations of the Naval and Military Departments, and the -Relation of those Departments to each other and to the Treasury, with -Appendix. 1<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">ARMY LISTS</span> (Monthly and -Quarterly), Army Circulars and Orders, Infantry Drill, Musketry -Instruction, Gunnery Text Book, Queen Regulations, Historical Records -of various Regiments, Rifle Exercises, War Game, and all Official -Military Books.</p> - -<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.</span> -Parliamentary Papers, Bills <i>under discussion</i> in both Houses of -Parliament, and all Government Publications, except Maps, Patent -Specifications, Mercantile Marine Forms, and Hydrographical Notices, -or any information relating thereto.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="center"><i>DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS opened for Large or Small Sums, -and Books and Papers of any Series sent on day of issue.</i></p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="arrow1">“FIGITUR IN JUSSO NOSTRA SAGITTA LOCO.”—<i>Ovid.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="arrow1"> -<img class="noborder" src="images/arrow1.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent skip1"><span class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval -& Military Gazette</span> has by far the largest circulation of -all the Military Papers. This results from the reputation it has -acquired for early and exclusive intelligence, from the high character -of its articles, the independent course of its staff of writers, and -from its earnest support of all measures for the good of the -Services. Articles on specially interesting subjects appear from week -to week written for the most part by officers of rank and experience, -or by men of note in literature who have made the Naval and Military -affairs of the country their special study.</p> - -<p class="skip1">The ordinary weekly issue of <span -class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military -Gazette</span> contains fully one-fourth more matter than the other -Service Journals, even with their frequent supplements.</p> - -<p><span class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military -Gazette</span> circulates largely throughout India and the -Colonies. It is supplied direct to the Army and Marine bureaux of the -French, Russian, and other Governments, and it is read extensively by -Officers of Foreign Services, especially of the German, French, and -American Armies, who desire to acquire a true impression of facts and -public opinion in England regarding Military affairs.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="arrow2"><b>Offices:—No. 6 LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C.</b></p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="center">Crown 8vo. cloth, with Illustrations, 5<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="spon1">WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</p> - -<p class="spon2">FIRST SERIES.</p> - -<p class="spon3">BY ERNEST SPON.</p> - -<p class="spon4">SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.</p> - -<p class="left">Bookbinding—Bronzes and -Bronzing—Candles—Cement—Cleaning—Colour-washing—Concretes—Dipping -Acids—Drawing Office Details—Drying -Oils—Dynamite—Electro-Metallurgy—Enamels—Engraving on Wood, Copper, -Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone—Etching and Aqua Tint—Firework -Making—Fluxes—Foundry Mixtures—Freezing—Fulminates—Furniture Creams, -Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes—Gilding—Glass Cutting, Cleansing, -Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting—Glass -Making—Glues—Gold—Graining—Gums—Gun Cotton—Gunpowder—Horn -Working—Indiarubber—Japans, Japanning, and kindred -processes—Lacquers—Lathing—Lubricants—Marble -Working—Matches—Mortars—Nitro-Glycerine—Oils—Paper—Paper -Hanging—Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House, -Transparency, Sign, and Carriage -Painting—Photography—Plastering—Polishes—Scouring—Silvering—Soap— -Solders—Tanning—Taxidermy—Tempering Metals—Treating Horn, -Mother-o’-Pearl, and like substances—Varnishes, Manufacture and Use -of—Veneering—Washing—Waterproofing—Welding.</p> - -<p>Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and -processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, -Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, -Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others -too numerous to mention.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="center">In Demy 8vo. cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 -Illustrations, 6<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="spon5">S P O N S’</p> - -<p class="spon6">MECHANICS’ OWN BOOK;</p> - -<p class="spon4">A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.</p> - -<p class="center">PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.</p> - -<p class="left">Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding—Forging and -Finishing Iron—Sheetmetal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and -Burning—Carpentry and Joinery—Details of Construction of -Workshop appliances, Rough Furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, -and House Building—Cabinet-Making and Veneering—Carving and -Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining, and Marbling—Staining -Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding—Polishing Marble, -Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical Movements—Turning in Wood and -Metals—Masonry—Roofing—Glazing—Plastering—Whitewashing—Paperhanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging, -Ordinary, and Electric Systems, &c. &c.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="spon7">London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="wolf1">Mr. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>WITH A TEACHING STAFF OF TWENTY-THREE INSTRUCTORS</i>,</p> - -<p class="wolf2">PREPARES CANDIDATES FOR ALL ARMY EXAMINATIONS.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="wolf3">SANDHURST, WOOLWICH, AND DIRECT COMMISSIONS.</p> - -<p><b>402</b> Candidates have <b>passed</b> the competitive Examinations -direct from <b>Mr. Wolffram Establishment</b> into the <b>Royal -Military College, Sandhurst</b>, and the <b>Royal Military Academy, -Woolwich</b>, and for <b>Direct Commissions</b>. This sum total has -<b>never been equalled</b> by any tutor in or out of London.</p> - -<p class="wolf3">MILITIA MILITARY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS.</p> - -<p><b>257</b> Militia Officers have passed from Mr. Wolffram -Establishment, and during the last three years the first place has been -taken three times:—</p> - -<table class="wolf" summary="Examination successes"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1888{ 1st place</td> - <td class="tdl">Lieut. A. Martyn</td> - <td class="tdr">1760 marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1889{ 1st place</td> - <td class="tdl">Lieut. C. H. Turner</td> - <td class="tdr">1929 marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1890{ 1st place</td> - <td class="tdl">Lieut. S. Fitzgerald Cox</td> - <td class="tdr">2034 marks.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The Militia Military Competitive Classes are under the direction -of Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Needham, R.M.A., P.S.C., late Professor of -Fortification and Instructor of Tactics and Military Topography at the -R.N. College, Greenwich, and formerly Garrison Instructor.</p> - -<p class="wolf3">PRELIMINARY ARMY EXAMINATION.</p> - -<p>In addition to the above numbers, <b>364</b> Candidates have passed the -Preliminary Army Examinations in all subjects.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>BIENNIAL TOTALS from 1872 to 1889 -of SUCCESSFUL ARMY CANDIDATES</b>,</p> - -<p class="noindent">Who have passed from Mr. Wolffram for Woolwich, -Sandhurst, Direct Commissions, and Commissions through the -Militia:—</p> - -<table class="wolf" summary="Successful candidates"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1872 and 1873</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Eight</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1874 and 1875</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Thirty-eight</td> - <td class="tdr">38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1876 and 1877</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Fifty-six</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1878 and 1879</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Sixty-seven</td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1880 and 1881</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Sixty-two</td> - <td class="tdr">62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1882 and 1883</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">Eighty-one</td> - <td class="tdr">81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1884 and 1885</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">One hundred and seven</td> - <td class="tdr">107</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1886 and 1887</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">One hundred and twenty-one</td> - <td class="tdr">121</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1888 and 1889</td> - <td class="tdc"></td> - <td class="tdr">One hundred and twenty-two</td> - <td class="tdr tdu">122</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td class="tdr">Six hundred and sixty-two</td> - <td class="tdr">662</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>N.B.—The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr. -Wolffram Establishment up to the date of the Examination in question.</p> - -<hr class="erule" /> - -<p class="wolf4">NOTICE.</p> - -<p>In compliance with the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will -open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident Students only, a -Branch Establishment of Classes for the Militia Military Competitive -Examinations.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>All applications to be addressed to</i> -<b>H. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.</b></p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img class="noborder" src="images/scripture.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="scripture1"><b>SOLE OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY—</b></p> - -<p class="scripture2">TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST AMONG -OUR SOLDIERS.</p> - -<p>The Committee make an EARNEST APPEAL FOR FUNDS to all who have the -religious and moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who would -wish to see the hands of the Military Chaplains strengthened by the -assistance of a body of men of the Soldiers’ own station in life, who, -without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different -classes of Society, may commend to them the love of Christ, read to -them the Word of Life, and strive to lead them from the deceitful -pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor -take away.</p> - -<p>There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the Society at home -and abroad.</p> - -<p>Contributions in aid of the Society will be thankfully received by -the Treasurer, G. M. <span class="smcap">Holt</span>, Esq., 17, -Whitehall Place; and at the National Provincial Bank of England, -Piccadilly, W.; and by the Secretary, Rev. <span -class="smcap">William A. Blake</span>, -at the Offices, 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C.</p> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - -<p class="center bold">CARRIAGES.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center bold huge">HOOPER & CO..</p> - -<p class="center bold">107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.</p> - -<p class="center bold smaller">ESTABLISHED 1807.</p> - -<hr class="adv2" /> - -<p class="center"><b>By Appointment to</b><br />HER MAJESTY THE -QUEEN.</p> - -<ul class="adv2"> - <li>His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor.</li> - <li>Her Majesty the Queen Regent of the Netherlands.</li> - <li>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">COACHBUILDERS TO</p> - -<ul class="adv2"> - <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale.</li> - <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G.</li> - <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, K.G.</li> - <li>Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise.</li> - <li>Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife.</li> - <li>Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany.</li> - <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G.</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">Also to the Embassies of GERMANY, RUSSIA, ITALY, and -SPAIN.</p> - -<div class="adcenterl"> -<img src="images/hooper.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center skip5">CARRIAGES OF BEST QUALITY ONLY. HIGHEST -WORKMANSHIP.<br />FINEST MATERIALS. EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS.</p> - -<ul class="adv0"> -<li><b>LANDAUS</b> with own patent self acting balanced heads, light, strong, -compact, and durable. For one horse or for a pair of horses.</li> - -<li><b>BROUGHAMS</b> on elliptic springs, for one horse. Rubber tyres, and all -latest improvements.</li> - -<li><b>VICTORIAS</b> on elliptic springs, light, for one horse. On C and under -springs with perch, large, high, and stylish, for a pair of horses.</li> - -<li><b>MAIL PHAETONS</b> on perch and mail springs, mail axles. On elliptic -springs, for smaller horses. The most stylish carriage for gentlemen’s -own driving.</li> - -<li><b>CHAR-A-BANCS</b> for a pair or a team, our speciality, in various sizes, -a unique carriage for the country.</li> - -<li><b>SOCIABLES</b> as built by Hooper & Co., for Royalty and the Nobility.</li> - -<li><b>OMNIBUSES</b> for private use, compact and comfortable.</li> - -<li><b>REPAIRS</b> at moderate prices; estimates free.</li> - -<li><b>CARRIAGES</b> of all kinds, new, and slightly used, to let on hire with -option of purchase.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="adfull" /> - - -<p class="center">OPENED TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CIVIL SERVICE STORES.</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/bakertop.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center italic reduced">The Cash Sales at these Stores now - exceed a Quarter of a Million Sterling per annum.</p> - -<p class="center bold">ALL GOODS 25 PER CENT. UNDER USUAL LONDON PRICES.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S ILLUSTRATED PRICE -LIST, WITH EASY <br />SELF-MEASUREMENT FORMS, POST-FREE.</p> - -<p class="center bold smaller">All Goods Carriage Paid to any part of the -United Kingdom.</p> - -<p class="noindent bold">GENTLEMEN’S SUPERIOR CLOTHING,</p> - -<p class="skip6">TO ORDER OR READY FOR IMMEDIATE WEAR.</p> - -<p class="noindent bold">UNIFORMS. LIVERIES.</p> - -<p class="right bold">BOYS’ & YOUTHS’ CLOTHING,</p> - -<p class="right bold reduced">OVERCOATS, WATERPROOFS,<br />HOSIERY, SHIRTS, -HATS, BOOTS, etc.,</p> - -<p class="right reduced"><span class="smaller">AND COMPLETE</span><br /> - <b>SCHOOL OUTFITS.</b></p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/eton.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">ETON JACKETS AND VESTS.</p> - -<p class="center">In super Black and Diagonal Cloths, ready for -immediate wear,<br /> -thoroughly well cut and made. For Boys from 9 years of age.</p> - -<p class="center"> -Quality 1 .. .. 17/9 to 25/9<br /> -Quality 2 .. .. 22/6 to 31/6<br /> -Quality 3 .. .. 27/6 to 41/6<br /> - Trousers, 8/11, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/norfolk.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">BOYS’ NORFOLK SUITS.</p> - -<p class="center">A Two-garment Suit for School and general wear;<br /> -for Boys from 7 to 11 years of age.<br /> -In durable Tweeds and Cheviots. 8/11, 12/11<br /> -In Scotch Cheviots, &c. 14/11, 19/11</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/girls.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">GIRLS’ TAILOR-MADE REEFERS.</p> - -<p class="center">In Serges— 8/11, 12/9, 14/12<br /> -In Nap— 8/12, 11/9, 14/11, 19/11<br /> -<span class="smcap">Sailor Costumes</span>.<br /> -8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 14/11</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/navy.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">BOYS’ ROYAL NAVY SUITS.</p> - -<p class="center">This favourite Suit, consisting of Blue Serge -Blouse<br />(with Badge on arm) and Knickerbockers,<br />Singlet, Lanyard and -Whistle complete.<br /> -4/11, 6/11, 8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 16/11, 19/11.<br /> -In Tweeds, 4/11, 5/11, 6/11, 9/11, 11/9, 18/9.<br /> -In Fine Worsted Cloths, 19/11</p> - -<div class="adcenteru"> -<img src="images/cambridge.jpg" - alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">YOUTHS’ CAMBRIDGE SUITS.</p> - -<p class="center">This style of Suit is kept in a very large variety of materials; -<br />thoroughly well made and cut.<br /> -In Tweeds, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11, 18/11, 19/11, 22/6.<br /> -In Real West of England Cloths, Scotch Cheviots, &c.<br /> 27/6, 33/9, 37/6, -41/6, 45/6.<br /> -In Black Diagonals, 18/11 to 41/6.</p> - -<p class="noindent bold left"><span class="large">BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS</span> -are open at each of<br />CHAS. BAKER & -CO.’S DEPOTS. Purchasers are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of -REAL WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS, -TROUSERINGS, etc, showing in these Departments.</p> - -<p class="center italic">PATTERNS POST-FREE.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cheques, Postal Orders</span>, -etc., to be crossed “<span class="smcap">Barclay, Bevan, Tritton & -Co.</span>”</p> - -<p class="center">HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED, - A GOOD STYLE AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED.</p> - -<hr class="adv" /> - -<p class="center bold vlarge">CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S STORES, -<span class="smcap">Limited,</span></p> - -<p class="noindent bold">HEAD DEPOT & LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 & -272, HIGH HOLBORN</p> -<p class="right">(City side of the Inns of Court Hotel.)</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">City Branch:</span><b> -82, FLEET S<span class="sup">T.</span></b> (Close to Ludgate Circus)</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">West End Branch:</span> -<b>192 194, OXFORD S<span class="sup">T.</span></b> -(A few doors from Peter Robinson.)</p> - -<p class="noindent bold">TOTTENHAM CT. RD.: 137, 138, 139 & 140, -TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD</p> -<p class="right skip6">(The extensive premises at the corner of Euston Road.)</p> - -<hr class="adfull2" /> - -<p class="noindent"><b><span class="large">EXPORT DEPT.</span></b>  -CHAS. BAKER & CO., Limited, forward consignments of their goods to any -part of the World on receipt of order and remittance. Price Lists, -Patterns, and Easy Self-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the -Globe.</p> - -<p> </p> -<hr class="adfull2" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - - -<div class="transnotes"> -<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note</p> - -<ul> -<li class="lspace">A small number of obvious typographical errors -have been corrected. -</li> - -<li class="lspace">The spelling and punctuation of the source book have -not been changed even though some of the punctuation would not be -accepted today; for example, the plural of NCO (non-commissioned -officer) is printed as N. C. O.’s. -</li> - -<li class="lspace">There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by -characters such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to -numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the main -text.</li> - -<li class="lspace">The book contains 48 grayscale figures in the text -and 19 double-page colour plates.</li> - -<li class="lspace">Each of the colour plates appears as two -images in this ebook.</li> - -<li class="lspace">The following captions appear on each of the -double-page colour plates:<br /> -   <i>Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria</i><br /> -   <i>Published by William Clowes & Sons, -L<span class="sup">d</span>, London.</i><br /> -They have not been added to the colour-plate images. -</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="pgx" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 61365-h.htm or 61365-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/1/3/6/61365">http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/3/6/61365</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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