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diff --git a/old/60709-0.txt b/old/60709-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ab60486..0000000 --- a/old/60709-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,912 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Burton Island State Park: Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail - -Author: Stephen Antil - -Release Date: November 16, 2019 [EBook #60709] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - —STATE OF VERMONT— - - - - - _Burton Island State Park_ - - - _Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail_ - - _written and illustrated by Stephen Antil - Park Naturalist_ - - [Illustration: Burton Island] - - nature center - marina - office - nature walk - hiking trail - interpretive trail - Island Road - Landfill Dump - - This Trail guide is for the hiking trail and interpretive trail which - start past the white cabins and behind the nature center - -The interpretive nature trail will take 30 minutes to walk. The numbers -in this pamphlet correspond to the numbered sign posts on the trail. It -is advisable that you wear shoes when walking the trails. The scenic -hiking trail can be hiked in one to one and a half hours and will take -you to the southeast tip of the island and back. - -You can help the naturalist maintain good hiking conditions on these -trails by carrying out what you carry in. - -Many of Vermont’s wildflowers are protected. Therefore, it is suggested -that all wild flowers be left in their natural environment for the next -person to enjoy. - -The land surrounding Burton Island and the area of Northern Lake -Champlain was once the hunting grounds of the Iroquois and Algonquin -Indians. It was here that these people hunted and fished for their -survival. Hunting and trapping for wolves, deer, mink and elk, and -fishing for salmon, trout and bass, the Iroquois and Algonquin found an -abundance of game. - - [Illustration: (Indian agriculture)] - -As white men increased, agriculture began to dominate this area. In the -late 1700’s, Burton Island was cleared and tilled by Jesse Weldon, a -settler and agent for the Allen family—Ethan, Ira and Levi. - -In 1840, C.C. Burton owned the island and hired a family to live here -and manage his farm. - -Ida Lashaway acquired the land in 1928. During this time, the Lashaway -family continued to till the land and raise livestock. - -In 1944, farming operations were discontinued. From that time until the -present, we have had the opportunity to see what role mother nature can -play in returning the land to a natural state. The signs of farming are -still here, but for the last three decades natural forces have been left -relatively unchallenged. - - -1 - -Today we can see the stories of the past and present etched across the -face of Burton Island. An old farm in horse-drawn buggy days was left to -the mercy of warm summer rains and icy winter storms. We can see the -land, once a pasture, now swelling into overgrown fields and forests -where wild plants and animals compete to live in a continually changing -habitat. - - -2 - -Before you lies what was formerly pasture-land. Fields exist when they -are mowed or grazed. As a field is left untended, goldenrod, milkweed, -morning glories and raspberry bushes appear and compete for sunlight. -This is the first stage of a succession of various plants and animals -passing from an old farm field into what will someday be a forest. Two -common field birds found here are the meadowlark and the bobolink. - - [Illustration: (meadowlark)] - - -3 - -On the dead goldenrod stalks are round and oval-shaped outgrowths known -as galls. A gall is an abnormal growth of a plant resulting from an -insect or bacterial irritation. The round, one-inch galls are caused by -the _Eurosta Fly_. The long, oval growths contain eggs and larvae from -the _goldenrod gall moth_. Eggs were laid within the stem causing an -irritation which stimulated plant cell production. A cozy home formed -for the larvae. Before they developed into the flies, they ate their way -out—look for the small holes in the old galls. - - [Illustration: cross-section of Gall] - - -4 - -The farm equipment here was used on the farm of C.C. Burton. The plow -and rake were both horsedrawn. The plow broke the soil for planting, and -the rake gathered hay for stacking. These implements are reminders of -our heritage. - -Farm life in America was hard, the tools were basic. From the simplicity -of an agricultural existence close to the land, America has grown into a -complex, technological country. But, our dependence on the earth is -still as vital. - - -5 - -This is the foundation and remains of the barn owned by Mr. Burton in -the 1800’s and the Lashaway family in the early 1900’s. - -During the 1800’s, the barn held 15 milk cows. The family that worked -the farm raised 500 turkeys, 200 sheep, pigs, horses and chickens. The -farm was relatively self-sufficient. The work was done with teams of -horses or by hand. Ice was cut from Lake Champlain each winter and was -stored in an icehouse. Cow stanchions mark where cows were once milked. -Butter was churned here. Many sheep were probably shorn of their coats -right where you stand. - -All farm produce was taken to a St. Albans market either across the reef -or drawn across the ice in the winter. - - [Illustration: (cow stanchion)] - -Traces of the farm are quickly vanishing beneath the flourish of -thickets and sumac. - - -6 - -The family managing the farm lived in the house above the foundations. -The children went to school in St. Albans and travelled by boat or over -ice almost every day. In the spring, when the ice was too thin to walk -on but too thick for boats, it was necessary for children to board with -friends on the mainland. - -In 1928, Ida Lashaway and her family continued to work the farm. Through -their efforts, some of the finest hay in the state was cultivated here. - -Mr. and Mrs. Randall Dimon purchased the farm in 1944. Farming -operations were discontinued. However, the Dimons continued to maintain -some fields and raised yellow-eyed beans and hay. Several local -residents of St. Albans pastured heifers as well as other livestock on -the island. - - [Illustration: (raking hay)] - -In 1961, the State of Vermont purchased the island, and the Department -of Forests and Parks began operating it as a State Park. - - -7 - -This maple tree was blown down by high winds last summer. Heavy storms -come quickly here, and trees and plants living near the shore must be -especially hardy to withstand the effects of wind, water and ice. The -erosive actions of these forces cause the shore to be battered and worn -like a seacoast. - -The downed maple will continue living as long as part of its root -structure can supply the tree with water and nutrients and as long as -its leaves can embrace the rays of the sun. In years to come, the -branches may eventually become trunks themselves, growing upward and -thickening into individual trees with one massive base. - - -8 - -In fields, grasses and small brush soon yield to shrubs and small trees -such as sumac and hawthorne. These plants are the start of the forest -and begin to limit the light striking the earth. Plants such as -goldenrod and raspberry depend on light for their survival. Unable to -obtain it, they are suppressed. - - [Illustration: (sumac and hawthorne)] - -Hawthorne were rare trees in the virgin forests of America, but with the -clearing of forests, they became common. Today they are found in fields, -along fence rows and in small clusters, for they are fond of the sun. -The dense, thorny branches create a crown which is almost impregnable. -The trees provide excellent nesting sites for many kinds of songbirds -due to the excellent protection the trees give their occupants. - - [Illustration: Blackburnian Warbler] - - orange head - - -9 - -This dead, old hawthorne has served as a home for many animals. Over a -period of years, the tree has rotted and has been occupied by fungi, -carpenter ants and beetles. This drew hungry woodpeckers which have -tapped holes in the tree in search of food. Gradually, the tree has been -hollowed out. Birds and chipmunks probably have used the tree for hiding -or nesting. - - [Illustration: white-breasted nuthatch] - - -10 - -When we stepped out of the shady cluster of shrubby trees into this -clearing, did you notice the drastic change in the kind of vegetation? -Raspberry brambles crowd each other for sunlight. Where there is no -canopy to limit sunlight, a brushy habitat abounds. You may see some -special wildlife here—bird, rabbit and fox. - - [Illustration: cottontail] - - -11 - -We are now standing under a canopy of white cedar and poplar. The young -saplings growing on this forest floor are maples and hickories. These -young hardwoods enjoy living in the shade. Their need for sunlight is -not great. Eventually, these saplings will outgrow the aspen and cedars. -When that day comes, a forest of maples and hickories will restrict -sunlight from penetration. The cedars and aspen will die. - - -12 - -These beautiful sugar maples have large crowns which shade an extensive -area. Plants needing sunlight cannot grow beneath the large trees. The -skeletons of dead cedars demonstrate that species’ inability to get -sunlight and compete with the maples. In this habitat, raccoons, -nuthatches, squirrels and bluejays are commonly found. - - [Illustration: (bluejay)] - - -13 - -This maple tree was tapped for its sap many years ago. Can you see the -tap holes? These holes have been partially grown over and have healed. - - [Illustration: (tapping maple tree for sap)] - - -14 - -This ancient shagbark hickory has actually grown around the rusted -barbed wire left from the old farm. Cows from Mr. Burton’s farm probably -lingered beneath the tree to find relief from the hot sun. This tree is -over 150 years old. - -Hickory wood is particularly strong, heavy and flexible and was used for -manufacturing agricultural tools—most commonly axe handles, and spokes -and rims for wagon wheels. - - [Illustration: Shagbark Hickory] - - -15 - -At this point, you have the opportunity of continuing either upon the -remainder of the interpretive nature trail or upon the scenic hiking -trail. The shorter interpretive loop turns to the right and contains -stations 16 through 19 which may be followed on the next several pages. - -Should you decide upon the scenic hiking trail, follow the trail markers -to your left. This trail runs to the end of the island and along some -beautiful vistas of Lake Champlain. Turning to page 14, you will find a -brief guide which we hope will bring to your attention many of the -interesting features along this path. - - -16 - -This is one of the highest points on the island. Look around you. We -have seen the changes from field to bramble patches, from shrubby -clusters to large trees making up a forest habitat. This is natural -succession, the change from field to forest. With this change of plants -comes the change of animals, for animals and plants depend on each other -and form a natural community. - -The serenade of piping birds, the rhythmic waves of Champlain, the -whispering trees—these sounds cannot help but deepen our appreciation -and enjoyment of the forest. Close your eyes and listen peacefully. - - [Illustration: (succession of fauna)] - - 1—annuals, perennials - 2—shrubs, trees - 3—climax forest - - -17 - -The area before you is moist and marshy. As you can see, plants growing -here differ a great deal from those in dryer, hillier regions of the -island. Sweet Flag (leaves like Cattails) is a dominant plant here. - - -18 - -This pathlike gully was once a drainage ditch leading to the marshy -meadow. Foxes have been using them as passageways when navigating -through the brush in search of food. - -Red fox prefer to live on the edges of fields or in open country. Meadow -mice are probably the number one food item of the fox. Young foxes -consume large numbers of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. They eat -all types of berries, melons and corn. - - [Illustration: (red fox)] - - -19 - -A shrub or small tree from 5 to 20 feet, the staghorn sumac is a -prevalent and important plant on Burton Island. - -The sumac provides a source of shelter and food for many animals here. -The staghorn sumac’s umbrella-like canopy furnishes shade to birds in -the hot days of summer. It serves as a refuge during rain storms. Birds -can easily disappear in the maze of leaves and branches in time of -danger. The pink berry-like clusters of blossoms offer food for birds. -Later, the fruits become dry and they may persist for a year or so -providing an emergency food for squirrels and birds. The deer and -cottontail rabbit find the twigs and bark a most acceptable meal during -the winter. In former years, the sumac was often used for tanning fine -leathers and as a dye because of high content of tannic acid. - - [Illustration: Staghorn Sumac] - - - - - Hiking Trail - - -Unlike the shorter interpretive trail, this scenic hiking trail has been -left relatively undisturbed by human influence. Most of us have so few -opportunities to behold nature without the contrivances of a busy -civilization that here we have attempted to minimize signs, rails and -other artificial hiking aides. Therefore, the following pages are -included as a brief guide for this trail. - -Walking through this field, you may see a yellow canary-like bird called -the yellow warbler. The male warbler is brilliantly marked ... its -yellow body with striped red breast is like a flash of sunlight as the -bird darts in and out of the greenery. - - [Illustration: yellow warbler] - -There are over one hundred different kinds of warblers in the United -States and they are all four to six inches long. Because of their great -variety and the brilliance of their coloring, they have been called the -“butterflies of the bird world.” - -By now, you have probably seen the red-winged blackbirds. These birds -are found commonly on Burton Island. Red-wings love marshes and wet -fields. They make their nest close to the ground where it is hidden by -reeds, grasses and shrubs. The birds will sit on branches of small trees -and watch intently as you walk by. The red-wings call out many -interesting sounds, from a raspy “oka-fleek, oka-fleek” to a warning -“chuk, chuk.” The black birds, with their fiery shoulders, let us know -that we are trespassing on their territory. - - [Illustration: (red-winged blackbird)] - -As you enter the forest of young elms, you will notice how the -atmosphere changes. Light is dim. The importance of sunlight is obvious, -for no plants are to be found growing on the forest floor. - -Sixty yards beyond the entrance to the elm forest, a circular growth of -young plants reach for sunlight. An opening in the forest canopy allows -these plants to live. The area of direct sunlight is shown by the size -and shape of the growing vegetation. These openings provide food for -browsing animals such as deer. - - [Illustration: (deer)] - -Look upon the shady, almost plantless floor, you may see mushrooms and -indian pipes popping up through the dead leaves. Unlike green plants -which need sunlight to manufacture their own food, these saprophytes -obtain food from the dead plants they grow on. Some mushrooms grow upon -fallen logs and branches. Some grow in the soil using the dead plant -matter there for food. Indian pipes are one of the few flowering plants -that are saprophytes. - - [Illustration: _Indian Pipes_ and _mushrooms_] - -As you continue along the trail, keep your eyes open for vines which -have wrapped themselves around tall trees to reach the sun. This -adaptation allows a green plant to be rooted in the darkness of the -forest, but to grow in the sunny upper reaches of the forest canopy. -This vine is called bittersweet (nightshade). - - [Illustration: Bittersweet (Nightshade)] - -A stone fence runs across the trail. This old fence once restricted the -range of sheep on the island. Blood, sweat, tears and long hours must -have gone into piling these stones, for the fence runs across the entire -island. - - [Illustration: (building a stone fence)] - -An old, dead tree stands by the wall. This tree is important for it -offers shelter to thousands of insects and provides a source of food for -hungry birds. - -The shelf fungi growing on the tree extract nutrients from the decaying -wood. - -As you walk along the lakeshore, look at some of the larger trees -growing there. Two common trees you will see are basswood and red oak. - - [Illustration: Basswood] - - [Illustration: Red Oak] - -The American Basswood grows 70-80 feet in height and 2-3 feet in -diameter. In addition to the valuable timber which it produces, the -basswood is highly prized in certain localities for its honey. The -Iroquois Indians made rope from the bark by soaking it in water for -several weeks or months to allow the nonfibrous portions to rot. Then it -was twisted into desired cords. - -The northern red oak is one of the largest oaks, occasionally 125 feet -high. Its close-grained, reddish-brown wood is regarded as one of the -most important of the red oak family. - - -As you hike you will see blown down trees. These rotting trees show us -that nature wastes nothing. Fungi, bacteria, insects and weather are -helping to decay these blowdowns. The resulting humus is a natural soil -fertilizer readily available to growing plants. - -During the last ice age, a huge body of water called Lake Vermont spread -from the Green Mountains to the Adirondacks and from Canada to Rutland, -Vermont. Mud and stones from the lake have been compressed for thousands -of years since, forming great rock beds. Along the shoreline of Burton -Island, sheets of rock and flat stones are numerous. Once the shore and -bottom of Lake Vermont, these huge beds of shale and sandstone are now -eroding. - -On the southern tip of Burton Island, old and gnarled cedar trees reach -out. The roots of these trees hold firm against the erosive action of -wind, rain and ice. - - [Illustration: Landscape] - -Looking out toward the horizon, the expansive views bring the ocean to -mind. Ball Island stands out in front of the jagged peaks of the -Adirondacks and the flats of Sandbar. Do you know the islands around -you? - - [Illustration: KEY MAP] - -We at Burton Island State Park hope you have enjoyed this short hike. To -return to the start, you can follow the park road or follow the hiking -trail back. - - * * * * * * * * - -This trail is part of the Vermont State Parks’ Nature Interpretation -Program. The program is intended to spark awareness, concern and an -appreciation for the works of nature. All life is unified through the -cycles and interrelationships of nature. People have the responsibility -to act in a life-supporting manner toward their environment. Hopefully, -through understanding, people will strive to respect and protect the -delicate balances which make the earth our healthy home. - - * * * * * * * - - STATE OF VERMONT - Agency of Environmental Conservation - Department of Forests and Parks - - July 1975 - - - - - -NOTES- - - - [Illustration: (view across the lake)] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 60709-0.txt or 60709-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/0/60709/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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