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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5f9c5b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60709 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60709) diff --git a/old/60709-0.txt b/old/60709-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ab60486..0000000 --- a/old/60709-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,912 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Burton Island State Park: Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail - -Author: Stephen Antil - -Release Date: November 16, 2019 [EBook #60709] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - —STATE OF VERMONT— - - - - - _Burton Island State Park_ - - - _Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail_ - - _written and illustrated by Stephen Antil - Park Naturalist_ - - [Illustration: Burton Island] - - nature center - marina - office - nature walk - hiking trail - interpretive trail - Island Road - Landfill Dump - - This Trail guide is for the hiking trail and interpretive trail which - start past the white cabins and behind the nature center - -The interpretive nature trail will take 30 minutes to walk. The numbers -in this pamphlet correspond to the numbered sign posts on the trail. It -is advisable that you wear shoes when walking the trails. The scenic -hiking trail can be hiked in one to one and a half hours and will take -you to the southeast tip of the island and back. - -You can help the naturalist maintain good hiking conditions on these -trails by carrying out what you carry in. - -Many of Vermont’s wildflowers are protected. Therefore, it is suggested -that all wild flowers be left in their natural environment for the next -person to enjoy. - -The land surrounding Burton Island and the area of Northern Lake -Champlain was once the hunting grounds of the Iroquois and Algonquin -Indians. It was here that these people hunted and fished for their -survival. Hunting and trapping for wolves, deer, mink and elk, and -fishing for salmon, trout and bass, the Iroquois and Algonquin found an -abundance of game. - - [Illustration: (Indian agriculture)] - -As white men increased, agriculture began to dominate this area. In the -late 1700’s, Burton Island was cleared and tilled by Jesse Weldon, a -settler and agent for the Allen family—Ethan, Ira and Levi. - -In 1840, C.C. Burton owned the island and hired a family to live here -and manage his farm. - -Ida Lashaway acquired the land in 1928. During this time, the Lashaway -family continued to till the land and raise livestock. - -In 1944, farming operations were discontinued. From that time until the -present, we have had the opportunity to see what role mother nature can -play in returning the land to a natural state. The signs of farming are -still here, but for the last three decades natural forces have been left -relatively unchallenged. - - -1 - -Today we can see the stories of the past and present etched across the -face of Burton Island. An old farm in horse-drawn buggy days was left to -the mercy of warm summer rains and icy winter storms. We can see the -land, once a pasture, now swelling into overgrown fields and forests -where wild plants and animals compete to live in a continually changing -habitat. - - -2 - -Before you lies what was formerly pasture-land. Fields exist when they -are mowed or grazed. As a field is left untended, goldenrod, milkweed, -morning glories and raspberry bushes appear and compete for sunlight. -This is the first stage of a succession of various plants and animals -passing from an old farm field into what will someday be a forest. Two -common field birds found here are the meadowlark and the bobolink. - - [Illustration: (meadowlark)] - - -3 - -On the dead goldenrod stalks are round and oval-shaped outgrowths known -as galls. A gall is an abnormal growth of a plant resulting from an -insect or bacterial irritation. The round, one-inch galls are caused by -the _Eurosta Fly_. The long, oval growths contain eggs and larvae from -the _goldenrod gall moth_. Eggs were laid within the stem causing an -irritation which stimulated plant cell production. A cozy home formed -for the larvae. Before they developed into the flies, they ate their way -out—look for the small holes in the old galls. - - [Illustration: cross-section of Gall] - - -4 - -The farm equipment here was used on the farm of C.C. Burton. The plow -and rake were both horsedrawn. The plow broke the soil for planting, and -the rake gathered hay for stacking. These implements are reminders of -our heritage. - -Farm life in America was hard, the tools were basic. From the simplicity -of an agricultural existence close to the land, America has grown into a -complex, technological country. But, our dependence on the earth is -still as vital. - - -5 - -This is the foundation and remains of the barn owned by Mr. Burton in -the 1800’s and the Lashaway family in the early 1900’s. - -During the 1800’s, the barn held 15 milk cows. The family that worked -the farm raised 500 turkeys, 200 sheep, pigs, horses and chickens. The -farm was relatively self-sufficient. The work was done with teams of -horses or by hand. Ice was cut from Lake Champlain each winter and was -stored in an icehouse. Cow stanchions mark where cows were once milked. -Butter was churned here. Many sheep were probably shorn of their coats -right where you stand. - -All farm produce was taken to a St. Albans market either across the reef -or drawn across the ice in the winter. - - [Illustration: (cow stanchion)] - -Traces of the farm are quickly vanishing beneath the flourish of -thickets and sumac. - - -6 - -The family managing the farm lived in the house above the foundations. -The children went to school in St. Albans and travelled by boat or over -ice almost every day. In the spring, when the ice was too thin to walk -on but too thick for boats, it was necessary for children to board with -friends on the mainland. - -In 1928, Ida Lashaway and her family continued to work the farm. Through -their efforts, some of the finest hay in the state was cultivated here. - -Mr. and Mrs. Randall Dimon purchased the farm in 1944. Farming -operations were discontinued. However, the Dimons continued to maintain -some fields and raised yellow-eyed beans and hay. Several local -residents of St. Albans pastured heifers as well as other livestock on -the island. - - [Illustration: (raking hay)] - -In 1961, the State of Vermont purchased the island, and the Department -of Forests and Parks began operating it as a State Park. - - -7 - -This maple tree was blown down by high winds last summer. Heavy storms -come quickly here, and trees and plants living near the shore must be -especially hardy to withstand the effects of wind, water and ice. The -erosive actions of these forces cause the shore to be battered and worn -like a seacoast. - -The downed maple will continue living as long as part of its root -structure can supply the tree with water and nutrients and as long as -its leaves can embrace the rays of the sun. In years to come, the -branches may eventually become trunks themselves, growing upward and -thickening into individual trees with one massive base. - - -8 - -In fields, grasses and small brush soon yield to shrubs and small trees -such as sumac and hawthorne. These plants are the start of the forest -and begin to limit the light striking the earth. Plants such as -goldenrod and raspberry depend on light for their survival. Unable to -obtain it, they are suppressed. - - [Illustration: (sumac and hawthorne)] - -Hawthorne were rare trees in the virgin forests of America, but with the -clearing of forests, they became common. Today they are found in fields, -along fence rows and in small clusters, for they are fond of the sun. -The dense, thorny branches create a crown which is almost impregnable. -The trees provide excellent nesting sites for many kinds of songbirds -due to the excellent protection the trees give their occupants. - - [Illustration: Blackburnian Warbler] - - orange head - - -9 - -This dead, old hawthorne has served as a home for many animals. Over a -period of years, the tree has rotted and has been occupied by fungi, -carpenter ants and beetles. This drew hungry woodpeckers which have -tapped holes in the tree in search of food. Gradually, the tree has been -hollowed out. Birds and chipmunks probably have used the tree for hiding -or nesting. - - [Illustration: white-breasted nuthatch] - - -10 - -When we stepped out of the shady cluster of shrubby trees into this -clearing, did you notice the drastic change in the kind of vegetation? -Raspberry brambles crowd each other for sunlight. Where there is no -canopy to limit sunlight, a brushy habitat abounds. You may see some -special wildlife here—bird, rabbit and fox. - - [Illustration: cottontail] - - -11 - -We are now standing under a canopy of white cedar and poplar. The young -saplings growing on this forest floor are maples and hickories. These -young hardwoods enjoy living in the shade. Their need for sunlight is -not great. Eventually, these saplings will outgrow the aspen and cedars. -When that day comes, a forest of maples and hickories will restrict -sunlight from penetration. The cedars and aspen will die. - - -12 - -These beautiful sugar maples have large crowns which shade an extensive -area. Plants needing sunlight cannot grow beneath the large trees. The -skeletons of dead cedars demonstrate that species’ inability to get -sunlight and compete with the maples. In this habitat, raccoons, -nuthatches, squirrels and bluejays are commonly found. - - [Illustration: (bluejay)] - - -13 - -This maple tree was tapped for its sap many years ago. Can you see the -tap holes? These holes have been partially grown over and have healed. - - [Illustration: (tapping maple tree for sap)] - - -14 - -This ancient shagbark hickory has actually grown around the rusted -barbed wire left from the old farm. Cows from Mr. Burton’s farm probably -lingered beneath the tree to find relief from the hot sun. This tree is -over 150 years old. - -Hickory wood is particularly strong, heavy and flexible and was used for -manufacturing agricultural tools—most commonly axe handles, and spokes -and rims for wagon wheels. - - [Illustration: Shagbark Hickory] - - -15 - -At this point, you have the opportunity of continuing either upon the -remainder of the interpretive nature trail or upon the scenic hiking -trail. The shorter interpretive loop turns to the right and contains -stations 16 through 19 which may be followed on the next several pages. - -Should you decide upon the scenic hiking trail, follow the trail markers -to your left. This trail runs to the end of the island and along some -beautiful vistas of Lake Champlain. Turning to page 14, you will find a -brief guide which we hope will bring to your attention many of the -interesting features along this path. - - -16 - -This is one of the highest points on the island. Look around you. We -have seen the changes from field to bramble patches, from shrubby -clusters to large trees making up a forest habitat. This is natural -succession, the change from field to forest. With this change of plants -comes the change of animals, for animals and plants depend on each other -and form a natural community. - -The serenade of piping birds, the rhythmic waves of Champlain, the -whispering trees—these sounds cannot help but deepen our appreciation -and enjoyment of the forest. Close your eyes and listen peacefully. - - [Illustration: (succession of fauna)] - - 1—annuals, perennials - 2—shrubs, trees - 3—climax forest - - -17 - -The area before you is moist and marshy. As you can see, plants growing -here differ a great deal from those in dryer, hillier regions of the -island. Sweet Flag (leaves like Cattails) is a dominant plant here. - - -18 - -This pathlike gully was once a drainage ditch leading to the marshy -meadow. Foxes have been using them as passageways when navigating -through the brush in search of food. - -Red fox prefer to live on the edges of fields or in open country. Meadow -mice are probably the number one food item of the fox. Young foxes -consume large numbers of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. They eat -all types of berries, melons and corn. - - [Illustration: (red fox)] - - -19 - -A shrub or small tree from 5 to 20 feet, the staghorn sumac is a -prevalent and important plant on Burton Island. - -The sumac provides a source of shelter and food for many animals here. -The staghorn sumac’s umbrella-like canopy furnishes shade to birds in -the hot days of summer. It serves as a refuge during rain storms. Birds -can easily disappear in the maze of leaves and branches in time of -danger. The pink berry-like clusters of blossoms offer food for birds. -Later, the fruits become dry and they may persist for a year or so -providing an emergency food for squirrels and birds. The deer and -cottontail rabbit find the twigs and bark a most acceptable meal during -the winter. In former years, the sumac was often used for tanning fine -leathers and as a dye because of high content of tannic acid. - - [Illustration: Staghorn Sumac] - - - - - Hiking Trail - - -Unlike the shorter interpretive trail, this scenic hiking trail has been -left relatively undisturbed by human influence. Most of us have so few -opportunities to behold nature without the contrivances of a busy -civilization that here we have attempted to minimize signs, rails and -other artificial hiking aides. Therefore, the following pages are -included as a brief guide for this trail. - -Walking through this field, you may see a yellow canary-like bird called -the yellow warbler. The male warbler is brilliantly marked ... its -yellow body with striped red breast is like a flash of sunlight as the -bird darts in and out of the greenery. - - [Illustration: yellow warbler] - -There are over one hundred different kinds of warblers in the United -States and they are all four to six inches long. Because of their great -variety and the brilliance of their coloring, they have been called the -“butterflies of the bird world.” - -By now, you have probably seen the red-winged blackbirds. These birds -are found commonly on Burton Island. Red-wings love marshes and wet -fields. They make their nest close to the ground where it is hidden by -reeds, grasses and shrubs. The birds will sit on branches of small trees -and watch intently as you walk by. The red-wings call out many -interesting sounds, from a raspy “oka-fleek, oka-fleek” to a warning -“chuk, chuk.” The black birds, with their fiery shoulders, let us know -that we are trespassing on their territory. - - [Illustration: (red-winged blackbird)] - -As you enter the forest of young elms, you will notice how the -atmosphere changes. Light is dim. The importance of sunlight is obvious, -for no plants are to be found growing on the forest floor. - -Sixty yards beyond the entrance to the elm forest, a circular growth of -young plants reach for sunlight. An opening in the forest canopy allows -these plants to live. The area of direct sunlight is shown by the size -and shape of the growing vegetation. These openings provide food for -browsing animals such as deer. - - [Illustration: (deer)] - -Look upon the shady, almost plantless floor, you may see mushrooms and -indian pipes popping up through the dead leaves. Unlike green plants -which need sunlight to manufacture their own food, these saprophytes -obtain food from the dead plants they grow on. Some mushrooms grow upon -fallen logs and branches. Some grow in the soil using the dead plant -matter there for food. Indian pipes are one of the few flowering plants -that are saprophytes. - - [Illustration: _Indian Pipes_ and _mushrooms_] - -As you continue along the trail, keep your eyes open for vines which -have wrapped themselves around tall trees to reach the sun. This -adaptation allows a green plant to be rooted in the darkness of the -forest, but to grow in the sunny upper reaches of the forest canopy. -This vine is called bittersweet (nightshade). - - [Illustration: Bittersweet (Nightshade)] - -A stone fence runs across the trail. This old fence once restricted the -range of sheep on the island. Blood, sweat, tears and long hours must -have gone into piling these stones, for the fence runs across the entire -island. - - [Illustration: (building a stone fence)] - -An old, dead tree stands by the wall. This tree is important for it -offers shelter to thousands of insects and provides a source of food for -hungry birds. - -The shelf fungi growing on the tree extract nutrients from the decaying -wood. - -As you walk along the lakeshore, look at some of the larger trees -growing there. Two common trees you will see are basswood and red oak. - - [Illustration: Basswood] - - [Illustration: Red Oak] - -The American Basswood grows 70-80 feet in height and 2-3 feet in -diameter. In addition to the valuable timber which it produces, the -basswood is highly prized in certain localities for its honey. The -Iroquois Indians made rope from the bark by soaking it in water for -several weeks or months to allow the nonfibrous portions to rot. Then it -was twisted into desired cords. - -The northern red oak is one of the largest oaks, occasionally 125 feet -high. Its close-grained, reddish-brown wood is regarded as one of the -most important of the red oak family. - - -As you hike you will see blown down trees. These rotting trees show us -that nature wastes nothing. Fungi, bacteria, insects and weather are -helping to decay these blowdowns. The resulting humus is a natural soil -fertilizer readily available to growing plants. - -During the last ice age, a huge body of water called Lake Vermont spread -from the Green Mountains to the Adirondacks and from Canada to Rutland, -Vermont. Mud and stones from the lake have been compressed for thousands -of years since, forming great rock beds. Along the shoreline of Burton -Island, sheets of rock and flat stones are numerous. Once the shore and -bottom of Lake Vermont, these huge beds of shale and sandstone are now -eroding. - -On the southern tip of Burton Island, old and gnarled cedar trees reach -out. The roots of these trees hold firm against the erosive action of -wind, rain and ice. - - [Illustration: Landscape] - -Looking out toward the horizon, the expansive views bring the ocean to -mind. Ball Island stands out in front of the jagged peaks of the -Adirondacks and the flats of Sandbar. Do you know the islands around -you? - - [Illustration: KEY MAP] - -We at Burton Island State Park hope you have enjoyed this short hike. To -return to the start, you can follow the park road or follow the hiking -trail back. - - * * * * * * * * - -This trail is part of the Vermont State Parks’ Nature Interpretation -Program. The program is intended to spark awareness, concern and an -appreciation for the works of nature. All life is unified through the -cycles and interrelationships of nature. People have the responsibility -to act in a life-supporting manner toward their environment. Hopefully, -through understanding, people will strive to respect and protect the -delicate balances which make the earth our healthy home. - - * * * * * * * - - STATE OF VERMONT - Agency of Environmental Conservation - Department of Forests and Parks - - July 1975 - - - - - -NOTES- - - - [Illustration: (view across the lake)] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 60709-0.txt or 60709-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/0/60709/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Burton Island State Park: Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail - -Author: Stephen Antil - -Release Date: November 16, 2019 [EBook #60709] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Burton Island State Park: Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail" width="500" height="782" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">—STATE OF VERMONT—</span></p> -<h1><i><span class="ss">Burton Island State Park</span></i></h1> -<p class="center"><span class="ssn"><i><span class="u">Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail</span> and <span class="u">Hiking Trail</span></i></span></p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="ssn"><i>written and illustrated by Stephen Antil -<br />Park Naturalist</i></span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="727" /> -<p class="pcap">Burton Island</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>nature center</dt> -<dt>marina</dt> -<dt>office</dt> -<dt>nature walk</dt> -<dt>hiking trail</dt> -<dt>interpretive trail</dt> -<dt>Island Road</dt> -<dt>Landfill Dump</dt></dl> -<blockquote> -<p>This Trail guide -is for the hiking -trail and interpretive -trail which start -past the white -cabins and behind -the nature center</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The interpretive nature trail will take 30 minutes -to walk. The numbers in this pamphlet -correspond to the numbered sign posts on the -trail. It is advisable that you wear shoes when -walking the trails. The scenic hiking trail -can be hiked in one to one and a half hours and -will take you to the southeast tip of the island -and back.</p> -<p>You can help the naturalist maintain good hiking -conditions on these trails by carrying out what -you carry in.</p> -<p>Many of Vermont’s wildflowers are protected. -Therefore, it is suggested that all wild flowers -be left in their natural environment for the -next person to enjoy.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p>The land surrounding Burton Island and the area -of Northern Lake Champlain was once the hunting -grounds of the Iroquois and Algonquin Indians. -It was here that these people hunted -and fished for their survival. -Hunting and trapping for -wolves, deer, mink and -elk, and fishing for -salmon, trout and bass, -the Iroquois and -Algonquin found an -abundance of game.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="609" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">(Indian agriculture)</p> -</div> -<p>As white men increased, -agriculture -began to -dominate this area. -In the late 1700’s, -Burton Island was -cleared and tilled -by Jesse Weldon, -a settler and agent -for the Allen family—Ethan, -Ira -and Levi.</p> -<p>In 1840, C.C. -Burton owned the island and hired a family to -live here and manage his farm.</p> -<p>Ida Lashaway acquired the land in 1928. During -this time, the Lashaway family continued to -till the land and raise livestock.</p> -<p>In 1944, farming operations were discontinued. -From that time until the present, we have had -the opportunity to see what role mother nature -can play in returning the land to a natural -state. The signs of farming are still here, -but for the last three decades natural forces -have been left relatively unchallenged.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h3 id="c1">1</h3> -<p>Today we can see the stories of the past and -present etched across the face of Burton Island. -An old farm in horse-drawn buggy days was left -to the mercy of warm summer rains and icy winter -storms. We can see the land, once a pasture, -now swelling into overgrown fields and -forests where wild plants and animals compete -to live in a continually changing habitat.</p> -<h3 id="c2">2</h3> -<p>Before you lies what was formerly pasture-land. -Fields exist when they are mowed or grazed. As -a field is left untended, goldenrod, milkweed, -morning glories and raspberry bushes appear and -compete for sunlight. This is the first stage -of a succession of various plants and animals -passing from an old farm field into what will -someday be a forest. Two common field birds -found here are the meadowlark and the bobolink.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="570" /> -<p class="pcap">(meadowlark)</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c3">3</h3> -<p>On the dead goldenrod stalks are round and -oval-shaped outgrowths known as galls. A gall -is an abnormal growth of a plant resulting from -an insect or bacterial irritation. The round, -one-inch galls are caused by the <i>Eurosta Fly</i>. -The long, oval growths contain eggs and larvae -from the <i>goldenrod gall moth</i>. Eggs were laid -within the stem causing an irritation which -stimulated plant cell production. A cozy home -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -formed for the larvae. Before they developed -into the flies, they ate their way out—look -for the small holes in the old galls.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="461" /> -<p class="pcap">cross-section of Gall</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c4">4</h3> -<p>The farm equipment here was used on the farm -of C.C. Burton. The plow and rake were both -horsedrawn. The plow broke the soil for planting, -and the rake gathered hay for stacking. -These implements are reminders of our heritage.</p> -<p>Farm life in America was hard, the tools were -basic. From the simplicity of an agricultural -existence close to the land, America has grown -into a complex, technological country. But, -our dependence on the earth is still as vital.</p> -<h3 id="c5">5</h3> -<p>This is the foundation and remains of the barn -owned by Mr. Burton in the 1800’s and the -Lashaway family in the early 1900’s.</p> -<p>During the 1800’s, the barn held 15 milk cows. -The family that worked the farm raised 500 -turkeys, 200 sheep, pigs, horses and chickens. -The farm was relatively self-sufficient. The -work was done with teams of horses or by hand. -Ice was cut from Lake Champlain each winter -and was stored in an icehouse. Cow stanchions -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -mark where cows were once milked. Butter was -churned here. Many sheep were probably shorn -of their coats right where you stand.</p> -<p>All farm produce was taken to a St. Albans market -either across the reef or drawn across the -ice in the winter.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="473" /> -<p class="pcap">(cow stanchion)</p> -</div> -<p>Traces of the farm are quickly vanishing beneath -the flourish of thickets and sumac.</p> -<h3 id="c6">6</h3> -<p>The family managing the farm lived in the house -above the foundations. The children went to -school in St. Albans and travelled by boat or -over ice almost every day. In the spring, when -the ice was too thin to walk on but too thick -for boats, it was necessary for children to -board with friends on the mainland.</p> -<p>In 1928, Ida Lashaway and her family continued -to work the farm. Through their efforts, some -of the finest hay in the state was cultivated -here.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>Mr. and Mrs. Randall Dimon purchased the farm -in 1944. Farming operations were discontinued. -However, the Dimons continued to maintain some -fields and raised yellow-eyed beans and hay. -Several local residents of St. Albans pastured -heifers as well as other livestock on the -island.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="419" /> -<p class="pcap">(raking hay)</p> -</div> -<p>In 1961, the State of Vermont purchased the -island, and the Department of Forests and Parks -began operating it as a State Park.</p> -<h3 id="c7">7</h3> -<p>This maple tree was blown down by high winds -last summer. Heavy storms come quickly here, -and trees and plants living near the shore must -be especially hardy to withstand the effects -of wind, water and ice. The erosive actions of -these forces cause the shore to be battered and -worn like a seacoast.</p> -<p>The downed maple will continue living as long -as part of its root structure can supply the -tree with water and nutrients and as long as -its leaves can embrace the rays of the sun. In -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -years to come, the branches may eventually -become trunks themselves, growing upward and -thickening into individual trees with one massive -base.</p> -<h3 id="c8">8</h3> -<p>In fields, grasses and small brush soon yield -to shrubs and small trees such as sumac and -hawthorne. These plants are the start of the -forest and begin to limit the light striking -the earth. Plants such as goldenrod and raspberry -depend on light for their survival. Unable -to obtain it, they are suppressed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="758" height="494" /> -<p class="pcap">(sumac and hawthorne)</p> -</div> -<p>Hawthorne were rare trees in the virgin forests -of America, but with the clearing of forests, -they became common. Today they are found in -fields, along fence rows and in small clusters, -for they are fond of the sun. The dense, thorny -branches create a crown which is almost impregnable. -The trees provide excellent nesting -sites for many kinds of songbirds due to the -excellent protection the trees give their occupants.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="511" height="378" /> -<p class="pcap">Blackburnian Warbler</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>orange head</dt></dl> -<h3 id="c9">9</h3> -<p>This dead, old hawthorne has served as a home -for many animals. Over a period of years, the -tree has rotted and has been occupied by fungi, -carpenter ants and beetles. This drew hungry -woodpeckers which have tapped holes in the tree -in search of food. Gradually, the tree has -been hollowed out. Birds and chipmunks probably -have used the tree for hiding or nesting.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="451" height="511" /> -<p class="pcap">white-breasted nuthatch</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h3 id="c10">10</h3> -<p>When we stepped out of the shady cluster of -shrubby trees into this clearing, did you notice -the drastic change in the kind of vegetation? -Raspberry brambles crowd each other -for sunlight. Where there is no canopy to -limit sunlight, a brushy habitat abounds. You -may see some special wildlife here—bird, rabbit -and fox.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="485" /> -<p class="pcap">cottontail</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c11">11</h3> -<p>We are now standing under a canopy of white -cedar and poplar. The young saplings growing -on this forest floor are maples and hickories. -These young hardwoods enjoy living in the -shade. Their need for sunlight is not great. -Eventually, these saplings will outgrow the -aspen and cedars. When that day comes, a forest -of maples and hickories will restrict sunlight -from penetration. The cedars and aspen -will die.</p> -<h3 id="c12">12</h3> -<p>These beautiful sugar maples have large crowns -which shade an extensive area. Plants needing -sunlight cannot grow beneath the large trees. -The skeletons of dead cedars demonstrate that -species’ inability to get sunlight and compete -with the maples. In this habitat, raccoons, -nuthatches, squirrels and bluejays are commonly -found.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="555" /> -<p class="pcap">(bluejay)</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c13">13</h3> -<p>This maple tree was tapped for its sap many -years ago. Can you see the tap holes? These -holes have been partially grown over and have -healed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="616" /> -<p class="pcap">(tapping maple tree for sap)</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c14">14</h3> -<p>This ancient shagbark hickory has actually -grown around the rusted barbed wire left from -the old farm. Cows from Mr. Burton’s farm -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -probably lingered beneath the tree to find relief -from the hot sun. This tree is over 150 -years old.</p> -<p>Hickory wood is particularly strong, heavy -and flexible and was used for manufacturing -agricultural tools—most commonly axe handles, -and spokes and rims for wagon wheels.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="468" height="601" /> -<p class="pcap">Shagbark Hickory</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c15">15</h3> -<p>At this point, you have the opportunity of -continuing either upon the remainder of the -interpretive nature trail or upon the scenic -hiking trail. The shorter interpretive loop -turns to the right and contains stations <a href="#c16">16</a> -through <a href="#c19">19</a> which may be followed on the next -several pages.</p> -<p>Should you decide upon the scenic hiking trail, -follow the trail markers to your left. This -trail runs to the end of the island and along -some beautiful vistas of Lake Champlain. -Turning to <a href="#Page_14">page 14</a>, you will find a brief guide -which we hope will bring to your attention -many of the interesting features along this -path.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h3 id="c16">16</h3> -<p>This is one of the highest points on the island. -Look around you. We have seen the changes from -field to bramble patches, from shrubby clusters -to large trees making up a forest habitat. -This is natural succession, the change from -field to forest. With this change of plants -comes the change of animals, for animals and -plants depend on each other and form a natural -community.</p> -<p>The serenade of piping birds, the rhythmic -waves of Champlain, the whispering trees—these -sounds cannot help but deepen our appreciation -and enjoyment of the forest. Close -your eyes and listen peacefully.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="(succession of fauna)" width="800" height="448" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>1—annuals, perennials</dt> -<dt>2—shrubs, trees</dt> -<dt>3—climax forest</dt></dl> -<h3 id="c17">17</h3> -<p>The area before you is moist and marshy. As you -can see, plants growing here differ a great -deal from those in dryer, hillier regions of -the island. Sweet Flag (leaves like Cattails) -is a dominant plant here.</p> -<h3 id="c18">18</h3> -<p>This pathlike gully was once a drainage ditch -leading to the marshy meadow. Foxes have been -using them as passageways when navigating -through the brush in search of food.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<p>Red fox prefer to live on the edges of fields -or in open country. Meadow mice are probably -the number one food item of the fox. Young -foxes consume large numbers of beetles, grasshoppers -and crickets. They eat all types of -berries, melons and corn.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="485" /> -<p class="pcap">(red fox)</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c19">19</h3> -<p>A shrub or small tree from 5 to 20 feet, the -staghorn sumac is a prevalent and important -plant on Burton Island.</p> -<p>The sumac provides a source of shelter and -food for many animals here. The staghorn -sumac’s umbrella-like canopy furnishes shade -to birds in the hot days of summer. It serves -as a refuge during rain storms. Birds can -easily disappear in the maze of leaves and -branches in time of danger. The pink berry-like -clusters of blossoms offer food for birds. -Later, the fruits become dry and they may persist -for a year or so providing an emergency -food for squirrels and birds. The deer and -cottontail rabbit find the twigs and bark a -most acceptable meal during the winter. In -former years, the sumac was often used for -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -tanning fine leathers and as a dye because of -high content of tannic acid.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">Staghorn Sumac</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small"><span class="u"><span class="sc">Hiking Trail</span></span></span></h2> -<p>Unlike the shorter interpretive trail, this -scenic hiking trail has been left relatively -undisturbed by human influence. Most of us -have so few opportunities to behold nature without -the contrivances of a busy civilization -that here we have attempted to minimize signs, -rails and other artificial hiking aides. Therefore, -the following pages are included as a -brief guide for this trail.</p> -<p>Walking through this field, you may see a yellow -canary-like bird called the yellow warbler. -The male warbler is brilliantly marked ... its -yellow body with striped red breast is like a -flash of sunlight as the bird darts in and out -of the greenery.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="490" /> -<p class="pcap">yellow warbler</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<p>There are over one hundred different kinds of -warblers in the United States and they are all -four to six inches long. Because of their -great variety and the brilliance of their coloring, -they have been called the “butterflies of -the bird world.”</p> -<p>By now, you have probably seen the red-winged -blackbirds. These birds are found commonly on -Burton Island. Red-wings love marshes and wet -fields. They make their nest close to the -ground where it is hidden by reeds, grasses and -shrubs. The birds will sit on branches of -small trees and watch intently as you walk by. -The red-wings call out many interesting sounds, -from a raspy “oka-fleek, oka-fleek” to a warning -“chuk, chuk.” The black birds, with their -fiery shoulders, let us know that we are trespassing -on their territory.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="719" /> -<p class="pcap">(red-winged blackbird)</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<p>As you enter the forest of young elms, you will -notice how the atmosphere changes. Light is -dim. The importance of sunlight is obvious, -for no plants are to be found growing on the -forest floor.</p> -<p>Sixty yards beyond the entrance to the elm forest, -a circular growth of young plants reach -for sunlight. An opening in the forest canopy -allows these plants to live. The area of direct -sunlight is shown by the size and shape -of the growing vegetation. These openings -provide food for browsing animals such as deer.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="485" /> -<p class="pcap">(deer)</p> -</div> -<p>Look upon the shady, almost plantless floor, you -may see mushrooms and indian pipes popping up -through the dead leaves. Unlike green plants -which need sunlight to manufacture their own -food, these saprophytes obtain food from the -dead plants they grow on. Some mushrooms grow -upon fallen logs and branches. Some grow in -the soil using the dead plant matter there for -food. Indian pipes are one of the few flowering -plants that are saprophytes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="789" height="497" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Indian Pipes</i> and <i>mushrooms</i></p> -</div> -<p>As you continue along the trail, keep your -eyes open for vines which have wrapped themselves -around tall trees to reach the sun. -This adaptation allows a green plant to be -rooted in the darkness of the forest, but to -grow in the sunny upper reaches of the forest -canopy. This vine is called bittersweet (nightshade).</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="473" /> -<p class="pcap">Bittersweet (Nightshade)</p> -</div> -<p>A stone fence runs across the trail. This old -fence once restricted the range of sheep on -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -the island. Blood, sweat, tears and long hours -must have gone into piling these stones, for -the fence runs across the entire island.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p09d.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="604" /> -<p class="pcap">(building a stone fence)</p> -</div> -<p>An old, dead tree stands by the wall. This -tree is important for it offers shelter to -thousands of insects and provides a source of -food for hungry birds.</p> -<p>The shelf fungi growing on the tree extract -nutrients from the decaying wood.</p> -<p>As you walk along the lakeshore, look at some -of the larger trees growing there. Two common -trees you will see are basswood and red oak.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p09e.jpg" alt="" width="345" height="456" /> -<p class="pcap">Basswood</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p09f.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="751" /> -<p class="pcap">Red Oak</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p>The American Basswood grows 70-80 feet in -height and 2-3 feet in diameter. In addition -to the valuable timber which it produces, the -basswood is highly prized in certain localities -for its honey. The Iroquois Indians made rope -from the bark by soaking it in water for several -weeks or months to allow the nonfibrous portions -to rot. Then it was twisted into desired -cords.</p> -<p>The northern red oak is one of the largest oaks, -occasionally 125 feet high. Its close-grained, -reddish-brown wood is regarded as one of the -most important of the red oak family.</p> -<p class="tb">As you hike you will see blown down trees. -These rotting trees show us that nature wastes -nothing. Fungi, bacteria, insects and weather -are helping to decay these blowdowns. The -resulting humus is a natural soil fertilizer -readily available to growing plants.</p> -<p>During the last ice age, a huge body of water -called Lake Vermont spread from the Green -Mountains to the Adirondacks and from Canada -to Rutland, Vermont. Mud and stones from the -lake have been compressed for thousands of -years since, forming great rock beds. Along -the shoreline of Burton Island, sheets of rock -and flat stones are numerous. Once the shore -and bottom of Lake Vermont, these huge beds of -shale and sandstone are now eroding.</p> -<p>On the southern tip of Burton Island, old and -gnarled cedar trees reach out. The roots of -these trees hold firm against the erosive action -of wind, rain and ice.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="615" /> -<p class="pcap">Landscape</p> -</div> -<p>Looking out toward the horizon, the expansive -views bring the ocean to mind. Ball Island -stands out in front of the jagged peaks of -the Adirondacks and the flats of Sandbar. Do -you know the islands around you?</p> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="505" /> -<p class="pcap">KEY MAP</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>We at Burton Island State Park hope you have -enjoyed this short hike. To return to the -start, you can follow the park road or follow -the hiking trail back.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="gs">* * * * * * * *</span></p> -<p>This trail is part of the Vermont State Parks’ -Nature Interpretation Program. The program is -intended to spark awareness, concern and an -appreciation for the works of nature. All life -is unified through the cycles and interrelationships -of nature. People have the responsibility -to act in a life-supporting manner toward their -environment. Hopefully, through understanding, -people will strive to respect and protect the -delicate balances which make the earth our -healthy home.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="gs">* * * * * * *</span></p> -<p class="center">STATE OF VERMONT -<br />Agency of Environmental Conservation -<br />Department of Forests and Parks</p> -<p class="center">July 1975</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">-NOTES-</span></h2> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="667" /> -<p class="pcap">(view across the lake)</p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking T, by Stephen Antil - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 60709-h.htm or 60709-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/0/60709/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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8010443..0000000 --- a/old/60709.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,912 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail, by Stephen Antil - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Burton Island State Park: Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail - -Author: Stephen Antil - -Release Date: November 16, 2019 [EBook #60709] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - --STATE OF VERMONT-- - - - - - _Burton Island State Park_ - - - _Guide to the Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail_ - - _written and illustrated by Stephen Antil - Park Naturalist_ - - [Illustration: Burton Island] - - nature center - marina - office - nature walk - hiking trail - interpretive trail - Island Road - Landfill Dump - - This Trail guide is for the hiking trail and interpretive trail which - start past the white cabins and behind the nature center - -The interpretive nature trail will take 30 minutes to walk. The numbers -in this pamphlet correspond to the numbered sign posts on the trail. It -is advisable that you wear shoes when walking the trails. The scenic -hiking trail can be hiked in one to one and a half hours and will take -you to the southeast tip of the island and back. - -You can help the naturalist maintain good hiking conditions on these -trails by carrying out what you carry in. - -Many of Vermont's wildflowers are protected. Therefore, it is suggested -that all wild flowers be left in their natural environment for the next -person to enjoy. - -The land surrounding Burton Island and the area of Northern Lake -Champlain was once the hunting grounds of the Iroquois and Algonquin -Indians. It was here that these people hunted and fished for their -survival. Hunting and trapping for wolves, deer, mink and elk, and -fishing for salmon, trout and bass, the Iroquois and Algonquin found an -abundance of game. - - [Illustration: (Indian agriculture)] - -As white men increased, agriculture began to dominate this area. In the -late 1700's, Burton Island was cleared and tilled by Jesse Weldon, a -settler and agent for the Allen family--Ethan, Ira and Levi. - -In 1840, C.C. Burton owned the island and hired a family to live here -and manage his farm. - -Ida Lashaway acquired the land in 1928. During this time, the Lashaway -family continued to till the land and raise livestock. - -In 1944, farming operations were discontinued. From that time until the -present, we have had the opportunity to see what role mother nature can -play in returning the land to a natural state. The signs of farming are -still here, but for the last three decades natural forces have been left -relatively unchallenged. - - -1 - -Today we can see the stories of the past and present etched across the -face of Burton Island. An old farm in horse-drawn buggy days was left to -the mercy of warm summer rains and icy winter storms. We can see the -land, once a pasture, now swelling into overgrown fields and forests -where wild plants and animals compete to live in a continually changing -habitat. - - -2 - -Before you lies what was formerly pasture-land. Fields exist when they -are mowed or grazed. As a field is left untended, goldenrod, milkweed, -morning glories and raspberry bushes appear and compete for sunlight. -This is the first stage of a succession of various plants and animals -passing from an old farm field into what will someday be a forest. Two -common field birds found here are the meadowlark and the bobolink. - - [Illustration: (meadowlark)] - - -3 - -On the dead goldenrod stalks are round and oval-shaped outgrowths known -as galls. A gall is an abnormal growth of a plant resulting from an -insect or bacterial irritation. The round, one-inch galls are caused by -the _Eurosta Fly_. The long, oval growths contain eggs and larvae from -the _goldenrod gall moth_. Eggs were laid within the stem causing an -irritation which stimulated plant cell production. A cozy home formed -for the larvae. Before they developed into the flies, they ate their way -out--look for the small holes in the old galls. - - [Illustration: cross-section of Gall] - - -4 - -The farm equipment here was used on the farm of C.C. Burton. The plow -and rake were both horsedrawn. The plow broke the soil for planting, and -the rake gathered hay for stacking. These implements are reminders of -our heritage. - -Farm life in America was hard, the tools were basic. From the simplicity -of an agricultural existence close to the land, America has grown into a -complex, technological country. But, our dependence on the earth is -still as vital. - - -5 - -This is the foundation and remains of the barn owned by Mr. Burton in -the 1800's and the Lashaway family in the early 1900's. - -During the 1800's, the barn held 15 milk cows. The family that worked -the farm raised 500 turkeys, 200 sheep, pigs, horses and chickens. The -farm was relatively self-sufficient. The work was done with teams of -horses or by hand. Ice was cut from Lake Champlain each winter and was -stored in an icehouse. Cow stanchions mark where cows were once milked. -Butter was churned here. Many sheep were probably shorn of their coats -right where you stand. - -All farm produce was taken to a St. Albans market either across the reef -or drawn across the ice in the winter. - - [Illustration: (cow stanchion)] - -Traces of the farm are quickly vanishing beneath the flourish of -thickets and sumac. - - -6 - -The family managing the farm lived in the house above the foundations. -The children went to school in St. Albans and travelled by boat or over -ice almost every day. In the spring, when the ice was too thin to walk -on but too thick for boats, it was necessary for children to board with -friends on the mainland. - -In 1928, Ida Lashaway and her family continued to work the farm. Through -their efforts, some of the finest hay in the state was cultivated here. - -Mr. and Mrs. Randall Dimon purchased the farm in 1944. Farming -operations were discontinued. However, the Dimons continued to maintain -some fields and raised yellow-eyed beans and hay. Several local -residents of St. Albans pastured heifers as well as other livestock on -the island. - - [Illustration: (raking hay)] - -In 1961, the State of Vermont purchased the island, and the Department -of Forests and Parks began operating it as a State Park. - - -7 - -This maple tree was blown down by high winds last summer. Heavy storms -come quickly here, and trees and plants living near the shore must be -especially hardy to withstand the effects of wind, water and ice. The -erosive actions of these forces cause the shore to be battered and worn -like a seacoast. - -The downed maple will continue living as long as part of its root -structure can supply the tree with water and nutrients and as long as -its leaves can embrace the rays of the sun. In years to come, the -branches may eventually become trunks themselves, growing upward and -thickening into individual trees with one massive base. - - -8 - -In fields, grasses and small brush soon yield to shrubs and small trees -such as sumac and hawthorne. These plants are the start of the forest -and begin to limit the light striking the earth. Plants such as -goldenrod and raspberry depend on light for their survival. Unable to -obtain it, they are suppressed. - - [Illustration: (sumac and hawthorne)] - -Hawthorne were rare trees in the virgin forests of America, but with the -clearing of forests, they became common. Today they are found in fields, -along fence rows and in small clusters, for they are fond of the sun. -The dense, thorny branches create a crown which is almost impregnable. -The trees provide excellent nesting sites for many kinds of songbirds -due to the excellent protection the trees give their occupants. - - [Illustration: Blackburnian Warbler] - - orange head - - -9 - -This dead, old hawthorne has served as a home for many animals. Over a -period of years, the tree has rotted and has been occupied by fungi, -carpenter ants and beetles. This drew hungry woodpeckers which have -tapped holes in the tree in search of food. Gradually, the tree has been -hollowed out. Birds and chipmunks probably have used the tree for hiding -or nesting. - - [Illustration: white-breasted nuthatch] - - -10 - -When we stepped out of the shady cluster of shrubby trees into this -clearing, did you notice the drastic change in the kind of vegetation? -Raspberry brambles crowd each other for sunlight. Where there is no -canopy to limit sunlight, a brushy habitat abounds. You may see some -special wildlife here--bird, rabbit and fox. - - [Illustration: cottontail] - - -11 - -We are now standing under a canopy of white cedar and poplar. The young -saplings growing on this forest floor are maples and hickories. These -young hardwoods enjoy living in the shade. Their need for sunlight is -not great. Eventually, these saplings will outgrow the aspen and cedars. -When that day comes, a forest of maples and hickories will restrict -sunlight from penetration. The cedars and aspen will die. - - -12 - -These beautiful sugar maples have large crowns which shade an extensive -area. Plants needing sunlight cannot grow beneath the large trees. The -skeletons of dead cedars demonstrate that species' inability to get -sunlight and compete with the maples. In this habitat, raccoons, -nuthatches, squirrels and bluejays are commonly found. - - [Illustration: (bluejay)] - - -13 - -This maple tree was tapped for its sap many years ago. Can you see the -tap holes? These holes have been partially grown over and have healed. - - [Illustration: (tapping maple tree for sap)] - - -14 - -This ancient shagbark hickory has actually grown around the rusted -barbed wire left from the old farm. Cows from Mr. Burton's farm probably -lingered beneath the tree to find relief from the hot sun. This tree is -over 150 years old. - -Hickory wood is particularly strong, heavy and flexible and was used for -manufacturing agricultural tools--most commonly axe handles, and spokes -and rims for wagon wheels. - - [Illustration: Shagbark Hickory] - - -15 - -At this point, you have the opportunity of continuing either upon the -remainder of the interpretive nature trail or upon the scenic hiking -trail. The shorter interpretive loop turns to the right and contains -stations 16 through 19 which may be followed on the next several pages. - -Should you decide upon the scenic hiking trail, follow the trail markers -to your left. This trail runs to the end of the island and along some -beautiful vistas of Lake Champlain. Turning to page 14, you will find a -brief guide which we hope will bring to your attention many of the -interesting features along this path. - - -16 - -This is one of the highest points on the island. Look around you. We -have seen the changes from field to bramble patches, from shrubby -clusters to large trees making up a forest habitat. This is natural -succession, the change from field to forest. With this change of plants -comes the change of animals, for animals and plants depend on each other -and form a natural community. - -The serenade of piping birds, the rhythmic waves of Champlain, the -whispering trees--these sounds cannot help but deepen our appreciation -and enjoyment of the forest. Close your eyes and listen peacefully. - - [Illustration: (succession of fauna)] - - 1--annuals, perennials - 2--shrubs, trees - 3--climax forest - - -17 - -The area before you is moist and marshy. As you can see, plants growing -here differ a great deal from those in dryer, hillier regions of the -island. Sweet Flag (leaves like Cattails) is a dominant plant here. - - -18 - -This pathlike gully was once a drainage ditch leading to the marshy -meadow. Foxes have been using them as passageways when navigating -through the brush in search of food. - -Red fox prefer to live on the edges of fields or in open country. Meadow -mice are probably the number one food item of the fox. Young foxes -consume large numbers of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. They eat -all types of berries, melons and corn. - - [Illustration: (red fox)] - - -19 - -A shrub or small tree from 5 to 20 feet, the staghorn sumac is a -prevalent and important plant on Burton Island. - -The sumac provides a source of shelter and food for many animals here. -The staghorn sumac's umbrella-like canopy furnishes shade to birds in -the hot days of summer. It serves as a refuge during rain storms. Birds -can easily disappear in the maze of leaves and branches in time of -danger. The pink berry-like clusters of blossoms offer food for birds. -Later, the fruits become dry and they may persist for a year or so -providing an emergency food for squirrels and birds. The deer and -cottontail rabbit find the twigs and bark a most acceptable meal during -the winter. In former years, the sumac was often used for tanning fine -leathers and as a dye because of high content of tannic acid. - - [Illustration: Staghorn Sumac] - - - - - Hiking Trail - - -Unlike the shorter interpretive trail, this scenic hiking trail has been -left relatively undisturbed by human influence. Most of us have so few -opportunities to behold nature without the contrivances of a busy -civilization that here we have attempted to minimize signs, rails and -other artificial hiking aides. Therefore, the following pages are -included as a brief guide for this trail. - -Walking through this field, you may see a yellow canary-like bird called -the yellow warbler. The male warbler is brilliantly marked ... its -yellow body with striped red breast is like a flash of sunlight as the -bird darts in and out of the greenery. - - [Illustration: yellow warbler] - -There are over one hundred different kinds of warblers in the United -States and they are all four to six inches long. Because of their great -variety and the brilliance of their coloring, they have been called the -"butterflies of the bird world." - -By now, you have probably seen the red-winged blackbirds. These birds -are found commonly on Burton Island. Red-wings love marshes and wet -fields. They make their nest close to the ground where it is hidden by -reeds, grasses and shrubs. The birds will sit on branches of small trees -and watch intently as you walk by. The red-wings call out many -interesting sounds, from a raspy "oka-fleek, oka-fleek" to a warning -"chuk, chuk." The black birds, with their fiery shoulders, let us know -that we are trespassing on their territory. - - [Illustration: (red-winged blackbird)] - -As you enter the forest of young elms, you will notice how the -atmosphere changes. Light is dim. The importance of sunlight is obvious, -for no plants are to be found growing on the forest floor. - -Sixty yards beyond the entrance to the elm forest, a circular growth of -young plants reach for sunlight. An opening in the forest canopy allows -these plants to live. The area of direct sunlight is shown by the size -and shape of the growing vegetation. These openings provide food for -browsing animals such as deer. - - [Illustration: (deer)] - -Look upon the shady, almost plantless floor, you may see mushrooms and -indian pipes popping up through the dead leaves. Unlike green plants -which need sunlight to manufacture their own food, these saprophytes -obtain food from the dead plants they grow on. Some mushrooms grow upon -fallen logs and branches. Some grow in the soil using the dead plant -matter there for food. Indian pipes are one of the few flowering plants -that are saprophytes. - - [Illustration: _Indian Pipes_ and _mushrooms_] - -As you continue along the trail, keep your eyes open for vines which -have wrapped themselves around tall trees to reach the sun. This -adaptation allows a green plant to be rooted in the darkness of the -forest, but to grow in the sunny upper reaches of the forest canopy. -This vine is called bittersweet (nightshade). - - [Illustration: Bittersweet (Nightshade)] - -A stone fence runs across the trail. This old fence once restricted the -range of sheep on the island. Blood, sweat, tears and long hours must -have gone into piling these stones, for the fence runs across the entire -island. - - [Illustration: (building a stone fence)] - -An old, dead tree stands by the wall. This tree is important for it -offers shelter to thousands of insects and provides a source of food for -hungry birds. - -The shelf fungi growing on the tree extract nutrients from the decaying -wood. - -As you walk along the lakeshore, look at some of the larger trees -growing there. Two common trees you will see are basswood and red oak. - - [Illustration: Basswood] - - [Illustration: Red Oak] - -The American Basswood grows 70-80 feet in height and 2-3 feet in -diameter. In addition to the valuable timber which it produces, the -basswood is highly prized in certain localities for its honey. The -Iroquois Indians made rope from the bark by soaking it in water for -several weeks or months to allow the nonfibrous portions to rot. Then it -was twisted into desired cords. - -The northern red oak is one of the largest oaks, occasionally 125 feet -high. Its close-grained, reddish-brown wood is regarded as one of the -most important of the red oak family. - - -As you hike you will see blown down trees. These rotting trees show us -that nature wastes nothing. Fungi, bacteria, insects and weather are -helping to decay these blowdowns. The resulting humus is a natural soil -fertilizer readily available to growing plants. - -During the last ice age, a huge body of water called Lake Vermont spread -from the Green Mountains to the Adirondacks and from Canada to Rutland, -Vermont. Mud and stones from the lake have been compressed for thousands -of years since, forming great rock beds. Along the shoreline of Burton -Island, sheets of rock and flat stones are numerous. Once the shore and -bottom of Lake Vermont, these huge beds of shale and sandstone are now -eroding. - -On the southern tip of Burton Island, old and gnarled cedar trees reach -out. The roots of these trees hold firm against the erosive action of -wind, rain and ice. - - [Illustration: Landscape] - -Looking out toward the horizon, the expansive views bring the ocean to -mind. Ball Island stands out in front of the jagged peaks of the -Adirondacks and the flats of Sandbar. Do you know the islands around -you? - - [Illustration: KEY MAP] - -We at Burton Island State Park hope you have enjoyed this short hike. To -return to the start, you can follow the park road or follow the hiking -trail back. - - * * * * * * * * - -This trail is part of the Vermont State Parks' Nature Interpretation -Program. The program is intended to spark awareness, concern and an -appreciation for the works of nature. All life is unified through the -cycles and interrelationships of nature. People have the responsibility -to act in a life-supporting manner toward their environment. Hopefully, -through understanding, people will strive to respect and protect the -delicate balances which make the earth our healthy home. - - * * * * * * * - - STATE OF VERMONT - Agency of Environmental Conservation - Department of Forests and Parks - - July 1975 - - - - - -NOTES- - - - [Illustration: (view across the lake)] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Burton Island State Park: Guide to the -Interpretive Nature Trail and Hiking Trail, by Stephen Antil - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURTON ISLAND STATE PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 60709.txt or 60709.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/0/60709/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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