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diff --git a/old/60156-0.txt b/old/60156-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23bee20..0000000 --- a/old/60156-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22216 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Dictionary of Battles - -Author: Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -Release Date: August 23, 2019 [EBook #60156] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note: - -This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. -Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. Bold text is -delimited with the ‘=’ character. - -The text was printed in two columns, which have not been preserved here. -The printer, when setting a reference from one topic to another, -sometimes gave the reference on a separate line, but often on a single -line. To preserve the regular structure of the entries, the former has -been adopted. - -In the Preface, the editor informs us that Mr. Harbottle died before he -could do the final editorial work (correcting the proofs and preparing -the Index.) In light of that apology, we have taken pains to correct the -many minor errors which are reasonably attributable to the printer. -Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details. - - - - - - - - - DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - - SONNENSCHEIN’S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS - - 1. ENGLISH (_Third Edition_) P. H. Dalbiac. - - 2. CLASSICAL (_Second Edition_) T. B. Harbottle. - - 3. FRENCH AND ITALIAN (_Second Edition_) { T. B. Harbottle. - { P. H. Dalbiac. - - 4. GERMAN Lilian Dalbiac. - - 5. SPANISH T. B. Harbottle. - - 6. WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID ABOUT GREAT MEN W. Wale. - - 7. CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH] QUOTATIONS H. Swan. - - 8. FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS E. Latham. - - 9. DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS T. B. Harbottle. - - 10. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES T. B. Harbottle. - - - - - DICTIONARY OF - BATTLES - - From the Earliest Date to the Present Time - - - By - THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE - - AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (CLASSICAL); "DICTIONARY OF - HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (FRENCH - AND ITALIAN) - - -[Illustration] - - - LONDON - SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. - HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY, W.C. - 1904 - - - - - PREFACE - - -The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was going to press, -has thrown upon me the onus of correcting the proofs and preparing the -Index. The necessity for hurrying the work through the press has -precluded comparison of the references in every instance with the -original sources from which the Author had taken them; if therefore some -few printer’s errors or varieties of spelling may still remain, they -may, I hope, be attributed to the imperfections of one, who had to step -suddenly into the breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and -collaborator, whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and -accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal. - - _October, 1904._ P. H. DALBIAC. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - - - - - A - - - Abensberg (Campaign of Wagram.) - -Fought April 20, 1809, between the French and Bavarians under Napoleon, -about 90,000 strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 in number, under the -Archduke Charles. On the French left, Lanne’s corps drove back the -Austrians, after a feeble resistance. In the centre the Bavarians were -hard pressed, but eventually Napoleon succeeded in turning the Austrian -flank, left exposed by the defeat of their right, and Charles was forced -to retreat. The Austrians lost 7,000, the French and Bavarians about -3,000 killed and wounded. - - - Aberdeen (Civil War). - -Fought September 13, 1644, between the Covenanters, 3,000 strong, under -Lord Burleigh, and the Royalists, about 1,500 strong, under Montrose. -The Covenanters were put to flight, and no quarter being given, they -lost heavily before reaching Aberdeen. The Royalist losses were -insignificant. - - - Aboukir (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought July 5, 1799, Napoleon attacking the position held by Mustapha -Pasha, who had recently landed in Egypt at the head of 18,000 Turks. The -French were completely successful, two-thirds of the Turkish troops -being killed or driven into the sea, while 6,000, with the Pasha, -surrendered. - - - Aboukir (British Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 8, 1801, when 5,000 British under Sir Ralph Abercromby -disembarked on the beach at Aboukir, in the face of a force of 2,000 -French under General Friant. The landing was effected under a heavy -musketry and artillery fire, which cost the assailants 1,100 killed and -wounded, and the French were driven from their positions with a loss of -500 men. - - - Aboukir. - -_See_ Nile. - - - Abu Hamed (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought August 7, 1897, when the Dervish entrenchments outside Abu Hamed -were stormed by a Soudanese Brigade, with 2 guns Royal Artillery, under -Major-General Hunter. The Mahdist garrison was driven through the town, -losing heavily, and their commander, Mohammed Zain, captured. The -Egyptian loss was 80 killed and wounded, including 4 British officers. - - - Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought January 17, 1885, between a British force, 1,500 strong, under -Sir Herbert Stewart, and 12,000 Mahdists, of whom about 5,000 actually -attacked. The British square was broken at one corner, owing to the -jamming of a Gardner gun, and the Mahdists forcing their way inside, a -desperate hand-to-hand conflict followed. Eventually the assailants were -driven off, and the square reformed. The British loss was 18 officers, -among them Colonel Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. In the immediate vicinity -of the square, 1,100 Arab dead were counted. - - - Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought January 19, 1885, between 1,200 British troops under Sir Herbert -Stewart, and a large force of Mahdists. The Mahdists attacked a short -distance from the Nile, and the British square moved towards the river, -repelling all assaults successfully till they reached the Nile. The -British losses were 121, including Sir Herbert Stewart, mortally -wounded. This action is also known as the battle of Gubat. - - - Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought August 9, 1855, between the Mexican Government troops under Santa -Anna, and the Liberals under Juarez. Santa Anna was totally routed and -fled from the country. - - - Accra (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1824, between 10,000 Ashantis and a force of 1,000 British under -Sir Charles McCarthy. The British were surrounded and routed by the -natives, McCarthy being killed. - - - Accra (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1825, between 15,000 Ashantis and 400 British troops, with 4,600 -native auxiliaries. The Ashantis were completely defeated, and the king -compelled to abandon his designs on Cape Coast Castle. - - - Acragas (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This fortress was besieged B.C. 406 by the Carthaginians under Hannibal, -the garrison being commanded by Dexippus the Spartan. Early in the siege -a pestilence in the Carthaginian camp carried off Hannibal, who was -succeeded by his cousin, Himilco. A relieving army of 35,000 Syracusans, -under Daphnæus fought a pitched battle with the Carthaginians under the -walls of the city, and succeeded in seizing and holding one of their -camps, but shortly afterwards dissensions broke out in the garrison, and -many of the foreign mercenaries deserting, the citizens, after a siege -of eight months, left the place _en masse_. The Carthaginians at once -occupied the fortress. - - - Acre (Third Crusade). - -Siege was laid to this city by the Christians in August, 1189, and it -was obstinately defended by the Saracens for two years, during which the -Crusaders are said to have lost 120,000 men. In June, 1191, the -besiegers were reinforced by an English army under Richard Cœur de -Lion, and in the following month the garrison surrendered. - - - Acre. - -The city remained in the hands of the Christians till 1291, when it was -captured by the Moslems under Malek al Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The -last stronghold in the Holy Land thus passed out of the keeping of the -Christians. - - - Acre (French Invasion of Egypt). - -The city was besieged March 17, 1799, by the French under Napoleon, and -defended by the Turks under Djezzar, and a small force of British seamen -under Sir Sidney Smith. An assault on the 28th was repulsed with loss, -and then a threatened attack by a Syrian army forced Napoleon to -withdraw a large portion of his troops. On the resumption of the siege, -no less than seven more assaults were delivered, while the French had to -meet eleven sallies of the besieged, but they were unable to effect a -lodgment, and on May 21 Napoleon reluctantly raised the siege. The fall -of Acre would have placed the whole of Syria, and possibly of the -Turkish Empire, in the hands of the French. - - - Acre (Mehemet Ali’s Second Rebellion). - -Mehemet Ali having refused to accept the conditions imposed upon him by -the Quadrilateral Alliance, Acre was bombarded, November 3, 1840, by a -combined British and Turkish fleet under Sir R. Stopford, and the town -laid in ruins. - - - Acs (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought July 2, 1849, between 25,000 Hungarians, under Görgey, and the -Russo-Austrian army, greatly superior in numbers, under Prince -Windischgrätz. The allies attacked the entrenched camp of the -Hungarians, outside Komorn, while the Hungarians made an attempt to turn -the allied left. Both attacks were repulsed, and the battle was -undecided. - - - Actium (Mark Antony’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought September 2, B.C. 31, between the fleet of Antony, 460 galleys, -and that of Octavius, about 250 sail, but much lighter and less well -manned than those of Antony. The battle was fiercely contested, with -varying fortune; but at a critical moment Cleopatra ordered the Egyptian -admiral to make sail, and with 60 galleys withdrew from the fight. She -was followed by Antony, and his fleet, discouraged by his flight, -surrendered after ten hours’ fighting. The Octavians captured 300 -galleys, and 5,000 Antonians fell in the action. A few days later -Antony’s land army of 120,000 men laid down their arms. - - - Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican War). - -Fought April 28, 1862, between the French, 7,500 strong, under General -Lorencez, and the main Mexican army, about 10,000 in number, under -General Zaragoça. The Mexicans held a strong position in the Cumbres -Pass, from which they were driven by the French, and forced to retire -upon La Puebla. - - - Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal Wars). - -Fought B.C. 61 between the Sequani under Ariovistus, and the Hædui under -Eporedorix. The Hædui were defeated, with the loss of the flower of -their chivalry, and were compelled to give hostages and pay tribute to -Ariovistus. - - - Adnatuca (Gallic Wars). - -Fought B.C. 53, when a Roman force of 9,000 men under Titurius Sabinus -was attacked in its camps by the Eburones under Ambiorix. The assault -failed, but an offer by Ambiorix of a safe passage to the nearest Roman -station was accepted. On the march the Romans were treacherously -attacked by the Eburones and cut to pieces, Sabinius being among the -slain. - - - Adowa (Italian Invasion of Abyssinia). - -Fought March 1, 1896, when the Italian force under General Baratieri -attacked the Shoan army, strongly posted in a difficult country, and was -routed with enormous loss. - - - Adrianople (Bulgarian Rising). - -Fought April 15, 1205, between the Imperial troops under the Latin -Emperor, Baldwin I, and the revolted Bulgarians under their chief, -Calo-John. The Bulgarian cavalry fled, and lured the Latin horse in -pursuit. Then turning upon them, they routed them with the loss of their -leader, the Comte de Blois, and in the end the Imperialists were -completely defeated and the Emperor captured. - - - Adwalton Moor (Civil War). - -Fought January 30, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, numbering 4,000, -with a levy of armed peasants, were defeated by 10,000 Royalists under -Newcastle. Fairfax, who commanded the Parliament force, succeeded in -reaching Hull. The battle is also known as that of Atherton Moor. - -Ægina (Third Messenian War). - -Fought B.C. 458, between the Athenian fleet, and that of Ægina, aided by -the Peloponnesian States. The Athenians were victorious, capturing 70 -ships, and landing they invested Ægina, which fell into their hands -after a siege of a little less than two years. - -Ægospotami (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 405, between 180 Athenian triremes, under Conon, and 180 -Peloponnesian ships under Lysander. The Athenian fleet was lying at -Ægospotami, opposite Lampsacus, where Lysander was stationed. For four -days in succession the Athenian admiral crossed the straits, and -endeavoured, but in vain, to bring on a general action. On the fifth day -Lysander waited till the Athenians had returned to their anchorage, and -then, making a sudden dash across the straits, caught them unprepared, -and seized all but twenty ships, putting to death all the Athenians who -were captured. This disaster destroyed the naval power of Athens, and -was soon followed by the end of the Peloponnesian War. - -Ægusa (First Punic War). - -Fought March 10, B.C. 241, between the Roman fleet of 200 quinqueremes -under C. Lutatius Catulus, and a Carthaginian fleet under Hanno -despatched to relieve the town. The action was fought in heavy weather, -and the Roman sailors, being far better trained than their opponents, -Catulus gained a signal victory, capturing 70 and sinking 50 of the -enemy’s ships. The victory ended the First Punic War. - - - Agedincum (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 52, between the Romans under Labienus, and the Celts under -Camalogenus. Labienus was endeavouring to effect a junction with Caesar, -which the Celts were opposing, and Labienus, crossing the Marne in face -of their army, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, in which Camalogenus -fell. - - - Aghrim (Wars of the Revolution). - -Fought July 12, 1691, between William III’s troops, under Ginkel, and -the French and Irish under St. Ruth. The English struggled in vain to -carry St. Ruth’s entrenchments, which were protected by a bog, but his -flank was at last turned by the cavalry, which found a passage through -the morass, and St. Ruth was killed. The Irish then broke and fled, and -are said to have lost between 6,000 and 7,000 in the pursuit. - - - Agincourt (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought October 25, 1415, between the French, numbering 50,000, under the -Constable d’Albret, and about 15,000 English, mostly archers, under -Henry V. The archers protected their front with a palisade of stakes, -which broke the charge of the French men-at-arms, and the French army -was routed with a loss of 10,000 slain, including the Constable and the -Dukes of Alençon, Brabant and Bar, and 15,000 prisoners, including the -Duke of Orleans and Marshal Boucicaut. The English lost only 1,600, -among whom were the Duke of York and the Earl of Oxford. - - - Agnadello (War of the League of Cambrai). - -Fought May 14, 1509, between 30,000 French under Louis XII and Marshal -Trioulzio, and 35,000 Venetians under General Alviani. The Venetians -were defeated with a loss of 6,000 men and 20 guns, Alviani being taken, -and in consequence of his victory, Louis XII occupied all the territory -assigned to him by the League, up to the Mincio. - - - Agordat (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought December 21, 1893, between 2,200 Italians, and native troops, -under General Arimondi, and 11,500 Mahdists under Ahmed Ali, who had -invaded Italian territory. The Mahdists were routed with a loss of about -3,000 men. The Italians lost 13, and 225 natives killed and wounded. - - - Agra (Farokshin’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1713, between the Great Mogul, Jehandar Shah, with 70,000 troops, -under Zulfikar Khan, and the rebel Moguls under Jehandar’s nephew, -Farokshin. After a stubborn fight, the rebels overpowered the Imperial -troops, and Jehandar Shah was captured and put to death by Farokshin, -who ascended the throne. - - - Agra (Second Mahratta War). - -The fortress was besieged October 4, 1803, by the British under General -Lake, and was defended by a garrison of Sindhia’s troops, 6,000 strong, -who held the citadel, while seven additional battalions were encamped in -the town. The latter force was attacked on the 10th and routed, losing -26 guns, while the survivors, 2,600 in number, surrendered on the -following day. On the 17th the batteries opened fire on the citadel, and -on the 18th the garrison surrendered. - - - Agra (Indian Mutiny). - -On August 2, 1857, the British garrison holding Agra sallied out to -attack a body of 10,000 rebels encamped within four miles of the city. -The Kotah contingent, which formed a portion of the British force, -deserted to the mutineers, and the British troops, hard pressed and -short of ammunition, were driven back into Agra, and forced to take -refuge in the fort. In October of the same year Colonel Greathed’s -column of four battalions and two cavalry regiments encountered close to -Agra a force of 7,000 mutineers. The rebels at first held their own, but -were eventually put to flight, and pursued with great slaughter for ten -miles. - - - Ahmedabad (First Mahratta War). - -This strong fortress, garrisoned by 8,000 Arabs and Scinde Infantry, and -2,000 Mahrattas, was taken by assault, after a short bombardment, by a -British force under General Goddard, February 15, 1780. The British lost -106 killed and wounded, including 12 officers. - - - Ahmed Khel (Second Afghan War). - -Fought 1880, when a British force under General Stewart on the march to -Ghuzni was attacked by about 15,000 Ghilzais. A rush of 3,000 Ghazis was -successfully repulsed, and the enemy defeated and driven off, leaving -1,000 dead on the field. The British lost 17 only. - - - Ahmednugger (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This place was besieged in 1599 by the Moguls under Mirza Khan, one of -Akbar’s generals, and defended by a garrison of Deccanis under Chand -Bibi, ex-Queen of Bijapur. A practicable breach having been effected, -the garrison was disposed to surrender, but Chand Bibi, heading the -defenders, superintended the repair of the breach, and succeeding in -holding out until a peace was signed by which the Great Mogul agreed to -leave Ahmednugger unmolested. - - - Aiguillon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged by the French under John, Duke of Normandy, -in May, 1347, and was defended by a small English garrison under Sir -Walter Manny, who held out bravely till the end of August, repelling -numerous assaults. The defeat of Cressy then forced the Duke of Normandy -to lead his army northward, and he was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Aix, Ile d’ (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought March 4, 1758, when a British squadron of seven sail, under Sir -Edward Hawke, attacked a French squadron of five ships of the line and -six frigates, convoying forty transports, and drove them ashore on the -Ile d’Aix. This delayed the French expedition to North America, and -facilitated the capture of Cape Breton. - - - Aix-la-Chapelle (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 3, 1795, between the French under Miranda and the Austrians -under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The French were totally defeated, and -fled in disorder, with a loss of 3,500 killed and wounded and 1,500 -prisoners. - - - Aiznadin (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought July 13, 633, between 45,000 Moslems under Khaled and 70,000 -Imperial troops under Werdan. The Imperialists were routed with great -slaughter, leaving Khaled to prosecute the siege of Damascus. The -Moslems only admit a loss of 470. - - - Aladja Dagh (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought 1877, between the Russians under General Loris Melikoff, and the -Turks under Mukhtar Pasha. The Russians were victorious, and Mukhtar was -compelled to take refuge under the walls of Erzeroum. - - - Alamo, Storming of the (Texan Rising). - -On February 22, 1836, General Santa Anna, with the advance guard of the -Mexican army, appeared before the walls of the Alamo, a fortified -mission station held by 145 Texans under Colonel Travis, who replied to -a summons to surrender by a cannon shot. On March 1 the garrison was -reinforced by 30 men, Santa Anna’s force at this date being 4,000. On -the 6th 2,500 Mexicans assaulted the fort, and at the third attempt -effected an entrance. The building was defended room by room, the church -within the enclosure being the last building captured, when all the -survivors were put to the sword. The victory cost the Mexicans 400 -killed and many wounded. “Remember the Alamo” became the watchword of -the Texans. - - - Aland (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July, 1714, between the Russian fleet of 30 ships of the line and -180 galleys under Admiral Apraxine, and the Swedish, about one-third of -that strength, under Admiral Erinschild. The Swedes sought to prevent -the landing of a Russian force on the island of Aland, and fought an -unequal combat for three hours, when they were overpowered and forced to -retire. The Czar, Peter the Great, who was serving under Apraxine as -Rear-Admiral, captured Erinschild’s flagship. - - - Alarcos (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 19, 1195, between the Moors under Yakub el Maasur, and the -Spaniards under Alfonso VIII of Castile. The Spaniards were utterly -routed, and very few escaped to Calatrava. The Moors claimed to have -taken 30,000 prisoners. - - - Albuera (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 16, 1811, between the allied British, Portuguese and Spanish -forces, numbering 46,000, of whom 7,000 only were British infantry, the -whole army being under the command of Marshal Beresford, and 33,000 -French under Marshal Soult. The French attacked Beresford’s position, -and the Spaniards offering but a poor resistance, defeat was only -averted by the extraordinary valour of the British troops, especially of -the Fusilier Brigade, which came into action when the day seemed lost, -and drove the French from the field. Of the 7,000 British, but 1,800 -were left standing. The French lost over 8,000, including five generals. - - - Alcantara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1706, when a force of British and Portuguese under Lord Galway -attacked and drove out of Alcantara the garrison, consisting of a -portion of Marshal Berwick’s army. Ten French battalions laid down their -arms, and 60 guns were captured. - - - Aleppo (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This place was besieged by the Moslems under Abu Obeidah and Khaled in -638, and the city almost immediately surrendered, but the garrison -retired to the citadel, where under Youkinna it maintained a stubborn -defence for five months, and caused heavy loss to the besiegers. At last -the citadel was taken by surprise, and Youkinna became a convert to -Mohammedanism. This was the last serious resistance offered in Syria to -the invading Moslems. - - - Aleppo (Tartar Invasion of Syria). - -Fought November 11, 1400, between the Tartars under Tamerlane, and the -Turks under the Syrian Emirs. Instead of standing a siege, the Emirs -sallied out to meet Tamerlane in the open field, and suffered a -disastrous defeat. They were driven back into Aleppo with the loss of -many thousands, and a few days later the Tartars sacked the city and -captured the citadel. - - - Aleppo (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1516, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under -the Mameluke Sultan, Tooman Beg. After a sanguinary engagement, the -Egyptians were utterly routed, and Selim added the whole of Syria to the -Ottoman dominions. - - - Alesia (Gallic War). - -Siege was laid to the town by the Romans under Cæsar, B.C. 52, and it -was defended by the Gauls, numbering 80,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry -under Vercingetorix, the Romans being about 50,000 strong. An attempt -was made by the Belgi, with an army of 260,000 warriors, to relieve the -town, but they were met and routed by Labienus with terrific slaughter. -This disaster so discouraged the garrison that the town immediately -surrendered, Vercingetorix being sent a prisoner to Rome, where five -years later he was beheaded as a rebellious subject of Rome. - - - Alessandria (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 18, 1799, between the French, 14,000 strong under Moreau, -and the Imperialists under Bellegarde. The French gained a signal -victory, the loss of the Imperialists being 1,500 men and 5 guns. - - - Alexandria (Moslem Invasion of Egypt). - -This city, the capital of Egypt, was besieged by the Moslems, under -Amrou, in 638, and after a defence of fourteen months, in the course of -which the besiegers lost 23,000 men, surrendered, leaving the victors -undisputed masters of Egypt. - - - Alexandria (British Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 21, 1801, between the French under General Menou, and the -British expeditionary force under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The French -cavalry charged the British right, but were repulsed, and after hard -fighting the French were defeated and driven under the walls of -Alexandria. Among those who fell was Sir Ralph Abercromby, mortally -wounded. - - - Alexandria (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Arabi Pasha having refused to cease work upon the forts of Alexandria, -the Admiral, Sir Beauchamp Seymour, who had under his command a fleet of -8 battleships and 5 gunboats, decided to shell them. He opened fire on -the morning of July 11, 1882, and the bombardment continued till the -evening of the 12th, when the forts were totally destroyed, and the -garrison abandoned the city. The gunboat _Condor_, under Lord Charles -Beresford, particularly distinguished herself, running close in under -the forts, and doing considerable damage. - - - Alford (Civil War). - -Fought July 2, 1645, between the Royalists under Montrose, and the -Covenanters under General Baillie. Baillie crossed the Don to attack -Montrose, whom he imagined to be in retreat, but who was really waiting -for him in a well-chosen position. The attack was repulsed, the -Covenanters being routed with heavy loss. - - - Algeciras Bay (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 8, 1801, between a British squadron of 7 ships of the line, -1 frigate and 1 brig, under Sir James Saumarez, and a French squadron of -3 line-of-battle ships and 1 frigate, under Admiral Linois. The French -were aided by the Spanish gunboats and the shore batteries, and Saumarez -lost the _Hannibal_, which ran ashore, and was captured by the French. -The British lost 121 killed and 240 wounded. The French lost 306 killed. -On July 12, the French squadron, which had been reinforced meanwhile by -5 Spanish ships of the line, was again attacked by Sir James Saumarez, -who succeeded in capturing the _St. Antoine_ and blowing up the -_Hermenegilda_. The British lost only 17 killed and 100 wounded; the -allies, 2,000, chiefly in the _Hermenegilda_. - - - Algheri. - -Fought 1353, between the Aragonese under Pedro IV (the Great) and the -Genoese. Pedro won a complete victory, driving the Genoese out of -Sardinia, the whole of which island became an appanage of the crown of -Aragon. - - - Algiers. - -This town was attacked July 8, 1775, by a Spanish force of 51 ships of -war and 26,000 men under Don Pedro de Castijon and Count O’Reilly. After -a severe conflict, the Spaniards failed to dislodge their opponents, and -retired, with a loss of over 3,000 killed and wounded. The Algerines -lost about 5,000. - - - Algiers, Bombardment of. - -In 1816 Lord Exmouth, in command of 19 British war ships, and -accompanied by 6 Dutch ships under Van Capellan, bombarded the forts of -Algiers, mounting 500 guns. The bombardment lasted for about eight -hours, and resulted in the destruction of the forts and a large part of -the city. The Dey then gave way, and agreed to the total abolition of -Christian slavery in his dominions. The loss of the allies amounted to -885 killed and wounded; that of the Algerines to over 6,000. - - - Alhama (War of Granada). - -This fortress, one of the ring of strong places protecting the Moorish -capital, Granada, was surprised by a small party of Spaniards, under -Juan de Ortiga, in the early morning of February 28, 1482. They scaled -the ramparts unperceived, and opened the gates to the Spanish army. The -garrison continued to defend the streets most obstinately, and it was -only after hard fighting that the Spaniards mastered the town. An -attempt was made to recapture the place by Abul Hasan, King of Granada, -who set down before it, with 50,000 Moors. March 5, 1482. The garrison, -under the Marquis of Cadiz, made a gallant defence, and on the 29th, -Abul Hasan, alarmed by the approach of a strong relieving army under -Ferdinand, raised the siege. - - - Alhandega (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 939, between the Moors under Abd al Rahman, and the Christians -under Ramiro II of Leon. The Moors, 100,000 strong, were besieging -Zamora, when they were attacked by Ramiro, who, aided by a sortie of the -garrison, utterly routed them. In the battle 20,000 Moors fell, and -40,000 are said to have been drowned in the moat surrounding the city. - - - Alicante (War of the Spanish Succession). - -On June 29, 1706, Alicante was taken by a British squadron of 5 ships -under Sir George Byng. The fleet attacked the city walls, while the -suburbs were occupied by a landing party of marines under Sir John -Jennings. The place was captured with a loss to the British of only 30 -killed and 80 wounded. - - - Aligurh (First Mahratta War). - -This fortress, the arsenal of Sindhia of Gwalior, was captured August -29, 1803, by the 76th Highlanders under Colonel Monson, forming part of -General Lake’s army. The place was strongly fortified and surrounded by -a ditch 100 feet wide, containing 10 feet of water. The Highlanders -carried the fortress by storm, blowing in the main gate, and fighting -their way from room to room till the place was captured. Two hundred and -eighty-one guns were taken. The British loss amounted to 223 killed and -wounded. - - - Aliwal (First Sikh War). - -Fought January 28, 1846, between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir -Harry Smith, and 20,000 Sikhs under Runjur Singh. The troops of the -Khalsa withstood three charges of the British cavalry with splendid -bravery, but at last broke and fled, losing many drowned in the Sutlej, -besides those left on the field. The British captured 67 guns. - - - Aljubarotta. - -Fought August, 1385, between the Castilians, under John I, in support of -the claim of Beatrix of Castile to the throne of Portugal, and the -Portuguese under the Regent John. The Portuguese inflicted a crushing -defeat upon the Spaniards, and John I was compelled to withdraw his -troops, and renounce his sister’s claim. - - - Alkmaar (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Siege was laid to this place August 21, 1573, by 16,000 Spaniards under -Don Frederico de Toledo. It was defended by a garrison of 800 soldiers -and 1,300 armed burghers. On September 18, an assault was delivered, -which was repulsed, with a loss to the besiegers of 1,000 men, while -only 37 of the garrison fell. The opening of the dykes at last rendered -the position of the Spaniards most precarious, and on October 8 the -siege was raised. - - - Alkmaar (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October 2, 1799, between 30,000 British and Russians under the -Duke of York, and the French, in about equal strength, under Brune. The -action began by the Russians driving in the French advanced posts. -Meanwhile the Duke of York had outflanked them, and as soon as he was in -position a simultaneous attack on the French left and centre forced -Brune to abandon the key of his position, Alkmaar, which was at once -occupied by the allies. - - - Allia, The (First Invasion of the Gauls). - -Fought July 16, 389 B.C., between the Romans, 40,000 strong, under -Quintus Sulpicius, and the Gauls, about equal in numbers, under Brennus. -The Romans took post on the Allia to check the advance of the Gauls on -Rome. Here they were attacked by Brennus, who routed the right wing, -where the younger soldiers were posted, and then broke the Roman centre -and left, putting them to flight with enormous loss. - - - Alma (Crimean War). - -Fought September 20, 1854, between the Russians, 40,000 strong, under -Prince Mentschikoff, and the allied British and French armies, 26,000 -strong, under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud. The bulk of the -fighting fell upon the British Second and Light Divisions and the -Guards, who carried the heights held by the Russians at the point of the -bayonet, and utterly routed them. The Russians lost 1,200 killed, and -left 4,700 prisoners, many of them wounded, in the hands of the allies. -The British loss amounted to 3,000 killed and wounded; that of the -French to 1,000. - - - Almanza (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought April 25, 1707, between the French under Marshal Berwick, and the -British and Portuguese under Lord Galway and the Marques das Minas. -Galway, though inferior in cavalry, attacked at first with success, but -the Portuguese on the right broke and fled, and the British centre, -attacked in front and flank simultaneously, was routed and forced to -surrender. As a consequence of this defeat, the whole of Spain was lost -to Charles with the exception of Catalonia. - - - Almenara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 10, 1710, when the British contingent of the Archduke -Charles’ army, under General Stanhope, attacked and defeated the -Spaniards under Philip V, after severe fighting. So complete was the -rout that Philip’s army was only saved by the fall of night from -complete destruction. - - - Almorah (Gurkha War). - -Fought April 25, 1815, when 2,000 British regulars under Colonel Nicolls -and a force of irregular troops under Colonel Gardiner assaulted and -captured the heights of the town of Almorah. The result of this victory -was the surrender of the province of Kumaon and all its fortresses. - - - Alne (Scottish Wars). - -Fought November 13, 1093, between the Scots under Malcolm Canmore and -the English. The Scots were totally defeated, and Malcolm and his eldest -son Edward slain in the battle. - - - Alresford (Civil War). - -Fought March 29, 1644, between the Royalists under the Earl of Brentford -and Sir Ralph Hopton, and the Parliamentarians under Sir William Waller. -The Parliament forces were victorious, but their losses were so severe -that Waller was unable to follow up his advantage, and the Royalists -made an orderly retreat. - - - Alsen (Schleswig-Holstein War). - -This island, in which the Danish garrison of Düppel had taken refuge, -was captured by the Prussians, who crossed from the mainland in boats on -the night of June 29, 1864, and under a heavy fire carried the Danish -entrenchments, and compelled them to surrender. This was the last -engagement of the war. - - - Altendorf (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 24, 1632, between Gustavus Adolphus, with 40,000 Swedes -and Germans, and the Imperialists, of about equal numbers, under -Wallenstein. Wallenstein was very strongly posted on the hill and in the -ruined castle of the Altenwald, and after a day spent in fruitless -assaults, the King was forced to retire, having lost about 2,300 in -killed and wounded. The defenders admitted a loss of 70 officers and -2,000 men killed, besides wounded and prisoners. - - - Alto Pascio (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1325, between the Ghibellines under Castruccio Castracane of -Lucca, and the Florentine Guelfs. The Florentines were defeated with -heavy loss, among the trophies taken by Castracane being the _carroccio_ -of Florence. - - - Amakusa (Revolt of the Christians). - -In 1638, the castle of Amakusa, held by 30,000 rebels under Masada -Shiro, was captured after very hard fighting by the troops of the -Shôgun, under Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The defenders set fire to the -castle, and perished to the last man, either in the flames or by the -sword. - - - Amalinde (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1818 between the Gaikas and the forces of Ndlambi, in which the -former were utterly routed. - - - Amatola Mountain (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1846, between the Kaffirs under Sandilli, and the British and -Cape troops under Colonels Campbell and Somerset. Sandilli was totally -defeated, but, rallying his forces, he made a successful attack on the -British baggage train, the loss of which forced them to retire. - - - Ambate (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1532, between the two Peruvian chiefs Atahualpa and Huascar, in -which the latter suffered a complete defeat. - - - Ambracian Gulf. - -Fought B.C. 435, when a Corinthian fleet of 75 ships attempted the -relief of Epidamnus, which was besieged by the Corcyreans, and was -defeated with heavy loss by 80 Corcyrean triremes. - - - Ambur. - -Fought 1749, between the army of Anwar-ud-din, Nawab of Arcot, 20,000 -strong, and the combined forces of Muzuffer Jung and Chunda Sahib, aided -by a French contingent under M. d’Auteil. Anwar-ud-din was defeated and -slain, and Muzuffer Jung assumed the title of Subahdar of the Deccan, -Chunda Sahib that of Nawab of Arcot. - - - Ambur. - -This strong fortress was held by a garrison of 500 Sepoys, under Captain -Calvert, and a detachment of Mysore troops under Mukhlis Khan. This man -had assumed the status of an independent chief, but being suspected of -intriguing with Hyder Ali, was arrested by Calvert. Hyder laid siege to -the place November 10, 1767; but Calvert, now secure from treachery -within, held out with his small garrison till December 6, when the -approach of a relieving force obliged Hyder to raise the siege. - - - Amida (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by a Roman garrison, was besieged, and after a -vigorous defence taken by storm by the Persians under Sapor II in 359. -The garrison and inhabitants were put to the sword. The siege, which -lasted 73 days, cost the Persians 30,000 men, and so weakened Sapor that -he was compelled to relinquish his designs upon the Eastern Empire. - -The fortress was again besieged by the Persians under Kobad in 503, -being defended as before by a Roman garrison. After a defence of three -months, which cost the besiegers 50,000 men, a weakly defended tower was -surprised at night, and on the following day the Persians, headed by -their King, scaled the walls, and massacred 80,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants. - - - Amiens (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 27, 1870, between the French under General Faure, and -the Germans under Manteuffel. The French were compelled to abandon the -city, but the Germans failed to secure a decisive victory. The French -lost 1,383 killed and wounded, and 1,000 missing; the Germans, 76 -officers and 1,216 men. - - - Amoaful (Second Ashanti War). - -Fought January 31, 1874, when the British expeditionary force under Sir -Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashantis after a desperate resistance, -which cost the assailants 16 officers and 174 men killed and wounded. -The 42nd Regiment, which led the attack, lost 9 officers and 105 men. - - - Amorium (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought 838, between the Moslems under the Caliph Motassem, and the -Greeks under Theophilus. Thirty thousand Persian horsemen, serving under -the Emperor, succeeded in breaking the Moslem line, but the Greeks -themselves were overthrown by the Moslems, and the day ended in a -complete rout of the Imperial army. Motassem then laid siege to Amorium, -and after a defence of 55 days, which cost the besiegers 70,000 men, the -gates were opened by treachery, and 30,000 Christians were massacred. - - - Amphipolis (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought March 422 B.C. between 1,500 Athenians, with a contingent of -allies under Cleon, and the Spartans, 2,000 hoplites, besides light -armed troops, under Brasidas. Cleon advanced to attack Amphipolis, but -finding the garrison preparing for a sortie, wheeled about and commenced -to retreat, He was at once assailed by Brasidas, and his left fled -without striking a blow. The Athenian right and centre offered some -resistance, but in the end were routed with heavy loss. Both Brasidas -and Cleon fell, the latter while fleeing from the field. - - - Amstetten (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 5, 1805, when the Russians retiring on Vienna fought a -rear-guard action against Murat’s cavalry and a portion of Lannes’ -corps, in which they were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed, wounded, -and prisoners. - - - Añaquito (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought January 8, 1546, between the troops of the Viceroy, Blasco Nuñez, -and those of Gonzalo Pizarro. Pizarro gained a signal victory, the -Viceroy being among the slain, and in consequence the Government of Peru -fell into Pizarro’s hands. - - - Ancona (Unification of Italy). - -This place was attacked, September, 1860, by the Piedmontese fleet of 13 -warships under Admiral Persano, and the army of General Cialdini. It was -defended by a small Papal garrison under La Moricière, and after a -resistance of over a week, at the end of which time Persano forced the -boom guarding the harbour, La Moricière capitulated. - - - Ancrum Moor (Scottish Wars). - -Fought February 17, 1545, between the English under Sir Ralph Evans, and -the Scots under the Earl of Angus. The Borderers who had joined the -English deserted during the action, with the result that the Scots were -completely victorious. - - - Ancyræ. - -Fought B.C. 242, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus, and the -rebels under his brother Hierax, aided by a large contingent of Gauls. -After a desperate struggle, in which Hierax nearly lost his life at the -hands of his barbarian auxiliaries, Seleucus was utterly routed. - - - Angora (Tartar Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought June 30, 1402, between the Tartars under Tamerlane, and the Turks -under Bajazet I. The numbers engaged are variously estimated at from one -to two millions, Tamerlane, it is said, having at least 800,000 men in -the field. The Turks were totally defeated, Bajazet and one of his sons -being captured, while another son was killed. - - - Angostura (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought February 21, 1847, between the Mexicans under Santa Anna and the -Americans under General Scott, when the Mexicans were totally defeated. - - - Angostura (Paraguayan War). - -Fought December 22 to 27, 1868, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, and -the allied armies of the Argentine Republic, Brazil, and Uruguay. Lopez -held his position for six days against the greatly superior forces of -the allies, but was then compelled to retire, leaving in the hands of -the enemy 1,000 prisoners and 6 guns. - - - Antietam (American Civil War). - -Fought September 17, 1862, between the main Confederate army under -General Lee, and the Federals under General M’Clellan. On the morning of -the 17th Lee had only 35,000 men on the ground against M’Clellan’s -95,000. The Federals strongly attacked Lee’s left, and after a stubborn -fight drove it back, but reinforcements arriving, Lee resumed the -offensive, and recovered his lost positions. On the following day -neither side was disposed to resume the struggle, and the battle was -therefore indecisive. The Federals lost 12,460 men; the Confederates -about 9,000. - - - Antioch. - -Fought B.C. 244, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus and the -Egyptians under Ptolemy Energetes. Seleucus was routed and compelled to -take refuge within the walls of Antioch. - - - Antioch (Aurelian’s Expedition to Palmyra). - -Fought B.C. 272, between the Palmyrenians under Zenobia, and the Romans -under the Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia’s heavy cavalry defeated and drove -from the field the Roman horse, but her infantry was unable to withstand -the charge of the legionaries, and she was totally defeated. - - - Antioch (First Crusade). - -The city was besieged, October 21, 1097, by the Crusaders under Godefroi -de Bouillon, and defended by a Saracen garrison under Baghasian. The -siege was unskilfully conducted, and provisions and munitions ran short -in the Christian camp, with the result that the place held out till June -3, 1098, when it was taken by stratagem. An indiscriminate massacre -followed, in which 10,000 of the defenders perished. On the 28th of the -same month the Crusading army was attacked outside Antioch a force of -Saracens under Kirboga. Kirboga concentrated his attack against one wing -of the Christians, and outflanked it, but was then assailed by the main -body, and driven off with heavy loss. - - - Antium (War of Chiozza). - -Fought May 30, 1378, when Vittorio Pisani, with 14 Venetian galleys, -defeated the Genoese fleet under Fieschi. The Genoese lost 6 ships, and -Fieschi was taken prisoner. - - - Antwerp (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was sacked by the Spaniards, November 4, 1576. It was defended -by 6,000 troops, mostly Walloons, who offered little resistance to the -5,600 Spaniards under Sancho d’Avila, who formed the attacking force. -Having effected an entrance, the Spaniards proceeded to massacre the -inhabitants, of whom 8,000 are said to have perished. This event is -known as the Spanish Fury. - - - Antwerp (Liberation of Belgium). - -When Holland refused to recognize the London Protocol creating Belgium -into an independent State, the French laid siege to Antwerp, November, -1832. The city, which was defended by Chassé, held out till December 23, -when, the citadel being demolished by the French fire, it was forced to -capitulate. - - - Aong (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 15, 1857, between the British relieving force under Havelock -and the mutineers who were opposing their advance on Cawnpore. The -rebels were defeated and driven from their entrenchments. - - - Aquae Sextiae (Cimbric War). - -Fought B.C. 102, when the Teutones under the king Teutobod, were totally -routed by the Romans under Marius. - - - Aquidaban (Paraguayan War). - -The last stand of the Paraguayans against the allied armies of the -Argentine Republic, Brazil, and Uruguay, May 1, 1870. Lopez, with a -small force of Paraguayans and 5,000 Indians, met the attack of the -allies under General Camera on the banks of the Aquidaban, and after a -sanguinary engagement, in which he and the Vice-President Sanchez fell, -his army was cut to pieces, and the war ended. During the war the -population of Paraguay was reduced from 1,500,000 to 221,000, of whom -only 29,000 were males over fifteen years of age. - - - Aquileia (Eugenius’ Usurpation). - -Fought September 6 and 7, 394, between Theodosius, Emperor of the East, -and Eugenius, the usurping Emperor of the West, whose army was commanded -by Arbogastes. The first day’s fighting went against Theodosius, who was -only saved by darkness from a severe reverse, but during the night a -force sent by Arbogastes to secure the passes in Theodosius’ rear, -deserted to his standard, and thus reinforced and aided by a dust storm -which blew in the faces of his antagonists and disordered their ranks, -he on the following day gained a signal victory. - - - Aras (First Mahratta War). - -Fought May 18, 1775, between Raghunath Rao, the claimant to the -Peshwaship, with 20,000 Mahrattas, and 2,500 British troops under -Colonel Keating, and the army of the Mahratta chieftains, 25,000 strong -under Hari Pant Phunhay. Raghunath’s undisciplined levies fled, and -threw the British line into confusion; but they rallied, and after hard -fighting repulsed the Mahrattas with heavy loss. The British lost 222, -including 11 officers. - - - Arausio (Fourth Gallic Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 105, when the Gauls under Boiorix totally routed two -consular armies under Cæpio and Cn. Mallius Maximus. It is said that -80,000 Romans fell. - - - Arbela (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaign). - -Fought October 31, 331 B.C., between 47,000 Macedonians under Alexander -the Great, and the Persian army, three or four times as numerous, under -Darius Codomannus. Alexander, who led the Macedonian right wing, forced -a passage between the Persian left and centre, and attacked the centre -on the flank. After a stubborn resistance, and though meanwhile the -Macedonian left had been hard pressed, the Persians gave way, and Darius -taking to flight, the whole army fled in confusion, and was routed with -enormous loss, especially at the passage of the Lycas, which barred -their retreat. This victory made Alexander master of Asia. - - - Arcis-sur-Aube (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 21, 1814, between 23,000 French under Napoleon, and 60,000 -allies under Schwartzenberg. The French made a gallant stand against -superior numbers, and in the end effected an orderly retreat, with a -loss of about 2,000. The allies’ losses were considerably heavier. - - - Arcola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought November 15, 16, and 17, 1796, between the main Austrian army -under Alvinzi, and the French under Napoleon. Napoleon’s object was to -drive back Alvinzi before he could effect a junction with Davidowich, -who was descending from the Tyrol. The village of Arcola was occupied on -the 15th, after severe fighting, in which Napoleon was in great personal -danger on the bridge, but it was evacuated during the night. On the 16th -Napoleon again attacked the village, but the Austrians held their -ground. On the 17th he turned the position, and Davidowich still -remaining inactive, Alvinzi was driven back, with losses variously -estimated at from 8,000 to 18,000. The French also lost heavily. - - - Arcot. - -This fortress was captured by Clive, with a force of 200 Europeans and -300 Sepoys, in August, 1751. The garrison, 1,100 strong, offered no -resistance, but marched out on Clive’s approach. In the course of the -autumn Arcot was beleaguered by an army of 10,000 natives, and 150 -Frenchmen under Chunda Sahib, the French nominee for the Nawabship of -Arcot. Against this overwhelming force, Clive, whose garrison had been -reduced by sickness to 120 Europeans, and less than 200 Sepoys, held out -for seven weeks, till the approach of a Mahratta army forced Chunda -Sahib to raise the siege. The garrison had 45 Europeans and 30 Sepoys -killed. - - - Argaum (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 28, 1803, between the British under Wellesley (the Duke -of Wellington) and the forces of the Rajah of Berar, under Sindhia of -Gwalior. Three of Wellesley’s battalions, which had previously fought -well, on this occasion broke and fled, and the situation was at one time -very serious. Wellesley, however, succeeded in rallying them, and in the -end defeated the Mahrattas, with the loss of all their guns and baggage. -The British lost 346 killed and wounded. This victory ended the Second -Mahratta War. - - - Argentaria (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought May, 378, between the Romans under Gratianus and the Alemanni -under Priarius. The Alemanni were overwhelmed by the Roman legionaries, -though they stood their ground bravely, and only 5,000 escaped from the -field. Priarius was slain. - - - Argentoratum. - -Fought August, 357, between 13,000 Romans under Julian, and a vastly -superior army of Alemanni under Chnodomar. The Romans attacked the -German lines shortly before night-fall, after a long march, and though -the right wing, under Julian, was at first driven in, they were rallied -by their general, and the left and centre pressing on, the Alemanni were -totally routed, with a loss of 6,000, in addition to those who fell in -the flight. The Romans lost 4 tribunes and 243 soldiers only. Chnodomar -was taken prisoner. - - - Arginusæ (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 406, between 150 Athenian triremes under Thrasyllus and -other generals, and 120 Peloponnesian ships under Callicratidas. The -Peloponnesians were routed, with a loss of 70 vessels, sunk or taken, -and Callicratidas slain. The Athenians lost 25 ships with their crews, -and the generals were brought to trial for not having taken proper steps -to rescue the men of the disabled ships. They were convicted, and six of -them, including Thrasyllus, executed. This victory temporarily restored -to Athens the command of the sea. - - - Argos (Roman Invasion of Greece). - -Fought B.C. 195, between Nabis of Sparta, with 15,000 men, and 50,000 -Romans and Macedonians under Flaminius. Nabis was totally defeated, and -though allowed to retain Sparta, was compelled to restore to the Achæan -league all his foreign possessions. - - - Arikera (Second Mysore War). - -Fought May 13, 1791, between the British under Lord Cornwallis, and the -forces of Tippu Sahib. The latter was encamped between Arikera and -Seringapatam, and was attacked by Cornwallis, who attempted to surprise -him by a night march, but was foiled by heavy rain. A frontal attack on -Tippu’s position was, however, successful, and, aided by a flank -movement under Maxwell, resulted in the total defeat of the Mysore -troops, with a loss of over 2,000. The British loss amounted to 500. -This is also known as the battle of Carigat. - - - Arius, The. - -Fought B.C. 214, between the Syrians under Antiochus the Great, and the -Parthians and Bactrians under Arsaces III, and Euthydemus. Antiochus was -severely wounded, but remained at the head of his troops, and completely -routed the enemy with enormous loss. - - - Arkenholm (Douglas Rebellion). - -Fought May 12, 1455, between the troops of James II of Scotland and the -rebels under the Douglas brothers. The rebels were completely defeated. -Archibald Douglas was killed, Hugh captured, and James, Earl of Douglas, -forced to take refuge in England. - - - Arklow (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought 1798, when General Needham, with about 1,400 Militia and -Volunteers, defended the town from the attack of 27,000 rebels led by -Father John Murphy. The rebels were beaten off with great slaughter, and -their intended advance on Dublin prevented. - - - Armada, The Invincible. - -The fight with the Spanish Armada in the Channel began on Sunday, July -21, 1588, and lasted with intervals until the 30th. The Armada consisted -of 130 ships, many of large size, under the command of the Duke of -Medina Sidonia. The English fleet numbered 197 in all, but only 34 were -Queen’s ships, and of these but 8 were over 600 tons burden. Lord Howard -of Effingham commanded, with Drake and Hawkins as his lieutenants. The -English vessels hung on to the flanks of the Spanish ships as they -sailed up channel, harassing them in every way, and doing considerable -damage, until the Armada anchored in Calais roads. Here many of their -finest vessels were captured or destroyed by fire-ships, and finally on -the 30th, Medina Sidonia decided to attempt to escape northwards. His -fleet was scattered by storms, and many wrecked on the Scotch and Irish -coasts, and in the end only about one-half of the Armada returned to -Spain. - - - Arnee. - -Fought 1751, shortly after the relief of Arcot, between 900 British -troops, under Clive, with 600 Mahratta horse under Basin Rao, and a -French force of 4,800, including 300 Europeans, who were in charge of a -convoy of treasure. Clive took up a position in swampy ground, crossed -by a causeway along which the convoy must pass. The French were thrown -into disorder, and forced to retreat, but night saved them from complete -destruction. The treasure was captured. - - - Arnee (First Mysore War). - -An indecisive action fought June 7, 1782, between the British under Sir -Eyre Coote, and the Mysore troops under Hyder Ali. - - - Arques (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought September 23, 1589, between 5,000 Huguenots under Henri IV, and -30,000 Leaguers under the Duc de Mayenne. Henri had taken up a strong -position, defended by marshy ground, and of such a nature that Mayenne -could only bring against the king 5,000 troops at a time, thus -neutralizing the disparity of numbers. He repulsed attack after attack, -with heavy loss to the assailants, and eventually Mayenne was forced to -withdraw, with the loss of about half his army. - - - Arrah (Indian Mutiny). - -A house in Arrah was, in 1857, defended by Mr. Boyle, with 16 Englishmen -and 60 Sikh police, against the attacks of three revolted native -regiments, led by a Zemindar named Kur Singh. This small garrison held -out from July 25 till August 3, when they were relieved by a small field -force under Major Vincent Eyre. - - - Arras (Wars of Louis XIV). - -This place, held by a French garrison, was besieged August, 1654, by the -Spaniards under the Great Condé. On the 24th a relieving army under -Turenne attacked the Spanish lines, and totally routed them with a loss -of 3,000 men. Condé succeeded in rallying the remainder of his army, and -made a masterly retreat to Cambray. - - - Arretium (Etruscan War). - -Fought B.C. 283, when the consular army of L. Cæcilius Metellus, -marching to the relief of Arretium, which the Etruscans were besieging, -met with a disastrous defeat. Thirteen thousand, including Metellus, -were slain, and the rest made prisoners. - - - Arroyo Grande (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought 1842, between the Argentine troops under Oribe, and the -Uruguayans under Ribera. Ribera was totally defeated, and Oribe -proceeded to lay siege to Montevideo. - - - Arsouf (Third Crusade). - -Fought 1192, between the English Crusaders under Richard Cœur de -Lion, and the Saracens, 300,000 strong under Saladin. The Saracens made -a desperate onslaught on the English, and both their wings gave way, but -the centre under the king stood firm and finally drove back the Moslems -in great disorder, with a loss of 40,000 men. - - - Ascalon (First Crusade). - -Fought August 19, 1099, between the Crusaders under Godefroi de -Bouillon, and the Saracens under Kilidj Arslan. The Crusaders gained a -signal victory, and for a time the Moslem resistance to the Christian -occupation of the Holy Land came to an end. - - - Asculum (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 279, between 45,000 Romans under Sulpicius Saverrio and P. -Decius Mus, and the Epirots, with their Italian allies, in about equal -force. The Romans fought to raise the siege of Asculum, but were finally -routed by the Epirot cavalry and elephants, and driven back to their -camp with a loss of 6,000. The Epirots lost 3,000. - - - Asculum (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 89, between 75,000 Romans under Strabo, who was besieging -the town, and 60,000 Italians under Judacilius, who had marched to its -relief. The Romans were victorious, but Judacilius succeeded in throwing -a considerable portion of his army into the beleaguered city. - - - Ashdown (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the West Saxons under Æthelred and the Danes under -Bag Secg and Halfdene. Largely owing to the brilliant leading of Alfred -(the Great), who commanded one of the wings, the Danes, after a -desperate conflict, which lasted throughout the day, were finally put to -flight, having lost one of their kings and five jarls. - - - Ashtee (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought February 19, 1818, between the army of the Peshwá, Baji Rao, -under Gokla, and the British under General Smith. The Peshwá fled before -the action began, and Gokla, charging at the head of his cavalry, was -killed, whereupon the Mahrattas broke and fled in confusion. - - - Asirghur (Third Mahratta War). - -This fortress, held by Jeswunt Rao, with a strong Mahratta garrison, was -besieged by a British force under Sir John Malcolm and General Doveton, -March 18, 1819. On the 21st the garrison was driven into the upper fort, -and after a continuous bombardment, Jeswunt Rao surrendered April 7. The -British loss during the siege was 313 killed and wounded; that of the -garrison somewhat less. - - - Askultsik (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1828, between 30,000 Turks and the Russians, 17,000 strong, under -General Paskiewitch. The Turks were routed, and their camp, with all -artillery and baggage, captured. Paskiewitch then laid siege to the -town, which was defended by a garrison of 50,000 men, and after a siege -of three weeks, carried it by storm, August 28. - - - Aspendus. - -Fought B.C. 191, between the Syrian fleet of Antiochus the Great, under -Hannibal, and a Rhodian squadron under Eudamus. Though Hannibal was in -superior force, he suffered a severe defeat. - - - Aspern (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought May 21 and 22, 1809, between 36,000 French under Napoleon, and -70,000 Austrians under the Archduke Charles. The battle commenced about -four p.m. on the 21st by an attack on the French position at Aspern, and -at nightfall the Austrians had established a lodgment in the village. On -the 22nd, both armies having been reinforced during the night, the -combat was renewed round Aspern, which was taken and retaken ten times, -while Essling was the scene of an equally desperate conflict. Towards -evening the bridge by which Napoleon had crossed the Danube was swept -away, and Napoleon was compelled to retire. Each side lost about 20,000 -men, and both claimed the victory. Among the French who fell were -Marshal Lannes and General St. Hilaire. - - - Aspromonte (Garibaldi’s Rising). - -Fought August 29, 1862, between a small force of “Red Shirts” under -Garibaldi, and the royal troops under General Pallavicini. After a short -engagement, in which Garibaldi was wounded, the “Red Shirts,” largely -outnumbered and surrounded, laid down their arms. - - - Assandun (Danish Invasion). - -The last of the five battles fought in 1016 between the English under -Edmund Ironside and the Danish invaders under Knut. Owing to the -treachery of Ædric, who crossed over with the Hereford men in the course -of the battle, the English were defeated, and shortly afterwards Knut -was proclaimed King of England. - - - Assaye (First Mahratta War). - -Fought September 23, 1803, when General Wellesley (the Duke of -Wellington) with 4,500 British and native troops routed the army of -Sindhia of Gwalior, over 30,000 strong. All the camp equipment and 100 -guns were taken. The Duke always considered this the bloodiest action, -for the numbers engaged, that he ever witnessed. The British loss -amounted to 1,566, or more than one-third of Wellesley’s entire force. - - - Astrakhan. - -Siege was laid to this town, 1569, by the Turks under Selim II, who -required it as a base for his projected invasion of Persia. It was held -by a small Russian garrison, which made an obstinate defence, and was -finally relieved by an army despatched to its assistance by Ivan the -Terrible, which attacked the Turkish lines, and utterly routed them. - - - Atahualpa (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1531, between 160 Spaniards under Pizarro, and 30,000 Peruvians, -forming the escort of the Inca, Manco-Capac. The battle was nothing but -a butchery, Pizarro, who had invited the Inca to visit him, falling upon -the unsuspecting Peruvians, seizing Manco-Capac, and slaughtering 4,000 -men, without the loss of a single Spaniard. - - - Atbara (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought April 8, 1898, between the British and Egyptian army, 14,000 -strong, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 18,000 Mahdists under Mahmad. -The Mahdists occupied an entrenched zareeba on the Atbara, where they -were attacked and utterly routed, with a loss in the zareeba of 5,000 -killed and 1,000 prisoners, while many more fell in the pursuit. Mahmad -was captured. The Anglo-Egyptian losses were 570 killed and wounded, -including 29 British officers. - - - Athenry (Conquest of Ireland). - -Fought 1316 between the English under William de Burgh and Richard de -Bermingham, and the O’Connors under their chieftain, Feidlim. The -O’Connors were defeated, 11,000 of the sept falling in the battle. This -is the last appearance of the O’Connors as a clan in Irish history. - - - Atherton Moor. - -_See_ Adwalton Moor. - - - Auerstadt. - -_See_ Jena. - - - Augsburg. - -Fought 900, between the Germans and the invading Hungarians. The -Christians fought gallantly, but were overwhelmed by the numbers of the -barbarian cavalry, and in the end suffered a signal defeat. - - - Auldearn (Civil War). - -Fought May 9, 1645, when Montrose and his Highlanders defeated a largely -superior force of Covenanters under Sir John Hurry, who was marching -northward to raid the lands of the Gordons. - - - Auray. - -Fought September 27, 1364, between the partisans of John de Montfort, -and those of Charles of Blois, the rival claimants to the Dukedom of -Brittany. The English party, under Sir John Chandos, were besieging -Auray, when they were attacked by the French, who were led by Bertrand -du Guesclin. Chandos’ position, however, was very strong, and the French -were unable to make any impression upon it. Meanwhile they were thrown -into utter confusion by an attack on their flank, and were ultimately -routed, with heavy loss, Charles of Blois being among the slain. -Bertrand du Guesclin was captured. De Montfort was shortly afterwards -acknowledged by Charles V of France as Duke of Brittany. - - - Aussig (Hussite War). - -Fought 1426, between the Germans under the Emperor Sigismund, and the -Taborites, the extreme section of the Hussites, under John Zisca. The -Germans were signally defeated. - - - Austerlitz (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought December 2, 1805, between 50,000 Russians and 25,000 Austrians -under Kutusoff, and 75,000 French under Napoleon. An attempt to turn the -French flank failed, and led to the left of the allies being entirely -cut off from their centre. Their left and centre were thus beaten in -detail, and the right, which had at first held its own, was surrounded, -and driven in disorder across a partially frozen lake, where many -perished. The allies lost 20,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners, and a -large number of guns. The French lost about 5,000. The battle is called -the Battle of the Three Emperors, those of Russia, Austria, and France -being all present with their respective armies. - - - Avaricum (Gallic War). - -This place was made the headquarters of the revolted Gauls under -Vercingetorix, B.C. 53, and was besieged by Cæsar, with 50,000 Romans. -The place was strongly defended, but supplies ran short, and -Vercingetorix attempted to withdraw his troops. In this he was -unsuccessful, and the Romans, delivering a vigorous assault, took -possession of the town, and massacred the garrison and inhabitants. - - - Avus (Second Macedonian War). - -Fought B.C. 198, between 20,000 Macedonians under Philip, and two Roman -legions under T. Quinctius Flamininus. A force of 4,000 legionaries -penetrated to the rear of Philip’s camp, and when Flamininus attacked in -front, they fell upon the Macedonian rear, and completely routed them, -with a loss of 2,000. - - - Axarquia (War of Granada). - -Fought March 20, 1483, between a Spanish force of 3,000 knights, and -about 2,000 infantry, under the Marquis of Cadiz, and a strong Moorish -force under Abul Hasan. The Spaniards were marching through the defile -of Axarquia, on their way to attack Malaga, when they were assailed in -front and flank, and totally routed, losing 800 killed and 1,600 -prisoners. Among the killed were 400 men of rank. - - - Ayacucho (South American War of Independence). - -Fought December 9, 1824, between the South American patriots, 5,780 -strong, under Sucre, and the Spaniards, 9,310 in number, under Laserna. -The latter were routed with a loss of 2,100 killed and wounded, and over -3,500 prisoners, including Laserna, in addition to 15 guns. The Patriots -lost 979. This engagement, which is also known as the Battle of -Candorcanqui, practically decided the question of South American -independence. - - - Aylesford (Jutish Invasion). - -Fought 456, between the Jutes under Hengist and Horsa, and the Britons -under Vortigern. Horsa was slain in the battle, but the Jutes were -victorious. - - - Azimghur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 15, 1858, between a British column, composed of three -regiments of infantry and three of Sikh cavalry, under Sir Edward -Layard, and the Dinapur mutineers, about 5,000 strong, under Kur Singh. -The rebels were routed and dispersed, Kur Singh falling mortally -wounded. - - - Azores. - -In 1591, a fleet of 7 ships under Lord Thomas Howard was driven from -Floris by the Spanish fleet under Don Alfonso Bassano. The action was -chiefly remarkable for the gallant fight made by Sir Richard Grenville -in the _Revenge_, which maintained an unequal struggle for nine hours, -when her gallant commander was mortally wounded, and she surrendered at -daybreak. - - - - - B - - - Badajos (Peninsular War). - -On March 17, 1812, this fortress, held by a garrison of French, Hessians -and Spaniards, 5,000 strong, under Phillipon, was invested by -Wellington. The breaches were declared to be practicable on April 5, and -an assault was ordered. After terrible slaughter, the town was taken, -with a loss to the assailants of 3,500, the total British losses during -the siege exceeding 5,000. Fearful excesses were committed after the -assault, and for two days the troops were completely out of hand. - - - Baduli-ki-Serai (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought June 8, 1857, when a British force, under Sir Henry Barnard, -defeated a large body of mutineers, who were opposing their march to -Delhi. All the rebels’ guns were captured. - - - Bagdad (Tartar Invasion of Mesopotamia). - -This city was captured by the Tartars under Tamerlane, July 23, 1401. - - - Bagradas (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49, between the Cæsareans under Curio and the Numidians -under Juba and Saburra, who adhered to the fortunes of Pompey. The Roman -cavalry was cut to pieces, before the legionaries could come to its -assistance, and eventually the Romans were surrounded, and cut down to a -man, Curio being amongst the slain. This victory left the Pompeians -masters of Africa. - - - Bahur (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August, 1752, between the French, numbering 2,500, including -natives, under M. Kirkjean, and 2,000 British troops, with 4,000 of -Mohammed Ali’s levies, under Major Lawrence. The French were totally -defeated, losing heavily in men, guns and stores. This victory -determined the Mahrattas, who were wavering, to throw in their lot with -the British. - - - Balaclava (Crimean War). - -Fought October 25, 1854, between 30,000 Russians under Prince -Mentschikoff, and the British under Lord Raglan. The Russians, having -driven the Turks from their redoubts at Kadikoi, entered the valley of -Balaclava, where they were encountered and driven back by the Heavy -Cavalry Brigade under General Scarlett. Later in the day, acting under a -mistaken order, Lord Cardigan at the head of the Light Brigade, charged -the Russian guns at the head of the valley, and captured their -batteries. Being, however, shelled from all sides, he was compelled to -retire with heavy loss. Of this famous feat of arms, General Pelissier -is reported to have said, “C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la -guerre.” Another feature of this singular battle was the repulse by the -Highland Brigade, in line, of a charge of the Russian cavalry. The -British losses were small, except in the case of the Light Brigade, -whose casualties amounted to 272 out of 673 who took part in the charge. - - - Balls Bluff (American Civil War). - -Fought October 21, 1861, between the Federals under General Stone, and -the Confederates under General Evans. The Federals crossed the Potomac -to attack the Southern position, but were repulsed, and driven back over -the river in confusion losing 1,100 killed and wounded, 700 prisoners -and the only three guns which they had succeeded in taking across. The -Confederates lost 155 only. - - - Ballymore (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 3, 1798, when Colonel Walpole, with 500 Royal troops, on the -march to Enniscorthy, was surprised and overpowered by a body of rebels -under Father Murphy. Walpole and the majority of his force were cut to -pieces. - - - Baltimore (Second American War). - -This city was attacked September 11, 1814, by a British fleet of ten -sail, under Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, and a land force of 3,270 -under General Ross, who fell during the action. The Americans, 17,000 -strong, under General Winder, were defeated, but the British retired on -the evening of the 13th. The British lost 46 killed and 300 wounded, the -Americans, 20 killed, 90 wounded, and 200 prisoners. - - - Bamian (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was invested by the Mongols under Genghiz Khan in 1221, and -after an obstinate defence, lasting several months, was taken by storm. -Genghiz, who had seen a favourite grandson killed during the progress of -the siege, gave orders that neither woman nor child was to be spared, -and the whole city with its inhabitants was wiped out. - - - Banda (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 19, 1858, between a force of rather over 1,000 British -troops under General Whitlock, and 7,000 mutineers under the Nawab of -Banda. After an obstinate conflict the rebels were totally routed. - - - Banda Islands (Wars of the French Revolution). - -These islands, forming part of the Dutch East Indian possessions, were -captured March 8, 1796, by a British squadron under Admiral Peter -Rainier. - - - Bands, The (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 961, between the Scots under their king, Indulph, and the Danish -pirates. The Danes were defeated, but Indulph fell in the battle. - - - Bangalore (Second Mysore War). - -This place was besieged by the British under Lord Cornwallis, March 5, -1791, and notwithstanding numerous efforts to relieve it on the part of -Tippu Sahib, it was taken by storm on the night of the 21st, Tippu’s -final attempt being beaten off by the reserve with heavy loss. The -British casualties were few. - - - Bannockburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought June 24, 1314, between the Scots under Robert Bruce, and the -English invaders under Edward II. Bruce’s position was partly covered by -a marsh, and further strengthened by pitfalls, in which the English -cavalry were entrapped, and defeated with great loss. The king escaped -with difficulty and the invasion was abandoned. - - - Bapaume (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 3, 1871, between the French under General Faidherbe, and -the Germans under Von Goeben. The result was indecisive, and though the -French gained some tactical successes, the result strategically was an -advantage to the Germans, as General Faidherbe was compelled to desist -from his attempt to raise the siege of Péronne. The Germans lost 52 -officers and 698 men; the French 53 officers and 1516 men killed and -wounded, and 550 prisoners. - - - Barbosthenian Mountains (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought 192 B.C. between the Spartans under Narbis, and the Achæan League -under Philopœmen. Nabis was totally routed, with the loss of -three-fourths of his troops. - - - Barcelona (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city, which was held for Philip V of Spain by a Spanish garrison, -was besieged September 14, 1705, by the British under the Earl of -Peterborough. After a short bombardment, the place surrendered, October -9. - - - Barnet (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought April 14, 1471, between the Yorkists under Edward IV, and the -Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick. Warwick prepared to attack the -king as he issued from Barnet, but Edward came out during the night and -took up a position opposite Warwick unseen. The left of the Yorkists was -outflanked and beaten, but their right outflanked and defeated the -Lancastrian left, and then fell upon and routed the centre. Warwick was -slain. The losses on the two sides are said to have amounted in all to -1,000 killed. - - - Barosa (Peninsular War). - -In the course of the operations for the relief of Cadiz, General Graham, -with 4,000 British troops, defeated Marshal Victor with 9,000 French, -March 5, 1811. The French lost 2,000 killed and wounded, including two -generals, 6 guns, 2 eagles, and 400 prisoners. The British losses -amounted to 50 officers and 1,160 rank and file. A large Spanish force -under La Peña stood idly by, and took no part in the action. - - - Barquisimeto (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Basing (Danish Invasion). - -A victory of the Danish invaders in 871 over the West Saxons. - - - Bassano (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 8, 1796, when Napoleon, who had on the previous day -destroyed the Austrian vanguard at Primolano, fell upon the main body of -Wurmser’s army. The assault on the town of Bassano was delivered by -Augereau’s division on the right, and Masséna’s on the left, and the -French utterly routed the Austrians, Wurmser narrowly escaping capture. -Six thousand men laid down their arms, and when Wurmser collected his -scattered forces, he had but 16,000 left out of the 60,000 with which he -had commenced the campaign. - - - Bassein (First Mahratta War). - -This place, held by a Mahratta garrison, was besieged by a British force -under General Goddard, November 13, 1780. A serious attempt was made to -relieve the garrison, but the defeat of the relieving force by Colonel -Hartley at Dugaar, on December 10, completely discouraged the defenders, -and they surrendered on the following day. - - - Bassorah (Arab Revolt). - -Fought in 665 between the Caliph Ali, at the head of 29,000 Moslems, and -the rebel Arabs in superior force, under Telha and Zobin. The rebels -were defeated with heavy loss, Telha and Zobin being slain, and Ayesha, -the widow of the prophet, who had espoused their cause, captured. This -victory is known to Moslems as the Day of the Camel, 70 men, who in -succession held the bridle of the camel on which Ayesha was mounted, -being killed in the fight which raged round her. - - - Batavia (Napoleonic Wars). - -This town was captured by the British under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, with -10,000 troops, August 26, 1811. The French and Dutch garrison had -abandoned the town, and occupied a strong position at Fort Cornelius, in -the immediate neighbourhood. The British stormed the entrenchments, with -a loss of 872 killed and wounded, whereupon the survivors of the -garrison laid down their arms. - - - Batoche (Riel’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought May 9 to 12, 1885, when 750 Canadians under General Middleton -gradually drove back and finally defeated Riel’s force of half-breeds -and Indians, with a loss of 224. The Canadians lost only 54 killed and -wounded. Riel surrendered on the 15th. - - - Batowitz. - -Fought 1653 between 40,000 Poles under John II, and the Wallachians -under Bogdan. The Poles, who were waiting to intercept the passage of -the Wallachians, were thrown into disorder by a furious charge headed by -Bogdan in person, and almost completely annihilated. - - - Bautzen (Campaign of Leipzic). - -Fought May 20 and 21, 1813, between 150,000 French under Napoleon, and -the Prussians and Russians, 100,000 strong, under Blucher and Count -Wittgenstein. The allies were strongly posted in and around Bautzen, -while their front was protected by the Spree. On the 20th Napoleon -forced the passage of the Spree, and seized Bautzen after severe -fighting, driving the allies from their first line of defence. On the -22nd he attacked the second line, while a flank march of Ney’s corps -drove in their right flank, and captured all their positions. The allies -retired in good order, lack of cavalry preventing Napoleon from pushing -his advantage. The allies lost 15,000 killed and wounded in the two -days; the French, 1,300. - - - Bavay (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 57 between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Cæsar, and a -large force of Gauls, drawn from the Nervii, Viromandui, Atrebates and -other tribes. The Gauls attacked as the Romans were pitching their camp -on the banks of the Sambre, but, although surprised, the legionaries -stood their ground, and utterly routed their assailants. The Nervii, in -particular, were practically annihilated. - - - Baylen (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 19, 1808, between 15,000 Spaniards under Castaños, and -20,000 French under Dupont. The French were totally defeated with a loss -of over 2,000 men, and Dupont surrendered with his whole army. - - - Baza (War of Granada). - -This fortress, one of the outposts of Granada, was besieged by -Ferdinand, with 95,000 Spaniards, in June 1489, and was defended by a -strong Moorish garrison under Sidi Yahye. The town was very strong, and -was gallantly defended, and the siege lasted until December, when the -place was surrendered on honourable terms. - - - Beachy Head (War of the Revolution). - -A naval action fought June 30, 1690, between a combined English and -Dutch fleet of 73 sail under Torrington, and a French fleet of 78 ships -under de Tourville, which had been despatched to create a diversion in -favour of James II in Ireland. The allies were defeated, the Dutch -losing six and the British one ship. - - - Beaugé (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought March 22, 1421, between the English under the Duke of Clarence, -and the Armagnacs, aided by the Scottish mercenaries, resulting in one -of the few defeats sustained by the English during the French wars. The -Duke and his immediate following, charging ahead of his troops, -vigorously attacked the Scottish outposts, and, becoming separated from -the main body, was surrounded and slain, all his gentlemen being either -killed or captured. The bodies were afterwards recovered by the English -archers, but the defeat was complete. - - - Beaumont (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 30, 1870, between the Fifth French Corps d’Armée under -General de Failly, and the Fourth and Twelfth German Army Corps under -the Crown Prince of Saxony. The French were surprised in their -cantonments, and were driven back upon Monzon, with a loss of 4,800 men -and 42 guns. The Germans lost about 3,500. - - - Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 28, 1870, between 9,000 Germans under the Grand Duke of -Mecklenburg, and 60,000 French under General Crouzat. The French -assailed the German position, but, notwithstanding the disparity of -numbers, the Germans succeeded in maintaining their ground, after a -desperate encounter, driving off their assailants with a loss of 8,000 -men. The Germans lost 37 officers and 817 men only. - - - Beauséjour (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort in Nova Scotia, held by a garrison of 460 men under Duchambon -de Vergor, was invested June 4, 1755, by 2,000 Massachusetts volunteers -and a small force of regulars under Colonel Monckton. On the 14th the -besiegers opened fire, and on the 16th the garrison surrendered. - - - Beaver’s Dam Creek. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battle. - - - Bedr (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Fought in 623, and notable as the first military exploit of Mohammed, -who, with only 313 followers, routed a force of 950 Koreish, who had -been sent out to meet and protect a caravan of 1,000 camels, with which -was their chief, Abu Sophian. After his victory, Mohammed pursued and -captured the caravan. - - - Bedriacum (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought April 14, 69, between the legions of the Emperor Otho and the -Vitellians under Valens. The Imperial troops were utterly routed, and -driven back to their camp, which they surrendered to the Vitellians on -the following day. - - - Bega (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1696, between the Turks, under Mustapha II, and the Imperialists, -when the Turks gained a complete victory. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -Siege was laid to this city by a large Turkish army under Mohammed II, -the defence being in the hands of John Hunyady. After a gallant -resistance of 40 days, the Turks were compelled to raise the siege, -September 4, 1456. This was Hunyady’s last exploit, and he died a month -later. Mohammed was wounded in the course of the siege. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 16, 1717, between 40,000 Austrians under Prince Eugene, -and 180,000 Turks under the Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha. The Turks were -entrenched in and around Belgrade, and were attacked by Eugene at night. -His right wing lost touch and were in danger of being overwhelmed, but -was rescued by the Prince. The main attack was completely successful, -and the Turks were driven out of their positions with a loss of 20,000 -killed and wounded, and 166 guns. The Austrians lost almost as heavily, -among those who fell being Marshal Hauben. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -On October 8, 1789, the city was surrendered by the Turks, after a brief -siege, to an Austrian army under General Laudon. - - - Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 20, 1759, between a British fleet of 27 ships of the -line and 6 frigates under Sir Edward Hawke, and a French fleet of 20 -ships of the line and 6 frigates under Admiral de Conflans. The French -were completely defeated, losing 6 ships and a large number of men. The -British lost 2 ships ashore, and 58 killed and 251 wounded. - - - Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War). - -On June 7, 1761, the island was captured by 8,000 British troops under -General Hodgson, convoyed by the fleet under Admiral Keppel. After a -first repulse, the troops made good their landing, and the garrison of -Palais, the principal town, at once capitulated. - - - Belle Isle (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 23, 1795, between a British fleet of 17 battleships under -Lord Bridport, and a French squadron. The French endeavoured to escape, -but the British gave chase, and captured three ships, with a loss of 3 -killed and 113 wounded. The French lost about 700. - - - Bellevue (Franco-German War). - -Fought October 7, 1870, when Marshal Bazaine attempted to break through -the lines of the Germans investing Metz. He was unsuccessful, and was -driven back into the city with a loss of 64 officers and 1,193 men. The -Germans lost 75 officers and 1,703 men. - - - Belmont (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 23, 1899, between a Boer commando, about 3,000 strong, -occupying a strong position on the hills near Belmont, and Lord -Methuen’s division of 7½ battalions of infantry and a regiment of -cavalry. The Boer position was carried by a frontal attack, which cost -the assailants 28 officers and 270 men. The Boers lost about 300 killed -and wounded, and 50 prisoners. - - - Benburb (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 5, 1646, when 5,500 Irish rebels under O’Neill, totally -routed the Scottish army under Monro. The Scots left 3,000 dead upon the -field, and the fugitives were ruthlessly butchered by the Irish in their -flight. - - - Bender (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, held by a Turkish garrison, was besieged by the Russians -under Count Panin, August, 1768. After a defence of two months, the -place was taken by storm, and the garrison put to the sword. - - - Benevento (Italian Wars). - -Fought February 26, 1266, between the Neapolitans, under Mainfroy, the -usurper of the crown of the Two Sicilies, and the French under Charles -of Anjou. After a sanguinary engagement, in which Mainfroy was slain, -the Neapolitans were utterly routed, and Charles of Anjou remained in -undisputed possession of the throne. - - - Beneventum (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 275, when Pyrrhus with a strong force of Epirots and -Italians made a night attack upon the consular army of M. Carius -Dentatus, encamped in a strong position near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was -repulsed with considerable loss, including eight elephants. Encouraged -by this success, the Romans shortly afterwards advanced to meet Pyrrhus -in the open plain, and were at first driven back by the elephants, but -rallying, they drove these back through Pyrrhus’ lines, and disordered -the Epirot phalanx, and a charge of the legionaries completed the rout. -This was Pyrrhus’ last serious attack against the Roman power, and he -soon afterwards left Italy. - - - Beneventum (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 214, between 18,000 Carthaginians under Hanno, and 20,000 -Romans under Tiberius Gracchus. Hanno’s troops were routed, his infantry -being cut to pieces, and he himself escaping with difficulty, with a -portion of his cavalry. - - - Beneventum (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 212, when a Roman consular army under Cn. Fulvius, stormed -Hanno’s camp, three miles from Beneventum, at daybreak, and surprising -the Carthaginians, routed them with heavy loss and captured all the corn -and supplies intended for the revictualling of Capua. - - - Bennington (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 10, 1777, between a British force under Colonel Baum, and -the New Hampshire troops under General Stark. Baum had been ordered to -seize the American magazines at Bennington, but found the place too -strong, and asked for reinforcements. Meanwhile they were surrounded and -attacked by Stark. The British fought till their ammunition was -exhausted and then surrendered, while Baum was killed trying to cut his -way through the American lines. - - - Berea (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought December 20, 1852, between the British under General Cathcart, -about 2,500 strong, and the Basutos, many thousands in number, under -Moshesh. The British, after hard fighting, succeeded in holding their -ground, but were obliged on the following day to retreat to the -entrenched camp on the Caledon, having suffered a loss of 37 killed and -15 wounded. - - - Beresina (Moscow Campaign). - -On November 28, 1812, the French Grande Armée, in retreat from Moscow, -was attacked by the Russians under Tchitchakoff and Wittgenstein. The -former on the right bank, assailed Napoleon, who had already crossed the -river, while Wittgenstein attacked Victor’s corps, which formed the -French rear-guard. The attack on Napoleon was repulsed, but on the other -side of the river the Russian onslaught caused a panic among those who -were waiting to cross, and though the rear-guard made a brave -resistance, the losses among the stragglers and others were enormous. -The official Russian report says that 36,000 bodies were recovered from -the Beresina after the thaw. - - - Berestecko. - -Fought 1653, between the Poles 100,000 strong under John II, and a large -army of Wallachians, Lithuanians, and Ukraine Tartars, 300,000 in all, -under Bogdan of Wallachia. After a sanguinary battle, the Poles were -completely victorious, defeating Bogdan with enormous loss. - - - Bergen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought April 13, 1759, between the French under the Duc de Broglie, and -the Hanoverians, about 40,000 strong, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. The -French gained a signal victory, and retained possession of Bergen, the -recapture of which was the object of Ferdinand’s advance. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This fortress, held by a garrison of Dutch and English under Cronstrun, -was besieged July 15, 1747, by 25,000 French under Count Lowendahl. The -besieged made numerous vigorous sorties, inflicting heavy losses upon -the French, but on September 17 the besiegers, by an unexpected assault, -effected a lodgment, and after severe fighting captured the place. The -French lost 22,000 men during the siege; the garrison 4,000. A Scottish -brigade in the Dutch service specially distinguished itself, losing -1,120 out of a strength of 1,450. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution). - -On March 8, 1875, Bergen, which was held by a French garrison 6,000 -strong, under General Bizonet, was attacked by a British force, 4,000 -strong under General Cooke. The force was divided into four columns, one -of which, approaching the town from the harbour side, at low water, -effected an entrance, while two of the others gained the top of the -battlements but could get no further. At dawn on the 9th, as there was -no prospect of ultimate success, the assailants retired, having suffered -a loss of 300 killed and 1,800 prisoners, many of whom were wounded. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution). - -In the outskirts of the town a battle took place September 19, 1799, -between 35,000 British and Russians under the Duke of York, and the -French under Vandamme. The Russians on the right met with disaster, -their commander, Hermann, with nearly all his division, being taken -prisoners, but the British repulsed the French attack with heavy loss. -The victory, however, was not of much advantage to the allies, who were -forced to continue their retreat to Zijp. The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, and the British 500 only, but the Russian casualties -amounted to 3,500, while they also lost 26 guns. - - - Bergfried (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 3, 1807, when Leval’s division of Soult’s corps forced -the bridge of Bergfried, and carried the village, driving out the -Russians after a short and sharp encounter, with a loss of about 1,200 -men. The French lost 700. - - - Béthune (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This small fortress, held by a French garrison of 3,500 under M. du Puy -Vauban, was invested July 14, 1707, by the Imperialists, with 30 -battalions under Count Schulemburg. Vauban made a most skilful and -gallant defence, lasting 35 days, when, the garrison being reduced to -1,500 men, he was compelled to surrender. This little place cost the -allies 3,500 in killed and wounded. - - - Betioca (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the -Spanish royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Betwa, The (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 1, 1858, between 1,200 British under Sir Hugh Rose, forming -part of the force besieging Jhansi, and 20,000 rebels, chiefly belonging -to the Gwalior contingent, under Tantia Topi. The enemy was thrown into -confusion by a charge of cavalry on the flank, and, being then attacked -with the bayonet, broke and fled, leaving 1,000 dead on the field and -all their guns. - - - Beylan (Mehemet Ali’s First Rising). - -Fought 1831, between the Syrians and Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, and -the Turks, the latter being completely defeated. - - - Beymaroo (First Afghan War). - -Fought November 23, 1841, when a detachment of General Elphinstone’s -force, under Brigadier Shelton, attempted to dislodge a large body of -Afghans, posted near Beymaroo village. The detachment had one gun only, -which, being well served, did considerable execution, but it broke down, -whereupon the Afghans attacked, and a charge of Ghazis caused a panic -and a disorderly flight to the British camp. - - - Bezetha (Jewish War). - -Fought October, 66, when the Romans under Cestius Gallus were attacked -by the populace of Jerusalem, and driven out of their camp, with a loss -of 6,000 men and all their baggage and siege train. - - - Bhurtpur (Second Mahratta War). - -This city, garrisoned by about 8,000 of the Rajah’s troops, was besieged -by General Lake, January 4, 1805. Finding that his siege train was -inadequate to reduce the town by the ordinary methods, Lake determined -to carry it by storm. Four successive assaults were made, but without -success, and on April 21 Lake was obliged to withdraw, having lost 3,200 -men during the siege. - - - Bhurtpur, Second Siege of. - -The city was again besieged by the British under Lord Combermere in -1827, a dispute having taken place as to the succession, and the Rajah -who was under British protection having been expelled. After a -bombardment of two months, which had little effect on the fortress, it -was taken by assault. - - - Biberac (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October, 1796, between the French under Moreau, and the Austrians -under the Archduke Charles, who had previously defeated Jourdan at -Warzburg, and now turned upon Moreau, who was retreating through the -Black Forest. Moreau severely defeated the Austrians, and continued his -retreat unmolested. - - - Bibracte (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 58, between the Romans under Cæsar and a largely superior -force of Helvetii. The battle was a momentous one, for a defeat to Cæsar -meant destruction. He therefore sent away all his officers’ horses, -giving them to understand that they must stand their ground to the last. -In the event, the Helvetii were totally routed, and compelled to submit -to the domination of Rome. - - - Bilbao (First Carlist War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Carlists November 9, 1836, and was -defended by a small Christino garrison. The besiegers took possession of -some of the suburbs, which were recaptured by a sortie. Finally, after -several unsuccessful attempts, Espartero, at the head of about 18,000 -Christinos, drove off the besiegers, December 25, and relieved the city, -capturing the Carlist artillery of 25 pieces. In the action the -Christinos lost 714 killed and wounded, while the losses of the garrison -during the siege amounted to about 1,300. - - - Bingen (Gallic Revolt). - -In the year 70, Petilius Cerialis, who, with four Roman legions, had -crossed the Alps from Switzerland, surprised the revolted Gauls under -Tutor, in their camp at Bingen. The Gallic legionaries in Tutor’s army -deserted to the Romans, and Tutor was totally defeated. - - - Biruan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought 1221, between 80,000 Tartars under Katuku, and the troops of -Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 60,000 strong. The Tartars were routed -and driven from the field in confusion. - - - Bithur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought August 16, 1857, when 4,000 mutineers, strongly posted, were -attacked and routed by the relieving force under General Havelock. When -driven from their position, the rebels had to cross a stream in their -rear by a small bridge, and had Havelock possessed an adequate cavalry -force, but few could have escaped. - - - Bitonto (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought May 25, 1734, between the Imperialists, 10,000 strong, and the -Spaniards under Mortemar. The Imperialists were driven from a strong -position, with heavy loss, and the victory resulted in the establishment -of Spanish rule throughout the Neapolitan provinces. - - - Blackheath (Flammock’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 22, 1497, between the royal troops under Henry VII, and the -rebels under Flammock and Lord Audley. The rebels were defeated with a -loss of 2,000 killed, and all their leaders were captured and executed. - - - Black Rock (Second American War). - -Fought 1814, between 1,400 British troops under General Riall, and a -force of 2,000 American Indians, occupying a strong position at Black -Rock. The British stormed the entrenchments and dispersed the enemy, -following up their success by the seizure of Buffalo. - - - Blackwater (O’Neill’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1598, between 5,000 Irish rebels under Hugh O’Neill, and 5,000 -English under Sir Henry Bagnall, the English Marshal. Bagnall was -defeated with a loss of 1,500 and all his ammunition and baggage, while -he himself was killed by O’Neill. - - - Bladensburg (Second American War). - -Fought August 24, 1814, between the British under General Ross, and the -Americans under General Winder, who was opposing the British advance -upon Washington, and had taken up a position which commanded the only -bridge over the Potomac. Ross attacked with a portion of his force, -under Thornton, and, having carried the bridge, a combined assault upon -the main position resulted in a signal defeat of the American army, -which broke and fled. Ross entered Washington the same evening. - - - Blanquefort (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought November 1, 1450, when the English made a sally from Bordeaux to -repel a marauding band under Amanien. The English cavalry, advancing too -rapidly, became separated from the main body, and was cut off. Amanien -then fell upon the infantry, who, being unsupported, were overwhelmed -and almost annihilated. So great was the slaughter that the day was long -known in Bordeaux as the “Male Journée.” - - - Blenheim (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 13, 1704, between the British and Imperialists under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French and Bavarians under -Marshals Tallard and Marsin, and the Elector of Bavaria. The French -numbered 60,000, the allies 52,000. Tallard had massed his best troops -in the village of Blenheim, and Marlborough, seeing the weakness of his -centre, hurled his cavalry against it, and cut the French line in two. -Prince Eugene meanwhile had withstood the attack of Marsin and the -Elector, and, after Marlborough’s charge, he assumed the offensive, and -the French right and centre were totally routed. The French lost 40,000, -including 1,600 prisoners, amongst whom was Marshal Tallard. The allies -lost about 11,000. - - - Bloore Heath (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought September 23, 1459, between the Yorkists under the Earl of -Salisbury, and the Lancastrians under Henry VI. The former, who were -inferior in numbers, were attacked by Henry, who crossed a brook before -the assault. As the Lancastrians were reforming after the crossing, the -Yorkists charged down upon them, and dispersed them with heavy loss. - - - Blueberg (Napoleonic Wars). - -On January 8, 1806, a British force 6,600 strong, under General Baird, -which had just landed at Saldanha Bay, was attacked by the Dutch and -French under General Janssens, issuing from Cape Town. The British -gained a signal victory, in which they lost 212 killed, wounded and -missing, while their opponents’ losses amounted to about 300. Baird at -once occupied Cape Town. - - - Boadicea, Defeat of (Roman Occupation of Britain). - -In the year 61, Suetonius, with 10,000 legionaries, totally routed an -enormous host of Britons under Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, who had -sacked Camelodunum, and taken Londinium and Verulamium. The Britons lost -80,000 killed, and Boadicea took poison on the battlefield. - - - Bois-le-Duc (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought November 12, 1794, between the French and Austrians under the -Duke of York, and the French under Moreau. Moreau’s object was to enter -Holland at a period when the dykes would be no obstacle to his advance, -and for the purpose endeavoured to cross the Meuse at Fort Crèvecœur, -near Bois-le-Duc. The allies however, disputed his passage so vigorously -that Moreau was forced to retire, and give up his project. - - - Bokhara (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was besieged by the Tartar army under Genghis Khan in March, -1220, and was held by a Kharismian garrison. On the approach of the -Tartars, however, the Kharismian general, with the whole garrison, -20,000 strong, fled from the place, and the Bokhariots, having no means -of defending themselves, opened the gates to Genghis. The Governor held -out for a short time in the citadel, which was finally fired and -destroyed. - - - Boomplaats. - -Fought August 29, 1848, between the British, 800 strong, with 250 -Griquas, under Sir Harry Smith, and a force of 1,000 Transvaal Boers -under Commandant Jan Kock. The British stormed the Boer position and -drove out the defenders, at a cost of 22 killed and 38 wounded. The -Boers stated their losses at 5 killed and 9 wounded. - - - Borghetto (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought May 30, 1796, in the course of Napoleon’s pursuit of Beaulieu. -The French crossed the Mincio at Borghetto, having previously repaired -the bridge under a heavy fire, and forced the Austrians to evacuate -Peschiera, with a loss of 500 prisoners, besides killed and wounded. - - - Bornholm (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the fleet of Charles XI of Sweden, and a combined -Dutch and Danish squadron. The Swedes were utterly routed, a disaster -which was followed by the loss of Helsingborg, Landscroon, and other -fortresses. - - - Bornhoven. - -Fought 1227, between the Danes under Valdemar II, and the insurgents of -the province of Dithmarsh, who had risen against the Danish dominion. -The royal troops were totally routed, and, as a consequence, the -province was lost to the Danish crown. - - - Borodino (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought September 5, 1812, between 120,000 Russians under Kutusoff, and -the French in equal force under Napoleon. The Russians, who were -intrenched in a very strong position, were attacked soon after daybreak, -and their first line of redoubts was carried and held by the French till -the end of the day, but the victory was far from decisive, as at -nightfall Napoleon retired to his original position, leaving the -Russians in possession of the field. The French lost 10,000 killed, -including 8 generals, and 20,000 wounded, including 30 generals. The -Russians lost about 45,000. This battle is also called the Battle of the -Moskowa. - - - Boroughbridge (Rebellion of the Marches). - -Fought 1322, between the Royalists under Edward II, and the rebels under -Hereford and Lancaster. The rebels, falling back before the king, were -surprised by a force under Sir Andrew Harclay while crossing the bridge -at Boroughbridge, and were utterly routed. Hereford was killed, and -Lancaster, with several hundred barons and knights, surrendered. - - - Borysthenes, The (Russo-Polish Wars). - -Fought 1512, when the Poles under Sigismund I defeated an army of -Muscovites, 80,000 strong, with enormous slaughter. - - - Bosra (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This strong fortress was besieged, 632, by 4,000 Moslems under Serjabil. -A sortie of the garrison nearly caused their destruction, but they were -rescued by the arrival of 1,500 horse under Khaled. After a brief -interval, the whole of the garrison marched out of the city to give -battle, but were defeated by Khaled with a loss to his troops of 250 men -only, and the city was shortly afterwards betrayed by Romanus, the -Governor. - - - Bosworth Field (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought August 21, 1485, between Richard III and Henry Duke of Richmond -(Henry VII). Richmond had received a promise from Lord Stanley and his -uncle that they would desert during the battle, and, after holding aloof -for some time, they came over, with their followers, at a critical -moment of the engagement, and Richard was routed and slain. He fought to -the end, and among others who fell with him were the Duke of Norfolk and -Lord Ferrers. - - - Bothwell Bridge (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought June 22, 1679, when the Royal troops, under the Duke of Monmouth, -defeated the Covenanters with great slaughter. - - - Boulogne. - -Siege was laid to the town by the English under Henry VIII, September -14, 1544. It was defended with great gallantry, and, in the face of -enormous difficulties, for two months, when it was forced to surrender, -the inhabitants being allowed to march out with their arms and property. - - - Bourbon (Napoleonic Wars). - -On July 8, 1810, this island was captured by a British squadron of five -ships under Commodore Rowley, with a detachment of troops under Colonel -Keatinge. The British lost 22 killed and 79 wounded. - - - Bouvines (Wars of Philip Augustus). - -Fought 1214 between the French under Philip Augustus, and the Germans, -Flemish and English under Otho IV, the numbers engaged on both sides -being considerable. The French gained a signal victory, which broke up -the coalition and rendered the position of Philip Augustus secure on the -throne of France. - - - Bovianum (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 307 between the Romans under Titus Minucius, and the -Samnites under Statius Gellius. Gellius attempted to relieve Bovianum, -which the Romans were besieging, and was totally defeated, though -Minucius fell in the battle. This defeat broke the Samnite power, and -they sued for peace in the following year, leaving Rome without dispute -the first power in Italy. - - - Boyaca (South American War of Independence). - -Fought August 17, 1819, between the Colombian patriots under Bolivar, -and the Spanish Royalists, 2,500 strong, under Colonel Barreiro. Bolivar -crossed the Cordilleras, under incredible difficulties, and, eluding -Barreiro, took up a position at Boyaca, cutting him off from his base at -Bogota. The Spaniards attacked him, and were routed with heavy loss, -Barreiro and 1,600 men being captured. The patriots lost 66 only. - - - Boyne, The (War of the Revolution). - -Fought July 1, 1690, between the forces of William III, and the Irish -under James II. William and the elder Schomberg attacked the front of -James’s position, while the younger Schomberg crossed the Boyne a few -miles higher up, and attacked him in flank. William forced the passage -of the river, and drove the Irish from their entrenchments at a cost of -500 killed and wounded, including the elder Schomberg. The Irish lost -1,500. - - - Braddock Down (Civil War). - -Fought January 19, 1643, between the Royalists under Sir Ralph Hopton, -and the Parliamentary forces under Ruthven. The latter had crossed the -Tamar and occupied Liskeard, without adequate support, and was defeated -by the Royalists with heavy loss. - - - Bramham Moor (Northumberland’s Rebellion). - -Fought February 20, 1408, when Sir Thomas Rokeby, High Sheriff of -Yorkshire, defeated the Earl of Northumberland, who had again raised the -standard of rebellion in the North. The Earl was slain, and the -rebellion subsided. - - - Brandywine (American War of Independence). - -Fought September 11, 1777, between 18,000 British under General Howe, -and 8,000 Americans under Washington. The British General made a flank -movement with a large portion of his force, whereupon Washington -attacked the British in the front, but, being ill supported by his -lieutenant, Sullivan, he was driven back, and forced to retreat, with a -loss of 900 killed and wounded and 300 prisoners. The British lost 590 -killed and wounded. - - - Brechin (Douglas Rebellion). - -Fought 1452, between the revolted Douglasses under the Earl of Craufurd, -and the Royal troops under the Earl of Huntly. The Douglasses were -defeated. - - - Bregenz (War of the League Above the Lake). - -Fought January 1408, between the troops of the League Above the Lake and -the burghers of Constance, aided by the Suabian nobles. The Leaguers -were totally routed, with the result that the League was shortly -afterwards dissolved. - - - Breitenfeld, First Battle. - -_See_ Leipsic. - - Breitenfeld, Second Battle (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 2, 1642, between the Imperialists under the Archduke -Leopold and Piccolomini, and the Swedes under Torstenson. The latter, -who were in retreat, were caught by the pursuing Austrians at -Breitenfeld, but turning upon them, they offered a desperate resistance, -and finally drove them from the field, totally routed, with a loss of -10,000 men. - - - Brenneville. - -Fought August 20, 1119, between a small body of English cavalry under -Henry I, and a similar French force under Louis VI. Though only about -900 men were engaged, and very few killed, the fight was considered a -decisive victory for the English, and Louis shortly afterwards made -peace, conceding Henry’s terms. - - - Brentford (Civil War). - -Fought November 12, 1642, between the Royalists under Prince Rupert, and -a Parliamentary force under Denzil Holles. Three regiments stationed at -Brentford were driven out of their entrenchments by the Royalists, -losing 1,500 prisoners and 11 guns. - - - Brescia (Italian Rising). - -This city, where the populace had risen and shut up the small Austrian -garrison in the citadel, was carried by assault by General Haynau, with -about 4,000 Austrians, March 31, 1849. Carrying the Porta Torrelunga, he -fought his way from barricade to barricade, till, by the evening of -April 1, the resistance of the citizens was overcome. The Austrians lost -480 killed, including General Nugent, and many wounded. The wholesale -executions ordered by Haynau after the capture earned for him the -sobriquet of the Hyæna. - - - Breslau (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 22, 1757, between 90,000 Austrians under Prince Charles -of Lorraine, and 25,000 Prussians under the Prince of Bevern. The -Prussians, who were encamped under the walls of Breslau, were driven -into the city with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, 3,600 prisoners, -including the Prince of Bevern, and 80 guns. They evacuated the city at -once, leaving a garrison of 6,000, which surrendered two days later. The -Austrians lost 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Brest (War of the Holy League). - -Fought August 10, 1512, between the English fleet of 45 sail under Lord -Edward Howard, and the French fleet of 39 sail under Jean de Thenouënel. -The French ships were driven into Brest, or along the coast, with heavy -loss. The English lost 2 ships and 1,600 men. - - - Bridge of Dee (Civil War). - -Fought June 18, 1639, between the Covenanters, 2,300 strong, and the -Royal troops under Lord Aboyne. The bridge itself was barricaded and -held by 100 sharpshooters, under Colonel Johnstone, and Montrose, who -led the Covenanters, finding the defences too strong, succeeded by a -stratagem in drawing off the main body of the defenders, whereupon he -forced a passage. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Brienne (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought January 29, 1814, between 18,000 French under Napoleon, and about -30,000 Russians and Prussians under Blucher. The allies were driven from -their positions, and the Château de Brienne taken. After nightfall a -determined attempt to retake the château was made by the Russians under -Sachen, but they failed to dislodge the French. The allies lost about -4,000; the French 3,000 killed and wounded. - - - Brihuega (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1710 between the British under Stanhope, and the French under the -Duc de Vendôme. Stanhope, who was retreating from Madrid to Catalonia, -was surprised and surrounded, and, though he made a gallant stand, -fighting till all his powder was spent, and then leading a bayonet -charge, his force was at last reduced to 500 men, when he surrendered. - - - Brill (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress was captured from the Spaniards by the Beggars of the Sea, -about 400 strong, under De la Marck and Treslong, April 1, 1572. It was -the first success of the Netherlands patriots in their struggle against -Spanish rule, and may be said to have laid the foundation of the Dutch -republic. - - - Brittany, Action off (Gallic War). - -This, the first sea fight in the Atlantic, was fought B.C. 56, between -the Roman fleet under Brutus, and the fleet of the Veneti, consisting of -220 galleys. The Romans were victorious, and the surrender of the Veneti -and the whole of Brittany quickly followed. - - - Bronkhorst Spruit (First Boer War). - -The opening engagement of the war, when, on December 20, 1880, a British -column, 259 strong, under Colonel Anstruther, was ambushed by 150 -mounted Boers under Joubert, and defeated with a loss of 155 killed and -wounded. The Boers stated their losses at 2 killed and 5 wounded only. - - - Brooklyn (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 27, 1776, between 30,000 British under Sir William Howe, -and the Americans, about 11,000 strong, under General Putnam. The -Americans were completely defeated, with a loss of about 2,000 killed -and wounded. The British lost 65 killed and 255 wounded. - - - Brunanburh (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 937, when Æthelstan defeated with great slaughter the combined -armies of Anlaf the Dane, Owen of Cumberland, and Constantine III of -Scotland. - - - Bucharest (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1771, between the Turks under Mousson Oglou, and the Russians -under General Romanzoff. The Turks were totally defeated. - - - Buena Vista (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought February 22, 1846, between 18,000 Mexicans under General Santa -Anna, and 4,500 Americans under General Zachary Taylor. The Americans -occupied a series of heights commanding the Angostura pass, and were -there attacked by Santa Anna, who failed to dislodge them, the day -ending with the combatants occupying the same ground as in the morning. -On the 23rd, however, Santa Anna retired. The Americans lost 746 killed -and wounded; the Mexicans admitted a loss of 1,500 killed, but it was -probably heavier. - - - Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). - -This city was captured June 27, 1806, by a _coup de main_, by a British -force, 1,700 strong, under General Beresford, aided by a small squadron -under Sir Home Popham. Beresford, however, was not strong enough to hold -the place, and before reinforcements could arrive he was defeated by the -South Americans under General Liniers, with a loss of 250 killed and -wounded, and compelled to surrender with his whole force. - - - Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 5, 1807 when 9,000 British troops under General Whitelocke -assaulted the city. They penetrated into the streets, but suffered -terrible losses from the defenders’ fire from windows and roofs, and, -General Whitelocke proving a most incapable leader, were forced to -surrender and evacuate the whole of the River Plate region. - - - Buenos Ayres (Mitre’s Rebellion). - -Fought November 6, 1874, between the Argentine Government troops under -Sarmiento, and the rebels under Mitre and Aredondo. The rebels were -defeated, and Mitre forced to surrender. - - - Bull Run (American Civil War). - -Fought July 21, 1861, between 40,000 Federals under General M’Dowell, -and 30,000 Confederates under General Beauregard. The Confederates -occupied a position extending for about nine miles along the southern -bank of the Bull Run, and an attempt to turn and drive in their left was -at first successful, but, being rallied by General Beauregard, they -assumed the offensive, and totally routed the Northerners, with a loss -of 1,492 killed and wounded, 1,600 prisoners, and 28 guns. The -Confederates lost 1,752. - - - Bull Run, Second Battle (American Civil War). - -Fought August 30, 1862, between the Confederates under Stonewall -Jackson, and the Federals under General Pope. The Federals attacked -Jackson’s position, which he maintained till evening, when, the Federal -left giving way, he ordered a general advance, and drove the enemy from -the field with heavy loss. Over 7,000 prisoners were taken. - - - Bunker’s Hill (American War of Independence). - -Fought June 17, 1775, when 2,000 British troops, forming a portion of -General Gage’s army, dislodged the Americans holding Breeds Hill and -Bunker’s Hill, on the outskirts of Boston. The position was stubbornly -contested, the assailants losing 800 men. - - - Burlington Heights (Second American War). - -Fought May 5, 1813, when the British under Colonel Procter were attacked -by 1,300 Americans under General Clay, while engaged with another -American force holding Burlington Heights. The Americans broke the -British line and seized their guns, but Procter, who had only 1,000 men, -with some Indian auxiliaries, rallied his troops and routed Clay, with a -loss of nearly 1,000 killed, wounded and captured. - - - Burns Hill (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1847, between the Kaffirs under Sandilli, and a small British -force sent to arrest that chief. The British were greatly outnumbered, -and were defeated and forced to retreat. - - - Busaco (Peninsular War). - -Fought by Wellington, September 29, 1810, to secure his retreat to -Torres Vedras. He occupied the heights of Busaco with 25,000 men and was -attacked by 40,000 French under Masséna. The actual assault was -delivered by the corps of Ney and Reynier, but they could make no -impression, and were repulsed with a loss of about 4,500. The British -lost 1,300 killed and wounded. - - - Buxar. - -Fought October 23, 1764, between 7,000 British troops and sepoys under -Major Monro, and the army of Oude, 40,000 strong, under Surabjah Daulah, -who was accompanied by the Great Mogul, Shah Allum. The British gained a -signal victory, Surabjah Daulah abandoning his camp with a loss of 4,000 -men and 130 guns. The British lost 847 killed and wounded. - - - Buzenval (Franco-German War). - -A sortie from Paris under General Trochu on January 19, 1871. The -French, advancing under cover of a fog, established themselves in the -Park of Buzenval, and occupied St. Cloud, where they maintained their -position throughout the day. At other points, however, they were less -successful, and, on the morning of the 20th, the force at St. Cloud, -finding itself unsupported, was obliged to retire, and all the captured -positions were abandoned. The Germans lost 40 officers and 570 men; the -French 189 officers and 3,881 men. This sortie is also known as the -Battle of Mont Valérien. - - - Byzantium. - -Fought 318 B.C., between the Macedonian fleet under Antigonus, and that -of the Asiatic rebels under Clytus. The Asiatics were surprised at -anchor, most of the crews being ashore, and, after a feeble defence, the -whole of their fleet was destroyed or captured, with the exception of -the admiral’s galley, in which Clytus succeeded in escaping. - - - Byzantium (War of the Two Empires). - -In 323 the city was besieged by Constantine the Great after his victory -over Licinius at Hadrianopolis. Licinius, finding the place difficult of -defence, crossed into Asia and collected an army to raise the siege. He -was, however, defeated at Chrysopolis, and Byzantium surrendered in 324. -Constantine was proclaimed Emperor of the united Empire, and Byzantium, -under its modern name of Constantinople, was made the capital. - - - - - C - - - Cabala (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 379, between the Syracusans under Dionysius, and the -Carthaginians under Mago. The latter were totally defeated and Mago -slain. - - - Cabria (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 72, between three Roman legions under Lucullus, and the -Pontic army under Diophantus and Taxiles. The Pontic cavalry, on which -Mithridates chiefly relied, was overwhelmed by Fabius Hadrianus, and the -king was driven out of Pontus, which was erected into a Roman province. - - - Cadesia (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 636, between 30,000 Moslems under Said, the lieutenant of the -Caliph Omar, and 120,000 Persians under Rustam. Throughout the first day -the Persians, superior in numbers, but far inferior in warlike -qualities, sustained the attacks of the Moslems without losing ground, -but on the following day Rustam was slain, and his followers, losing -heart, were driven headlong from the field, with fearful slaughter. The -Moslems lost 7,500 in the battle. - - - Cadiz. - -On April 19, 1587, Sir Francis Drake, with between 30 and 40 English -ships, entered Cadiz Bay, and destroyed over 100 Spanish vessels. This -exploit Drake described as “Singeing the King of Spain’s beard.” - - - Cadsand (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought November 10, 1357, between 2,500 English under the Earl of Derby, -and 5,000 Flemings in the French service. The Flemings were defeated -with a loss of 1,000 men. - - - Cairo (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1517, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under -the Mameluke Sultan, Toomaan Bey. The Egyptians were utterly routed and -Cairo taken, 50,000 of the inhabitants being massacred. Toomaan Bey, the -last of the Mamelukes, was hanged before the city gates, and Egypt -annexed to the Ottoman Empire. - - - Cajwah. - -Fought January 8, 1659, between the Moguls of Delhi, under Aurungzebe, -the Great Mogul, and the army raised by his brother Shuja, in support of -Dara, the rightful heir to the throne. After an obstinate conflict, -Shuja was driven from the field with heavy losses in men, leaving behind -him 114 guns. - - - Calafat (Crimean War). - -This position, strongly entrenched and held by 30,000 Turks under Ahmed -Pasha, was invested by the Russians, 40,000 strong, under General Aurep, -about the middle of February, 1854. The Russians delivered assault after -assault upon the place, without effect, and finally withdrew their -forces in May; having suffered a loss from disease, privation, and -battle of 20,000 men. The Turks lost 12,000. - - - Calais (Hundred Years’ War). - -Siege was laid to this fortress in August 1346 by the English under -Edward III. The citizens made a gallant defence, holding out for nearly -a year, but at last were forced to surrender August 4, 1347. In the -course of the siege, six burgesses offered themselves to the king as -ransom for their fellow citizens; but their lives were spared on the -intercession of Queen Philippa. - - - Calais. - -The last English stronghold in France was captured by the French under -the Duc de Guise, January 8, 1558, after a siege of seven days only. -Mary is said to have exclaimed, on hearing the news, that at her death -the word “Calais” would be found engraven on her heart. - - - Calatafimi (Unification of Italy). - -Fought May 15, 1860, between Garibaldi’s “Thousand Volunteers,” with a -few thousand Sicilian “Picciotti” and 4,000 Neapolitans under General -Landi. The Neapolitans were driven back with heavy loss, and retreated -in disorder to Palermo. Garibaldi lost, of his thousand, 18 killed and -128 wounded. - - - Calcutta. - -Siege was laid to the city June 16, 1756, by Sarabjah Daulah, Nawab of -Bengal, with a large force. The garrison, consisting of 514 regulars and -militia, and 1,000 matchlock men, under Captain Minchin, was quite -inadequate to man the defences, and it was decided to abandon the city, -remove all non-combatants to the ships, and only defend the fort. The -Governor, Mr. Drake, was among those who left the place, and he was -accompanied by Captain Minchin, who deserted his post, as did many of -the militiamen, with the result that only 190 remained for the defence -of the fort. An assault was repulsed, with a loss to the defenders of 95 -killed and wounded, but on the 20th the little garrison surrendered. The -survivors were thrust into a small room, known as the Black Hole, and -used as a soldiers’ prison, and out of 146 only 23 survived the horrors -of the night. - - - Caldiero (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought November 11, 1796, between the French under Napoleon and the -Austrians under Alvinzi. Napoleon attacked the Austrian position, and, -for the first time in the campaign, suffered a reverse, being unable to -carry the enemy’s lines, and eventually, after severe fighting, retiring -with a loss of 3,000. Within the week, however, this defeat was avenged -by the victory of Arcola. - - - Caldiero (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -On November 30, 1800, Masséna, with 50,000 French, encountered the -Austrians, 80,000 strong, under the Archduke Charles, strongly posted in -the village and on the heights of Caldiero. Masséna attacked and carried -the heights, but the village held out until nightfall. During the night -the Archduke removed his baggage and artillery, leaving a corps of 5,000 -men, under General Hillinger, to protect his retreat, which force was on -the following day captured _en bloc_. The Austrians lost 3,000 killed -and wounded, and, including Hillinger’s corps, 8,000 prisoners; the -French about 4,000 killed and wounded. Thus, though the battle was -indecisive, Masséna gained a considerable strategic victory. - - - Calicut (Second Mysore War). - -Fought December 10, 1790, between 9,000 Mysore troops under Hussein Ali, -and a British force of one European and two native regiments under -Colonel Hartley. Hussein Ali occupied a strong position in front of -Calicut, which was attacked and carried by Hartley with a loss of 52 -only. The enemy lost 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,400 prisoners, -including their commander. - - - Callao (South American War of Independence). - -On the night of November 5, 1820, Lord Cochrane, who with three Chilian -frigates was blockading the Spaniards in Callao, rowed into the harbour -with 240 seamen and marines, and cut out the Spanish frigate _Esmeralda_ -from under the 300 guns of the shore batteries. He lost in the -enterprise 41 killed and wounded, while the whole of the crew of the -_Esmeralda_, including the Spanish Admiral, was captured or killed. - - - Callao. - -The town was bombarded by the Spanish fleet of 11 warships, May 2, 1866. -The Peruvian batteries replied vigorously, and, after severe fighting, -drove off the Spanish ships with a loss of 300. The Peruvians lost 1,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Calpulalpam (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought December 20, 1860, between the Mexican Government troops under -Miramon, and the Liberals under Juarez. The Liberals won a signal -victory, which opened the way to Mexico, and brought about the downfall -of Miramon’s administration. - - - Calven, The (Swabian War). - -Fought March 22, 1499, between 6,300 men of the Grisons under Benedict -Fontana, and 15,000 Imperialists under Maximilian I. The Swiss carried -the Austrian entrenchments, and drove them out with heavy loss. - - - Cambuskenneth. - -_See_ Stirling. - - - Camden (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 16, 1780, between the British under Cornwallis, and the -Americans under Gates and de Kalb. Cornwallis had concentrated about -2,000 men at Camden, and though the Americans numbered 5,000, they were -of very inferior quality. After a small affair of outposts, the British -attacked the American levies, who were unable to face the steady attack -of the regulars, and fled with heavy loss. Among the killed was de Kalb. -The British lost 312 killed and wounded. - - - Camelodunum (Second Invasion of Britain). - -Fought 43, between the Romans under the Emperor Claudius, and the -Britons under Caractacus. The Britons were routed, and Camelodunum, -Caractacus’ capital, taken. - - - Camerinum (Third Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 298, between two Roman legions under Lucius Scipio, and the -Samnites under Gellius Equatius, aided by a force of Gauls. Scipio, who -had been stationed near Camerinum to watch the pass through which the -Gauls were expected to cross the Apennines, was unable to prevent the -junction of the two armies, and was totally defeated, one of his legions -being cut to pieces. - - - Campaldino (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought June 11, 1289, between the Guelfs of Florence and the Ghibellines -who had been expelled from the city. The latter were utterly routed, and -this defeat put an end to their power in Florence. The battle is notable -for the presence of Dante in the ranks of the victors. - - - Campen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 18, 1759, between the Prussians under the Prince of -Brunswick, and the French under General de Castries, when the Prussians -were defeated with a loss of 1,600 men. - - - Campo Santo (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought February 8, 1743, between the Spaniards under Mortemar, and the -Imperialists under Count Traum. Mortemar was endeavouring to effect a -junction with the army of the Prince de Conti, and though the action was -undecided, its results were in favour of the Imperialists, who prevented -the two armies from joining hands. - - - Campus Castorum (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought in 69 between the revolted legionaries, 70,000 strong, under -Valens and Cæcina, and the army of the Emperor Otho under Suetonius -Paulinus. The Imperial troops gained some advantage, but Suetonius did -not consider himself strong enough to follow it up, and was relieved of -his command by Otho. - - - Camperdown (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought between the British fleet, 16 line-of-battle ships, under Admiral -Duncan, and the Dutch, in equal force, under Admiral de Winter, October -11, 1797. The Dutch fleet was on its way to co-operate with the French -in a landing in Ireland, and was intercepted by Duncan, who at once gave -battle. The British fleet, in two lines, broke through the Dutch line, -and, in the general action which followed, captured eight ships, -including the flagship, the _Vrijheid_. The British lost 1,040 killed -and wounded, the Dutch 1,160 and 6,000 prisoners. - - - Candia (Candian War). - -Siege was laid to this place by the Turks under Jussuf, the Capitan -Pasha, in 1648, and was defended by a small garrison of Venetians, under -Luigi Moncenigo. So vigorous was the defence that the Turks lost 20,000 -men in the first six months of the siege. The siege lasted over twenty -years, the place being from time to time revictualled and reinforced by -the Venetians and the French, but it was finally surrendered by -Morosini, September 27, 1669. - - - Canea (Candian War). - -This place was besieged June 24, 1644, by 50,000 Turks under Jussuf, the -Capitan Pasha, and defended by a small force of Venetians and Candians, -who held out until August 22, repulsing numerous assaults, which cost -the Turks 20,000 men. - - - Cannæ (Second Punic War). - -Fought August 2, B.C. 216, between 90,000 Romans under Varro, and about -50,000 Carthaginians under Hannibal. Hannibal, though outnumbered in -infantry, was much superior in cavalry. The Romans were drawn up with -the sea in their rear, and were attacked and broken by the Carthaginian -horse. The infantry followed up the attack, and, flight being -impossible, the Romans were slaughtered where they stood, 80,000 -falling, including the Consul Æmilius, 25 superior officers, and 80 -senators. The Carthaginians lost 6,000. - - - Cape Bona (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought 468, between the Roman fleet of 1,100 galleys and transports -under Basiliscus, and the fleet of the Vandals under Genseric. The -Romans were lying at anchor, having landed their troops, and Genseric, -taking advantage of a favourable wind, sent in a fleet of fireships, -following them up by a determined attack. More than half the Roman ships -were destroyed, Basiliscus escaping with difficulty. - - - Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 3, 1747, between a British fleet of 16 sail under Admiral -Anson, and a French fleet of 38 sail under Admiral de la Jonquière. The -French were completely defeated, losing 10 ships and nearly 3,000 -prisoners. - - - Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought October 14, 1747, when a British fleet of 14 ships under Admiral -Hawke attacked a French fleet of 9 battleships under Admiral de -Letendeur. The French were signally defeated, losing four ships. The -British lost 598 killed and wounded. - - - Cape Finisterre (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 22, 1805, between a British fleet of 15 sail of the line -under Sir Robert Calder, and the combined French and Spanish fleets -returning from the West Indies, under Admiral Villeneuve. The French -fleet, consisting of 20 battleships, was attacked by Calder, who -captured 2 ships. Fogs and light airs prevented him from following up -his advantage next day, for which he was tried by court-martial and most -unjustly censured. The British loss was 183 killed and wounded, the -French losing 149 killed and 327 wounded. - - - Cape Henry (American War of Independence). - -Fought March 16, 1781, between a British fleet of eight ships of the -line and three frigates under Vice-Admiral Arbuthnot, and a French -squadron stronger by one frigate. The French were forced to retire, the -British losing 30 killed and 64 wounded. - - - Cape Passaro (War of the Quadruple Alliance). - -Fought July 31, 1718, between a British fleet of 21 ships under Sir -George Byng, and a Spanish fleet of 29 ships under Don Antonio -Castañeta. Admiral Byng attacked the Spaniards in the Straits of -Messina, and, after a very severe action, in which both sides lost -heavily, captured or destroyed no less than 15 of the Spanish ships. -Castañeta died of wounds received in the action. This battle is also -known as the Battle of Messina. - - - Cape St. Vincent (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought February 14, 1797, between a British fleet of 15 ships of the -line and 5 frigates under Sir John Jervis, and a Spanish fleet of 26 -sail of the line and 12 frigates. In spite of their superior numbers, -the Spaniards were totally defeated, losing 4 ships and over 3,000 -prisoners, in addition to heavy losses in killed and wounded. The -British lost 74 killed and 227 wounded. For this signal victory, Jervis -was created Lord St. Vincent. - - - Caprysema (First Messenian War). - -Fought B.C. 743, between the Spartans and Corinthians, and the -Messenians with their allies from other Peloponnesian states under -Cristomenes. The Spartans were routed, and, but for the eloquence of -Tyrtacus, would have abandoned the struggle. - - - Capua (Second Punic War). - -This place was besieged in the autumn of B.C. 212, by 60,000 Romans -under Q. Fulvius and Appius Claudius. The Romans formed a double wall of -circumvallation round the city, and, early in the winter, their defences -were attacked by the garrison from within and Hannibal from without, but -with no success. Hannibal then attempted to draw the besiegers from -their position by marching upon Rome, but only a small portion of the -besieging force followed him. It being thus found impossible to relieve -the city, it shortly afterwards surrendered. - - - Carabobo (South American War of Independence). - -Fought June 24, 1821, between the Colombian patriots, 8,000 strong, -under Bolivar, and the Spanish Royalists, about 4,000 in number, under -La Torre. The Royalists were utterly routed, barely 400 reaching Porto -Cabello. This battle determined the independence of Colombia. - - - Caracha (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian Patriots under Bolivar and the -Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Caraguatay (Paraguayan War). - -Fought August 1869, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, and the -Brazilians under the Comte d’Eu. After a stubborn engagement the -Brazilians were victorious. - - - Carbisdale (Civil War). - -Fought April 27, 1650, between the Royalists of Orkney, 1,000 strong, -with 500 Swedish mercenaries, and a small Parliamentary force under -Colonel Strachan. Montrose, who commanded the Royalists, saw his troops -broken by the Parliamentary horse, only the Swedes offering any serious -resistance. The Royalists lost 396 killed and wounded and over 400 -prisoners, while Strachan only had lost 2 wounded. This was Montrose’s -last fight, and he was soon afterwards captured. - - - Carénage Bay (American War of Independence). - -Fought 1778, between the French under the Comte d’Estaing, and the -English under Admiral Barrington and General Meadows. After a severe -encounter, the French were defeated, and the British took possession of -the island of St. Lucia. - - - Carigat. - -_See_ Arikera. - - - Carlisle (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -This city was besieged by the Jacobites under the Young Pretender, -November 9, 1745, and was defended by the Cumberland and Westmoreland -Militia, with small force of regulars, under Colonel Durand. The -besiegers opened fire on the 13th, and on the evening of the 14th, under -pressure of the inhabitants, Durand surrendered. - - - Carnoul (Persian Invasion of India). - -Fought 1739, between the Persians under Nadir Shah, and the Moguls under -the Emperor Mohammed Shah and his Grand Vizier, Nizam-ul-Mulk. The -Persian veterans completely defeated the raw Mogul levies, and Nadir -Shah shortly afterwards occupied and sacked Delhi, carrying off, it is -said, jewels and coin to the value of thirty millions sterling. - - - Carpi (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 1701, between the Imperialists under Prince Eugene, and the -French army in Lombardy, under Marshal Catinat. The French were signally -defeated, and, in consequence, Catinat was recalled from the command. - - - Carrhæ (Parthian War). - -Fought B.C. 53, between the Romans, 52,000 strong, under Publius -Crassus, and the Parthians under Sillaces. The Parthians, who were -entirely cavalry, adopted their usual tactics of retiring and drawing -their foes in pursuit. As the heavily armed legionaries became strung -out across the plain, they turned upon them and cut them down in detail. -Of the division, 6,000 strong, which actually came into action, 500 were -made prisoners, and the rest, including Crassus, slain. - - - Carrical (Seven Years’ War). - -An action was fought off this place August 2, 1758, between a British -squadron under Admiral Pococke, and the French under Comte d’Aché. After -a severe engagement, the French fleet drew off, but the English pursuit, -owing to damaged rigging, was ineffectual, and d’Aché reached -Pondicherry without the loss of a ship. - - - Carthage (Third Punic War). - -In B.C. 152 siege was laid to this city by a Roman consular army under -Manius Manilius, aided by a fleet under L. Censorinus. The Carthaginian -army under Hasdrubal was encamped outside the walls, and greatly -hindered the operations of the Romans, who would have made little -progress but for the efforts of Scipio Æmilianus, then a military -tribune. In B.C. 148, Scipio was made consul, and appointed to the -command, and he succeeded in completely blockading the city, which, -after an obstinate resistance lasting six years, was captured B.C. 146 -and razed to the ground. - - - Carthage (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought September 14, 533, between the Vandals under Gelimer, about -160,000 strong, and the Romans under Belisarius, far inferior in -numbers. Gelimer divided his army into three, of which he led one -portion to attack the main body of the Romans. The action was -precipitated, however, by the hasty attack by Ammatas of the vanguard, -wherein he was routed with heavy loss. Gelimer then fell upon the -pursuing Romans, but Belisarius coming up, the Vandals were put to -flight, and the Romans gained a complete victory. On the following day -Carthage opened her gates to the victors. - - - Carthagena (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This port was blockaded March 9, 1741, by a British fleet under Admiral -Vernon. An unsuccessful attack was made upon the forts, and eventually -Vernon, having lost 3,000 men during the operations, withdrew April 9. - - - Casal (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought April 1640, between the French, 10,000 strong, under Harcourt, -and the Spaniards, numbering 20,000, who were besieging Casal. Harcourt -pierced the Spanish lines and totally defeated them, with a loss of -3,000 killed and wounded, 800 prisoners, and 18 guns. - - - Casilinum (Second Frank Invasion of Italy). - -Fought 554, between 18,000 Imperial troops under Narses, and the Franks -and Alemanni, 30,000 strong, under Buccelin. The Romans won a signal -victory, and are said by the chroniclers to have exterminated the -invading army with a loss to themselves of 80 only. Buccelin fell in the -battle. - - - Cassano (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 16, 1705, between the French under the Duc de Vendôme, -with 35 battalions and 45 squadrons, and the Imperialists under Prince -Eugene. The Prince, with greatly inferior numbers, attacked the French -in a strong position, which he succeeded in carrying as the night fell. -The Imperialists lost about 4,000; the French about 5,000. - - - Castalla (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 13, 1813, between 17,000 allied troops under Sir John -Murray, and 15,000 French under Suchet. The French were defeated. The -allies lost 600 killed and wounded; the French, according to Suchet, -800, according to Murray, 3,000, but the former figure is probably -nearer to the truth. - - - Castelfidardo (Unification of Italy). - -Fought September 18, 1860, between the Papal troops under General La -Moricière, about 8,000 strong, and the Sardinians, 40,000 strong, under -General Cialdini. The Papal army was totally routed, and, after the -action, La Moricière was only able to assemble about 300 infantry, with -which remnant he made his way to Ancona. - - - Castelnaudary. - -Fought September 1, 1632, between the troops of Louis XIII and the rebel -nobles under the Duc de Montmorenci, son of the Constable. The rebels -were utterly routed, and Montmorenci taken prisoner. - - - Castiglione (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 8, 1706, between the Imperialists under the Prince of -Hesse, and the French under General de Medavi. The Prince was besieging -Castiglione, when he was attacked by the French, and totally defeated, -with a loss of 8,000 killed, wounded, and missing. - - - Castiglione (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought August 3, 1796, between the French under Napoleon, and the -Imperialists under Wurmser. Napoleon, with 25,000 men, advanced upon -Lonato, while Augereau moved upon Castiglione. Lonato was carried by -assault, and the Austrian army cut in two. One part under General -Bazalitch effected a retreat to the Mincio, but the other section was -cut up by a French division under Guyeaux and Junot’s dragoons, near -Salo, losing 3,000 prisoners and 20 guns. - -In the portion of the action fought near Castiglione, the Austrians were -defeated with a loss of 2,000 men, after a desperate encounter, and -driven back upon Mantua. On the 4th, Napoleon at Lonato, with only -12,000 men, was summoned to surrender by a portion of Bazalitch’s force, -4,000 strong. Napoleon, however, succeeded in making the messenger think -that he was in the middle of the main French army, and consequently the -whole Austrian detachment laid down their arms. - - - Castillejos (Moroccan War). - -Fought January 1, 1860, when the advance guard of the Spanish army, -under General Prim, defeated a strong force of Moors, after severe -fighting. The victory opened the road to Tetuan. - - - Castillon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This was the last battle of the Hundred Years’ War, and was fought July -17, 1453. The English under Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, marched to the -relief of Castillon, and attacked the lines of the besiegers, but were -taken in flank by a sortie from the French entrenchments and totally -defeated, Talbot being slain. On October 19 following, Bordeaux opened -her gates to the French. - - - Catana (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 387 between 200 Syracusan galleys under Leptines, and a -vastly superior Carthaginian fleet. The Syracusans were utterly routed, -partly owing to their inferior numbers, but also in part to the bad -generalship of Leptines, who dispersed his ships too widely, allowing -them to be overwhelmed in detail. The victors at once entered upon the -siege of Syracuse. - - - Caudine Forks (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 322, when four Roman legions, under T. Veturius Calvinus and -Spurius Postumus were entrapped by the Sabines under Pontius, in the -narrow pass of Caudium. The Romans fought till nightfall, suffering -heavy loss, and next day, finding every exit from the pass barred, the -survivors surrendered. - - - Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). - -The Residency of Cawnpur was invested by the mutineers June 6, 1857, and -defended by a small garrison until June 24, when the survivors, about -450 in number, surrendered under promise from the Nana Sahib of a safe -conduct to Allahabad. They were, however, fired upon as they took to the -boats, and only a few escaped. The survivors of this massacre were -afterwards murdered in cold blood by order of the Nana Sahib. - - - Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought December 6, 1857, between the British under Sir Colin Campbell, -and 25,000 rebels, including the Gwalior contingent. The mutineers were -routed at all points, and fled, pursued by the cavalry for 14 miles, -suffering heavy loss. Out of 36 guns, 32 were captured. The British lost -99 only. - - - Cecryphalea (Third Messenian War). - -A naval action, fought B.C. 458 between the Peloponnesians and the -Athenians, in which the latter were victorious. - - - Cedar Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought October 17, 1864, between 10,000 Confederates under General -Early, and about 40,000 Federals under General Sheridan. Under cover of -a fog, Early turned Sheridan’s right, capturing 18 guns, but Sheridan, -rallying his broken right wing, totally routed the Confederates, who had -been engaged in plundering the captured camp. The Federal losses were -the heavier, but Sheridan captured 22 guns, besides retaking the 18 he -had lost at the beginning of the action. - - - Cedar Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought August 9, 1862, between 15,000 Confederates under Jackson, and -about 20,000 Federals under General Pope. The strong Confederate -position was assailed at 5 p.m., and successive attacks were repulsed -until late in the evening, when the fighting ceased. The Federals lost -about 2,800 killed, wounded, and missing; the Confederates, 800 or 900. - - - Cepeda. - -Fought October 23, 1859, between the troops of the Argentine -Confederation under Urquiza, and those of the State of Buenos Ayres, -under Mitre. Urquiza was victorious, and in the following month Buenos -Ayres entered the Confederation. - - - Cephisus. - -Fought 1307 between the Catalan “Great Band,” 9,500 strong, and the -troops of Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, 15,000 in number. The -Catalans surrounded their camp with an artificial inundation, into which -the Duke’s cavalry rode unsuspectingly, and were cut to pieces, de -Brienne being amongst the slain. - - - Cerignola (Neapolitan War). - -Fought 1503 between the Spaniards under Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the -French under the Duc de Nemours. The French were totally defeated and -Nemours slain. - - - Cerisolles (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought 1544, between the French under François de Bourbon, and the -Imperialists under du Gast, the French gaining a complete victory. - - - Chacabuco (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 12, 1817, between the Chilian patriots under San Martin, -and the Spanish royalists. The Chilians won a complete victory. - - - Chæronea (Amphictyonic War). - -Fought August B.C. 338 between the Macedonians under Philip, and the -Athenians and Thebans under Chares and Theagenes respectively. Philip -had 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse, the latter led by Alexander, then a lad -of eighteen; the allies were slightly fewer in number. Philip reinforced -his right wing, which was opposed by the Athenians, and sent his heavy -cavalry against the Thebans, on the allied right. Their charge broke the -Theban ranks, and they then attacked the Athenians in flank and rear. A -hopeless rout ensued, the Theban “Sacred Band” dying where they stood. -The Athenians lost 6,000 killed and 2,000 prisoners. The Thebans were -almost annihilated. - - - Chæronea (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 86, between the Romans under Sulla, 30,000 strong, and the -troops of Pontus, 90,000 in number, under Archelaus. The Romans were -completely victorious. - - - Chalcedon (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 74, between the Roman Fleet, under Rutilius Nudo, and that -of Pontus. The Romans sallied out of the harbour, but were driven back, -and the Pontic fleet then broke the chain protecting the entrance and -destroyed the whole of the Roman ships, 70 in number. - - - Chalgrove Field (Civil War). - -A cavalry skirmish fought June 18, 1643, between the Royalists under -Prince Rupert, and the Parliamentarians under Hampden, and notable only -for the fact that Hampden was killed in the affair. - - - Châlons (Revolt of the Legions of Aquitaine). - -Fought 271, between the troops of the Emperor Aurelian, and the revolted -legions under Tetricus. Tetricus, who was only a puppet in the hands of -his soldiers, concerted measures with Aurelian for their destruction, -and so posted his forces as to give the Emperor the advantage, after -which he deserted, with a few followers. The revolted legionaries fought -desperately, but were cut to pieces. - - - Châlons (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought July 366 between the Romans under Jovinus, and the Alemanni under -Vadomair. After an obstinate engagement, lasting throughout the day, the -Alemanni were routed with a loss of 6,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. -The Romans lost 1,200. - - - Châlons (Invasion of the Huns). - -Fought 451 between the Romans and the Visigoths under Actius and -Theodoric respectively, and the Huns under Attila. The battle was fought -on an open plain, and while the right and centre of the allies withstood -Attila’s onslaught, the Visigoths on the left made a furious charge, in -which Theodoric fell, and totally routed the right of the Huns. Attila -then withdrew to his camp, having suffered heavy loss, and prepared to -resist the attack of the allies on the following day. Actius, however, -did not renew the conflict, and allowed Attila to retreat unmolested. - - - Châlons. - -Arising out of a tournament in 1274, in which the life of Edward I was -endangered by foul play, a fight in earnest took place between the -English and French knights present. The French were worsted, and a -considerable number slain. This fight is called the “Little” Battle of -Châlons. - - - Champ-Aubert (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought February 10, 1814, when Napoleon with his main army, by an -extraordinary forced march through a difficult country, fell upon -Blucher’s army marching upon Paris, viâ Châlons. Blucher was advancing -in three divisions, and Napoleon attacked the second of these, under -Alsusieff, and completely dispersed it, taking 2,000 prisoners and all -the guns. On the following day he encountered Sachen, who with 20,000 -men formed the advance guard, and defeated him at Montmirail, with a -loss of 6,000, forcing him to abandon the main road and retire on -Château Thierry. On the 13th he encountered General d’York, with 30,000 -Russians and Prussians at Château Thierry, driving him out with heavy -loss, including 3,000 prisoners, while finally on the 14th he turned on -the main body under Blucher himself, who, not being sufficiently strong -to face the main French army, was compelled to retire, which he did in -good order, after losing 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. This -flank march is considered one of Napoleon’s most brilliant achievements. - - - Chancellorsville (American Civil War). - -Fought May 2, 3, and 4, 1863, between 53,000 Confederates under Lee, and -120,000 Federals under Hooker. Lee, though largely outnumbered, detached -half his force under Jackson to turn Hooker’s right, while he contained -the Federals with the rest of his army. Jackson’s march was successfully -carried out, and on the afternoon of the 2nd he commenced his attack, -routing the Federal 11th Corps. This success, however, cost the -Confederates dear, for Jackson’s staff was mistaken in the dusk for that -of a Federal general, and was fired into by a South Carolina regiment, -and Jackson mortally wounded. On the 3rd the attack was renewed in front -and flank, with further success for the Confederates, while on the 4th -the Federals were driven off, and Hooker forced to recross the -Rappahannock on the 5th. The Confederates lost about 10,000 men; the -Federals about 18,000, including 7,650 prisoners. - - - Chanda (Third Mahratta War). - -This fortress, the chief stronghold of the Rajah of Nagpur, was besieged -by a British force under Colonel Adams, May 9, 1818. It was defended by -over 3,000 of the Rajah’s troops, but after two days’ bombardment the -place was taken by storm, with small loss to the assailants, while the -garrison had 500 killed, including the commandant. - - - Chandernagore (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged March 14, 1757, by Clive, with 2,000 Company’s -troops, and defended by 600 Frenchmen and 300 Sepoys. On the 19th three -British ships under Admiral Watson arrived, and on the 24th a joint -attack by sea and land resulted in the capture of the place. - - - Charasiab (Second Afghan War). - -Fought October 6, 1879, when Sir Frederick Roberts attacked a force of -Afghans and Ghilzais, who were massed on the road by which a convoy was -approaching from Zahidabad, under General Macpherson. The enemy was -routed and dispersed, and the convoy reached camp safely. - - - Charenton (War of the Fronde). - -Fought February 8, 1649, between the Royal troops, 8,000 strong, under -the Great Condé, and the forces of the Paris Parliament under Clanleu. -Condé gained a complete victory, driving the Frondeurs from all their -entrenchments, and forcing them back upon Paris with heavy loss, -including 100 officers. Among the slain was Clauleu. - - - Charleston (American Civil War). - -The siege of this place may be considered to have commenced April 6, -1863, on which day the Federal fleet crossed the bar. On the 7th an -attack was made upon fort Sumter by nine ironclads under Admiral Dupont, -which was repulsed with a loss of 1 ship and the disabling of several -others. The defenders lost 2 men only. On July 10th and 11th a land -force attacked Fort Wagner, but was repulsed with loss. On the 18th an -assault by three brigades under General Seymour was also repulsed with -enormous loss; and preparations were then made for a sap. On September -5, after a very heavy bombardment, Fort Wagner proved to be untenable, -and, with the works on Morris Island, was abandoned, but the besiegers -failed in all their attempts on Fort Sumter, and the inner defences. -From this time the siege became a mere blockade of the port, until, on -the approach of Sherman’s army, the garrison, then 9,000 strong, -evacuated the city, February 18, 1865. - - - Châteauguay (Second American War). - -Fought 1813, between the Americans, 7,000 strong, under General Hampton, -and a force of Canadian Militia, far inferior in numbers, who were -strongly posted near Châteauguay. The Americans attempted to storm the -Canadian lines, but the Canadians made a most gallant defence, and -repulsed them with heavy loss. - - - Châteauneuf-Raudon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged 1380 by the French under Du Guesclin, and was -defended by an English garrison under de Ros. After an obstinate defence -the town surrendered, July 4, but the siege was fatal to Du Guesclin, -who succumbed to his fatigues and privations. - - - Château Thierry. - -_See_ Champ-Aubert. - - - Chattanooga (American Civil War). - -Fought November 24 to 27, 1863, between 80,000 Federals under Grant, and -the Confederate Army of the West, 40,000 strong, under Bragg. The attack -on the Confederate lines commenced on the 27th, the Federals capturing -Look Out Mountain, on their extreme left. They advanced unseen through a -thick fog, to the upper slopes, and drove out the defenders, whence this -action is known as the “Battle above the Clouds.” On the following day -Bragg’s centre was pierced, while the fighting of the 26th and 27th was -in the nature of severe rearguard actions. The Federals lost 5,286 -killed and wounded, and 330 missing. The Confederates lost fewer in -killed and wounded, but they left in the hands of the Federals 6,142 -prisoners, 40 guns and 7,000 rifles. Also called the “Battle of -Missionary Ridge.” - - - Che-mul-pho (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought February 8, 1904, between a Japanese squadron of four protected -cruisers, convoying transports, under Admiral Uriu, and a Russian -cruiser and gunboat which sought to oppose the landing. After a smart -action the cruiser was blown up to avoid capture, and the gunboat -destroyed, the Russians losing 504 killed and wounded. The Japanese -suffered no material damage. - - - Cheriton (Civil War). - -Fought March 29, 1644, when the Royalists under Lord Firth were defeated -by the Parliamentarians under Waller. This defeat prevented the -threatened Royalist incursion into Kent and Sussex. - - - Chetaté (Crimean War). - -Fought January 6 to 9, 1854. On the 6th the advanced Russian post of -6,000 men at Chetaté under General Fischbuch was attacked by 6,000 Turks -under Ahmed Pasha, and after heavy fighting, in which the Russians lost -3,000 killed and wounded, and many prisoners, and the Turks 1,000, was -driven out of the village. On the following days the Russians made -desperate attempts to recover the position, General Anrep, on the 9th, -bringing up some 20,000 men from Cragova. All their efforts, however, -failed, and the three days’ fighting cost them a further 2,000 men, the -Turks losing about 1,000. - - - Chevilly (Franco-German War). - -Fought September 30, 1870, when a sortie from Paris under General Vinoy -was repulsed by the Sixth German Corps under Von Tümpling, with a loss -of 74 officers and 2,046 men. The Germans lost 28 officers and 413 men -killed and wounded. - - - Chevy Chace. - -_See_ Otterburn. - - - Chiari (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 1, 1701, between the Imperialists, about 28,000 strong, -under Prince Eugene, and the French and Spaniards under the Duke of -Savoy. The Prince occupied the small town of Chiari, where he was -attacked by the allies, who, after two hours’ hard fighting, were -repulsed with a loss of nearly 3,000. Owing to the strength of their -position, the Imperialists lost 117 only. - - - Chickahominy (American Civil War). - -Fought June 3, 1864, between the Federal Army of the Potomac under -Grant, and the Confederate army of Virginia under Lee. Grant attacked -the Southerners’ entrenchments, with the object of forcing the passage -of the Chickahominy, and his first onslaught met with some success, but -the Confederates, rallying, drove back their assailants to their -original position with heavy loss. All further attempts on Lee’s lines -failed, and the Federals were finally repulsed with a loss of over -13,000 killed, wounded and missing. The Confederates lost about 6,000. - - - Chickamauga (American Civil War). - -Fought September 19 and 20, 1863, between the Confederate Army of the -West under General Bragg, and the Federals under General Rosecrans. On -the 19th the Confederates attacked along the whole line and drove back -their opponents, cutting them off from the river, and forcing them to -bivouac for the night in a waterless country. On the 20th the attack was -renewed, and though Bragg’s right was repulsed, he was elsewhere -successful, and by nightfall Rosecrans was in full retreat. Bragg -however, failed to follow up his victory, and allowed Rosecrans to -retire on Chattanooga unmolested. The Federals lost 16,351 men and 36 -guns; the Confederates about 12,000. - - - Chillianwallah (Second Sikh War). - -Fought January 14, 1849, between the British under Lord Gough, and the -Sikhs, 40,000 strong, under Shere Singh. The battle was very evenly -contested, and though in the end Lord Gough drove the Sikhs from the -field, his own position was so insecure that he was himself compelled to -retire after the action. - - - Chiloe (South American War of Independence). - -On January 19, 1826, the small group of islands, held for the Spanish -crown by a garrison under Quintanella, was surrendered to a force of -Chilians, 4,000 strong, with a small squadron of warships under Freyre. - - - Chingleput (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, defended by a French garrison of 40 Europeans and 500 -native troops, was captured, 1752, by Clive, with a force of about 700 -recruits and Sepoys. - - - Chios (Social War). - -Chios having risen against Athenian rule in B.C. 357, a fleet of 60 -ships under Chabrias and Chares was sent to reduce it. A force having -been landed, a joint attack was made by the fleet and the army, but in -attempting to enter the harbour, the galley of Chabrias, which led the -way, was surrounded and overpowered, Chabrias falling. The troops were -then withdrawn, and the attack abandoned. - - - Chios. - -Fought B.C. 201 between the Macedonian fleet, 48 triremes and some -smaller vessels under Philip, and the combined fleets of Rhodes and -Pergamus under Theophiliscus and Attalus. Philip was defeated with the -loss of half his ships, 3,000 killed and 5,000 prisoners. The allies -lost 6 ships and 800 men. - - - Chiozza (War of Chiozza). - -This city, which had been captured by the Genoese from Venice, was -besieged by the Venetians under Pisani and defended by Doria, who was -killed during the siege. The place made an obstinate resistance, but was -forced to surrender June 24, 1380, the Venetians capturing 19 Genoese -galleys and 4,000 prisoners. This disaster broke the power of the -Genoese Republic for many years. - - - Chippewa (Second American War). - -Fought July 6, 1814, between 4,000 Americans under General Jacob Brown, -and 2,400 British, 1,500 being regulars, under General Riall. Riall -attacked Brown in a strong position at Chippewa, and was repulsed with -considerable loss. - - - Chitor. - -Towards the end of the thirteenth century this fortress was besieged by -the Pathans under Ala-ud-Din, and was defended by the Rana, Lakhsman. -The first attack was repulsed, though the Rajputs suffered terribly, but -at the second attempt the Pathans overpowered the defenders, who were -mercilessly put to the sword. All the Rajput women in the place -committed suttee, to avoid captivity. Lakhsman Singh and eleven out of -his twelve sons fell in the defence. - -The second sack of Chitor took place in 1535, when the Rana Bikrmajit -made a gallant but unavailing defence against the Gujeratis under -Bahadur Shah. Thirteen thousand women were slain by the remnant of the -garrison, before they opened the gates, and rushed out to fall fighting. -Only one small child of the Royal line escaped the massacre, namely Udai -Singh. It was during the reign of this Udai Singh that the third sack -took place in 1568, by the Delhi Moguls under Akbar. Udai Singh deserted -his capital, which was defended by a garrison of 8,000 Rajputs under -Jagmal. The siege was scientifically conducted, and, a breach having -been effected, an assault was ordered. A mine, however, was exploded in -the breach, killing 500 of the assailants, and the assault was repulsed. -Shortly afterwards Jagmal was killed, and a second assault proved -successful, the garrison, refusing to surrender, being put to the sword. - - - Chitral (Chitral Campaign). - -On March 3, 1895, the Chitral garrison, consisting of 90 Sikhs and 280 -Kashmir Imperial Service troops, with 7 British officers under Captain -Campbell, was attacked by a large force of Chitralis and Bajauris under -Shere Afzal, the Pretender to the Chitral throne, and Umrar Khan of -Bajaur. A sortie was repulsed, with a loss of 58, including 2 British -officers, and General Baj Singh, who commanded the Kashmiris, but in -spite of a series of attacks, and continual mining operations, the -garrison held out until April 18, when it was relieved by Colonel Kelly. -One fifth of the garrison was killed or wounded. - - - Chizai (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought July 1372, between the French under Du Guesclin, and the English -under Thomas Hampton. Du Guesclin, who was engaged in the siege of -Chizai, was attacked by the English, in about equal force to his own, -and, after a long and bloody engagement, totally defeated them, and -captured the town. The reverse cost Edward III Saintonge and Poitou. - - - Choczim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1769, between the Russians under Galitzin, and the Turks under -Mohammed Emin Pasha. The Russians, who were endeavouring to capture -Choczim by a _coup de main_, were met and defeated by the Turks with -considerable loss. - - - Chong-ju (Russo-Japanese War). - -The first encounter between the land forces of Russia and Japan, April, -1904, when the advanced guard of the First Japanese Army came in contact -with a force of Cossacks under General Mischtchenko, and after a brisk -engagement drove them back and occupied Chong-ju. The losses on both -sides were small. - - - Chorillos (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought January 13, 1861, between the Chilians under General Baquedano -and the Peruvians under General Caceres. The Peruvians were totally -defeated with a loss of 9,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners. -The Chilians lost 800 killed and 2,500 wounded. - - - Chotusitz (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 17, 1742, between the Austrians under Prince Charles of -Lorraine, and the Prussians under Frederick the Great. The numbers were -about equal, but the steadiness of the Prussian infantry eventually wore -down the Austrians, and they were forced to retreat, though in good -order, leaving behind them 18 guns and 12,000 prisoners. The killed and -wounded numbered about 7,000 on each side, and the Austrians made 1,000 -prisoners. The Prussian cavalry delivered several desperate and -unsuccessful charges, and were almost destroyed. - - - Christianople (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -The first military exploit of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, during -the war of 1611, made a night assault on this fortress with 1,500 men, -and blowing in the gate, captured the place without losing a man. - - - Chrysopolis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 323 between 60,000 troops under Licinius, Emperor of the East, -and a force detached by Constantine from the siege of Byzantium. -Licinius was totally defeated, with a loss of 25,000, and surrendered. -The result of this victory was the re-union of the whole of the Roman -Empire under one head. - - - Chrystlers Farm (Second American War). - -Fought November 11, 1813, between 800 British under Colonel Morrison, -and about 3,000 Americans under General Boyd. The Americans were -defeated with a loss of 249 killed and wounded and 100 prisoners. The -British lost 203. - - - Chunar. - -This fortress, which was held for Shir Khan Sur, Nawab of Bengal, was -besieged by the Moguls under Humayun in 1538. This is the first siege in -Indian history which was conducted according to the rules of war, and -was notable for the use made of artillery by both sides. After a siege -lasting several months, the garrison was forced by famine to surrender. - - - Cibalis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought October 8, 315, between Constantine the Great, with 20,000 men, -and Licinius, Emperor of the East, with 35,000. Constantine was posted -in a defile, where he was attacked by Licinius. The attack was repulsed, -and Constantine followed the enemy into the open plain, where Licinius -rallied his troops, and resumed the offensive. The day seemed lost, when -a charge of the right wing, under Constantine in person, once more broke -the Illyrians, and Licinius having lost 20,000 of his best troops, -abandoned his camp during the night and retreated to Sirmium. - - - Ciudad Rodrigo (Peninsular War). - -This town was invested by Wellington January 8, 1812, and carried by -assault twelve days later. The besiegers lost during the siege 1,290 -killed and wounded, of whom 710, including Generals Craufurd and -Mackinnon, fell in the storm. The French lost 300 killed and wounded, -1,500 prisoners, and 150 guns. - - - Ciuna (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 315, between the Romans under Caius Mænius and the Samnites -under Pontius. The Romans gained a signal victory. - - - Civitella (Norman Invasion of Italy). - -Fought 1033, when 3,000 Normans under Robert Guiscard assailed and -totally routed a miscellaneous force of Germans and Italians under Pope -Leo IX. Only the Germans offered any serious resistance, but they were -cut down to a man, and the Pope was overtaken in his flight and -captured. - - - Clissau (Swedo-Polish Wars). - -Fought July 13, 1702, between the Swedes, 12,000 strong, under Charles -XII, and 24,000 Poles and Saxons under Frederick Augustus. The Saxons -fought gallantly, but the Poles fled at the first onslaught, and in the -end the Swedes gained a complete victory. Among those who fell was the -Duke of Holstein, commanding the Swedish cavalry. - - - Clontarf (Norse Invasion of Ireland). - -Fought April 24, 1014, when the Scandinavian invaders were totally -routed by the Irish of Munster, Connaught, Ulster and Meath, under Brian -Boru. The Norsemen are said to have lost 6,000 men. Brian Boru and his -son fell in the battle. - - - Clusium (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). - -Fought B.C. 225, when the Gauls utterly routed a Roman army with a loss -said to have amounted to 50,000 men. - - - Cnidus. - -Fought B.C. 394 between 120 Spartan triremes under Pisander and a -largely superior Persian fleet under Pharnabazus, and Conon the -Athenian. Pisander was defeated and slain, and his fleet destroyed. -Persia thus re-established her power in the Greek cities of Asia, and -the maritime power of Sparta was destroyed. - -Cockerel (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought May, 1364, between the Navarrese under Jean de Grailli, aided by -a force of English mercenaries under John Joel, and the French, 10,000 -strong, under Bertrand du Guesclin. Du Guesclin, who was executing a -strategic retreat, was attacked by the English, who were surrounded and -overpowered, Joel falling. De Grailli came to their aid, but was also -overwhelmed and made prisoner, and the Navarrese, deprived of their -leaders, laid down their arms. - - - Colenso (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 15, 1899, being the first action in Sir Redvers Buller’s -campaign for the relief of Ladysmith. Buller attempted to carry by a -frontal attack the Boer position on the opposite side of the Tugela, and -notwithstanding the gallantry of the troops, was compelled to retire, -with a loss of 71 officers and 1,055 rank and file. Of this total the -Irish Brigade lost about half. The Boers captured 10 guns. - - - Colline Gate (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82 between the adherents of Sulla, and the Roman democrats -and Samnites under Pontius, outside the walls of Rome. The battle was -obstinately contested, but, after a fight lasting throughout the night, -the insurgents were routed, and 4,000 prisoners taken. This victory of -the aristocratic party ended the civil war. - - - Colombey (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 11, 1870, between the retiring French army, and the -advance guard of the First German Army Corps under von Steinmetz. The -French maintained most of their positions, but two of their divisions -were overthrown, and Bazaine’s retreat on Verdun was seriously delayed. -The French lost about 7,000; the Germans 222 officers and 5,000 men. - - - Colombo (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This town was captured from the Dutch in 1796, by a squadron of four -British warships, and a small force of troops under Admiral Peter -Rainier and Colonel Stuart. - - - Concha Rayada (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 1818, between the Spanish Royalists, 5,000 strong, under -General Osorio, and the Chilians and Colombians under San Martin. The -Spaniards gained a complete victory. - - - Concon (Chilian Civil War). - -Fought August 21, 1891, between 10,000 Congressists under General del -Canto, and 11,000 Balmacedists under General Barbosa. Aided by the fire -of three warships, the Congressists, who had landed unopposed on the -20th, stormed the entrenchments of the Balmacedists, and drove them out -with a loss of 1,648 killed and wounded, and 1,500 prisoners. The -victors lost 869. - - - Condorcanqui. - -_See_ Ayacucho. - - Constantine (Conquest of Algeria). - -This fortified city in Eastern Algeria, which, under Hadji Ahmad, had -held out for six years against French rule, was invested by the French, -7,000 strong, under Marshal Clausel, in the autumn of 1836. Having no -breaching pieces, Clausel essayed an assault, but was repulsed with a -loss of 2,000 men, and abandoned the siege. In the following year -General Damrémont sat down before Constantine October 6, with 10,000 -men, and on the 12th, a breach having been effected, an assault was on -the point of taking place, when Damrémont was killed. His successor, -General Valée, however, took the place by storm on the following day. - - - Constantinople (Moslem Invasion of Europe). - -This city was besieged in 668, by the Saracens under Sophian, the -lieutenant of the Caliph Moawiyeh. The Moslem fleet passed the -Hellespont unopposed, but their attack upon the city was met with a most -determined resistance. After keeping the field from April to September, -Sophian retired into winter quarters, but renewed active operations -during the following and five succeeding summers, without success, -until, in 675, he finally abandoned the siege, having lost in its -progress over 30,000 men. - -In 716, the Saracens again laid siege to the city, with 120,000 men -under Moslemeh, brother of the Caliph Solyman. A fleet of 1,800 sail -co-operated with the land forces, but was destroyed by the Greek fire -ships, and thus obtaining the command of the sea, the citizens were -relieved from all fear of famine, and repulsed all Moslemeh’s assaults. -After a siege of 13 months, the Saracens withdrew, after a defeat at the -hands of a Bulgarian relieving army, in which they lost 22,000 men. - - - Constantinople (Fourth Crusade). - -The city was besieged July 7, 1203, by the French and Venetian Crusaders -under Count Thibaut de Champagne. After a feeble defence, it was -surrendered July 18, by the Usurper, Alexius, and occupied by the -Crusaders, who restored Isaac Angelus to the throne, and withdrew. - -In January 1204 the Crusaders again laid siege to Constantinople, and at -the end of three months, in the course of which Isaac Angelus died, and -Mourzoufle assumed the purple, they stormed and pillaged the city. -Baldwin was then proclaimed first Latin Emperor of the East. - -On July 25, 1261, Constantinople was taken by surprise by the troops of -the Greek Emperor, Michael Palæologus, under his lieutenant, Alexius -Strategopulus. The Latin Emperor, Baldwin II, made no attempt at -resistance, but escaped to the Venetian galleys, and the restoration of -the Greek Empire was accomplished without opposition. - - - Constantinople. - -A naval action fought February 13, 1352, between 64 Genoese galleys -under Doria, and 75 Greek and Venetian galleys under Pisani. The Genoese -were victorious, taking or sinking 26 galleys, and forcing Pisani to -retire into the fortified harbour. The Genoese lost 13 galleys. - - - Constantinople (Ottoman Invasion of Europe). - -On June 10, 1422, Amurath II, with 200,000 Turks, laid siege to the -city, which was defended by the Greek garrison under the Emperor Manuel. -After a siege of two months, in which the Turks lost heavily in their -numerous assaults, and in the defenders’ sallies, Amurath was called -away to Boursa by a domestic revolt, and raised the siege. - -On April 6, 1453, the Turks again laid siege to Constantinople with -258,000 men under Mohammed II. The garrison, consisting of 5,000 Greeks -and 2,000 foreigners, though short of ammunition, made a gallant -defence, but were overpowered by numbers in a general assault on May 25, -and the city was captured. Constantine Palæologus, the last Emperor of -the East, was killed by an unknown hand, in the tumult which followed -the storming of the ramparts. - - - Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought April 2, 1801, between the British fleet of 20 sail of the line, -besides frigates, under Admirals Hyde Parker and Nelson, and the Danish -fleet of 10 line-of-battle ships, aided by the shore batteries. Nelson -attacked with 12 ships, Parker remaining in reserve, but three of -Nelson’s vessels running aground, he met the Danish line with 9 only. -The Danes offered a strenuous resistance, and Parker hoisted the signal -to retire, but Nelson put the telescope to his blind eye, and refused to -see the signal. The action continued until the Danish fire was silenced. -The British lost 1,200 men, and had six vessels seriously damaged. The -Danes had one ship destroyed, and the rest of their fleet completely -disabled. The result of this victory was the dissolution of the league -of the Northern Powers. - - - Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). - -The city was captured September 5, 1807, by 20,000 British troops under -Lord Cathcart, after a four days’ bombardment of the forts and citadel -by 27 ships of the line. The Danish fleet of 18 sail of the line, which -was surrendered, would otherwise, under a secret clause of the Treaty of -Tilsit, have been placed at the disposal of Napoleon. - - - Copratus, The (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Macedonians under Antigonus, and the -Asiatics under Eumenes. Each army was about 30,000 strong, and Eumenes -fell upon the Macedonians as they were crossing the Copratus, and -signally defeated them, though Antigonus was able to retreat in good -order. - - - Cordova (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought August 1010, between the Berbers under Sulaiman, aided by the -Spaniards under Sancho, Count of Castile, and the Moors of Cordova under -Almudy. Almudy marched out of Cordova to meet the Berbers, but was -utterly routed, with a loss of 20,000, including most of his principal -Emirs. - - - Corinth (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 429, between 47 Peloponnesian ships under Cnemus, and 20 -Athenian triremes under Phormio. Phormio, who was blockading the Gulf of -Corinth, allowed Cnemus to pass into the open sea, and when disordered -by the heavy weather prevailing, he attacked and completely defeated the -Peloponnesians, capturing 12 ships. - - - Corinth (Corinthian War). - -Fought B.C. 394 between 14,000 Spartans, and 26,000 Athenians, -Corinthians, Thebans and Argives. The allies were defeated, losing twice -as many men as their opponents, but the Spartans, in spite of their -victory, were obliged to retire, leaving the Isthmus in their -possession. - - - Corinth (American Civil War). - -Fought October 3 and 4, 1862, between the Confederates under Van Dorn, -and the Federals under Rosecrans. Rosecrans was strongly entrenched at -Corinth, where he was attacked on the 3rd, and driven into his inner -lines. The attack was renewed on the 4th, but an attempt to storm the -entrenchments was repulsed, and the Federals, taking the offensive -against the disordered Southerners, drove them from the field with a -loss of 6,423 killed and wounded, and 2,248 prisoners. The Federals lost -2,359 killed, wounded, and missing. - - - Coroneia (Bœotian Wars). - -Fought B.C. 447, when an Athenian army under Tolmides, which had entered -Bœotia to reduce certain of the Bœotian towns which had thrown off -their allegiance to Athens, was encountered and totally defeated by a -largely superior force of Bœotians. Almost all the surviving -Athenians were captured, and, to secure their release, Athens resigned -her claims over Bœotia. - - - Coroneia (Corinthian War). - -Fought August B.C. 394, between the Athenians, Argives, Thebans, and -Corinthians, and the Spartans under Agesilaus. The Spartan right -defeated the Argives, but their left fled before the Thebans, who then -attacked the Spartan right, but, after a desperate struggle, were -defeated. The Spartans, however, had suffered so severely that Agesilaus -was compelled to evacuate Bœotia. - - - Corrichie (Huntly’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1562, between the troops of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the -Scottish rebels under the Earl of Huntly. The rebels, whose forces had -been greatly reduced by desertions, were totally defeated, and Huntly -slain. - - - Corte Nuova (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1237, between the Imperialists under Frederick II, and the -Lombard Guelfs under the leadership of the Milanese. Frederick won a -signal victory, capturing the _carroccio_ of Milan. - - - Corumba (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1877, between the Paraguayans and a Brazilian army corps which -was endeavouring to enter Paraguay from the north-east. The Brazilians -retired in disorder, being pursued for many miles, and suffering heavy -loss. The battle is remarkable for the presence in the Paraguayan army -of a corps of Amazons led by Eliza Lynch. - - - Coruña (Peninsular War). - -Fought January 16, 1809, between 14,000 British under Sir John Moore, -and 20,000 French under Soult, who was endeavouring to prevent the -British from embarking. The French attacks were uniformly repulsed, and -the troops safely embarked, with a loss of about 800, including Sir John -Moore. The French lost about 2,000. - - - Compedion (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 281 between the Macedonians under Lysimachus, and the -Syrians under Seleucus. The two generals met in single combat, in front -of their armies, and Seleucus, though 81 years of age, defeated and slew -his ancient comrade in arms. The two armies then engaged, and the -Syrians gained a complete victory. - - - Coulmiers (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 9, 1870, between 20,000 Germans under Von der Tann, and -a largely superior French force under General d’Aurelle de Paladines. -After maintaining their position for the greater part of the day, the -Germans were driven back, having lost 576 killed and wounded, 800 -prisoners, an ammunition column and 2 guns. The French losses were about -1,500. - - - Courtrai (Flemish War). - -Fought 1302, between the French under Robert d’Artois, and the Flemings -under Guy de Namur. The French were utterly routed, and so great was the -carnage among the French nobility and knighthood, that after the battle -4,000, some say 7,000, gilt spurs, were hung up as trophies in Courtrai -cathedral. From this circumstance this battle is commonly known as the -Battle of the Spurs. - - - Coutras (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought 1587 between the Huguenots under Henry of Navarre (Henri IV) and -the Catholics under the Duc de Joyeuse. The Catholic army was -annihilated, Joyeuse being amongst the slain. - - - Covelong (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison of 350, was captured by Clive -in 1752, after a few days’ siege. Clive had only 200 European recruits -and 500 Sepoys, and had great difficulty in getting his men to face the -French fire. Having, however, managed to erect a battery which commanded -the place, the Governor surrendered. On the following day Clive ambushed -and defeated, with a loss of 100 men, a relieving force approaching from -Chingleput. - - - Coverypank (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought February 1752, between the British, 380 Europeans, and 1,300 -Sepoys, under Clive, and the troops of Rajah Sahib, with 400 Frenchmen, -in all about 5,000. Clive’s advance guard marched into an ambush, and -with difficulty held its ground against the fire of 9 guns. Meanwhile -Clive passed round the enemy’s position, and attacked them vigorously in -the rear, whereupon they fled in panic. Most of the Frenchmen and the -guns were captured. - - - Craonne (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 7, 1814, between 55,000 French under Napoleon, and about -90,000 of the allies under Blucher. Blucher occupied a very strong -position on the heights about Craonne, which was attacked and carried by -Victor’s and Ney’s corps at the point of the bayonet. The French lost -9,000, the allies 7,000 killed and wounded. - - - Cravant (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1423. A force of Armagnacs under Buchan, Constable of -France, with some Scottish mercenaries under Sir John Stewart, was -advancing upon Craonne, the capture of which town would secure Charles -VII’s communications with Champagne. They were attacked by the -Burgundians and English under the Earl of Salisbury, and defeated with -heavy loss. Both Buchan and Stewart were captured. - - - Crayford (Jutish Invasion). - -Fought 456 between the Jutes under Hengest, and the Britons under -Vortigern. The Britons were defeated, and driven out of Kent. - - - Crefeld (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought June 23, 1758, between 32,000 Hanoverians, Hessians and -Brunswickers under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, and about 50,000 -French under the Comte de Clermont. The French were totally defeated, -with heavy loss. - - - Cremona (Second Gallic Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 198, when the Romans defeated with heavy slaughter an -invading army of Gauls under Hamilcar, a Carthaginian. Hamilcar was -slain. - - - Cremona (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought December 69, between the Vitellians, and the Flavians under -Antonius Primus, 40,000 strong. The Vitellians, who were without a -leader, having deposed their general, Cæcina, were attacked in their -camp, and after a hard fight, which lasted throughout the night, were -totally routed. The victors sacked and burnt Cremona. - - - Cremona (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city, held by a French garrison, was surprised by the Imperialists -under Prince Eugene, February 1, 1702. The town was entered without the -alarm being given, and many important officers, including Marshal -Villeroy, were made prisoners. A portion of the garrison, however, still -held out in the citadel, and made Eugene’s tenure of the town -precarious, and finally, on the approach of a relieving force under the -Prince de Vaudemont, he was forced to withdraw his troops. The garrison -lost 1,000 killed. - - - Cressy (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 26, 1346, when a very inferior force of English under -Edward III defeated the French under Philip VI. The battle is notable as -being the first in which the English army was mainly composed of -infantry, and as proving the powerlessness of mounted men against the -English archers. The French losses were 11 princes, 1,200 knights, and -30,000 of lesser ranks, a total exceeding the whole English force. - - - Crimisus (Third Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought June B.C. 340, between 10,000 Sicilians under Timoleon, and -70,000 Carthaginians, including the “Sacred Band” of 2,500 Carthaginian -citizens of good birth, under Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. Timoleon attacked -the Carthaginians while they were crossing the Crimisus, and routed and -dispersed the Sacred Band before the main army had crossed. A heavy -storm of rain in the faces of the Carthaginians came to the aid of the -Sicilians, and after a severe struggle, they gained a signal victory, -and the Carthaginians fled, leaving 10,000 dead in the field, and 15,000 -prisoners. Many more were drowned in their endeavour to recross the -river. - - - Cronion (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 379 between the Syracusans under Dionysius, and the -Carthaginians. The Syracusans were defeated, with enormous loss, and -Dionysius forced to accept unfavourable terms of peace. - - - Cropredy Bridge (Civil War). - -Fought June 29, 1644, between the Royalists under Charles I, and a -detachment of the Parliamentary army under Sir William Waller. Waller -crossed the Cherwell near Banbury with the object of taking the -Royalists in the rear, but was repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Crosskeys (American Civil War). - -A rearguard action, fought June 8, 1862, between 8,000 Confederates -under Ewell, and about 15,000 Federals under Tremont. Ewell was given -the task of holding Tremont in check, while General Jackson marched to -meet the Federals under Shields, who were endeavouring to effect a -junction with Tremont. The Confederates held their ground, beating back -their opponents with a loss of 664 killed and wounded. After the action, -Ewell crossed the river, burning the bridge behind him, and Jackson was -enabled to fall upon Shields with his whole force. - - - Crotona. - -Fought 983, between the Germans under Otho II, and the Greeks, aided by -40,000 Saracens under the Caliph of Egypt. After an obstinate -engagement, Otho was totally defeated, losing many of his bravest -knights. - - - Crotoye (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1347, during the siege of Calais by Edward III. The French fleet -attempted to relieve the town, but was defeated and driven off with -heavy loss by the English fleet. - - - Cuaspad. - -Fought December 6, 1862, between the Ecuadorians under Flores, 6,000 -strong, and 4,000 Colombians under Mosquera. The Ecuadorians were -utterly routed, losing 1,500 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and -all their guns. - - - Cuddalore. - -Fought June 13, 1783, when a portion of the British force under General -Stewart attacked the French entrenchments in front of Cuddalore, and -after hard fighting, drove the French into the town with a loss of 700 -men and 13 guns. The British lost 1,013 killed and wounded. - - - Cuddalore. - -A naval action was fought off Cuddalore June 30, 1783, between a British -squadron of 17 sail under Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 French ships under -Suffren. The French, as usual, declined to come to close quarters, and -after a long range action, in which Hughes lost 532 men, fighting was -suspended at nightfall, leaving Suffren in possession of the roads, and -able to prevent the complete investment of Cuddalore. - - - Culloden (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought April 16, 1746, between the Royal troops under the Duke of -Cumberland, and the Highlanders under the Young Pretender. The rebels -were completely routed by the English regulars, and in addition to heavy -loss in the field, suffered terribly in the pursuit, being ruthlessly -cut down by the cavalry. Cumberland’s cruelty on this occasion earned -for him the title of “Butcher.” The Royalists lost 309 killed and -wounded. This battle is sometimes called the Battle of Drummossie Moor. - - - Cunaxa (Expedition of Cyrus the Younger). - -Fought B.C. 401 between the Persians, about 400,000 strong, under -Artaxerxes, and the army of his brother Cyrus, consisting of 100,000 -Orientals, with 14,000 Greek mercenaries, under Clearchus. The Greeks on -the right wing drove back the Persian left, and Cyrus in the centre -broke the king’s body-guard, which fled in disorder. While pursuing his -brother, however, he was struck down, and his Orientals at once took to -flight. The Greeks refused to surrender, and were allowed to retain -their arms and march, to the coast. This expedition of Cyrus forms the -subject of Xenophon’s “Anabasis.” - - - Curicta (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49, when the Cæsarian fleet under Dolabella was totally -destroyed by the Pompeian fleet under Marcus Octavius. This victory cut -off the Cæsarian army under Caius Antonius, which was quartered on the -island of Curicta, and Antonius was forced to surrender. - - - Curupayti (Paraguayan War). - -Fought September 22, 1866, between the troops of Brazil, Argentine and -Uruguay, under General Flores, and the Paraguayans under Lopez. The -allies were totally defeated, and Flores abandoned the army, returning -to Montevideo. - - - Custozza (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 24, 1866, between 60,000 Austrians under the Archduke -Albert, and 140,000 Italians under General La Marmora. La Marmora -crossed the Mincio, and advanced against the Archduke, who was covering -Verona. The Italians having to pass through a hilly country, the columns -were much broken up, and as they debouched into the plain of Custozza, -they were beaten in detail, and driven back by the Austrians, who gained -a signal victory. The Austrians lost 4,650 killed and wounded; the -Italians, 720 killed, 3,112 wounded, and 4,315 prisoners. La Marmora was -compelled to recross the Mincio. - - - Cuzco (Conquest of Peru). - -This city was besieged 1536, by 200,000 Peruvians, and was defended by -250 Spaniards under Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro. After a siege of five -months, Almagro, to whom certain of the conquered territories had been -assigned by the king of Spain, arrived with his troops, and attacked and -totally routed the Peruvians. He then laid siege to the place on his own -account, and shortly afterwards compelled Gonzalo Pizarro to capitulate. -Juan died in the course of the siege. - - - Cyme. - -Fought B.C. 474, between the fleet of Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, and the -Etruscan fleet, which was investing the Greek colony of Cyme. The -Etruscans were routed, and from this defeat dates the rapid decline of -the Etruscan power. - - - Cynoscephalæ. - -Fought July 364 B.C., between the Thebans and Thessalians under -Pelopidas, and the forces of Alexander, Despot of Pheræ. Both armies -made a forced march to seize the heights of Cynoscephalæ, and reached -the spot almost simultaneously. The Theban cavalry drove back -Alexander’s horse, but lost time in the pursuit, and his infantry made -good their position on the heights. However, after very hard fighting, -they were dislodged, and Alexander completely routed, though Pelopidas -fell in the battle. - - - Cynoscephalæ (Second Macedonian War). - -Fought B.C. 197, between the Romans, 26,000 strong, under Flamininus, -and the Macedonians, in about equal force under Philip. The Roman -vanguard, coming unexpectedly upon the enemy, was repulsed, but -Flamininus bringing up the legionaries, the battle became more equal. On -the right Philip, with half his phalanx, drove back the Romans, but his -left wing was utterly routed, and the victorious Roman right then turned -and attacked the Macedonian right in flank and rear, and won a complete -victory. The Macedonians lost 13,000 killed and wounded. The Roman -losses were small. - - - Cynossema (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 411 B.C., between 86 Peloponnesian ships under Mindarus, and 76 -Athenian triremes under Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus. The Athenian centre -was broken, but, in the moment of victory, Thrasybulus fell upon the -Peloponnesians with the right wing, and totally routed them, while -Thrasyllus on the left also drove off his adversaries, after hard -fighting. - - - Cyssus (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 191 between the Roman fleet of 105 triremes under Caius -Livius, and the fleet of Antiochus, numbering 70 sail, under -Polyxenides. Polyxenides sailed out of Cyssus to encounter the Romans, -but was defeated with a loss of 23 ships, and forced to seek refuge at -Ephesus. - - - Cyzicus (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 410 B.C., when Alcibiades, with 86 Athenian ships, surprised the -Peloponnesian Admiral Mindarus, who was besieging Cyzicus, and, after a -hard fight, totally defeated him. Mindarus was slain, 60 triremes were -taken or destroyed, and the Peloponnesian fleet was practically -annihilated. - - - Cyzicus (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 88, when the army of Mithridates, who was besieging Cyzicus, -was hemmed by the Romans under Lucullus, and though the latter, with -inferior forces, did not venture on a pitched battle, he fought a series -of minor engagements, in which he eventually destroyed the Pontic army, -their losses amounting in the end to over 200,000 men. - - - Czarnovo (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought December 24, 1806, between the French under Napoleon, and the -Russians, about 15,000 strong, under Count Tolstoy. Napoleon, with -Davoust’s corps, crossed the Ukra, and made a night attack upon the -Russians, driving them out of Czarnovo with a loss of 1,600 and several -guns. The French lost 700. - - - Czaslau (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought 1742, between the Prussians under Frederic the Great, and the -Austrians under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The Prussians were driven -from the field, but the Austrians abandoned the pursuit to plunder, and -the king, rallying his troops, broke the Austrian main body, and -defeated them with a loss of 4,000 men. - - - - - D - - - Daegastan. - -Fought 603 between the Northumbrians under Æthelfrith, and the Picts and -Scots under Aidan, King of the Scots. Æthelfrith was victorious, and -extended his dominions as far as Chester. - - - Dalmanutha (Second Boer War). - -Fought August 21 to 28, 1900, when the position of the Boers from -Belfast to Machadodorp covering the Delagoa Bay Railway, and extending -over a line 30 miles long, was attacked on the west by Lord Roberts, and -on the south by Sir Redvers Buller. On the 28th Buller entered -Machadodorp, by which time the Boers, who were under General Botha, had -been driven from all their positions. Kruger at once fled to Delagoa -Bay. The British loss in the four days amounted to about 500. - - - Damascus (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This city was besieged by the Moslems under Khaled in 633, and was -defended by a large garrison of Greeks and Romans. The city made an -obstinate defence, and the defenders succeeded in sending a demand for -succour to Werdan, the general of Heraclius. Werdan’s approach drew -Khaled away from the place, and as he was retiring he was attacked by -the garrison, whom he defeated with enormous loss. He then marched -against Werdan, defeated him, and returned to prosecute the siege. After -a gallant defence, the city, 70 days later, was taken by storm. - - - Damascus (Tartar Invasion of Syria). - -On January 25, 1401, Damascus was captured, through treachery, by the -Tartars under Tamerlane. - - - Damme (Wars of Philip Augustus). - -Fought April, 1213, when an English fleet of 500 vessels under the Earl -of Salisbury attacked and dispersed a large fleet of French ships -designed to support Philip Augustus’ invasion of Flanders. The English -captured 300 and burnt 100 vessels, and Philip Augustus was forced to -abandon his design. - - - Dan-no-ura (Taira War). - -Fought 1189, between the army of the Shôgun, Yoritomo, under his -brothers Noriyori and Yoshitsune, and the Taira Clan under Munemori, -when the Taira were routed and dispersed. This defeat broke the power of -the clan, and the Minamoto became the dominant clan in Japan. - - - Dantzig (Thirty Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus in -1627, and was defended by a Polish garrison which successfully resisted -all attempts to storm the place, until the truce of September 16, 1629. -In a night attack on May 27, 1627, the King of Sweden was severely -wounded, while in the autumn of the same year a sally was made from the -port by the Dantzig ships, which defeated the Swedish fleet under -Admiral Stjernsköld, the Admiral being killed, 1 ship captured and 1 -destroyed. - - - Dantzig (Campaign of Friedland). - -On March 19, 1807, Marshal Lefebvre, with 18,000 French, laid siege to -the city, which was defended by a garrison of 14,000 Prussians, and -4,000 Russians under Marshal Kalkreuth. For complete investment it was -necessary for Lefebvre to encompass a circuit of about 17 leagues, for -which purpose his numbers were too few, and he made little progress. -Receiving reinforcements, however, he opened his first parallel April 1, -while on the 12th an important outwork was carried. On the 23rd the -batteries opened fire, and on May 15 a determined effort to relieve the -place was made by a force of 8,000 Russians, who were repulsed with a -loss of 2,000, the French losing 400 only. From this point the city was -left to its fate, and an assault was ordered for the 21st. Before this -date, however, Marshal Kalkreuth signified his readiness to parley, and -on May 26 the place was surrendered, the garrison being then reduced to -7,000 effectives. - - - Dantzig (Campaign of Leipsic). - -After the Moscow retreat, General Rapp, with 30,000 French, mostly -survivors of the Moscow campaign, was besieged in Dantzig, January 1813, -by the allies, 30,000 in number, under the Duke of Würtemberg. Rapp made -a strenuous defence, but his works were mastered one by one, and, -finding his garrison dwindling rapidly from starvation and exposure, he -surrendered November 29, 1813, by which date the defenders numbered only -18,000 men. - - - Dargai (Tirah Campaign). - -Fought October 20, 1897, when a British brigade, under General Yeatman -Biggs, stormed the heights, which were held by a large force of Afridis. -The actual storming was accomplished by the Gordon Highlanders, and the -British loss amounted to 37 killed and 175 wounded. Colonel Mathias’ -speech to the Gordons, before leading them to the charge was, -“Highlanders, the General says the position must be taken at all costs. -The Gordons will take it.” - - - Dazaifu (Chinese Invasion of Japan). - -In 1281, Hwan Buako, the General of Kublai Khan, at the head of 100,000 -Chinese, and 10,000 Koreans, endeavoured to effect a landing at Dazaifu. -The Japanese, however, kept them at bay for 60 days, at the end of which -time the Chinese fleet was wrecked and dispersed by a typhoon. The -survivors, under Chang Pak, took refuge in the island of Takashima, -where they were attacked and cut to pieces by the troops of the Daimiyo -of Choshiu, under Shoni Kagasuke, only 3,000 out of the vast host making -their way back to China. - - - Deeg (First Mahratta War). - -Fought 1780 between the British, 6,000 strong under General Fraser, and -the Mahrattas under Holkar of Indore, with 14 battalions of infantry, a -numerous cavalry, and 160 guns. The Mahrattas were utterly routed, -leaving 87 guns on the field. The British lost 643, including General -Fraser, killed. - - - Deeg (Second Mahratta War). - -The fortress, which was held by a garrison of Holkar’s troops, was -besieged December 11, 1804, by the British under Lord Lake. After six -days’ bombardment, it was stormed on the 23rd, and the citadel captured -on the following day. Over 100 guns were taken. - - - Delhi (First Mongol Invasion). - -Fought 1297, between 200,000 Mongols under Kuttugh Khan, and 300,000 -Delhi Mohammedans, with 2,700 elephants, under Ala-ud-Din. The Indian -right wing, with a successful charge, broke the Mongols left, but -carried the pursuit too far. Meanwhile the right of the Mongol army -assailed the Indian left and drove it from the field. Kuttugh Khan, -however, had lost so heavily, that he was unable to follow up his -advantage, and retreated with all speed from India. - - - Delhi (Second Mongol Invasion). - -Fought 1398, between the Mongols under Tamerlane, and the Delhi -Mohammedans under Mahmud Tughlak. Tamerlane, having crossed the Jumna to -reconnoitre with an escort of 700 horsemen, was attacked by Mahmud with -5,000 cavalry. Tamerlane repulsed the attack, and later, having brought -his main body across the river, totally defeated Mahmud, and drove him -into Delhi, which at once surrendered. The city was plundered, and -Tamerlane withdrew laden with spoil. - - - Delhi (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought September 11, 1803, between 4,500 British under General Lake, and -19,000 Mahrattas of Scindiah’s army under Bourquin. The enemy occupied a -strong position with the Jumna in their rear, and Lake, feigning a -retreat, drew them from their lines, and then turning upon them drove -them with the bayonet into the river, inflicting enormous loss upon -them. The British lost 400 only. - - - Delhi (Second Mahratta War). - -The city was invested October 7, 1804, by 20,000 Mahrattas, with 100 -guns, under Jeswunt Rao Holkar, and was successfully defended for nine -days by a small British garrison. At the end of this period, Holkar -withdrew. So small was the garrison, that they were on constant duty on -the ramparts, throughout the siege, without relief. - - - Delhi (Indian Mutiny). - -After the outbreak at Meerut, Delhi became the rallying place of the -mutineers, and on June 8, 1857, Sir Harry Barnard commenced the siege of -the city. His force was too small for a complete investment, while the -mutineers numbered 30,000, and could obtain continual reinforcements, -and ample supplies. The garrison made constant sorties, and fighting was -incessant at the outposts. On September 8 the breaching batteries opened -fire, and on the 14th the final assault was made and the city entered. -It was not, however, till the 20th that the Palace was taken, and all -resistance at an end. Among those who fell was John Nicholson. - - - Delium (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 424 between the Athenians under Hippocrates. 17,000 strong, -and the Bœotians under Pagondas, 18,000 strong. The armies met on a -plain before Delium, and after an obstinate encounter, in which the -Thebans on the right overpowered the Athenians, while their left attack -was repulsed, the appearance of a large body of cavalry on their flank -alarmed the Athenians, who broke and fled, Hippocrates fell in the -battle. - - - Delphi (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 355, between the Phocians, 5,000 strong, under Philomelus, -and the Locrians. Philomelus, who had seized Delphi, attacked the -Locrians on the heights above the sacred city, and routed them with -heavy loss, many being driven over the precipice. - - - Denain (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1712, when the camp of the allies, held by 10 battalions under -the Earl of Albemarle, was attacked by 130 French battalions under -Marshal Villiers. Prince Eugene made an effort to relieve the Earl, but -was unable to cross the Scheldt, and the allies were overwhelmed by -superior numbers, only about 4,000 making good their retreat. Five -generals were killed or captured. - - - Dennewitz (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought September 6, 1813, between the French army of the north under -Ney, and the allies under the Crown Prince of Sweden. Ney had detached -Bertrand’s division to mask Dennewitz, while his main body marched past -the position on the road to Berlin, but Bertrand delayed so long before -Dennewitz, that what was intended for a demonstration became a serious -action, in which the full force of both sides was engaged. The French -were defeated with a loss of 10,000 men and 43 guns. - - - Deorham. - -Fought 577, when Ceawlin, King of Wessex, defeated the Welsh, and -extended the borders of Wessex to the Bristol Channel, thus severing the -Welsh nation into two parts. - - - Dessau (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 15, 1626, between the German Protestants under Count von -Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, about 20,000 strong, under Wallenstein. -Mansfeldt was attacking the fort of Dessau, on the Elbe, when -Wallenstein, approaching under cover of the woods, fell upon his flank, -and totally routed him, killing or capturing nearly three-fourths of his -army. - - - Dettingen (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June 27, 1743, between the British, 40,000 strong, under George -II, and 60,000 French under the Duc de Noailles. The British, who were -retiring upon Hanau from Aschaffenburg, found their retreat cut off by -the French, Dettingen being held by 23,000 men under de Grammont, while -the main body was on the opposite bank of the Maine. De Grammont left -his lines to attack the British, whereupon George II put himself at the -head of his troops, and led a charge which broke the French and drove -them headlong into the river. Their losses in crossing were heavy, and -they left 6,000 killed and wounded on the field. This is the last -occasion on which the Sovereign has led British troops in battle. - - - Deutschbrod (Hussite War). - -Fought 1422 between the Taborite section of the Hussites under John -Zisca, and the Germans under the Emperor Sigismund. Zisca was completely -victorious. - - - Devicotta. - -This fortress, held for Pertab Singh by a garrison of the Tanjore army, -was captured in 1749, after a three days’ bombardment, by a British -force of 2,300 men under Major Lawrence. An attack upon the breach, -headed by Clive, was nearly disastrous, as the Sepoys hung back, and of -the Europeans engaged, only Clive and three others escaped, but Lawrence -arriving opportunely with the main column, the place was stormed. - - - Diamond. - -A faction fight, known as the battle of Diamond which took place -September 21, 1795, at a village in Co. Armagh, between the Peep o’ Day -Boys and the Defenders. The former were victorious, killing 48 of their -opponents. - - - Diamond Hill (Second Boer War). - -Fought June 11 and 12, 1900, when General Botha, with the main Boer army -of 15,000 men, strongly entrenched about 15 miles from Pretoria, was -attacked by Lord Roberts with 17,000 men and 70 guns, and driven from -his position. The Boer lines were so extended that three distinct -actions were in progress at the same time. The British lost 25 officers -and 137 men killed and wounded. - - - Dingaan’s Day. - -Fought December 16, 1838, between the Boers of the Transvaal, and the -Zulus under Dingaan. The Zulus were totally routed, with heavy loss. The -Boer losses were small. - - - Dipæa (Arcadian War). - -Fought B.C. 471, between the Spartans and the Arcadian League. The -Arcadians were totally defeated, and Tegea, the head of the League, -shortly afterwards submitted to Sparta. - - - Diu. - -This fortified Portuguese factory was besieged early in September, 1537, -by a fleet of 76 Turkish galleys, and 7,000 soldiers under Solyman, -Pasha of Egypt, acting with whom was an army of 20,000 Gujeratis under -Bahadur Shah, and Khojah Zofar, an Italian renegade. The garrison of -600, under Antonio de Silveira, repulsed assault after assault, but were -nearly at the end of their resources, when the false rumour of an -approaching Portuguese fleet caused Solyman to withdraw. - - - Diu. - -In 1545 Diu was again besieged by the Gujeratis, the garrison being -commanded by Mascarenhas. Khojah Zofar, who led the besiegers, was -killed in the course of the siege, and was succeeded by Rami Khan. The -garrison, at the end of several months, was on the point of -surrendering, owing to famine, when it was relieved by Juan de Castro, -who signally defeated the Gujeratis, and raised the siege. - - - Djerbeh (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1560, between the fleet of Solyman I, Sultan of Turkey, under -Piycála Pasha, and the combined squadrons of Malta, Venice, Genoa and -Florence. The Christian fleet was utterly routed, the Turks securing -thereby the preponderance in the Mediterranean. - - - Dniester (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 9, 1769, between the Russians under Prince Gallitzin, -and the Turks under Ali Moldovani Pasha. The Turks crossed the river in -the face of the Russian army, and attacked their lines with great -impetuosity. After severe fighting, however, they were beaten off, and -forced to withdraw from Choczim. - - - Dodowah (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1826, between the Ashanti army, which had invaded the Gold Coast, -and the British under Colonel Purdon. The Ashantis fought bravely, but -were routed with heavy loss. - - - Dogger Bank (Dutch Wars). - -Fought August 15, 1781, between a British fleet of seven battleships and -six frigates, under Admiral Hyde Parker, and a Dutch fleet of equal -strength under Admiral Zoutman. After a severe engagement, the Dutch -bore away, and reached their port in safety, the British fleet being too -crippled to pursue. The British lost 109 killed and 362 wounded; the -Dutch 1 ship, the _Hollandia_, 142 killed and 403 wounded. - - - Dollar (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 875, when the Danish invaders under Thorstem totally defeated the -men of Alban under Constantine. The Danes subsequently occupied -Caithness, Sutherlandshire, Ross and Moray. - - - Dolni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought November 1, 1877, when General Gourko, with two divisions of the -Russian guard, dislodged the Turks from the redoubt of Dolni-Dubnik, and -forced them to retire upon Plevna. There was little actual fighting, the -Turks retiring without much resistance, but the action is important, -because the capture of the redoubt made the investment of Plevna -complete. - - - Dominica. - -Fought April 12, 1782, between the British fleet of 36 sail of the line, -under Rodney, with Hood second in command, and the French fleet of 33 -sail under de Grasse. Rodney departed from the usual tactics of a ship -to ship action, and broke the enemy’s line, gaining a complete victory, -and capturing or destroying 5 ships, while 2 more were captured within -the next few days. The British lost 261 killed and 837 wounded. The -French losses have been put as high as 15,000, but it is probable that -they lost about 3,000 killed and wounded, while 7,980 were taken in the -captured ships. This action is also known as the battle of the Saints. - - - Domokos (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 17, 1879, between five Turkish divisions of the army under -Edhem Pasha, and the Greeks under the Crown Prince of Greece, about -40,000 strong. The Greeks held their ground till late in the evening, -when the right was outflanked, and forced to give ground, though, when -the action ceased, the Turks had made no other advance. Edhem was -prepared to renew the fight on the following day, but the Crown Prince -found that the retirement of his right had rendered the position -untenable, and retreated during the night. The Greeks lost 600 killed -and wounded; the Turks about 1,800. - - - Donabew (First Burmah War). - -Fought March 7, 1825, when General Cotton, with about 700 troops, -attacked three strong stockades held by 12,000 Burmans under Maha -Bandoola. The smallest of the three was carried, but Cotton’s force was -too small, and it was not till the 25th that Sir Archibald Campbell -arrived, and, shelling the stockade, forced the Burmans to evacuate the -position. Maha Bandoola was killed. - - - Donauwörth (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 2, 1704, between the British and Imperialists under the Duke -of Marlborough, and the French and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard. The -Duke attacked the enemy’s entrenched position at Schellenberg, in front -of Donauwörth, and drove them out, forcing them to abandon the town. The -victors lost 5,374 killed and wounded. The French losses are unknown, -but were probably heavier. - - - Dormeille. - -Fought 602, between the Neustrians under Clothaire II, and Austrasians -and Burgundians under Theodobert and Thierry. Clothaire was defeated -with great slaughter. - - - Dorylæum (First Crusade). - -Fought July 1097, between 70,000 Crusaders under Bohemond and Raymond of -Thoulouse, and 250,000 Saracens under the Sultan Soliman. The Saracens -drove back Bohemond’s division on their camp, which they proceeded to -plunder, and, while so engaged, were attacked by Raymond and totally -routed with a loss of 30,000. The Crusaders lost 4,000. - - - Douai (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This place was besieged by the allies under Prince Eugene, April 25, -1710, and was defended by a French garrison, 8,000 strong, under General -d’Albergotti. The place was obstinately defended, numerous sorties being -made, but, the French army being unable to relieve it, d’Albergotti was -forced to surrender June 26. The besiegers lost 8,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Douro (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 12, 1809, when 12,000 British under Wellesley (the Duke of -Wellington) crossed the Douro and drove the French under Soult out of -Oporto. The French numbered about 24,000, of whom 5,000 were killed, -wounded or captured, mainly during the pursuit. In the action itself, -the French lost 500, the British, 116. - - - Dover (Dutch Wars). - -Fought November 29, 1652, between a Dutch fleet of 95 sail, under Van -Tromp, and an English fleet of 40 ships, under Blake. The Dutch were -victorious, the English fleet being much cut up, and two ships captured. - - - Downs, The (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 1, 2 and 3, 1666, between the English fleet under the Duke -of Albemarle, and the Dutch under De Ruyter, Van Tromp and De Witt. -After an obstinate fight, Albemarle, on the 3rd, retired, after setting -fire to his disabled vessels, but the Dutch were too seriously crippled -to pursue. - - - Drepanum (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 249, during the siege of Lilybæum, between the Roman fleet -of 123 galleys under Publius Claudius, and the Carthaginians under -Adherbal. Claudius was defeated, losing 93 ships, 8,000 killed and -20,000 prisoners, while the victors did not lose a ship. - - - Dresden (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 27, 1813, between 130,000 French under Napoleon, and -200,000 Russians, Prussians and Austrians, under Count Wittgenstein, -Kleist, and Prince Schwartzemberg, respectively. The Emperors of Russia -and Austria, and the King of Prussia, were present on the field. -Napoleon, who was in possession of Dresden, made his main attack upon -the Austrian left, which was separated from the centre by the ravine of -Planen. This attack, which was entrusted to Murat, was completely -successful, and the Austrians were driven with heavy loss into the -ravine. Meanwhile, the centre and right of the allies had been attacked -with equal success, and finally they were driven from the field with a -loss of 10,000 killed and wounded, 15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns. The -French lost about 10,000. - - - Dreux (First Civil War). - -Fought 1562, between the Huguenots under the Prince de Condé, and the -Catholics under the Constable, Montmorency. The Constable, heading a -charge of the Catholic cavalry, was overthrown and captured by Coligny. -The Catholics then fled, but the Huguenots, carrying the pursuit too -far, were charged and routed by François de Guise, and Condé made -prisoner. The victory thus rested with the Catholics. - - - Driefontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 10, 1900, between the Boer Army covering Bloemfontein, -under de Wet, and the British under Lord Roberts. The Boers occupied a -position about seven miles in extent, which was attacked in front by -Kelly-Kenny’s division, and on the left flank by that of Tucker. The -Boers were driven out and the road to Bloemfontein opened, at a cost to -the British of 424 killed and wounded. The Boers left over 100 dead on -the field. - - - Dristen. - -This strong post on the Danube was defended for fifty-five days in 973, -by the Russians under their Duke Swatoslaus, against the Greeks under -the Emperor John Zimisces. At the end of that time the Russians were -forced to surrender, thus ending their invasion of Byzantine territory. - - - Drogheda (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Siege was laid to this town, which was held by an English garrison under -Sir Henry Tichborne, by the Irish rebels, under Owen Roe O’Neil, in -December, 1641. The garrison held out successfully for three months, -when O’Neil was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Drogheda (Civil War). - -On September 3, 1649, siege was laid to the place by the Parliamentary -army under Cromwell, the garrison of 2,500 English regulars being under -Sir Arthur Aston. An assault on the 10th was repulsed, but on the 12th -the town was stormed, and the garrison put to the sword. Four thousand -soldiers and inhabitants, including Aston, are said to have perished. - - - Drumclog (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought June 11, 1679, when a party of Covenanters, under Balfour of -Burleigh, defeated the royal troops, under Claverhouse. - - - Drummossie Moor. - -_See_ Culloden. - - - Dubba (Scinde Campaign). - -Fought March 24, 1843, between 5,000 British troops, under Sir Charles -Napier, and 20,000 Beluchis, under the Amir Shir Mohamed. The enemy was -strongly posted behind a double nullah, which was carried by the -infantry with great gallantry, and the Beluchis were totally defeated. - - - Duffindale (Kat’s Rebellion). - -The scene of the defeat of the rebels under Kat, by the royal troops, -under the Earl of Warwick, in 1549. - - - Dunbar (Scottish Wars). - -Fought April 27, 1296, between the English, under Edward I, and the -Scots under the Earl of Athol. The Scots were defeated, with a loss of -10,000 men. This defeat led to the surrender of Balliol, and Edward was -proclaimed King of Scotland. - - - Dunbar (Scottish Wars). - -This town was besieged, 1339, by the English, under the Earl of -Salisbury, and was defended by Agnes, Countess of March, known as Black -Agnes of Dunbar, whose husband, the Governor, was absent at the time. So -vigorous was the defence, that Salisbury was compelled to withdraw from -the siege. - - - Dunbar (Civil War). - -Fought September 3, 1650, between 14,000 Parliamentarians under Cromwell -and Monk, and the Scottish Royalists, 27,000 strong, under David Leslie. -Leslie left a strong position on the heights near Dunbar, to meet -Cromwell, and was routed with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and -10,000 prisoners. Cromwell’s losses were small. - - - Dundalk (Scottish Invasion of Ireland). - -Fought October 5, 1318, between the Scots under Edward Bruce, 3,000 in -number, and the English and Irish under John de Bermingham. The Scots -were totally defeated, Bruce, with about 30 of his knights, and over 80 -men-at-arms, being killed, and the invasion came to an end. - - - Dundee. - -_See_ Talana Hill. - - - Dunes (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought June 14, 1650, between the Spaniards, 14,000 strong, under Don -John of Austria and the Great Condé, and the French in equal force under -Turenne. A force landed from the English fleet commenced the attack on -the Spaniards, which was vigorously supported by Turenne, and the -Spaniards were totally defeated, with a loss of 4,000 killed, wounded -and captured. Ten days later the town of Dunkirk capitulated. - - - Dunganhill (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Fought August 8, 1647, between the Irish rebels, and an English force -under Colonel Michael Jones. The Irish were routed with a loss of 6,000. - - - Dunkeld (Jacobite Rising). - -Fought August 21, 1689, between the Highlanders under Colonel Cannon, -and the Cameronian Regiment under Colonel Cleland. The fight took place -in the town of Dunkeld, where the Cameronians held a house belonging to -the Marquis of Athole. The Highlanders were unable to dislodge them, and -eventually retired, Cannon being killed. - - - Dunsinnan. - -Fought 1054, between the usurper, Macbeth, and the Anglo-Saxons under -Siward, Earl of Northumberland, who was supporting Malcolm Canmore, the -son of the murdered Duncan. Macbeth was defeated, losing 10,000 men, and -fled to the north. The Anglo-Saxons lost 1,500. - - - Duplin (Baliol’s Rising). - -Fought August 12, 1332, between the Scottish barons, under Edward -Baliol, and the forces of David, King of Scotland. Though largely -outnumbered Baliol was victorious. - - - Düppel (Schleswig-Holstein War). - -This fortress, protected by an outer chain of ten redoubts, was invested -by the Prussians, 16,000 strong, under Prince Frederick Charles, and the -first parallel opened, March 30, 1864. The Danish garrison numbered -22,000. On April 17, after a heavy bombardment, the Prussians were -launched at the first six of the chain of redoubts, and, after a brief -resistance, they were captured and the place was immediately afterwards -surrendered. The Prussians lost 70 officers and 1,331 men, the Danes, -including prisoners, 5,500. - - - Durazzo (Norman Invasion of Italy). - -This fortress, which was defended by a garrison of Greeks and -Macedonians under George Palæologus, was besieged by the Normans, under -Robert Guiscard, July 17, 1081. On October 18, the besiegers, now -reduced to 18,000, were attacked by a force of about 75,000 Greeks, -under Alexius Comnenus, and after a terrible struggle, in which the -Normans were almost overpowered, the victory rested with Guiscard. The -Greeks lost about 6,000. On the Norman side, the Italian auxiliaries -suffered heavily, but only 20 Norman knights were killed. -Notwithstanding this disaster, the city still held out, and it was not -till February 8, 1082, that a night surprise rendered the Normans -masters of the place. - - - Dürrenstein (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 11, 1805, during Napoleon’s advance on Vienna, when -Mortier, with one French division, was attacked by 30,000 Russians, and -would have been overwhelmed but for the timely arrival of another -division. The French lost 3,000; the Russians about the same number. - - - Dwina, The (Swedo-Polish War). - -Fought 1701, between 15,000 Swedes under Charles XII, and 12,000 Saxons -under Marshal von Stenau. Charles, who was marching upon Riga, found the -passage of the Dwina barred by von Stenau. Having the wind at his back, -he set fire to a large quantity of straw, and under cover of the smoke, -crossed the river unperceived. He then attacked the Saxons, who, after -an obstinate engagement, were defeated and driven from the field. - - - Dyle (Norman Invasion of France). - -Fought 896, between the Norman invaders, and the Germans under Arnulph, -Emperor of Germany. The Normans were totally routed with enormous loss. - - - Dyrrachium (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 48, between the Cæsarians, under Julius Cæsar, and the -Pompeians, under Pompey. The latter having formed an entrenched camp -some distance from Dyrrachium, Cæsar interposed his army between the -camp and the town. This interrupted Pompey’s communications, and he, in -consequence, attacked the Cæsarian lines, which he forced, at the cost -of 1,000 men, and obliged Cæsar to retire. - - - - - E - - - Ebersberg (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought May 3, 1809, when Masséna’s corps stormed the bridge and castle -of Ebersberg, which was held by about 30,000 Austrians under the -Archduke Charles. After the bridge was captured, a terrible conflict -followed in the streets of Ebersberg, and finally the Austrians were -driven out, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded, 4,000 -prisoners and many guns. The French admit a loss of 1,700 only. - - - Eckmühl (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought April 22, 1809, between 90,000 French, under Napoleon, and 76,000 -Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. The Austrians occupied a position -on the high ground above Eckmühl, from which they were dislodged after -severe fighting, but the approach of night enabled the Archduke to draw -off his troops in tolerable order towards Ratisbon, with a loss of about -5,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners. The French loss is stated -at 2,500. By this victory Napoleon cut the main Austrian army in two. - - - Ecnomus (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 256, between 330 Roman galleys, with crews of 100,000 men, -under L. Manlius Valso, and M. Attilius Regulus, and 350 Carthaginian -ships under Hanno. After a hard-fought battle, in which the Romans lost -24 vessels, they defeated the Carthaginians, with a loss of 30 ships -sunk and 64 captured, and drove the rest of the fleet to Carthage. - - - Edessa (Persian Wars). - -Fought 259, between the Romans under Valerian, and the Persians under -Sapor I. The Romans were totally defeated, and Valerian taken prisoner. - - - Edgeworth (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought July 26, 1469, between the Yorkists under Pembroke, and the -troops of the revolted Nevilles. The Lancastrians attacked Pembroke, -whose troops were chiefly Welshmen, and, notwithstanding a stubborn -resistance, defeated them with heavy loss, no less than 168 Welsh -knights falling, besides rank and file. Edward IV, who was in the -neighbourhood, though not present at the battle, was captured soon -after. - - - Edgehill (Civil War). - -The first battle of the Civil War, October 23, 1642, between the -Royalists under Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, under Essex, each -army being about 20,000 strong. The victory was claimed by both sides, -but the advantage rested with the King, as the Parliamentarians failed -to face Prince Rupert’s cavalry, and the Royalists were not prevented -from continuing their march on London. - - - Elandslaagte (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 21, 1899, between a strong Boer force under General Koch, -and 3 battalions and 5 squadrons of British troops, with 12 guns, under -General French. The Boers occupied a strong position, on high ground -near the Ladysmith-Dundee railway, from which they were driven by the -infantry and Imperial Light Horse (dismounted) with a loss of 250 killed -and wounded, and 200 prisoners, including Koch. The British lost 35 -officers and 219 men. - - - Elands River (Second Boer War). - -On August 4, 1900, a force of 400 Australians, under Colonel Hore, were -surrounded by 2,500 Boers, with 6 guns. The Australians occupied an -exposed kopje, with no water nearer than the river half-a-mile away. -Their maxim became unserviceable, an attempt by General Carrington to -relieve them failed, and so severe was the Boer fire that, in 11 days, -1,800 shells fell within their lines. They held out, however, till -August 15, when they were relieved by Lord Kitchener, having lost 75 -killed and wounded, and nearly all their horses. - - - El Caney (Spanish-American War). - -Fought July 1, 1898, when 12,000 Americans, under General Shafter, -captured from the Spaniards, after heavy fighting, the strong position -of El Caney and San Juan Hill, commanding Santiago de Cuba. The -Spaniards made various attempts on the 2nd and 3rd to dislodge them, but -without success. The American losses during the three days amounted to -115 officers and 1,570 men killed and wounded. - - - Elchingen (Campaign of Austerlitz). - -Fought October 14, 1805, when Ney’s corps, after repairing the bridge of -Elchingen under fire, stormed and captured the convent and village, -driving out 20,000 Austrians, and taking 3,000 prisoners and a number of -guns. - - - Elena (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought 1877, between the Russians under Loris Melikoff, and the Turks -under Muhktar Pasha, in which the former were victorious. - - - Elinga (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 206, between 74,000 Carthaginians, under Hanno, and 48,000 -Romans under Scipio Africanus. The battle was fought on the open plain -in front of Hanno’s camp, and resulted in a complete victory for the -Romans. This battle, which is also known as the battle of Silpia, ended -the Carthaginian domination in Spain. - - - Elk Horn. - -_See_ Pea Ridge. - - - Ellandune. - -In this battle, fought 823, the Mercians under Beorwulf, were totally -routed by the West Saxons under Egbert. - - - Elleporus. - -Fought B.C. 389, between the Sicilians, 23,000 strong, under Dionysius -of Syracuse, and the Italiots, 17,000 strong, under Heloris. Dionysius -attacked the Italiot vanguard, under Heloris himself, on the march, and -the Italiot army, coming into action in detachments, was beaten -piecemeal, and finally routed with heavy loss. The survivors, 10,000 in -number, surrendered, and were allowed to go free. Heloris was slain. - - - El Teb (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought February 4, 1884, when a column of 3,500 Egyptian troops under -Baker Pasha, marching to relieve Sinkat, was overwhelmed, and -practically annihilated by 12,000 Soudanese under Osman Digna. The -Egyptians lost 2,360 killed and wounded. - - - El Teb. - -_See_ Trinkitat. - - - Embata (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 356, when an Athenian fleet of 120 sail, under Chares, -designed to attack the Chians, with 100 galleys, in the straits between -Chios and the mainland. The day proving stormy, however, his colleagues -Iphicrates and Timoleon declined the enterprise as too hazardous, and -Chares attacking alone, with a third of the fleet, was defeated with -heavy loss. - - - Emesa (Expedition to Palmyra). - -Fought 272, between the Romans under Aurelian, and the Palmyrenians -under Zenobia. Zenobia was completely defeated, and forced to retire -within the walls of Palmyra, to which Aurelian at once laid siege. - - - Empingham (Wells’ Rebellion). - -Fought March 12, 1470, when Edward IV totally routed the northern -rebels, under Sir Robert Wells. The battle is called “Loose-coat Field,” -from the precipitate flight of the rebels, who threw off their upper -garments to flee the faster. - - - Engen (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 3, 1800, between the French, 75,000 strong, under Moreau, and -110,000 Austrians under De Kray. Moreau had crossed the Rhine on the -1st, and was advancing through the Black Forest, and the battle was in -reality two distinct actions. Moreau’s right, 25,000 strong, under -Lecourbe, overtook the Austrian rear-guard, and drove them into and -through Stokach, capturing 4,000 prisoners, and a large depot of -munitions and stores. Moreau in the centre was attacked at Engen by -40,000 Austrians, under De Kray, whom he repulsed with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded, and 5,000 prisoners. The French lost 2,000 killed -and wounded. - - - Englefield (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, the first of the series of battles between the West Saxons -and the Danish invaders. The former, under their king, Æthelred, -defeated the Danes. - - - Enslin. - -_See_ Graspan. - - - Eutaw Springs (American War of Independence). - -Fought September 8, 1781, between the British garrison of Charleston, -under Colonel Stewart, and the Americans, under General Greene. The -British were attacked and at first driven back, but rallying carried the -American positions, but with a loss of 700 men, which so weakened their -small force that they were unable to profit by the victory. - - - Entholm (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought June 11, 1676, between the Danish fleet, under van Tromp, and -Swedes. The Swedes were defeated with very heavy loss in ships and men. - - - Entzheim. - -_See_ Sinzheim. - - - Ephesus (Ionian War). - -Fought 499 B.C., between the Athenians and Ionians, under Aristagorus, -and the Persians, under Artaphernes. The Greeks who were retreating to -the coast after burning Sardis, were overtaken by the pursuing Persians, -under the walls of Ephesus, and signally defeated. The Athenians -thereupon withdrew their fleet, and took no further part in the war. - - - Ephesus (Gallic Invasion of Asia). - -Fought B.C. 262, between the Syrians, under Antigonus, and the Gallic -invaders. Antigonus was disastrously defeated. - - - Erbach (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 15, 1800, between 15,000 French under Sainte-Suzanne, and -36,000 Austrians under de Kray. The Austrians, who had 12,000 cavalry, -attacked vigorously, but the French, though driven back at certain -points, were not routed, and held to their main positions for 12 hours, -until the approach of St. Cyr’s corps forced the Austrians to retire. -Both sides lost heavily in the action. - - - Erisa (South American War of Independence). - -Fought December, 1814, between the Spanish royalists, under Bover, 8,000 -strong, and the American patriots, under Ribas. Ribas was totally -defeated, and taken prisoner, and in revenge for the death of Bover, who -fell in the battle, he was beheaded, and his head publicly exposed in -Caraccas. - - - Espinosa (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 10, 1808, between 18,000 French under Victor, and 30,000 -Spaniards under Blake. The Spaniards were routed, and Blake’s army -scattered. The French lost about 1,100 men. - - - Essling. - -_See_ Aspern. - - - Etampes. - -Fought 604, between the Burgundians, under Queen Brunehilde, and the -Neustrians under Clothaire II. The latter were totally defeated with -heavy loss. - - - Ethandun (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 878, between the West Saxons, under Alfred, and the Danes, under -Guthrum. The Danes were totally defeated, and Alfred’s victory was -followed by the Peace of Wedmore, which lasted for fifteen years. - - - Eurymedon, The (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 470, between the Persian fleet and army, and the Athenians -and Delians, under Cimon. The Greeks were victorious both by land and -sea, defeating the Persian fleet with a loss of 200 ships, and routing -the land army with great slaughter. This victory secured the adhesion of -the south of Asia Minor to the Athenian Confederacy. - - - Evesham (Barons’ War). - -Fought August 4, 1265, between the royalists under Prince Edward, and -the Barons under Simon de Montfort. The Barons were taken by surprise, -having at first mistaken Edward’s army for reinforcements under young de -Montfort, and were totally defeated, Simon de Montfort falling. This -defeat ended the Barons’ War. - - - Eylau (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 8, 1807, between 90,000 French under Napoleon, and -80,000 Russians under Bennigsen. Napoleon attacked at daybreak, all -along the line, but could at first make no impression on the Russian -infantry. Later in the day Davoust all but succeeded in turning the -Russian left, but the opportune arrival of a Prussian corps under -l’Estocq enabled the Russians to repulse him, and after a sanguinary -engagement, which lasted till ten p.m., both armies retained their -original positions. On the following day the Russians retired -unmolested. The French lost about 30,000; the Russians about 20,000 -killed and wounded. - - - - - F - - - Faenza (First Gothic War). - -Fought 541, between 20,000 Roman legionaries, and the Goths under -Totila, King of Italy. The Romans made no attempt to resist the -onslaught of the Goths, but throwing down their arms fled ignominiously, -giving the Goths an easy victory. - - - Fair Oaks (American Civil War). - -Fought May 31, and June 1, 1862, between the Federals under General -M’Clellan and the Confederates under General Johnston. M’Clellan was -advancing upon Richmond, and his left wing was attacked in the afternoon -of the 31st, and notwithstanding the arrival of Sumner’s corp in -support, was driven back for two miles. On the 1st the Federals -recovered the ground they had lost, but made no further progress, and at -the end of the day the Confederates, who were largely outnumbered, were -permitted to retire unmolested. The Federals lost over 7,000 killed and -wounded, the Confederates about 4,500, including General Johnston. This -is also called the Battle of Seven Pines. - - - Falkirk (Scottish Wars). - -Fought July 23, 1298, between the English under Edward I, and the Scots -under Sir William Wallace. The Scots, who were greatly inferior in -numbers, were strongly posted behind a morass, which at first greatly -hampered the English attack. In the end, however, the English archers -overcame the Scottish defence, and a final charge, led by the king in -person, utterly routed them. Wallace escaped from the field, but was a -fugitive for the rest of his life. - - - Falkirk (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought August 17, 1746, between the rebel Highlanders, 8,000 strong, -under the Young Pretender, and a force of 8,000 British troops, with -1,000 Campbells under General Hawley. The charge of the Highlanders -broke the British line, and they were driven headlong from the field, -with a loss of 600 killed and wounded, 700 prisoners, 7 guns, and all -tents and baggage. The rebels lost 120 only. - - - Famagosta (Cyprus War). - -This place was besieged by the Turks under Mustapha Pasha, in October, -1570, and was defended by 7,000 men, half Venetians, half Cypriotes, -under Marcantonio Bragadino. The garrison held out until August 1, 1571, -when it capitulated, marching out with the honours of war. After the -surrender, however, Mustapha murdered in cold blood, Bragadino and four -of his lieutenants. The Turks lost 50,000 men in the course of the -siege. - - - Farquhar’s Farm (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 29, 1899, between the main Boer army, under Joubert, and -the garrison of Ladysmith, under Sir George White. The Boer position -covered about eight miles, and White attacked in three columns, one of -which, detached to the left to hold a position at Nicholson’s Nek, was -overwhelmed and surrendered. The Boers meanwhile developed a strong -attack against the British right, and White, having no guns capable of -coping with the heavy Boer ordnance, ordered a retreat. This was -effected in good order, and was greatly aided by the opportune arrival -of two heavy naval guns, under Captain Hedworth Lambton. The British -lost 317 killed and wounded, and 1,068 missing. The Boer losses are -unknown, but were certainly small. - - - Farrington Bridge (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 27, 1549, between a small force of Cornish rebels, and an -equal number of Royal troops under Lord Russell. The rebels were -defeated and driven from the field, but there was no pursuit. Each side -lost about 300. - - - Faventia (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82, between the consular army of Norbanus, and the Sullans -under Metellus. Norbanus attacked with his army wearied by a long march, -and his force was totally broken up, only 1,000 remaining with the -eagles after the battle. - - - Fehrbellin (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought June 28, 1675, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the -Brandenburgers, 15,000 strong, under the Elector, Frederick William. The -Swedes were totally defeated, and forced to evacuate Brandenburg. - - - Ferkeh (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought June 7, 1896, between 9,500 Egyptian troops, with a British horse -battery, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 4,000 Mahdists under the Emir -Hamada. Kitchener, by a night march, surprised the Mahdists in their -camp, and after two hours’ fighting, drove them out with a loss of 1,500 -killed and 500 prisoners. Of 62 Emirs present in the camp, 44 fell and -four were captured. The Egyptians lost 20 killed and 81 wounded. - - - Ferozeshah (First Sikh War). - -Fought December 21, 1845, between 50,000 Sikhs, with 108 guns, under Lal -Singh, and 16,700 British and native troops, under Sir Hugh Gough. An -attempt was made to carry the Sikh entrenched camp by a night attack, -but this was unsuccessful. When the attack was renewed at dawn, -dissensions among the Sikh leaders enfeebled the resistance, and the -Sikhs were defeated with a loss of about 7,000. The British losses were -694 killed, 1,721 wounded. - - - Ferrara (Hundred Days). - -Fought April 12, 1815, when Murat, with 50,000 Italians, endeavoured to -force the passage of the Po in the face of an Austrian army, under -General Bianchi. He was repulsed with heavy loss, and forced to retreat -southward. - - - Ferrybridge (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought 1461, shortly before the battle of Towton, when a force of -Lancastrian cavalry, under Lord Clifford, defeated the Yorkists, under -Lord Fitzwalter, who was endeavouring to secure the passage of the Aire -at Ferrybridge. Lord Fitzwalter was killed. - - - Fethanleag. - -Fought 584, between the West Saxons, under Ceawlin, and the Britons -under Cutha. The Britons were defeated. - - - Fish Creek (Riel’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought April 24, 1885, when General Middleton, with 400 Canadians, -attempted to drive the rebels, 280 strong, from a strong position near -Fish Creek. After losing 50 men, Middleton withdrew. The rebels lost 29 -killed and wounded. - - - Fisher’s Hill (American Civil War). - -Fought September 21, 1864, between 40,000 Federals, under General -Sheridan, and 12,000 Confederates, under General Early. The Confederates -were defeated and driven from their position with a heavy loss in -prisoners and 11 guns. - - - Fleurus (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 29, 1622, between the Spaniards, under Spinola, and the -Palatinate troops, under Count von Mansfeldt and Christian of Brunswick. -The Germans were endeavouring to retreat into Holland after their defeat -at Hoechst and were intercepted by the Spaniards, through whom they -tried to fight their way. In this effort the infantry was almost -entirely cut to pieces, but about 7,000 cavalry reached Breda with the -two generals. - - - Fleurus. - -Fought July 1, 1690, between the French, under Marshal Luxembourg, and -the Germans and Dutch under the Prince of Waldeck. The French gained a -signal victory, the allies being driven from the field in disorder with -a loss of 14,000 killed and wounded, and 49 guns. - - - Fleurus (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 16, 1794, between the Austrians, 80,000 strong, under the -Duke of Coburg, and an equal force of French, under Jourdan. The -Austrians attacked, and after a severe engagement, were repulsed and -compelled to fall back in the direction of Brussels to cover that city. - - - Flodden (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September 9, 1513, when the English, under the Earl of Surrey, -attacked the Scots, under James IV, in a strong position on the hill of -Flodden. The position was turned by the English left wing, under -Stanley, and the Scots totally defeated with heavy losses. James and all -his principal nobles fell. - - - Florence (German Invasion of Italy). - -This city was besieged in 406, by the German invaders under Radagaisus, -and was almost on the verge of starvation, when the approach of Stilicho -at the head of a large Roman army, encouraged the defenders to further -resistance. The besiegers, in fact, now became the besieged, for -Stilicho surrounded their camp, and starved the Germans into surrender. - - - Flushing (Walcheren Expedition). - -This town was besieged by the British under Lord Chatham and surrendered -after a feeble defence, August 16, 1809. - - - Foksani (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 21, 1789, between the Turks, under Yusuf Pasha, and the -Russians and Austrians under Suwaroff and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The -allies stormed the Turkish entrenched camp and drove out the Turks with -a loss of 2,000 men. - - - Fontenoy (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 11, 1745, between 50,000 British, Dutch and Austrian troops, -under the Duke of Cumberland, and the French, under Marshal Saxe. The -Duke endeavoured to relieve Tournay, which the French were besieging, -and the British troops captured the heights on which the French were -posted. The Prince of Waldeck, however, who commanded the Dutch, failed -to support the Duke, and the French being reinforced, the trenches were -retaken, and the British beaten back. Tournay fell shortly afterwards. - - - Formigny (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought April 15, 1450, when the newly landed English reinforcements -under Kyrielle were totally defeated, and almost annihilated, by the -French under the Comte de Clermont. This defeat practically put an end -to the English domination in the north of France. - - - Fornham St. Genevieve (Rebellion of the Princes). - -Fought 1173, between the supporters of the rebel princes under Robert de -Beaumont, and the forces of Henry II under the Justiciary, Richard de -Lucy. The rebels were defeated. - - - Fornovo (Italian Wars). - -Fought July 6, 1495, between 34,000 Venetians and Mantuans under -Francisco de Gonzaga of Mantua, and 8,000 French and Swiss under Charles -VIII. The French were attacked as they were retiring, but succeeded in -repulsing the Italians at a cost of only 100 of all ranks, while the -assailants lost 3,500 killed and wounded. - - - Fort Frontenac (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, held by about 110 French troops, under Noyan, was captured -by Colonel Bradstreet with 3,000 Colonials, August 27, 1758. The capture -was of extreme importance, as it robbed the French of the control of -Lake Ontario, and severed their communications with their posts on the -Ohio. - - - Fort St. David (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged, May 14, 1758, by a French force under Lally -Tollendal, and defended by a garrison of 800 British and 1,600 native -troops. The defence was not energetically conducted, and, on the arrival -in the roads of a French fleet under Comte d’Aché, the garrison -surrendered, June 2. - - - Fort St. David (Seven Years’ War). - -A naval action was fought off this place, April 29, 1758, between 7 -British ships under Admiral Pococke, and a squadron of 9 French vessels -under Comte d’Aché. After a short and indecisive engagement, the French -sheered off, but the British were too severely damaged in the rigging to -give chase. The French lost one ship, driven ashore. - - - Fort William Henry (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort, held by 2,200 British and Colonial troops under Colonel -Monro, was besieged, August 4, 1757, by Montcalm, with 6,000 French and -Canadians and 1,600 Indians. Montcalm’s batteries opened on the 6th, and -on the 9th, having lost 300 killed and wounded, and nearly all his guns -being disabled, Monro surrendered. He was to be permitted to retire -unmolested to Fort Edward, but the French were unable to control their -Indian allies, who attacked the unarmed column as it retired. Before -order was restored, some 50 had been killed, and 400 carried off -prisoners by the Indians. - - - Forum Terebronii (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire). - -Fought 251, between the Romans under Decius, and the Goths under Cniva. -The Gothic army was drawn up in three lines, and the legionaries -overthrew the two first, but, in attacking the third, they became -entangled in a morass, and were utterly routed. Decius and his son were -slain. - - - Frankenhausen (Peasants’ War). - -Fought May 15, 1525, between the troops of Saxony, Hesse and Brunswick, -and the revolted peasants under Thomas Münzer. The peasants were utterly -routed, and Münzer captured and hanged out of hand. This entirely put an -end to the rising. - - - Frankfort-on-Oder (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was taken by storm by Gustavus Adolphus, at the head of -15,000 Swedes, April 2, 1631. Schaumberg and Montecucculi, who were in -the town, escaped with a portion of the cavalry, but 1,800 of the -Imperialist garrison were killed, and 800 captured, with 30 standards -and 18 heavy guns. - - - Franklin (American Civil War). - -Fought June 30, 1864, between 30,000 Federals under General Schofield, -and 40,000 Confederates under General Hood. Schofield occupied a strong -position covering Nashville, where he was attacked by Hood, who -penetrated his lines. The Federals, however, rallied, and recaptured the -lost positions, and after nightfall, Schofield was enabled to cross the -Harpeth in good order, and effect a junction with General Thomas. The -Confederates lost about 4,500; the Federals, 1,500 killed and wounded -and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Frastenz (Suabian War). - -Fought April 20, 1499, when the Swiss, under Heinrich Wolleb, attacked -the Austrians who occupied a strongly entrenched position, and drove -them out with a loss of 3,000 killed. Wolleb, who led the charge, was -the first to fall on the Swiss side. - - - Fraubrunnen (Invasion of the “Guglers”). - -Fought January, 1376, between the Bernese, and the “Guglers,” French and -English mercenaries, under Baron Ingelram von Coucy, who claimed the -Canton of Aargau in right of his mother. The “Guglers” were totally -routed, and compelled to retire from Switzerland. - - - Frauenstadt (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought February 12, 1706, between 10,000 Swedes under Marshal -Reinschild, and 20,000 Russians and Saxons under General Schulemburg. -The battle did not last a quarter of an hour, for the allies fled -without making any resistance. No less than 7,000 _loaded_ muskets were -picked up on the battlefield. - - - Fredericksburg (American Civil War). - -Fought December 13, 1862 between 150,000 Federals under General -Burnside, and 80,000 Confederates under General Lee. The Confederates, -who occupied a range of heights fringing the Massaponax River, were -attacked by the Federals, whom they repulsed after hard fighting, with a -loss of 13,771 killed and wounded. The Confederates lost 1,800 only, but -Lee, owing to his inferior numbers, did not feel strong enough to push -his victory home, and allowed Burnside to evacuate Fredericksburg -unmolested. - - - Fredericshall (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -This fortress, the strongest in Norway, was besieged by the Swedes, -under Charles XII, early in December, 1718. On the 11th, as he was -inspecting the advanced batteries, the king was struck by a round shot, -and fell dead. The Swedes at once raised the siege. - - - Freteval. - -Fought 1194, between the English under Richard Cœur de Lion, and the -French under Philip Augustus. Richard gained a complete victory. - - - Fribourg (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 3, 5 and 9, 1644, between 20,000 French under the Great -Condé and Turenne, and 15,000 Bavarians under the Comte de Mercy. On the -3rd, Turenne, after a long flank march, attacked the Bavarians on the -flank, while Condé assailed their front, at 5 p.m. When night fell, the -Bavarians were giving way, and during the night de Mercy retired to a -fresh position. Here he was attacked on the 5th, but held his ground -throughout the day. The French losing twice as many men as their -opponents. Three days later de Mercy found it necessary to retreat, and -on the 9th he was attacked while retiring by a force of cavalry. This he -repulsed, but Condé, coming up, rescued his cavalry, and drove the -Bavarians headlong before him, capturing all their artillery and -baggage. - - - Friedland (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought June 14, 1807, between 80,000 French under Napoleon, and 70,000 -Russians under Bennigsen. The battle began at 3 a.m., at which time only -Lannes’ corps was on the field. Bennigsen at first contented himself -with an artillery duel, and did not attack in force till 7 a.m., when -26,000 French were in position. These held their ground till the arrival -of Napoleon, who with his fresh troops launched an attack against the -Russian columns massed in a bend of the river Alle, drove large numbers -of them into the river, and occupied Friedland after hard fighting. It -was 10 p.m. before the Russians were finally driven from the field, -having lost 15,000 killed and wounded and 10,000 prisoners. The French -lost between 9,000 and 10,000. This victory was followed by the -signature of the Peace of Tilsit. - - - Fuentes d’Oñoro (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 5, 1811, in the course of Masséna’s attempt to relieve -Almeida. Wellington, with 34,000 men, occupied a position behind Fuentes -d’Oñoro, which was attacked by Masséna with 34,000 troops and 36 guns. -He failed to capture the position, and finally retired, in good order. -The British lost 1,200 killed and wounded, and 300 prisoners. The French -losses are variously estimated, but were certainly heavier. - - - Fulford (Norse Invasion). - -Fought 1066, between the Norsemen under Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, -the English under Earls Edwin and Morcar. The English were defeated. - - - Furruckabad (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 14, 1804, between a small British force under Lord Lake, -and an army of 60,000 Mahrattas under Jeswunt Rao Holkar. Holkar was -signally defeated with heavy loss. The British casualties were only 2 -killed and 20 wounded. - - - Fushimi (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the troops of Aizu and Kuwana, under the Shôgun, -Yoshinobu, and the forces of Satsuma and Choshu, who gained a complete -victory. - - - Futteypur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 12, 1857, between a strong force of rebels, and the British -troops under Havelock, who was marching to the relief of Lucknow. The -rebels were completely defeated, losing 11 guns, while not a single -European in the British force was killed. - - - - - G - - - Gadebesk (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought December 20, 1712, between the Swedes, 12,000 strong, under -General Steinbock, and 24,000 Danes and Saxons. The allies occupied a -position protected by marshy ground, where they were attacked by the -Swedes, and, after three hours’ hard fighting, driven from their -entrenchments with heavy loss. - - - Gaines’ Mill. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Gangud (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1714, between the Russian fleet under Peter the Great, and the -Swedish, under Admiral Ehrenskiöld. The Swedes were utterly routed and -Ehrenskiöld and the whole of his squadron captured. - - - Garigliano (Italian Wars). - -Fought November 8, 1503, between the Spaniards, 12,000 strong, under -Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the French, in greatly superior force, under -Francisco de Gonzaga of Mantua. Gonzaga, wishing to pass the Garigliano, -had thrown a bridge over it, and proceeded to cross in face of the -Spanish army. After very severe fighting, the French drove back the -Spaniards, and made good the passage of the river. - - - Garigliano (Italian Wars). - -Fought December 29, 1503, between the Spaniards, about 15,000 strong, -under Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the French, slightly superior in number, -under the Marquis of Saluzzo. Gonsalvo crossed the Garigliano at two -points, and fell upon the French, who were retiring on Gasta. After hard -fighting, in which the Chevalier Bayard bore a notable part, the French -were utterly routed, leaving 4,000 dead on the field, and all their -artillery and baggage. The Spanish loss is unknown. - - - Garigliano (Italian Rising). - -Fought October, 1850, between the Italian patriots under Cialdini, and -the Neapolitans under Francis II of Naples. The patriots were -victorious. - - - Gate Pah (Maori War). - -Fought April 27, 1864, when 1,700 British soldiers and blue-jackets, -under General Cameron, attacked the Maori stockade known as the Gate -Pah. After a short bombardment, 600 men forced their way into the -stockade, but were repulsed. On the following day it was found that the -stockade had been evacuated. The British lost 14 officers, and 98 men -killed and wounded. Only 30 dead and wounded Maories were found in and -near the Pah. - - - Gaulauli (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought May 22, 1858, between a British column under Sir Hugh Rose, and -20,000 rebels under Tantia Topi, the Ranee of Jhansi, and other rebel -leaders. The overwhelming numbers of the rebels at first gave them the -advantage, but a bayonet charge broke them, and they fled in disorder -with heavy loss. This victory was followed by the recovery of Calpi. - - - Gaza (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -This city, defended by a Persian garrison, under Batis, was besieged by -Alexander the Great October, 332 B.C. Utilizing the engines he had -employed against Tyre, he succeeded, after some weeks, in breaching the -walls, and, after three unsuccessful assaults, carried the city by -storm, the garrison being put to the sword. - - - Gaza (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 312, between the Syrians and Egyptians under Seleucus and -Ptolemy Soter, 25,000 strong, and an equal force of Macedonians under -Demetrius Poliorcetes. The Macedonians were routed, losing 5,000 killed, -8,000 wounded, and all their treasure and baggage. - - - Gebora (Peninsular War). - -Fought February 19, 1811, between 8,000 French, under Marshal Soult, and -12,000 Spaniards, under Mendizabal. The Spaniards were routed with a -loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, 5,000 prisoners and all their guns. - - - Gelt, The. - -Fought February, 1570, between the rebel Borderers under Leonard Dacre, -and the royal troops under Lord Hunsdon. The rebels were completely -routed. - - - Gemblours (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January 31, 1578, between the Netherlands patriots, 20,000 -strong, under General Goignies, and the Spaniards, in about equal force, -under Don John of Austria. The patriots, who were retiring from Namur, -were followed by Don John, who sent forward a picked force of 1,600 men, -under Gonzaga and Mondragon in pursuit. They attacked the rearguard, -under Philip Egmont, and dispersed it, and then, falling suddenly upon -the main body, utterly routed it, with a loss, it is said, of 10,000 -killed and prisoners. The Spaniards lost ten or eleven at most. - - - Genoa. - -In 1746, the Genoese, incensed by the license of the soldiery, rose -against the Austrian garrison, under General Botta, and after five days’ -street fighting, lasting from December 6 to 10, drove them out of the -city, with a loss of 5,000 men. - - - Genoa (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 13, 1795, between a British fleet of 14 sail of the line -under Admiral Hotham, and a French fleet of 15 sail. The action lasted -throughout the day, and on the following morning the French retired, -leaving two line-of-battle ships in the hands of the British. The -British lost 74 killed and 284 wounded. - - - Genoa (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -In April, 1800, Genoa, held by the French, under Masséna, was besieged -by the Austrians under General Melas, and later in the siege under -General Ott. The city had for some time been blockaded on the seaward -side by the British fleet, under Lord Keith. Provisions were -consequently scarce, and notwithstanding some successful sorties, -Masséna was forced to capitulate, June 5, the garrison marching out -without laying down their arms. - - - Geok Tepe (Russian Conquest of Central Asia). - -This place, the stronghold of the Tekke Turcomans, defended by a -garrison of 15,000, was besieged, September 9, 1878, by the Russians, -under General Lomakine. After a short bombardment, an attempt was made -to storm the fortress, which was repulsed with a loss of 500. The -breaching guns were with difficulty saved, and the Russians retired on -the following day. About 4,000 Turcomans were killed by shell fire. - -In 1881, a second attempt was made by Skobeloff, with 10,000 Russians, -the garrison being now nearly 30,000 strong. After a regular siege, -lasting from the 8th to the 17th of January, the place was stormed, -6,500 Turcomans falling in the assault, and 8,000 in the subsequent -pursuit. - - - Gerberoi. - -Fought 1080, between the troops of William the Conqueror, and those of -his son Robert, who claimed the Dukedom of Normandy, and was receiving -aid from Philip I of France. Robert was defeated and made prisoner, and, -obtaining his father’s forgiveness, resigned his claim to the Dukedom. - - - Gergovia (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 52, between the Romans under Julius Cæsar, and the Gauls -under Vercingetorix. Cæsar was besieging the town, but was compelled to -retreat. Before retiring, however, he delivered an assault which was -repulsed by the Gauls, the Romans leaving over 700 legionaries, and 46 -centurions dead on the field. - - - Germaghah. - -Genghis Khan’s first battle, fought 1193, when with 6,000 men he -defeated the army of his father-in-law, Ung Khan, under Sankun, 10,000 -strong, surprising them in a narrow pass, and inflicting heavy loss upon -them. - - - Germantown (American War of Independence). - -Fought October 4, 1777, between the Americans under Washington, and the -British under Sir William Howe. The Americans attacked the British -entrenchments, and were repulsed with heavy loss. - - - Gerona (Peninsular War). - -This fortress, held by 3,000 Spanish regulars, under Mariano Alvarez, -was besieged, June 4, 1809, by General Verdier, with 18,000 French. -Though ill-provided with food, medicines, and money, and receiving but -little assistance from outside, Alvarez held out gallantly till December -10, when he capitulated, and the garrison marched out with the honours -of war. - - - Gettysburg (American Civil War). - -Fought July 1, 2 and 3, 1863, between the army of the Potomac under -General Meade, and the army of Virginia under General Lee. On the 1st, -Meade’s position in front of Gettysburg was attacked by A. P. Hills’ -corps, and the Federals driven in confusion into the town. On the 2nd, -Meade took up a fresh position behind Gettysburg, where he repulsed all -the Confederate attacks, though at a heavy cost. On the 3rd, Meade -succeeded in driving back the Confederate left, but Lee’s main attack -succeeded in driving the Federals from the ridge. They rallied and -retook it, but had lost too heavily to assume the offensive. Lee again -offered battle on the 4th, but the Federals declined it, and Lee retired -unmolested, having lost about 20,000 men in the three days. The Federal -losses were about the same. - - - Gherain. - -Fought August 2, 1763, between the army of Mir Cossim, the deposed Nawab -of Bengal, and the British under Major Adams. A severe engagement, -lasting four hours, ended in a signal victory for the British. - - - Ghoaine (First Afghan War). - -Fought August 30, 1842, between General Nott’s force, on its march from -Kandahar to Ghuzni, and the Afghans, under Shems-ud-din, Governor of -Ghuzni. The Afghans were totally defeated, losing all their guns, tents -and baggage. - - - Ghuzni (First Afghan War). - -This fortress, garrisoned by 3,000 Afghans, under Haidar Khan, was -captured, January 21, 1839, by the British. The besiegers having no -breaching guns, it was found necessary to blow in the main gate, and the -place was then stormed, at a cost of 18 officers and 162 rank and file, -killed and wounded. The garrison lost 500 killed. - - - Gibbel Rutts (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought May 26, 1798, when the regulars, under Sir James Duff, attacked -the camp of the rebels on the Curragh, and dispersed them at the point -of the bayonet, with a loss of 350 killed. - - - Gibraltar (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This fortress was captured, July 24, 1704, by a combined British and -Dutch fleet, under Sir George Rooke, from the Spaniards under the -Marquis de Salinas. The resistance of the garrison lasted 2 days only, -during which the allies lost 12 officers and 276 men killed and wounded. - - - Gibraltar. - -From 1779 to 1783, Gibraltar sustained a siege at the hands of a -combined French and Spanish force, who, though provided with powerful -floating batteries, were unable to make any impression on the defences. -In the course of the siege, the garrison, under General Elliot, were -several times reinforced and revictualled by British fleets, which ran -the gauntlet of the blockade. - - - Gihon, The. - -Fought 1362, between the Getes under their Khan, and the Tartars under -Tamerlane. The Tartars were defeated, and the Getes marched upon -Samarcand, but sickness robbed them of nearly all their horses, and they -were forced to retire. - - - Gingi (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This place was besieged by the Moguls in 1689, and was defended by Rajah -Ram. The siege was carried on in desultory fashion, first by Zulfikar -Khan, then by Kambaksh, son of Aurungzebe, and then again by Zulfikar -Khan. After three years had been wasted, Aurungzebe took command in -person, and after conniving at the escape of Rajah Ram, carried the -place by storm. - - - Gislikon (War of the Sonderbund). - -Fought November 23, 1847, when the Federals, under General Dufour, -attacked the troops of the Sonderbund, under Colonel Salis-Soglio, -strongly posted at Gislikon, near Lake Zug, and drove them from their -position. The losses were very small. On the following day the Federals -entered Lucerne, and the Civil War, which had lasted 20 days only, came -to an end. - - - Gitschin (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 29 and 30, 1866, between the Prussians, 16,000 strong, under -Prince Frederick Charles, and the Austrians and Saxons, 30,000 strong, -under Count Clam Gallas. The Austrians were defeated, and driven from -all their positions with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and 7,000 -prisoners. - - - Gladsmuir. - -_See_ Prestonpans. - - - Glen Fruin. - -Fought 1604, between the royal troops under the Duke of Argyll, and the -Macgregors and other clans, when the Highlanders gained a complete -victory. - - - Glenlivet (Huntly’s Rebellion). - -Fought October 4, 1594, between the troops of James VI, 10,000 strong, -under the Earl of Argyll, and the rebel Earls of Errol and Huntly. -Though inferior in numbers, the rebels gained a complete victory, -driving off the royal troops with a loss of 500 men. - - - Glen Malone. - -Fought 1580, between the English settlers under Lord Grey de Wilton, and -the Irish septs. The English suffered a serious defeat, among the slain -being Sir Peter Carew. - - - Glenmarreston. - -Fought 638, when the Scots under Donald Bree, King of Dalriada, utterly -routed the invading Angles. - - - Glorious First of June. - -_See_ Ushant. - - - Goits (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 30, 1848, between the Piedmontese under Charles Albert of -Savoy, and the Austrians under General Radetsky. The Austrians were -completely defeated, and Radetsky compelled to take refuge behind the -line of the Adige. - - - Golden Rock (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 7, 1753, between 1,500 British under Major Lawrence, -together with 5,000 Tanjore troops under Monakji, and a detachment of -French and Mysoris, forming part of the army besieging Trichinopoly. The -Golden Rock was taken by assault, and the enemy driven off in confusion, -but the victory would have been more decisive had the Tanjore horse -pursued with more vigour. - - - Goodwins, The (Dutch Wars). - -Fought July 1, 1666, between a British fleet of 60 sail, under the Duke -of Albemarle, and a Dutch fleet of 71 sail-of-the-line, and 30 smaller -vessels, under van Tromp and de Ruyter. The action lasted two days, and -was desperately contested, but the Dutch being reinforced in the morning -of the 3rd, Albemarle bore away. On the 4th, having been joined by -Prince Rupert’s squadron, he renewed the attack, but without success. -The English lost 10 ships, while most of the others were disabled. The -killed and wounded amounted to 1,700, while 2,000 were taken prisoners. - - - Goraria (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 23 and 24, 1857, between a British column, about 3,000 -strong, under Brigadier Stuart, and a body of 5,000 rebels. The -mutineers occupied a strong position, and the British were unable to -dislodge them on the 23rd. On the following day the attack was renewed, -and the rebels were driven out and dispersed, with a loss of over 1,500. - - - Gorni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought October 24, 1877, between the 2nd Division of the Russian Guard, -under General Gourko, and the Turks, who were holding the redoubt of -Gorni-Dubnik, under Achmet Hefzi Pasha. After very heavy fighting, the -Russians succeeded in dislodging their opponents, with a loss of 1,500 -killed and wounded, and 53 officers and 2,250 men captured, including -the Pasha. The Russians lost 3,300 killed and wounded, including 116 -officers of the Guards. - - - Gorodeczno (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought August 12, 1812, between 36,000 French and Austrians, under -General Reynier and the Prince of Schwartzemberg, and the Russians, in -equal force, under General Tormazoff. The Russians were defeated and -driven from their positions, with a loss of 4,000 men. The French and -Austrians lost about 2,000. - - - Goa. - -In 1511, Goa, held by a Portuguese garrison, under Albuquerque, was -invested by Kumal Khan, General of the Rajah of Bijapore, at the head of -60,000 men. After a siege of 20 days Albuquerque found his communication -with his fleet threatened, and withdrew the garrison. In the same year, -however, having collected a force of 1,500 men with 23 ships at -Cananore, he attacked Goa, and at once forced an entrance. After severe -fighting in the streets, the Deccanis fled in confusion to the mainland, -with a loss of 6,000. The Portuguese lost 50 only. - - - Goa. - -This fort, which was held by a Portuguese garrison of 700, under the -Viceroy, Luis de Ataida, was attacked by Ali Adil Shah, Rajah of -Bijapore, with 135,000 men and 350 guns, in 1570. Aided by the -civilians, and 1,300 monks, the garrison made so strenuous a defence, -that the Rajah was beaten off, after losing 12,000 men. - - - Grampians, The (Roman Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 84, probably on the Moor of Ardoch, between the Romans under -Agricola, and the Caledonians, 30,000 strong, under Galgacus. The -Caledonians attacked with great bravery, but were beaten by the -superiority of the Roman discipline, and retired with a loss of 10,000 -men. The Romans also lost heavily. - - - Granada (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1319, when a Spanish army, under the Regents Pedro and John of -Castile, appeared under the walls of Granada. A sortie of 5,000 picked -Moors, under Said Othman took place, and the Christians were utterly -routed, both the Regents being slain. - - - Granada (War of Granada). - -On April 26, 1491, Ferdinand the Catholic, with an army of 50,000 -Spaniards, sat down before Granada, the last stronghold of the Moors in -Spain. The siege was carried on in somewhat desultory fashion, and in -the early days one serious sortie was made by the inhabitants and -garrison, who were, however, defeated, with a loss of 2,000 killed. The -city held out until November 25, when Abdallah, the last king of -Granada, capitulated. - - - Grandella (Italian Wars). - -Fought 1266, between the troops of the Two Sicilies, under Manfred, son -of the Emperor Frederick II, and the French, under Charles of Anjou. -Manfred was defeated, and fell in the battle, Charles seizing the crown -of the double kingdom. - - - Grandson (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought March 2, 1476, between the Swiss, 18,000 strong, and the -Burgundians, numbering 36,000, under Charles the Bold. Charles -endeavoured to entice the Swiss into the plain, and to that end ordered -a retreat. He was followed by the Swiss, and his rearguard being -attacked, was seized with panic, and fled, and in the end Charles was -completely defeated and his camp captured. - - - Granicus, The (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -Fought May, 334 B.C., between 35,000 Macedonians, under Alexander the -Great, and 40,000 Persians and Greek mercenaries, under Memnon of -Rhodes, and various Persian satraps. Alexander crossed the Granicus in -the face of the Persian army, leading the way himself at the head of the -heavy cavalry, and having dispersed the Persian light horse, he brought -up the phalanx, which fell upon and routed the Greek mercenaries. The -Persians lost heavily, while the Macedonians’ loss was very slight. - - - Grant’s Hill (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 14, 1758, when Major Grant, with 800 Highlanders, and -Provincials, attacked a body of Indians in the French service near Fort -Duquesne. He was repulsed, and in turn attacked by the garrison of the -Fort, 3,000 strong, under M. de Ligneris. Grant was totally defeated, -losing 273 in killed, wounded and prisoners, and was himself captured. - - - Graspan (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 25, 1899, between Lord Methuen’s division, with a naval -brigade, 400 strong, and a Boer commando of about 2,500 men. The Boers -occupied a strong position, the key of which, a high kopje, was attacked -in front and flank, and carried, with a loss of 9 officers and 185 men. -The marines, who numbered 200, lost 3 officers and 86 men of this total. -The Boers lost about 100. This is also called the battle of Enslin. - - - Gravelines. - -Fought July 13, 1538, between 8,500 French and Germans, under Marshal de -Thermes, and about 10,000 Spanish, Germans and Flemings, under Count -Egmont. De Thermes’ right rested on the sea, and a cavalry charge, -headed by Egmont, broke his line, after severe hand-to-hand fighting, -and the French fled in confusion, leaving 1,500 dead on the field, while -as many more were driven into the sea, and drowned. Large numbers were -cut down in the pursuit, and de Thermes was captured. - - - Gravelotte (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 18, 1870, between the French, under Bazaine, and the -combined German army under the supreme command of William of Prussia. -The battle was most hotly contested, but while the French held their -ground in the neighbourhood of Gravelotte, the Germans turned their -right flank at St. Privat, and they were eventually obliged to abandon -all their positions, and retire into Metz, where they were subsequently -blockaded. The German losses amounted to 899 officers and 19,260 men -killed and wounded. The French losses were somewhat less. This battle is -also known as the battle of St. Privat. - - - Great Meadows (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 3, 1752, between 350 Virginians, under Washington, and 700 -French, under Coulon de Villiers. The Virginians occupied a square log -enclosure, known as Fort Necessity, where they resisted the French -attack for nine hours, till lack of ammunition forced Washington to -surrender. The Virginians lost 60 killed and wounded; the French -considerably less. - - - Grenada (American War of Independence). - -Fought July 3, 1779, between a British fleet of 24 sail, under Admiral -Byron, and a French fleet of 20 sail-of-the-line, and 10 frigates, under -the Comte d’Estaing. Admiral Byron attacked the French with a view of -recapturing Grenada, but was unsuccessful, though he inflicted upon them -a loss of 1,200 killed and 1,500 wounded. The British lost 183 killed -and 346 wounded. - - - Grangam (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1721, between the Swedes, and the Russian fleet under Admiral -Golitshin. The Swedes were completely defeated, losing four -line-of-battle ships captured. - - - Grochow (Second Polish Rising). - -Fought February 25, 1831, between the Poles, 90,000 strong under Prince -Michael Radziwill, and 120,000 Russians, under General Dubitsch. After a -sanguinary engagement, the Russians were defeated, with a loss of 10,000 -killed and wounded. The Poles lost about 5,000. - - - Gross-Beeren (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 23, 1813, between the French army of the north, under -Oudinot, and the allies, 80,000 strong, under the Crown Prince of -Sweden, who was covering the road to Berlin. Regnier, whose corps formed -the centre of Oudinot’s army, captured Gross-Beeren, which was retaken -by the Prussians under von Bulow, and again recovered by Fournier’s and -Guilleminot’s divisions, but Oudinot was not sufficiently strong to -press his advantage, and retired with a loss of 1,500 men, and 8 guns. - - - Gross-Jägersdorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 30, 1757, between 28,000 Prussians, under Marshal -Lehwaldt, and a largely superior force of Russians, under General -Apraxine. The Prussians were defeated, but Apraxine failed to follow up -his victory, and recrossed the frontier. - - - Grozka (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1739, between the Austrians, under Count Neipperg, and the Turks, -under the Grand Vizier. The Austrians were defeated, with heavy loss. - - - Grunnervaldt. - -Fought 1404, between the Poles, under Vladislas IV, and the Teutonic -Knights, under their Grand Master. The Poles gained a complete victory, -and it is said that 50,000 knights perished, though it is more than -doubtful whether their whole army amounted to so many. - - - Guadeloupe (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was taken by a British force under Sir John Jervis, July 3, -1794, with a loss of 3 officers and 33 men killed and wounded. It was -recaptured by the French, on December 10, of the same year. - - - Guad-el-Ras (Moroccan War). - -Fought March 23, 1860, when 25,000 Spaniards, under Marshal O’Donnell, -routed a large force of Moors, entrenched in a very strong position -behind the Guad-el-Ras. This victory ended the war. - - - Guastalla (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought September 19, 1734, between the Imperialists, under the Prince of -Würtemberg, and the French, under Marshal de Coligny. The Imperialists -were defeated with a loss of about 4,000, including the Prince of -Würtemberg. The French losses were about the same. - - - Gubat. - -_See_ Abu Klea. - - - Guildford Court House (American War of Independence). - -Fought March 16, 1781, between the British, under Lord Cornwallis, and a -largely superior force of Americans, under General Greene. The Americans -occupied a strongly entrenched position in and round Guildford, and the -battle consisted of a series of independent actions, in which the -British were uniformly successful, driving out the Americans with heavy -casualties, and the loss of all their guns and ammunition. The British -lost 548 killed and wounded, but the victory served little purpose, as -Lord Cornwallis was too weak to pursue his advantage. - - - Guinegate. - -Fought August 16, 1513, when a body of French cavalry, who aimed at -relieving Terouënne, which was besieged by the English, under Henry -VIII, and the Imperialists, under Maximilian I, were put to flight by -the allies without striking a blow. The French fled so precipitately -that the action was dubbed the Battle of the Spurs. - - - Gujerat (Second Sikh War). - -Fought February 22, 1849, between the British, 25,000 strong, under Lord -Gough, and 50,000 Sikhs, under Shir Singh. The British artillery, -numbering 84 pieces, broke the Sikh lines, and after resisting for over -two hours, they fled, and were practically annihilated in the pursuit. -Fifty-three guns were taken. The British lost only 92 killed and 682 -wounded. - - - Gunzburg (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 9, 1805, when Ney’s corps carried the three bridges over -the Danube, at or near this town, driving off the Austrians with a loss -of 300 killed and wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Gwalior (First Mahratta War). - -This strong fortress was captured from the Mahrattas, August 3, 1780, by -a British force of about 2,000 men, mostly sepoys, under Captain Popham. -The wall was scaled by two companies of sepoys, under Captain Bruce, -supported by 20 Europeans, and followed by two battalions. The garrison -was completely surprised, and an entrance effected without opposition, -whereupon the place was surrendered to the assailants, who had not lost -a man. - - - Gwalior (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought June 17, 18 and 19, 1858, between a British column under Sir Hugh -Rose, and a large body of rebels, led by the Ranee of Jhansi in person. -On the 17th the mutineers were driven out of the cantonments with heavy -loss, while on the following days the important positions in the town -were captured in succession, until by the evening of the 19th, the -British were in undisputed possession of Gwalior. The Ranee was known to -be amongst the slain, though her body was never found. - - - - - H - - - Haarlem (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was invested by the Spaniards, 30,000 strong, under Don -Francisco de Toledo, December 11, 1572. It was held by a garrison of -4,000, under Ripperda, including a corps of Amazons, led by a widow -named Kenau Hasselaer. The batteries opened on the 18th, and on the 21st -an assault was repulsed, the assailants losing 400, the garrison three -or four only. A second assault, on January 31, 1573, was also repulsed, -while a brilliant sortie, on March 25, captured a large and welcome -convoy of provisions. On May 28, however, the patriot flotilla of 150 -vessels under Martin Brand, on the lake, was defeated by 100 Spanish -ships, under Count Bossu. From this point the reduction of the city by -famine was inevitable, and the place was surrendered, July 12, 1573. The -garrison, reduced to 1,800, was massacred, with the exception of 600 -Germans, and altogether 2,300 persons perished after the capitulation. -The Spaniards lost 12,000 men in the course of the siege. - - - Hadranum. - -Fought B.C. 344, between Timoleon, the deliverer of Sicily, with 2,000 -followers, and Hiketas, Tyrant of Leontini, with 10,000 men. The two had -been summoned to the assistance of the rival factions in Hadranum, and -Hiketas, who arrived first, was resting his men under the walls, when he -was surprised by Timoleon, and totally routed. This was Timoleon’s first -exploit, and Hadranum became his headquarters. - - - Hadrianople (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought July 3, 323, between Constantine, Emperor of the West, with -120,000 troops, and Licinius, Emperor of the East, with 165,000. -Licinius, by the skilful manœuvring of Constantine, was enticed from -his entrenched camp into the open plain, and his raw levies being -powerless against the Western veterans, he was totally defeated. It is -said that 34,000 perished in the battle. - - - Hadrianople (Second Gothic Invasion of the East). - -Fought August 9, 378, between the Romans, under the Emperor Valens, and -the Goths, under Fritigern. The Roman cavalry fled from the field, and -the legionaries were surrounded and ridden down by the overwhelming -masses of the Gothic horse. Two thirds of the legionaries, and 39 great -officers and tribunes perished. Valens was carried off the field -wounded, but the hut in which he was lying was fired, and he perished in -the flames. - - - Hahozaki (Tartar Invasion of Japan). - -Fought 1274, between the troops of the province of Kiushiu and the -Tartars forming the expedition, despatched by Kublai Khan, under Lin Fok -Heng. After severe fighting, in which the Japanese suffered heavily, Lin -was severely wounded, and withdrew to his ships. A heavy gale destroyed -a large number of the Tartar and Korean vessels, and finally the remnant -of the invading force made good its escape. - - - Haliartus. - -Fought B.C. 395, when Lysander, at the head of a Spartan force, without -waiting as had been arranged to effect a junction with Pausanius, -attacked the town of Haliartus. The Haliartians, seeing from the -battlements that a body of Thebans was approaching, made a sortie, and -the Spartans, attacked simultaneously in front and rear, were routed, -and Lysander slain. - - - Halidon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1383, in the course of an attempt by Archibald Douglas, the -Regent, to relieve Berwick, which was besieged by Edward III. The Scots -were powerless against the English archers, and were defeated with a -loss of 30,000, including the Regent, and four Earls. This defeat -resulted in the submission of Scotland, and Edward placed Balliol upon -the throne. - - - Halieis. - -Fought B.C. 459, between the Athenians, and the combined forces of -Corinth and Epidamnus. The Athenians were victorious. - - - Hallue (Franco-German War). - -Fought December 23 and 24, 1870, between 40,000 French, under General -Faidherbe, and 22,500 Germans, under Manteuffel. The French lost heavily -in the village lying in front of their position, but the Germans were -unable to carry the entrenchments on the heights. After their attack had -been repulsed, the French assumed the offensive, but with no decisive -result. The Germans lost 927 killed and wounded; the French over 1,000, -besides 1,300 prisoners. - - - Hampton Roads (American Civil War). - -Fought March 8 and 9, 1862, between the Confederate armoured frigate, -_Merrimac_, and 5 gunboats, under Captain Buchanan, and 5 Federal -warships, under Captain Marston. On the 8th, the _Merrimac_ destroyed -two Federal vessels, and drove one ashore, but on the 9th, the Federals -were reinforced by the arrival of the turret-ship _Monitor_, and after -an indecisive action, the _Merrimac_ drew off. In the two days, the -Confederates lost only 10 killed and wounded, but the Federal losses -were far heavier, the _Cumberland_ alone losing 150 out of a crew of -400. - - - Hanau (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 30 and 31, 1813, between 80,000 French, the survivors of -Leipsic, under Napoleon, and 45,000 Austrians and Bavarians, under -General Wrede, who had occupied a position at Hanau, barring Napoleon’s -retreat to France. On the 30th, Napoleon attacked Wrede’s left, which -was astride of the road, and driving it back continued his retreat with -the main body, leaving three divisions, under Marmont, to secure his -rearguard. On the 31st, the rearguard, under Mortier, attacked Hanau, -and Wrede being dangerously wounded, his successor, Fresnel, drew off, -leaving the road clear. The French lost 6,000, the allies 10,000 men in -the two days. - - - Hardenberg (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought June 15, 1580, between the Dutch Patriots, under Count Philip -Hohenlo, and the Royalists, under Martin Schenck. Fatigued by a long -march, the Patriots were no match for Schenck’s fresh troops, and after -an hour’s fighting, were broken and almost annihilated. - - - Harlaw. - -Fought July 24, 1411, between the rebel Highlanders, under Donald, Lord -of the Isles, and the Lowland Scots, under the Earl of Mar, together -with the town militia of Aberdeen, led by their Provost. After a most -sanguinary battle, the Lowlanders were utterly routed. Among the slain -were the Provost, many knights, 500 men-at-arms, and the majority of the -burghers forming the militia. The Highlanders lost 500 only. - - - Harper’s Ferry (American Civil War). - -Fought September 16, 1862, when the Confederates, three divisions, under -General “Stonewall” Jackson surrounded the Federal garrison of Harper’s -Ferry, 11,000 strong, with 73 guns, and forced them to surrender. - - - Hashin (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 20, 1885, when 8,000 British troops, under General Graham, -defeated a detachment of Osman Digna’s army, inflicting upon them a loss -of about 1,000 killed. The British lost 48 killed and wounded. - - - Haslach (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 11, 1805, when General Dupont, with 6,000 French, -marching upon Ulm, was suddenly confronted with an army of Austrians, -60,000 strong, strongly posted on the Michelberg. Dupont at once seized -and entrenched the village of Hanau, which he held until dark against -25,000 Austrians, under the Archduke Ferdinand. After nightfall he -withdrew, carrying off 4,000 prisoners. - - - Hastenbech (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 26, 1757, between 50,000 Hanoverians and others, under the -Duke of Cumberland, and 80,000 French, under Marshal d’Estrées. The -Duke, who had taken post on the Weser, to protect Hanover, was -overpowered by d’Estrées, and driven back to Slade, on the Elbe, with a -loss of several hundred men. This defeat was followed by the signature -of the Convention of Closter-Seven. - - - Hastings (Norman Conquest). - -Fought October 14, 1066, a fortnight after the landing of William the -Conqueror. The English, under Harold, fought entirely on the defensive, -at first with success, but were at last lured from their position by a -feigned flight of the Normans, and were then totally routed. Harold was -among the fallen. This battle is also known as the Battle of Senlac. - - - Hatvan (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 2, 1849, when the Austrians, 15,000 strong under Marshal -Schlick, attacked the 7th Hungarian corps, of about equal strength, and -after a severe engagement, were totally defeated. - - - Havana (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought October 12, 1748, between a British squadron of seven ships, -under Admiral Knowles, and a Spanish squadron of equal strength. The -action was fought with little determination, and though the British -captured one ship, the result was far from decisive. The Spaniards lost -298, the British 179 killed and wounded. - - - Havana (Seven Years’ War). - -In June, 1762, the Earl of Clanwilliam, with 11,000 British troops, -supported by a squadron, under Admiral Pococke, laid siege to Havana. -Moro Castle, the key of the defences, was taken by storm, and after a -siege of two months and eight days the city was captured. - - - Heathfield. - -Fought 633, between the Mercians, under Penda, and the Northumbrians, -under Edwin. The latter were defeated and Edwin slain. - - - Heavenfield. - -Fought 634, between the Anglo-Saxons, under the Bretwalda, Oswald of -Northumbria, and the Britons, under Cadwallon. The Britons were totally -routed. - - - Hedgeley Moor (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought April 25, 1464, between the Lancastrians, under Margaret of Anjou -and Sir Ralph Percy, and the Yorkists, under Lord Montague. The -Lancastrians were totally defeated, Percy falling in the battle. - - - Heiliger-Zee (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought May 23, 1568, between the “Beggars,” under Louis of Nassau, and -5,000 veteran Spaniards, under Aremberg. Louis occupied a very strong -position on a wooded height, near the monastery of the Holy Lion, his -front being protected by a morass crossed by a narrow causeway. The -Spanish infantry traversed this to the attack, but were repulsed, and -Count Aremberg, leading a charge of horse, in the hope of restoring the -day, fell mortally wounded. Upon this the Spaniards broke and fled, -having suffered a loss of 1,600 men. - - - Heilsberg (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought June 10, 1807, between 30,000 French, under Marshal Soult, and -80,000 Russians, under General Bennigsen. The Russians occupied the -heights on both sides of the Alle, and the plains below, being in -greater force on the left bank. The French attacked and drove the -Russians into the entrenchments, but could make no further progress, and -night put an end to an obstinate but inconclusive conflict, in which the -Russians lost about 10,000, the French, 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Hekitai-Kan (Invasion of Korea). - -Fought 1595, between the Japanese, under Kobayagawa Takakage, and the -Chinese, under Li Chin. The Chinese were utterly routed, Li’s army being -almost annihilated, and he himself escaping with difficulty from the -field. - - - Heligoland (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured, August 31, 1807, from the Danes, by a small -British squadron, under Admiral Thomas Russell. - - - Heliopolis (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 20, 1800, between 10,000 French, under Kléber, and about -70,000 Turks, under Ibrahim Bey. The Turks were utterly routed, with a -loss of several thousand men, while the French only lost about 300 -killed and wounded. - - - Hellespont (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 323, between the fleet of Constantine the Great, consisting of -200 small galleys, under Crispus, and that of Licinius, numbering 350 -sail, under Amandus. After two days’ hard fighting, Crispus forced the -passage of the Hellespont, and totally routed the Eastern fleet, with a -loss of 130 ships and 5,000 men. - - - Helorus. - -Fought B.C. 492, between Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, and the -Syracusans. The Syracusans were totally routed, and were so weakened by -this defeat, that Syracuse fell an easy prey to Gelon, Hippocrates’ -successor, in the following year. - - - Helsingborg (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1710, between 20,000 Swedes, of whom 12,000 were raw recruits, -under General Steinbock, and the Danish invading army. The Swedes won a -signal victory, and the invaders were compelled to take refuge under the -walls of Helsingborg, and a few days later to embark for Denmark. -Besides killed, they left 4,000 wounded prisoners in the hands of the -Swedes. - - - Hemushagu (Invasion of Korea). - -Fought 1595, between the Japanese, under Konishi Yukinaga, and the -Chinese, under Li Chin. The Japanese were defeated, and forced to retire -upon the capital. - - - Hengestesdun (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 835, when the men of Wessex, under Egbert, totally defeated the -Danes and Cornish Britons. - - - Hennersdorf (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought November, 1745, between 60,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 40,000 Austrians and Saxons, under Prince Charles of -Lorraine. Frederick surprised Prince Charles on the march, and utterly -routed his vanguard, comprised of Saxons, with enormous loss. The -Austrians were compelled in consequence to retire into Bohemia. - - - Heraclea (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 280, between the Epirots, 30,000 strong, under Pyrrhus, and -about 35,000 Romans, under P. Laverius Lævinus. The Romans crossed the -Siris in the face of the enemy, when they were attacked by Pyrrhus, and -after a furious conflict, were at last broken by his elephants, and fled -in disorder, losing about 7,000 men. The Epirots lost 4,000. - - - Heraclea. - -Fought 313, between the Illyrians, under Licinius, afterwards Emperor of -the East, and the troops of the reigning Emperor Maximinus. Licinius was -marching with 30,000 men to the relief of Heraclea, when he was attacked -by Maximinus, with 70,000. Licinius was at first driven back by weight -of numbers, but his skill, and the steadiness of his troops, enabled him -to rally, and eventually Maximinus was defeated with heavy loss. - - - Herat (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan). - -This city was captured, 1220, by 20,000 Tartars, under Sudah Bahadur. -The Governor, Emin Malek, was entirely unprepared to stand a siege, and -surrendered when the Tartars appeared before the walls. Having meanwhile -been retaken by a _coup-de-main_, by Shems-ed-din, who held it as an -independent chieftain, Herat was again besieged by the Mongols, under -Tuli Khan, in 1221. After a brief, but resolute resistance, during which -Shems-ed-din fell, the inhabitants opened the gates to the besiegers, -and the garrison was put to the sword. - - - Herat (Perso-Afghan Wars). - -On November 22, 1837, Mohamed, Shah of Persia, laid siege to the city, -which was held by an Afghan garrison, under Yar Mohamed. After a -somewhat desultory siege, an attempt was made to storm the place, June -24, 1838, when the Persians were repulsed with a loss of 1,700 men. From -this time a tacit armistice existed till September 9, when the Shah -withdrew his army. - - - Herdonea (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 210, when the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, defeated, and -practically destroyed an army of 25,000 Romans, under Cnæus Fulvius. -Fulvius was among the slain. - - - Héricourt (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought November 13, 1474, between the Swiss, 18,000 strong, and the -Burgundians, 10,000 in number. The Burgundians were totally defeated, -the town of Héricourt taken. - - - Hermanstadt (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1442, and notable as being the first appearance of John Huniades -in arms against the Turks. With an army of Hungarians he totally -defeated Mejid Bey, who was besieging Hermanstadt, inflicting on the -Turks a loss of 20,000 men, and relieving the place. The Hungarians lost -3,000. - - - Hernani (First Carlist War). - -Fought August 29, 1836, between the British legion, under General Evans, -and the Carlists. Evans was defeated. - - - Hernani (First Carlist War). - -Fought March 15 and 16, 1837, between the British legion, and a small -contingent of Cristinos, under General Evans, and about 17,000 Carlists, -under Don Sebastian, strongly posted on the Hernani road. On the 15th, -Evans attacked the Carlists on the Venta heights, and after five hours’ -fighting occupied the position. On the 16th, when the conflict was -resumed, the Carlists retired into Hernani, but reinforcements arriving, -they took the offensive, and forced Evans to retreat. - - - Herrera (First Carlist War). - -Fought August 23, 1837, between the Carlists, under Don Carlos, with -General Moreno in actual command, and the Cristinos, under General -Buerens. Don Carlos, who was marching upon Madrid, attacked Buerens -before he could effect a junction with Espartero, and severely defeated -him, the Cristinos losing 50 officers, and 2,600 men killed, wounded and -missing. Don Carlos, after this victory, advanced to within twelve miles -of Madrid, when the appearance of Espartero, at the head of 20,000 -troops, obliged him to retire. - - - Herrings, The (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought at Roncray-St.-Denis, February 12, 1429. Sir John Fastolfe was in -charge of a convoy of salt fish for the English army before Orleans, and -hearing of the approach of a French force, under the Bastard of Orleans, -intrenched himself at Roncray. Here the French attacked him, and were -repulsed with heavy loss, the Bastard being severely wounded. - - - Hexham (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought May 15, 1464, when the Yorkists, under Montague, surprised the -Lancastrians, under Somerset, in their camp at Linnels, near Hexham. The -Lancastrians were practically in a trap, and had no option but to -surrender. Somerset and many other important leaders were taken, and -promptly executed. This success secured Edward IV on the throne. - - - Himera (First Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought 480 B.C., between the Syracusans and Agrigentines, 557,000 -strong, under Gelon, Tyrant of Syracuse, and the Carthaginians, said to -number 300,000, under Hamilcar. The Carthaginians were totally routed, -and Hamilcar slain. - - - Himera (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This place was besieged by the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, B.C. 409. -A first assault was repulsed, and Diocles arriving in the harbour with -25 ships, rescued half the inhabitants. Three days later he returned for -the remainder, but too late, for before he could reach the harbour the -breach was stormed. The town was sacked, and 3,000 prisoners were -sacrificed to appease the shade of Hamilcar, who had fallen in the -battle of 480. - - - Hippo (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Siege was laid to this city in May, 430, by the Vandals, under Genseric. -It was defended by Boniface, Count of Africa, who having command of the -sea, was able to keep the city well provisioned, and after fourteen -months Genseric retired. Among those who died during the siege was St. -Augustine. - - - Hochkirchen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 14, 1758, between the Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and the Austrians, under Count Daun. Frederick, who was encamped -on the heights of Hochkirchen, was surprised in the early morning by the -Austrians, who broke into his camp and seized his artillery. He -succeeded, however, in forming up his troops, and descending into the -plain, made good his retreat to Bautzen. The Prussians lost 9,000 men, -including the Prince of Brunswick and Marshal Keith, all their tents and -baggage, and 101 guns. The Austrians lost 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Hochstett (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 19, 1800, between 70,000 French, under Moreau, and about -80,000 Austrians, under de Kray. Moreau crossed the Danube with the -object of cutting off the Austrians from their base, and forcing them to -evacuate Ulm. In a battle which lasted 18 hours, he succeeded in -establishing himself upon the left bank, and making Ulm untenable. The -French took 5,000 prisoners and 20 guns, but the losses on both sides in -killed and wounded were small for the numbers engaged. - - - Hoechst (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought June 10, 1622, between 20,000 Palatinate troops, under Christian -of Brunswick, and 33,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. Christian having -failed to join forces with Mansfeldt, was in retreat, and was engaged in -holding a bridge over the Main. While thus employed he was overtaken by -Tilly, and though a village covering the bridge was held gallantly for -five hours, he was at last overpowered, losing about 12,000 in killed, -wounded and prisoners. The Imperialist loss was comparatively small. - - - Hogland (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1789, between the Russian fleet, under Admiral Greig, and the -Swedes, under the Duke of Sudermanland. Each side lost a ship, but -strategically the affair was a Russian victory, for the Swedes were -compelled to seek the protection of the forts of Sveaborg. - - - Hohenfriedberg (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June 3, 1745, between the Austrians and Saxons, under Charles of -Lorraine, and the Prussians, under Frederick the Great. The Saxons, who -were encamped at Strigau, were attacked in the early morning, and -defeated before the Austrians could come to their aid. Frederick then -turned upon the Austrians, and routed them, after desperate fighting. -The Austrians and Saxons lost 4,000 killed and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, -including 4 generals, and 66 guns. The Prussians lost 2,000. - - - Hohenlinden (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought December 3, 1800, between the French, 60,000 strong, under -Moreau, and 70,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John. Moreau occupied -the small clearing of Hohenlinden, and the surrounding forest, while the -Austrian army marched by five distinct routes to rendezvous at -Hohenlinden. The Archduke’s attack on the village was repulsed, and -meanwhile Moreau had fallen upon his advancing columns at various -points, and after severe fighting defeated them. The Austrians lost -7,000 killed and wounded, 12,000 prisoners and 87 guns. - - - Hollabrunn (Campaign of the Danube). - -A rearguard action to protect the retreat of the main Russian army, -under Kutusoff, November 16, 1805, between 7,000 Russians, under Prince -Bagration, and the French, under Lannes. Bagration did not retire until -he had lost half his force. - - - Homildon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September, 1402, when the Percies lay in wait for a Scottish -force, under Murdach Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of Douglas, who were -returning from a foray into England. The Scots were totally routed, -losing Stewart, 4 Scottish peers, and 80 gentlemen of rank. - - - Honain. - -Fought 629, between 12,000 Moslems, under Mohammed, and a force of pagan -Arabs, 4,000 strong. The Moslems were lured into the valley of Honain, -and were assailed by slingers and archers from the surrounding heights. -They were, however, rallied by the Prophet, and totally routed the -Pagans, who submitted to the rule of Mohammed. - - - Hondschook (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought September, 1793, between the Austrians, under Freytag, and the -French, under Houchard. The Austrians occupied a strong position from -which they were driven in disorder, and with heavy loss. As a -consequence of this victory, the siege of Dunkirk was raised. - - - Hooghly, The. - -Fought November 24, 1759, between three British ships, under Commodore -Wilson, and a Dutch squadron of seven sail. After two hours’ fighting, -the Dutch were completely defeated, and all their ships captured. -Meanwhile a force of 700 Europeans and 800 Sepoys landed from the Dutch -fleet, was defeated with heavy loss by 330 British troops and 800 -Sepoys, under Colonel Forde. - - - Huesca (Mohammedan Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1105, when the Moors, under Ali attacked the Spaniards, who, -under Alfonso VI of Castile, were besieging Huesca. Ali was utterly -routed, losing 10,000 killed in the battle. - - - Huesca (First Carlist War). - -Fought May 23, 1837, between 20,000 Carlists, under Don Carlos and Don -Sebastian, and 12,000 Cristinos and British under General Irribarreu. -The British legion behaved unsteadily and the Cristinos were driven from -the field, though the pursuit was checked by a brilliant cavalry charge, -in which Irribarreu fell. The Cristinos lost over 1,000 killed and -wounded, of which number the British legion lost 277. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought May, 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -Argentinians, under Mitre. Mitre attacked the Paraguayan entrenchments, -but was repulsed with heavy loss. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought February, 1868, between the Paraguayan batteries, and a flotilla -of Brazilian gunboats, endeavouring to force the passage. Their attempt -was a complete failure, and the whole flotilla was sunk. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought September, 1868, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -allied armies of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The allies largely -outnumbered Lopez’s forces, and forced him to abandon his entrenchments -at Humaita, and retire to Tebienari. - - - Humblebeck (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1700, when Charles XII, with a small force of Swedes, landed in -face of the Danish army, which was strongly entrenched close the shore, -and drove them headlong from their position with heavy loss. - - - Hydaspes, The (Alexander’s Campaigns in Asia). - -Fought B.C. 327, between 65,000 Macedonians and 70,000 Asiatics, under -Alexander the Great, and the army of the Indian king Porus, numbering -30,000 infantry, with 200 elephants and 300 war chariots. Alexander -crossed the river a few miles above Porus’ entrenchments, and utterly -routed him, with a loss of 12,000 killed and 9,000 prisoners, including -Porus himself. The Macedonians lost 1,000 only. - - - Hyderabad (Conquest of Scinde). - -Fought March 24, 1843, between 6,000 British troops, under Sir Charles -Napier, and 20,000 Beluchis, under Shir Mohammed. The latter was -strongly entrenched behind the Fullali, but the Beluchis, being thrown -into disorder by a heavy artillery fire, were overthrown by a charge of -cavalry on their exposed flank, and a frontal attack by the 22nd -Regiment. This defeat put an end to the resistance of the Scinde Emirs. - - - Hysiæ. - -Fought, approximately, 668 B.C., between the Spartans and the Argives. -The former were totally defeated, and Argos was left in undisputed -possession of the supremacy of the Peloponnesus. - - - - - I - - - Ichinotani (Taira War). - -Fought 1189, between the troops of the Shogun Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, -under his brothers Norigoris and Yoshitsune, and the forces of the Taira -clan. The Taira were signally defeated. - - - Iclistavisus (Germanic Wars). - -Fought 16, between 8 Roman legions, under Germanicus, and the Germans, -under Arminius. The Germans attacked the Romans in the open plain, but -failed against the superior discipline of the legionaries, and were -routed with enormous loss. Arminius with difficulty cut his way out of -the press and escaped. - - - Immac (Revolt of Elagabalus). - -Fought June 7, 218, between the Syrian legions, under Elagabalus, and -the Imperial troops and Pretorians, under the Emperor Macrinus. The -Pretorians, by their superior valour and discipline, broke the legions -opposed, and the victory would have been theirs, but at the crisis of -the fight, Macrinus fled, and this so discouraged his troops, that in -the end they were totally defeated. - - - Imola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought February 3, 1797, when 8,000 French and Italians, under Victor, -defeated the Papal troops, 7,000 strong, under General Colli. Victor -took the Papal army in the rear, and routed them with a loss of a few -hundred only, as no stand was made. - - - Indus, The (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought A.D. 1221, between 300,000 Tartars, under Genghis Khan, and the -army of Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 30,000 strong. Jellalladin -fought with his back to the river, and after an obstinate conflict, in -which he inflicted heavy loss on his assailants, was driven across the -Indus, having lost 19,000 men killed and drowned. The Tartars lost -20,000. - - - Ingavi. - -Fought November 18, 1841, between the Bolivians, under Ballivian, 3,800 -strong, and the Peruvians, 5,200 strong, under Gamarra. The Peruvians -were utterly routed, and their army dispersed, Gamarra being among the -killed. - - - Ingogo (First Boer War). - -Fought February 8, 1881 when a small British column, consisting of 5 -companies of infantry, 4 guns, and a small mounted force, attacked the -Boer position, and were repulsed with a loss of 139 killed and wounded. -The Boers admitted a loss of 14 only. - - - Inhlobane Mountain (Zulu War). - -Fought March 28, 1879, when a British force of 1,300 men, under Colonels -Buller and Russell, attacked a strong Zulu kraal, and after severe -fighting, were repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Inkerman (Crimean War). - -Fought November 5, 1854, when 50,000 Russians, under Prince -Mentschikoff, attacked the British position at Inkerman, held by about -8,000 troops. There was a dense fog, and the battle was chiefly a series -of detached hand-to-hand combats some of the most serious fighting being -round the Sandbag Battery, where the Russians lost 1,200 killed. At 10 -o’clock, the French arrived on the scene, and the Russians were soon in -full retreat, having suffered very heavy loss. - - - Inverlochy (Civil War). - -Fought February 2, 1645, when Montrose, with 1,500 Royalist Highlanders, -defeated 3,000 Campbells and Lowland Covenanters, with a loss of 1,700 -men. Argyle left the command of his forces to Campbell of Auchinbrech, -taking refuge in a vessel on Loch Linnhe. This defeat broke the power of -the Campbells in the Highlands for many years. - - Inverkeithing (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1317, between the English invaders, and the Scots, under the Earl -of Fife. The first onslaught of the English drove the Scots from their -positions, but they were rallied by William Sinclair, Bishop of Dunkeld, -and forced the English to retire to their ships. - - - Inverary (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1510, between the Scots, under Robert Bruce, and the English, -under Sir John Mowbray, with whom was a small force of Scottish -sympathisers with the English claims, under the Earl of Buchan. The -English were totally defeated and driven from the field with heavy loss. - - - Ipsus (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 302, between the Syrians, 32,000 strong, under Seleucus, and -the Macedonians, 30,000 in number, under Antigonus. Seleucus utterly -routed the Macedonians, Antigonus being among the slain. Demetrius -Poliorcetes, who now took command, only succeeded in rallying 8,000 men, -after fleeing for 200 miles. - - - Irun (First Carlist War). - -This fortress was captured, May 18, 1837, by 10,000 Cristinos and -British, under General Evans. Evans appeared before the place at noon, -and summoned it to surrender. On the Carlists refusing, an assault was -ordered; by 11 p.m. the fortress was taken, with very small loss to the -assailants. - - - Isandhlwana (Zulu War). - -Fought January 22, 1879, when six companies of the 24th Regiment, with -two guns and a small force of Natal volunteers, under Colonel Durnford, -were overwhelmed and massacred by the Zulus, under Matyana. Of the -regulars, 26 officers and 600 men were killed, in addition to 24 -officers, and a large number of men in the Colonial force. - - - Isara, The (Third Gallic Invasion). - -Fought August 8, 121 B.C., between the Arverni and Allobroges, under -Betuitdus, and the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus. The Gauls were -totally defeated, and a bridge breaking down under the press of the -fugitives, they suffered enormous loss. - - - Isaszcq (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 6, 1849, between the Hungarians, 42,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Croats, under Jellachich. The Hungarian First Corps, -under Klapka, was put to flight, but the rest stood their ground, and -repulsed the Croat attack. Both armies bivouacked for the night on the -ground they held, but early on the following morning Jellachich retired, -the Hungarians thus being entitled to claim a victory. - - - Isle de France (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island, now known as Mauritius, was captured from the French, -December 3, 1810, by a fleet of 19 ships, under Admiral Bertie, -convoying a number of transports, carrying 10,000 troops, under General -Abercromby. The British lost 167 killed, wounded and missing. Seven -frigates and ten sloops were taken, as well as 21 French and 3 captured -British merchantmen. - - - Isly (Abd-el-Kader’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 14, 1844, between 8,000 French, under Marshal Bugeaud, and -45,000 Algerines, chiefly cavalry, under Abd-el-Kader. The French -infantry repulsed all the charges of the Algerine Horse, and aided by -the artillery, inflicted heavy loss upon them; when sufficiently shaken, -a charge of the French cavalry completed the rout, and the Algerines -fled, leaving 1,500 dead on the field. Abd-el-Kader was captured. - - - Ismail (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress was taken by assault by the Russians, under Suwaroff, -December 22, 1790. The Russians lost enormous numbers in the storm, and -in revenge they massacred the garrison and inhabitants without mercy. - - - Issus (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -Fought B.C. 333, between 35,000 Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, -and a vast horde of Asiatics, with 30,000 Greek mercenaries, under -Darius, King of Persia. The Persians were drawn up on the right bank of -the Pinarus, which crosses the plain of Issus. Alexander, led his heavy -cavalry to the attack on the left, crossing the river, and routing the -Persian cavalry. The phalanx in the centre was opposed to the Greek -mercenaries, and after heavy fighting, the Macedonians made good their -footing on the right bank. Alexander meanwhile led his squadrons against -the bodyguard of Darius, who fled from the field, followed by the whole -of the Asiatics, and the victory was complete. - - - Issus (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1488, between the Turks, under Bajazet II, and the Egyptians, -under the Sultan of Egypt. The Turks were defeated. - - - Itabitsu. - -Fought October, 740, between the Japanese rebels, under Hirotsuke, -13,000 strong, and the troops of the Emperor Shommu under Ono-no-Atsuma. -The Imperial troops, who were only 8,000 in number, attacked the rebels -as they were crossing the river, and routed them with heavy loss. -Hirotsuke was killed. - - - Ivry (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought March 14, 1590, between the Huguenots, under Henri IV, and the -Catholics, under the Duc de Mayenne. Henri gained a complete victory, -and marched forward to invest Paris. - - - - - J - - - Jalula (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 637, between the Moslems, under Said, and the Persians, under -Yezdegerd. Yezdegerd fled from the field, and his troops discouraged, -were totally routed with heavy loss. - - - Jamaica. - -This island was captured from the Spaniards, May, 1655 by a combined -English naval and military force, under Admiral Penn and General -Venables. - - - Jarnac (Third Civil War). - -Fought March 13, 1569, between the Catholics, under the Marshal de -Tavannes, and the Huguenots, under the Prince de Condé. The brunt of the -action was borne by the Huguenot cavalry, who were overpowered by the -Catholics, and Condé slain. - - - Jassy (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 20, 1620, between the Poles under Gratiani, and the -Turks, under Osman II. The Poles were completely defeated. - - - Jellalabad (First Afghan War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Afghans, under Mohammed Akbar Khan, -March 11, 1842, after the destruction of General Elphinstone’s force in -the Khoord Cabul pass. It was defended by a small British garrison, -under General Sale. Akbar led his whole army to the assault, but was -gallantly repulsed, and then sat down to besiege the place in form. An -attempt to relieve it by Brigadier Wyld, in January, 1843, failed, Wyld -being defeated in the Khyber Pass by the Khyberis. The garrison -meanwhile made several successful sorties, and on April 7, drove Akbar -Khan out of his entrenchments, with a loss of all his guns, and many -men, forcing him to raise the siege. All chance of a renewal of the -investment was ended by the arrival on the 18th, of a strong relieving -force, under General Pollock. - - - Jemappes (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought November 6, 1792, between the Austrians, under the Archduke -Albert, and the French, under Dumouriez. The Austrians occupied a very -strong position on the heights above Jemappes, from which they were -driven with heavy loss, the French gaining a signal victory. - - - Jena (Campaign of Jena). - -This name is generally given to the two battles fought October 14, 1806, -by the two wings of the French army under Napoleon, at Auerstadt and -Jena. At Auerstadt the Prussian left, 70,000 strong, under the Duke of -Brunswick, was encountered by the French right, under Davoust, with -slightly inferior numbers, and after very severe fighting, were -defeated, the Duke of Brunswick being killed. Napoleon, on the left, -with 100,000 men, attacked the Prince of Hohenlohe with 70,000 -Prussians, and after a sternly fought engagement, drove him from the -field. The two defeated armies, retiring by converging routes upon -Weimar, the retreat became a rout, and Napoleon’s pursuing cavalry -caused them further heavy losses. The Prussians in the two actions lost -22,000 killed and wounded, 18,000 prisoners and 300 guns. Twenty -generals were killed, wounded or captured. The French lost 11,000 killed -and wounded, 7,000 of whom fell at Auerstadt. - - - Jersey. - -Fought 1550, when an English squadron, under Sir William Winter, -attacked a French fleet, which was besieging St. Heliers. The French -were completely routed, losing 1,000 killed and wounded, and the siege -was raised. - - - Jerusalem (Jewish War). - -This city was besieged by Titus, with 60,000 Romans, in March, 70 A.D. -It was defended with the utmost heroism by the Jews, who were led by the -Zealot faction. At the end of six weeks Titus gained possession of the -suburb of Bezetha, and then by hard fighting, captured position after -position, until on September 8, the resistance of the defenders was -finally overcome. Josephus says that 1,100,000 persons perished in the -siege, but this is doubtless an exaggeration. The Romans after the -capture sold 97,000 into slavery. - - - Jerusalem (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Early in 637 Jerusalem was besieged by the Moslems, at first, under Abu -Obeidah, and later by the Khalif Omar. After a defence of four months, -during which scarcely a day passed without a sortie or an assault, the -city was surrendered by the Patriarch Sophronius. - - - Jerusalem (First Crusade). - -The Crusaders, under Godefroi de Bouillon, laid siege to the city, June -7, 1099, and on July 15, it was taken by assault, and for three days was -the scene of a promiscuous massacre, in which 70,000 Moslems perished. - - - Jerusalem. - -On October 2, 1187, the Holy City was besieged by the Saracens, under -Saladin, and after a siege lasting fourteen days, in the course of which -several determined sorties were repulsed, the Moslems forced an -entrance, and Guy de Lusignan, the last King of Jerusalem, surrendered. -The Christians were given forty days to evacuate the city. - - - Jhansi (Indian Mutiny). - -This place, which fell into the hands of the mutineers in June, 1857, -was recaptured by Sir Hugh Rose, who invested it in March, 1858, and -carried the city by assault, April 2. - - - Jidballi (Somali Expedition). - -Fought January 10, 1904, between the Somalis, 5,000 strong, and a small -British and native force, under Sir Charles Egerton. The Somalis’ camp -was attacked, and after a brisk action they were driven out and pursued -by the cavalry for twelve miles, losing 1,000 killed in the fight and -pursuit. The British losses were very small. - - - Jiron. - -Fought February 28, 1829, between the Peruvians, under Lamar, and the -Colombians, under Sucre. The battle was indecisive, both sides claiming -the victory, and it was followed by the signature of peace, September -23. - - - Jitgurh (Gurkha War). - -Fought January 14, 1815, between 4,500 British troops, under General -Wood, and 1,200 Gurkhas, occupying a strong stockade. The British were -led unexpectedly into the zone of fire by a treacherous guide, and -though Wood fought his way to a position from which he could have -carried the stockade, he retired, having suffered considerable loss, -just when the Gurkhas were about to abandon their works. - - - Jotapata (Jewish War). - -This place was besieged by Vespasian, with 60,000 Romans, December, 67, -and was defended by the Jewish army under Josephus. The fortress held -out for 47 days, when it was stormed and sacked. Josephus gave himself -up to Vespasian. - - - Jugdulluck (First Afghan War). - -At this place the remnant of General Elphinstone’s army made their last -stand, January 12, 1842, against the Afghans and Ghilzais. Of the few -who escaped the massacre at this point, only one, Dr. Brydon, succeeded -in reaching Jellalabad. - - - Julian’s Defeat by the Persians (Persian Wars). - -Fought June 28, 363, between the Romans, under Julian, and the Persians, -under Sapor II. Julian had advanced against Ctesiphon, the Persian -capital, but finding himself too weak to attack it, was retreating along -the left bank of the Tigris. In the course of the retreat he was -attacked by the Persians, and worsted in an action unimportant in -itself, but resulting in the death of Julian, who was mortally wounded -in the skirmish. The election of Jovian as Emperor was followed by a -peace which restored to Sapor almost all the Roman conquests in Persia. - - - Junin (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1824, between the Spanish Royalists, under General Cauterac, and -the Colombian Patriots, under Sucre. The Spaniards were completely -defeated. - - - - - K - - - Kaiping (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought January 10, 1895, when a Chinese force in a strongly entrenched -position was attacked and driven out by a Japanese brigade under General -Nogi. The fighting lasted three hours, the Chinese showing more -steadiness than usual, and inflicting on the assailants a loss of 300 -killed and wounded. - - - Kagoshima (Satsuma Rebellion). - -On August 18, 1876, the rebels, who were closely besieged in their lines -at Enotake, succeeded in passing through the Imperial troops, and making -a forced march, under Saigo Takamori, seized the city of Kagoshima. They -were quickly followed by the Imperial army, under Prince Taruhito, and -an engagement followed which lasted for ten days, at the end of which -time the insurgents were driven out and retired to Shirogama, both sides -having suffered heavy loss. - - - Kagul (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 3, 1770, between 17,000 Russians, under Roumiantsoff, and -150,000 Turks, under Halil Pasha. The Russian rear was threatened by a -force of 80,000 Tartars, under the Khan of Crim Tartary, but -Roumiantsoff boldly attacked the Turkish lines, and after severe -fighting drove the Turks out of their entrenchments in headlong flight, -capturing all their artillery and baggage. - - - Kalisch (Russo-Swedish War). - -Fought 1706, between 10,000 Swedes, under General Meyerfeld, and 30,000 -Russians and Poles, under Prince Mentschikoff. The Swedes were defeated -with considerable loss. - - - Kalunga (Gurkha War). - -This place was attacked by the British under General Gillespie, in -October, 1814, and was defended by the Gurkhas under Bulbuddur Singh. An -unsuccessful assault cost the besiegers 260 officers and men, and after -waiting a month for the arrival of heavy guns, a breach was made, and a -general assault ordered. This also failed, 680 men being killed and -wounded. The fortress was then shelled for three days, at the end of -which time the survivors of the garrison, 70 only out of 600, made their -escape, and the place was captured. - - - Kalpi (Indian Mutiny). - -This town, which had fallen into the hands of the mutineers, was -besieged by Sir Hugh Rose, May 19, 1858. The garrison made two -ineffectual sorties, in which they were repulsed with heavy loss, and on -the 23rd the town was entered without further resistance, the mutineers -having fled. - - - Kamarut (First Burmah War). - -Fought July 8, 1824, when a small British force, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed a series of stockades held by 10,000 Burmans, under -Tuamba Wangyee. The Burmans left 800 dead on the field, including their -leader. - - - Kambula (Zulu War). - -Fought March 29, 1879, when Colonel Wood, with 2,000 British and native -auxiliaries, was attacked in his lager by three Zulu impi. The Zulus -were repulsed with very heavy loss, and pursued for seven miles. The -British lost 81 killed and wounded. The defeat practically broke -Cetewayo’s power. - - - Kandahar (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan). - -This city was besieged by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, in 1221. The -Tartars possessed themselves of the city, and were investing the -citadel, when Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, fell upon them with a -large force and cut them to pieces. - - - Kandahar. - -Siege was laid to Kandahar in March, 1545, by the Moguls, under Humayun. -The place, which was defended by an Afghan garrison under Mirza Askari, -held out for five months, when, weakened by famine and desertion, the -garrison was forced to surrender. - - - Kandahar (Perso-Afghan Wars). - -In the autumn of 1648 the Persians, under Abbas II, laid siege to the -city, which was defended by a Mogul garrison. An attempt to relieve it -was made by Aurungzebe, but he arrived to find it already in the hands -of the Persians. He in turn laid siege to it, but was unsuccessful, and -after four months was compelled to retire. Subsequent attempts to -recapture the city were made by Said Ullah, the Vizier, and Dara Sheko, -the eldest son of Shah Jehan, but without success. - - - Kandahar. - -Fought July 29, 1834, when Shah Sujah, the expelled Amir of Afghanistan, -attempted to take the city. His successor, Dost Mahomed, and Kohandil -Khan sallied forth at the head of their troops, and totally defeated -Shah Sujah, dispersing his followers. - - - Kandahar (Second Afghan War). - -Fought September 1, 1880, between the British, under Lord Roberts, and -the Afghans, under Ayub Khan, immediately after the completion of the -famous march from Kabul. Ayub was completely defeated, with a loss of -2,000 men, and his army dispersed. The British losses were only 248 -killed and wounded. - - - Kapolna (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought February 26 and 27, 1849, between four Hungarian divisions, under -Dembinski, and the Austrians, under Windischgrätz, of whom only -Schlick’s corps, 15,000 strong, was seriously engaged. The Hungarians -held their own on the 26th, but on the evening of the 27th Schlick -captured the key of the position at Kapolna, whereupon the Hungarians -retired, though unpursued. - - - Kappel (Second War of Kappel). - -Fought October 10, 1531, between the army of the Swiss Catholic Cantons, -8,000 strong, and 1,300 Zurichers, under George Göldli, reinforced later -in the day by a similar number under Rudolf Lavater. Göldli attacked in -defiance of orders, and was totally defeated, among those who fell being -Zwingli. - - - Kara Burur (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 11, 1791, when the Russian fleet, under Admiral -Ouschakoff, totally defeated the Turks after a sanguinary engagement. - - - Karamuran. - -Fought during the winter of 1225, between 300,000 Tartars under Genghiz -Khan, and 500,000 Turks, Chinese and others under Shidasker of Tangat. -Shidasker was totally routed, with a loss, it is said, of 300,000 men. - - - Karaku (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought 1218, between the Tartars, 700,000 strong, under Genghiz Khan, -and 400,000 Kharismians under the Sultan Mehemed. At nightfall the -battle was undecided, and the armies withdrew to their camps, but -Mehemet, who had lost 140,000, refused to renew the conflict on the -following day, and Genghiz Khan, having suffered too severely to attack -his entrenchments, withdrew. - - - Karee (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 29, 1900, when a Boer force holding a line of hills about -eighteen miles north of Bloemfontein, were driven from their -entrenchments by a British division under General Tucker. The British -lost 10 officers and 172 men killed and wounded. - - - Kargaula (Cossack Rising). - -Fought 1774, between the insurgent Cossacks of the Don, under Ikkelman -Pugatcheff, and the Russians, under Prince Gallitzin. The insurgents -were routed with great slaughter, and Pugatcheff fled to the mountains. - - - Kars (Crimean War). - -This fortress, held by a Turkish garrison under General Williams, was -besieged by the Russians in the course of the Crimean war. The place was -most gallantly defended but was finally forced by famine to capitulate, -November, 1855. - - - Kars (Russo-Turkish War). - -This fortress, garrisoned by 24,000 Turks under Hussein Pasha, was -stormed by the Russians under Loris Melikoff on the night of November -17, 1877. The attacking force was led by Lazareff, and after severe -fighting captured all the eastern forts. Hussein then endeavoured to cut -his way through to the west, but the bulk of his force was driven back, -and only he and a few of his officers succeeded in the attempt. The -Russians lost 2,273, killed and wounded; the Turks 2,500 killed, 4,500 -wounded, 17,000 prisoners, and 303 guns. - - - Kashgal (Soudan Campaigns). - -On November 3, 1883, an Egyptian force, 11,000 strong, under Hicks -Pasha, with several British officers, was led by a treacherous guide -into a defile, where they were attacked by the Mahdists, and after -fighting for three days, were massacred almost to a man. - - - Kassassin (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 28, 1882, between the British, under General Graham, and -the Egyptians, under Arabi Pasha. Arabi attacked the British position, -Graham remaining on the defensive throughout the day, but towards -evening he launched his heavy cavalry, under Sir Baker Russell, against -the enemy, who broke and fled. The British losses were only 11 killed -and 68 wounded. - - - Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 22, 1813, between 130,000 French, under Napoleon, and -100,000 Prussians, under Blucher. Blucher, who had on the previous day -retired behind the Haynau, was pressed hard by Napoleon, and driven -across the Katzbach, with considerable loss. - - - Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 26, 1813, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Prussians, under Blucher. Macdonald crossed the Katzbach, and while -waiting for his left wing and cavalry under Souham, was attacked by -Blucher, and driven back. As Macdonald was retiring Souham appeared on -the field, but before he could deploy he was attacked and routed with -great slaughter, while the centre under Lauriston also suffered severely -in recrossing the river. The French lost 15,000 killed and wounded, and -over 100 guns. - - - Kazan (Cossack Rising). - -Fought 1774, between the rebel Cossacks, under Pugatcheff, and the -Russians, under General Michelson. The Cossacks were utterly routed. - - - Kemendine (First Burmah War). - -Fought June 10, 1824, when 3,000 British troops, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed a series of stockades, occupied by a large force of -Burmans, and drove out the defenders with heavy loss. - - - Keresztes (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought October 24 to 26, 1596, between the Turks, under Mohammed III, -and the Imperialists and Transylvanians, under the Archduke Maximilian -and Prince Sigismund of Transylvania. The battle at first went badly for -the Turks, and Mohammed would have fled but for the remonstrances of the -Grand Vizier. In the end, however, they gained the upper hand, and the -Archduke was totally defeated. - - - Kharisme (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city, the capital of Kharismia, was besieged by the Tartars under -the three sons of Genghiz Khan, in the summer of 1220. It was most -obstinately defended for a period of seven months by the inhabitants, -under Himartekin, but in February the Tartars mastered the place, -massacring 100,000 persons. - - - Khartoum (Soudan Campaign). - -This city, defended by an Egyptian garrison under General Gordon, was -invested by the Mahdi in the early part of 1884, and, after a gallant -defence, was stormed January 26, 1885. The forerunners of the relieving -force, consisting of the river gunboats under Lord Charles Beresford, -arrived off the city on the 28th, two days too late, and after a brief -engagement with the Mahdist batteries, returned down the river. - - - Khelat (First Afghan War). - -This place, which was defended by a garrison of Beluchis, under Mehrab -Khan, was captured by a British force, 1,000 strong, under General -Willshire, November 13, 1839. The defenders lost 400 killed, including -their leader and 2,000 prisoners. The British lost 37 killed and 107 -wounded. - - - Khojah Pass (First Afghan War). - -Fought March 28, 1842, when General England, in an endeavour to relieve -General Nott in Kandahar, marched into the pass with 500 men only, -without waiting for the rest of his brigade, and was defeated by the -Afghans with a loss of 100 killed and wounded, and compelled to retire -to Quetta. - - - Khoord Kabul Pass (First Afghan War). - -While passing through this defile, the British force, under General -Elphinstone, retreating on Jellalabad, was attacked by the Afghans, -January 8, 1842, and lost 3,000, including followers. - - - Killiecrankie (Jacobite Rising). - -Fought July 27, 1689, between 4,500 Royal troops, under General Mackay, -and 2,500 Highland Jacobites, under Dundee. Dundee allowed Mackay to -enter the plain below the pass of Killiecrankie, and then descending -from the heights, fell upon and utterly routed the Royalists, with a -loss of over 2,000 killed and 500 prisoners. The Jacobites lost about -900, but amongst them was Dundee. Mackay on reaching Stirling had only -400 men with the colours. - - - Kilsyth (Civil War). - -Fought August 15, 1645, between the Royalists, under Montrose, and the -Covenanters, under Baillie. The Royalists won a signal victory, -Baillie’s infantry, 6,000 in number, being cut down almost to a man. - - - Kimberley (Second Boer War). - -This town, defended by a garrison of 4,000 (including armed townsmen) -under Colonel Kekewich, was besieged October 15, 1899, by the Boers, -under Commandant Wessels, and later under General Cronje. It withstood a -severe and continuous bombardment till February 15, 1900, when it was -relieved by a force of cavalry, 5,000 strong, under General French. The -losses of the garrison during the siege amounted to 18 officers and 163 -men. - - - Kin-chau. - -_See_ Nanshan - - - Kineyri (Second Sikh War). - -Fought June 18, 1848, between 8,000 Bhawalpuris, under Futteh Mohammed -Khan, aided by 3,000 Sikh irregulars, under Lieutenant Edwardes, and the -Sikhs, 8,000 strong, under Rung Ram. The Bhawalpuris were repulsed in an -attack on the Sikh positions, but the arrival of Lieutenant Edwardes’ -guns turned the scale, and at a second attempt the entrenchments were -stormed and captured, with a loss to the victors of 300 men. The Sikhs -lost 500 killed in the action, and many more during their flight to -Multan. - - - Kinloss (Danish Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 1009, between the Danes under Sweyn of Denmark, and the Scots, -under Malcolm II. The Danes were besieging Nairne, and Malcolm -attempting to raise the siege, they attacked and defeated him after hard -fighting, in which Malcolm was wounded. - - - Kinnesaw Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought June 27, 1864, between 90,000 Federals, under General Sherman, -and 50,000 Confederates, under General Johnston. Sherman attacked -Johnston in a strong position and was repulsed with a loss of about -3,000, the Confederates losing 500 only. - - - Kinsale (O’Neil’s Rebellion). - -This town, which had been seized in September, 1601, by 5,000 Spaniards, -under Juan d’Aguila, sent to support the rebels, was besieged by the -Royal troops, under Lord Mountjoy and the Earl of Thomond. On December -23 an attempt by Sir Hugh O’Neil to relieve the place was defeated, -whereupon d’Aguila surrendered and was permitted to ship for Spain. - - - Kiöge (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July, 1677, between the Danish fleet, under Admiral Juel, and the -Swedes, under Admiral Horn. The Swedes suffered a disastrous defeat, -losing eleven ships of the line sunk or captured. - - - Kirbekan (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought February 10, 1885, when the British, about 1,000 strong, under -General Earle, stormed the heights of Kirbekan, which were held by a -strong Mahdist force, and totally routed them, with heavy loss. The -British lost 60, among whom was General Earle, killed. - - - Kirch-Denkern (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 16, 1761, between the Prussians, under Prince Ferdinand, and -the French, under Soubise and the Duc de Broglie. The French attacked -the strong Prussian position in and around Kirch-Denkern, and after -severe fighting were repulsed with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded. - - - Kirkee (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought November 5, 1817, between the Mahrattas under Bajee Rao, and a -British force of one European and three native regiments, under Colonel -Burr. On moving out of his entrenchments, the flanks of Burr’s force -were attacked by the Mahratta horse, but their charge was repulsed, and -the British advancing drove off the enemy with a loss of over 500. The -British loss was 75 killed and wounded. - - - Kiso (Taira War). - -Fought September, 1180, between the adherents of the Minamoto clan, -under Yoshinaka, and the troops of Taira-no-Kiyomori. The Taira men -attacked the position of Yoshinaka at Kiso, but were defeated and driven -from the field with heavy loss. - - - Kissingen (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought July 10, 1866, between the Prussians, under General Falkenstein, -and the Bavarians, under General Zoller. The Bavarians were defeated and -driven out of Kissingen with heavy loss. - - - Kiu-lien-cheng (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought May 1, 1904, between 40,000 Japanese, under Marshal Kuroki, and -the Russians, about 30,000 strong, under General Sassulitch. After four -days of skirmishing, the Japanese crossed the Yalu, April 30, and on the -following day attacked the Russian position at Kiu-lien-Cheng, driving -out the defenders with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, 30 officers -and 500 men prisoners, and 48 guns. The Japanese lost 898 killed and -wounded. - - - Kizil-Tepe (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought June 25, 1877, between the Russians, under General Loris -Melikoff, and the Turks, in superior numbers, under Mahktar Pasha. The -Russians were defeated, and forced to raise the siege of Kars. - - - Klausenburg (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought May, 1660, between the Turks, under the Grand Vizier, Mahomet -Köprili, and the Transylvanians, under the Voivode, George Ragotski II. -The Turks gained a complete victory, Ragotski being mortally wounded. - - - Klonchino. - -Fought July 4, 1610, between the Russians, under Choniski, aided by a -contingent of 5,000 Swedes, under James de la Gardie, and the Poles, -under Sigismund III. The Russians were totally defeated, and, as a -result, the usurper, Basil Choniski, was deposed. - - - Koeniggratz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought July 3, 1866, between 200,000 Austrians, with 600 guns, under -Marshal Benedek, and the Prussian armies of Prince Frederick Charles and -the Crown Prince, together about equal to the Austrians in number. The -Austrians, who occupied a very strong position, were attacked in the -early morning by Prince Frederick Charles, who, however, made little -impression upon them, and it was not till the arrival of the Crown -Prince on their right flank at 2 p.m. that any advantage was obtained. -Then, however, the Prussians succeeded in piercing the Austrian lines, -and seized the key of the position, after which further resistance being -hopeless, the Austrians retired, with a loss of 20,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, and 174 guns. The Prussians lost 10,000. - - - Koenigswartha (Campaign of Leipzig). - -Fought May 19, 1813, when General Peyri’s Italian division, about 8,000 -strong, was attacked and defeated by 15,000 Russians, under Barclay de -Tolly, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded. The opportune arrival of -the cavalry of Ney’s corps saved the division from destruction. - - - Kojende (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This fortress was besieged in 1219, by the Tartars, under Tuchi Khan, -and defended by a Kharismian garrison, under Timar Malek. After an -obstinate resistance, Timar, finding he could hold out no longer, -embarked with his officers and his best troops, and sailed down the -Jaxartes, pursued by the Tartars, whom, however, after heavy fighting, -he succeeded in escaping. The city surrendered the day after Timar’s -departure. - - - Kokein (First Burmah War). - -Fought December 12, 1824, when 1,800 British troops, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed and captured two large stockades, garrisoned by about -20,000 Burmans, under Maka Bandula. - - - Kolin (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought June 18, 1757, between 34,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 54,000 Austrians, under Marshal Daun. Daun occupied the -heights between Kolin and Chotzewitz, where he was attacked by -Frederick, who had nearly succeeded in turning his right flank when the -Prussian right broke and fled. The Prussian cavalry charged gallantly -six times, but could make no impression on the Austrian defence, and -Frederick was beaten back with a loss of 14,000 men and 43 guns. The -Austrians lost 9,000. - - - Komatsu (Nine Years’ War). - -Fought September 5, 1062, between the Japanese rebels, under Sadatoki, -and the Imperial troops, under Yoriyoshi. Sadatoki, who was besieged in -his camp, made a vigorous sortie at the head of 8,000 men, but after a -severe conflict was repulsed. The fighting was renewed on subsequent -days, and on the 16th Sadatoki was slain, and the rebellion came to an -end. - - - Komorn (Hungarian Rising). - -An action fought by Görgey, April 26, 1849, for the relief of Komorn, -which was besieged by the Austrians. In the early morning two Hungarian -corps, under Klapka and Damjanics, surprised the Austrian entrenched -camp, taking 6 guns and 200 prisoners. The Austrians retired, though not -energetically pursued, and the fortress was relieved. - - - Koniah (Mehemet Ali’s First Rebellion). - -Fought 1831, between the Turks, under Reschid Pasha, and the Egyptians -and Syrians, under Ibrahim Pasha. After a severe engagement, the Turks -were totally defeated, and fled in disorder. Reschid was severely -wounded, and captured. - - - Kornspruit. - -_See_ Sanna’s Post. - - - Korygaom (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought January 1, 1818, when a small British force of under 1,000 men, -chiefly native troops, under Captain Staunton, was attacked by 25,000 -Mahrattas, under the Peshwa, Baji Rao. The British held their ground -gallantly all day, and the approach during the night of large -reinforcements under General Smith determined the Peshwa to retreat, -with a loss of 600. The British lost 275, including 5 out of 8 British -officers. - - - Kossova (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought June 15, 1389, between the Turks, under Murad I, and the combined -army of the Servians, Bosnians, and Albanians, under Lazar, Despot of -Servia. The Turks gained a signal victory, though Murad was mortally -wounded in the battle. This success secured the Turkish domination over -Servia and the neighbouring states. - - - Kossova (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought October 17, 1747, and two following days, between the Hungarians -and Wallachians, 80,000 strong, under John Hunniades, and a vastly -superior Turkish army, under Murad II. The Hungarians left their -entrenchments to attack the Turks, and throughout the day the battle was -evenly contested. On the 18th, however, the Wallachians deserted to the -Turks, and the Hungarians, assailed in front and rear, were hard -pressed, while on the 19th they were unable to maintain their position, -and were forced to retire, defeated, with a loss of 17,000 killed and -wounded. The Turks are said to have lost 40,000 men in the three days. - - - Kotah (Indian Mutiny). - -This place, which had been seized by the rebellious troops of the Rajah -of Kotah, 5,000 in number, was besieged by General Roberts, March 22, -1858. The Rajah, who held the citadel, joined forces with the British, -and after a short bombardment the town was stormed, March 30. - - - Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1622, between the Poles, 60,000 strong, under -Chodkiewicz, and the Turks, 300,000 in number, under Osman II. -Chodkiewicz, old and worn out by fatigue, was forced to retire to his -tent in the middle of the battle, and on his death-bed handed over the -command to Labomirski, by whom the Turks were totally routed, with a -loss of 30,000 men. - - - Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 11, 1673, between 40,000 Poles and Lithuanians, under -John Sobieski, and 80,000 Turks, under Hussein Pasha. The Turks occupied -a strongly entrenched position, which was stormed by the Poles, and the -Turks driven into the river, losing over 40,000 killed. In consequence -of this signal victory, Kotzim capitulated, and Caplan Pasha, who was -approaching with a large army, recrossed the frontier. - - - Krakovicz (Ottoman Wars). - -On January 17, 1475, 40,000 Moldavian peasants, aided by 7,000 Hungarian -and Polish regulars, under Stephen of Moldavia, fell upon Suleiman -Pasha, with 100,000 Turks, in an untenable position near Lake Krakovicz, -and totally defeated them, driving them into the lake. Very few of the -Turks escaped death, either by the sword or by drowning. - - - Krasnaoi (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought November 17, 1812, when the Russians, 50,000 strong, under -Kutusoff, after a series of combats on the two preceding days, during -which they had inflicted heavy losses on the retreating French army, -were defeated by the corps of Davoust and the Young Guard. The French -losses amounted to 5,000 killed and wounded, and about 8,000 missing. - - - Kringellen (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought August 29, 1612, when a force of Scots in the Danish service, -under Colonel George Sinclair, were ambushed in the mountains by the -Norwegians, and massacred, notwithstanding a strenuous resistance. Only -two of the Scots succeeded in escaping. - - - Kronia (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1738, between the Imperialists under Counts Wallis and Neipperg, -and the Turks. The latter were defeated, but at very heavy cost, and the -Imperial army was so weakened that it was unable to prevent the Turks -capturing Semendaia, Orsova, and other important fortresses. - - - Krotzka (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 23, 1739, between 56,000 Austrians, under Count Wallis, and -over 100,000 Turks, under El Hadj Mohammed Pasha. The Austrian vanguard -was attacked by the Turks when approaching Kotzin and driven back, but -the main body withstood the Turkish onslaught from 5 a.m. to sunset, -when Wallis retired, with a loss of 5,700 killed and 4,500 wounded, -including 9 generals. The Turkish loss is unknown, but was very heavy. - - - Kulevtcha (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1829, between the Russians, under General Diebitsch, and 40,000 -Turks, under Reschid Pasha. The Russians were lying in wait for Reschid -in the Kulevtcha defile, and after a severe struggle, totally routed the -Turks, with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, and all their guns. The -Pasha himself escaped with difficulty. - - - Kulm (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 29 and 30, 1813, between the French, under Vandamme, and -the Austrians, and Russians, with a small force of Prussians, under the -Prince of Schwartzenberg, who were retreating after their defeat at -Dresden. To check the pursuit they occupied Kulm, from which they were -driven by Vandamme on the 29th. On the 30th, however, not having -received his expected reinforcements, Vandamme was compelled to remain -on the defensive, and being attacked in front by the Austrians and -Russians, and in the rear by the Prussians, he was totally routed, with -a loss of 6,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, and 48 guns, being himself -wounded and captured. The allies lost about 5,000. - - - Kumai. - -Fought February, 1355, between the troops of the Emperor Gomarakami, -under Yoshinori, and the rebel Japanese, under Moronoshi and Tokiushi. -The rebels were defeated, and Moronoshi severely wounded. - - - Kumamoto (Satsuma Rebellion). - -The castle in this town was besieged February 22, 1876, by the Satsuma -rebels, 15,000 strong, under Saigo. The place was gallantly defended by -the garrison under General Tani Tateki, though many Samurai deserted to -the rebels, and strenuous efforts were made by the Imperial army under -Prince Taruhito to come to its relief. In the course of March Saigo was -attacked in the rear by a force under General Kuroda, but still -maintained the siege, and it was not till April 14, when the garrison -was on the verge of starvation, that Kuroda, bringing up every available -man, succeeded in driving off the rebels and raising the siege. - - - Kunersdorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 12, 1759, between 40,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 80,000 Austrians and Russians, under Generals Landon and -Soltykoff. Frederick first attacked the Russians in flank, driving them -out of their entrenchments, and capturing 180 guns. Then, against the -advice of Seidlitz, he attacked the Austrian position on the left of the -allies, and, though deserted by the Russians, the Austrians held their -ground, and, bringing all their artillery to bear on the Prussians at -close quarters, totally routed them, with a loss of 20,000 men. The -allies lost 24,000. - - - Kunobitza (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1443, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the Hungarians, -under John Hunniades. The Turks were utterly routed, and in consequence -Amurath concluded with them a ten years’ truce. - - - Kurdlah. - -Fought March 11, 1795, between the army of the Mahratta Confederacy, -under the Peshwa, Madhao Rao II, and Hari Pant, and the forces of the -Nizam of Hyderabad. The troops of the Nizam gained an advantage in the -fight, but the Nizam being persuaded to leave the field, his troops -followed him, and were soon in headlong flight. The Nizam was captured a -few days later. - - - - - L - - - La Belle Famille. - -_See_ Niagara. - - - Lade (Ionian War). - -Fought B.C. 494, between a Persian fleet of 600 sail, which was -blockading Miletus under Artaphernes, and 353 Lesbian, Chian and Samian -ships, which attempted to raise the siege. The Samians, bribed by the -Persians, deserted at the beginning of the action, with the exception of -11 vessels, and the Greeks were totally defeated, with heavy loss. The -Chians made a specially gallant fight. - - - Lade. - -Fought B.C. 201, between the Rhodian fleet, under Theophiliscus, and the -Macedonians, under Heraclides. The Macedonians had rather the better of -the encounter, though both sides claimed the victory. - - - Ladysmith (Second Boer War). - -Sir George White, with about 12,000 troops, was shut up in Ladysmith by -the invading army, under General Joubert, November 2, 1899. The Boers, -who were well provided with heavy guns, contented themselves in the main -with a continuous bombardment. On January 6, 1900, however, a picked -force, under Commandant de Villiers, supported by several thousand Boer -marksmen posted on the heights, made attempt to force the British lines -at Waggon Hill and Caesar’s Camp. The battle lasted throughout the day, -and more than once the defenders were very hard pressed, but they held -their ground till nightfall, when the Boers withdrew, having lost about -800 men. From this date the Boers again contented themselves with -bombarding the town, until it was finally relieved by Sir Redvers -Buller, February 27. In addition to deaths by disease, the garrison lost -during the siege 89 officers and 805 men, more than half of whom fell in -the battle of January 6. - - - La Favorita (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought January 16, 1797, between the French, under Napoleon, and the -Austrians, under Provera. Provera moved upon Mantua to succour the -beleaguered garrison, and was aided by a sortie in force. Napoleon, -making a forced march from the field of Rivoli, fell upon Provera and -totally routed him, while the sortie was repulsed by the French -besieging force at the point of the bayonet. Provera surrendered, with -5,000 men. - - - La Fère Champenoise (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 25, 1814, between Marmont’s and Mortier’s corps, 30,000 -strong, and the allied army marching on Paris. The French were defeated -and forced to retire, with a loss of about 5,000 men and many guns. This -was the last action fought in the north before the first abdication of -Napoleon. - - - Lagos (War of the Revolution). - -Fought June 17, 1693, when a squadron of 23 Dutch and English ships, -under Sir George Rooke, was attacked by a French fleet of 71 sail, -whilst convoying 400 merchantmen to the Mediterranean. The French -destroyed 90 merchant ships, and one English and two Dutch warships. The -skilful manœuvring of Rooke, however, saved the rest of the convoy -from destruction. - - - La Hogue (War of the Revolution). - -Fought May 19 and 20, 1692, between a combined Dutch and English fleet -of 96 sail, under Admirals Russell and Allemande, and a French fleet of -64 sail of the line and 47 smaller vessels, under de Tourville. After -heavy loss on both sides, the French fleet was dispersed, with a loss of -three ships. On the 22nd Admiral Rooke destroyed 16 sail of the line and -a number of transports. - - - Lahore (First Tartar Invasion of India). - -Fought 1296, between the Mongols, 100,000 strong, under Amir Daood, and -the army of Ala-ud-Din, King of Delhi, under his brother, Alaf Khan. The -Mongols were routed, with a loss of 12,000 men. - - - Lake Erie (Second American War). - -Fought September 10, 1813, between the English flotilla of six -schooners, under Commodore Barclay, and a largely superior American -squadron, under Commodore Perry. The whole British flotilla was -destroyed, with a loss of 134 killed and wounded. The Americans lost 27 -killed and 96 wounded. - - - Lake George (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 8, 1755, between 1,500 French and Indians, under Baron -Dieskau, and 2,500 New England militia, under Colonel William Johnson. A -small force sent by Johnson to the relief of Fort Lyman was ambushed by -the French and driven back to camp, but Dieskau pursuing, was repulsed -in his attack upon the camp, with a loss of about 400. Dieskau himself -was wounded and captured. The loss of the New England men during the day -was 216 killed and 96 wounded, most of whom fell in the ambush. - - - Lake Kerguel (Tartar Invasion of Russia). - -Fought July, 1391, between 300,000 Russians, under Tokatmich, and an -equal force of Tartars, under Tamerlane. The battle began at daybreak, -and by mid-day the Russians were utterly routed, and fled in disorder, -leaving their camp in the hands of Tamerlane. - - - Lake Regillus. - -Fought B.C. 497, the first authentic date in the history of Rome. The -details handed down, however, belong to the domain of legend rather than -to that of history. According to the chroniclers, this was the last -attempt of the Tarquinian family to recover the throne of Rome. They -were, however, totally routed by the Romans, under Aulus Postumius, and -all the sons of Tarquinius, and his son-in-law, Mamilius, were slain in -the battle. The legend avers that the Romans, when victory was trembling -in the balance, found at their head two young men on white horses, whom -they claimed to be Castor and Pollux. - - - Lake Vadimon (Gallic Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 283, between the Romans, under P. Cornelius Dolabella, and -the Gauls and their Etruscan allies. Dolabella attacked the Etruscans as -they were crossing the Tiber close to the lake, and destroyed the flower -of their army. He then fell upon the Gauls, whom he also defeated with -heavy loss, with the result that in the following year they made peace -and withdrew from Italy. - - - Landau (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison under M. de Melac, was besieged -by the Imperialists, under Prince Louis of Baden, June 19, 1702. The -garrison made a gallant defence, but was forced to surrender, September -10. The Comte de Soissons, elder brother of Prince Eugene, fell during -the siege. - - - Landen. - -_See_ Neerwinde. - - - Landskrone (Dane-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July 14, 1676, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the -Danes, under Christian V, in which the Danes suffered a serious defeat. - - - Langensalza (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between 12,000 Prussians, under General Flics, and -the Hanoverians, in about equal strength, under George, King of Hanover. -The Prussians attacked the Hanoverian position, and after severe -fighting were repulsed with a loss of about 1,400 killed and wounded, -and 900 prisoners. The Hanoverians lost 1,392. The victory, however, was -fruitless, as the Prussians in the neighbourhood were in overwhelming -numbers, and the King was compelled to surrender on the 29th. This is -the last appearance of Hanover in history as an independent state. - - - Langport (Civil War). - -Fought July 10, 1645, between the Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, and -the Royalists, under Lord Goring. The Royalists were routed, and driven -by Cromwell’s horse nearly into Bridgwater, with a loss of 300 killed -and 1,400 prisoners. - - - Lang’s Nek (First Boer War). - -Fought January 28, 1881, when a British column, 1,100 strong, under -General Colley, attacked the Boers in a strong position at Lang’s Nek. -The British were repulsed with a loss of 198 killed and wounded. The -Boers lost 14 killed and 27 wounded. - - - Langside. - -Fought May 13, 1568, when the army of Mary Queen of Scots, 6,000 strong, -was defeated and dispersed by the forces of the Regent, Murray. The -Queen’s troops were broken by a cavalry charge, in which they lost 300, -while only one man of the victorious horse was killed, and fled in -confusion from the field. Mary escaped to England. - - - Lannoy (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January, 1567, between 3,000 Flemish Protestants, under Pierre -Cornaille, and a small force of the Duchess of Parma’s troops, under -Novicarmes. The Flemings, mostly half-armed peasants, were cut to pieces -by the Spaniards, 2,600 being killed in one hour’s fighting. - - - Lansdown (Civil War). - -Fought July 5, 1643, between the Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton, and -the Parliamentarians, under Waller, who was endeavouring to prevent -Hopton’s advance upon Bath. The Royalists stormed Waller’s entrenchments -and forced him to retreat, though at a heavy cost to themselves. - - - Laon (Allied Invasion of France). - -This fortress, held by the allies under Blucher, was attacked May 9, -1814, by the French under Ney and Marmont. Ney seized two of the -suburbs, but Marmont, failing to support him as promised, he could not -make good his footing. During the night the allies attacked and routed -Marmont, and on the 10th Ney, after hard fighting, was forced to yield -the ground he had gained. The French lost about 6,000 men; the allies -5,000. - - - La Paz. - -Fought January, 1865, between the partizans of General Belza and those -of Colonel Melgarejo, each of whom had proclaimed himself Provisional -President of Bolivia. Belza’s forces were totally defeated, and himself -slain. - - - La Placilla (Chilian Civil War). - -Fought August 28, 1891, between 10,000 Congressists, under General Del -Canto, and 14,000 Balmacedists, under General Barbosa. The latter were -routed with a loss of 3,363 killed and wounded, including Barbosa, while -thousands laid down their arms on the field. The Congressists, who lost -1,609, at once occupied Valparaiso, and a few days late Balmaceda -committed suicide. - - - La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War). - -Fought May 5, 1862, between the French, 7,500 strong, under General -Lorencez, and about 12,000 Mexicans, under General Zaragoça. The French -endeavoured to carry the ridge of the Cerro de Guadalupe, commanding the -town, but were repulsed by General Negreti, with 1,200 men, losing 456 -killed and wounded, and forced to retire from La Puebla. The Mexicans -lost 215 only. - - - La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War). - -On May 4, 1863, the French army, 25,000 strong, under General Forey, -laid siege to La Puebla, which was held by a Mexican garrison under -General Ortega. Forey’s force was too small for a complete investment, -and he began operations against the Fort of San Xavier. On the 29th this -post was taken by storm, the French losing 230, the defenders 600 men. -From this point the French obtained foothold in the town, and then -proceeded to capture the houses block by block. So determined was the -resistance, however, that their progress was very slow, and by April 7 -they had made next to no advance, though they had lost a further 600 -men. Later in the month an attack on the Convent of Santa Cruz was -repulsed with a loss of 480. On May 8 a relieving force of 10,500 men, -under General Comonfort, was defeated by a small French column under -Bazaine, losing 8 guns and 1,000 prisoners, and from this point further -resistance was useless. Ortega, therefore, after a most gallant defence, -surrendered with 1,455 officers and 11,000 men, May 17, 1863. - - - Larcay (Chilian Revolution). - -Fought December, 1829, between the Federalists, or Government Party, -under General Zastera, and the Pelucones, or Unitarians, under General -Prieto. The Pelucones gained a signal victory, following which they -drove out the Government and abrogated the constitution of 1828. - - - Largs (Norse Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought October 2, 1263, between the Norsemen, under Haco, and the Scots. -The Norse fleet of 160 ships was driven ashore off Largs by a violent -storm, and many of them wrecked, and Haco landed a force to protect the -shipwrecked crews. This force was attacked by the Scots and utterly -routed, and Haco was forced to withdraw, and abandon the project of -invasion. The only name on the Scottish side which has come down to us -as taking part in the battle is that of Sir Pierce Curry. - - - Larissa (Third Macedonia War). - -Fought 171 B.C., between the Romans, 40,000 strong, under P. Licinius -Crassus, and 43,000 Macedonians, under Perseus. The Romans were defeated -with a loss of 2,200 killed and 600 prisoners. - - - Larissus, The (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 209, between the Achæans, under Philopœmen, and the -Ætolians and Eleans. The allies were defeated and cut to pieces, the -Elean general being among the slain. - - - La Rochelle (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 22, 1372, when an English fleet, under the Earl of Pembroke, -intended for the relief of La Rochelle, was intercepted by a greatly -superior Spanish fleet, under Don Ambrosio Bercenegra, and after very -hard fighting was entirely destroyed or captured. - - - La Rochelle (Huguenot Rebellion). - -This fortress, the principal Huguenot stronghold in France, was besieged -by the Royal troops, under Richelieu, in 1627. The garrison, under the -mayor, Guiton, made a gallant defence, but the assassination of -Buckingham prevented the arrival of the promised English succours, and -the town surrendered, after holding out for fourteen months. - - - La Rothière (Allied Campaign in France). - -Fought February 1, 1814, between 32,000 French, under Napoleon, and -100,000 Prussians, Russians, and Würtembergers, under Blucher. Napoleon -held a strong position, where he was attacked by Blucher, whom he -succeeded in holding at bay till late in the afternoon, when Blucher -captured the village of La Rothière. Napoleon with the Young Guard -retook the village, and the battle ended with the French in possession -of the field. The French lost 5,000, the allies about 8,000, and -Napoleon was enabled to continue his retirement without molestation. - - - Las Navas de Tolosa (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 10, 1212, between a huge army of Moors, said by the -chroniclers to have amounted to 600,000, under Mohammed al Nasin, and -the allied armies of the Kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre, and -Portugal. The Moors were utterly routed, very few of their enormous host -escaping from the field. - - - Las Salinas (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought April 20, 1538, between the forces of Francisco Pizarro and those -of Almagro. The latter were totally routed, and Almagro captured and -executed. - - - Laswari (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 1, 1803, between the British, 10,000 strong, under -General Lake, and Scindhia’s army, consisting of 9,000 infantry and -5,000 cavalry. Scindhia’s veteran infantry made a most gallant defence, -standing their ground until 7,000 had fallen, when the survivors laid -down their arms. The cavalry also suffered heavily. The British loss -amounted to about 800. Seventy-two guns and a large quantity of -ammunition and stores were captured. - - - Laupen (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought June 21, 1339, between 5,000 Swiss of Berne and the Forest -Cantons, under Rudolf von Erlach, and 15,000 Burgundians, under the -Counts of Kiburg and Nidau. Despite their superior numbers, the -Burgundians were unable to withstand the charge of the Swiss, and were -utterly routed and forced to raise the siege of Laupen. - - - Lautulæ (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Samnites, under Pontius, and the Romans, -under Q. Fabius Maximus. The Romans were defeated with great slaughter. - - - Lawfeldt (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought July 3, 1747, between the allied Austrians and British, under the -Duke of Cumberland, and the French, under Marshal Saxe. The village of -Lawfeldt was thrice carried by the French and thrice recaptured, but -about noon the British centre was driven in, and defeat was imminent, -when a cavalry charge, headed by Sir John Ligonier, saved the day, and -enabled the Duke to retire in good order. The allies lost 5,620 killed -and wounded, the French about 10,000. - - - Le Bourget (Franco-German War). - -A determined sortie by the French from Paris, October 27, 1870, in which -they carried the village of Le Bourget. They held their ground there -until October 30, when they were driven out by the Prussian Guard Corps, -leaving 1,200 prisoners in the hands of the Germans, who lost 34 -officers and 344 men. - - - Leck, The (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 5, 1632, between 26,000 Swedes and German Protestants, -under Gustavus Adolphus, and 20,000 Imperialists, under Count Tilly. -Gustavus had prepared a bridge to cross the river, and immediately after -daybreak his engineers commenced to fix it, the Swedish artillery -meanwhile keeping the Imperialists in check. In the artillery duel Tilly -was mortally wounded, and his troops retired, leaving the Swedes to -effect the passage unmolested. - - - L’Ecluse (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1340, when the English fleet surprised the French in a narrow -channel, and totally routed them, with a loss of 90 ships and 30,000 -men. - - - Leghorn. - -Fought off Leghorn March 31, 1653, when six English ships, under -Commodore Appleton, were destroyed by a Dutch fleet of 16 sail, under -Admiral Van Gelen. Only a sloop escaped the destruction. Van Gelen was -mortally wounded during the action. - - - Legnano (Wars of the Lombard League). - -Fought May 29, 1176, between the Lombard League, aided by Venice and the -Pope, and the Imperialists, under Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick was -utterly routed, and fled from Italy in disguise. - - - Leipsic (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September 7, 1631, between 20,000 Swedes and an equal force of -Saxons, under Gustavus Adolphus and John George, Elector of Saxony, and -44,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. The Imperialist right totally routed -the Saxons, who fled from the field, headed by the Elector. Meanwhile, -the Swedes had completely defeated the left of the Imperialists, under -Pappenheim, and repulsed the centre under Tilly, and on the return of -the right from pursuing the Saxons, they were attacked by the Swedish -left, and driven from the field, only four regiments holding their -ground in a wood until nightfall. The Imperialists lost 8,000 killed and -wounded and 5,000 prisoners; the allies 2,700, of whom only 700 were -Swedes. Gustavus captured the whole of Tilly’s artillery, and his -victory was the salvation of the Protestant cause, which was trembling -in the balance. - - - Leipsic (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 16, 17, and 18, 1813, between the French, under Napoleon, -and the forces of the Great Coalition. Napoleon, who held Leipsic with -155,000 men, was faced by 160,000 Austrians and Russians, under the -Prince of Schwartzemberg, and 60,000 Prussians, under Blucher. On the -16th Schwartzemberg attacked, being faced by Napoleon with 115,000 men, -and, after an obstinate engagement, which lasted till nightfall, the -French had gained a little ground. At the same time Blucher attacked -Marmont, who, with 24,000 men, held his own throughout the day. The -French lost 27,000; the allies about 35,000. Both sides receiving -reinforcements during the night, Napoleon on the morning of the 17th was -at the head of 150,000 troops, while the allies numbered nearly 300,000, -including the Swedes under Bernadotte. Little was done on the 17th, but -on the 18th Napoleon moved out to drive back the allies, and leave a -road of retreat open. He was repulsed at all points, and driven back -into Leipsic, whence during the night of the 18th to 19th, the French -retired by the only serviceable bridge. The corps under Poniatowski left -to cover the retreat was almost annihilated, and Poniatowski killed. The -French lost in the three days over 60,000 men, while the losses of the -allies were also enormous. - - - Leitskau (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 27, 1813, between 5,000 French, under General Girard, and -a Prussian division, under General Hirschberg, aided by some Cossacks, -under Czernitcheff. Girard was defeated, losing heavily in killed and -wounded, besides 1,500 prisoners and 6 guns. - - - Le Mans (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 10, 11, and 12, between the Germans, 50,000 strong, under -Prince Frederick Charles, and the French, numbering about 150,000, under -General Chanzy. The French army was completely routed, and the whole -force so completely demoralised as to be no longer an effective fighting -unit. The Germans took 20,000 prisoners, 17 guns, and great quantities -of war material, at a cost to themselves of 200 officers and 3,200 men. - - - Lens (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 20, 1648, between the French, 14,000 strong, under Condé, -and the Austrians, in somewhat superior force, under the Archduke -Leopold. Condé feigned a retreat, to draw the enemy from their lines, -and then turning upon them, decisively defeated them, with a loss of -4,000 killed, 6,000 prisoners, and all their baggage and artillery. - - - Leontini. - -This city, the stronghold of the National party in Sicily, held by a -garrison of Syracusans and Roman deserters, was stormed and sacked, B.C. -211, by three Roman legions under M. Marcellus. Two thousand Roman -deserters captured in the place were put to the sword. Hippocrates -succeeded in escaping. - - - Lepanto (Cyprus War). - -Fought October 17, 1571, between a fleet of 250 Spanish and Venetian -ships, under Don John of Austria, and a Turkish fleet of 270 sail, under -Piale, the Capitan Pasha. The Turkish left wing, under the Dey of -Algiers, met with some success, but the centre and right were almost -destroyed, the Turks losing 200 vessels, and, it is said, 30,000 men. -Piale was killed. The Dey of Algiers succeeded in extricating the -majority of his ships. The allies lost between 4,000 and 5,000 men, -including 15 Venetian captains. - - - Lerida (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September, 1642, between the Spaniards, under Leganez, and the -French, under Lamothe-Houdancourt. The Spanish army was defeated, and -this victory, in conjunction with the fall of Perpignan, gave the French -possession of Roussillon. - - - Lerida (Thirty Years’ War). - -This city, held by a garrison of 4,000 Spaniards, under Don Jorge Britt, -was besieged by the French, under the Great Condé, May 12, 1647. The -defence was vigorous, the garrison making constant sorties, and about -the middle of June the appearance of a large Spanish army at Fraga -forced Condé either to deliver an assault or to raise the siege. He -chose the second alternative and withdrew his troops June 17. - - - Lesno (Russo-Swedish War). - -A series of actions, fought 1709 between 40,000 Russians, under Peter -the Great, and 15,000 Swedes, under General Levenhaupt, who was -escorting a convoy of 8,000 waggons to the army of Charles XII. The -battle lasted over five days, at the end of which time the remnant of -the Swedes, though defeated, were permitted to retire in good order, but -without their convoy. The Swedes lost in this series of actions -two-thirds of their numbers. The Russians lost 10,000 men. - - - Leucopetra (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought 146 B.C., between a Roman Consular Army, under Lucius Mummius, -and the forces of the Achæan League, under Diacus. The Greeks, who were -only half as strong as their opponents, were routed, and all resistance -came to an end, the Greek cities, one after another, opening their gates -to the Romans. - - - Leuctra (Bœotian War). - -Fought July, 371 B.C., between 11,000 Spartans, under Cleombrotus, and -6,000 Thebans, under Epaminondas. The principal fighting took place on -the Theban left, where Epaminondas had massed his best troops, and after -a fierce encounter the Spartans were driven back, leaving 1,000 dead, -including Cleombrotus, on the field. As a result of this defeat, the -Spartans evacuated Bœotia. - - - Leuthen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought December 5, 1757, between 33,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 90,000 Austrians, under Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count -Daun. Frederick made a feigned attack on the Austrian right wing, and -then under cover of the ground withdrew the major part of his force, and -strongly attacked the Austrian left, which was driven back and finally -overthrown by a charge of cavalry. The Austrians lost 7,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, including three generals, and 134 guns. The -Prussians lost 5,000 killed and wounded. In consequence of this victory, -Breslau surrendered to Frederick, with over 18,000 troops, on December -10. - - - Lewes (Barons’ War). - -Fought May 14, 1264, between the Barons, under Simon de Montfort, and -the Royalists, under Henry III and Prince Edward. The king was -completely defeated, and the two parties signed an agreement, known as -the Mise of Lewes, to submit the points in dispute to arbitration. - - - Lexington (American War of Independence). - -Fought April 19, 1775, between the Royal troops, under General Gage, and -the Americans. After a brief engagement the Americans were defeated, and -retired. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Lexington (American Civil War). - -This place was invested September 18, 1861, by the Confederates, 8,000 -strong, under General Price, who having cut off their supplies, forced -the garrison of 3,500, under Colonel Mulligan, to surrender, September -20. The Confederates lost 100 men only. - - - Leyden (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was invested May 26, 1574, by 8,000 Walloons and Germans under -Valdez, who in the course of a few days had erected 62 batteries round -the place. There was no garrison, with the exception of a few -“freebooters” and a burgher guard, under Jan van der Does. The Prince of -Orange, in order to save the city, determined to open the dykes, and on -August 3 the gates at Schiedam and Rotterdam were opened, and the dykes -broken along the course of the Yssel. Meanwhile the citizens had come to -an end of their bread, but by strenuous efforts the fleet under Admiral -Boisot succeeded in throwing relief into the city at the beginning of -October. By this time the city was on the verge of starvation, and 8,000 -of the inhabitants had perished of pestilence. The Spaniards, however, -had been driven from work after work, and on October 3 the last of their -redoubts was mastered, and Valdez was forced to raise the siege. - - - Lignitz (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 15, 1760. Frederick the Great with 30,000 Prussians was -posted near Lignitz, and expecting to be attacked by the Austrians, -90,000 strong, under Count Daun, commenced a retreat towards Parchwitz, -and took up a position which, according to Daun’s plan was to have been -occupied by Landon’s corps. Landon, quite unconscious of the presence of -the Prussians, marched into the middle of Frederick’s lines, and was -utterly routed, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, 6,000 prisoners -and 82 guns. - - - Ligny (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 16, 1815, between 84,000 Prussians under Blucher and 60,000 -French under Napoleon. The French attacked Blucher’s position, and met -with a stout resistance, especially at the village of Ligny, but by -sundown the Prussians had exhausted their last resources, and Napoleon, -bringing up the Guard, and a division of heavy cavalry, drove them from -their positions, with a loss of about 12,000. The French lost 8,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Lille (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city was besieged August 12, 1708, by the Imperialists, under -Prince Eugene, and was defended by a French garrison, under M. de -Bouflers, which after repulsing several determined assaults, surrendered -October 25. The besiegers lost in the course of the siege 3,632. The -French lost about 7,000. - - - Lilybæum (First Punic War). - -This fortress was besieged B.C. 250, by the Romans, under C. Attilius -and L. Manlius, and was defended by a Carthaginian garrison, 10,000 -strong, under Himilcon. The Romans invested the place both by sea and -land, but the superior seamanship of the Carthaginians enabled them from -time to time to throw succour into the place. The first line of the -defences was soon carried but the Romans were then confronted with a -second rampart, equally strong, and the siege was begun anew. In 249 P. -Claudiûs took over the command, but a defeat of the Roman fleet at -Drepanum gave the Carthaginians complete command of the sea, and though -the Romans continued to blockade the fortress on the land side, it held -out till 241. After the naval battle of Ægusæ Carthage sued for peace. - - - Lincoln, Fair of. - -Fought in the streets of Lincoln, 1217, between the Royal troops, under -the Earl of Pembroke, and the adherents of the Dauphin Louis, under the -Comte de la Perche. The Royalists were victorious, and the French leader -was killed. - - - Lindley (Second Boer War). - -At this place a force of 500 yeomanry, under Colonel Spragge, after -holding out for four days against a largely superior Boer force, -surrendered May 27, 1900. - - - Linkoping. - -Fought 1598, between the Poles, under Sigismund III, King of Poland and -Sweden, and the Swedes, under Charles the Regent. The Poles were -surprised and totally defeated, with a loss of 20,000 men, the Swedes -losing, it is said, only 240. This victory was shortly followed by the -dethronement of Sigismund and the accession of Charles as King of -Sweden. - - - Liparæan Islands (First Punic War). - -The scene of a naval battle, B.C. 257, in which the Roman fleet, under -the Consul, C. Attilius, completely defeated the Carthaginians. - - - Lippe (Germanic Wars). - -Fought B.C. 11 between the Romans, under Drusus, and the Sicambri, Suevi -and Cherusii. The Romans were largely outnumbered and surrounded, and so -certain were the Germans of victory, that they had already apportioned -the spoil among the various tribes. Drusus, however, attacked the -barbarians vigorously, and totally routed them with very heavy loss. - - - Lissa (Seven Weeks’ War). - -The only naval action between ironclads in European waters, fought July -20, 1866, between the Austrian fleet of 7 armoured ships and some -obsolete wooden vessels, under Admiral Tegethoff, and the Italian fleet -of 10 armour-clads, under Admiral Persano. Tegethoff attacked in wedge -formation, with his flagship as the apex, and broke the line of the -Italian fleet, which was steaming, line ahead, across his bows. He -rammed and sank the Italian flagship, and the rest of the action was a -melée in which the Italians were defeated and driven off, with a loss of -3 ships and over 1,000 men. This defeat forced the Italians to raise the -siege of Lissa. - - - Little Big Horn (Sioux Rising). - -On June 25, 1876, General Custer, with the 7th United States Cavalry, -700 strong, attacked the village of the Sioux chief, Sitting Bull. He -divided his force into three columns, one of which, led by himself, -marched into an ambush, and was massacred to a man. The other two -columns were vigourously attacked by the Sioux, and forced to retire. -The cavalry lost on this occasion 265 killed. - - - Lodi, Bridge of (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought May 10, 1796, during Napoleon’s pursuit of the retiring -Austro-Sardinian army, under Beaulieu. The bridge over the Adda was -defended by the Austrian rear-guard, with some 20 guns, commanding -passage. Napoleon sent a force of cavalry round by a ford to take the -defenders in rear, and then rushed the bridge, the stormers being led by -Berthier and Masséna, while Napoleon himself was in the thick of the -fighting. The French loss is said not to have exceeded 400, while the -Austrians lost in the action and subsequent pursuit, 2,000 killed and -wounded, 1,000 prisoners, and 20 guns. - - - Loftcha (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought September 3, 1877, between 20,000 Russians, under Prince -Imeretinsky, and 15,000 Turks, under Adil Pasha. The actual attack on -the Turkish positions was made by Skobeleff, at first with 5,000, and -afterwards with 9,000 men, and the Turks were driven out of Loftcha with -a loss of 5,200 killed. The Russians lost 1,500 killed and wounded. - - - Loigny-Pouprey (Franco-German War). - -Fought December 1, 1870, between the Germans, 34,000 strong, under the -Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, and about 90,000 French, forming the army of -the Loire, under General d’Aurelle de Paladines. The Germans gained a -signal victory, completely breaking the aggressive power of the Army of -the Loire. The French lost 18,000 killed and wounded and 9 guns, the -Germans 4,200. - - - Loja (War of Granada). - -Fought July 4, 1482, between the Spaniards, under Ferdinand the -Catholic, and the Moors, under Ali Atar. The King, who was besieging -Loja, was encamped on the heights of Almohacen, but finding the position -insecure, decided upon a retreat. As he was retiring he was vigorously -attacked by the garrison, and though, after very heavy fighting, he -succeeded in withdrawing in good order, he lost most of his baggage and -artillery. - - - Lonato. - -_See_ Castiglione. - - - Londonderry (War of the Revolution). - -This town in which the Ulster Protestants, to the number of about -30,000, had taken refuge, was besieged by James II, April 19, 1689. It -was defended by about 7,000 armed citizens, under Major Henry Baker, and -held out until July 30, when Colonel Kirke succeeded in forcing the boom -at the head of Lough Foyle and reprovisioning the town. The besiegers -then withdrew, having lost 5,000 men during the siege. The garrison was -reduced to 4,000. Among those who died during the siege was Major Baker. - - - Loose Coat Field. - -_See_ Empingham. - - - Loudon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1306, between the Scots, under Robert Bruce, and the English, -under the Regent Pembroke. Bruce met the attack of the English cavalry -with a line of spearmen, which they were unable to break, and they were -driven off with heavy loss. Pembroke thereupon withdrew his army and -returned to England. - - - Louisburg (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This place, the strongest fortress in America, was captured June 16, -1745, by a force of New Englanders, under Pepperel, aided by a naval -force under Commodore Warren. - - - Louisburg (Seven Years’ War). - -Louisburg, having been restored to the French, was invested June 3, -1758, by a force of 11,600 British troops, under General Amherst, and a -fleet of 41 ships of war, under Admiral Boscawen. It was defended by -3,800 French regulars, besides Indians and armed citizens, under the -Chevalier de Drucour, while in the harbour were 12 ships of war, with -crews numbering 3,000 men. Owing to heavy weather no siege guns were -landed till the 18th, but by July 20 a practicable breach had been -effected, whereupon the garrison surrendered. During the siege the -defenders lost 1,200 men killed or died of disease, while the prisoners -numbered 5,637, and 239 guns and mortars were taken. Wolfe, who -commanded a brigade, specially distinguished himself. - - - Löwenberg (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 21, 1813, between 130,000 French, under Napoleon, and -80,000 Prussians, under Blucher. Blucher being vigorously attacked, -retired behind the Haynau without offering any serious resistance to the -French advance. The Prussians lost 2,000 killed and wounded. - - - Lowositz (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 1, 1756, between 24,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and a somewhat superior force of Austrians, under Marshal Brown. -Brown was marching to relieve the Saxons penned up in Pirna, when he was -attacked by the Prussians, who, after hard fighting, forced him to -retire. Each side lost about 3,000, but the victory was of great -importance to Frederick, as it led to the surrender at Pirna of 17,000 -Saxons and 80 guns. - - - Lucena (War of Granada). - -Fought April, 1483, when the Moors, under Abdullah and Ali Atar, who -were besieging Lucena, were attacked by a Spanish relieving force under -the Comte de Cabra. The Moorish infantry fled, and Ali Atar, heading a -charge of cavalry in a gallant attempt to retrieve the day, was slain, -whereupon his following broke and fled, pursued by the Christians to the -banks of the Xenil, where the majority were cut to pieces. - - - Lucknow (Indian Mutiny). - -On the approach of the rebel Sepoy army, July 1, 1857, the garrison and -residents took refuge in the Residency, which had been prepared to stand -a siege. On September 19, 1857, a force of 3,179 British troops, under -Havelock and Outram, left Cawnpore to relieve the garrison. On the 23rd -they encountered and defeated a force of 12,000 rebels at the Alumbagh, -capturing 5 guns. On the 25th they forced the Charbagh bridge, and -captured the Secunderbagh, and the main body, after prolonged street -fighting, reached the Residency, the rearguard with the wounded getting -in on the 26th. The loss during the operations amounted to 535, while -the garrison up to this time had lost 483 killed and wounded. Outram now -took command and the garrison held out until November 19, when it was -relieved, after very heavy fighting, by a column under Sir -Colin-Campbell, and the whole force withdrawn. On March 1, 1858, the -recovery of the city from the rebels commenced by the capture of the -Alumbagh, and was completed on the 21st, when the mutineers were finally -driven from the place. During the interval the various fortresses and -palaces held by the rebels were successively carried by assault, the -fighting in many cases being exceedingly severe. - - - Lugdunum. - -_See_ Lyons. - - - Luncarty (Danish Invasions of Scotland). - -Fought 980, between the Scots, under Kenneth III, and the Danish -corsairs, who had landed on the Tay to attack Dunkeld. After a furious -hand-to-hand fight the Danes were defeated and driven to their ships. - - - Lunden (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the Danes, under -Christian V. Both sides claimed the victory, but the advantage rested -with the Swedes, for Christian had to fall back upon Copenhagen, while -Charles forced the Danes to raise the siege of Malmoe. - - - Lundy’s Lane (Second American War). - -Fought July 25, 1814, between 5,000 Americans, under General Jacob -Brown, and 3,000 British, under Sir George Drummond. Drummond occupied -high ground on each side of Lundy’s Lane, where he was attacked by the -Americans. The fighting lasted till far into the night, when a final -assault was repulsed, and the Americans retired to Chippewa with a loss -of 858. The British lost 878. - - - Lutter (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 27, 1626, between the Imperialists, under Tilly, and the -Danes and Germans, under Christian IV of Denmark. The allies were -retreating before Tilly, who came up with them in an open plain near the -Castle of Lutter, where the King had taken up a strong position. Tilly -attacked, and notwithstanding Christian’s personal gallantry, his -infantry was overwhelmed, while the German cavalry refused to take any -part in the fight. The Danes left 4,000 dead on the field, and Tilly -captured 2,000 prisoners, 22 guns and 60 standards. The King with -difficulty cut his way through the enemy’s horse, and escaped. - - - Lützen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 16, 1632, between 20,000 Swedes, under Gustavus -Adolphus, and 30,000 Imperialists, under Wallenstein. The Swedes -attacked with success on their right, but their left was driven back by -Pappenheim, and Gustavus, hurrying off to rally them fell mortally -wounded. The fall of their king, however, did not dishearten the Swedes, -and a fresh charge, in which Pappenheim was killed, gave them a complete -victory. A dense fog, however, came on, which enabled Wallenstein to -effect an orderly retreat, though he left all his guns on the field. - - - Lützen (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought May 2, 1813, between the French, 70,000 strong, under Napoleon, -and the Russians and Prussians, 65,000 strong, under Wittgenstein and -Blucher. The King of Prussia and the Russian Emperor were present on the -field. Napoleon held five villages in front of Lützen, round which the -battle centred. They were taken and re-taken several times during the -day, but at 8 p.m., in spite of the remonstrances of Blucher, the two -sovereigns ordered a retreat, and the honours of the day rested with the -French. The allies lost about 20,000; the French about 18,000. - - - Luzzara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 15, 1702, between the French, 35,000 strong, under the Duc -d’Anjou, and 25,000 Imperialists, under Prince Eugene. The Prince -attacked the French in their entrenchments in front of Luzzara, and -after a stubborn resistance, drove them out with a loss of about 4,000 -men. The Imperialists lost 27,000 killed and wounded. - - - Lynn Haven Bay. - -Fought September 5, 1781, between a British fleet of 19 ships of the -line and 7 frigates, under Admiral Thomas Graves, and a French fleet of -25 line of battle ships. Admiral Graves attacked the French as they were -lying in Lynn Haven Bay, but was unsuccessful, and drew off after two -hours’ hard fighting, with a loss of 79 killed and 230 wounded. The -French lost 22 officers and 200 men killed and wounded. - - - Lyons. - -Fought 197 between the legions of Britain, under Clodius Albinus, and -the legions of Pannonia, under Severus, both generals having been -proclaimed Emperor by their respective troops on the death of Pertinax. -Albinus was defeated and slain. - - - - - M - - - Macalo (Italian Wars). - -Fought October 11, 1427, when the Venetians, under Carmagnola, in a -strong position near Macalo, were attacked by the Milanese, under -Malatesta. The Venetians repulsed the attack, and assuming the -offensive, surrounded Malatesta, and compelled him to surrender with his -whole force, numbering about 10,000 men. - - - Madonna dell’ Oleno (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought September 30, 1744, between the French and Spaniards, under -Prince Louis de Conti and Don Philip of Spain, and the Imperialists, -under the King of Sardinia. With a view of relieving Cuneo, which the -allies were besieging, the King attacked their lines, and though he was -defeated in the battle, he gained his object, for Conti was compelled by -lack of supplies to raise the siege, October 22, having suffered heavy -losses from famine, flood and battle. - - - Madras. - -This city was invested by the French under Labourdonnais, with 9 ships -and about 3,700 troops, mostly Europeans, September 14, 1746. It was -defended by a garrison of 200, and after a week’s bombardment, -surrendered September 25. The garrison lost 5 men only; the French not a -single man. - - - Madras (Seven Years’ War). - -On December 16, 1758, Madras was invested by Lally-Tollendal with 2,000 -European and 4,000 native troops. The garrison consisted of 4,000 men, -more than half of whom were Sepoys, under Colonel Laurence, After a -bombardment lasting from January 2, 1759, to February 16, -Lally-Tollendal was on the point of ordering an assault, when the -arrival of the British fleet caused him to raise the siege and retire. -The garrison lost during the siege 1,341 killed and wounded. The French -losses amounted to 700 Europeans, besides Sepoys. - - - Madeira (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was occupied without bloodshed by a combined naval and -military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General Bowyer, -December 26, 1807. - - - Maestricht (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city, the German Gate of the Netherlands, was besieged by the -Spaniards, under Prince Alexander of Parma, March 12, 1579. It was held -by a garrison of 1,000 troops and 1,200 armed burghers, under Melchior, -while the besiegers numbered 20,000. Two unsuccessful assaults were made -April 8, which cost the Spaniards 670 officers and 4,000 men, but -finally the place was taken by surprise, and a massacre followed, in -which 6,000 of the inhabitants perished. - - - Mafeking (Second Boer War). - -This small township, entirely destitute of regular defences, was -invested October, 1899, by a force of 5,000 Boers, under General Cronje, -and defended by a garrison of about 700 irregulars and armed townsmen, -under Colonel Baden-Powell. Later in the siege Cronje withdrew a large -part of his force, leaving about 2,000 under Snyman to prosecute the -siege. Though the bombardment was continuous, only one resolute attempt -was made to penetrate the defences; when on May 12, 1900, 300 Boers, -under Sarel Eloff, succeeded in getting within the lines, but were -surrounded and forced to surrender. On May 17, the place was relieved by -a cavalry column under Colonel Mahon. The garrison lost 273, the Boers -about 1,000, in the course of the siege. - - - Magdeburg (Thirty Years’ War). - -This city, held by a small Swedish garrison, under Falkenberg, was -besieged by the Imperialists, under Tilly, March, 1631. After a -desultory bombardment, Tilly was forced by the approach of Gustavus -Adolphus either to raise the siege or to attempt a storm. Choosing the -latter course, an assault was delivered, under Pappenberg, and after two -hours’ severe fighting, in the course of which Falkenberg fell, the -garrison was overpowered. The victory was sullied by an infamous -massacre of the unarmed inhabitants, thousands of whom perished at the -hands of the Croats and Walloons. - - - Magenta (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 4, 1859, between the 2nd French Corps d’Armée, under -Macmahon, and the main Austrian army, under Marshal Giulay, about -100,000 strong. Macmahon attacked the Austrian position, and, after hard -fighting, drove them out of Magenta, and totally defeated them with a -loss of about 6,000 killed and wounded. The French lost 4,400. - - - Magersfontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 11, 1899, between 9,000 Boers, under General Cronje, and -Lord Methuen’s division, with the addition of the Highland Brigade. -Cronje’s position was exceedingly strong, and an attempt to turn it by a -flank march undertaken at night led to a disaster to the Highland -brigade, who came under a heavy fire before they were extended, and lost -57 officers and over 700 men, including their brigadier, General -Wauchope. Eventually the attacking force was withdrawn, without having -made any impression on the Boer position. The total British losses were -68 officers and 1,011 men. The Boers admitted a loss of 320, but it was -probably considerably heavier. - - - Magnesia (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 190, between Antiochus the Great, with 80,000 troops, and -the Romans, 40,000 strong, under Cnæus Domitius. Antiochus, leading the -right wing, drove back the Roman left and penetrated to their camp, -which he nearly succeeded in capturing. His left wing, however, was -routed, and his elephants becoming unmanageable, broke the ranks of the -phalanx, whereupon his whole army fled in confusion, with a loss, it is -said, of 50,000 killed. The Romans lost 300 only. - - - Maharajpur (Gwalior War). - -Fought December 29, 1843, between the British, 14,000 strong, with 40 -guns, under Sir Hugh Gough, and the troops of Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, -18,000 strong, with 100 guns. The Mahrattas occupied a strong position -at Maharajpur, the exact locality of their lines being unknown to Sir -Hugh, until his troops came under fire. The British at once charged and -carried the batteries, and finally routed the Gwalior infantry at a cost -of 787 killed and wounded. The Mahrattas lost 3,000 killed and wounded, -and 56 guns. - - - Maharajpur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 16, 1857, between 5,000 rebels, under the Nana Sahib, and -the British relieving force, under Havelock. The Nana was entrenched -across the Grand Trunk Road, and his position being too strong for a -frontal attack, Havelock turned his left flank. After severe fighting -the rebels were defeated, though Havelock was left with only 800 -Europeans available for further service. On the following day Cawnpore -was re-occupied. - - - Mahidpur (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought December 21, 1817, between the British, under Sir Thomas Hislop, -and the army of Holkar of Indore. The Mahrattas, with 70 guns, were -strongly posted behind the Sipra, which Sir Thomas crossed in the face -of a heavy fire, and completely defeated them. The British lost 778 -killed and wounded, the Mahrattas about 3,000. - - - Maida (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 4, 1806, between the British expeditionary force in -Calabria, 5,000 strong, under Sir John Stuart, and the French, in equal -strength, under General Reynier. The British charged with the bayonet, -and the French, though veterans, failing to withstand the onslaught, -broke and fled, losing very heavily in the pursuit. - - - Maidan (First Afghan War). - -Fought September 14, 1842, between the British, under General Nott, and -12,000 Afghans, under Shems-ud-din, who occupied the heights commanding -the road to Kabul. Nott attacked and carried the Afghan position, the -Afghans being driven off with heavy loss. - - - Maiwand (Second Afghan War). - -Fought July 27, 1880, between a small British force, with 6 guns, under -General Burrows, and the Afghan army, under Ayub Khan. A Bombay native -regiment was broken by a Ghazi rush, and although the 66th Regiment -fought magnificently, the British were routed, with a loss of 32 -officers and 939 men killed, and 17 officers and 151 men wounded. The -survivors escaped with difficulty to Kandahar. - - - Main, The (Germanic War). - -Fought B.C. 9, when the Romans, under Drusus, attacked and totally -routed the Marcomanni, driving them to the eastward and occupying their -territory. - - - Majorca (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured from the Spaniards in 1706, by a small British -force under Sir John Leake. - - - Majuba (First Boer War). - -Fought February 27, 1881, when a British column, 647 strong, under Sir -George Colley, posted on the summit of Majuba Hill, was attacked and -driven off by the Boers under General Joubert. A strong party of young -Boers stormed the hill while the fire of the defenders was kept down by -a picked body of marksmen, and the British were driven from their -position with heavy loss, especially during the retirement down the -hillside. The casualties amounted to 223 killed and wounded, Sir George -Colley being killed, and 50 prisoners. The Boer losses were very small. -After this disaster an armistice was agreed to, and peace soon -afterwards concluded. - - - Malacca. - -This city, which was defended by 30,000 Malays, under the Sultan -Mohammed, was captured by Albuquerque, with 19 ships and 1,400 -Portuguese regulars, after a very feeble defence, in 1513. - - - Malaga (War of Granada). - -This city, defended by a Moorish garrison, under Hamet Zeli, was -besieged by the Spaniards, 60,000 strong, under Ferdinand the Catholic, -April 17, 1487. After an obstinate resistance, lasting for four months, -the garrison was forced to surrender, and Ferdinand and Isabella entered -the city August 18th. The inhabitants were sold into slavery. - - - Malaga (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 13, 1704, between the combined British and Dutch fleets, -consisting of 45 sail of the line, under Sir George Rooke, and the -French fleet of 53 line-of-battle-ships, under the Comte de Thoulouse. -The French admiral was endeavouring to effect a junction with the -Spanish fleet, which was engaged in the siege of Gibraltar, and was -brought to action by Sir George Rooke off Malaga. The fighting was -severe, and though no ships were lost on either side, the British gained -an important strategic victory as the junction of the two hostile fleets -was prevented. The British lost 6 officers and 687 men killed, and 18 -officers and 1,645 wounded. The French lost 191 officers and 3,048 men -killed and wounded. - - - Malakand Pass (Chitral Campaign). - -Fought April 3, 1895, when the British expedition, under General Low, -15,000 strong, forced the pass, which was held by about 12,000 -tribesmen, with a loss of 8 officers and 61 men killed and wounded. The -Chitralis lost about 500. - - - Malakoff (Crimean War). - -This fort, forming an important part of the southern defences of -Sebastopol, was stormed by 30,000 French, under General Pelissier, -September 8, 1855. The Russians being taken by surprise, made but a -feeble resistance. - - - Malavilly (Third Mysore War). - -Fought March 20, 1799, when the camp of the British force, under Lord -Harris, marching on Seringapatam, was attacked in force by Tippu Sahib. -The enemy was thrown into confusion by a charge of cavalry, under -General Floyd, and retired with a loss of about 1,000. The British -losses were trifling. - - - Maldon (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 991, between the Anglo-Saxons, under Brihtnoth, and the Danes, -under Olaf Triggvason and Guthmund. The Anglo-Saxons were completely -defeated and Brihtnoth slain. - - - Malegnano (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 8, 1859, between three French divisions, under Marshal -Baraguay d’Hilliers, and the Austrians, in about equal force. After -three hours’ hard fighting, the Austrians were defeated and driven out -of Malegnano, with heavy loss, including 1,000 prisoners. The French -lost 850 killed and wounded. - - - Mahnate. - -_See_ Varese. - - - Malo-Jaroslawetz (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 24, 1812, between 24,000 Russians, under General -Doctoroff, and a portion of Eugène Beauharnais’ corps, 15,000 strong, -under General Delzons. After a sanguinary engagement, in which -Malo-Jaroslawetz was taken and retaken seven times, the action ended in -a drawn battle, but the strategical success lay with the Russians, who -obliged Napoleon to abandon the southerly line of retreat he had -projected. The French lost 5,000, including General Delzons killed, the -Russians about 6,000. - - - Malplaquet (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 11, 1709, between the British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French, under Marshal Villars. -Villars offered battle with the object of relieving Mons, which the -allies were besieging, but while they were waiting for reinforcement -from Tournay, he was enabled to entrench himself strongly on the ground -he had chosen. After desperate fighting, however, the French position -was carried from end to end, and they were driven out with a loss of -17,000 killed and wounded. The allies lost, according to most accounts, -about 8,000, though some contemporaries assert that their losses were -even heavier than those of the French. - - - Malta (Ottoman Wars). - -This place was besieged May 19, 1565, by 30,000 Turks, under Mustapha -Pasha, aided by a fleet of 185 sail, under Piale, the Capitan Pasha. It -was defended by the Knights of Malta, under their Grand-Master -Lavalette, and though St. Elmo was taken, Valetta held out against -numerous assaults until September 11, when Mustapha raised the siege. -The garrison lost 5,000 men, the Turks 20,000. - - - Malta (Wars of the French Revolution). - -The town of Valetta and the island of Malta were captured from the -French September 5, 1800, by a combined British naval and military -force, under Captain George Martin, R.N., and Major-General Pigott. Two -line-of-battle-ships and three frigates were seized in the harbour. - - - Malvern Hill. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Mandonia. - -Fought B.C. 338, between the Italian Greeks, under Archidamus, King of -Sparta, and the Lucanians. The Greeks were defeated, and Archidamus -slain. - - - Mangalore (First Mysore War). - -This place was besieged June 20, 1783, by Tippu Sahib with his whole -army, and was defended by a small British garrison, under Colonel -Campbell. On the conclusion of peace between France and England, the -French officer assisting Tippu withdrew, and on August 2 an armistice -was arranged, during which the garrison was to receive regular supplies. -This article was evaded, and the defenders half starved, and after some -delay Tippu renewed the siege. No attempt, however, was made to relieve -the place, and after a gallant defence, Campbell surrendered January 26, -1763. - - - Manilla (American-Spanish War). - -Fought May 1, 1898, between the American squadron of 6 ships, under -Admiral Dewey, and 11 Spanish vessels, chiefly small, and unarmoured. -The Spanish fleet was totally destroyed, the Americans suffering no -loss. - - - Mansfield (American Civil War). - -Fought April 8, 1864, between 20,000 Federals, under General Banks, and -about 8,000 Confederates, under General Taylor. Banks, while marching -through a difficult country, was attacked by Taylor, and utterly routed, -at a cost to the assailants of less than a thousand men. Besides heavy -losses in killed and wounded, the Federals lost 3,500 prisoners, 22 -guns, and 220 waggons of stores and ammunition. - - - Mantineia (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 418, between 10,000 Spartans and Tegeans, under Agis, and an -equal force of Athenians, under Laches and Nicostratus. The Spartan left -was completely routed, but the Athenian centre and left failed to -withstand the Spartan attack, and but for the defeat of Agis’ left wing, -would have been surrounded and captured. In the end the Spartans gained -a signal victory. Laches and Nicostratus both fell in the action. - - - Mantineia (Bœotian War). - -Fought B.C. 362, between the Bœotians, under Epaminondas, and the -combined forces of Athens, Sparta, and Mantineia. Epaminondas attacked -strongly with his left, holding back his right in reserve, and after the -driving back of the Mantineians, routed the Spartans in the centre. The -Athenians were hardly engaged, but the Bœotian victory was complete. -In the pursuit Epaminondas, fell and the loss of the great leader so -disheartened the Bœotians that they did not further press their -victory. - - - Mantineia (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 208, between the Achæans, under Philopœmen, and the -Spartans, under Machanidas. The Achæans drove the Spartans into a ravine -in great disorder, and routed them with a loss of 4,000 killed, amongst -whom was Machanidas. - - - Mantua (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -This city was invested by Napoleon June 4, 1796, and was defended by -14,000 Austrians, under General Canto d’Irles. The siege was vigorously -prosecuted, but the approach of Wurmser with a large Austrian army -forced Napoleon to concentrate his forces, and he raised the siege July -31. After a brief campaign, which resulted in the dispersal of Wurmser’s -army, that general, with the remnant of his forces, was shut up in the -city, which was again closely invested September 19. Wurmser held out -till his provisions were exhausted, when, on February 2, 1797, he -surrendered, with 20,000 men, of whom only 10,000 were fit for service. -It is computed that 27,000 perished during the siege. - - - Maogamalcha (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by a Persian garrison, and considered -impregnable, was besieged by the Romans under the Emperor Julian in 363. -A mine was carried from the trenches under the ramparts, and three -cohorts broke through into the streets, whereupon the garrison deserted -the ramparts and the besiegers entered. The place was sacked, and -afterwards razed to the ground. - - - Marathon (Second Persian Invasion). - -Fought September 490 B.C., between the Athenians and Platæans, 10,000 -and 1,000 strong respectively, under Miltiades, and the army of Darius -Hystaspes, about 100,000 in number, under Datis. Being greatly -outnumbered, Miltiades altered the usual arrangement of the Greek line, -so as to extend his wings across the whole width of the valley in which -the battle was fought, and thus escape being outflanked. To effect this -he was forced to weaken his centre, which was repulsed, but both his -wings drove back the invaders, and then fell upon and routed the -victorious Persian centre. The Persians fled in confusion to their -ships, which they succeeded in launching, and escaped with a loss of -6,400. The Athenians lost 192 only. - - - Marcianopolis (Gothic Invasion of Thrace). - -Fought 376, between the Romans, under Lupicinus, and the Goths, under -Fritigern. The Romans were totally defeated, but stood their ground to -the last, and were cut to pieces almost to a man. Lupicinus fled as soon -as the ultimate success of the Goths became apparent. - - - Mardis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 315, shortly after the battle of Cibalis, between Constantine, -Emperor of the West, and Licinius, Emperor of the East. Constantine -moved a body of 5,000 men round his opponent’s flank, and attacked him -simultaneously in front and rear. The Illyrian veterans formed a double -front, and held their ground, though with heavy loss, till nightfall, -when Licinius, having lost thousands of his best troops, drew off his -army towards the mountains of Macedonia. The consequence of this defeat -was the acquisition by Constantine of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, -Macedonia and Greece. - - - Marengo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought June 14, 1800, between 30,000 French, under Napoleon, and 40,000 -Austrians, under Melas. The Austrians attacked, and drove back in -disorder the first line under Victor, and, following up their success, a -serious defeat for Napoleon seemed inevitable, when the arrival of the -reserve corps under Desaix turned the scale. Undercover of his attack, -the broken divisions reformed, and the Austrians were finally repulsed -at all points, and fled in disorder. Desaix was killed at the head of -his troops. - - - Margus. - -Fought May, 285, between the legions of the Emperor Carinus and those of -Diocletian, who had been raised to the purple by his soldiers. The -troops of Diocletian, wasted by the Persian War, were all but -overpowered by the fresher legions of Carinus, but the defection during -the battle of one of his generals turned the scale, and Carinus himself -being killed by an officer whom he had wronged, Diocletian gained a -complete victory. - - - Maria Zell (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 8, 1805, during the French advance on Vienna, between -Davoust’s corps, and the Austrian corps, under General von Meerfeld. The -Austrians were defeated and driven off in disorder, leaving 4,000 -prisoners in the hands of the French. - - - Mariendahl (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought May 2, 1645, between the French, under Turenne, and the -Imperialists, under Merci. Turenne, who had 3,000 infantry and 8 -regiments of horse, was surprised in his camp by Merci at 2 a.m., and -being placed between two fires, was compelled to beat a disastrous -retreat, with the loss of almost all his infantry, 1,200 cavalry, and -all his artillery and baggage. - - - Marignano (Italian Wars). - -Fought September 13 and 14, 1575, between 50,000 French, under Francis -I, and about 40,000 Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss attacked the French -camp, and forcing the lines, fought till midnight without decisive -result. On the morning of the 14th the battle was renewed, and the Swiss -were on the point of success, when the arrival of a small force of -Venetians obliged them to withdraw. The French lost 6,000 men, and the -Swiss losses were very heavy, including 1,200 who perished in the flames -of a village they were defending after the repulse of the attack. -Marshal Trivulzio, who commanded a wing of the French army, called the -action the “Battle of Giants.” - - - Marosch, The (Conquest of Dacia). - -Fought 101, between the Dacians, under Decebalus, and the Romans, under -Trajan. The Dacians were utterly routed, and driven across the river -with heavy loss. - - - Marseglia (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought October 4, 1693, tween the French, under Marshal de Catinat, and -the Austrians, Spanish, and English, under the Duke of Savoy. The -allies, who were inferior in numbers, were attacked by the French, and, -after severe fighting, driven across the Po with a loss of about 6,000. -The Duke of Schomberg and Lord Warwick were taken prisoners. The loss of -the French was slightly less. - - - Mars-la-Tour (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 18, 1870, between the French, under Marshal Bazaine, and -the 3rd and 10th German Army corps, under Von Alvensleben. The Germans, -though at times very hard pressed, succeeded in holding their ground, -and prevented the French breaking through to the westward. The battle is -chiefly remarkable for the desperate charges of the German cavalry, and -especially of Von Bredow’s brigade, against the French infantry, under -cover of which the shattered German infantry was enabled to reform. The -losses were about equal, amounting to about 16,000 killed and wounded on -each side. The action is also known as the Battle of Vionville. - - - Marston Moor (Civil War). - -Fought July 2, 1644, between 18,000 Royalists, under Prince Rupert, and -27,000 Parliamentarians, under Manchester, Leven and Fairfax. For the -first time in the war, Rupert’s cavalry was repulsed by Cromwell’s -Ironsides, and though the right wing under Fairfax was broken, the left -and centre were victorious, and the Royalists were totally defeated, -with a loss of 4,000. This victory gave the Parliament complete control -of the north. - - - Martinesti (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 23, 1789, between the Austrians and Russians, 27,000 -strong, under the Prince of Coburg and Suwaroff, and the Turks, 80,000 -strong, under Osman Pasha. The allies stormed the Turkish entrenchments, -and drove out the defenders, of whom 7,000 were killed and wounded, -while 8,000 were drowned in crossing the Rymna. The victors lost 617 -killed and wounded. - - - Martinique (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French in 1794, by a combined naval -and military force under Sir John Jervis and Sir George Grey, with a -loss to the victors of 6 officers and 37 men killed and wounded. - - - Martinique (Napoleonic Wars). - -Having been restored to France at the Peace of Amiens, Martinique was -again taken by the British, February 24, 1809, the force engaged being -under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane, and Lieut.-General Beckwith. - - - Maserfield. - -Fought 642, between the Northumbrians, under Oswald, and the Mercians, -under Penda. The latter were defeated, and Penda slain. - - - Masulipatam (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison, under Conflans, was besieged -by the British, about 2,500 strong, under Colonel Forde, in March, 1759. -After a fortnight’s bombardment the place was taken by storm, the -resistance being very feeble, and Conflans surrendered with his whole -force, which considerably outnumbered the assailants. One hundred and -twenty guns were taken in the fortress. - - - Matchevitz (First Polish Insurrection). - -Fought October 10, 1794, between the Russians, under Baron de Fersen, -and the Poles, under Kosciusko. The Poles, after hard fighting, were -totally defeated, leaving 6,000 dead upon the field, while Kosciusko was -severely wounded. - - - Matchin (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 10, 1791, between the Turks, under Yussuf Pasha, and the -Russians, under Prince Repnin. The left and centre of the Turkish army -held its ground manfully, and the victory was long in doubt, but a -brilliant charge of the Russian left, under General Kutusoff, drove back -the Turks who were defeated with heavy loss. - - - Maxen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 21, 1759, between the Austrians, under Marshal Daun, and -the Prussians, under General Finck. Daun surrounded Finck’s position, -and after comparatively little fighting compelled him to surrender with -over 15,000 men, including 17 generals. Seventeen guns were captured. -The casualties on both sides were very small. - - - Maya (Peninsula War). - -Fought July 25, 1813, between a British division, under General Stewart, -and the French divisions of d’Armagnac, Abbé and Maransin. The French, -at a cost of 1,500 men, forced the pass of Maya, driving back the -British with a loss of 1,400 men and 4 guns. - - - Maypo (South American War of Independence). - -Fought April 5, 1818, between the Chilian Patriots, 9,000 strong, under -San Martin, and 6,000 Spanish Royalists, under General Osorio. The -Spaniards were totally defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed and 2,350 -prisoners, the Chilians losing over 1,000 killed and wounded. The result -of the battle was the establishment of the independence of Chili. - - - Medellin (Peninsular War). - -Fought March 28, 1809, between the French, under Marshal Victor, and -30,000 Spaniards, under Cuesta. The Spaniards soon gave way, and were -mercilessly sabred in the pursuit by the French cavalry, losing, it is -said, 18,000 killed and wounded. The French lost 300 only. - - - Medina (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Siege was laid to this town in 625 by 10,000 Koreish, under Abu Sophian. -It was defended by Mohammed with 3,000 Moslems, and during the space of -20 days several half-hearted assaults were easily repulsed. At the end -of this time Abu Sophian withdrew, and the Koreish made no further -attempt to interfere with the progress of Mohammedanism. - - - Medola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought August 5, 1796, between the French, 23,000 strong, under -Napoleon, and 25,000 Austrians, under Wurmser. The Austrians were -totally defeated, and driven back to Roveredo, with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners and 20 guns. Prior to this defeat -Wurmser had succeeded in revictualling Mantua, but at very heavy cost, -the Austrian losses during the three days’ fighting, from the 3rd to the -5th, amounting to 20,000 men and 60 guns. - - - Meeanee (Scinde Campaign). - -Fought February 17, 1843, between 2,800 British and native troops, under -Sir Charles Napier, and about 20,000 Beluchis, under the Amirs of -Scinde. The infantry were at one time almost overpowered by the -overwhelming numbers of the enemy, who attacked with great bravery, but -they were rescued by a charge of the 9th Bengal cavalry, who broke up -the assailants, and in the end the Beluchis were routed with a loss of -5,000 men and several guns. The British lost 256 killed and wounded. - - - Meerut (First Mongol Invasion of India). - -This place was besieged in 1398 by the Tartars, under Tamerlane. It was -considered impregnable, and Tamerlane commenced mining operations, but -these methods were too slow for his followers, who by means of scaling -ladders carried the fortress by storm, and massacred all the -inhabitants. Tamerlane afterwards completed his mines and destroyed all -the defences. - - - Megaletaphrus (First Messenian War). - -Fought 740 B.C., between the Messenians, under Aristomenes, and the -Spartans. The Messenians were surrounded and cut to pieces, Aristomenes -escaping with a few followers. - - - Megalopolis. - -Fought B.C. 331, in the attempt of the Spartans, aided by the Arcadians, -Achæans and Eleians, to shake off the Macedonian yoke, during -Alexander’s absence in Asia. The allies, under Agis, King of Sparta, -were besieging Megalopolis, which had declined to join the league, when -they were attacked by the Macedonians, under Antipater, and completely -routed, Agis falling in the battle. - - - Megalopolis (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 226, between the Spartans, under Cleomenes, and the forces -of the Achæan League, under Aratus. The Achæans early gained an -advantage, and the Spartans fled, pursued by the light troops. These, -however, being unsupported, the Spartans turned and routed them, and -then overwhelmed the Achæan hoplites in their turn with enormous -slaughter. - - - Melanthias (Sclavonian Invasion). - -Fought 559, between the Imperial troops, under Belisarius, and the -Sclavonians and Bulgarians, under Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria. The -barbarians assailed the Roman lines, but were easily repulsed, and so -precipitate was their flight that only about 500 fell. This was -Belisarius’ last victory, and it was closely followed by his disgrace -and death. - - - Meldorp. - -Fought 1500, between the Danes, 30,000 strong, under John of Denmark, -and the inhabitants of the province of Dithmarsh, which John designed to -bring again under Danish rule, after two centuries of virtual -independence. The advancing Danes delivered an assault against a small -fortified outpost, but were repulsed, and driven in confusion into the -surrounding marshes, where over 11,000 perished. - - - Melitene (Persian Wars). - -Fought 578, between the Imperial troops, under Tiberius, and the -Persians, under Chosroes. After a somewhat indecisive battle, at the end -of which each side had held its ground, Chosroes, owing to his heavy -losses, found it necessary to retire during the night. The battle was, -however, signalised by an exploit of a Scythian chief, in command of the -Roman left wing, who at the head of his cavalry charged through the -Persian ranks, plundered the royal tent, and then cut his way out -through the opposing hosts. - - - Memphis (Athenian Expedition to Egypt). - -This city was captured B.C. 459 by an Athenian fleet of 200 ships, which -sailed up the Nile to the assistance of Inaros, who had raised the -standard of revolt against Persia. The citadel, however, held out until -B.C. 456, when a Persian army, under Megabyzus, defeated the Athenians -and drove them out of Memphis. - - - Memphis (Moslem Conquest of Egypt). - -In 638, Amron, lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, with 8,000 Moslems, -invested the city, and after a siege of seven months, in the course of -which the besiegers were nearly overwhelmed by the rising of the Nile, -the place was taken by assault. On the site of the Moslem encampment -were laid the foundations of Old Cairo. - - - Memphis (American Civil War). - -A river action fought June 6, 1862, between 8 Confederate armed vessels, -under Commodore Montgomery, and 10 Federal gunboats, under Commodore -Davis. Only one of the Confederate vessels escaped destruction, and -Memphis fell. - - - Mensourah (Fifth Crusade), - -Fought 1249, between the French, under Louis IX, and the Moslems. The -town of Mensourah was seized by the Comte d’Artois, but being -surrounded, he and the knights with him were killed. The king meanwhile -had seized the Saracen camp, but was unable to hold his ground, and was -driven back to Damietta. In the course of his retreat, however, he was -surrounded and taken prisoner by the Saracens, with his whole army. - - - Mentana (Garibaldian Rising). - -Fought November 3, 1867, between 10,000 Garibaldians, under Garibaldi, -and the French and Papal troops, 5,000 strong, under General Kanzler. -Garibaldi was totally defeated, a result largely due to the brilliant -work of 1,500 Papal Zouaves, who drove them out of position after -position. The Garibaldians lost 1,100 killed and wounded, and 1,000 -prisoners. The allies’ losses were only 182 killed and wounded, of which -the Papal troops lost 144. - - - Merida (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -This place was besieged in 712 by 18,000 Moors, under Musa. After a -defeat in the open plain before the city, the Spaniards made a long and -obstinate defence, which cost the besiegers many lives, but in the end -they were forced by famine to surrender. - - - Merseburg. - -Fought 934 between the Germans, under Henry the Fowler, and the -Hungarian invaders. The Hungarians were completely defeated, with heavy -loss, and withdrew from Germany, which they did not again invade for -twenty years. - - - Merta (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This strong fortress, belonging to the Rajput Rajah of Malwar, was -besieged, 1561, by Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, one of the generals of Akbar, -the Great Mogul. The place held out gallantly for several months, but -was then forced by famine to capitulate. One of the Malwar chiefs, -however, refused all terms, and cut his way out at the head of 500 men, -of whom 250 fell in the enterprise. - - - Merton (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the West Saxons, under Alfred, and the Danish -invaders. After a severe engagement the Danes were victorious. - - - Messina. - -Fought October 2, 1284, between the Sicilian and Catalan fleet, under -the Grand Admiral, Roger de Lauria, and the French fleet, under Charles -of Anjou. The Sicilians, who largely outnumbered the French, totally -defeated them, burning or destroying practically the whole of their -fleet. Charles of Anjou was captured, and henceforth made no further -attempt to re-establish his authority in Sicily. - - - Messina. - -_See_ Cape Passaro. - - - Metaurus (Second Punic War). - -Fought 207 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Claudius Nero and Marcus -Livius, and the Carthaginians, in rather smaller force, under Hasdrubal. -The Carthaginians were surprised at early dawn as they were endeavouring -to find a ford in the Metaurus, and being vigorously attacked, were -totally routed, Hasdrubal being slain. The completeness of the victory -was due to Nero, who being in command of the right wing, where the -ground prevented his getting to close quarters, and seeing the Roman -left hard pressed by Hasdrubal’s best troops, led the major part of his -force round the Roman rear, and fell upon Hasdrubal’s right, routing him -utterly. - - - Methuen (Scottish Wars). - -Fought June 19, 1306, when a small Scottish force, under Robert Bruce, -was attacked and defeated by the English in superior force. - - - Metz (Franco-German War). - -This fortress was invested by the Germans after the defeat of Bazaine at -Gravelotte in August 18, 1870, and after several fruitless attempts to -break through the German lines had been repulsed, Bazaine surrendered to -Prince Frederick Charles on October 26, with 3 marshals, 6,000 officers, -and 173,000 men. The Germans took 56 eagles. 622 field guns, 72 -mitrailleuses, 376 pieces of fortress artillery, and about 300,000 -rifles. - - - Mexico (Conquest of Mexico). - -Fought June 20, 1520, when the Spaniards, under Cortez, who were -evacuating Mexico during the night, were attacked by the Aztecs, and -suffered heavy loss. The Spaniards called this event the “Noche Triste.” - - - Michelberg (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 16, 1805. Ney’s corps stormed the heights of the -Michelberg at the same time that Lannes carried the Frauenberg, driving -the Austrians back into Ulm, where on the 17th General Mack capitulated -with 30,000 men. - - - Middelburg (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress, the last stronghold in Walcheren to hold out for the -Spanish king, was besieged by the Patriots in the winter of 1593. It was -defended by a garrison under Colonel Mondragon, who in spite of a -gallant resistance and numerous attempts to relieve him, was forced by -famine to surrender, February 18, 1594. - - - Milazzo (Unification of Italy). - -Fought July 18, 1860, between the Italian Volunteers, under Garibaldi, -and the Neapolitans, under General Bosco. The Neapolitans occupied a -strongly entrenched position, which Garibaldi succeeded in turning, the -Neapolitans, after a severe struggle, being totally defeated and driven -out. - - - Miletopolis (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 86, between the Romans, under Flavius Fimbria, and the -Pontic troops, under Mithridates. The Romans gained a complete victory. - - - Millesimo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought April 13, 1796, when the divisions of Augereau, Masséna and La -Harpe attacked the Austrians, strongly entrenched, under General Colli, -and after severe fighting, drove them back, thus cutting Colli’s -communications with General Beaulieu, the Austrian Commander-in-Chief. -The Austro-Sardinians lost about 6,000 men and 30 guns, and all -effective co-operation between the two wings was at an end. Also called -the Battle of Monte Lezino. - - - Mill Springs (American Civil War). - -Fought January 19, 1862, between the Federals, about 9,000 strong, under -General Thomas, and 8,000 Confederates, under General Crittenden. The -Confederates attacked, and at first drove back the Federals, who began -the action with 5,000 men only, but reinforcements arriving. Thomas -repulsed the assailants with considerable loss, capturing 12 guns. The -Federals lost 246 only. This was the first considerable defeat suffered -by the Confederates in the war. - - - Minden (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 1, 1759, between the French, 64,000 strong, under the -Marquis de Contades, and the Hanoverians, British and Prussians, 54,000 -strong, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. Ferdinand detached a force of -10,000 men to threaten de Contades’ rear, and then, attacking strongly, -broke the first line of the French. But for the failure of the allies’ -cavalry to advance, the French would have been routed. As it was, they -were able to rally, and effect an orderly retreat, though with a loss of -7,086 killed, wounded and prisoners, 43 guns and 17 standards. The -allies lost 2,762, fully a half of this number being in the ranks of the -six English regiments present, who bore the brunt of the battle. - - - Minorca (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, garrisoned by 2,800 British troops, under General Blakeney, -was invested by the French, under the Duc de Richelieu, May, 1756. On -May 20, a British squadron of 15 line-of-battle-ships and 3 sloops, -under Admiral Byng, attacked Richelieu’s blockading squadron of 12 sail -of the line and 5 frigates, with the object of throwing succours into -the place. The attack, however, was conducted with so little resolution -and resource, that Byng failed in his object, and allowed the French -ships to escape him. Blakeney was shortly afterwards forced to -surrender, and Byng was tried by court-martial, condemned and shot. - - - Minorca. - -Having been restored to England by the Treaty of Paris in 1762, Minorca -was again recaptured in 1781, by a force of 12,000 French and Spaniards, -the garrison, under General Murray, being only 700 strong. Murray made a -sturdy defence but was forced to surrender. - - - Miohosaki. - -Fought September, 764, between the Japanese rebels, under Oshikatsa, and -the Imperial troops, under Saiki-no-Sanya. The rebels were totally -routed, and Oshikatsa and his son slain. - - - Miraflores (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought January 15, 1881, between the Chilians, under General Baquedano, -and the Peruvians, under General Caceres. The Peruvians were totally -defeated, losing 3,000 killed and wounded, while the victors lost 500 -killed and 1,625 wounded. Following up their victory, the Chilians -occupied Lima on the 17th, and the war came to an end. - - - Missionary Ridge. _See_ Chattanooga. - - - Missolonghi (Greek War of Independence). - -This place was besieged in 1821 by a force of 11,000 Turks, under Omar -Brionis Pasha, and was defended by a small Greek garrison, under -Mavrocordatos. The little garrison made so gallant a defence, that at -the end of two months Omar was forced to raise the siege. On April 27, -1825, the town was again besieged by the Turks and was again most -obstinately defended by the garrison and inhabitants. So little progress -was made that it was found necessary to call for the aid of the Egyptian -army, under Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali. It was not, however, till three -months after his arrival before the place that it was finally taken by -storm, April 22, 1826, having held out for all but a year. - - - Mita Caban. - -Fought 1362, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the Getes, under -the Khan Elias. The Getes were routed with heavy loss. - - - Miyako. - -Fought June, 1353, between the revolted Moronoshi, and the troops of the -Emperor of the South, Gomurakami, under Yoshinori. Moronoshi gained a -complete victory, and Yoshinori and the Emperor fled into the Eastern -provinces. - - - Miyako. - -Fought December 30, 1391, between the troops of the provinces of Idzumo -and Idzumi, under Mitsuyaki, and those of the Emperor of the South, -Gokameyama. A series of engagements took place in and around Miyako, and -in the end Mitsuyaki was driven off with heavy loss, among the killed -being the Daimio of Idzumi. - - - Modder River (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 28, 1899, between a Boer force, about 9,000 strong, -under General Cronje, and the British, under Lord Methuen. Cronje held a -strong position on both banks of the river, which was not accurately -known to Lord Methuen, who was marching to the Modder. His columns came -under fire about 7 a.m., and the action lasted till evening, when a -turning movement enabled him to drive Cronje from his entrenchments. The -British losses were 24 officers and 461 men killed and wounded, those of -the Boers being about the same. - - - Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 29, 1526, between 30,000 Hungarians, under King Lewis, and -Tomore, Bishop of Kolocz, and over 100,000 Turks, with 300 guns, under -Solyman the Magnificent. The Hungarians made a heroic resistance against -overwhelming numbers, but were finally routed, leaving 22,000 dead on -the field, including the king, 7 bishops, 28 magnates, and over 500 -nobles. This disaster placed Hungary at the mercy of Solyman, and was -quickly followed by the fall of Buda-Pesth. - - - Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). - -On the battlefield where 160 years previously Solyman had gained so -decisive a victory, the Austrians and Hungarians signally defeated the -Turks, under Mohammed IV, in 1687. In consequence of this disaster, -following upon a long series of reverses, Mohammed was deposed by the -discontented soldiery. - - - Mohilev (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought July 23, 1812, between 28,000 French, under Davoust, and 60,000 -Russians, under Prince Bagration. Bagration attacked Davoust in a strong -position, which counter-balanced the great disparity of numbers, and the -Russians were repulsed with a loss of about 4,000. The French lost -barely 1,000. - - - Mohrungen (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought January 25, 1807, between 10,000 French, under Bernadotte, and -14,000 Russians, under General Marhof. The French were defeated with a -loss of about 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Molino del Rey (Peninsular War). - -Fought December 21, 1808, between 26,000 French, under General St. Cyr, -and the Spaniards, about equal in strength, under Reding. The Spaniards -were routed with a loss of 10,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 50 -guns, at very slight cost to the victors. - - - Molwitz (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought April 8, 1741, between the Prussians, 30,000 strong, under -Frederick the Great, and the Austrians, under Marshal Neuperg. Frederick -surprised the Austrian general, and, after severe fighting, drove him -from his entrenchments, with a loss of about 5,000 killed, wounded and -prisoners. The Prussians lost 2,500. - - - Monarda (Moorish Insurrection). - -Fought March 18, 1501, between the Spaniards, under the Count di -Cifuentes and Alonso de Aguilar, and the insurgent Moors. The Spaniards -were largely outnumbered, and were overpowered by the rebels, suffering -a disastrous defeat. De Aguilar was killed, fighting to the end. - - - Monongahela (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 9, 1755, between 900 French and Indians, under -Contrecœur, and about 1,400 British and Virginians, under Braddock. -The English were attacked shortly after crossing the river, and though -the officers and the Virginians fought gallantly, the troops, ignorant -of Indian warfare, gave way to panic, and after three hours’ fighting, -were driven across the Monongahela, with a loss of 877 killed and -wounded. Of 86 officers, 63 fell, including Braddock, who was mortally -wounded. The French lost 16 only; their Indian allies somewhat more -heavily. - - - Mons-en-Puelle (Flemish War). - -Fought 1304, between the French, under Philip IV, and the Flemings. The -Flemings were unable to withstand the charge of the French cavalry, and -broke and fled, leaving 6,000 dead on the field. - - - Montcontour (Third Civil War). - -Fought October 3, 1569, between the Huguenots, under Henri le Béarnais, -and the Catholics, under the Duc d’Anjou and Marshal de Tavannes. The -Huguenots occupied an untenable position, and at the end of half an hour -were utterly routed, and almost exterminated, some 700 only remaining -with the colours after the battle. - - - Monte Aperto (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought September 4, 1260, between the Florentine Guelfs, and the -Ghibellines, who had been driven from the city, under Manfred of Sicily. -The Guelfs were totally routed, and the victors took possession of -Florence, and re-established their rule. - - - Montebello (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought June 9, 1800, between the French, under Napoleon, and the -Austrians, under General Ott. Napoleon, being ignorant of the fall of -Genoa, was marching to the relief of that city, when his advanced guard, -under Lannes, was attacked by Ott, who was endeavouring to effect a -junction with Melas. Lannes held his ground until reinforcements -arrived, when he assumed the offensive, and drove the Austrians from the -field with heavy loss, capturing 5,000 prisoners. - - - Montebello (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought May 20, 1859, between the Austrians, under General Stadion, and -about 7,000 French, under General Forey. The Austrians were defeated and -driven back to Stradella, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, and -200 prisoners. - - - Monte Caseros (Urquiza’s Rising). - -Fought February 3, 1852, between the Argentine Government troops, under -President Rosas, the leader of the Gaucho party, 25,000 strong, and -20,000 insurgents, under Urquiza. Rosas was totally defeated, and -compelled to fly to England, thus ending the long domination of the -Gauchos in the Argentine Republic. - - - Monte Lezino. - -_See_ Millesimo. - - - Montenotte (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought April 10 and 11, 1796, when d’Argentian, with the central -division of the Austro-Sardinian army, attacked the French position at -Montenotte, held by Cervoni’s division. Cervoni was driven back, but the -key to the position was held throughout the day by Tampon, with 1,500 -men, and on the 12th d’Argentian found himself outflanked by Augereau -and Masséna, and was compelled to fall back, with a loss of 1,000 -killed, 2,000 prisoners, and some guns. This was Napoleon’s first -victory. - - - Montereau (Allied Campaign in France). - -Fought February 18, 1814, between the rearguard of the French army, -under Napoleon, and the Würtembergers, under Prince Eugène of -Würtemberg. Eugène attacked Napoleon’s position, but was repulsed with a -loss of about 2,000 killed and wounded and 4,000 prisoners. - - - Monterey (Americo-Mexican War). - -This town in southern California was captured from the Mexicans, -September 23, 1846, by the Americans, under General Taylor, and this -success was followed by the occupation of the whole of Northern Mexico -by the American army. - - - Montevideo (Napoleonic Wars). - -This city was taken by assault February 3, 1807, by 3,000 British -troops, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty. The capture was preceded by an action -outside the town, in which the Rifle corps, now the Rifle Brigade, -especially distinguished itself. The British losses amounted to about -600. - - - Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -This city was besieged February 16, 1843, by the Argentine troops, under -Oribe, and was defended by the Uruguayans, and a number of foreign -residents, amongst others Garibaldi, under General Paz. In the course of -the siege, Garibaldi, at the head of 160 Italians, made a sortie, in -which he held his own for a whole day against 12,000 Argentines, and -eventually effected a retreat in good order. The intervention of France -and England eventually forced Oribe to raise the siege, November, 1845. - - - Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought October 8, 1851, between the combined forces of Uruguay, Brazil -and Paraguay, under Urquiza, and the Argentines, under Oribe. The -Argentines were besieging Montevideo, and Oribe was hemmed in in his -lines by the allies, and forced to capitulate. - - - Montevideo. - -Fought August, 1863, between the Colorados, or Liberal party, of -Uruguay, under General Venancio Flores, and the Blancos, under General -Medina. The Blancos were victorious. - - - Montfaucon (Norman Invasion of France). - -Fought 887, between the French, under Eudes, and the Norman invaders. -The latter were totally defeated, losing 19,000 men in the battle, and -were forced to retire from before the walls of Paris, which they were -besieging. - - - Montiel. - -Fought 1369, between the French, under Bertrand du Guesclin, and the -Spaniards, under Pedro II of Castile. Pedro was routed and taken -prisoner, and Henry of Trastamare placed on the throne of Castile. - - - Montlhéry (War of the Public Good). - -Fought 1465, between the forces of the Ligue du Bien Public, under the -Comte de Charolais, and the Royal troops, under Louis XI. Louis was -totally defeated, after a sanguinary engagement, and driven from the -field. - - - Montmirail. _See_ Champ Aubert. - - - Montmorenci (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1759, during the siege of Quebec, when Wolfe, with 5,000 -men, attacked the entrenched camp of the French, which was defended by -12,000 men under Montcalm. As the British were landing, 13 companies of -grenadiers advanced to the attack without waiting for the main body. -They were repulsed with heavy loss, which so weakened Wolfe that he -decided not to press the attack further. The British loss amounted to -443, almost the whole of which fell upon the grenadiers. The French -losses were very small. - - - Montreal (Seven Years’ War). - -This city was surrendered to the British, under General Amherst, by -Vaudreuil, Governor-General of Canada, September 8, 1760. One of the -conditions of the surrender was that the whole of the French army in -Canada and its dependencies must lay down their arms. Canada thus became -a part of the British dominions. - - - Mont Valérien. - -_See_ Buzenval. - - - Moodkee (First Sikh War). - -Fought December 18, 1845, between the British, 12,000 strong, with 42 -guns, under Sir Hugh Gough, and the Sikhs, 30,000 strong, with 40 guns, -under Taj Singh. Gough, at the end of a long march, was surprised by the -Sikhs, and his force thrown into some confusion, but he succeeded in -rallying them, and finally drove the Sikhs from the field, capturing 17 -guns. The British loss was 872 killed and wounded, among the former -being Generals M’Caskill and Sir Robert Sale. - - - Mook (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought April 14, 1574, between the Dutch Patriots, 8,000 strong, under -Count Louis of Nassau, and 5,000 Spaniards, under Don Sancho d’Avila. -The village of Mook was held by the Dutch infantry, who were driven out -by the Spaniards, and totally routed, with a loss of at least 4,000. -Among the slain were the Counts Louis and Henry of Nassau. - - - Morat (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought June 22, 1746, between the Burgundians, 35,000 strong, under -Charles the Bold, and 24,000 Swiss, under Hans Waldmann. After a few -hours’ hard fighting the Burgundians were driven into the plain, where -the Swiss utterly routed them, no less than 8,000 falling. The Swiss -chroniclers aver that the victors only lost 500 killed. - - - Morawa (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 3, 1443, between the Hungarians, under John Hunniades, -with 12,000 horse and 20,000 foot, and a greatly superior Turkish army, -under Amurath II. The Turks were defeated, with a loss of 2,000 killed -and 4,000 prisoners. This battle is also called the Battle of Nissa. - - - Morazzone (Italian Rising). - -Fought 1848 between 1,500 Garibaldian volunteers, under Garibaldi, and -5,000 Austrians, under General d’Aspré. After a resistance lasting -eleven hours, Garibaldi, hopelessly out-numbered, withdrew his force -from the town, and executed a masterly retreat to Arona. - - - Morella (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, the last stronghold of the Carlists, was besieged by -Espartero, with 20,000 Cristinos, May 23, 1840. It was defended by a -garrison of 4,000 veterans, under Cabrera, who on the 30th attempted to -break through the besiegers’ lines. His plan, however, had been -betrayed, and he was met and driven back, whereupon the place -surrendered. Cabrera, however, with a portion of the garrison, made a -second and this time a successful attempt to cut his way out. - - - Morgarten (First Swiss-Austrian War). - -Fought November 16, 1315. The men of Schwyz, 1,400 in number, took post -in the Pass of Morgarten, and lay in wait for the Archduke Leopold, who, -with 15,000 Austrians, was marching into Schwyz. Having disordered the -Austrian ranks by rolling down boulders upon them, the Swiss then fell -upon them with their halberds, and totally routed them, with a loss of -1,500 killed. - - - Morshedabad. - -Fought July 24, 1763, between the troops of Mir Cossim, the deposed -Nawab of Bengal, and a British force of 750 Europeans and a large body -of native troops, under Major Adams. The British stormed Cossim’s -entrenchments, driving out his army in confusion, and followed up their -victory by the occupation of Morshedabad, without further opposition. - - - Mortara (Italian Rising). - -Fought March 21, 1849, between the Piedmontese, under the Duke of Savoy -(Victor Emmanuel) and General Darando, and the main Austrian army, under -Radetsky. No steps had been taken by the Piedmontese to render Mortara -defensible, and little guard was kept, with the result that they were -surprised by Radetsky, and driven out of the town in confusion, with a -loss of 500 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners and 5 guns. The -Austrians lost 300 only. - - - Mortimer’s Cross (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought February 2, 1461, when Edward, Duke of York, defeated the -Lancastrians, under the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire, and drove them -back into Wales, thus preventing a concentration of the Lancastrian -forces. - - - Mortlack (Danish Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 1010, between the Danes, under Sweyn, and the Scots, under -Malcolm II. After a long and obstinate engagement the Danes were totally -defeated, and forced to flee to their ships. A victory for them on this -occasion would probably have given them a permanent lodgment in -Scotland, as Malcolm had his last available man in the field. - - - Mortmant (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought February 17, 1814, between the Russian advance-guard, under the -Count de Pahlen, and the French rear-guard, under Victor. The Russians -were repulsed with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and 11 guns. - - - Möskirch (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 5, 1800, between 50,000 French, under Moreau, and 60,000 -Austrians, under de Kray. The French advance-guard, under Lecourbe, -approaching Möskirch found the heights strongly held by the Austrians, -and attempted to carry them, but without success. The arrival of the -main body, however, turned the scale, and the Austrians were obliged to -abandon all their positions, with a loss of about 5,000 men. The French -lost about 3,500. - - - Moskowa. - -_See_ Borodino. - - - Motya. - -This city, the chief stronghold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, was -besieged by Dionysius of Syracuse, with 83,000 men, B.C. 398. Having -built a mole to connect the mainland and the island on which Motya -stood, he erected thereon his new engines of war, the catapults, used -for the first time in this siege. He also built large moving towers to -enable him to cope with the lofty defences of the place, and by these -devices succeeded in effecting an entrance. Every house, however, was in -itself a small fortress, and after days of street fighting, which cost -the assailants a heavy price, the city was still unsubdued. At last by a -night surprise he mastered the quarter which still held out, and the -inhabitants were massacred or sold as slaves. - - - Mount Gaurus (First Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 342, between the Romans, under Valerius Corvus, and the -Samnites. The Romans won a signal victory. - - - Mount Lactarius (Second Gothic War). - -Fought March 553, between the troops of the Emperor Justinian, under -Narses, and the Goths, under Teias, the last Gothic king of Italy. The -Romans gained a signal victory, and Teias was slain, the Goths thereupon -accepting the rule of Justinian. - - - Mount Panium. - -Fought B.C. 198, between the Syrians, under Antiochus the Great, and the -Greeks and Egyptians, under Scopas. Scopas was routed, and Antiochus -took possession of all the territory held by Egypt in Asia, up to the -frontier of Egypt proper. - - - Mount Seleucus (Revolt of Magnentius). - -Fought August 10, 353, between the rebels, under Magnentius, and the -Imperial legions, under Constantius. Constantius forced the passage of -the Cottian Alps, and defeated Magnentius in a sanguinary battle, which -dispersed his army and finally broke his power, Gaul and Italy being -thus again brought under the Imperial sway. - - - Mount Tabor (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought April 15, 1799, when Napoleon defeated and dispersed the Syrian -army raised to create a diversion in favour of the beleaguered garrison -of Acre. Kléber’s division bore the brunt of the fighting. - - - Mount Taurus (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought 804, between the Moslems, under Harroun-al-Raschid, and the -Greeks, under the Emperor Nicephorus I. The Greeks were totally -defeated, with a loss of 40,000 men, and Nicephorus, wounded in three -places, with difficulty escaped from the field. - - - Mount Tifata (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 83, when the legions of Sulla defeated the army of the -Consul, Norbanus, with heavy loss, and drove them to take refuge in -Capua. - - - Mouscron (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1794, between the French, under Moreau and Souham, and the -Austrians, under General Clarifait. The French were victorious. - - - Mühlberg (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought April 24, 1547, between the German Protestants, 9,000 strong, -under the Elector Frederick of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse, and -the Imperial army, together with 3,500 Papal troops, 13,000 in all, -under Charles V. The Protestants were totally defeated, and their two -leaders taken prisoners. The Imperialists lost 50 only. - - - Mühldorf. - -Fought 1322, between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor Louis the -Bavarian, and the German malcontents, under Frederick, Duke of Austria. -Louis won a signal victory, and put an end to the resistance to his -rule. - - - Mühlhausen (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 58, between the Romans, 36,000 strong, under Julius Cæsar, -and the Sequani, under Ariovistus. The Romans occupied two camps, one of -which was held successfully by two legions against a determined attack -of the Gauls. The attack having been repulsed, Cæsar united his forces, -and led them against the Sequani, whom he totally routed with enormous -loss. - - - Mukwanpur (Gurkha War). - -Fought February 27, 1816, when a village, forming part of Sir David -Ochterlony’s position, was attacked by 2,000 Gurkhas. The village was -defended by three companies of Sepoys and 40 men of the 87th Regiment, -and the defenders were hard pressed, but the arrival of reinforcements -enabled them after severe fighting to beat off the assailants with very -heavy loss. - - - Multan (Second Sikh War). - -This fortress, defended by the Sikhs, under Mulraj, was besieged by -Lieutenant Edwardes with about 1,200 men in July, 1848. After an -ineffectual bombardment, the siege was raised September 22, but was -renewed December 27 by General Whish, with 17,000 men and 64 guns. After -a heavy bombardment the place was stormed January 2, 1849, and on the -22nd of the same month Mulraj surrendered the citadel. The British loss -during the siege was 210 killed and 910 wounded. - - - Münchengrätz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 28, 1866, between the advance-guard of Prince Frederick -Charles’ army, and the Austrians, under Count Clam-Gallas. The Austrians -were defeated with a loss of about 300 killed and wounded, and 1,000 -prisoners. The Prussian losses were very small. - - - Munda (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought March 17, B.C. 45, between the Pompeians, under Cnæus Pompeius, -and the Cæsareans, under Julius Cæsar. The Pompeians were totally -defeated, losing 30,000 men, including Labienus and Varro, while the -Cæsareans lost 1,000 only. Cnæus Pompey was wounded. This defeat put an -end to the resistance of the Pompeian faction in Spain, and the action -is further notable as being Cæsar’s last battle. - - - Muret (Albigensian Crusade). - -Fought 1213, between the Catholics, under Simon de Montfort, and the -Albigenses, under the Count of Thoulouse, aided by Pedro II of Aragon. -The Albigenses were routed, and this defeat put an end to their -organized resistance. Pedro fell in the battle. - - - Murfreesboro (American Civil War). - -Fought December 31, 1862, between 35,000 Confederates, under General -Bragg, and 40,000 Federals, under General Rosecrans. Bragg attacked and -drove back the Federal right, but the centre and left held their ground, -and prevented the defeat degenerating into a rout. Both sides lost -heavily, but the Confederates captured a large number of prisoners and -over 20 guns. On the following day the Federal right retook the ground -it had lost on the 31st, and at the end of the day both armies occupied -their original positions. Early on January 2, however, Bragg retired in -good order. Each side lost about 8,000, killed, wounded and missing, in -the two days’ fighting. - - - Mursa (Revolt of Magnentius). - -Fought September 28, 351, between the usurper Magnentius, with 100,000 -troops, and the Emperor Constantius, with 80,000. The battle was -severely contested, but finally the legions of Magnentius were driven -from the field with a loss of 24,000; that of the victors amounting to -30,000. - - - Musa Bagh (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought March 19, 1858, when a British force, under Sir James Outram, -totally routed a body of mutineers, 7,000 strong, under Huzrat Mahal, -Begum of Oude, which was holding the Musa Bagh, a fortified palace in -the outskirts of Lucknow. - - - Muta (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought 629, between the Moslems, under Zaid, and the troops of the -Emperor Heraclius. Zaid was slain, and so successively were Jaafar and -Abdallah, who followed him in the command, but the banner of the prophet -was then raised by Khaled, who succeeded in repulsing the onslaught of -the Imperial troops, and on the following day led the Moslems undefeated -from the field. This is the first battle between the Mohammedan Arabs -and a foreign enemy. - - - Muthal, The (Jugurthine War). - -Fought B.C. 108, between the Numidians, under Jugurtha, and the Romans, -under Metellus Numidicus. The Numidians were strongly posted on the -heights above the river, but were driven out by the legionaries with -heavy loss. Jugurtha did not again face the Romans in the field, -contenting himself with a guerilla warfare. - - - Mutina (Mark Antony’s First Rebellion). - -Fought April 16, 43 B.C., between the adherents of Antony, and three -Consular armies, under Hirtius, Octavius, and Vibius Pansa. Antony, who -was besieging Mutina, was attacked simultaneously by the three armies. -That of Pansa was routed, and Pansa slain but Octavius and Hirtius -gained some small success. Antony, however, was undefeated, and -continued the siege. On the 27th Octavius and Hirtius made a combined -attack on his lines, and succeeded in forcing their way through into the -town, though Hirtius fell in the action. - - - Mycale (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought August, 479 B.C., between the Greeks, under Leotychides the -Spartan, and a large Persian army. The Greeks effected a landing near -Cape Mycale, and drove the Persians back upon their entrenchments, which -they then carried by storm, whereupon the Persian auxiliaries fled. The -fugitives were slaughtered in detail by the revolted Ionians, and the -whole army destroyed. - - - Mylæ (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 260, when the Roman fleet, under Caius Duilius, defeated the -Carthaginians, under Hannibal, with loss of 50 ships, 3,000 killed and -7,000 prisoners. Duilius had introduced the boarding bridge, which was -lowered on to the deck of the opposing galley, and this gave full scope -to the superior powers of the Romans in hand-to-hand fighting. - - - Mylex (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 36, between the Pompeian fleet, under Sextus Pompeius, and -the fleet of the Triumvirs, under Agrippa. The Pompeians were defeated. - - - Myonnesus (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 190, between the Roman fleet, under Caius Livius, and the -fleet of Antiochus, under Polyxenides, who had an advantage of nine -ships. He was, however, defeated by the superior seamanship of the -Romans, with a loss of 42 vessels. - - - Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). - -This city, which had revolted against Athens, was invested in the autumn -of 428 B.C. by the Athenians, under Paches, with 1,000 hoplites and a -fleet of triremes. A feeble attempt at relief by a Peloponnesian -squadron, under Alcidas, was unsuccessful, and in May, 427, the city -surrendered, and all the male inhabitants were condemned to death. In -the end, however, only the leaders of the revolt were executed. - - - Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). - -A naval action fought B.C. 406, between 140 Peloponnesian vessels, under -Callicratidas, and 70 Athenian triremes, under Conon. Conon was -defeated, with the loss of 30 ships, the rest of his fleet being driven -into Mytilene, where it was blockaded. - - - - - N - - - Nachod (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between the 5th Prussian Corps, under General -Steinmetz, and the Austrians, under General Ramming. The Austrian -cavalry, which was considerably superior in number, was defeated by the -Prussian Uhlans, and the action resulted in the retreat of the -Austrians, with a considerable loss in killed and wounded. The -Prussians, who lost 900, captured 2,000 prisoners and 5 guns. - - - Næfels (War of Kiburg). - -Fought April 9, 1388, between 6,000 Austrians, under Tockenburg, and 500 -men of Glarus with a few Schwyzers. The Swiss were driven from their -first position behind the “Letzi” at the entrance to the valley, but, -retiring to the heights of the Rauhberg, disordered the advancing -columns by rolling boulders upon them, and, then attacking, utterly -routed them. The Austrians lost 80 knights and 2,000 soldiers. - - - Nagy-Sarló (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 19, 1849, between the Hungarians, 25,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Austrians, who endeavoured to prevent Görgey -constructing bridges over the Gran. The Austrians were signally -defeated, and the river successfully bridged. - - - Naissus (Gothic Invasion of the East). - -Fought 269 between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor Claudius -Gothicus, and the invading Goths. The Romans were hard pressed, when the -Gothic lines were attacked in the rear by a force of 5,000 men, which -Claudius had concealed for this purpose in the neighbouring mountains, -and being thrown into confusion, were totally routed. Fifty thousand men -are said to have fallen in the battle. - - - Najara. - -_See_ Navarrete. - - - Nanshan (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought May 26, 1904, between three Japanese divisions, under General -Oku, and a Russian division, with a large force of artillery, under -General Stoessel. The Russians occupied a very strongly entrenched -position on the heights of Nanshan. After an artillery preparation, the -Japanese attempted to storm the heights, eight successive attacks -failing before the concentrated fire of the Russian guns, though the -last survivors of the assailants got within 30 yards of the trenches. -The infantry were then retired, and after a further bombardment, aided -by the Japanese fleet in Kiuchau Bay, the whole force attacked -simultaneously, and, penetrating the defences on the Russian left, drove -them from their positions with heavy loss, the defenders leaving 500 -dead on the field. The Japanese lost 4,304 killed, wounded and missing. -Seventy-eight guns were taken, and the Russians penned up in Port -Arthur. - - - Narva (Russo-Swedish War). - -Fought November 30, 1700, between 8,000 Swedes, under Charles XII, and -80,000 Russians, under General Dolgorouky. The Russians were besieging -Narva, and after driving in two large bodies who occupied advanced -positions, Charles boldly attacked their entrenched camp. After a brief -cannonade, the Swedes stormed the trenches, and though the Russian -artillerymen stood to their guns, after three hours’ hard fighting, the -defenders were driven out in disorder having lost 18,000 in the -trenches, while many more fell in the fight. The Swedes lost 600 only. - - - Naseby (Civil War). - -Fought June 14, 1645, between 14,000 Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, -and 7,500 Royalists, under Charles I, with Prince Rupert in actual -command. Rupert’s first charge broke the Parliamentary left wing, but, -as usual, the pursuit was carried too far, and before the cavalry -returned, Cromwell on the right had turned the scale, and the battle was -over. The Royalist infantry, overwhelmed by superior numbers, was almost -annihilated, 5,000 prisoners, and all the artillery and munitions of war -being captured. - - - Nashville (American Civil War). - -Fought December 15 and 16, 1863, between 50,000 Federals, under General -Thomas, and 40,000 Confederates, under General Hood. Thomas attacked the -left of Hood’s lines before Nashville, and after hard fighting, in which -Hood lost 1,200 prisoners and 16 guns, the Confederates withdrew during -the night to a position a few miles in the rear. Here they were again -attacked on the 16th, and, though at first holding their ground, were in -the end driven from the field in confusion, with heavy loss in killed -and wounded, besides 4,460 prisoners and 54 guns. - - - Naulachus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought September 3, B.C. 36, between the Pompeian fleet of 300 ships, -under Sextus Pompeius, and the fleet of the Triumvirs, of equal -strength, under Agrippa. The action was severely contested, but in the -end Agrippa was victorious, and Pompeius fled with 17 vessels only. - - - Naupactus (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 429 B.C. between 20 Athenian ships, under Phormio, and 77 -Peloponnesian ships, under Cnemas. The Athenians were entrapped by -Cnemas at the entrance to the Bay of Naupactus, and 9 of his vessels -driven ashore. The remaining 11 fled towards Naupactus, closely pursued -by the Peloponnesians, when the rearmost of the flying Athenians -suddenly turned, and rammed the leading ship of Cnemas’ squadron. The -pursuers hesitated, and the rest of the Athenians then returned, and -gained a complete victory, taking 6 ships, and recovering 8 of the 9 -which had run ashore. - - - Navarino (Greek War of Independence). - -Fought October 20, 1827, when the allied fleets of Great Britain, France -and Russia under Codrington, de Rigny, and Heiden respectively, and -numbering in all 24 ships, annihilated the Turkish and Egyptian fleets, -60 vessels being entirely destroyed, and the remainder driven ashore. -The allies lost 272 in killed and wounded; the Turks over 4,000. This -battle is noteworthy as being the last general action fought under the -old conditions between wooden sailing ships. - - - Navarrete (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought April 3, 1367, between 24,000 English, under Edward the Black -Prince, and 60,000 French and Spaniards, under Bertrand du Guesclin and -Henry de Trastamare. The English, mainly owing to the skill of their -archers, completely defeated their opponents, with heavy loss, du -Guesclin being made prisoner. This battle is also known as the Battle of -Najara. - - - Naxos. - -Fought September, 376 B.C., between 80 Athenian triremes, under -Chabrias, and 60 Spartan ships, under Pollio, who was endeavouring to -waylay the Athenian grain ships from the Euxine. Pollio was totally -defeated, with a loss of 49 triremes. - - - Nechtan’s Mere. - -Fought May 20, 685, between the Picts, under Brude, and the -Northumbrians, under Ecgfrith. The latter was defeated, and the Picts by -their victory freed themselves from the Northumbrian domination. - - - Neerwinde (War of the Revolution). - -Fought July 19, 1693, between the English, under William III, and the -French in superior force, under Marshal Luxemberg. The French attacked -the English entrenchments, and were at first repulsed, but after eight -hours’ hard fighting, they succeeded in driving them back all along the -line, though owing largely to the personal bravery of the King, the -retirement was in good order. This victory which cost the French 10,000 -men, was a barren one, for William’s retreat was unmolested, and he was -almost at once in a condition to renew the conflict. This is also called -the Battle of Landen. - - - Neerwinde (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 18, 1793, between the French, under Dumouriez, and the -Austrians, under the Prince of Coburg. The Austrians won a signal -victory, and in consequence of his defeat Dumouriez was compelled to -evacuate Belgium. - - - Negapatam. - -Fought 1746, off the Coromandel coast between a British squadron of 6 -ships, under Captain Peyton, and 9 French ships, under Labourdonnais. -The fight was conducted almost entirely at long range, and was -indecisive, but after the action Peyton sheered off and made for -Trincomalee, thus practically admitting defeat, though the French had in -fact suffered the heavier loss. - - - Negapatam. - -Siege was laid to this place October 21, 1781, by a British force, 4,000 -strong, under Colonel Braithwaite. The garrison, partly Dutch and partly -Mysore troops, though 8,000 in number, did not wait for a bombardment, -but surrendered November 3. - - - Negapatam. - -A naval action was fought off this place in 1782 between a British -squadron, under Sir Edward Hughes, and a French squadron, under Suffren. -The opposing forces were of about equal strength, and the action was -indecisive, but the French designs on Negapatam were frustrated, and -Suffren drew off to the southward. - - - Nehavend (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought A.D. 637 between the Moslems, under Said, the lieutenant of the -Caliph Omar, and a Persian army, 150,000 strong. The Persians were -utterly routed, this being the last stand made against the conquering -Moslems. - - - Neon (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 354, between the Phocians and certain mercenary troops, -10,000 in all, under Philomelus, and the Thebans and Locrians. The -Phocians were totally defeated, and Philomelus, driven fighting and -covered with wounds to the edge of a precipice, preferred death to -surrender, and sprang over the cliff. - - - Neuwied (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought April 18, 1797, between the French, 80,000 strong, under Hoche, -and the Austrians, under Werneck. Hoche won a signal victory, driving -the Austrians beyond the Lahn, with a loss of 8,000 men and 80 guns. - - - Neville’s Cross (Scottish Wars). - -Fought October 17, 1346, between the Scottish invading army, under David -II, and the northern levies, under Henry Percy and Ralph Neville. The -Scots were completely routed, with a loss of 15,000 men, and David and -many of his nobles captured. - - - Newburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought August 28, 1640, between 4,500 English, under Lord Conway, and -the Scottish army, 22,500 strong, under Leslie. Conway endeavoured to -hold the ford of Newburn, near Newcastle, but his raw levies, after a -cannonade of three hours, fled in confusion. Conway was consequently -obliged to evacuate Newcastle, which was occupied by the Scots. The -losses on both sides were small. - - - Newbury (Civil War). - -Fought September 20, 1643, between the Royalists, under Charles I, and -the Parliamentarians, under Essex. The object of Charles was to stop -Essex’s march on London, and though his troops held their ground -throughout the day, he could not be said to have gained a victory, as -during the night he felt himself obliged to abandon his position. - -A second indecisive battle was fought at Newbury, October 27, 1644, when -the Royalists, under Charles I, again sustained throughout the day, -without giving ground, the attacks of the Parliamentary army, under -Waller, Manchester, and others, but, as on the previous occasion, -retired during the night. - - - Newmarket (American Civil War). - -Fought May 13, 1864, between 15,000 Federals, under Sigel, and 3,500 -Confederates, under Breckenridge. The Confederates, by a rapid flank -movement, fell upon Sigel’s force while on the march, and drove them to -seek shelter in a wood behind their artillery. The guns were then most -gallantly attacked and taken by 250 boys, pupils of the Lexington -Military School, who lost 80 of their number in the charge. Sigel -retired, having lost very heavily in men, and leaving 6 guns in the -enemy’s hands. - - - New Orleans (Second American War). - -This city, held by a garrison of 12,000 Americans, under General -Jackson, was attacked December, 1814, by a British force of 6,000 men, -under General Keane, aided by the fleet. On the 13th the American -warships, lying in the Mississippi, were captured by a boat attack, and -by the 21st the whole of the troops were disembarked. After a few -skirmishes, Sir Edward Pakenham, arrived and took command on the 25th, -and on January 1, 1815, a determined attack was made upon the American -position. This failed, and owing to difficulties as to supplies, the -British retired. On the 7th a final assault took place, but the -assailants were again repulsed, with a loss of 1,500, including -Pakenham, and the expedition then withdrew. At the time of the action -peace had already been concluded, though of course neither party was -aware of the fact. - - - New Orleans (American Civil War). - -On April 16, 1862, the Federal fleet of 30 armed steamers and 21 mortar -vessels, under Commodore Farragut, began the attack on this city by the -bombardment of Fort Jackson. After this fort and Fort Mary had been -shelled with little intermission until the 25th, Farragut forced the -passage, and anchoring off the Levée of New Orleans, the city at once -surrendered. The forts, however, still held out, but a mutiny broke out -in Fort Jackson, and on the 28th they surrendered to Commodore Porter. - - - New Ross (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 5, 1799, between 30,000 rebels, under Father Roche and -Bagenal Harvey, and about 1,400 regulars, under General Johnstone. The -rebels attacked the troops posted in New Ross, and penetrated into the -centre of the town, but were then driven back with the bayonet, and -totally routed, with a loss of 2,600 killed. - - - Newtown Butler (War of the Revolution). - -Fought August 2, 1689, between 5,000 Catholics, under Maccarthy, and -3,000 Protestants, under Colonel Wolseley, in defence of Enniskillen. -The Catholics were totally routed, and fled in disorder, losing 1,500 in -the action, and 500 drowned in Lough Erne. - - - Niagara (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort was besieged in June, 1759, by 2,500 British, with 900 -Indians, under General Prideaux, the garrison consisting of 600 French, -under Captain Pouchot. Prideaux was killed by the premature explosion of -a shell, and Sir William Johnson succeeded to the command. On July 24, -when the garrison were almost _in extremis_, an attempt to relieve the -fort was made by 1,300 French and Indians, under Ligneris, but he was -repulsed by Johnson with considerable loss, at La Belle Famille, and -Pouchot at once surrendered. - - - Nicæa (First Crusade). - -This city was besieged by the Crusaders, under Godefroi de Bouillon, May -14, 1097. The Saracens were greatly aided in the defence by the -possession of Lake Ascanius, but with great labour the crusaders -transported boats from the sea to the lake, and thus completed the -investment of the place. Two determined attempts to relieve it were made -by the Sultan Soliman, but both were repulsed, and Nicæa surrendered -June 20. - - - Nicholson’s Nek. - -_See_ Farquhar’s Farm. - - - Nicopolis (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 66, between the Romans, under Pompey, and the army of -Mithridates. The Romans had occupied the heights in front of the -retreating Asiatics, and Mithridates encamped under their position. In -the night the Romans attacked him in his camp, and utterly routed him. -This was the last battle fought by Mithridates against the legions of -Rome. - - - Nicopolis. - -Fought B.C. 47, when Domitius Calvinus, with one Roman legion and a -contingent of Pontic and other Asiatic troops, encountered the -Bosporans, under Pharnaces. Calvinus’ Asiatic troops fled at the first -onset, and he was completely defeated, only the steadiness of the Romans -saving him from disaster. - - - Nicopolis (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 28, 1395, between 10,000 French and 50,000 Hungarians, -under the Duc de Nevers and Sigismund of Hungary, and the Turkish army -of Bajazet I. The French charged the Turkish lines, without waiting for -the Hungarians, and penetrated the two first lines, killing 1,500 Turks, -but they were then overpowered by the Janissaries in the third line and -3,000 killed, while all the survivors were captured. Bajazet then turned -upon the Hungarians, who fled without striking a blow. Bajazet massacred -all his prisoners, excepting 25 nobles. - - - Nicopolis (Russo-Turkish War). - -This place was captured July 16, 1877, by the 9th Russian Army Corps, -under General Krudener, after two days’ bombardment, when the garrison -of 7,000 Turks surrendered. The Russians lost 1,300 killed and wounded. - - - Nieuport (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought July 2, 1600, between the Dutch, under Maurice of Orange, and the -Spaniards, under the Archduke Albert of Austria. Prince Maurice was -surprised by the Archduke in a very critical position, but succeeded in -holding his own, and after a long and evenly-contested engagement, -ultimately defeated the Spaniards with heavy loss. - - - Nikko (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the adherents of the Shogun, under Otori Keisuke, -and the Imperial army, under Saigo Takamori. The rebels were defeated, -and fled to the castle of Wakamatsu. - - - Nile (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought August 1, 1798. Admiral Brueys, with 13 ships of the line and -4 frigates, was anchored in Aboukir Bay. Nelson, with 13 -line-of-battleships and one 50-gun ship, penetrated with half his -squadron between the French line and the shore, while his remaining -ships engaged them on the outside. Thus caught between two fires, -the French were utterly routed, only two of their vessels escaping -capture or destruction. Admiral Brueys was killed, and his ship -L’Orient blown up. This battle is also known as the Battle of -Aboukir. - - - Nineveh (Persian Wars). - -Fought December 1, 627, between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor -Heraclius, and the Persians, under Rhazates, the general of Chosroes II. -The Persians stood their ground manfully throughout the day and far into -the night, and were almost annihilated before the surviving remnant -retreated in good order to their camp. The Romans also lost heavily, but -the victory opened the way to the royal city of Destigerd, which fell -into the hands of Heraclius, and peace was made the following year. - - - Niquitas (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, when the Colombian Patriots, under Bolivar, completely -defeated the Spanish Royalists. - - - Nisib (Mehemet Ali’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought June 23, 1839, between 30,000 Turks, under Hafiz Pasha, and -Mehemet Ali’s Syro-Egyptian army, under his son Ibrahim. Ibrahim was far -the stronger in artillery, and his fire so shattered the Turks, that -when he finally advanced his infantry, they made no stand, but turned -and fled. Von Moltke, as a captain in the Turkish service, was under -fire in this action for the first time. - - - Nisibis (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, known as the Bulwark of the East, was thrice besieged in -338, 346 and 350 by Sapor II, King of Persia. In the two former years he -was compelled to retire after a siege of 60 and 80 days respectively. In -350 the city was defended by a garrison under Lucilianus, and Sapor, -finding the ordinary methods unavailing, diverted the course of the -Mygdonius, and by building dams formed a large lake, upon which he -placed a fleet of armed vessels, and attacked the city almost from the -level of the ramparts. Under pressure of the water a portion of the wall -gave way, and the Persians at once delivered an assault, but were -repulsed; and by the following day the garrison had rebuilt the wall. At -the end of about three months, Sapor, having lost 20,000 men, raised the -siege. - - - Nissa. - -A naval action, fought at the mouth of the Nissa in 1064, between the -Danish fleet, under Sweyn II, and the Norwegians under Harold Hardrada. -Sweyn was totally defeated, and his fleet destroyed, he himself escaping -with difficulty to Zealand. - - - Nissa. - -_See_ Morawa. - - - Nive (Peninsular War). - -Fought December 13, 1813, between 35,000 French, under Soult, and 14,000 -British and Portuguese, under Wellington. Having crossed the Nive on the -10th, Wellington took up a strong position on the heights near the -village of St. Pierre. Here he was attacked by Soult, but repulsed him, -and occupied the French position in front of the Adour. The French -losses in this battle and the combats which preceded it, amounted to -10,000 men. The British lost 5,019 killed and wounded. - - - Nivelle (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 10, 1813, when the French, under Soult, were driven from -a very strong position by the British, under Wellington, and forced to -retire behind the Nivelle. The French lost 4,265, including about 1,200 -prisoners, 51 guns, and all their field magazines. The British lost -2,694 killed and wounded. - - - Nordlingen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September 6, 1634, between 40,000 Imperialists, under Ferdinand -of Hungary, and a numerically inferior force of Germans and Swedes, -under the Duke of Weimar and Count Horn. The action was fought to -relieve Nordlingen, which Ferdinand was besieging, and resulted in the -total defeat of the allies, who lost 12,000 killed, 6,000 prisoners, -including Horn, and 80 guns. - - - Nordlingen (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought August 3, 1645, between 17,000 French under Condé, and 14,000 -Imperialists, under Mercy. The French attacked the village of -Allersheim, where the Imperialists were strongly entrenched, and after -very severe fighting, the left under Turenne succeeded in expelling -them, with a loss of 6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and almost all -their guns. General Mercy was killed. The French loss amounted to about -4,000. - - - Noisseville (Franco-German War). - -A sortie of the French, under Bazaine, from Metz, August 31, 1870, in -the endeavour to break through the investing line of the Germans, under -Prince Frederick Charles. The French had some slight success at first, -and maintained the ground they had won during the day, but on September -1, their further efforts to advance were fruitless, and they were driven -back into Metz with a loss of 145 officers and 3,379 men. The Germans -lost 126 officers and 2,850 men. - - - Northallerton. - -_See_ Standard. - - - Northampton (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought July 10, 1460, between the Lancastrians, under Henry VI, and the -Yorkists, under the Earl of Warwick. The king’s entrenchments were -betrayed by Lord Grey de Ruthyn, and the Lancastrians were defeated with -a loss of 300 killed, including Buckingham, Shrewsbury, Egremont, and -other prominent men. The King was made prisoner. - - - North Foreland (Dutch Wars). - -Fought July 25, 1666, between the English fleet, under the Duke of -Albemarle and Prince Rupert, and the Dutch, under Van Tromp and de -Ruyter. The English gained a complete victory, capturing or burning 20 -ships. The Dutch had 4,000 men killed or drowned. - - - Notion (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 407 between the Peloponnesian fleet, under Lysander, and the -Athenian fleet of Alcibiades, which was lying at Notion. Alcibiades was -not present during the action, which was the result of a surprise, and -the Athenians were defeated with a loss of 15 ships. - - - Nova Carthago (Second Punic War). - -This city, defended by a small Carthaginian garrison, under Mago, was -stormed by 27,500 Romans, under Scipio, B.C. 209. - - - Novara (Italian Wars). - -Fought June 6, 1515, between 10,000 French, under La Tremouille, and -13,000 Swiss. The French camp was surprised by the Swiss, who, after -hard fighting, totally routed the French with a loss of 6,000 men. The -Swiss losses were also heavy. - - - Novara (Italian Rising). - -Fought March 23, 1849, between 50,000 Piedmontese, under Chrzanowski, -and three Austrian army corps, under Radetsky. After hard fighting the -Piedmontese were completely defeated and driven from the field in -disorder. - - - Novi (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought August 15, 1799, between the French, under Joubert, and the -Russians and Austrians, under Suwaroff. Early in the action Joubert -fell, Moreau succeeding to the command. The result was disastrous to the -French, who were defeated with a loss of 7,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 -prisoners, and 37 guns. The allies lost 6,000 killed and wounded and -1,200 prisoners. - - - Nujufghur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought August 24, 1857, between 6,000 rebels, under Mohammed Bukht Khan, -and a small British force, under John Nicholson. The rebels were -defeated, at small cost, with a loss of over 800 men and all their guns. - - - Numantia (Lusitanian War). - -This city, defended by the inhabitants under Megaravicus, was besieged -B.C. 142 by a Roman consular army. In the course of 141 the Romans were -twice defeated under the walls, and though negotiations for a surrender -were entered into in the following year, they were not concluded, and in -139 the new Roman commander, Popilius Lænas, refused to ratify the -terms. Shortly afterwards he was again defeated by the Numantians, as -was his successor Mancius in 137. It was not till the arrival of Scipio -Æmilianus in 134 that the lengthy resistance of the inhabitants was at -last overcome, and fifteen months after he took command the city fell, -in the autumn of 133 B.C. - - - - - O - - - Oberstein. - -Fought 1533, between the Poles, under Tarnowski, and the Wallachians, -under Bogdan. The Wallachians were signally defeated, with heavy loss. - - - Obligado (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought November, 1845, between the Argentine fleet, under Oribe, and the -combined French and British squadrons. The allies were victorious, and -Oribe was forced to raise the siege of Montevideo, while the waters of -the Parana were opened to the shipping of all nations. - - - Ocaña (Peninsular War). - -In this action, at which Joseph Buonaparte was present, Soult, with -30,000 French, defeated 53,000 Spaniards, under Areizaga, with a loss of -5,000 killed and wounded, 26,000 prisoners, including 3 generals, 45 -guns, and all their baggage and transport. The French only lost 1,700 -men. - - - Ocean Pond (American Civil War). - -Fought February 20, 1864, between 5,000 Confederates, under General -Finnegan, and 6,000 Federals, under General Seymour. The Confederates -occupied a strong position, protected by swamps and forests, near Lake -City, where they were attacked by Seymour, whom they defeated with a -loss of 1,200 men and 5 guns. The Confederates loss amounted to 700. - - - Ockley (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 851, between the Danes, and the West Saxons, under Ethelwulf. The -Danes were completely defeated. - - - Oczakov (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress, defended by 10,000 Turks and Bosnians, was besieged 1737, -by the Russians, under Count Münnich, and after the magazine had been -blown up was stormed by the besiegers, and the garrison cut to pieces. -In 1788 the place was again besieged by the Russians, under Potemkin, -and after a strenuous resistance of six months, was taken by storm, -December 17. In the massacre which followed, 40,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants were put to the sword. - - - Odawara (Hojo Rebellion). - -The castle of Odawara, the last stronghold of the Hojo family, was -besieged by the Japanese Imperial troops, under Hideyoshi. The castle -held out for over three months, but at last finding that they could hope -for no support from without, the garrison surrendered, and the power of -the Hojo family came to an end. - - - Œnophyta - -Fought B.C. 457, between the Athenians, under Myronides, and the Thebans -and other Bœotian states. The Bœotians were totally defeated, and -were in consequence compelled to acknowledge the headship of Athens, and -to contribute men to her armies. - - - Ofen (Hungarian Rising). - -This fortress, held by an Austrian garrison, under General Hentzi, was -besieged by the Hungarians, under Görgey, May 4, 1849. After an -unsuccessful assault, a siege in due form was commenced, and several -further assaults having also failed, the place was finally taken by -storm on the 21st. General Hentzi was mortally wounded. - - - Ohud (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Fought 623, between 950 Moslems, under Mohammed, and 3,000 Koreish of -Mecca, under Abu Sophian. The latter were victorious, 70 Moslems being -slain, and the Prophet himself wounded, but Abu Sophian did not feel -himself strong enough to follow up his victory by an attack upon Medina. - - - Olmedo. - -Fought 1467, between the Spanish adherents of the Infante Alfonso, a -claimant to the throne, under the Archbishop of Toledo, and the Royal -troops, under Henry of Castile. After an action which began late in the -afternoon, and lasted for three hours, without any very decisive result, -the Archbishop, who was considerably inferior in numbers, withdrew his -troops, leaving Henry in possession of the field. - - - Olmütz (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged by Frederick the Great, May, 1758. Having -insufficient troops to completely invest the place, Frederick’s task was -a difficult one, and Marshal Daun was able to keep communications open, -and supply the town with provisions. After a siege of seven weeks, the -Austrians captured a convoy of 4,000 waggons, under the escort of -Landon, destined for the Prussian army, and Frederick was forced by this -loss to raise the siege, and retire. - - - Olpæ (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 426 B.C., between a small Athenian force, under Demosthenes, and -a force of Ambraciots, with 3,000 Spartan hoplites, under Eurylochus. -Demosthenes gained a complete victory, by means of an ambuscade, and -Eurylochus was slain. - - - Oltenitza (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, when a Turkish army, superior in numbers, under Omar Pasha, -totally defeated the Russian army which had invaded the Danubian -Principalities. - - - Omdurman (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought September 2, 1898, between the British and Egyptians, 23,000 -strong, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 50,000 Dervishes, under the -Khalifa. The Dervishes attacked the British zareba, and were repulsed -with heavy loss. Kitchener then advanced, to drive the enemy before him -into Omdurman, and capture the place. In the course of the operation, -however, the Egyptian Brigade on the British right, under General -Macdonald, became isolated, and was attacked in front by the centre of -the Dervish army, while his flank and rear were threatened by the -Dervish left, which had not previously been engaged. The position was -critical, but through the extreme steadiness of the Soudanese, who -changed front under heavy fire, the attack was repulsed. The British and -Egyptian losses were 500 killed and wounded. The Dervishes lost about -15,000. - - - Onao (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 28, 1857, between Havelock’s relieving force, 1,500 strong, -and the rebels, who occupied a strong position near Onao, so protected -on the flanks that a frontal attack was necessary. This was successful, -and after the town had been passed, a further attack by the mutineers -was repulsed, with a loss of 300 men and 15 guns. - - - Onessant. - -Fought July 27, 1778, between 30 British ships of the line, under -Admiral Keppel, and a French squadron of equal force, under the Comte -d’Estaing. After a fight which lasted throughout the day, the two fleets -drew off to repair damages, neither side having lost a ship. - - - Oondwa Nullah. - -Fought September, 1763, when 3,000 British and native troops, under -Major Adams, carried by storm the entrenchments and the fort held by Mir -Cossim’s army of 60,000 men with 100 guns. Mir Cossim fled and his army -was entirely dispersed. - - - Ooscata. - -Fought August 23, 1768, when the camp of the Mahratta contingent, under -Morari Rao, forming a part of Colonel Donald Campbell’s column, was -attacked by a detachment of Hyder Ali’s army. The Mahrattas repulsed the -Mysore cavalry with a loss of about 300, at a cost to themselves of 18 -only. - - - Opequan (American Civil War). - -Fought September 19, 1864, between 13,000 Confederates, under General -Early, and 45,000 Federals, under General Sheridan. Success at first -inclined to the side of the Southerners, but their left wing was broken -by a charge of 7,000 cavalry, under Custer, and the Confederates were -completely routed and fled in confusion. - - - Oporto (Peninsular War). - -Fought March 28, 1809, when the French, under Soult, completely defeated -the Portuguese under Lima and Pareiras, outside the city of Oporto. -Soult followed up his success by storming Oporto, with horrible -slaughter, it being computed that 10,000 of the inhabitants perished. -The French lost 500 only. - - - Oran (Ximenes’ Expedition to Morocco). - -Fought May 17, 1509, between the Moors and the Spaniards, under Navarro. -The Spaniards, late in the evening, attacked and drove off the Moors -from a strong position on the heights above the city. They then stormed -the city itself, escalading the walls by placing their pikes in the -crevices of the stones. The Moors lost in the battle and the storm 4,000 -killed and about 8,000 prisoners, while the losses of the victors were -very small. - - - Orchomenus (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 85, between the Pontic army, under Archelaus, and the -Romans, under Sulla. The Asiatic cavalry attacked and drove back the -Roman line, but Sulla himself rallied his troops, and led them in a -charge which totally routed the enemy with heavy loss. - - - Ordovici, The. - -Fought A.D. 50, between the Romans, under Ostorius Scapula, and the -Britons, under Caractacus. The Britons occupied the slope of a hill, -where they were attacked by the Romans and totally routed. Caractacus -fled to the Brigantes, by whom he was surrendered, and sent a captive to -Rome. - - - Orleans (Hundred Years’ War). - -This city was besieged by the English, under the Regent, the Duke of -Bedford, in October, 1428. In April, 1429, a French force, 7,000 strong, -under Dunois and Joan of Arc, succeeded in entering, it having been -found impossible to invest the place completely. After various -successful attacks on the batteries erected by the besiegers, Joan, on -the 6th and 7th of May, led the garrison to victory against the English -lines, and on the 8th Bedford was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Orthez (Peninsular War). - -Fought February 27, 1814, between the British under Wellington, and the -French, under Soult. The French were driven out of Orthez and across the -Luy de Béarn, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, and 6 guns. - - - Oruro. - -Fought 1862, between the Bolivian Government troops, under the -President, General Acha, and the rebels, under General Perez, who had -proclaimed himself President. Perez was utterly routed. - - - Ostend (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This place was besieged, July 5, 1601, by the Spaniards, under the -Archduke Albert. The town made a most remarkable defence, holding out -for more than three years, but Spinola having taken command of the -besiegers, it was finally captured, September 14, 1604, by which time -scarcely a house in the town was left standing. The Spaniards lost -70,000 men in the course of the siege. - - - Ostia (Italian Wars). - -This place, held by a French garrison, under Menaldo Guerri, was -besieged in 1500 by the Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de Cordova. After five -days’ bombardment, an attack was made upon the town on the opposite side -by a small party of Spaniards resident in Rome, under Garcilasso de la -Vega. Thus between two fires, Guerri surrendered. - - - Ostrolenka (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, between the Turks, under Omar Pasha, and the Russian army -which had invaded the Danubian Principalities. The Turks, who were -considerably superior in numbers, gained a complete victory. - - - Ostrowno (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought July 25 and 26, 1812, between the French corps of Ney and Prince -Eugène, with Murat’s cavalry, and the Russian corps of Count Osterman -and General Konownitzyn. The Russians were defeated and driven back on -both days, with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, 800 prisoners and 8 -guns. The French loss was about the same. - - - Oswego (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, held by a garrison of 1,400 Provincial troops, under Colonel -Mercer, was besieged by the French, under Montcalm, August 11, 1756. -After a bombardment of 3 days, in the course of which Mercer was killed, -the place surrendered. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Otrar (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was besieged, 1219, by 200,000 Mongols, under Oktai and -Zagatai, sons of Genghiz Khan, and defended by a garrison of 60,000, -under Gazer Khan. The place was entered after a four months’ siege, by -which time the garrison was reduced to 20,000 men, but with this remnant -Gazer Khan held out in the citadel for another month. - - - Otterburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought August 19, 1388, between 9,000 English, under Henry Percy -(Hotspur) and a greatly inferior force of Scots, under Earls Douglas and -Murray. Hotspur attacked the Scottish entrenchments, and was totally -defeated, with a loss of about 2,000. The battle is celebrated in the -old ballad of “Chevy Chace.” - - - Otumba (Conquest of Mexico). - -Fought July 8, 1520, between 200 Spaniards, with some thousands of -Tlascalan auxiliaries, under Cortes, and a force of about 200,000 -Aztecs. The Spaniards, wearied by a long march on their retreat from -Mexico, were intercepted by the Aztecs, and after many hours’ fighting, -were on the verge of defeat, when a charge of a few cavaliers, headed by -Cortes, into the very heart of the Aztec army, so discouraged them that -they fled in disorder. It is said that 20,000 Aztecs fell. - - - Oudenarde (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 11, 1708, between 80,000 British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and 100,000 French, under the Duke of -Burgundy and Marshal Vendôme. The French, who were besieging Oudenarde, -raised the siege on the advance of the allies, and marched to meet them, -but were totally defeated with a loss of 3,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, -and 10 guns. The allies lost 2,000. - - - - - P - - - Paardeberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought February 18, 1900, between 5,000 Boers, under Cronje, and the -British, numbering 4 Infantry Brigades, with 4 batteries, under Lord -Kitchener. Cronje had taken refuge in the bed of the Tugela river, and -an attempt was made to dislodge him. The absence of cover for the -attacking force, however, rendered this impossible, but he was -surrounded, and on the arrival of Lord Roberts, subjected to a sustained -artillery fire, which lasted until he surrendered on the 27th. The -British losses during the operations amounted to 98 officers and 1,437 -men, of whom 1,100 fell in the battle of the 18th. The prisoners taken -numbered 3,000 Transvaalers and 1,100 Free Staters, with 6 guns. - - - Pabon. - -Fought September 17, 1861, between the troops of Buenos Ayres, under -Mitre, aided by an Italian legion, under Piloni, and the army of the -Argentine Confederation, under Urquiza. The latter were defeated. - - - Pagahar (First Burmah War). - -The only occasion during the war when the Burmans met the British in the -open. In 1825 Sir Archibald Campbell, with 1,300 men, encountered 15,000 -Burmans, under Zay-ya-Thayan but the battle was almost a bloodless one, -for the Burmans failed to make any stand, their general being the first -to flee. - - - Pagasæan Gulf (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 352, between the Phocians, under Onomarchus, and the -Macedonians, under Philip. Philip’s infantry was about equal in numbers -to that of the Phocians, but he was far superior in cavalry, and in the -end the Phocians were completely defeated, with the loss of a third of -their number. Onomarchus was slain. - - - Palais Gallien (War of the Fronde). - -Fought September 5, 1649, between the Royal troops, 8,000 strong, under -the Marshal de la Meilleraic, and 7,000 Bordelais, under the Ducs de -Bouillon and de la Rochefoucauld. The Bordelais successfully repulsed -four or five assaults, but by nightfall were driven from their -entrenchments into the city, with a loss of about 120. The assailants -lost over 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Palermo (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 26 and 27, 1848, when Garibaldi, with 750 of his “Thousand -Volunteers,” and about 3,000 Sicilian “Picciotti,” succeeded in -surprising one of the gates of Palermo, which was garrisoned by 18,000 -Neapolitans, under General Lanza. The “Picciotti” fled at the first -shot, but Garibaldi penetrated into the city, where, being joined by the -citizens, he erected barricades, and after some severe fighting, in -which the Neapolitans suffered heavily, General Lanza surrendered. The -last of the Neapolitan troops were withdrawn on June 20. - - - Palestrina (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 9, 1849, between 4,000 Italian Patriots, under Garibaldi, and -7,000 Neapolitans, under King Ferdinand. After three hours’ fighting, -the Neapolitans were totally routed. Garibaldi was wounded in the -action. - - - Palestro (Unification of Italy). - -Fought May 30, 1859, between the Sardinians, under General Cialdini, and -the Austrians, under General Stadion. The Austrians attacked the -Sardinians while they were crossing the Sesia, but were repulsed, and -Cialdini effected the passage successfully and drove the Austrians out -of Palestro with considerable loss. - - - Palmyra (Expedition to Palmyra). - -This city was besieged by the Romans, under Aurelian, after the defeat -of Zenobia at Emesa in 272. An obstinate defence was made by the Queen, -but Aurelian being reinforced by Probus early in 273, Zenobia fled from -the city and the place was captured. Zenobia failed to escape, and was -brought into Aurelian’s camp. During his return march, Aurelian learnt -that the citizens had risen, and massacred the Governor and the garrison -he had left in the place. He thereupon retraced his steps, and destroyed -the city, sparing neither young nor old. - - - Palo Alto (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought May 8, 1846, between the Americans, under General Taylor, and the -Mexicans, under Arista. The Mexicans were completely routed, at very -small cost to the victors. - - - Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -On December 16, 1670, Morgan the Buccaneer sailed from Hispaniola with -37 ships and about 2,000 men to plunder this town. Having captured the -castle of San Lorenzo, at the mouth of the Chagre, an exploit which cost -the assailants 170 out of 400 men engaged, while two-thirds of the -garrison were killed, Morgan started to cross the Isthmus, at the head -of 1,200 men, January 18, 1671. The garrison of Panama, 2,400 strong, -met him outside the city, and were defeated with heavy loss, the -Buccaneers losing 600 men. Morgan then sacked the place, and on February -24, withdrew with 175 mule loads of plunder, and 600 prisoners. - - - Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -Fought April 23, 1680, between the Buccaneers, with three ships, under -John Coxon, and three Spanish vessels. The Spaniards were defeated, -after a hard fight in which two Spanish vessels were captured by -boarding. The Spanish commander was killed. The Buccaneers then entered -the Bay, and captured six vessels lying in the roads. - - - Pandosia. - -Fought 331 B.C., between the Italian Greeks, under Alexander of Epirus, -and the Lucanians. During the battle Alexander was stabbed by a Lucanian -exile serving in the Greek army, and the Greeks were in the end -defeated. - - - Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 15, 1857, between a British relieving force, under Havelock, -and the mutineers who were opposing his advance to Cawnpore. By a forced -march in the heat of the day, Havelock succeeded in seizing the bridge -over the Pandu Naddi, which the mutineers were engaged in mining, thus -securing an open road to Cawnpore. The rebels were driven off after a -short engagement. - - - Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 26, 1857, between 1,400 British, under General Windham, -and the advance guard of the mutineers and the Gwalior contingent, under -the Nana Sahib. The rebels were posted beyond the river, and the British -crossing the dry bed, drove them from their entrenchments, capturing 3 -guns. Windham, then finding himself close to the main body of mutineers, -retired towards Cawnpore. - - - Panipat (Third Mongol Invasion). - -Fought April 20, 1526, between the Delhi Mohammedans, 10,000 strong, -with 100 elephants, under Ibrahim, and the Mongols, about 2,000 picked -men, under Baber, the first of the Great Moguls. Ibrahim was totally -defeated, being himself among the slain. The battle marked the end of -the Afghan dynasty of Delhi, and the commencement of the Mogul Empire. - - - Panipat. - -Fought November 5, 1536, between Akbar, the Great Mogul, with about -20,000 troops, and the forces of the revolted Hindu Rajahs, 100,000 -strong, under Hemu. The Hindus attacked, and the onslaught of the -elephants being repulsed, their ranks were thrown into disorder, and the -Moguls gained a complete victory. Hemu was wounded and captured. By this -victory Akbar recovered Delhi, which had fallen into the hands of the -rebels. - - - Panipat. - -Fought 1759, between the Mahrattas, 85,000 strong, under Sedashao Rao -Bhao, cousin of the Peshwa, and the Duranis, numbering, with Hindu -allies, about 90,000. The Bhao attacked, and dispersed Ahmed’s Indian -troops, but on the Duranis coming into action, the Mahrattas were broken -and utterly routed, with enormous loss. The Bhao, and the son of the -Peshwa were among the slain. - - - Panormus (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 250, between 25,000 Romans, under L. Cæcilius Metellus, and -the Carthaginian army in Sicily, under Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal offered -battle in front of Panormus, and Metellus sent out his light troops to -engage him. They ran back into the town before a charge of the -elephants, which, following closely, were driven into the ditch -surrounding the place, where many were killed. Meanwhile Metellus -sallied out with his legionaries, and taking Hasdrubal in flank -completely routed him. The whole of the Carthaginian elephants in Sicily -were killed or captured in this battle. - - - Parætakene Mountains (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought 316 B.C., between the Macedonians, 30,000 strong, under -Antigonus, and an equal force of Asiatics, under Eumenes. Eumenes -attacked the Macedonian camp, and after a severe engagement, in which -the Asiatics held the advantage, Antigonus, by successful manœuvring, -withdrew his army without serious loss, leaving Eumenes a barren -victory. - - - Parana (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazilians, -under Porto Alegre. Lopez was victorious. - - - Paris (Allied Invasion of France). - -On March 30, 1814, Paris, which was defended only by 20,000 regulars and -National Guard, under Marmont, was attacked by the Grand Army of the -allies, under Schwartzemberg. Three columns assaulted the French -positions at Vincennes, Belleville and Montmartre, while a fourth -attacked the extreme left of the French line in order to turn the -heights of Montmartre. The two first positions were carried, and -Montmartre turned, whereupon Joseph having fled, Marmont surrendered. -The French lost over 4,000 men; the allies about 8,000. - - - Paris (Franco-German War). - -Paris was invested by the main German army, under the King of Prussia -and von Moltke, September 19, 1870. The garrison, under the command of -General Trochu, made a gallant defence, many serious sorties taking -place, but the Germans gradually mastered the outer defences, and -finally, being much straitened by famine, the city surrendered January -28, 1871. - - - Parkany (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August, 1663, between 200,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, -Achmet Köprili Pasha, and the Hungarians, in far smaller force, under -Count Forgacz. The Hungarians were defeated, and driven into Neuhäusel, -which town, after a valiant resistance of six weeks, capitulated -September 24. - - - Parma (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought June 29, 1734, between the French, under Marshal de Coigny, and -the Imperialists, 60,000 strong, under General de Mercy. The -Imperialists were defeated with a loss of 6,000, including de Mercy. The -French loss was almost as heavy. - - - Paso de la Patria (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazilians, -under Porto Alegre. The Paraguayans gained a signal victory. - - - Patay (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 18, 1429, between the French, under Joan of Arc and the Duc -d’Alençon, and the English, under Talbot and Sir John Fastolfe. The -English were retiring after the siege of Orleans, and their advanced -guard under Talbot, being attacked by the French, was seized with a -panic, and refusing to meet the charge of the French cavalry, broke and -fled. The main body, under Fastolfe, however, maintained its formation, -and made good its retreat to Etampes. Talbot was made prisoner. - - - Patila (Tartar Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 1394, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the Persians, -under Shah Mansur. The Persians vigorously attacked the Tartar centre, -and Tamerlane was nearly overwhelmed, but rallying his troops he led a -charge which restored the battle, and gained a complete victory. The -complete subjugation of Persia followed. - - - Pavia (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the German invaders. -Aurelian gained a signal victory, and the Alemanni recrossed the -frontier. - - - Pavia (Lombard Conquest of Italy). - -This city was besieged in 568 by the Lombards, under Alboin, and after a -gallant defence, lasting over three years, was at last subdued, rather -by famine than by force of arms, and surrendered to the besiegers. Pavia -then became the capital of the Lombard kingdom of Italy. - - - Pavia (Italian Wars). - -Fought May 22, 1431, on the Ticino, near Pavia, between 85 Venetian -galleys, under Nicolas Trevisani, and a somewhat superior number of -galleys in the pay of the Milanese. The Venetians were defeated, with a -loss of 70 galleys and 3,000 men. - - - Pavia (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought February 25, 1525, between the French, under Francis I, and the -Imperialists, under Lannoy. Francis, who was besieging Pavia, awaited -the attack of the Imperialists on his lines, and his artillery wrought -great havoc in their ranks, then, charging at the head of his cavalry, -he was repulsed by Lannoy’s infantry, and the Swiss mercenaries being -taken in flank, and thrown into disorder, the battle was lost. Francis -was captured. This is the occasion on which he wrote to his mother, -“Rien ne m’est demouré, excepté l’honneur et la vie qui est sauve.” - - - Peach Tree Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought July 22, 1864, in the course of the operations round Atlanta, -between the Federals, under General Sherman, and the Confederates, under -General Hood. Hood attacked the Federal position, and drove off their -left wing, capturing 13 guns and some prisoners; being reinforced, -however, the Federals rallied, and recovered the lost ground. The -Confederates, however, claimed the victory. The Federals lost 3,722, -including General McPherson. The Confederate losses were about the same. - - - Pea Ridge (American Civil War). - -Fought March 7 and 8, 1862, between 16,000 Confederates, under General -von Dorn, and the Federals, in equal force, under General Curtis. On the -7th the Confederates drove back the Federal right wing, and nearly -succeeded in cutting their communications, though they lost General -M’Culloch in the course of the action. On the 8th the Federals drove -back the Southerners, and recovered the ground they had lost, the battle -ending without decisive result. The losses on each side were about -1,000. This is also called the Battle of Gek Horn. - - - Peiwar Kotal (Second Afghan War). - -Fought December 2, 1878, between a British force, 3,200 strong, under -Sir Frederick Roberts, with 13 guns, and about 18,000 Afghans, with 11 -guns, strongly posted in the Kotal. By an able, but difficult turning -movement, the pass was crossed, and the Afghans completely defeated, -with heavy loss, all their guns being captured. The British lost 20 -killed and 78 wounded. - - - Peking (Tartar Invasion of China). - -This city was besieged by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, in 1210, and -after a long and obstinate defence, which so exhausted the besiegers -that Genghiz Khan is said to have decimated his men in order to feed the -rest, the city was taken by stratagem. - - - Pelekanon (Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor). - -Fought 1329, between the Turks, under Orkhan, and the forces of -Andronicus the Younger, Emperor of the East. The Imperialists were -defeated. This is the first occasion in which the Byzantines met the -Ottoman invaders in battle. - - - Pelischat (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought August 30, 1877, when the Turks, 25,000 strong, with 50 guns, -made a sortie from Plevna, and attacked the Russian lines in front of -Poradim. The Russians, 20,000 strong, under General Zotoff, succeeded in -repulsing all the Turkish attacks, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and -wounded. The Russians lost 1,000. - - - Pelusium (Persian Conquest of Egypt). - -Fought 525 B.C., between the Persians, under Cambyses, and the -Egyptians, under Psammeticus. The Egyptians were totally defeated, and -this victory was followed by the complete subjugation of Egypt, which -became a Persian satrapy. - - - Pelusium (War of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 321, between the Macedonians, under the Regent, Perdiccas, -and the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Lagus. Perdiccas attacked the fortress, -but was driven off with heavy loss, including 1,000 drowned in the Nile. - - - Peña Cerrada (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, held by a Carlist garrison, under Gergue, was captured by -Espartero with 19,000 Cristinos, June 21, 1838. After shelling the place -for 7 hours, Espartero attacked the Carlists, who held the heights -outside the town, and dispersed them, capturing 600 prisoners, and all -their guns. The remainder of the garrison then abandoned the place. - - - Penobscot Bay (American War of Independence). - -Fought July 14, 1779, when a British squadron of 10 ships, under Sir -George Collier, completely destroyed an American squadron of 24 ships, -and captured the 3,000 men who formed their crews. - - - Pen Selwood (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 1016, between the English, under Edmund Ironside, and the Danes, -under Knut, shortly after Edmund’s election as King by the Witanegemot. -This was the first of the series of engagements between the two rivals, -which ended with the Peace of Olney. - - - Pered (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought June 21, 1849, between the Hungarians, 16,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Austrians and Russians, under Prince Windischgrätz. The -allies attacked the Hungarian position, and after severe fighting, drove -them out, with a loss of about 3,000. - - - Perembacum (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 10, 1780, when a Mysore force, 11,000 strong, under -Tippu Sahib, surrounded and cut to pieces a detachment of Sir Hector -Monro’s army, 3,700 in number, under Colonel Baillie. Only a few, -including Baillie himself, escaped the massacre. - - - Perisabor (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by an Assyrian and Persian garrison, was -captured, May, 363, by the Romans, under Julian. The fortress was -dismantled and the town destroyed. - - - Perpignan. - -This fortress was besieged by the French, 11,000 strong, under the -Seigneur du Lude, at the end of 1474, and was defended by a Spanish -garrison. The Spanish army could not succeed in relieving the place, and -after holding out with great gallantry until March 14, 1475, the -garrison, reduced to 400 men, surrendered, and were allowed to march out -with the honours of war. The capture of Perpignan gave France possession -of Rousillon. - - - Perryville (American Civil War). - -Fought October 8, 1862, between 45,000 Federals, under General Buell, -and a somewhat smaller Confederate army, under General Bragg. The -Confederates attacked, and drove back the Federals, but no decisive -result was arrived at, and during the night Bragg withdrew, having -inflicted a loss of 4,000 on the enemy, and captured an artillery train. -The Confederates lost about 2,500 killed and wounded. - - - Persepolis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Macedonians, 31,000 strong, with 65 -elephants, under Antigonus, and 42,000 Asiatics, with 114 elephants, -under Eumenes. At the first onslaught, Antigonus’ infantry was -overwhelmed, but his cavalry retrieved the day, and seizing the enemy’s -camp, threw Eumenes’ phalanx into confusion. Upon this the Macedonian -infantry rallied, and gained a complete victory, Eumenes being captured. - - - Peshawar (Second Mohammedan Invasion of India). - -Fought 1001, between 10,000 Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, and -42,000 Punjabis, with 300 elephants, under the Rajah Jaipal of Lahore. -The Rajah was totally defeated, and captured with 15 of his principal -chiefs. - - - Petersburg (American Civil War). - -Fought June 15 to 18, 1864, forming an episode in the Federal attack on -Richmond. General Beauregard, with 8,000 men, was charged with the -defence of Petersburg, and at the same time had to contain General -Butler at Bermuda Hundred. His entrenchments before Petersburg were -attacked on the 15th by General Smith, and a portion of the first line -carried. On the 16th Beauregard withdrew the force masking Bermuda -Hundred, and concentrated his troops in front of Petersburg, but after -holding out till the afternoon, a panic seized the defenders, and they -were driven from the first line. Beauregard, however, rallied them, and -retook the entrenchments. During the night he withdrew to a second and -stronger line of defences, and on the 17th and 18th repulsed, with -terrible slaughter, all the efforts of the Federals to carry it. - - - Petersburg (American Civil War). - -On June 30, 1864, a mine was exploded under the Confederate defences in -front of Petersburg, and an attempt was made by the Federals to carry -the entrenchments during the confusion that ensued. The Confederates, -however, stood their ground, repulsing all attacks with heavy loss, and -of the Federals who succeeded in entering the breast-works, 5,000 were -killed or captured. Both the generals commanding, Lee and Grant, were -present during the action. - - - Peterwaradin (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 5, 1716, when Prince Eugene, with 80,000 Imperialists, -mostly veterans from the Flanders campaign, signally defeated 150,000 -Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha. The Turks lost 30,000 killed, 50 standards -and 250 guns. The Imperialists lost about 3,000. - - - Petra (Persian Wars). - -This strong fortress, garrisoned by 1,500 Persians, was besieged by the -Romans, 8,000 strong, under Dagisteus, in 549. After a series of -unsuccessful assaults the Romans succeeded in bringing down a large -portion of the outer wall by mining. By this time the garrison was -reduced to 400, but Dagisteus, delaying to storm the fortress, the -Persians succeeded in throwing in reinforcements, which brought the -garrison up to 3,000. Meanwhile all the breaches had been repaired, and -the Romans had to undertake a second siege. At last a breach was -effected, and after very severe fighting the besiegers effected a -lodgement. Of the defenders 700 fell in the second siege, and 1,070 in -the storm, while of 700 prisoners, only 18 were unwounded. Five hundred -retreated to the citadel, and held out to the last, perishing in the -flames when it was fired by the Romans. - - - Pharsalus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought August 9, B.C. 48, between the Pompeians, 60,000 strong, under -Pompey, and Cæsareans, 25,000 strong, under Cæsar. The Pompeian cavalry -drove back that of Cæsar, but following in pursuit, were thrown into -confusion by the legionaries, whereupon they turned and fled from the -field; the infantry followed and the battle became a rout, in which -15,000 Pompeians, and only 200 Cæsareans fell. After the battle, 20,000 -Pompeians surrendered. - - - Pharsalus (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 6, 1897, when Edhem Pasha, with three Turkish divisions, -drove the Greeks from their entrenchments in front of Pharsalus, at a -cost of about 230 killed and wounded. The Greek loss was not very heavy. - - - Philiphaugh (Civil War). - -Fought September 13, 1645, when 4,000 Lowland horse, under David Leslie, -surprised and cut to pieces Montrose’s force of Highlanders, encamped -near Selkirk. Montrose escaped with a few followers. - - - Philippi (Rebellion of Brutus). - -Fought B.C. 42, between the Republicans, under Brutus and Cassius, -100,000 strong, and the army of the Triumvirs, about equal in numbers, -under Octavius and Mark Antony. Brutus on the right repulsed the legions -of Octavius, and penetrated into his camp. Cassius, however, was -overthrown by Antony, and would have been overwhelmed but for the -arrival of aid from the successful right wing. The action was renewed on -the second day, when the Triumvirs were completely victorious, and the -Republican army dispersed. Brutus committed suicide on the field of -battle. - - - Philippopolis (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire). - -This city was besieged, 251, by the Goths, under Cniva, and after a -gallant defence, and the defeat of an attempt by Decius to relieve it, -was stormed and sacked. It is said that 100,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants perished in the siege and subsequent massacre. - - - Philippopolis (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought February 17, 1878, between the Russians, under General Gourko, -and the Turks, under Fuad and Shakir Pashas. The Turks made a stubborn -defence of the approaches to Philippopolis, but were overpowered by -superior numbers, and forced to retreat with a loss of 5,000 killed and -wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and 114 guns. The Russians lost 1,300. - - - Philipsburg (War of the Polish Succession). - -This fortress, held by the Imperialists, was besieged 1734, by the -French, under the Duke of Berwick. The Duke was killed by a cannon ball -while visiting the trenches, but the place fell soon afterwards, -notwithstanding the efforts of Prince Eugene to relieve it. - - - Pieter’s Hill (Second Boer War). - -The scene of the severest fighting in the course of Sir Redvers Buller’s -final and successful attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The operations -commenced by the capture of Hlangwane, on February 19, 1900, which gave -the British command of the Tugela, which was crossed on the 21st. On the -22nd a steady advance was made up to the line of Pieter’s Hill, which -was attacked by the Irish Brigade, under General Hart, on the 23rd. At a -cost of nearly half their numbers, they succeeded in establishing -themselves under cover, close to the Boer trenches, but could not -dislodge the defenders. It was not till the 27th, when Buller had turned -the Boer left, that a general assault was successful, and the Boers -evacuated the position. The British losses during the operations were -1,896 killed and wounded. - - - Pingyang (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought September 15, 1894, between the Japanese, 14,000 strong, under -General Nodzu, and 12,000 Chinese, entrenched in a strong position. -After severe fighting the Chinese were driven from their entrenchments -with heavy loss. The Japanese lost 650 killed and wounded. - - - Pinkie Cleugh (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September, 1547, between the Scots, under the Earl of Huntly, and -the English, under the Protector Somerset. The Scots crossed the Esk, -and attacked the English lines, at first with success, but they were -thrown into confusion by a charge of cavalry, and in the end fled from -the field with heavy loss. - - - Pirot (Servo-Bulgarian War). - -Fought November 26 and 27, 1885, between 40,000 Servians, under King -Milan, and 45,000 Bulgarians, under Prince Alexander. After some -desultory fighting, the Bulgarians seized the town of Pirot in the -course of the afternoon. At dawn on the 27th, the Servians, by a -surprise attack, recovered Pirot, which was later retaken by the -Bulgarians, though the Servians continued to hold a position to the -south of the town till nightfall. Early next morning an armistice was -concluded. The Bulgarians lost 2,500, the Servians 2,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Pittsburg Landing. - -_See_ Shiloh. - - - Placentia (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the invading -Alemanni. The barbarians attacked the Romans in the dusk of evening, -after a long and fatiguing march, and threw them into disorder, but they -were rallied by the Emperor, and after severe fighting, succeeded in -beating off their assailants. - - - Plains of Abraham (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 13, 1759, when Wolfe, who was lying on shipboard in the -St. Lawrence above Quebec, with 4,000 troops, effected a landing -secretly in the night of the 12th to the 13th, and took up unperceived a -strong position on the Plains of Abraham. Next morning he was attacked -by Montcalm, with about equal numbers, but notwithstanding the most -desperate efforts, the French were unable to carry the position, and -were driven back into Quebec with a loss of about 1,500. Both Wolfe and -Montcalm fell mortally wounded. The British loss amounted to 664 killed -and wounded. The French immediately afterwards evacuated Quebec. - - - Plassy (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1757, between the British, 3,000 strong, with 8 guns, under -Clive, and the army of Surabjah Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, aided by a -small force of Frenchmen. Clive was encamped in a grove of mango-trees, -where he was attacked by the Nawab. He beat off the attack, and then -stormed the Nawab’s lines, totally routing his army, which fled in -panic, with a loss of about 500. The British lost 72 only. - - - Platæa (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 479, between the Greeks, about 100,000 strong, under -Pausanias the Spartan, and 300,000 Persians, with 50,000 Greek -auxiliaries, under Mardonius. The Persians fought bravely, but were -overborne by the superior discipline and heavier armour of the Greeks, -and Mardonius falling, a panic ensued, and they fled to their entrenched -camp. This was stormed by the Athenians, and no quarter was given, with -the result, it is said, that with the exception of a body of 40,000 -which left the field early in the battle, only 3,000 Persians escaped. - - - Platæa (Peloponnesian War). - -In 429 B.C., this city, held by a garrison of 400 Platæans and 80 -Athenians, was besieged by the Spartans, under Archidamus. All the -useless mouths were sent out of the place, only 110 women being retained -to bake bread. The garrison repulsed numerous assaults, and the siege -soon resolved itself into a blockade, but provisions becoming scarce, an -attempt was made to break through the enemy’s lines, which half the -garrison succeeded in doing, with the loss of one man. The remainder -held out till 427, when being on the verge of starvation, they -surrendered. The survivors were tried for having deserted Bœotia for -Athens, at the outbreak of the war, and 200 Platæans, and 25 Athenians -were put to death. - - - Plescow (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -This fortress was besieged by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, -August 20, 1615, and defended by a Russian garrison. It is notable as -marking a departure from the established practice of surrounding a -besieged city with walls of circumvallation. For these Gustavus -substituted a series of entrenched camps, communications between which -were maintained by strong patrolling forces. Little progress was made, -owing to a delay in the arrival of the Swedish breaching guns, and -through the mediation of England, negotiations were opened with Russia, -and the siege raised, October 14, 1615. - - - Plevna (Russo-Turkish War). - -Four battles were fought in the course of the siege of Plevna, the first -three being attacks on the Russian defences, and the fourth, Osman -Pasha’s final attempt to cut his way through the besieger’s lines. - -On July 20, 1877, the advance guard of Krüdener’s corps, 6,500 strong, -under Schilder-Schuldener, attacked the defences to the north and east -of Plevna. The Russians advanced with impetuosity, and carried some of -the advanced trenches, driving the defenders back to the outskirts of -the town, but their heavy loss, and a failure of ammunition compelled a -retreat, and the Turks rallying, drove them from the positions they had -captured, and pursued them for some distance. The Russians lost -two-thirds of their officers, and nearly 2,000 men. - -The second battle took place, July 30, when General Krüdener, with -30,000 Russians in two divisions, assailed the Turkish redoubts to the -north and east of the town. Schakofsky had command of the latter attack, -Krüdener himself leading the assault on the Gravitza redoubt on the -north. Krüdener was absolutely unsuccessful. Schakofsky by 5.30 p.m. was -in possession of two of the eastern redoubts, but before nightfall these -were retaken by the Turks, and the Russians retired, defeated all along -the line. Their losses amounted to 169 officers and 7,136 men, of whom -2,400 were left dead on the field. On the 11th and 12th of September, -the investing army, 95,000 strong, under the Grand Duke Michael, -attacked Plevna on three sides, Osman Pasha having now 30,000 men under -his command. On the 11th an attack on the Omar Tabrija redoubt was -repulsed with a loss to the Russians of 6,000 men. The attack on the -Gravitza redoubts resulted in the capture of the “Bloody Battery,” which -the Russians held till the end of the siege. On the south-west, -Skobeleff captured two of the six inner redoubts which protected that -angle of the fortress. On the 12th, the attack on the second Gravitza -redoubt was repulsed, and the two redoubts captured by Skobeleff were -retaken, after a terrible struggle. The losses in the two days’ fighting -amounted to 20,600 including 2,000 prisoners, on the Russian side, on -that of the Turks to 5,000. Of these, 8,000 Russians, and 4,000 Turks -fell in Skobeleff’s attack. - -On December 10, Osman Pasha, at the head of 25,000 Turks, accompanied by -9,000 convalescents and wounded in carts, attempted to cut his way -through the Russian army, now 100,000 strong, under the King of -Roumania, with Todleben as Chief of the Staff. The attempt was made on -the east of Plevna, and was directed against the Imperial Grenadiers, -under General Ganetzki. Having successfully crossed the Vid, Osman -charged down upon the Russians, on a line two miles in length, and -carried the first line of entrenchments. Todleben, however, hurried up -reinforcements, and the Turks were in turn attacked, and driven back in -confusion across the river, Osman being severely wounded. Here they made -their last stand, but were overpowered, and driven into Plevna, which -before evening capitulated, after a defence lasting 143 days. In this -engagement, the Turks lost 5,000, and the Russians 2,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Podhaic. - -Fought 1667, between 10,000 Poles, under John Sobieski, and 80,000 -Cossacks and Tartars who were besieging Kaminiec. The Cossacks were -totally routed and forced to evacuate Poland. - - - Podol (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 26, 1866, between the advance-guard of Prince Frederick -Charles’ army, and the Austrians, under General Clam-Gallas. The -Austrians were defeated and driven out of Podol, after severe fighting, -in which they lost heavily. The Prussians took 500 prisoners. - - - Poitiers (Gothic Invasion of France). - -Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under -Alaric II. Clovis and Alaric met in single combat, and Alaric was slain, -following which the Goths were utterly routed. By this decisive victory, -the province of Aquitaine was added to the Frankish dominions. - - - Poitiers (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought September 19, 1356, between 8,000 English, under Edward the Black -Prince, and 80,000 French, under King John of France. The English -occupied a strong position behind lanes and vineyards, in which their -archers were posted. The French cavalry, charging up the lanes, were -thrown into confusion by the bowmen, and were then taken in flank by the -English knights and men-at-arms, who completely routed them, with a loss -of 8,000 killed, and numerous prisoners, including the King. The English -losses were very small. - - - Pola (War of Chiozza). - -Fought 1380, when Doria, with 22 Genoese galleys, offered battle to the -Venetian fleet, under Pisani, which was lying at Pola. Pisani sallied -out with 20 galleys, and captured the Genoese flag-ship, Doria being -killed. The Genoese, however, rallied, drove Pisani back, and defeated -him with a loss of 2,000 killed, and 15 galleys and 1,900 men captured. - - - Pollentia (First Gothic Invasion of Italy). - -Fought March 29, 403, between the Goths, under Alaric, and the Romans, -under Stilicho. Stilicho attacked the Gothic camp while they were -celebrating the festival of Easter, and owing to the surprise, the -charge of the Roman cavalry threw them into confusion. They were, -however, soon rallied by Alaric, and the Romans driven off with heavy -loss, but Stilicho advancing at the head of the legionaries, forced his -way into the camp, and drove out the Goths with enormous slaughter. -Alaric’s wife was among the captives. - - - Pollicore (First Mysore War). - -Fought August 27, 1781, between 11,000 British, under Sir Eyre Coote and -the Mysoris, 80,000 strong, under Haidar Ali. Coote seized the village -of Pollicore, turning Haidar’s flank and forcing him to retreat, after -an action lasting eight hours. The British lost 421 killed and wounded, -the Mysoris about 2,000. - - - Polonka (Russo-Polish Wars). - -Fought 1667, between the Russian invaders, and the Poles, under -Czarnieçki. The Russians were totally routed, a defeat which was largely -instrumental in bringing about the signature of peace in the same year. - - - Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought August 18, 1812, between 33,000 French and Bavarians, under -General Saint Cyr, and 30,000 Russians, under Count Wittgenstein. The -Russians were taken by surprise, and after an action which lasted two -hours only, were driven back with a loss of 3,000 killed, 1,500 -prisoners and 14 guns. The French lost a little over 1,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 18, 1812, when General Saint-Cyr, with 30,000 French and -Bavarians, was attacked and defeated by the Russians, in slightly -superior force, under Count Wittgenstein, and forced to evacuate -Polotsk. - - - Ponani (First Mysore War). - -Fought November 19, 1780, when a force of British and native troops, -about 2,500 strong, under Colonel Macleod, entrenched near Ponani, were -attacked before daybreak by a strong force of Mysoris, under Tippu -Sahib. The Mysoris were repulsed at the point of the bayonet, with a -loss of 1,100. The British loss was 87 only. - - - Pondicherry. - -This place was invested by the British, under Admiral Boscawen, with a -fleet of 30 sail, and a land force of 6,000 men, August 30, 1748, and -was defended by a French garrison of 4,800, under Dupleix. The siege was -grossly mismanaged, and in October Boscawen was forced to withdraw, -having lost by sickness or in action nearly a third of his land force. -The French lost 250 only during the siege. - - - Pondicherry (Seven Years’ War). - -In August, 1760, Colonel Coote, with about 8,000 British and native -troops, invested this place, which was held by a French garrison, 3,000 -strong, under Lally-Tollendal. Coote was almost immediately superseded -by Colonel Monson, but the latter having been wounded, Coote resumed the -command. Fire was not opened from the breaching batteries till December -8th, and on the 31st a terrific hurricane wrecked all the land -batteries, and drove ashore six ships of the blockading squadron. On -January 10, 1761, however, fire was reopened, and the town surrendered -on the 15th. - - - Pondicherry. - -Having been surrendered to the French by the Peace of Paris, Pondicherry -was again besieged by a British force, under Sir Hector Monro, in -conjunction with a squadron of ships, under Sir Edward Vernon, August 8, -1778. It was gallantly defended by the French, under M. Bellecombe, -until the middle of October, when after a month’s bombardment the place -surrendered. - - - Pondicherry. - -A naval action was fought off Pondicherry, August 10, 1778, during the -third siege, when a French squadron of 5 ships, under M. Tronjolly, -issued from the roads, and offered battle to the 5 ships of Sir Edward -Vernon. The French were worsted, and driven back to their anchorage. - - - Pondicherry. - -A second naval action off this place was fought June 20, 1783, between a -British squadron of 18 ships of the line, and 12 frigates, under Sir -Edward Hughes, and a French squadron, under de Suffren. The battle was -undecided, the British ships suffering considerably in masts and -rigging, and being unable to chase when de Suffren sheered off. The -British loss was 520 killed and wounded. - - - Pontevert (Gallic War). - -Fought 57 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Cæsar, and the Suevi, -300,000 strong, under Galba. The Suevi attacked the Roman entrenched -camp, but were repulsed with very heavy loss and their army dispersed. - - - Pont Valain (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1370, between the French, under du Guesclin, and the English, -under Sir Thomas Granson. The French surprised the English camp, but the -English rallied, and a severe conflict followed, in which the French -attack was at first repulsed. A flank movement of the French, however, -threw the English into disorder, and they were defeated with a loss of -nearly 10,000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, among the latter being -Sir Thomas Granson. - - - Poonah (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought October 25, 1802, between the forces of Jeswunt Rao, and the -united armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia of Gwalior. After an evenly -contested action, Jeswunt Rao got the upper hand, and gained a complete -victory, Sindhia fleeing from the field, leaving behind him all his guns -and baggage. - - - Port Arthur (Chino-Japanese War). - -This place, held by a Chinese garrison of 9,000 men, was attacked and -stormed by the Japanese, after a short bombardment. The Chinese made but -a feeble resistance, the assailants losing only 270 killed and wounded. - - - Port Arthur (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought February 8, 1904, between a Japanese fleet of 16 warships, under -Vice-Admiral Togo, and the Russian fleet of 6 battleships and 10 -cruisers, under Vice-Admiral Stark, lying at anchor off Port Arthur. The -Japanese attacked with torpedo boats, and succeeded in seriously -damaging 2 battleships and a cruiser, which were beached at the mouth of -the harbour. They then opened a bombardment, in which they injured a -third battleship and four more cruisers sustaining no damage to their -own ships. The Russians lost 56 killed and wounded, the Japanese, 58, -chiefly in the torpedo boats. - -On April 13, the Japanese torpedo flotilla attacked the Russian -squadron, under Makaroff. The battleship Petropavlovsk was torpedoed and -sunk, Makaroff and 700 officers and men being drowned. The battleship -Pobieda, and a destroyer were also torpedoed, but managed to reach the -harbour. The Japanese suffered no material loss. - -After numerous only partially successful attempts to block the fairway, -the Japanese, on May 2, sent in a fleet of merchant steamers, -accompanied by the torpedo flotilla. Of these, eight succeeded in -reaching the outer harbour, and two of them broke the boom guarding the -inner harbour, and were blown up by their commanders in the fairway. -Several others were sunk near the harbour entrance. Of the 179 officers -and men forming the crews of the merchant steamers, only 42 were rescued -by the Japanese, though a few survivors fell into the hands of the -Russians. This is one of the most daring exploits in the history of -naval warfare. - - - Porte St. Antoine (Wars of the Fronde). - -Fought July 2, 1652, between the Royal troops, under Turenne, and 5,000 -insurgents, under Condé. Condé occupied a position round the gate, -protected by barricades and fortified houses, where he was attacked by -Turenne. The barricades were taken and retaken several times, but at -last, after heavy fighting, Condé abandoned all idea of penetrating into -Paris, and retired. His losses were heavy, especially in officers, among -the severely wounded being the Duc de Nemurs, and the Duc de la -Rochefoucauld. - - - Port Hudson (American Civil War). - -This fortress was invested, May 25, 1863, by five Federal divisions, -under General Banks, and defended by 6,000 Confederates, under General -Gardner. An assault on the 27th was repulsed, and a regular siege -commenced. After a second unsuccessful assault, on June 14, the -garrison, having no hope of relief, surrendered, July 9, having lost 800 -men during the siege. The losses of the besiegers were far heavier, the -two unsuccessful assaults showing a heavy list of casualties. - - - Portland (Dutch Wars). - -Fought February 18, 1653, between an English fleet of about 70 sail, -under Blake, Deane and Monk, and a Dutch fleet of 73 ships, convoying -300 merchantmen, under Van Tromp, de Ruyter and Evetzen. In the early -part of the engagement, which was very severely contested, three English -ships were carried by the board, and that portion of the fleet which had -come into action was nearly overwhelmed. At this crisis, however, the -rest of the English ships engaged, the battle was restored, and the -captured ships retaken. On the 19th the battle was renewed off the Isle -of Wight, 5 Dutch ships being captured or destroyed. On the 20th the -Dutch sheered off defeated, having lost during the three days’ fighting, -11 men-of-war, 60 merchant ships, 1,500 killed and wounded and 700 -prisoners. The English losses were also heavy. - - - Porto Bello (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -This Spanish-American fortress was captured in 1665 by 460 Buccaneers, -under Morgan. The walls were scaled, and the town sacked, unheard-of -cruelties being perpetrated by the Filibusters. - - - Porto Bello (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This place was captured from the Spaniards, November 21, 1740, by a -British fleet of 6 ships, under Admiral Vernon. The British loss was -trifling. - - - Porto Novo (First Mysore War). - -Fought July 1, 1781, between 8,500 British troops, under Sir Eyre Coote, -and about 65,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Hyder occupied a strongly -entrenched camp, blocking the British advance upon Cuddalore. Here he -was attacked by Coote, and after a day’s hard fighting the position was -stormed, and Hyder forced to retreat. The British lost 306 only, while -the Mysoris are computed to have lost 10,000. - - - Porto Praya Bay. - -Fought April 16, 1781, when Commodore Johnstone, in command of a British -squadron of 5 ships of the line and 5 frigates, repulsed a determined -attack of a French squadron of 11 sail, under de Suffren. The loss in -the British squadron amounted to 36 killed and 147 wounded. - - - Port Republic (American Civil War). - -Fought June 9, 1862, between the Federals, 12,000 strong, under General -Shields, and an equal force of Confederates, under General Jackson. The -Federals were completely defeated, a portion of their army being driven -from the field in disorder and with heavy loss. - - - Potidæa. - -This city was besieged by a force of about 3,000 Athenians, B.C. 432, -and was defended by a small garrison of Corinthians, under Aristæus. The -town held out until the winter of 429, when the garrison surrendered, -and were permitted to go free. - - - Potosi. (South-American War of Independence). - -Fought April, 1825, between, the Bolivians, under Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists, under Olaneta. The Spaniards were completely -defeated. - - - Prague (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 8, 1620, when the Imperialists, under Maximilian of -Bavaria and Count Tilly, drove 22,000 Bohemians, under Frederick of -Bohemia, up to the walls of Prague, and signally defeated them, with a -loss of 5,000 men and all their artillery. Frederick was obliged to take -refuge in the city, and soon afterwards capitulated. The battle only -lasted an hour, and the Imperialists lost no more than 300 men. - - - Prague (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought May 6, 1757, between 70,000 Austrians, under Charles of Lorraine, -and 60,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great. The Austrians occupied -a very strong position on the Moldau, which was attacked and carried by -Frederick, Charles being driven back into Prague with a loss of 8,000 -killed and wounded and 9,000 prisoners. Marshal Braun was among the -killed. The Prussians lost 13,000, including Marshal Schwerin. - - - Prairie Grove (American Civil War). - -A sanguinary but indecisive action, fought December 7, 1862, between the -Confederates, under General Hindman, and the Federals, under General -Herron. The losses were about equal. - - - Preston (Civil War). - -Fought August 17, 1648, when Langdale, with 4,000 Royalists, was -deserted by the main body of the Scottish invading army, and left to -face the attack of about 8,000 Parliamentarians under Cromwell. The -Royalists fought desperately for four hours, but were overpowered, and -the whole force killed or captured. - - - Preston (Rebellion of the Fifteen). - -Fought November 12, 1715, between 4,000 Jacobites, under General -Forster, and a small force of Royal troops, chiefly dragoons, under -General Wills. The Jacobites had barricaded the approaches to the town, -and held their ground throughout the day, but reinforcements arriving, -Wills was able to invest the place completely; and early on the morning -of the 14th Forster surrendered. Many of the rebels having left the town -on the night of the 12th, the prisoners numbered 1,468. The Jacobite -loss in killed and wounded was 42, that of the Royalists about 200. - - - Prestonpans (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought September 21, 1745, between 2,300 Royal troops, under Sir John -Cope, and a slightly superior force of Jacobites, under the Young -Pretender. Cope’s infantry failed to stand up against the charge of the -Highlanders, and fled in confusion, losing heavily in killed and -wounded, and 1,600 prisoners, including 70 officers. The Highlanders -lost about 140 killed and wounded. This action is also known as the -Battle of Gladsmuir. - - - Primolano (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 7, 1796, when Napoleon surprised and totally routed the -vanguard of Wurmser’s army. The Austrians lost over 4,000 killed, -wounded and prisoners. - - - Princeton (American War of Independence). - -Fought 1776 between the Americans, under Washington, and the British, -under General Gage. The British were defeated, and this victory enabled -Washington to regain possession of New Jersey. - - - Pruth, The (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 2, 1770, when the Russians, under General Romanzoff, -stormed the triple entrenchments held by the main Turkish army, 120,000 -strong, under Halil Bey, and drove out the Turks with a loss of 20,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Puente (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 16, 1816, between the Colombian Patriots, under -Lorrices, and the Spanish Royalists, under Morillo. The Royalists gained -a complete victory. - - - Puente de la Reyna (Second Carlist War). - -Fought October 6, 1872, between 50,000 Carlists, under Ollo, and about -9,000 Republicans, under Moriones. The Republicans were defeated after -hard fighting, and were at last driven in disorder from the field by a -bayonet charge. The Carlists lost 113 only; the losses of the -Republicans were far heavier. - - - Pultowa (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July 8, 1709, between the Swedes, 24,000 strong, under Charles -XII, and the Russians, 70,000 in number, under Peter the Great. After -some successes early in the battle the Swedes were overwhelmed by the -Czar’s great superiority in artillery, and were defeated with a loss of -9,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. Charles with difficulty -made his escape from the field by swimming the Borysthenes. - - - Pultusk (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1703, between 10,000 Swedes, under Charles XII, and an equal -force of Saxons, under Marshal von Stenau. The Saxons made practically -no resistance, but fled from the field, losing only 600 killed and 1,000 -prisoners. - - - Pultusk (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought December 26, 1806, between 43,000 Russians, under Bennigsen, and -18,000 French, under Lannes. Lannes endeavoured to pierce the Russian -left and cut them off from the town, but he did not succeed in getting -through, and in this part of the field the action was indecisive. On the -left the French did little more than hold their own, but the Russians -retired during the night, having lost 3,000 killed and wounded, 2,000 -prisoners, and a large number of guns. The French admitted a loss of -1,500 only, but this is probably an understatement, Russian accounts -estimating the French losses at 8,000. - - - Puna (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -On April 27, 1687, three Buccaneering vessels, under Captain Davis, -engaged two Spanish men-of-war off Puna. The action was entirely one of -long-range firing, and lasted till May 3, when the Spanish commander -withdrew his ships. In the seven days only three or four Buccaneers were -wounded. - - - Punniar (Gwalior Campaign). - -Fought December 29, 1843, between the left wing of Sir Hugh Gough’s -army, under General Grey, and a force of 12,000 Mahrattas, with 40 guns. -The Mahrattas were totally routed. - - - Pydna (Third Macedonian War). - -Fought June 22, 168 B.C., between the Romans, under Æmilius Paulus, and -the Macedonians, under Perseus. The Macedonian phalanx attacked the -Roman line, and drove them back on their camp, but becoming disordered -by the uneven ground, was broken by the legionaries and cut to pieces. -The result was a total defeat of the Macedonians, with a loss of 20,000 -killed and 11,000 prisoners. The phalanx here fought its last fight and -perished to a man. - - - Pyramids (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought July 21, 1798, when the Mameluke army, under Murad Bey, -endeavoured to arrest Napoleon’s march on Cairo. The Mameluke infantry, -numbering about 20,000, took no part in the fight, but their cavalry, -perhaps at that time the finest in the world, charged the French squares -with the utmost gallantry. They were, however, repulsed time after time, -with great slaughter, and were eventually driven into the Nile, where -the shattered remnants escaped by swimming. - - - Pyrenees (Peninsular War). - -The engagements fought between Wellington’s lieutenants and Soult’s -army, which was endeavouring to relieve San Sebastian, are known as the -Battles of the Pyrenees. They include the fighting from July 25 to -August 2, 1813, and specially the actions of Roncesvalles, Maya, -Santarem and Buenzas. The British loss in these battles amounted to -7,300, while the French lost fully double that number. - - - Pylos and Sphacteria (Peloponnesian War). - -The promontory of Pylos, which is separated by a narrow channel from the -island of Sphacteria, was seized and fortified by an Athenian force -under Demosthenes, B.C. 425. Here he was besieged by the Spartans under -Thrasymelidas, with a land force and a fleet of 43 ships, the crews of -which occupied Sphacteria. Demosthenes repulsed an attack on Pylos, and -Eurymedon, arriving with 50 Athenian vessels, defeated the Spartan -fleet, and blockaded Sphacteria. After a protracted siege, the arrival -of reinforcements, under Cleon, enabled the Athenians to land 14,000 men -in the island, and the garrison, reduced from 420 to 292, surrendered. - - - - - Q - - - Quatre Bras (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 16, 1815, between the advance guard of the British army, -under Wellington, and the left wing of the French army, 16,000 strong, -under Ney. Napoleon’s object was to prevent the junction of the British -and the Prussians, and Ney’s orders were to drive back the British, -while Napoleon, with his main body, engaged the Prussians. Ney attacked -at 3 p.m., but the British held their own till evening, when Ney, not -receiving the reinforcements he expected, began to fall back. Wellington -then attacked vigorously all along the line, retaking all the positions -occupied by the French during the day. - - - Quebec (Seven Years’ War). - -This city was besieged June, 1759, by 9,000 British troops, under -General Wolfe, assisted by a fleet of 22 ships of war, under Admiral -Holmes. The place was defended by about 16,000 French, under Montcalm. -Wolfe was too weak numerically for an investment, and his object was to -draw Montcalm into an engagement. On July 31 he was defeated in an -attack on Montcalm’s lines outside the city, but on September 13, having -landed above Quebec, he met and defeated the French, who evacuated the -place on the 17th. - -After defeating General Murray, April 27, 1760, the Chevalier de Levis -laid siege to Quebec, with about 8,000 French and Canadians. The -garrison consisted of no more than 2,500 effectives, but owing to the -superiority of their artillery, Levis was unable to make any impression -on the defences. On May 15 a small British squadron anchored off the -city, and on the following day attacked and destroyed the French ships -carrying de Levis’ supplies and reserve of ammunition, whereupon he -hastily raised the siege, leaving behind him 40 siege guns and all his -sick and wounded. - - - Queenston Heights (Second American War). - -Fought October 13, 1812, between 4,000 British (chiefly Canadian -volunteers), under General Brock, and about 5,000 Americans, under Van -Rensselaer. The Americans attacked the British position on Queenston -Heights, and after very severe fighting, were totally defeated. The -exact losses are unknown, but the British took 1,000 prisoners, and the -American column was practically annihilated. - - - Quiberon Bay (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 20, 1759, between the British fleet, 23 sail of the line -and 10 frigates, under Hawke, and 21 French line-of-battleships and 3 -frigates, under Conflans. The action was fought in a heavy gale on a lee -shore, and resulted in the French being driven to take refuge in -Quiberon Bay, with a loss of 2 ships sunk and 2 captured. -Notwithstanding the gale, Hawke followed up his advantage, and standing -in, succeeded in capturing or destroying all but four of the ships which -had taken refuge in the bay, though in so doing he lost two of his own -ships, which were driven ashore and wrecked. The British lost in the -action only 1 officer and 270 men killed and wounded. - - - Quipuaypan (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1532, between the rival Peruvian chiefs, Atahualpa and Huascar. -Huascar was totally routed, and taken prisoner. - - - Quistello (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought July, 1734, between the Imperialists, under Prince Eugene, and -the French, under the Duc de Broglie. Prince Eugene gained a signal -victory. - - - - - R - - - Raab (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought June 14, 1809, between 44,000 French, under Eugene Beauharnais, -and about 40,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John. The French attacked -the Austrian position, and driving them successively from the villages -of Kismegyer and Szabadhegy, totally defeated them. Under cover of -night, however, the Archduke was able to make an orderly retirement, -with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded and 2,500 prisoners. The -French lost something over 2,000. - - - Radcot Bridge. - -Fought 1387, between the troops of Richard II, under De Vere, Duke of -Ireland, and the forces of the Lords Appellant, under the Earl of Derby -(Henry IV). De Vere and his troops fled almost without striking a blow, -and the King was thus left entirely in the power of the Barons. - - - Ragatz (Armagnac War). - -Fought March, 1446, between the Austrians and the Swiss Confederation. -The Swiss gained a brilliant victory, which was followed by peace with -Austria and the Armagnacs. - - - Rajahmundry (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought December 9, 1758, between 2,500 British troops, under Colonel -Forde, in conjunction with about 5,000 native levies, and the French, -6,500 strong, under Conflans. The native troops did little on either -side, but Forde’s 500 Europeans routed Conflans’ Frenchmen, and the -latter fled with considerable loss. - - - Rakersberg (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1416, between 20,000 Turks, under Ahmed Bey, and 12,000 Austrians -and others, under Duke Ernest of Styria. Duke Ernest marched to the -relief of Rakersberg, which the Turks were besieging, and drove them -from the field utterly routed. It is said that the Turkish losses -amounted to more than the whole Christian army. Ahmed Bey was among the -slain. - - - Ramillies (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought May 23, 1706, between the British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, about 80,000 strong, and the French, in -equal force, under Marshal Villeroy. The allies drove the French out of -Ramillies, their resistance on the whole being unworthy of them, and in -the end they were disastrously defeated with heavy loss, 5,000 being -killed and wounded, while 6,000 prisoners and 50 guns were taken. The -allies lost less than 3,000. - - - Ramla. - -Fought 1177, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the Christians of -Jerusalem, under Renaud de Châtillon. The Christians won a complete -victory. - - - Ramnugger (Second Sikh War). - -Fought November, 1849, when Lord Gough attempted to dislodge Shir Singh, -who with about 35,000 Sikhs, had occupied a position behind the Chenab -opposite Ramnugger. The attempt was made by a brigade under General -Campbell, with a cavalry force under General Cureton, and failed owing -to the unexpected strength of the Sikh artillery, which was well posted -and served. General Cureton was killed. - - - Raphia. - -Fought B.C. 223, between the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Philopator, and -the Syrians, under Antiochus the Great. Antiochus at first held the -advantage, but pressing too far in the pursuit, was overpowered and -totally routed. The Syrians lost 14,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. - - - Rastadt (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1796, between the French, under Moreau, and the Austrians, under -the Archduke Charles. After a severe engagement Moreau succeeded in -seizing the heights held by the Austrians, and forced Charles to retreat -to the Danube. - - - Raszyn (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought April 19, 1809, between 30,000 Austrians, under the Archduke -Ferdinand, and about 20,000 French and Poles, under Poniatowski. The -Archduke was marching on Warsaw when Poniatowski, to whom the defence of -that city had been entrusted, came out to meet him, and after a stubborn -fight in the woods and marshes round Raszyn, was driven back upon -Warsaw, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded. A few days later he -surrendered the city to the Austrians to save it from a bombardment. - - - Rathenow (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought June 25, 1675, between the Brandenburgers, 15,000 strong, under -the Elector Frederick William, and the Swedes, under Charles XI. The -Swedes, wearied by a long march, were surprised by the Elector in their -camp, and suffered a serious reverse. - - - Rathmines (Civil War). - -Fought August 2, 1649, between the Royalists, under Ormonde, and the -Parliamentary garrison of Dublin, under Colonel Jones. Ormonde having -ordered a night attack upon Dublin, the Parliamentarians made a sortie, -and driving back the assaulting column, attacked the main body of the -Royalists in their camp, totally routing them, with a loss of 4,000 -killed and wounded and 2,000 prisoners. All Ormonde’s artillery was -captured. - - - Ravenna. - -Fought 729 between the troops of Leo the Iconoclast, and a force of -Italians, raised by Pope Gregory II, in defence of image worship. After -a severe struggle, the Greeks were routed, and in their flight to their -ships were slaughtered by thousands. It is said that the waters of the -Po were so infected with blood, that for six years the inhabitants of -Ravenna would not eat any fish caught in that river. - - - Ravenna (War of the Holy League). - -Fought 1512, between the troops of the Holy League, and the French, -under Gaston de Foix. The French gained a signal victory, but Gaston de -Foix fell in the moment of his triumph, pierced with sixteen wounds. - - - Reading (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under -Æthelred and Alfred. The West Saxons, after a stubborn resistance, were -defeated and driven from the field with great slaughter. - - - Rebec (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought 1524. between the Imperialists, under Constable de Bourbon, and -the French, under Bonnivet. The French were totally defeated, with heavy -loss, among those who fell being the Chevalier de Bayard. - - - Redan (Crimean War). - -This fort, forming part of the southern defences of Sebastopol, was -attacked by the British Second and Light Divisions, September 8, 1855. -The ramparts were stormed, but the assailants were unable to make good -their footing, and were eventually repulsed with heavy loss. The fall of -the Malakoff, however, rendered the southern side of Sebastopol -untenable, and the Russians retired during the night. The British losses -amounted to 2,184 killed and wounded. - - - Reddersberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought April 3, 1900, when 5 companies of British infantry were -surrounded by a force of Boers, with 5 guns, and after holding out for -twenty-four hours, were compelled by want of water to surrender, having -lost 4 officers and 43 men killed and wounded. The prisoners numbered -405. - - - Reims (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 13, 1814, when Napoleon, with 30,000 French, surprised and -routed 13,000 Prussians and Russians, under Saint-Priest, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. The French lost a few hundreds -only. - - - Revel (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -This port was attacked in the spring of 1790 by the Swedish fleet, under -the Duke of Sudermanland. The Russian batteries, however, aided by the -fleet under Admiral Chitchagoff, drove them off with considerable loss. - - - Revolax (Finland War). - -Fought April 27, 1808, when General Klingspoor, with about 8,000 Swedes, -surprised an isolated Russian column of about 4,000 men, under General -Boulatoff. The Russians were surrounded, and tried to cut their way -through, but failed, less than 1,000 succeeding in escaping from the -trap. General Boulatoff fell fighting to the last. - - - Rhé. - -St. Martin, the capital of this island, was besieged by the English, -under the Duke of Buckingham, from July 17 to October 29, 1627. An -assault on October 27 was repulsed, and the landing of the Duke of -Schomberg, with 6,000 French, on the island, made the English lines -untenable, whereupon Buckingham raised the siege. While returning to his -ships Buckingham was attacked by the French, and suffered considerably. -The English losses during the operations amounted to about 4,000 men. - - - Rheinfeldt (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought 1638, between the Protestant Germans, under Duke Bernard of Saxe -Weimar, and the Imperialists, under Jean de Wert. The Duke was besieging -Rheinfeldt, when he was attacked by de Wert, and forced to raise the -siege and retire. After retreating, however, a short distance only, -unpursued, he suddenly retraced his steps, and taking the Imperialists -by surprise, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, dispersing their army -and capturing de Wert. In this action fell the veteran Duc de Rohan. - - - Rhodes (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, defended by the Knights, under their Grand Master, Pierre -d’Aubusson, was besieged May 23, 1480, by a Turkish army, under Meshid -Pasha, aided by a fleet of 160 ships. The siege lasted three months, and -was raised after the failure of the second assault, the Turks having by -that time lost 10,500 killed and wounded. - -A second and successful siege was begun July 28, 1522, by Solyman the -Magnificent. The Knights, under Villiers de L’Isle Adam, held out until -December 21, repulsing numerous attacks, but at last, worn by famine, -they were compelled to surrender. The Turks are stated to have lost by -disease and battle over 100,000 men. This siege is notable as being the -first in which the Turks used explosive bombs. - - - Riachuelo (Paraguayan War). - -Fought June 11, 1865, between the fleets of Paraguay and Brazil. After a -sanguinary engagement the advantage rested with the Brazilians. - - - Richmond (American Civil War). - -Fought August 30, 1862, between the Confederates, about 6,000 strong, -under General Kirby Smith, and 8,000 Federals, under General Manson. The -Federals were routed and driven headlong into Richmond, where 5,000 -prisoners, 9 guns and 10,000 stand of arms were captured. The -Confederate losses were slight. - - - Richmond (American Civil War). - -In the neighbourhood of this place were fought the final actions of the -war, when Lee, with the army of Virginia, endeavoured to break through -the ring of Grant’s troops by which he was surrounded, and being -everywhere repulsed, was compelled to surrender March 8, 1865, on which -date he had but 10,000 effectives under his command. - - - Rich Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought July 12, 1861, between 15,000 Federals, under General McClellan, -and 6,000 Confederates, under General Garnett. The Federals stormed the -heights of Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill, and drove the Southerners from -their positions, with a loss of about 1,000, including prisoners. During -the pursuit on the following day, General Garnett was killed in a -cavalry skirmish. - - - Rietfontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 24, 1899, between 4,000 British, under Sir George White, -and the Free Staters, who were advancing to interrupt the retreat of -Colonel Yule from Dundee. The enemy occupied a range of hills about -seven miles from Ladysmith, where they were attacked by White. After an -indecisive action the British retired to Ladysmith, with a loss of 111 -killed and wounded, but the object aimed at was attained, for the Boers -were prevented from interfering with Colonel Yule’s march. - - - Rieti (Neapolitan Rising). - -Fought March 21, 1821, between 12,000 Neapolitans, under General Pepe, -and the Austrian invading army, 80,000 strong. As long as he was -opposing only the advance guard, Pepe made a most resolute resistance, -but on their being reinforced from the main body, the Neapolitans were -overpowered by superior numbers, and finally driven in confusion from -the field. Two days’ later the Austrians entered Naples, and reinstated -Ferdinand on the throne. - - - Riga (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was invested by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, in the -early part of August, 1621, and was defended by a garrison of 300 Poles. -A resolute defence was made, and several determined assaults repulsed, -but a large breach having having been effected by September 11, the -garrison, now reduced to a handful, had no option but to surrender, and -the town was entered by the Swedes, September 15, 1621. - - - Rimnitz (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1789, when 25,000 Austrians and Russians, under the -Duke of Coburg and Suwaroff, routed an army of 90,000 Turks, under the -Grand Vizier. The Turkish losses were enormous, the whole army being -killed, captured, or dispersed. - - - Rinya (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 21, 1556, between 40,000 Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a -comparatively small force of Austrians and Hungarians, under Thomas -Nadasdy. The Turks were defeated with heavy loss, the Christians losing -300 men only. - - - Rio Seco (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 14, 1808, when Marshal Bessières, with about 14,000 French, -defeated 26,000 Spaniards, under Cuesta. The Spaniards lost about 6,000, -while the French loss was only 370 killed and wounded. Following upon -this victory, Joseph entered Madrid. - - - Rivoli (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought January 14, 1797. when the Austrians, with five divisions, under -Alvinzi, attacked Napoleon’s position on the heights of Rivoli. The -position proved too strong to be carried, and Napoleon’s superb handling -of his troops resulted in the total defeat of the assailants. The fifth -Austrian division, which had not taken part in the frontal attack, -appeared in the rear of the French position after the battle was over, -and being forced by overwhelming numbers, laid down its arms. Masséna, -who had specially distinguished himself, took his title from this battle -when later ennobled by Napoleon. - - - Roanoke Island (American Civil War). - -This island, which commanded the entrance to Albemarle Sound, North -Carolina, and which was defended by 1,800 Confederates, under General -Wise, was attacked February 7, 1862, by three brigades of Federals, -under General Burnside, aided by 26 gunboats. On the 8th the Federals -landed, overpowered the garrison, and occupied the island, losing 235 -killed and wounded. The Confederates lost 91 killed and wounded. Of 7 -Confederate gunboats employed in the defence, 5 were captured or -destroyed. - - - Rocoux (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought 1747, between the French, under Maurice de Saxe, and the -Imperialists, under Charles of Lorraine. The French won a signal -victory, as the result of which they occupied Brabant. - - - Rocroi (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought May 19, 1643, between the French, 22,000 strong, under the Great -Condé, and 27,000 Spaniards, under Don Francisco de Melo. The battle was -sternly contested, and at first went against the French, their left wing -being repulsed, and the centre shaken. Want of cavalry, however, -prevented Melo pressing home his advantage, and the French, rallying, -broke the Spanish line, and severely defeated them. The Spaniards lost -9,000 killed, and 6,000 prisoners in the infantry alone. The French only -admitted a loss of 2,000, but it was doubtless considerably heavier. - - - Roliça (Peninsular War). - -Fought August 17, 1808, when Wellington, with 14,000 British and -Portuguese, of whom only 4,000 came into action, attacked the French, -3,000 strong, under Laborde, and after a half-hearted resistance drove -them from their position, with a loss of 500 men. The allies lost about -400. - - - Rome (First Invasion of the Gauls). - -The first siege of Rome by the Gauls, under Brennus, took place B.C. -387. No attempt was made to defend the city, which was seized and burnt -by the barbarians, the greater part of the population fleeing to Veii -and other neighbouring cities. The Capitol, however, was held by the -leading Patrician families, and it is said withstood a siege of six -months, when Brennus accepted a heavy ransom and withdrew his army. - - - Rome (Second Gothic Invasion of Italy). - -The city was besieged in 408 by the Goths, under Alaric, and after being -brought to the verge of starvation and losing many thousands from -famine, the Romans capitulated, but retained their freedom on payment of -a heavy ransom, whereupon Alaric retired northward in 409. In the course -of the year, however, Alaric seized Ostia, the port of Rome, and -summoned the city to surrender. In the absence of the Emperor Honorius, -the populace forced the authorities to yield; and Alaric, after deposing -Honorius, and bestowing the purple on Attalus, withdrew his troops. In -410, during the month of August, Alaric for the third time appeared -before the walls, and on the night of the 24th the Salarian gate was -opened to the besiegers by some sympathisers within the city, and Rome -was given over to pillage and massacre, in which thousands perished. - - - Rome (Ricimer’s Rebellion). - -The rebel Count Ricimer, with a large army of Burgundians, Suevi and -other barbarians, laid siege to Rome in 472, and after a defence of -three months the besiegers entered the city by storming the Bridge of -Hadrian, and sacked it. - - - Rome (First Gothic War). - -In March, 537, the city was besieged by the Goths, under Vitiges, and -defended by Belisarius. After a determined resistance, during which a -vigorous assault was repulsed, and several successful sorties made, with -heavy loss to the besiegers, Vitiges in March, 538, was compelled to -raise the siege. - - - Rome (Second Gothic War). - -In May, 546, Totila, King of Italy, at the head of an army of Goths, -laid siege to Rome, which was defended by a garrison of 3,000, under -Bassas. An attempt to relieve it by Belisarius was on the point of -success, but Bassas failed to co-operate with the relieving force, and -Belisarius was forced to retire, whereupon the city surrendered, -December 17, 546. - -It was recovered by Belisarius in the following February, but was again -besieged by Totila in 549. On this occasion it was defended by a -garrison of 3,000 troops, under Demetrius, who, aided by the -inhabitants, made a gallant resistance, but the Gate of St. Paul was -opened to the besiegers by some Isaurian sympathisers within the walls, -and Totila thus made himself master of the last Italian city excepting -Ravenna, which had resisted his victorious army. - -In 552, after the defeat of Totila at Tagina, Rome was invested by the -Imperial army, under Narses, who, after a brief siege, stormed the -defences, and finally delivered the city from the Gothic domination. - - - Rome. - -In the course of dispute with Pope Gregory VII, who had refused to -recognize him as emperor, Henry III of Germany laid siege to Rome in -1082. After two interruptions to the siege, the city was finally -surrendered to him by the Roman nobles, March, 1084. Gregory was -deposed, and the anti-Pope Clement III set upon the pontifical throne, -Henry at the same time assuming the Imperial purple. - - - Rome (Wars of Charles V). - -The city was taken by storm May 9, 1527, by the Imperialists under the -Constable de Bourbon, who fell in the assault. A massacre followed, in -which 8,000 of the inhabitants perished. The Pope retired to the Castle -of St. Angelo, where he held out until November 26, when a treaty -between him and Charles V put an end to the conflict. - - - Rome (Italian Rising). - -After the proclamation of a Roman republic by Garibaldi and his -adherents in 1848, a French army, under General Oudinot, was sent to -restore the papal rule. On April 30, 1849, the French, 7,000 strong, -attacked the Porta San Pancrazio, where they were encountered by the -Republicans, under Garibaldi, and repulsed, with a loss of 300 killed -and wounded and 500 prisoners. The Garibaldians lost 100. - -On June 3 of the same year the French, under Oudinot, 20,000 strong, -made a night attack upon the Garibaldians, who brought up about 8,000 -men to oppose them. The Garibaldians were repulsed, with a loss of over -2,000, including 200 officers. Oudinot then laid siege to the city, -which, after a terrible bombardment, surrendered July 2, 1849. - - - Romerswael (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January 29, 1574, between the “Beggars of the Sea,” under Admiral -Boisot, and a Spanish fleet of 75 ships, under Julian Romero. The -“Beggars” grappled the enemy’s ships in a narrow estuary, and after a -very severe encounter, in which the Spaniards lost 15 vessels and 1,200 -men, Romero retreated to Bergen-op-Zoom. - - - Roncesvalles. - -Fought 778 between the Franks, under Charlemagne, and the Basques and -Gascons, under Loup II. The army of Charlemagne, retreating from Spain, -was caught in the defile of Roncesvalles, in the Pyrenees, and the -rearguard was totally annihilated, among those who fell being the famous -Paladin, Roland. - - - Roncesvalles (Peninsular War). - -One of the actions known as the “Battles of the Pyrenees,” fought July -25, 1813. Soult, at the head of Clauset’s division, attacked the -British, consisting of three brigades, under General Byng, but was -unable to carry their position, and after severe fighting was repulsed -with a loss of 400. The British lost 181 killed and wounded. - - - Rorke’s Drift (Zulu War). - -On the night of January 22, 1879, after the disaster of Isandhlwana, -this outpost, held by a company of the 24th Regiment and details, in all -139 men, under Lieutenants Bromhead and Chard, R.E., was attacked by a -force of Zulus, estimated at 4,000. After a most heroic defence, in -which many acts of heroism were performed, especially in the removal of -the sick from the hospital, which was fired by the Zulus, the assailants -were beaten off, leaving over 400 dead on the field. The little garrison -lost 25 killed and wounded. Eight Victoria Crosses and nine -Distinguished Conduct medals were awarded for this affair. - - - Rosbach (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 5, 1757, between 80,000 French and Austrians, under -Marshal Soubise, and 30,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great. -Frederick, who occupied the heights of Rosbach, was attacked by the -allies. The Prussian cavalry, however, under Seidlitz, charged down upon -the Austrians, and threw them into disorder, and the infantry falling -upon the broken columns utterly routed them, with a loss of 4,000 killed -and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, including 11 generals and 63 guns. The -Prussians lost 3,000 only. - - - Rosbecque. - -Fought 1382 between 50,000 Flemings, under Philip van Arteveldt, and the -French, under Charles VI. The Flemings at first drove back the French, -but were overwhelmed by the charges of the French cavalry on their -flanks, and were in the end utterly routed. Thousands fell in the action -and subsequent pursuit, amongst them van Arteveldt. - - - Rostock (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought June, 1677, between the Danish fleet, under Admiral Juel, and the -Swedes, under Admiral Horn. The Swedes were completely defeated. - - - Rotto Freddo (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought July, 1746, when the rearguard of the retreating French army, -under Marshal Maillebois, was attacked by the Austrians, under Prince -Lichtenstein, and after a gallant resistance defeated with heavy loss. -In consequence of this defeat the French garrison of Placentia, 4,000 -strong, surrendered to the Imperialists. - - - Rouen (Hundred Years’ War). - -This city was besieged 1418, by the English, under Henry V. After a -gallant defence the garrison surrendered January 15, 1419, the city -paying a ransom of 300,000 crowns. - - - Roundway Down (Civil War). - -Fought July 13, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, under Waller and -Hazlerigg, attacked the Royalists, under Prince Maurice, who was -advancing to the relief of Devizes. The Parliamentarians were totally -defeated, their attack on Prince Maurice being repulsed, while at the -same time they were taken in the rear by a sortie from the town. Of -1,800 infantry, 600 were killed and the rest taken prisoners. - - - Roncray-St.-Denis. - -_See_ Herrings. - - - Roveredo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 4, 1796, between 25,000 Austrians, under Davidowich, -and the main body of Napoleon’s army. Napoleon attacked the Austrian -entrenched position, and in spite of a determined defence, carried it, -driving the enemy out of Roveredo with heavy loss, including 7,000 -prisoners and 15 guns. This victory enabled Masséna to occupy Trent, and -the remnants of the Austrian army were driven headlong into the Tyrol. - - - Rowton Heath (Civil War). - -Fought September 24, 1645, when a body of Royalist cavalry, under Sir -Marmaduke Langdale, which was endeavouring to prevent the investment of -Chester, was attacked by the Parliamentary horse, under Colonel Poyntz. -The first attack was repulsed with loss, but Poyntz receiving infantry -support, rallied his troops, and drove the Royalists from the field, -with a loss of 300 killed and wounded and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Roseburgh (Scottish Wars). - -This town, defended by an English garrison, was besieged by the Scots, -under James II of Scotland, in 1460, and after a stubborn defence was -captured and destroyed. This is the first occasion on which artillery -was used by the Scots. During the siege the Scottish king was killed by -the bursting of a gun of large calibre, August 3, 1460. - - - Rullion Green (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought November, 1666, between the Covenanters, under Colonel Wallace, -and the Royal troops, under General Dalziel. The Covenanters were -defeated. - - - Rumersheim (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 26, 1709, between the French, under Marshal Villiers, and -the Imperialists, under Count Mercy. Mercy was defeated and driven out -of Alsace. - - - Ruspina (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought January 3, 46 B.C., between Julius Cæsar, with three legions, and -a force of Pompeians, composed entirely of cavalry and archers, under -Labienus. Cæsar’s troops were surrounded, but behaving with extreme -steadiness, were able to retire to Ruspina in good order, though with -very heavy loss. - - - Rynemants (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought August 1, 1578, between the Dutch Patriots, 20,000 strong, under -Count Bossu and François de la Noue, and the Spaniards, numbering about -30,000, under Don John of Austria. Don John crossed the Demer, and -attacked Bossu in his entrenchments. He was however repulsed, after -severe fighting, and retired, leaving 1,000 dead on the field. He -offered battle in the open on the following morning, but Bossu declined -to leave his lines, and Don John was indisposed to renew the attack, and -fell back upon Namur. - - - - - S - - - Saalfeld (Campaign of Jena). - -Fought October 10, 1806, between 7,000 Prussians, under Prince Louis of -Prussia, and a division of Lannes’ corps, under the Marshal himself. The -Prussian infantry was broken and driven under the walls of Saalfeld, -whereupon the prince put himself at the head of his cavalry, and charged -the advancing French. The charge was repulsed, and the Prince refusing -to surrender was cut down and killed. The Prussians lost in this action -400 killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners, and 20 guns. - - - Sabugal (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 3, 1811, between three British divisions, under Wellington, -and the French, consisting of Reynier’s corps. Reynier held the salient -angle of the French position on the Coa, and was driven back after less -than an hour’s fighting, with a loss of about 1,500. The British lost -200 only. - - - Sacile (Napoleon’s Wars). - -Fought April 16, 1809, between 45,000 Austrians, under the Archduke -John, and 36,000 French and Italians, under Eugène Beauharnais, Regent -of Italy. After hard fighting, in which little generalship was shown on -either side, a flank movement of the Austrians, which menaced the French -line of retreat, forced Eugène to retire, victory thus resting with the -Austrians. The losses were about equal on the two sides. - - - Sacripontus (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82, between the legions of Sulla and the army of the younger -Marius, 40,000 strong. Sulla’s veterans were too steady for the newer -levies of Marius, and the latter was routed, with the loss of more than -half his army killed or captured. After this victory Sulla occupied -Rome. - - - Sadowa. - -_See_ Koeniggratz. - - - Sadulapur (Second Sikh War). - -Fought December 3, 1848. After the failure of his frontal attack on the -Sikh position at Ramnugger in November, Lord Gough despatched a force -under Sir Joseph Thackwell, to cross the Chenab and turn the Sikh left. -An indecisive action followed, which Lord Gough claimed as a victory, -but though the Sikhs retired, it was slowly, and only to take up a fresh -position, which Thackwell did not consider himself strong enough to -attack. - - - Sagunto (Peninsular War). - -This fortress, held by a Spanish garrison, was besieged by the French, -22,000 strong, under Soult, September 23, 1811. Built on the heights -above Murviedro, the place was accessible on one side only, and an -attempt to escalade this was repulsed September 28. A regular siege was -then commenced, and a second unsuccessful assault was made on October -18. On the 25th General Blake, with 30,000 Spaniards, made an attempt to -relieve the place, but was defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed and -wounded and 4,000 prisoners, the victory costing the French about 800 -men. On the following day the garrison surrendered. - - - St. Alban’s (Wars of the Roses). - -Two engagements were fought here in the course of the war. On May 22, -1455, 2,000 Lancastrians, under Henry VI, posted in the town, were -attacked by 3,000 Yorkists, under the Duke of York. The Duke pierced the -Lancastrian centre, and drove them out of St. Alban’s with heavy loss, -among those who were killed being the Earls of Somerset and -Northumberland. - -The second battle took place February 17, 1461, when the army of -Margaret of Anjou, led by Somerset, Exeter, and others, attacked the -Yorkists, under Warwick, Warwick withdrew his main body, leaving his -left unsupported to withstand the Lancastrian attacks, and these troops, -after a feeble resistance, broke and fled. Henry VI, who was a prisoner -in Warwick’s camp, escaped and rejoined the Queen, and a rapid advance -on London would probably have led to his reinstatement. Warwick, -however, took such prompt measures as to render the Lancastrian victory -practically fruitless. - - - St. Aubin du Cormier. - -Fought 1487, between the Royal troops, under La Tremouille, and the -forces of the rebel Princes, under Marshal de Rieux. The rebels were -totally defeated, and a large number of nobles made prisoners, including -the Duc d’Orléans and the Prince of Orange. - - - St. Charles (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the Loyalists, under Colonel Wetherall, and the -Canadian rebels. The latter were defeated. - - - St. Denis (Second Civil War). - -Fought November 10, 1567, between the Catholics, under the Constable -Montmorenci, and the Huguenots, under the Prince de Condé. Victory -rested with the Catholics, but at the cost of the Constable, who was -killed, and the battle had no decisive effect upon the course of the -war. - - - St. Denis (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the Canadian rebels, and a force of British and -Canadian troops, under Colonel Gore. The rebels were victorious, but the -results of their victory were unimportant. - - - Ste. Croix (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island, held by a small Danish garrison, was captured by a British -naval and military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General -Bowyer, December 25, 1807, but little resistance being offered. - - - St. Eustache (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the rebels, under Girod, and the Government troops, -under Sir John Colborne. The rebels were completely defeated, and the -rebellion was suppressed. - - - Ste. Foy (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought April 27, 1760, between 3,000 British troops, under General -Murray, and 8,000 French, under the Chevalier de Lévis, who was -approaching from Montreal, with the object of recapturing Quebec. Murray -marched out to attack Lévis, but was defeated and driven back into -Quebec with a loss of over a third of his force. The French lost about -800. - - - St. George (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, the capital of the island of Cephalonia, was besieged in -October, 1500, by the Spaniards and Venetians, under Gonsalvo de Cordova -and Pesaro. The garrison consisted of 400 Turks only, but being veteran -soldiers they made a most gallant defence; but at the end of two months -the place was stormed from two quarters simultaneously, and the -survivors of the garrison, some 80 only, laid down their arms. - - - St. Gothard (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 1, 1664, between 100,000 Turks, under Achmet Köpriali -Pasha, and 60,000 French and Germans, under Montecucculi, who occupied a -strong position behind the Raab. On the Turks advancing to the attack, a -young Turk rode out, and challenged a Christian to single combat. The -challenge was accepted by the Chevalier de Lorraine, who killed his -adversary. The Turks then assaulted Montecucculi’s entrenchment, but -could make no impression, and after hard fighting were beaten off with a -loss of 8,000 killed. - - - St. Jacob an der Mirs (Armagnac War). - -Fought September, 1444, between 30,000 Armagnacs, under the Dauphin, and -1,300 Confederate Swiss. The Swiss being hard pressed, occupied the -hospital of St. Jacob an der Mirs, where they maintained the unequal -fight until the last man had fallen. The Armagnacs, however, had lost -2,000 killed, and the Dauphin felt compelled to abandon the invasion of -Switzerland. - - - St. Kitts (Dutch Wars). - -Fought May 10, 1667, when Sir John Harman, commanding an English -squadron of 12 frigates, fell in with a combined Dutch and French fleet -of 22 sail, under Commodore Kruysen and M. de la Barre, off St. Kitts. -Notwithstanding his inferiority, Harman boldly attacked, and gained a -signal victory, burning 5 and sinking several more of the enemy’s -vessels. The allies took refuge in the harbour of St. Kitts, and Sir -John, following them in, destroyed the rest of their fleet, at a cost of -80 men only. - - - St. Lucia (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French, April 4, 1794, by a British -squadron, under Sir John Jervis. - - - St. Mary’s Clyst (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 4, 1549, when Lord Russell, marching with the Royal army -to the relief of Exeter, was attacked by 6,000 rebels, detached from the -besieging force. The rebels were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed, -and Arundel was forced to raise the siege of Exeter. - - - St. Privat. - -_See_ Gravelotte. - - - St. Quentin. - -Fought August 10, 1557, between 22,000 French and Germans, under the -Constable Montmorenci, and about 5,000 Spanish and Flemish cavalry of -the Duke of Savoy’s army, under Count Egmont, supported by a small force -of infantry. The French, in attempting to throw reinforcements into St. -Quentin, were entrapped in a narrow pass, and were utterly routed, with -a loss of 15,000 killed, wounded and captured, and all but two of their -guns. The Spaniards only lost 50 men. - - - St. Quentin (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 19, 1871, between the French, 40,000 strong, under -General Faidherbe, and 33,000 Germans, under Von Göben. The French were -decisively defeated, with a loss of 3,500 killed and wounded, 9,000 -prisoners, and 6 guns. The Germans lost 96 officers and 2,304 men. - - - St. Thomas (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured from the Danes, December 21, 1807, by a -combined British naval and military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. -Cochrane and General Bowyer. - - - Saints, The. - -_See_ Dominica. - - - Salado. (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1344, between the Portuguese and Castilians, under Alfonso IV of -Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile, and the Moors, under Abu Hamed, Emir -of Morocco. The Christians won a signal victory, and Alfonso so -distinguished himself in the battle as to earn the title of the “Brave.” - - - Salamanca (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 22, 1812, when Wellington, with 46,000 British and Spanish -troops, encountered 42,000 French, under Marmont. The battle was forced -on by Marmont, who was endeavouring to interrupt Wellington’s retreat, -but the Marshal was severely wounded early in the day, and the conduct -of the action was in the hands of General Bonnet. The result was a -signal victory for the British, the French losing 12,500 killed, wounded -and prisoners, and 12 guns. The British and Spanish loss amounted to -about 6,000. These figures include the skirmishes of the days preceding -the battle, during which the armies were in touch. - - - Salamanca (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought March 10, 1858, between the Government troops, under Miramon, and -the Liberals, under Doblado. Doblado’s raw levies could not face -Miramon’s trained troops, and were utterly routed. - - - Salamis (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought 480 B.C. between the Greek fleet of 370 sail, under Themistocles, -and the Persian fleet, of over 1,000 galleys. The Greeks at first -hesitated to attack in face of the overwhelming numbers of the Persian -ships, but an Athenian trireme, commanded by Aminias, dashed in, and -being followed by the rest of the Athenians and the Æginetans in good -order, the Persians were, after a hard struggle, totally defeated, with -the loss of more than half their fleet. Xerxes and his army witnessed -the rout from the shores of Salamis. - - - Salamis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 307, between the Macedonian fleet, under Demetrius -Poliorcetes, and the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Soter. The Egyptians were -routed, with the loss of 100 ships captured and the rest sunk, and -30,000 prisoners. - - - Salankemen (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 19, 1691, between 100,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, -Mustapha Köpriali Pasha, and 45,000 Imperialists, under the Margrave -Louis. The Turks were signally defeated and Köpriali slain. - - - Salano (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1340 between the Spaniards, under Alfonso XI of Castile, and the -Moors, under Abu ’l Hasan of Granada. The Moors, who were besieging -Tarifa, were attacked by the Spaniards, who utterly routed them and -relieved the town. Abu ’l Hamed fled to Africa, and Alfonso was enabled -to recover Algeciras. - - - Saldanha Bay (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought August 17, 1796, when Sir Keith Elphinstone, with a British -squadron, entered the bay, and after capturing a Dutch ship of war lying -in the harbour, landed a force, to which the garrison surrendered after -a brief resistance. - - - Salo. - -_See_ Castiglione. - - - Samarcand (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This place, which was defended by a garrison of 110,000 Turks and -Kharismians, under the Governor, Alub Khan, was besieged by the Tartars, -under Genghiz Khan, in June, 1220. The garrison harassed the Tartars by -numerous sorties, and little progress was made with the siege, but some -of the inhabitants, hoping to save the city from pillage, opened the -gates to the besiegers. After heroic efforts to defend the city against -the overwhelming hordes of the enemy, Alub Khan put himself at the head -of 1,000 picked horsemen and cut his way out. The survivors of the -garrison, now reduced to 30,000, were put to the sword. - - - Samaghar (Rebellion of Aurungzebe). - -Fought June, 1658, between the army of the Great Mogul, Shah Jehan, -under Dara, and the forces of his rebellious sons, Aurungzebe and Marad. -Dara was totally defeated, and his army dispersed, and three days later -the rebels occupied Agra, where Shah Jehan was imprisoned and Aurungzebe -seized the crown. - - - Sampford Courtney (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -The final engagement with the rebels, fought August 17, 1549, when -Arundel was defeated by the Royal troops, under Lord Russell, with a -loss of 700 killed and many prisoners, including most of the -ring-leaders in the rising. - - - San Giovanni (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 17, 1799, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Russians, under Suwaroff. After three days’ hard fighting, the French -were forced to retreat, having suffered a loss of 6,000 killed and -wounded and 9,000 prisoners. The Russian losses were about 6,000. - - - San Isidoro (Paraguay War). - -Fought April, 1870, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the allied -army of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, under General Camera. Camera -attacked Lopez’s entrenchments and drove him out, forcing him to take -refuge in the mountains with the small remnant of his troops. - - - San Jacinto (Texan Rising). - -Fought April 2, 1836, when the Mexican army, under Santa Anna, about -5,000 strong, was routed and almost destroyed by the Texans, under -General Houston. The survivors, with Santa Anna and his staff, were -taken prisoners, and Texas was freed from the Mexican yoke. - - - San Jacinto. - -Fought February 12, 1867, between the adherents of the Emperor -Maximilian, under Miramon, and the Mexican Constitutionalists, under -Escobedo. Miramon was defeated, and his army surrendered, he himself -escaping with difficulty from the field. - - - San Juan. - -_See_ El Caney. - - - San Lazaro (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June, 1746, between the Austrians, 40,000 strong, under Prince -Lichtenstein, and the French and Spaniards, under Marshal Maillebois. -The allies attacked the Austrian entrenched camp, and after an obstinate -conflict, lasting nine hours, were repulsed with a loss of 10,000 killed -and wounded. - - - Sanna’s Post (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 31, 1900, when a force of cavalry, with 2 R.H.A. batteries -and a considerable convoy, under Colonel Broadwood, was ambushed by a -party of Boers, under De Wet, while crossing a donga. The guns were just -entering the donga when the Boers opened fire, and 4 guns of Q battery -succeeded in getting clear and opening fire, stuck to their work till -only 10 men of the battery were left standing. Broadwood succeeded in -extricating his force, but at a cost of 19 officers and 136 men killed -and wounded, 426 prisoners, 7 guns, and the whole of his convoy. General -Colville’s column was within a few miles, but though the firing was -heard, he failed to relieve. This is also known as the action of -Kornspruit. - - - San Sebastian (Peninsular War). - -This town was besieged July 10, 1813, by the British, under General -Graham, and was defended by a French garrison, under General Rey. An -assault on July 25 was repulsed, and pending the arrival of heavy guns -from England, the siege resolved itself into a blockade. Active -operations were resumed, and on the 31st the town was taken by storm. -Rey, however, still held out in the citadel, and it was only after -further bombardment that he surrendered on September 9. The besiegers’ -losses amounted to over 2,500 killed and wounded. - - - San Sebastian (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, held by a garrison of Cristinos and a small detachment of -the British legion, under Colonel Wylde, was besieged by the Carlists, -under Sagastibelza, February, 1836. The siege was carried on in -desultory fashion, with constant fighting between the outposts, till -June, 1836, when General Evans, with 10,000 British and Spanish troops, -occupied the advanced Carlist positions, and forced them to withdraw. - - - Santa Lucia (Rio Grande Rising). - -Fought 1842, between the Brazilian Government troops, under General -Caxias, and the rebels, 6,000 strong, under Feliciano. The rebels were -totally defeated. - - - Santarem (Dom Miguel’s Rebellion). - -Fought February 18, 1834, when the Portuguese Government troops, under -Marshal Saldanha, totally defeated the “Miguelists,” under Dom Miguel. - - - Santa Vittoria (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 26, 1702, when 4 regiments of Prince Eugene’s army, under -General Visconti, were attacked by 15,000 French and Spaniards, under -the Duc de Vendôme. The Imperialists were forced to abandon their camp -and retire with the loss of their baggage, but lost only 500 men, while -their qualified success cost the allies nearly 2,000 killed and wounded. - - - Santiago (Spanish-American War). - -Fought July 3, 1898, between the American fleet of 4 battleships and 3 -cruisers, under Admiral W. T. Sampson, and the Spanish fleet of 4 -armoured cruisers and 3 torpedo-boats, under Admiral Cervera. The -Spaniards endeavoured to escape from the blockaded harbour of Santiago, -but were unsuccessful, the whole squadron being destroyed. The Americans -suffered hardly any damage, the Spanish gunnery being very inefficient, -and lost only 1 man killed. - - - Sapienza (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1490 between the Turkish fleet, under Kemal Reis, and the -Venetians. The Venetians suffered a severe reverse, this being the first -naval victory of the Turks in the Mediterranean. - - - Saragossa (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 20, 1700, between 25,000 Spaniards, and a force of -Austrians, British, Dutch and Portuguese troops, 23,000 in number, under -the Archduke Charles. The Portuguese in the right wing gave way, leading -a large force of Spaniards in pursuit, but the left and centre stood -their ground, and finally repulsed the enemy, with a loss of 4,000 -prisoners, besides killed and wounded. The Archduke at once took -possession of Saragossa. - - - Saragossa (Peninsular War). - -In June, 1808, siege was laid to this city by the French, under Marshal -Lefebvre. A successful defence was made, and the marshal’s forces being -insufficient to effect a prompt capture, he raised the siege in August. -In December of the same year it was again besieged by the French, under -Moncey and Mortier, and defended by a Spanish garrison, under Palafox. A -most heroic defence was made, notable for the bravery of Agostina, the -maid of Saragossa, who took the place of her wounded lover on the -ramparts, and helped to serve the guns, but despite all the efforts of -Palafox, the place was stormed, and, after very severe house to house -fighting, captured, February 21, 1809. - - - Saratoga. - -_See_ Stillwater. - - - Sardis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 280, between the troops of Pergamus, under Eumenes, and the -Syrians, under Antigonus Soter. Eumenes gained a signal victory, and -annexed a large part of the dominions of Antigonus. - - - Sárkány (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought December 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Windischgrätz, -and the Hungarians, under General Perczel. Perczel had been entrusted by -Görgey with the defence of the Sárkány defile, but on being attacked by -the Austrians, his division made little resistance, and fled in -disorder, thus forcing Görgey to retire from the line he had chosen to -defend. - - - Sauchie Barn (Rebellion of the Barons). - -Fought June 18, 1488, between the rebel Barons, under Angus -“Bell-the-Cat,” and the troops of James III of Scotland, under the king. -The royal army was totally defeated and James slain. - - - Saucourt (Norse Invasion of France). - -Fought 861 between the Neustrians, under Louis III, and the invading -Norsemen, when Louis gained a brilliant victory. - - - Sauroren (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 28, 1813, between the French, 25,000 strong, under Soult, -and the British, 12,000 strong, under Wellington. Soult attempted to -turn the British left in order to drive them from a strong position, but -after severe fighting he was repulsed, with a loss of about 3,000. The -British losses were about 2,600. Soult renewed his attempt to force -Wellington’s lines on the 30th, but was again repulsed, with a loss of -2,000 killed and wounded and 3,000 prisoners. The British loss amounted -to 1,900. - - - Savage’s Station. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battle. - - - Savandroog (Second Mysore War). - -Siege was laid to this place December 10, 1791, by a column of Lord -Cornwallis’ army, about 4,000 strong. It was defended by a strong -garrison of Mysoris, and was considered impregnable, but a practicable -breach having been effected, it was taken by storm eleven days later, -the garrison offering little resistance. The assailants did not lose a -man. - - - Saxa Rubra (Revolt of Maxentius). - -Fought October 28, 312, between the Imperial troops, under Constantine, -and the legions of Italy, under Maxentius. The Italian cavalry, posted -on the wings, was routed by Constantine’s horse; the infantry, thus left -unsupported, fled from the field, only the Pretorians making a brave -resistance, and dying where they stood. Maxentius escaped, but crossing -the Tiber into Rome by the Milvian Bridge, was forced by the crowd of -fugitives into the river and drowned. - - - Scarpheia (War of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 146, between the Romans, under Metellus, and the Achæans, -under Critolaus. The Greeks were totally defeated with heavy loss, -Critolaus being killed. - - - Scio (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 5, 1769, between a Russian fleet of 10 sail of the line, -under Admiral Spiritoff, and 15 Turkish ships, with some small vessels, -under the Capitan Pasha. Alter a severe engagement, in which both the -flag-ships were blown up, the Turks were driven into the Bay of Tchesme, -where a few days later their fleet was destroyed by fire-ships. - - - Schipka Pass (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought August 21, 1877, and following days, when the Russians, 7,000 -strong, under General Darozhinsky, holding the pass, were attacked by -25,000 Turks, under Suleiman Pasha. The Russians were driven from point -after point of their defences, and were on the verge of being -overwhelmed, when the arrival of reinforcements enabled them to assume -the offensive and recover their lost positions, and on the 26th fighting -ceased. The Russian losses amounted to 4,000, including Darozhinsky, -while the Turks lost about 11,500. - -On September 16 Suleiman, reinforced to 40,000 men, made an attempt to -carry the Russian position on Mount St. Nicholas, but was repulsed with -a loss of 3,000, the Russians losing 31 officers and about 1,000 rank -and file. - -By January 8, 1878, the Russian force in the Schipka had been increased -to 60,000 men, under General Radetski, while the Turks, numbering 40,000 -were under Vessil Pasha. General Mirsky, with 25,000 men, attacked the -Turkish entrenchments and drove them out of all their positions, and on -the following day Vessil Pasha surrendered with 36,000 men and 93 guns. -The Russians lost 5,000. - - - Schwechat (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought October 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Prince -Windischgrätz, and the Hungarians, under General Moga. The Hungarian -militia made a very feeble stand against the Austrian regulars, and were -driven back all along the line with considerable loss. - - - Scutari (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, held by a Venetian garrison, under Antonio Loredano, was -besieged by the Turks, under Suleiman Pasha, May, 1474. The garrison -held out stoutly till the middle of August, when Suleiman raised the -siege. - -Four years later, in June, 1478, Mohammed II invested it, the garrison -now being under the command of Antonio di Lezze. Though few in numbers, -the Venetians withstood a continuous bombardment, repulsing two serious -assaults, until September 8, when Mohammed retired, leaving behind him -only a blockading force. When on the conclusion of peace the place was -handed over to the Turks only 450 men and 150 women were alive in the -town. In the first assault the Turks lost 12,000 men, and an even -greater number, it is said, in the second. - - - Sebastopol (Crimean War). - -This fortress was besieged by the allied French and British armies, -under Marshal St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan, September 28, 1854. It was -defended by a large force of Russians, under Prince Mentschikoff, with -General Todleben as his principal engineer officer. The besiegers were -too few for a complete investment, and though the harbour was closed by -the British fleet, under Sir Edmund Lyons, the Russians were throughout -the siege enabled to obtain reinforcements and provisions from the north -side. The batteries opened on October 17, and from that time till -September 8, 1855, the town was more or less continuously bombarded. On -that day the Malakoff, an important part of the southern defences, was -stormed by the French, and the place became untenable, the allies -entering it unopposed on the following day. The Russians, during the -later days of the bombardment, are said to have lost as many as 3,000 -men a day. - - - Secchia, The (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought September 14, 1734, when the Imperialists, under Count -Köningsegg, surprised the camp of the French army, under the Duc de -Broglie, capturing 5,000 prisoners, 100 guns and the whole of the -stores, baggage and ammunition. - - - Secessionville (American Civil War). - -Fought June 15, 1862, when 6,000 Federals, under General Benham, -attacked the strong position of Secessionville, covering the road to -Charleston, which was held by 2,000 Confederates, under General Evans. -The Federals were repulsed with a loss of 600 men, the Confederates -losing 200. - - - Secunderbagh (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 16, 1857, during the second relief of Lucknow by Sir -Colin Campbell. The Secunderbagh, a walled enclosure of strong masonry, -held by a large body of rebels, was, after a bombardment of about an -hour and a half, taken by storm by the 93rd Highlanders and the 4th -Punjabis, with very heavy loss to the enemy, over 2,000 dead bodies -being afterwards carried out of the enclosure. - - - Sedan (Franco-German War). - -This battle, the most decisive of the war, was fought September 1, 1870, -The French, under Marshal Macmahon, who was wounded early in the action, -were driven from all their positions by the Germans, under the King of -Prussia, and compelled to retire into Sedan, where they laid down their -arms. The Emperor Napoleon III was among the prisoners, and one of the -results of the surrender was his dethronement and the proclamation of a -republic in Paris. The battle is remarkable for the charge of the -Chasseurs d’Afrique, under General Margueritte, in the neighbourhood of -Floing. The brigade was cut to pieces and the general killed. The -Germans lost in the action 460 officers and 8,500 men; the French 3,000 -killed, 14,000 wounded, and 21,000 prisoners, while 83,000 subsequently -surrendered in Sedan. The Germans took 419 guns, 139 fortress guns and -66,000 rifles. - - - Sedgemoor (Monmouth’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 5, 1685, between the Royal troops, under the Earl of -Faversham, and the rebels, under James, Duke of Monmouth. Monmouth -attempted a night attack on Faversham’s camp, but the alarm was given, -and the Royal troops falling upon their assailants, put Monmouth’s -cavalry to flight, and though his infantry made a sturdy resistance they -were at length overpowered and routed with heavy loss. This defeat put -an end to the rebellion. - - - Segeswár (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought July 31, 1849, between the Hungarians, under General Bem, and the -Russians, under General Lüders. The Russians, after a severe engagement, -were totally defeated. - - - Segikahara (Rebellion of Hideyori). - -Fought September 16, 1600, between the troops of the Shogun Tokugawa -Tyeyasa, 80,000 strong, and 130,000 rebels, under Mitsunari. The rebels -were utterly routed with the loss of 30,000 killed, among whom was -Mitsunari, and the rebellion was suppressed. - - - Seine Mouth (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 15, 1416, when the English fleet, under Bedford, sailed -into the Seine with the object of revictualling Harfleur, which the -French were besieging. The blockading force, consisting of 8 large -Genoese carracks, besides smaller vessels, attacked the English fleet, -and after six hours’ hard fighting were totally defeated, with a loss of -5 carracks and 5 other ships, while Bedford succeeded in throwing -supplies into the town. - - - Selby (Civil War). - -Fought April 11, 1644, between the Royalists, 3,300 strong, under -Colonel John Bellasis, and a slightly superior force of -Parliamentarians, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. Bellasis had occupied Selby -with the object of preventing a junction between Fairfax’s troops and -those of the Scots at Durham. He was attacked by Fairfax and totally -defeated, with the loss of 1,600 men and all his artillery and baggage. - - - Selinus (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This city was besieged by the Carthaginians, 100,000 strong, under -Hannibal, B.C. 409. An attempt by the Syracusans, under Diocles, to -relieve came too late, for after resisting stubbornly for nine days, the -garrison, hopelessly outnumbered, were overpowered; and the place -stormed and sacked, all the survivors being carried off into captivity. - - - Seminara (Italian Wars). - -Fought 1495 between 6,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans, under Gonsalvo de -Cordova and Ferdinand of Naples, and a largely superior French army, -under D’Aubigny. The Neapolitans fled almost without striking a blow, -and though the Spaniards fought well, they were overpowered by numbers, -and in the end totally routed, only Gonsalvo with 400 Spanish cavalry -making an orderly retreat. - - - Sempach (War of Sempach). - -Fought July 9, 1386, between 6,000 Austrians, under Duke Leopold, and -1,500 Swiss Confederates. The Swiss gained a complete victory, the -Austrians losing 1,500 killed and wounded, while only 120 Swiss fell. -The battle is celebrated for the heroic action of Arnold von Winkelried, -who broke the line of the Austrian spearmen at the cost of his life, and -enabled his followers to penetrate their phalanx. - - - Seneff (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought August 11, 1674, between the French, 45,000 strong, under Condé, -and the Flemings and Spaniards, 60,000 strong, under the Prince of -Orange. Orange, finding Condé’s position too strong to attack, began a -retreat towards Le Quesnay, thereby exposing his flank. Condé took -instant advantage of this error, and dispersed the vanguard of the -allies, but the Prince took up a strong position at Seneff, from which -Condé was unable to dislodge him, and the conflict ended in a drawn -battle, after seventeen hours’ hard fighting. - - - Senegal (Napoleonic Wars). - -The French garrison of this place surrendered, July 13, 1809, to a -British force of 1 frigate and 2 brigs, with some transports carrying -troops, under Captain G. H. Columbine. - - - Senekal (Second Boer War). - -Fought May 29, 1900, when a British force, under General Rundle, -attacked the Boers, strongly posted on the Biddulphsberg. The attack was -made amidst great bush fires, in which many of the wounded perished, and -was unsuccessful, the British losses amounting to 7 officers and 177 men -killed and wounded. - - - Senlac. - -_See_ Hastings. - - - Sentinum (Third Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 298, between five Roman legions, under Q. Fabius Maximus and -Publius Decius, and the Samnites and Gauls, under Gellius Equatius. The -Roman left was disordered by the war-chariots of the Gauls, but was -rallied by Decius, who restored the battle, but at the cost of his life. -On the right the Samnites were routed, and Fabius then fell upon the -Gauls in flank, and broke them. Meanwhile the Samnite camp was attacked, -and Equatius slain, the Romans gaining a signal victory. The losses of -the victors amounted to 8,200, while the Gauls and Samnites lost 25,000 -killed and 8,000 prisoners. - - - Sepeia (Argive War). - -Fought B.C. 494, between the Spartans, under Cleomenes, and the Argives. -The Spartans, by a ruse, succeeded in surprising the Argives while the -soldiers were dining, and totally routed them. This defeat deprived -Argos of the paramountcy in the Peloponnesus. - - - Seringapatam (Second Mysore War). - -This city was besieged, February 5, 1792, by 22,000 British and native -troops, with 86 guns, under Lord Cornwallis, and defended by a Mysori -garrison, under Tippu Sahib. On the 6th an assault upon the outlying -works was successful, all the redoubts commanding the city being -carried, at a cost to the assailants of 530, while the Mysoris lost -20,000. On the approach of reinforcements, under General Abercromby, on -the 16th, Tippu consented to treat, and peace was signed in the -following month. - - - Seringapatam (Third Mysore War). - -The second siege by General Harris, opened April 6, 1799, when the city -was defended by a garrison of 20,000, under Tippu. On May 3, the breach -was declared practicable, and the place was stormed by 4,000 men, under -General Baird. Tippu was slain in the rout which followed the assault. -The British losses during the siege amounted to 1,464. About 8,000 -Mysoris fell in the assault. - - - Seringham (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1753, between 1,000 British troops, under Major Laurence, and the -French, with their Mahratta and Mysori allies, under M. Astruc. The -French attacked in force an isolated post, held by 200 Sepoys, and -carried it before Major Laurence could come up. He then attacked, and in -turn carried the position, driving off the French, and the Mahrattas who -came up to their support, and captured three guns. - - - Seskar (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1790, between the Swedish fleet, under the Duke of Sudermanland, -and a Russian squadron, under Admiral Kruze. The Swedes were totally -defeated, after a severe engagement, which lasted from daybreak till far -into the night. - - - Seta (Yoshinaka’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1183, between the army of Yoritomo, under his brothers Noriyori -and Yoshitsune, and that of Yoshinaka. The rebels were completely -defeated, and Yoshinaka killed. - - - Seven Days’ Battles (American Civil War). - -A series of actions fought by General Lee, with 100,000 Confederates, -against General M’Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, Lee’s object being to -relieve Richmond. On June 26, 1862, General Hill, with 1,400 -Confederates, attacked M’Call’s division, in a strong position at -=Beaver’s Dam Creek=, which attack M’Call repulsed, at small cost to his -force. On the 27th, General Porter, 35,000 strong, posted on the -Chickahominy at =Gaines’ Mill=, was attacked by 54,000 Confederates, -under Lee in person. The Southerners advanced under a heavy artillery -fire, and after severe fighting, drove the Federals across the river, -and captured 20 guns. On the 28th, M’Clellan prepared to withdraw to the -James River, his centre having been pierced, and commenced his retreat. -On the 29th, 4 Confederate divisions, under Longstreet, aided by an -armoured train, came up with Sumner’s corps at =Savage’s Station=, but -was repulsed, Sumner thus inflicting a serious check upon the pursuing -columns. On the 30th, 3 divisions, under General Jackson, overtook the -Federal rearguard, under General French, near the =White Oak Swamp=, and -an artillery duel followed, which cost the Federals some guns. Two -divisions, under Longstreet, also attacked M’Call’s division, and routed -it, M’Call being captured. By the evening of the 30th, M’Clellan reached -=Malvern Hill=, overlooking the James River, and determined to oppose -here the further advance of the Confederates. On July 1st, the -Confederates attacked, but the Federals held their ground throughout the -day, and on the 2nd retired in good order and practically unmolested. -The Federals admit a loss of 15,249 men and 25 guns during the -operations, but Confederate accounts put the figures much higher, and -claim 51 guns. The losses of the Southerners were also very heavy, -especially at Malvern Hill, but Lee’s object was accomplished, and -Richmond was relieved. - - - Sevenoaks (Cade’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 18, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the royal -troops, under Sir Humphrey Stafford. The force under Stafford was quite -inadequate for the work in hand, and was routed, Stafford being killed. - - - Seven Pines. - -_See_ Fair Oaks. - - - Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia.) - -This city was besieged 1221, by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, and was -obstinately defended by the garrison under a Turkish general named -Bugha. For twenty-one successive days the besiegers delivered assaults, -which were repulsed, but finally the inhabitants made terms with Tuli -Khan, and opened the gates. - - - Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 24, 1514, between 120,000 Turks, under Selim I, and about -80,000 Persians, under the Shah Ismael. The wing led by the Shah in -person was victorious, but the Persian left was totally routed, and in -endeavouring to restore the battle on that side Ismael was wounded, -whereupon the army was seized with panic, and took to flight. - - - Shannon and Chesapeake (Second American War). - -A famous frigate action, fought May 29, 1813, between the British -frigate _Shannon_, of 38 guns, commanded by Captain Broke, and the -American frigate _Chesapeake_, also of 38 guns, under Captain John -Lawrence. The _Chesapeake_ sailed out of Boston Harbour to attack the -_Shannon_, and after a brisk action was taken by the board by the -British. The _Shannon_ lost 4 officers and 21 men killed, and 3 officers -and 56 men wounded; the _Chesapeake_, 8 officers and 39 men killed, and -9 officers and 106 men wounded. Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain -Broke wounded. - - - Sheerness (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 7, 1667, and following days, when the Dutch fleet, under de -Ruyter, sailed up the Medway as far as Upnor Castle, and destroyed 7 -ships of war. - - - Sheriffmuir (Rebellion of the Fifteen). - -Fought November 13, 1715, between 3,500 royal troops, under the Duke of -Argyle, and 9,000 Highlanders, under the Earl of Mar. Argyle’s left wing -was routed by the Macdonalds, and his left and centre, though at first -they held their own, were in the end compelled to retire, and Argyle -effected a retreat in good order to Stirling. - - - Sherstone (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 1016, between Edmund Ironside, and Knut, the rival claimants to -the throne. The battle was indecisive. - - - Shijo Nawate (War of the Northern and Southern Empires). - -Fought 1339, between the army of the Northern Emperor, under Takaugi and -Tadayoshi, and the troops of the Southern Emperor, under Kusunoki -Masatsura. Masatsura was attacked at Yoshino, which place was -temporarily the Imperial residence. Feeling that he was too weak to -defend it, he marched out with his whole force to meet his assailants, -and fell fighting to the last, the Northern troops gaining a complete -victory. Japan was soon afterwards again united, under the rule of the -Northern line. - - - Shiloh (American Civil War). - -Fought April 6 and 7, 1862, between the Confederates, 43,000 strong, -under General Johnston, and the Federals, 40,000 strong, under General -Grant. The Confederates attacked Grant’s position on the west of the -Tennessee river, and surprised the Federals, driving back the first line -in confusion. By nightfall, Grant was practically defeated, but Johnston -failed to take advantage of his opportunity, and Grant being reinforced -by 20,000 men during the night, was able on the 7th to assume the -offensive. After severe fighting the Southerners were driven from the -field with a loss of 9,740 killed and wounded and 959 prisoners, General -Johnston being among the killed. The Federals lost 9,617 killed and -wounded, and 4,044 prisoners. - - - Shinowara (Yoshinaka’s Rebellion). - -Fought April, 1183, between the troops of the rebel Daimio Yoshinaka, -and the Japanese Imperial army, consisting of 100,000 horsemen, under -Taira-no-Kore. The Imperial troops were defeated with a loss of 20,000 -killed. - - - Shirogawa (Satsuma Rebellion). - -Fought September 24, 1876, when the last remnants of the rebels, under -Saigo, were defeated by the Imperial army, under Prince Taruhito. The -rebels were practically annihilated, and most of the leaders of the -revolt killed. Saigo, after the defeat, committed _Hara-kiri_ on the -field. - - - Sholapur (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought May 10, 1818, when a body of cavalry, under General Pritzen, -forming part of General Monro’s force, attacked and dispersed the -retreating remnant of the Peshwa’s army. Sholapur surrendered on the -15th, the operations having cost the British only 97 killed and wounded, -while the loss of the Mahrattas exceeded 800 killed. - - - Sholingur (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 27, 1781, between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir -Eyre Coote, and the Mysoris, numbering about 80,000, under Hyder Ali. -Hyder was surprised in the act of striking camp, and though a series of -cavalry charges enabled him to withdraw his guns in safety, it was at a -cost of 5,000 men that he eventually made good his retreat. The British -loss did not exceed 100. - - - Shrewsbury (Percy’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 21, 1403, when the royalists, under Henry IV, met and -defeated the insurgents, under Hotspur. Hotspur was killed, and Douglas -and Worcester taken prisoners. The battle was the baptism of fire of -Henry, Prince of Wales (Henry V), who displayed great bravery, and was -severely wounded. - - - Sidassir (Third Mysore War). - -Fought March 6, 1799, between the advance guard of General Stuart’s -force, composed of three regiments, under Colonel Montresor, and 12,000 -Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. Montresor’s small force withstood the attack -of Tippu’s troops for over six hours, and their ammunition was all but -exhausted when Stuart came up, and drove back the enemy with a loss of -2,000 men. The British lost 143 killed and wounded. - - - Sievershausen. - -Fought July 9, 1553, between the Germans, under Maurice, Elector of -Saxony, and the Brandenburgers, under the Margrave Albert. The -Brandenburgers were defeated, but Maurice was wounded in the action, and -died two days later. - - - Siffin. - -A series of actions extending over a hundred days, in 656, between the -Moslems, under the Caliph Ali, and the adherents Moawiyeh, the son of -Abu Sophian, a pretender to the Caliphate. In the course of these -engagements Ali lost 25,000, and Moawiyeh 45,000 men, but the latter was -undefeated, and the sanguinary conflict was ended by an unsatisfactory -compromise. - - - Sikajoki (Finland War). - -Fought April 18, 1808, between the Swedes, under General Klingspor, and -the Russians, under General Bouxhoevden. The Russians endeavoured to -outflank the Swedes by moving out on to the ice at the mouth of the -Sikajoki river, at the same time assailing them in front. Both attacks -were repulsed, and after eight hours fighting, Klingspor took the -offensive, and drove the Russians from the field, with heavy loss. The -Swedes lost 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Silistria (Crimean War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Russians in 1854, and was defended by -a Turkish garrison, who received valuable assistance from two English -officers, Captain Buller and Lieutenant Nasmyth. Many attempts to storm -the place were repulsed, and though no efforts were made to relieve -them, the garrison held out until June 22, when the Russians raised the -siege, having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. - - - Silpia. - -_See_ Elinga. - - - Simnitza (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought June 26, 1877, between the Russians, under the Grand Duke -Nicholas, and the Turkish garrison of Sistova. On the night of the 26th, -the Russian advance-guard, 15,000 strong, under Dragomiroff, crossed the -Danube in boats, and then, under Skobeleff, drove the Turks headlong -from their entrenchments. On the morning of the 27th, Sistova was -occupied, the Russians having lost 820 only in the operations. - - - Singara (Persian Wars). - -Fought 348, between the Romans, under Constantius, and the Persians, in -largely superior force, under Sapor II. The Persian king, having posted -the major part of his army on the heights overlooking Singara, engaged -the Romans with a comparatively small force of light-armed troops, who -were easily routed by the legionaries. The pursuit, however, was carried -too far, and when night fell, the Romans, exhausted by their efforts, -bivouacked under the heights. During the night, Sapor led his best -troops to the attack, and routed the weary Romans, with terrible -slaughter. - - - Singara (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Roman garrison, was captured, after a brief -siege, by the Persians, under Sapor II, in 360. The garrison was sent -into captivity and the fortress dismantled. - - - Sinnaca (Parthian War). - -At this place the remnants of the army of Crassus, after the battle of -Carrhæ, B.C. 53, surrendered to the Parthians. Only 5,000 men were with -the eagles. - - - Sinope (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, when the Russian fleet attacked the Turkish fleet of 9 -sail, lying in the harbour of Sinope. No quarter was given, and the -Turkish fleet was totally destroyed. Over 4,000 Turks were killed, and -it is said that only 400, almost all wounded, escaped the massacre. - - - Sinzheim (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought October 4, 1674, between the French, under Turenne, and the -Imperialists, under General Caprara and the Duke of Lorraine. The French -gained a signal victory. This action is also known as the Battle of -Entzheim. - - - Sitabaldi (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought November 24, 1817, between a small force of Madras native troops, -and some Bengal cavalry, in all about 1,300 men, under Colonel Scott, -and the army of Nappa Sahib, Rajah of Nagpur, 18,000 strong, with 36 -guns. The Sepoys held their ground for 18 hours, and eventually beat off -their assailants, at a cost to themselves of about 300 men. - - - Skalitz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 28, 1866, between the 5th Prussian Army Corps, under General -Steinmetz, and the 6th and 8th Austrian Corps, under General Ramming. -The Austrians were defeated, and Skalitz occupied by the Prussians, who -captured 4,000 prisoners and 8 guns. - - - Slivnitza (Servo-Bulgarian War). - -Fought November 17, 18 and 19, 1885, between the Servians, 28,000 -strong, under King Milan, and Bulgarians, at first 10,000 in number, but -reinforced on the night of the 17th and during the 18th, by a further -5,000, under Prince Alexander. On the 17th, Prince Alexander, who -occupied a position strong against a frontal attack, but very vulnerable -on his left, made a strong attack on the Servian left, to distract -attention from his weak flank. This attack was repulsed, and on the -following day the Servians attacked Alexander’s left. Having been -reinforced, however, he was able to beat them off, while a frontal -attack was also repulsed with loss. On the 19th the Servian attacks were -again unsuccessful, and by 3 p.m. they were in full retreat, pursued by -the Bulgarians. The Servians lost about 2,000, the victors 3,000 in -killed and wounded, in the three days. - - - Sluys (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 24, 1340, when the English fleet of 250 sail, under Sir -Robert Morley and Richard Fitzalan, attacked the French fleet of about -200 sail, under Hugues Quiéret, lying in Sluys Harbour. Practically the -whole of the French fleet was captured or destroyed, and Quiéret was -killed. The French lost 25,000 men, the English 4,000. - - - Smolensko (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1708, when Charles XII of Sweden, with 4,000 -infantry and 6 regiments of cavalry, attacked a force of 16,000 Cossacks -and Tartars. The king with one regiment was in the course of the action -cut off from the rest of his troops by a body of Tartars, and had a -narrow escape. His immediate following was reduced to 5 men, when he was -rescued by a cavalry charge. In the end the Swedes routed the Cossacks -with heavy loss. - - - Smolensko (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought August 17, 1812, between 175,000 French, under Napoleon, and -130,000 Russians, under Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 -respectively were actually engaged. Bagration’s corps occupied the town -of Smolensko, which Napoleon attacked, carrying two of the suburbs. -During the night the Russians set fire to the place, and evacuated it, -having lost in the action about 10,000 killed and wounded. The French -lost 9,000. - - - Sobraon (First Sikh War). - -Fought February 10, 1846, between the British, about 15,000 strong, and -25,000 Sikhs, under Runjur Singh. The Sikhs were strongly entrenched on -the Sutlej, and Sir Hugh Gough, with feigned attacks on their centre and -right, succeeded in pushing home his assault on their left, and after -hard fighting drove the defenders to the river, where many perished. The -British lost 2,383, the Sikhs about 8,000. - - - Soczawa (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski and the Turks, under -Mohammed IV. The Poles, who had been reinforced by the Lithuanians, -under Paz, totally routed the Turks, who were greatly superior in -numbers, and drove them in confusion into Kaminiec, with the exception -of which fortress, the whole of Poland was thus freed from the Ottoman -invaders. - - - Sohr (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought September 30, 1745, between 18,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 35,000 Austrians, under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The -Prussians attacked the Austrian position and the Austrians, failing to -display their usual courage made no stand against the steady advance of -the Prussian infantry, and were driven back in confusion, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 22 guns. The Prussians lost -between three and four thousand men. - - - Soissons. - -Fought 486, and notable as the first military exploit of Clovis, the -founder of the Merovingian dynasty, who here defeated Syagrius, Count of -Soissons, and annexed his dominions. - - - Solebay (Dutch Wars). - -Fought May 28, 1672, when the French and English fleets, together about -140 sail, under the Comte d’Estrées and the Duke of York, were surprised -at anchor, by a Dutch fleet of 115 ships, under de Ruyter. The French -were first attacked, but soon edged out of the fight, and the bulk of -the work fell to the English. The battle was indecisive, for though the -Dutch lost five or more ships, and the English one only, the allied -fleet was too crippled to take the offensive for over a month after the -action. - - - Solferino (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 24, 1859, between 150,000 Austrians, under the Emperor -Francis Joseph, with Generals Wimpffen and Scholick in actual command, -and the French and Piedmontese, under Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel. -The French attacked the Austrian position on the heights round -Solferino, which were held by Scholick, and after very hard fighting, -they were captured by the corps of Macmahon and Baraguay d’Hilliers. -Meanwhile Wimpffen, with three Army Corps, attacked the French left, but -was held at bay throughout the day by Marshal Niel’s corps, and when -night fell, the Austrian centre being broken, Francis Joseph had no -option but to retreat, and consequently recrossed the Mincio. The -Austrians lost 22,000 killed, wounded and missing. The allies’ losses -were 18,000, of which number the Piedmontese corps of 25,000 lost 4,000. - - - Solway Moss (Scottish Wars). - -Fought December 14, 1542, between the Scottish invading army, under -Oliver Sinclair, and a band of 500 English borderers, under Thomas Dacre -and John Musgrave. The Scots were totally defeated, and many important -nobles captured. - - - Somnauth (Mahmud’s Twelfth Invasion of India). - -This city, one of the holy places of India, was captured by the Afghans, -under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, in 1024. According to tradition, he -carried off the great gates of the city to Ghuzni; and certain gates -purporting to be the same, but which afterwards proved to be of later -date, were brought back to India with a flourish of trumpets, after the -capture of Ghuzni by the British in 1842. - - - Son-Tai (Tongking War). - -This fortress, defended by a garrison of 25,000 Chinese, including -10,000 “Black Flags,” under Lin Yung Ku, was attacked by the French, -under Admiral Courbet, with 7 river gun-boats and force of 7,000 men, -December 14, 1883. On this day the outer defences were carried, and the -garrison driven into the citadel. During the night the French were -surprised by a sortie, which however they repulsed, after severe -fighting. On the 16th they stormed the citadel, losing in the three days -92 officers and 318 men killed and wounded. The Chinese lost about -1,000. - - - Sorata (Inca Rising). - -This city was besieged, 1780, by the revolted Peruvians, under Andrés, -the last of the Incas. The fortifications, well provided with artillery, -proved impregnable, but Andrés diverted certain mountain torrents -against the walls, and thus opened a large breach, through which the -Peruvians entered the city, and massacred the whole of the garrison and -inhabitants. Of 20,000 souls, it is said that only one priest escaped. - - - South Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought September 14, 1862, between the Federals, under General -M’Clellan, and the Confederates, under General Lee. Lee’s object was to -hold M’Clellan in check while Jackson captured Harper’s Ferry, and to -this end he posted General D. Hill with 15,000 on South Mountain. Here -Hill was attacked, and driven to the upper slopes, but being reinforced -by a portion of Longstreet’s command, he maintained his position there, -withdrawing on the morning of the 15th. Each side lost about 2,500 men, -but Lee had gained his object, as the delay to M’Clellan ensured the -capture of Harper’s Ferry. - - - Southwark (Cade’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 5, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the citizens of -London, under Matthew Gough. The Londoners endeavoured to hold London -Bridge, to prevent the plundering expeditions of Cade’s followers into -the city, but were driven back, and the central drawbridge set on fire. -The Londoners lost heavily, among the killed being Gough. - - - Southwold Bay (Dutch Wars). - -Fought 1665, between the English fleet, under the Duke of York, and the -Dutch fleet, under Admiral Opdam. The English were completely -victorious, the Dutch losing 18 ships and 7,000 men. The English lost -one ship only, and 700 men. - - - Spanish Galleons. - -_See_ Vigo Bay. - - - Sphacteria. - -_See_ Pylos. - - - Spicheren (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 6, 1870, between the Germans, under Von Alvensleben, and a -superior French force, under General Frossard. After an obstinate -encounter, the French were driven from all their positions with heavy -loss, and compelled to retreat on Metz. The Germans lost 223 officers -and 4,648 men. The battle is remarkable for the storming of the Rote -Berg by 1 company of the 39th Regiment and 4 companies of the 74th -Regiment, under General von François, who was killed. These 5 companies -maintained their position throughout the afternoon, in face of a vastly -superior force. This action is also known as the Battle of Forbach. - - - Spion Kop (Second Boer War). - -General Buller’s second attempt to break through the Boer lines on the -Tugela, and relieve Ladysmith, is known by this name. The operations -commenced on the 19th, 24,000 men being employed. On that day Sir -Charles Warren’s division commenced to turn the Boer right, and -gradually drove them from ridge to ridge till the evening of the 22nd, -when by a night surprise, Spion Kop, the centre of the position, was -seized. It was, however, found impossible to get artillery up the steep -slopes, and the brigade holding the hill lost about a third of their -strength in the course of the 23rd, including the Brigadier, General -Woodgate. At nightfall, Colonel Thorneycroft, who had been appointed to -the command, abandoned the hill, and on the following day General Buller -decided to recross the Tugela. The British losses during the operations -amounted to 87 officers and 1,647 men. - - - Spira (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought November 15, 1703, between the French, under Marshal Tallard, and -the Imperialists, under the Prince of Hesse, each side being about -20,000 strong. After a severe engagement, the Imperialists were -overpowered by the French cavalry, and totally defeated with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and missing. Among the prisoners was the Prince of -Hesse. - - - Splitter (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought January, 1679, between 16,000 Swedes, under Field-Marshal Horn, -and 10,000 Brandenburgers, under the Elector Frederick William. The -Swedes were utterly routed, Horn being taken prisoner, and not more than -1,500 succeeded in making their way to Riga. - - - Spottsylvania (American Civil War). - -A continuation of the Battle of the Wilderness, fought May 10 to 12, -1864, between the Confederates, under General Lee, and the Federals, -under General Grant. Lee’s position covering Richmond was attacked on -the 10th by Grant, and the day ended with both armies in their original -positions, while the losses, especially on the side of the assailants, -were very heavy. On the 12th Grant renewed the attack, and General -Hancock, on the right surprised the first line of the Confederate -defences, and compelled General Johnson and his division to surrender. -With this exception, entailing the loss of about a mile of ground Lee -held his own throughout the day, and Grant had suffered too severely to -renew the attack. The losses from the 5th, the date of the first Battle -of the Wilderness, to the 12th inclusive, were: Federals, about 50,000 -killed and wounded, Confederates, about 12,000. - - - Spurs. - -_See_ Courtrai. - - - Spurs. - -_See_ Guinegate. - - - Stadtlohn (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 9, 1623, between the army of the Protestant Princes of -Germany, about 22,000 strong, under Duke Christian of Brunswick and the -Imperialists, under Tilly. The Protestants were utterly routed and -dispersed, Christian fleeing to Holland. - - - Staffarda (War of the Revolution). - -Fought 1690, between the French, under Marshal Catinat, and the -Imperialists, under Victor Amadeus of Savoy. The Imperialists met with a -crushing defeat. - - - Stamford Bridge. - -Fought September 25, 1066, between the English, under Harold, and the -Norse invaders, under Harold Hardrada and Tostig. The Norsemen were -surprised by Harold in their camp, and totally defeated, both Hardrada -and Tostig being killed, and the survivors driven to their ships. - - - Stamford Bridge (Wars of the Roses). - -An encounter between the retainers of Sir Thomas Neville, and those of -Lord Egremont, which developed into a pitched battle, in August, 1453. -It is considered to be the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. - - - Standard, The (Scottish Wars). - -Fought at Luton Moor, near Northallerton, in 1138, between the Scots, -under David, and the English, under Thurstan, Archbishop of York, and -Raoul, Bishop of Durham. The Scots were routed, and fled in disorder. -The battle derives its name from the fact that the banner of St. -Cuthbert of Durham, which was held to ensure victory, that of St. Peter -of York, and those of other saints, were carried in a waggon in the -midst of the English army. - - - Stavrichani (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 28, 1739, between 30,000 Russians, under General Münnich, -and the Turkish army, under Veli Pasha. The Russians stormed the Turkish -entrenched camp, driving the Turks headlong into the Danube, where -thousands perished, and capturing all their guns and baggage. Münnich -followed up this success by the capture of Choczin. - - - Steinkirk (War of the Revolution). - -Fought August 8, 1692, between the English, under William III, and the -French, under Marshal Luxembourg. The English attacked the French camp -at daybreak, and broke and dispersed a brigade. Luxembourg, however, -rallied his troops, and after a severe engagement, repulsed the English -attack, though William was able to withdraw his forces in good order. - - - Stillwater (American War of Independence). - -Fought October 7, 1777, between the British, 6,000 strong, under General -Burgoyne, and the Americans, under General Gates. The Americans occupied -a strongly entrenched position, which was attacked by Burgoyne. After a -severe encounter, the attack was repulsed at all points, and the British -driven back upon their camp at Saratoga, with heavy loss, including -General Fraser, mortally wounded. The Americans followed up their -success by an assault upon the British camp, in which they succeeded in -effecting a lodgement, and on the following day, Burgoyne withdrew, and -took up a fresh position on the heights near the Hudson. On October 15, -Burgoyne, surrounded by the Americans, and finding that no aid could -reach him, surrendered with 5,790 men, his total losses during the -campaign having amounted to 4,689. - - - Stirling (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September 11, 1297, between the Scots, under Sir William Wallace, -and the English, 50,000 strong, under the Earl of Surrey. Wallace fell -upon the English army as it was crossing a narrow bridge over the Forth, -and practically annihilated it. This battle is also called the Battle of -Cambuskenneth. - - - Stockack (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1799, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, -60,000 strong, under the Archduke Charles. The French were defeated and -driven back upon the Rhine. - - - Stoke (Lambert Simnel’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 16, 1487, between the royal troops, under Henry VII, and the -rebels, under John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who was aided by 2,000 -German mercenaries, under Martin Schwarz. The King, whose force was -superior in numbers, completely defeated the rebels, Simnel and all the -rebel leaders being taken prisoners. - - - Stolhoffen (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought May 22, 1707, when Marshal Villars, with 45 French battalions, -stormed and captured the lines of Stolhoffen, which were held by the -Imperialists, under the Marquis of Baireuth. The French took 50 guns. - - - Stone Creek. - -_See_ Murfreesboro. - - - Stormberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 10, 1899, when General Gatacre, with about 3,000 men, -made a night march to attack the Boer position at Stormberg. He was -misled by his guides, and came unexpectedly under a heavy Boer fire. The -position was too strong to carry, and Gatacre was forced to retire, with -a loss of 89 killed and wounded, and 633 prisoners. - - - Stralsund (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was besieged, July 5, 1628, by the Imperialists, under -Wallenstein, who had sworn to take it in three days. It was defended -mainly by the inhabitants, aided by a small garrison of Swedes and -Scots. An assault on the 8th was repulsed, and though on the 9th some of -the outworks were gained, the town still held out, and finally, after a -siege of 11 weeks, Wallenstein was compelled to withdraw his troops, -having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. - - - Stralsund (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -The town was again besieged, October 19, 1715, by an army of Prussians -and Danes, 36,000 strong, under Frederick William III of Prussia and -Frederick IV of Denmark, and was defended by a Swedish garrison, under -Charles XII. At the end of three months, the besiegers succeeded in -seizing the island of Rugen, which commanded the town, and an attempt by -Charles to retake it ended disastrously, the king escaping with -difficulty, and severely wounded, while the whole of his force was -killed or captured. On October 10, the allies captured the hornwork, and -on the 20th, the place being no longer defensible, Charles left the town -and embarked for Sweden on the only ship remaining in the harbour. The -garrison immediately afterwards surrendered. - - - Stratton (Civil War). - -Fought May 16, 1643, between the Parliamentary troops, under General -Chudleigh, and the Cornish Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton. The -Royalists attacked the Parliamentarian position on Stratton Hill, and -after severe fighting defeated them, capturing 1,700 prisoners, -including Chudleigh, 13 guns and all their baggage and munitions of war. - - - Suero, The (Civil War of Sertorius). - -Fought B.C. 75, between the rebels, under Sertorius, and the Roman army, -under Pompey. The Roman right, under Pompey, was broken and defeated, -but Afranius turned defeat into victory, capturing the Sertorian camp, -and routing and dispersing the rebel army. - - - Suddusain (Second Sikh War). - -Fought July 1, 1848, when a force of Bhawalpuris and British 18,000 -strong, under Lieutenant Edwardes, encountered 12,000 Sikhs, under -Malraj. The Sikhs attacked, but were beaten off, largely owing to the -superiority of the British artillery, and defeated with heavy loss. - - - Sudley Springs (American Civil War). - -Fought August 29, 1862, between the Federals, under General Pope, and -the Confederates, under Jackson. Jackson, by a forced march, had -succeeded in taking up a strong position in Pope’s rear, and defied all -attempts to dislodge him, repulsing the Federal attacks with a loss of -over 8,000 men. - - - Sugar-loaf Rock (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 20, 1753, between the British, about 3,000 strong, -under Major Laurence, and the French army which was besieging -Trichinopoly, under M. Astruc. Laurence attacked before daybreak, and -the native auxiliaries with the French army were seized with a panic and -fled, leaving the Europeans unsupported. In the end the French were -defeated, with a loss of 100 killed and 200 prisoners, including Astruc. -The British lost 40 killed and wounded. - - - Surinam (Napoleonic Wars). - -This place, held by a Dutch garrison, was captured, May 5, 1804, by a -British squadron, under Commander Hood, together with 2,000 troops, -under Sir Charles Green. - - - Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori’s Invasion). - -Fought 1191, between the Afghans, under Mohammed Ghori, and the Hindus, -under the King of Delhi, with 200,000 horse and 300 elephants. The -Afghans, who were greatly outnumbered, were surrounded, and utterly -routed, Mohammed Ghori escaping with difficulty from the field. - - - Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori’s Invasion). - -Fought 1192, when Mohammed Ghori, on the field where he had suffered -defeat in the previous year, encountered the Rajputs and Delhi men, -under the Rajah of Ajmir. The Afghans, numbering 120,000, completely -routed the Rajputs, and captured the Rajah. - - - Sveaborg (Finland War). - -This place was besieged by the Russians, under General Suchtelen, in -February, 1808, and was defended by a garrison of 7,000 Swedes and -Finns, under Admiral Cronstedt. The siege was conducted under -considerable difficulties, the transport of breaching guns being almost -impossible. However, lack of supplies compelled the Admiral to sign an -armistice, on April 3, by which he agreed to surrender if not relieved -by at least five ships of war on May 3. This being still unbroken at -that date, he handed over the town to the Russians, with 200 guns, and 2 -frigates and 19 transports, which were ice-bound in the harbour. - - - Sveaborg (Crimean War). - -The town, which had become an important Russian arsenal, was bombarded -by a British fleet, under Admiral Dundas, August 9 to 11, 1854. By the -latter date, the arsenal and storehouses had been destroyed, and Dundas -withdrew, making no further attempt to destroy the fortifications. - - - Sybota. - -Fought 433 B.C., between a Corinthian fleet of 150 sail, and a Corcyrean -fleet of 110 sail, aided by 10 Athenian triremes. The Corcyrean right -wing was defeated, and would have been destroyed, but for the assistance -of the Athenians, and the arrival of a reinforcement of 20 Athenian -ships caused the Corinthians to retire. The Corcyreans offered battle on -the following day, but the Corinthians declined. Both sides claimed the -victory, but the advantage lay with the Corinthians, who captured -several ships. - - - Syracuse (Athenian Expedition to Sicily). - -Siege was laid to this city by the Athenians, under Alcibiades, Lamachus -and Nicias, who with a fleet of 134 galleys, took possession of the -harbour and effected a landing in the autumn of 415 B.C. Alcibiades was -soon recalled, and Lamachus killed in a skirmish, while Nicias proved -weak and incompetent. The siege works were not pressed and in the -following year, Gylippus of Sparta succeeded in getting through the -Athenian lines, and bringing a considerable force to the aid of the -Syracusans, capturing at the same time the advanced positions of the -besiegers. Early in 413, Demosthenes arrived from Athens, with a fleet -of 73 triremes, and made a desperate attempt to recover the lost ground. -He was, however, totally defeated, and in a series of sea-fights which -followed, the Athenian fleet was completely destroyed. This disaster -forced the Athenians to raise the siege, and was, in addition, a -death-blow to the naval supremacy of Athens. - - - Syracuse (Second Carthaginian Invasion). - -Syracuse was again besieged, B.C. 387, by about 80,000 Carthaginians, -under Himilco, aided by a powerful fleet, and defended by Dionysius, -with about an equal number of troops. A fleet of 30 Lacedæmonian -triremes arrived to the succour of the Syracusans, and meanwhile a -pestilence had carried off thousands in the besiegers’ camp. At this -juncture Dionysius decided on a joint sea and land attack upon the -Carthaginians, which was completely successful. Leptinus, with 80 -galleys, surprised the Carthaginian fleet while the crews were ashore, -and completely destroyed it, while Dionysius stormed Himilco’s defences, -and utterly routed the besiegers, Himilco and his principal officers -escaping from Sicily, and leaving the army to its fate. - - - Syracuse (Second Punic War). - -In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in the hands of the pro-Carthaginian faction, -was besieged by the Romans, 25,000 strong, under M. Marcellus, and a -fleet under Appius Claudius. The city was defended by a garrison under -Hippocrates. The siege is specially notable for the presence in the city -of Archimedes, whose military engines played an important part in the -defence, especially against the fleet. During the winter, the revolt of -other Sicilian towns drew off a portion of the besiegers, and during the -spring and early summer of 212, only a partial blockade could be -maintained. Then however, taking advantage of a festival in the city, -Marcellus stormed and captured the upper portion of the town. An attempt -to force the Roman lines by a Carthaginian relieving force, under -Himilco, was repulsed, and shortly afterwards the rest of the city was -captured by assault. - - - Szigeth (Ottoman Wars). - -This small place, held by a Hungarian garrison, under Count Zrinyi, was -besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, in 1566. The siege -was prosecuted with vigour but was fatal to the great Sultan, who died -on the night of September 4. On the following day, however, the Turks -stormed and sacked the town, and Count Zrinyi and his little garrison -perished in the flames. - - - - - T - - - Tabraca (Revolt of Gildo). - -Fought 398, between 5,000 picked Roman legionaries, under Mascazel, and -the revolted Africans, 70,000 strong, under Gildo. At the first -onslaught of the legionaries, all the Roman soldiers serving under Gildo -deserted, and the Africans taking to flight, Mascazel gained an almost -bloodless victory. Gildo was captured and committed suicide in prison. - - - Taçna (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought May 26, 1880, between the Chilians, under General Baquedano, and -the Peruvians, the Chilians gaining a signal victory. The Peruvian -losses were very heavy, including 197 officers. Following up their -victory, the Chilians captured the fortress of Ariça. - - - Tacubaya (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought April 11, 1859, between the Mexican Government troops, under -Marquez, and the Liberals, under Degollado. The Liberals were completely -routed, with the loss of all their artillery and munitions of war. - - - Tagina (Second Gothic War). - -Fought July, 552, between the Goths, under Totila, King of Italy, and -30,000 Imperial troops, under Narses. The Romans withstood the charge of -the Goths, broke their cavalry, and then drove their infantry from the -field, with a loss of about 6,000. Totila was overtaken and slain in the -pursuit. - - - Tagliacozzo (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1268, between the Guelf party, under Charles of Anjou, the -usurper of the throne of Naples, and the Ghibellines, under Conradin, -the rightful heir, and Frederick, Duke of Austria. The Ghibellines were -utterly routed, and their leaders, including Conradin and the Duke, -captured and beheaded. - - - Taiken Gate (Hogen Insurrection). - -Fought 1157, between the Japanese rebels, under Shitoku, and the -Imperial troops, under Bifukumonia and Tadamichi. The rebels were -utterly routed. This battle is remarkable for the fratricidal nature of -the conflict, many of the greatest families of Japan having -representatives in both armies. - - - Taillebourg. - -Fought 1242, between the French, under Louis IX, and the English, under -Henry III, with whom were allied the rebellious vassals of the French -crown, the Comtes de Marche and de Foix. The allies were defeated, and -Henry withdrew his forces from France. - - - Takashima (Chinese Invasion of Japan). - -After the wreck of the Chinese fleet, in 1281, the survivors, under -Chang Pak, took refuge on the island of Takashima. Here they were -attacked by the troops of Kiushiu, under Shoni Kagesuke. They were -almost without exception killed or captured, only three out of the vast -host returning to China. - - - Taku Forts (Second China War). - -Fought June 25, 1859, when an attempt was made by the British to carry -the forts at the mouth of the Peiho River. Eleven light-draught gunboats -crossed the bar, and tried to silence the batteries, but without -success, and at 5 p.m. an attempt was made to carry the defences by a -land attack. A force of 600 marines and blue-jackets, under Captain -Vansittart, was landed, but after severe fighting was driven back to the -boats, with a loss of 68 killed, and nearly 300 wounded. Six of the -gunboats were sunk or disabled, and their crews also suffered heavily. - -On August 21, 1860, a second and successful assault was made on the -forts by a force of 11,000 British and 7,000 French troops, under Sir -Hope Grant. After a brief bombardment, the small north fort, garrisoned -by 500 Chinese, was stormed by 2,500 British, and 400 French, 400 of the -garrison falling, while the British lost 21 killed and 184 wounded. In -the course of the day the remaining forts surrendered without further -fighting. - - - Talana Hill (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 20, 1899, between 4,000 Boers, under General Lucas Meyer, -and a British force of equal strength, under General Symons. The Boers -occupied a strong position on the heights of Dundee, from which they -were dislodged by the British infantry, with a loss of about 300. The -British lost 19 officers, 142 men killed and wounded, and 331 prisoners, -the latter a detachment of cavalry and mounted infantry, who were -surrounded by a superior force of Boers, and surrendered. General Symons -was mortally wounded. The action is also called the battle of Dundee. - - - Talavera (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 28, 1809, between 19,000 British and 34,000 Spaniards, under -Sir Arthur Wellesley, and 50,000 French, under Marshals Jourdan and -Victor, with Joseph Buonaparte in nominal command. The British repulsed -all the attacks on their position, at a cost of 6,200 killed and -wounded. The Spanish losses were returned at 1,200, but the figures are -doubtful, as they took practically no part in the fighting. The French -lost 7,389 killed, wounded and missing, and 17 guns. - - - Talkhan (Tartar Invasion of Khorassan). - -This fortress was captured, 1221, by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, -after an obstinate defence of seven months, in which thousands perished -on both sides. - - - Talneer (Third Mahratta War). - -By the treaty of January 6, 1818, this fortress was surrendered by -Holkar to the British, but on Sir Thomas Hislop, with a British force, -arriving to take possession, on February 17, the commandant refused to -hand it over. Though warned of the consequences, he fired upon the -British, whereupon Hislop opened fire, and in the afternoon of the same -day the place surrendered. By some misunderstanding, however, the Arab -garrison of 300, were drawn up at one of the gates, and on the approach -of two British officers and some Sepoys, cut them down. No quarter was -then given, the garrison being killed to a man, and the commandant -hanged. - - - Tamai (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 13, 1884, when 4,000 British, under General Graham, -attacked and defeated the Mahdists, under Osman Digna, destroying their -camp. The British fought in two squares, one of which was momentarily -broken by the Mahdists, who captured the naval guns. The second square, -however, moved up in support, and the Mahdists were repulsed and the -guns recovered. The British lost 10 officers and 204 men killed and -wounded; the Dervishes over 2,000 killed. - - - Tanagra. - -Fought 457 B.C., between the Spartans, and their Peloponnesian allies, -and about 14,000 Athenians and others, including a body of Thessalian -cavalry. The battle was stubbornly contested, both sides losing heavily, -but the desertion during the action of the Thessalians turned the scale, -and the Spartans were victorious, though at a cost which deterred them -from their intended attack upon Athens. - - - Tanjore (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged, August, 1758, by the French, under -Lally-Tollendal, and was defended by a garrison, under Monacji. After -five days’ bombardment, the walls were still insufficiently breached, -and owing to lack of ammunition, Lally determined to retire. Hearing -this, Monacji made a sortie, and nearly succeeded in surprising the -French camp. He was with difficulty beaten off, and the French withdrew, -with the loss of all their siege guns and heavy baggage. - - - Tanjore. - -The fortress was besieged, August 20, 1773, by a British force, under -General Joseph Smith, and defended by a garrison of 20,000 men, under -the Rajah, Laljaji, and his Vizier Monacji. On September 16, a breach -having been effected, the besiegers delivered an assault at midday, when -their garrison were taking their usual noonday rest, and meeting with -little opposition, made themselves masters of the place. - - - Tansara Saka (Satsuma Rebellion). - -Fought 1876, when the rebels in a very strong position were attacked by -the Imperial troops, under Prince Taruhito, and after very severe -fighting, driven out with enormous loss. The Imperialists also suffered -severely. - - - Tarapaca (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought November 17, 1879, and resulted in the defeat of the Peruvians -with heavy loss. - - - Tarento (Italian Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Neapolitan garrison, under the Conde di -Potenza, was besieged by about 5,000 Spaniards, under Consalvo de -Cordova, in August, 1501. Gonsalvo endeavoured to reduce the place by -blockade, but found his forces melting away by desertion, and was forced -to have recourse to more active measures. The north front of Tarento -being bounded by a lake, was unfortified, and Gonsalvo, with incredible -labour, transported overland some of the smaller vessels of the Spanish -fleet lying in the Bay of Tarento, and launched them on the lake. The -town was then at his mercy, and surrendered, being entered by the -Spaniards, March 1, 1502. - - - Tarragona (Peninsular War). - -This city was besieged by the French, 40,000 strong, under General -Suchet, in May, 1811, and defended by a garrison but little inferior in -numbers. The outer defences were stormed one by one, and by June 21, the -besiegers had effected a lodgement in the lower town. On the 28th, the -upper town was taken by storm, and the survivors of the garrison, 8,000 -in number, laid down their arms. The French lost about 6,000 during the -siege. - - - Tashkessen (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought December 28, 1877, between 2,000 Turks, under Valentine Baker -Pasha, and a Russian division, under General Kourloff. In order to cover -Shakir Pasha’s retirement from the Shandurnik heights, Baker’s greatly -inferior force withstood throughout the day, the determined onslaughts -of the Russians, when Baker finally withdrew, having effected his -object. He had lost 800 men, and had inflicted a loss on his assailants -of 32 officers and over 1,000 men. - - - Tauris (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 47, between the Pompeian fleet, under Marcus Octavius, and -the Cæsareans, under Publius Vatinius. The Cæsarean fleet consisted of -merchant vessels, temporarily equipped with beaks, but Vatinius, though -his ships were inferior both in number and quality, boldly attacked the -Pompeians, and after severe fighting, completely defeated them, -compelling Octavius to abandon the Adriatic. - - - Taus (Hussite Wars). - -Fought August 14, 1431, between the Hussites, under John Ziska, and the -Imperialists, under the Emperor Sigismund. The Hussites gained a signal -victory. - - - Tayeizan (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, when the adherents of the Shogun made their last stand in -Tokyo at the Tayeizan temple in the Park of Uyeno. They were defeated -after a sharp conflict, leaving the Imperialists in undisputed -possession of the Shogun’s capital. - - - Tchernaya (Crimean War). - -Fought August 16, 1855, between three Russian divisions, under General -Gortschakoff, and three French and one Sardinian division, under General -Marmora. The Russians attacked the allies’ position on the Tchernaya, -and after severe fighting, were repulsed with a loss of 5,000 killed and -wounded. The allies lost 1,200. - - - Tchesme (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 7, 1770, between the Russian fleet of 50 sail, under Count -Alexis Orloff, and the Turkish fleet of nearly 100 sail of the line, -under Hassan Bey. With the exception of one ship, which was captured, -the whole of the Turkish fleet was destroyed. - - - Tearless Battle. - -Fought B.C. 368, when a force of Arcadians endeavoured to cut off a -Spartan army, under Archidamus, in a narrow defile in Laconia. They were -repulsed with heavy loss, and not a single Spartan was killed, whence -the engagement came to be called the Tearless Battle. - - - Tegea. - -Fought B.C. 473, when the Spartans defeated the combined forces of the -Arcadian League and the Argives, under the walls of Tegea. Though -victorious, the Spartans were too much reduced in numbers to venture -upon the attack of Tegea, which had been the object of the expedition. - - - Tegyra (Bœotian War). - -Fought B.C. 373, when Pelopidas, with the Sacred Band of 300 Thebans, -routed a large force of Spartans in a narrow pass near Orchomenus, -slaying 600, including their two generals. - - - Telamon (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). - -Fought B.C. 225, when the Gauls, marching upon Rome, found themselves -caught between two Roman consular armies, and though fighting -desperately, were cut to pieces. - - - Tel-el-Kebir (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought September 13, 1882, when the British, 17,000 strong, under Lord -Wolseley, after a night march across the desert, attacked and stormed -Arabi’s entrenchments, which were defended by 22,000 Egyptians. The -British lost 339 killed and wounded, the Egyptian loss was very heavy. - - - Tel-el-Mahuta (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 24, 1882, when the Egyptians attempted to oppose the march -of the British advance guard, under General Graham, to Kassassin. They -made, however, but a feeble resistance, and were driven off with heavy -loss. - - - Te-li-ssu (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought June 14 and 15, 1904, between 35,000 Russians, under Baron de -Stakelberg, and about 40,000 Japanese, under General Oku. The Japanese -attacked the Russian position, but the Russians held their ground -throughout the 14th, at a cost of about 350 killed and wounded. On the -15th, however, their flank was turned, and after hard fighting in which -they suffered heavily, two batteries of artillery being absolutely cut -to pieces, they retreated in some disorder, leaving over 1,500 dead on -the field. The Japanese, who lost 1,163 in the two days, captured 300 -prisoners and 14 guns. The total Russian losses were about 10,000. - - - Tellicherry (First Mysore War). - -This place, held by a small British garrison, and very imperfectly -fortified, was besieged June, 1780, by a Mysore force, under Sirdar Ali -Khan. Aid was sent to the garrison from Bombay, and a most gallant -defence was made till January 18, 1782, when reinforcements arrived, -under Major Abington, who, aided by the garrison, stormed the Mysori -entrenchments, capturing all their guns, 60 in number, and 1,200 -prisoners, among whom was Sirdar Ali. - - - Temesvar (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought August 9, 1849, between the Austrians, under Haynau, and the -Hungarians, under Dembinski. The latter was totally routed, and his army -dispersed, this being the last stand made by the Hungarians in the war. -On the 13th, Görgey and his army surrendered to the Russians at -Villágos. - - - Tenchebrai. - -Fought September 28, 1106, between the English, under Henry I, and the -Normans, under Robert of Normandy, Henry’s brother. Robert was totally -defeated and made prisoner, and Henry annexed Normandy to the crown of -England. - - - Tergoes (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress was besieged, August 16, 1572, by the Dutch Patriots, -7,000 strong, under Jerome de ’t Zeraerts, and was defended by a small -Spanish garrison. On October 20, a force of 3,000 Spanish veterans, -under Colonel Mondragon, succeeded in crossing the “Drowned Land,” with -a loss of only 9 men drowned, and relieved the town, ’t Zeraert’s troops -refusing to face this unexpected attack. - - - Testry. - -Fought 687, between the Neustrians, under Thierry III, and the -Austrasians, under Pepin d’Héristal, the Maire du Palais. The Neustrians -were routed, and Thierry captured. - - - Tettenhall (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 910, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under -Edward the Elder. The Danes were defeated. - - - Tetuan (Morocco War). - -Fought February 4, 1860, when 30,000 Spaniards, under Marshal O’Donnell, -stormed the Moorish entrenchments outside Tetuan, held by about 40,000 -Moors. Three days later Tetuan was entered by the Spaniards. - - - Teuttingen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November, 1643, between the French, under the Maréchal de -Rantzau, and the Imperialists, under the Count de Merci. The -Imperialists surprised the French camp, and totally routed them, -Rantzau, being captured with most of his superior officers, and all his -artillery and baggage. - - - Tewkesbury (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought May 4, 1471, when the Yorkists, under Edward IV, defeated the -Lancastrians, under Prince Edward, Somerset and others, with heavy loss. -Prince Edward and other leading Lancastrians were killed, and Margaret -of Anjou promptly surrendered. - - - Texel (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 2, 1653, between a British fleet, under Monk, and a Dutch -fleet, under Van Tromp. The action was undecided, but on the following -day, Monk having been reinforced by 18 ships, under Admiral Blake, -renewed the attack, and signally defeated Van Tromp, with a loss of 11 -ships and 1,300 prisoners taken, and 6 ships sunk. The British lost 20 -ships and 363 killed and wounded. - - - Thala (Numidian Revolt). - -In the year 22, this fortress, defended by no more than 500 Roman -veterans, was attacked by a large force of nomads, under Tacfarinas. The -Romans sallied out, and inflicted so severe a defeat upon Tacfarinas -that his army was dispersed. - - - Thapsus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought April 6, B.C. 46, between the Cæsareans, consisting of 10 -legions, under Julius Cæsar, and the Pompeians, 14 legions, in addition -to cavalry, light troops, and 100 elephants, under Metellus Scipio and -Juba. - - - Thebes. - -This city was captured by the Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, in -September, 335 B.C. The Thebans were blockading the Macedonian garrison, -which held the citadel, and the Cadmea; Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s -captains, without orders, broke through the earthworks outside the city. -Before the Thebans could shut the gates, Perdiccas effected an entrance -into the city, and being joined by the garrison of the Cadmea, soon -overcame the resistance of the Thebans. Six thousand of the inhabitants -were massacred, and the city was razed to the ground. - - - Thermopylæ (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought 480 B.C., when 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, under Leonidas, -defended the pass of Thermopylæ, leading southwards out of Thessaly, -against the Persian host, under Xerxes. They kept the Persians at bay -until a considerable force having passed the mountains by another part, -they were attacked in the rear. They then retired to a hillock, and -fought till the last man fell. - - - Thermopylæ (War with Antiochus). - -Fought B.C. 191, between 40,000 Romans, under Glabrio, and the army of -Antiochus the Great, King of Asia. Antiochus was entrenched at -Thermopylæ, where he was attacked by the Romans, and a post held by -2,000 Ætolians being surprised, his flank was turned, and he was -disastrously defeated. Antiochus escaped from the field with barely 500 -men. - - - Thetford (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 870, between the Danish invaders, and the East Anglians, under -Edward. The latter were defeated and Edward killed. - - - Thorn (Russo-Swedish War). - -Siege was laid to this place by the Swedes, under Charles XII, September -22, 1702. It was defended by a garrison of 5,000 Poles, under General -Robel, who made a gallant defence, but after a month’s siege, he was -compelled by famine to surrender. - - - Thurii. - -Fought B.C. 282, when a Roman consular army, under Caius Fabricius, -routed the Lucanians and Bruttians, who were besieging Thurii. The siege -was raised, and the Tarentine coalition temporarily broken up. - - - Tiberias. - -Fought July, 1187, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the -Christians of Jerusalem, under Guy de Lusignan. Saladin gained a signal -victory, capturing the King, the Grand Master of the Templars, and the -Marquis de Montferrat. Following up his success, Saladin recovered in -succession, Acre, Jaffa, and other important places, and in the month of -October of the same year, recaptured Jerusalem. - - - Ticinus (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, under Hannibal, and -25,000 Romans, under P. Cornelius Scipio (the Elder). The Romans were -defeated with heavy loss, Scipio being severely wounded. - - - Ticonderoga (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 8, 1758, between Montcalm, with 3,600 French and Canadians, -and the British, 15,000 strong, including 6,000 regulars, under General -James Abercromby. Montcalm was strongly intrenched on a ridge in front -of Fort Ticonderoga, his position being furthered strengthened by an -abatis. Abercromby made no attempt to turn the position, but without -waiting for his guns, ordered the regulars to take the lines by storm. -Notwithstanding the gallantry of the troops, who advanced six times to -the assault, the position proved impregnable, and Abercromby was forced -to withdraw, with a loss of 1,944 killed and wounded, the French losing -377 only. The 42nd Regiment (Black Watch) showed conspicuous bravery, -losing half the rank and file, and 25 officers killed and wounded. - -On July 22, 1759, a British force of 11,000 men under General Amherst, -arrived before Ticonderoga, which was held by about 3,500 French and -Canadians, under Bourlemaque. On the 23rd, Bourlemaque withdrew to the -Isle-aux-Noix, on Lake Champlain, leaving only 400 men, under Hébécourt, -with instructions to hold Amherst before the place as long as possible. -On the 26th, however, Hébécourt set fire to the magazine and retired. - - - Ticonderoga (American War of Independence). - -This place was invested, June 22, 1777, by the British, under General -Burgoyne, and was defended by 5,000 Americans, under General St. Clair. -After a brief siege, the Americans evacuated the Fort, July 5. - - - Tiflis (Tartar Invasion of the Caucasus). - -Fought 1386, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the troops of the -Caucasian tribes, under the Queen of Georgia. The Queen issued from -Tiflis to offer battle to the Tartars, but her forces could not stand -against them, and were cut to pieces. - - - Tigranocerta (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 69, when the Romans, 10,000 strong, under Lucullus, who was -besieging the city, were attacked by 200,000 Pontic and Armenian troops, -under Tigranes. Tigranes had failed to occupy some high ground which -commanded the position of his cavalry. This Lucullus seized, and -attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke it. He then attacked and -routed the infantry, with a loss according to the Roman account of -100,000. The Romans lost 5 men only. - - - Tigris (Persian Wars). - -Fought 363, when the Romans under Julian, crossed the Tigris in the face -of a large Persian army, strongly entrenched on the opposite bank. At -the first assault, though an attempt at a surprise failed, the Romans -stormed the Persian lines, and after 12 hours’ fighting, drove them from -the field. The Romans only admitted a loss of 75 men, while they claimed -that the Persians lost 6,000 killed. - - - Tippermuir (Civil War). - -Fought September 1, 1644, between the Covenanters, 6,700 strong, under -Lord Elcho, and about 3,000 Scottish Royalists, under Montrose. The -Covenanters were totally defeated, with a loss variously estimated at -from 1,300 to 2,000 killed, and 800 prisoners, while the Royalist loss -was trifling. Following up his victory Montrose occupied Perth. - - - Toba (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the troops of Aiza and Kuwana, under the Shogun -Yoshinobu, and the army of Satsuma and Choshu. The Shogun was totally -defeated, and abandoned his invasion of Satsuma, returning with his -troops to Yedo by sea, surrendering shortly afterwards to the Imperial -forces. - - - Tofrek (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 22, 1885, when General McNeill, with 3 battalions of -Indian, and 1½ of British troops, was surprised in his zariba, by about -5,000 Mahdists. One of the native regiments broke and fled, but the -Berkshires and Marines, made a gallant defence, though the zariba was -forced, as did the other native regiments. After twenty minutes’ -fighting the attack was beaten off, the Mahdists leaving 1,500 dead on -the field. The British lost 294 combatants and 176 camp-followers, -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Tolbiac. - -Fought 496, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Alemanni. The -Franks, after a desperate conflict, began to give way, but were rallied -by Clovis, who leading a charge in person, utterly routed the Alemanni. -This victory gave the Franks undisputed possession of the territory west -of the Rhine. - - - Tolentino (Hundred Days). - -Fought May 2, 1815, between 50,000 Italians, under Murat, and 60,000 -Austrians, under General Bianchi. The Italians were routed and -dispersed, and Murat compelled to flee from Italy. - - - Tolenus (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 90, between the Romans, under Lupus, and the revolted -Marsians. Lupus was attacked while crossing the Tolenus, and totally -routed with a loss of 8,000 men. - - - Tondeman’s Woods (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought February 14, 1754, when a convoy to revictual Trichinopoly, -escorted by 180 British and 800 native troops, was attacked by 12,000 -Mysore and Mahratta horse, under Hyder Ali and Morari Rao, supported by -a small French force. The Sepoys at once laid down their arms, but the -Europeans made a gallant defence, until the arrival of the French force, -when, hopelessly outnumbered, they also surrendered. The convoy and the -whole detachment were captured. - - - Torgau (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 3, 1760, between the Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and the Austrians, under Count Daun. The Austrians, besides being -numerically superior, occupied a strong position at Torgau. Frederick -divided his forces, and while one portion, under Ziethen, attacked in -front, he himself led the rest of his army round the position, and fell -upon the Austrian rear. Both attacks were repulsed, but during the -night, Ziethen, finding the heights badly guarded, gained them, and -seized the batteries, turning a defeat into a signal victory. The -Austrians lost 20,000, the Prussians, 13,000, and the victory gave -Frederick possession of the whole of Saxony. - - - Toro (War of the Castilian Succession). - -Fought March 1, 1476, between the Portuguese, and the Spanish supporters -of Joanna for the throne of Castile, 8,500 strong, under Alfonso of -Portugal, and the adherents of Isabella, about equal in numbers, under -Ferdinand the Catholic. Ferdinand, after a long march, attacked the -Portuguese at 4 p.m., and at the end of two hours’ fighting, signally -defeated them with heavy loss. - - - Toulon (War of the Spanish Succession). - -An attack was made upon the fortress by a combined Dutch and British -fleet, under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, July 17, 1707. The allies failed to -gain a footing in the town, but 8 French ships lying in the harbour and -130 houses were destroyed by fire. - - - Toulon (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought February 11, 1744, between a British fleet of 27 sail of the -line, and 8 frigates, under Admiral Matthews, and a combined French and -Spanish fleet of 28 line-of-battle ships. The British fleet suffered a -serious reverse, in consequence of which the Admiral and four captains -were tried by court-martial and cashiered. The British lost 274 killed -and wounded, the allies about 1,000. - - - Toulon (Wars of the French Revolution). - -On August 29, 1793, Toulon, which had opened its gates to the British, -and was held by a small garrison, under Lord Mulgrave, was besieged by -the French, under Dugommier. By December 18, most of the landward -defences had been carried, and the place having become untenable, Lord -Mulgrave carried off his troops by sea. This siege is chiefly memorable -as being the first important appearance of Napoleon, who commanded the -artillery. - - - Toulouse (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 10, 1814, between 38,000 French, under Soult, and 24,000 -British and Spaniards, under Wellington. The French entrenchments in -front of Toulouse were attacked by the British, who after severe -fighting captured some of the outworks. The victory, however, was -incomplete, and was in effect of no value, as Napoleon had on this date -already surrendered to the allies in Paris. The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, the allies, 4,659, of whom 2,000 were Spaniards. - - - Tournay (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This place was besieged, October 1, 1581, by the Royal troops, under -Alexander of Parma, and in the absence of the Governor, Prince Espinay, -was gallantly defended by the Princess, who held out until November 30, -when, by an honourable capitulation, she was allowed to march out at the -head of the garrison, with all the honours of war. - - - Tournay (War of the Spanish Succession). - -The town was besieged by the British, under the Duke of Marlborough, -July 8, 1709, and was defended by a French garrison under M. de -Surville. After 56 days of open trenches, the garrison surrendered, -having suffered a loss of 3,000 men. - - - Tours (Moslem Invasion of France). - -Fought 732, between the Franks, under Charles Martel, and the Saracens, -under Abderrahman Ibu Abdillah. The battle lasted several days—according -to the Arab chroniclers, two, while the Christian accounts say seven—and -ended in the fall of Abderrahman, when the Saracens, discouraged by the -death of their leader, owned defeat, and fled, losing heavily in the -pursuit. - - - Towton (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought March 29, 1461, when Edward IV, immediately after his -proclamation, marched against the Lancastrians, under Henry VI, and -vigorously attacked their entrenched position at Towton. Aided by a -heavy snowstorm, blowing in the faces of the defenders, Edward defeated -them all along the line, with heavy loss, among the killed being -Northumberland, Dacre and de Mauley. Henry and Margaret escaped from the -field, and fled northward. - - - Trafalgar (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought October 21, 1805, between the British fleet of 27 sail of the -line and 4 frigates, under Nelson, with Collingwood second in command, -and the combined French and Spanish fleets, numbering 33 sail of the -line and 7 frigates, under Admiral Villeneuve. Nelson attacked in two -lines, and destroying the enemy’s formation, completely defeated them, -20 ships striking their colours. Nelson fell in the moment of victory, -while the Spanish Admiral was killed, and Villeneuve captured. Most of -the prizes were lost in a heavy gale which sprang up after the battle, -but the destruction of Villeneuve’s fleet put an end to Napoleon’s -scheme for an invasion of England. The British lost 1,587 killed and -wounded, the losses of the allies being far heavier. - - - Trautenau (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between the First Prussian Army Corps, under -General von Bonin, and the 10th Austrian corps, under General Gablenz. -The Prussians at first drove back the Austrians, but General Gablenz -advancing in force, fell upon the Prussians, wearied with a long march, -and compelled them to retreat, with a loss of 1,277 killed and wounded. -Owing to the superiority of the needle-gun, the Austrians, though -victorious, suffered a loss of 5,732. - - - Travancore (Second Mysore War). - -Fought December 28, 1789, when Tippu Sahib, with about 15,000 Mysoris, -made a night attack upon the British lines. Having thrown down a portion -of the rampart, a small advance party were hastening to open the gate, -when they were assailed by a detachment of the garrison, and hurled back -into the trench. This repulse threw the advancing troops into confusion, -and they were routed with a loss of over 2,000. - - - Trebbia (Second Punic War). - -Fought December B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, 6,000 being -cavalry, under Hannibal, and 40,000 Romans under the Consul Sempronius. -Sempronius’ colleague, Scipio, had been wounded a few days before in a -skirmish, and Sempronius, contrary to his advice, being in sole command, -crossed the Trebbia to attack the Carthaginians. The Romans fought with -determination, and the issue was for some time in doubt, but finally a -charge of the Carthaginian horse, under Mago, against their left flank, -threw the legionaries into confusion, and they were routed with enormous -loss. - - - Trebbia (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 19 to 21, 1799, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Russians, under Suwaroff. After a severe conflict the French were -totally defeated and driven beyond the Apennines, being obliged shortly -afterwards to evacuate Italy. - - - Trebizond (Ottoman Wars). - -This city, where the last representative of the family of Comnenus had -taken refuge after the fall of Constantinople, was besieged by the -Turks, under Mohammed II, in 1461. After a brief resistance the city -surrendered, and the last vestige of the Empire of the East was swept -away. - - - Treveri (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 55, between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Julius Cæsar, -and 300,000 Asipetes, a German tribe, who had made a raid into Gaul. The -Germans were routed with enormous loss; indeed, the action was less a -battle than a massacre, and very few succeeded in recrossing the Rhine. - - - Tricameron (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought November, 533, between the Romans, under Belisarius, and the -Vandals, under Gelimer and Zano. The Romans were drawn up behind a -stream, and were attacked by the Vandals, though only the wing under -Zano displayed any vigour in the assault. In the end the Vandals were -defeated with a loss of 800, the Romans losing 50 only. This defeat put -an end to the Vandal domination in Africa. - - - Trichinopoly. - -This place was captured, after a three months’ siege, by the Mahrattas, -March 26, 1741. It had been provisioned for a long siege by Chunda -Sahib, but the Mahrattas retired to a distance of 250 miles, whereupon -the avarice of Chunda Sahib impelled him to sell the grain which he had -in store. The Mahrattas, who had been counting upon this, retraced their -steps, and the garrison were in a very short time starved into -submission. - - - Trincomalee (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 10, 1759, between a British squadron of 12 sail, under -Admiral Pococke, and a French fleet of 14 sail, under the Comte d’Aché. -After an engagement lasting two hours, the French were worsted, but -sailing better than the British, as usual at this period, eluded pursuit -and lost no ships. - - - Trincomalee (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 3, 1767, between the British, under Colonel Smith, and -the Mysore army, under Hyder Ali. Hyder attacked the British camp, but -was beaten off with a loss of 2,000 men while the British lost 170 only. - -On September 26 of the same year, a second engagement took place near -Trincomalee, when Colonel Smith, with 12,000 British and native troops, -came unexpectedly upon the united armies of Hyderabad and Mysore, 60,000 -strong, under Hyder Ali, while rounding a hill which separated them. The -superior discipline of the British enabled them to take full advantage -of the surprise, and they inflicted an overwhelming defeat upon their -opponents’ disordered masses. Hyder Ali lost over 4,000 men and 64 guns, -the British loss being 150 killed and wounded. - - - Trincomalee. - -A naval action was fought off this place April 12, 1782, between 11 -British ships, under Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 French vessels, under -Suffren. After a sanguinary action with no decisive result, the two -fleets, both too seriously damaged to renew the conflict, separated, the -British making for Trincomalee, and the French for their base to repair -damages. - -On September 3, 1782, another indecisive fight took place between the -same Admirals off Trincomalee, the British having 12 and the French 15 -sail. Both squadrons were compelled after the action to return to their -respective bases to refit. - - - Trinidad (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French, without resistance, by a naval -and military expedition under Admiral John Harvey and Sir Ralph -Abercrombie, February 17, 1797. - - - Trinkitat (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 29, 1884, when the British, 4,000 strong, under General -Graham, totally defeated 6,000 Mahdists, under Osman Digna, after five -hours’ severe fighting. The British casualties amounted to 189 killed -and wounded; the Mahdists lost about 2,000. This action is also known as -the Battle of El Teb. - - - Tripoli (Moslem Conquest of Africa). - -Fought 647, between the invading Moslems, under Abdallah, and 120,000 -Imperial troops and African levies, under the Prefect, Gregory. The -Moslems gained a signal victory, Gregory being among the slain. - - - Trivadi (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1760, between 5,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali, and a British force -of 230 European and 2,700 native troops, under Major Moore. -Notwithstanding his inferior numbers, Moore attempted to prevent the -junction of Hyder Ali with the French, and was totally defeated. - - - Trout Brook (Seven Years’ War). - -A small skirmish, in which the advance guard of Abercromby’s army, -marching on Ticonderoga, fell in with a French scouting column, 350 -strong, under Langy, July 6, 1758. The French lost 150 killed and -wounded and 148 prisoners, and the affair would be without importance -but for the fact that Lord Howe, who was the brain of Abercromby’s -staff, was killed in the fight. His death was followed by the disaster -of Ticonderoga, and as Parkman says (_Montcalm and Wolfe_, chap. xx.): -“The death of one man was the ruin of fifteen thousand.” - - - Troy. - -The siege and destruction of this city by the Hellenes, though all the -details are legendary, may be accepted as a historical fact, and the -date may be put approximately at 1100 B.C. - - - Truceia. - -Fought 593, between the Neustrians, under Queen Fredegond, and the -Austrasians, under Childebert II. The Austrasian army was totally routed -and fled from the field. - - - Tsushima (Mongol Invasion of Japan). - -Fought 1419 between the Chinese and Koreans, and the ships of the Barons -of Kiushiu. The Japanese gained a signal victory, and from that time -were no more troubled by foreign invasion. - - - Tudela (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 23, 1808, between 30,000 French, under Lannes, and -45,000 Spaniards, under Castaños and Palafox. The Spaniards were totally -defeated, with a loss of about 9,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners -and 30 guns. The French losses were small. - - - Tunis (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 255 between 15,000 Romans, under Regulus, and 16,000 -Carthaginians, of whom 4,000 were cavalry, with 100 elephants, under -Xanthippus, the Spartan. The Romans were broken by a cavalry charge, and -their rout was completed by the elephants, and all but 2,500 fell on the -field. Regulus was captured, and Tunis at once occupied by the -Carthaginians. - - - Tunis (Ninth Crusade). - -This city was besieged by the French Crusaders, under Louis IX in 1270. -While before the walls of the place, which offered an obstinate -resistance, Louis died of a fever, and the crusaders at once raised the -siege and retired. - - - Turbigo (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 3, 1859, when the advance guard of Marshal Macmahon’s corps, -under the Marshal in person, was attacked by a portion of the Austrian -division of Clam-Gallas, while simultaneously 4,000 Austrians assailed -the bridge over the canal near the Ticino, which the French main body -was crossing. After severe fighting both attacks were repulsed with -considerable loss. - - - Turcoing (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1794 between the French, under Souham, and the British, under the -Duke of York. The British were defeated and driven back upon Tournay. - - - Turin (Revolt of Maxentius). - -Fought 312, between the legions of Gaul, 40,000 strong, under -Constantine, and the troops of Maxentius, considerably superior in -number. The charge of Maxentius’ heavy cavalry failed, and he was driven -back into Turin with enormous loss. - - - Turin (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This place, held by an Imperialist garrison, 10,000 strong, under the -Duke of Savoy, was besieged by a French army of 68 battalions and 80 -squadrons, with artillery and engineers, under the Duc de la Feuillade, -May 26, 1706. On June 17 the Duke of Savoy left the city to organise a -relief force, Count Daun taking the command. The garrison held out -stoutly till September 7, when the approach of a large relieving force -under Prince Eugene compelled the French to raise the siege. About 5,000 -of the garrison perished either in action or by disease. In the action -which preceded the retirement of the French, the Imperialists lost -1,500, the French 2,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. - - - Turnhout (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought August 22, 1597, between the Dutch, under Prince Maurice of -Nassau, and the Spaniards under the Archduke Albert. The Spaniards were -totally defeated, and this victory may be said to have set the seal of -the Independence of the Netherlands. - - - Tyre (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -This strongly fortified city, built on an island separated from the -mainland by a channel 1,000 yards wide, was besieged by the Macedonians -under Alexander the Great, B.C., 332. Alexander at once commenced the -construction of a mole across the channel but was much hampered by the -Phœnician galleys, which issued from the two fortified harbours, and -destroyed his military engines. He therefore collected in Sidon a fleet -of 250 ships from the captured Phœnician cities, and holding the -Tyrian galleys in check, completed his mole. It was some time, however, -before a breach could be effected, but in August, 332, an assault was -delivered, headed by Alexander in person, and the city was stormed and -taken. Eight thousand Tyrians fell in the storm, and about 30,000 were -sold into slavery. - - - - - U - - - Ucles (Mohammedan Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1109, between the Spaniards, under Don Sancho of Castile, and the -Moors, under Ali. The Spaniards were defeated, with a heavy loss of the -Christian chivalry, among the killed being Don Sancho. - - - Uji (Taira War). - -Fought 1180 between the adherents of the Taira clan, under Shigehira, -and the Japanese, who had risen against the domination of the Taira at -the Court of the Emperor Antoku, under Prince Yukiiye and Yorimasa. The -Taira gained a complete victory, Yukiiye being killed, while Yorimasa -committed suicide in the field. - - - Ulundi (Zulu War). - -The last battle of the war, fought August, 1879, between 5,000 British, -under Lord Chelmsford, and about 20,000 Zulus. The Zulus were routed -with a loss of over 1,500, the British losing only 15 killed and 78 -wounded. - - - Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1520, between the Danes, under Otho of Krumpen, and the Swedes, -under Christina Gyllenstierna, widow of the Administrator, Sten Sture. -The Danes, in superior force, were strongly entrenched at Upsala. They -were vigorously attacked, but the advantage of position and numbers -enabled them to beat off their assailants with heavy loss, though only -after severe fighting. - - - Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1521, when 3,000 Swedes, under Gustavus Vasa, defeated the troops -of the Bishop of Upsala, who was holding the city in the Danish -interest. After his victory Gustavus occupied the city. - - - Urosan (Invasion of Korea). - -This place, held by a Japanese garrison under Kiyomasa, was besieged -1595 by the Chinese and Koreans, under Tik Ho. The garrison had been -reduced to such straits that they had eaten their horses, when the -approach of a relieving force, under Toyotomo Hideaki and Mori Hidemoto, -forced Tik Ho to withdraw. While retreating, however, he was attacked by -the Japanese and totally routed. - - - Ushant (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This action, generally known as the “Glorious First of June,” was fought -June 1, 1794, between a British fleet of 25 sail of the line, under Lord -Howe, and 26 French ships, under Villaret. After four hours’ fighting -the French were defeated, with a loss of 6 ships captured, and one, the -_Vengeur_, sunk. The sinking of this ship was elaborated by the French -into a fable, to the effect that she refused to surrender, and went down -with all hands and colours flying. She had, however, undoubtedly struck -her colours, and her captain and over 200 of her crew were rescued by -the boats of the British fleet. The French admitted a loss of 3,000 men, -besides prisoners, while the British lost 922 killed and wounded. - - - Utica (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49 between the Pompeians, under Varus, and the Cæsarians, -under Curio. Varus sallied from his entrenchments to attack the -Cæsarians, but was signally defeated, his troops fleeing in disorder, -and opening the way for the occupation of Utica by Varus. - - - Utica (Moslem Conquest of Africa). - -Fought 694 between 40,000 Moslems, under Hassan, and a large force of -Greeks and Goths in the Imperial service. The Imperialists were defeated -and driven out of Africa, and Hassan followed up his victory by the -destruction of Carthage, which thenceforth ceased to exist, except as an -obscure village. - - - Utsonomiya (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the forces of the Shogun, under Otori Keisuke, and -the Imperial troops, under Saigo Takamori. The Imperialists were -completely victorious. - - - - - V - - - Vaalkranz (Second Boer War). - -General Buller’s third attempt to pierce the Boer lines on the Tugela. -On February 5, 1900, he seized Vaalkranz, under cover of a feint attack -at Brakfontein towards the Boer right. The hill was held by a brigade -during the 6th and 7th, but finding further progress impossible, Buller -again recrossed the Tugela. The British losses amounted to 374 killed -and wounded. - - - Valenciennes (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Siege was laid to this place in December, 1566, by a force of Spaniards -and Germans, mercenaries, under Noircarmes. The operations were somewhat -indolently conducted, insomuch that he and his six lieutenants were -derided as the “Seven Sleepers,” but towards the end of February -Noircarmes began to press on his siege works, and on March 23 his -batteries opened fire, the city surrendering on the following day. - - - Valenciennes. - -Defended by a Spanish garrison under Francisco de Manesses, Valenciennes -was besieged June, 1566, by the French, under Turenne and La Ferté. The -French encamped in two divisions on the opposite side of the Scheldt, -and when the city was on the point of surrendering, La Ferté’s division -was attacked by 20,000 Spaniards, under Condé, and totally routed with a -loss of 400 officers and 4,000 men, before Turenne could come to his -assistance. In consequence of this defeat, Turenne was forced to abandon -the siege and retire. - - - Val-ès-Dunes. - -Fought 1047, between the Normans, under William of Normandy, with aid -from Henri I of France, and the rebel Norman Barons. The rebels were -totally defeated. - - - Valetta (Wars of the French Revolution). - -The capital of Malta, held by a French garrison, 60,000 strong, under -General Vaubois, was besieged September, 1798, by a force of British and -Maltese, under Sir Alexander Ball. Vaubois held out for two years, but -on September 5, 1800, was compelled by famine to surrender. The Maltese -lost during the siege 20,000 men. - - - Valmy (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought September 20, 1792, between the French, 70,000 strong, under -Dumouriez, and the Prussians, under the Duke of Brunswick. The battle -consisted in the main of an artillery duel, in which the French had the -upper hand, and after nightfall the Prussians retired, recrossing the -frontier two days later. - - - Valparaiso. - -This city, entirely open and undefended, was bombarded March 31, 1866, -by the Spanish fleet under Mendez Nuñez. By this disgraceful action -Valparaiso was reduced to ashes. - - - Valutinagora (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought August 19, 1812, between Ney’s corps, about 30,000 strong, and a -strong rear-guard of Barclay de Tolly’s army, about 40,000 strong, under -Barclay de Tolly in person. The Russians were strongly posted in marshy -ground, protected by a small stream. The French, attacking resolutely, -carried the Russian position in the face of enormous natural -difficulties. Each side lost about 7,000 men. - - - Varaville. - -Fought 1058, between the Normans, under William of Normandy, and the -French and Angevins, under Henri I of France. The Normans gained a -complete victory, and the French king shortly afterwards made peace. - - - Varese (Italian Rising of 1858). - -Fought May 25, 1859, between 3,000 Garibaldians, under Garibaldi, and -5,000 Austrians, under General Urban. The Austrians were repulsed after -hard fighting, and suffered considerable loss. This action is also known -as the Battle of Malnate. - - - Varmas (South-American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813 between the Colombian Patriots, under Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists. The latter were defeated. - - - Varna (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 10, 1444, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the -Hungarians, under King Ladislaus. The Hungarians attacked the Turkish -camp, but were beaten off with heavy loss, the King being killed. On the -following day Amurath stormed the Hungarian entrenchments, practically -the whole of the defenders being put to the sword. - - - Varna (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Turkish garrison of 20,000 men, was besieged -July, 1828, by the Russians, under Prince Mentschikoff, and though a -feeble attempt to relieve it was made by Omar Vrione Pasha, the place -was taken by storm on October 11. - - - Varus. Defeat of (Germanic Wars). - -The site of this famous battle is supposed to be between the rivers Ems -and Lippe, not far from the modern Detmoldt. In A.D. 9 the Roman army, -under Quintilius Varus, was attacked while on the march and encumbered -by a heavy baggage-train, by the Germans, under Arminius or Hermann. The -country was thickly wooded and marshy, and the Romans could make but -little defence, with the result that they were almost annihilated. Varus -committed suicide on the field to avoid falling into the hands of the -victors. - - - Vasaq (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1442, between 80,000 Turks, under Shiabeddin Pasha, and 15,000 -Hungarians, under John Huniades. The Turks were utterly routed, with a -loss of 20,000 killed and wounded, and 5,000 prisoners, including the -Pasha. - - - Vauchamps. - -_See_ Champ-Aubert. - - - Veii. - -This city was besieged B.C. 400 by the Romans, the siege being carried -on in a desultory fashion for seven years. At the end of this period the -citizens of Capua and Valerii made an attack upon the Roman camp, and -inflicted a signal defeat upon the besiegers. M. Furius Camillus was -then appointed dictator, and a determined attempt was made to end the -siege, with the result that Veii fell B.C. 393. Rome’s greatest rival in -Italy was thus destroyed. - - - Veleneze (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought September 29, 1848, between the Hungarians, under General Móga, -and the Croats, under the Ban, Jellachich. The battle was indecisive, -and was followed by a three days’ armistice. - - - Velestinos (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 5, 1897, between a Turkish division under Hakki Pasha, and -the Greeks, 9,000, under Colonel Smolenski. The Greeks occupied a strong -position at Velestinos, where they were attacked by the Turks, but held -their own throughout the day. After nightfall, however his line of -retreat being threatened, Colonel Smolenski withdrew to Volo, where he -embarked his troops on the 7th. - - - Velletri (Italian Rising of 1848). - -Fought May 19, 1849, between 10,000 Garibaldians, under Roselli, and the -Neapolitans, 10,000 strong, under Ferdinand, King of Naples. The advance -guard, under Garibaldi, attacked the town of Velletri, which made a poor -defence, and was evacuated during the night. The losses of the -Garibaldians were small. - - - Vercellæ (Cimbric War). - -Fought July 30, 101 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Marius, and the -Cimbri, under Boiorix. The Cimbri were almost annihilated, and their -king slain. - - - Verneuil (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 18, 1424, between 3,000 English, under the Duke of -Bedford, and 18,000 French and Scots, under the Constable Buchan and the -Earl of Douglas. The men-at-arms on both sides fought dismounted, but -the French could make no impression upon the English archers, who were -protected by a barricade of stakes, and in the end were utterly routed, -leaving over 4,000 dead on the field, among them Buchan and Douglas. The -Duc d’Alencon was taken prisoner. - - - Verona (Revolt of Maxentius). - -This place was besieged 312 by Constantine, with the legions of Gaul, -and was defended by a body of rebels, under Pompeianus. After a sortie -had been repulsed, Pompeianus escaped through Constantine’s lines, and -raised a force for the relief of the city. He was, however, met and -defeated by Constantine, many thousands of the Italians, including their -leader, falling, and Verona at once surrendered. - - - Veseris (Latin War). - -Fought near Mount Vesuvius, B.C. 339, between the Romans, under Manlius -Torquatus and Decius Mus, and the Latin army. The Roman left was -repulsed, but Decius Mus, sacrificing himself for the army, sprang into -the midst of the enemy and was slain, and his soldiers following him, -renewed the conflict. Manlius now brought up his veteran reserve, and -the Romans breaking the Latin line, slew or captured nearly -three-fourths of their opponents. The Roman loss, however, was so heavy, -that they were unable to pursue. - - - Viborg. - -Fought 1157, between the adherents of Sweyn III of Denmark, and those of -his successor Waldemar. Sweyn was totally defeated and fled, but falling -into a morass in his flight was overtaken and slain. - - - Vicksburg (American Civil War). - -This city, held by a Confederate garrison, was invested June 24, 1862, -by a fleet of 13 Federal gunboats, under Admiral Farragut, aided by a -land force of 4,000 men, under General Williams. After a bombardment -which made no impression on the defences, Farragut reimbarked the -troops, and withdrew, July 24. In the course of the siege Captain Brown -with the _Arkansas_, a small river steamer, coated with iron, and -carrying eight guns, attacked the Federal flotilla, which mounted 200 -guns, and ran the gauntlet successfully, losing 14 men killed and -wounded. The Federals lost 82. - -On January 9, 1863, the city was again invested by two Federal corps, -under General M’Clernand, aided by a flotilla of gunboats, under Admiral -Porter. It was defended by a garrison of 3,000 Confederates, under -General Churchill. On the 11th an attack by the combined forces -overpowered the garrison of the fort, but the town defences still held -out, and the siege was not pressed. On May 18, the siege was renewed by -three army corps of General Grant’s army, the garrison being now -commanded by General Pemberton. On the 22nd an unsuccessful assault cost -the Federals 2,500, and a regular siege commenced, with the result that -on July 4, Pemberton surrendered with 25,000 men and 90 guns. - - - Vienna (Ottoman Wars). - -This city, held by a garrison of 16,000 men, under Count de Salm, was -besieged by Solyman the Magnificent, at the head of 120,000 Turks, in -September, 1529. From the 27th of that month till October 14, the -garrison withstood a series of assaults, culminating in an attempt to -storm the breach, which were repulsed with heavy loss. Solyman thereupon -raised the siege and withdrew. - - - Vienna (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 12, 1683, between 300,000 Turks, under Kara Mustapha -Pasha, and 70,000 Christians, under John Sobieski. The Turks were -besieging Vienna, and Sobieski marched to its relief, with 30,000, -bringing up the available forces to 70,000, of which he was given the -command. With this army he attacked the Turkish lines, and after a -sanguinary engagement, lasting throughout the day, routed the Turks with -enormous loss. Six Pashas were killed, and Mustapha only escaped capture -by a precipitate flight. - - - Vigo Bay (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought October 12, 1702, when the combined fleet of 30 British and 20 -Dutch ships, under Sir George Rooke, forced the boom at the entrance to -Vigo Harbour and destroyed the French and Spanish fleet anchored -therein. Of the men-of-war, 11 were burnt and 10 captured, while 11 -Spanish galleons, with treasure, were taken. This action is generally -called the affair of the Spanish Galleons. - - - Villach (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1492, between the Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a Christian army, -under Rudolph de Khevenhuller. During the battle 15,000 Christian -prisoners in the Turkish camp broke out, and fell upon the rear of the -Turks, who were in consequence totally defeated. The Christians lost -7,000 killed, the Turks 10,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners, including -Ali. - - - Villa Viciosa (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought December 10, 1710, when 13,000 Imperialists, under Staremberg, -retreating into Catalonia, after the defeat of Stanhope at Brihnega, -were attacked by 20,000 French, under Philip of Anjou and Marshal -Vendôme. Staremberg’s left wing was cut to pieces, but his right and -centre more than held their own, driving back the French with -considerable loss, and capturing some guns. Staremberg was, however, too -weak to take advantage of this partial success, and continued his -retreat after the action. - - - Villeta (Paraguayan War). - -Fought December 11, 1868, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -armies of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Overwhelmed by vastly superior -numbers, Lopez was forced to withdraw his forces to the entrenched camp -at Angostura. - - - Villiers (Franco-German War). - -A determined sortie from Paris, under General Ducrot, on November 30, -1870, directed against the Wurtembergers. The operations lasted till -December 3. The French, who had at first gained some successes, were -finally repulsed, with a loss of 424 officers and 9,053 men. The Germans -lost 156 officers and 3,373 men. - - - Vindalium. - -Fought B.C. 121, between the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus, and the -Arverni. The Arverni were completely defeated, and compelled to sue for -peace. - - - Vinegar Hill (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 20, 1798, when the British regulars, under General Lake, -attacked the camp of the Irish rebels, 16,000 strong, under Father -Murphy. Little resistance was made, and the rebels were driven out of -their camp with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, and 13 guns. - - - Vimiera (Peninsular War). - -Fought August 21, 1808, between 18,000 British and Portuguese, under Sir -Arthur Wellesley, and 14,000 French, under Junot. The French were -signally defeated, losing 2,000 men and 13 guns, but the victory was not -followed up by Sir Harry Burrard, who was in supreme command, and the -French were allowed to evacuate Portugal unmolested, under the -Convention of Cintra. The British lost 720 killed and wounded. - - - Viney. - -Fought 717, between the Austrasians, under Charles Martel and the -Neustrians, under Chilperic II. The Neustrians were defeated. - - - Vionville. - -_See_ Mars La Tour. - - - Vittoria (Peninsular War). - -Fought June 21, 1813, between 80,000 British, Portuguese and Spanish -troops, under Wellington, and about 70,000 French, under Joseph -Buonaparte. After severe fighting the French were defeated at all points -and made a somewhat disorderly retreat, losing 6,000 killed, wounded, -and prisoners, 143 guns, and almost all their baggage and treasure. The -allies lost 5,000. This battle finally closed the era of French -domination in Spain, and opened to Wellington the road to the Pyrenees. - - - Vögelinseck (Appenzel Rebellion). - -Fought May 15, 1402, between 5,000 troops, of the Swiss Imperial towns, -and 900 rebels of Appenzel and Schwyz. After a brief engagement, the -rebels were driven from the field, with a loss of 250 men. - - - Volconda. - -Fought April, 1751, between Mohammed Ali’s army, 5,600 strong, under -Abdul Wahab Khan, aided by 1,600 British, under Captain Gingen, and -Chunda Sahib’s troops, 17,000 strong, together with a battalion of -Frenchmen. Captain Gingen, though greatly outnumbered, insisted on -attacking, but was repulsed, his Europeans not showing their usual -steadiness, and forced to retreat with considerable loss. - - - Volturno (Unification of Italy). - -Fought October 1, 1860, between 20,000 Italians, under Garibaldi, and -40,000 Neapolitans, under Afan de Riva. Garibaldi’s position in front of -Capua was attacked by the Neapolitans, who, after hard fighting, were -repulsed all along the line, with heavy loss. The Garibaldian casualties -were 2,023 killed and wounded. The Neapolitans lost 2,070 prisoners, but -their losses in killed and wounded are unknown. In consequence of this -victory, Garibaldi almost immediately captured Capua. - - - Vouillé. - -Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under -Alaric II. Alaric was endeavouring to effect a junction with Theodoric, -King of the Ostrogoths, when he was attacked by Clovis, and totally -defeated. Alaric fell in the battle. - - - - - W - - - Wagram (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought July 6, 1809, between 150,000 French, under Napoleon, and 140,000 -Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. Napoleon crossed the lesser arm -of the Danube from the Island of Lobau, on the night of the 4th and 5th -July, and driving the Austrian advanced posts before him, prepared to -attack their main position. An attack upon them on the evening of the -5th was repulsed. On the 6th the Austrians attacked the French right, -under Davoust, but were unsuccessful; later, however, the French centre -and left were compelled to give ground, but Napoleon bringing up the -artillery of the Guard and Macdonald’s corps, checked the Austrian -advance, while Davoust carried the heights on the Austrian left, -outflanking them, and rendering their position untenable. By three -o’clock they were in full retreat, having lost about 24,000 killed and -wounded, 9,000 prisoners, including 12 generals, and 20 guns. The French -lost 18,000 killed and wounded. - - - Waizan (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 10, 1849, between the 3rd Hungarian corps, under Damjanics, -about 7,000 strong, and two Austrian brigades, under Götz and -Jablonowski. Damjanics attacked the Austrians and drove them out of -Waizan with heavy loss, among those who fell being General Götz. - - - Wakamatsu (Japanese Revolution). - -The last stand of the Shogun’s followers was made at the Castle of -Wakamatsu, which was stormed by the Imperialists, September 22, 1868, -The resistance to the new régime was thus completely broken. - - - Wakefield (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought December 30, 1460, between the Lancastrians, under Somerset, and -the Yorkists, under Richard, Duke of York. The Lancastrians advanced -from Pontefract and offered battle to Richard, who, though weakened by -the absence of foraging parties, accepted the challenge. Somerset -prepared an ambush, into which the Duke fell as he marched out of -Wakefield, and the Yorkists were defeated with heavy loss. The Duke and -many other nobles were killed, and Salisbury captured and beheaded. - - - Waltersdorf (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 5, 1807, between the French, under Ney, and the Prussian -corps of Lestocq. The Prussians were defeated with a loss of about 3,000 -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Wandewash (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought January 22, 1760, between the British, with 1,900 European and -3,350 native troops, under Colonel Coote, and the French, 2,250 -Europeans and 1,300 natives, under Lally-Tollendal. The French army was -accompanied by 3,000 Mahratta horse, who took no part in the action. -After severe fighting Lally was defeated, with a loss of 600 Europeans, -besides natives, the British losing 190 only. - - - Wandewash (First Mysore War). - -This fort, defended by a small native garrison, under Lieutenant Flint, -who had only one other European with him, was besieged, December, 1780, -by the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Flint held out with the utmost -gallantry till January 22, 1781, when the approach of Sir Eyre Coote -forced Hyder Ali to raise the siege. The garrison had then only one -day’s ammunition left. - - - Warburg (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1759, between the French, 35,000 strong, under the -Chevalier de May, and a largely superior force of Prussians and British, -under Prince Ferdinand. The French were in danger of their flanks being -turned, and after a brief engagement, retired, having lost 1,500 killed -and wounded and 1,500 prisoners. - - - Warsaw (Second Polish Rising). - -This city, which was held by a garrison of 30,000 Poles, under General -Dembinski, was attacked by the Russians, 60,000 strong, under General -Paskiewitsch. The first onslaught on the Polish entrenchments was made -on the 6th September, 1831, and the Poles were driven from their first -line. On the 7th a further assault was made, notable for the defence of -the Wola redoubt, where, when it was finally captured by the Russians, -only eleven men remained alive out of a garrison of 3,000. On the 8th -the last defences were overcome, and the city capitulated. The Poles had -9,000 killed in the defence. The Russians admitted a loss of 63 officers -and 3,000 men killed, and 445 officers and 7,000 men wounded. - - - Wartemberg (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 3, 1813, when Blucher, with 60,000 Prussians, defeated -16,000 French, under Bertrand, posted in a very strong position, -protected by a dyke and a swamp. Aided by the ground, the French -withstood the Prussian attack for over four hours, but finally Blucher -turned their right flank and drove them from their position. The -Prussians lost about 5,000. The French admit a loss of 500 only. - - - Wartzburg (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1796, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, under -the Archduke Charles. The Archduke interposed between the armies of -Jourdan and Moreau, who were endeavouring to effect a junction, and -inflicted a severe defeat upon Jourdan, forcing him to retire to the -Rhine. - - - Waterloo (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 18, 1815, between 24,000 British, and 43,500 Dutch, Belgians -and Nassauers, in all 67,655 men, with 156 guns, under the Duke of -Wellington, and the French, 71,947 strong, with 246 guns, under -Napoleon. Wellington posted his troops along the line of heights -covering the road to Brussels, with advanced posts at the farms of -Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. Napoleon attacked this position with the -utmost resolution, but the British squares held their ground against the -French cavalry and artillery throughout the day, and though the French -captured La Haye Sainte, and obtained a footing in Hougoumont, the -arrival of Blucher, with the Prussian army, on the French right, enabled -Wellington at last to assume the offensive, and drive the enemy headlong -from the field, utterly routed. The British lost about 15,000, the -Prussians 7,000 in the battle. The losses of the Dutch and Belgians were -very small, as they left the field early in the day. The French loss was -never officially stated, but it was doubtless enormous, and the army -practically ceased to exist as an organized force. - - - Watigaon (First Burmah War). - -Fought November 15, 1825, when Brigadier-General M’Donell, with four -native regiments, advanced in three columns, against a large force of -Burmans, under Maha Nemyo. The columns failed to keep touch, and were -repulsed in detail, with a loss of 200 men, including the Brigadier. - - - Watrelots (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January, 1567, between 1,200 Flemish Protestants, under Teriel, -and 600 Spaniards, under the Seigneur de Rassinghem. The Protestants -were defeated and 600 took refuge in an old graveyard, where they held -out till the last man had fallen. - - - Wattignies (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October, 1793, when the French, under Jourdan, attacked the -Austrians, under the Duke of Coburg, and drove him from his position, -forcing him to raise the siege of Manbeuge. - - - Wavre (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 18, 1815, between the French, under Grouchy, and the -Prussians, 27,000 strong, under Thielmann, who had been entrusted by -Blucher with the task of containing Grouchy, while the main Prussian -army marched on Waterloo. Grouchy, who was anxiously expected at -Waterloo, mistook his instructions, and wasted the day in attacking -Thielmann, whom he defeated, but uselessly. - - - Wednesfield (Danish Invasion). - -Fought in 911, between the Danes and the West Saxons, under Edward the -Elder. The Danes were defeated. - - - Wei-hai-Wei (Chino-Japanese War). - -On February 4, 1895, the boom protecting Wei-hai-Wei harbour was cut, -and the Chinese fleet attacked by 10 Japanese torpedo-boats, who -succeeded in sinking one battleship, at the cost of two torpedo-boats. -On the following night the attack was renewed by four boats, and three -Chinese ships were sunk. On the 9th another battleship was sunk by the -Japanese land batteries, whereupon Admiral Ting, the Chinese commander, -surrendered, and he and his principal officers committed suicide. - - - Weissenburg (Franco-German War). - -The opening engagement of the campaign, fought August 4, 1870, between -the advance-guard of the Third German Army, under the Crown Prince of -Prussia, and a portion of Marshal Macmahon’s army, under General Abel -Donay, who fell in the battle. The Germans carried the French position, -and captured the town of Weissenburg, at a cost of 91 officers and 1,460 -men. The French lost 2,300 killed, wounded and prisoners. - - - Wepener (Second Boer War). - -This place was invested by a strong force of Boers, under De Wet, April -9, 1900, and was defended by 1,700 men of the Colonial Division, under -Colonel Dalgety. Notwithstanding the Boer’s great preponderance in -artillery, and a succession of bold assaults on the trenches, the -garrison held out gallantly till April 25, when they were relieved by -General Rundle, having lost 300 killed and wounded in the course of the -operations. - - - Werben (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought July 22, 1631, between the Swedes, 16,000 strong, under Gustavus -Adolphus, and 26,000 Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly attacked -Gustavus’ entrenchments in front of Werben, but his troops could not -face the fire of the Swedish batteries, and being thrown into disorder, -were then charged by the cavalry, under Baudissen, and repulsed. The -attack was renewed a few days later with a similar result, and Tilly -then drew off his forces, having suffered a loss of 6,000 men. - - - Wertingen (Campaign of Austerlitz). - -Fought October, 1805, between the cavalry of Murat’s corps, and nine -Austrian battalions, strongly posted in and round Wertingen. The -Austrians were defeated, losing 2,000 prisoners and several guns, and -had the French infantry been nearer at hand, it is probable that the -whole force would have been captured. - - - White Oak Swamp. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Wiazma (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought November 3, 1812, when the corps of Eugène Beauharnais and -Davoust were attacked during the retreat from Moscow, by the Russians, -under Kutusoff, and suffered a loss of 4,000 men. - - - Wilderness, The (American Civil War). - -Fought May 5 to 8, 1864, between the Army of the Potomac, 150,000 -strong, under General Grant, and 53,000 Confederates, under General Lee. -Lee’s object was to intercept Grant’s advance on Richmond, and early on -the morning of the 5th he attacked the approaching Federal columns, and -after a hard-fought day, succeeded in arresting the progress of Grant’s -right wing. On the 6th, Lee almost succeeded in breaking Grant’s centre, -but at the critical moment, Longstreet, who was to lead the attack, was -fired upon and dangerously wounded by his own troops. The Federal right -wing, however, was driven back in confusion, and Lee on his side lost no -ground. The two following days minor skirmishes took place, leading up -to the great battle of Spottsylvania. The Confederates lost about 8,000 -in the two days’ fighting. The Federal losses were far heavier, -amounting to 15,000 in the second day alone. - - - Williamsburg (American Civil War). - -Fought May 5, 1862, between the Confederates, under General Magruder, -and the Federals, under General M’Clellan. Magruder occupied a very -strong position and held the Federals at bay throughout the day, but -being greatly outnumbered, withdrew during the night. The Federals lost -2,228 killed, wounded and missing, the Confederate loss being much -smaller. - - - Wilson’s Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought August 6, 1861, between 6,000 Federals, under General Lyon, and -16,000 Confederates, under General M’Culloch. General Lyon divided his -force into two columns, for the attack on M’Culloch’s position, and that -led by himself surprised the Southerners, and gained a partial success. -They rallied, however, and beat him off, Lyon falling, the other column -being also repulsed. The Federals lost 1,236, and the Confederates 1,095 -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Wimpfen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 26, 1622, between 14,000 Palatinate troops, under the -Margrave of Baden, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly and Gonsalvo -de Cordova. Tilly attacked the Margrave’s camp, which was not -entrenched, and though a brilliant cavalry charge captured his guns, it -was not supported by the Palatine infantry, and the Imperialists -rallying, drove off the cavalry in disorder, recovered the guns, and -then routed the infantry, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, and -all their artillery, baggage and camp equipment. - - - Winchester (American Civil War). - -Fought June 14, 1863, when 7,000 Federals, under General Milroy, were -defeated by three Confederate divisions, under General Ewell, and forced -to retreat with heavy loss, including 3,700 prisoners and 30 guns. - - - Winkovo (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 18, 1812, when Murat, with 30,000 men, forming the -advance-guard of the retiring French army, was attacked by the Russians, -under Count Orloff Dennizoff, and driven from his position, with a loss -of 2,000 killed, 1,500 prisoners, and all his baggage and artillery. - - - Wisby (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -A three days’ battle, fought 1613, between the fleet of Gustavus -Adolphus of Sweden, and that of Christian IV, of Denmark. The action was -very obstinately contested, and finally the fleets separated without any -decisive result. - - - Wisloch (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 16, 1622, between the troops of the Count Palatine, under -the Count von Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly -attacked and drove in the Palatinate rearguard, but failing to check the -pursuit, was confronted by the main body, and defeated with a loss of -3,000 killed and wounded, and all his guns. This victory enabled -Mansfeldt to effect a junction with the army of the Margrave of Baden. - - - Worcester (Civil War). - -Fought September 3, 1651, between 12,000 Royalists, under Charles II, -and about 30,000 Parliamentarians, under Cromwell. Charles attacked -Cromwell’s wing, and was repulsed and driven into Worcester, where he -was met by the other wing of the Parliamentary army, under Fleetwood. -The Royalists were utterly routed and dispersed, losing 3,000 killed, -among whom was the Duke of Hamilton, and a large number of prisoners, -including Lords Derby, Lauderdale and Kenmure, and five generals. -Charles himself escaped with difficulty. This was the last pitched -battle of the Civil War. - - - Worth (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 6, 1870, between the Third German Army, under the Crown -Prince of Prussia, and the French, under Marshal Macmahon. After a -closely contested engagement, the French were driven from all their -positions, and made a hasty retreat beyond the Vosges. The Cuirassier -division of General Bonnemain was completely cut to pieces in charging -the German infantry, near Elsasshausen. The German losses amounted to -489 officers, and 10,153 men, while the French lost 10,000 killed and -wounded, 6,000 prisoners, 28 guns and 5 mitrailleuses. - - - Wrotham Heath (Wyatt’s Insurrection). - -Fought January, 1554, when the Kentish insurgents, under Sir Henry -Isley, were totally defeated by the Royal troops, under Lord -Abergavenny. - - - Wargaom (First Mahratta War). - -Fought January 12, 1779, when a British force, 2,600 strong, under -Colonel Cockburn, retreating from Poonah, was attacked by the Mahratta -army, under Mahadaji Sindhia, and Hari Pant. The British succeeded in -beating off the attack, and making good their position in the village of -Wargaom, but at a loss of 352, including 15 officers, and ultimately a -convention was signed by Sindhia, under which the British retired -unmolested. - - - Wynandael (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought September 28, 1808, between the British, under General Webb, and -the French under the Comte de la Motte. The French, with 40 battalions -and 40 squadrons, attempted to intercept a convoy of supplies for the -army besieging Lille, and were totally defeated, by a far inferior -force, with a loss of 7,000 men. - - - $1h2 nobreak - -X - - - Xeres (Moslem Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 19 to 26, 711, between 90,000 Spaniards, under Roderic, and -12,000 Moslems, with a numerous force of African auxiliaries, under -Tarik. On the fourth day the Moslems suffered a severe repulse, leaving -16,000 dead on the field, but the defection of Count Julian, with a -large part of the King’s forces, revived their courage, and finally the -Christians were routed and dispersed. Roderic fled from the field, but -was drowned in crossing the Guadalquivir. This victory marks the fall of -the Gothic monarchy, and the beginning of the Moorish domination in -Spain. - - - - - Y - - - Yalu (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought September 17, 1894, between the Chinese fleet of 2 battleships -and 8 cruisers, under Admiral Ting, and the Japanese fleet of 10 -cruisers, and 2 gunboats, under Admiral Ito. The two fleets met at the -mouth of the Yalu, the Chinese steaming out in line abreast. Ito -attacked in line ahead, using his superior speed to circle round the -enemy’s ships. Two of the Chinese vessels hauled out of the line and -fled without coming into action, while two more were set on fire, and -made for the shore. The remaining 6 ships fought well, and a little -before sundown Ito retired, leaving the crippled Chinese fleet to make -its way to Port Arthur. The Japanese lost 294 killed and wounded, of -whom 107 fell on the flagship, the _Matsushima_, while the _Chiyada_, -which was the next ship in the line, had not a man touched. The Chinese -losses are unknown. - - - Yalu. - -_See_ Kiu-lien-cheng. - - - Yamazaki. - -Fought 1582, between the adherents of the Ota family, then predominant -in Japan, and the followers of the rebel Mitsuhide. Mitsuhide sustained -a crushing defeat. - - - Yashima (Taira War). - -Fought 1184, between the adherents of the Taira family, and the rebels, -under Yoshitsune. The Taira forces were defeated. - - - Yawata (War of the Northern and Southern Empires). - -Fought January, 1353, between the armies of the Northern and Southern -Emperors of Japan. The army of the latter, led by Moroushi, gained a -signal victory. - - - Yenikale, Gulf of (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July, 1790, between the Turkish fleet, and the Russians, under -Admiral Onschakoff. The battle was fiercely contested, but eventually -both fleets drew off without any decisive result. - - - Yermuk (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought November, 636, between 140,000 Imperial troops, under Manuel, the -General of Heraclius, and 50,000 Moslems, under Khaled. The Moslem -attack was thrice repulsed, but they returned to the charge, and after a -long and sanguinary engagement, drove their opponents from the field -with enormous loss. The Moslems lost 4,030 killed. - - - Yorktown (American War of Independence). - -The entrenched position of Lord Cornwallis, with 6,000 British troops at -this place, was invested by Washington, with 7,000 French and 12,000 -Americans, in September, 1781. The British held out until October 19, -when, surrounded and outnumbered, Cornwallis surrendered, having lost -during the operations, 12 officers and 469 rank and file, killed and -wounded. - - - Yorktown (American Civil War). - -This small village gives its name to the entrenched position occupied by -General Magruder with 11,000 Confederates, which was invested by 105,000 -Federal troops, with 103 siege guns, April 5, 1862. On the 16th, an -unsuccessful attack was made upon Magruder’s lines, and both sides -having been reinforced, M’Clellan set about the erection of batteries. -On May 4, the Federals were about to open fire, when it was found that -the Confederates had abandoned the position and retired. - - - Youghiogany (Seven Years’ War). - -A skirmish of no importance in itself, but notable as being “the shot -fired in America which gave the signal that set Europe in a blaze” -(_Voltaire_, _Louis XV_), and was in a sense the cause of the Seven -Years’ War. On May 27, 1754, Washington, with 40 Virginians, surprised a -small French detachment, under Coulon de Jumonville, despatched probably -as a reconnaissance by Contrecœur from Fort Duquesne. The detachment, -with one exception, was killed or captured. - - - Z - - - Zab, The (Bahram’s Revolt). - -Fought 590, between the troops of the Persian usurper Bahram, and the -army of the Emperor Maurice, under Narses. The usurper’s forces were -totally routed, and Chosroes II restored to the throne of Persia. - - - Zalaka (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought October 26, 1086, between 40,000 Moors, under Almoravid, and -300,000 Christians, under Alfonso VI of Castile. The Spaniards were -utterly routed, with enormous loss. Alfonso, at the head of 500 horse, -cut his way out, and with difficulty escaped. - - - Zama (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 202, between the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, and the -Romans, under Scipio Africanus. The Carthaginians began to attack with -their elephants, 80 in number, but some of these became unmanageable, -and fell back upon the cavalry, throwing them into disorder, while the -legionaries opened out and allowed the others to pass down the lanes -between their ranks. The infantry then closed, and after severe -fighting, the Romans gained a complete victory, 20,000 Carthaginians -falling, while as many more were made prisoners. Hannibal escaped from -the field at the end of the day. - - - Zamora (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 901, between the Spaniards, under Alfonso the Great, King of the -Asturias, and the Moors, under Abdallah, King of Cordova. The Moors were -utterly routed, with heavy loss, Alfonso thereby extending his dominions -as far as the Guadiana. - - - Zeim (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought April 20, 1877, between the Russians, under Loris Melikoff, and -the Turks, under Mukhtar Pasha. Melikoff attacked the Turks in a -strongly entrenched position, but was repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Zendecan (Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan). - -Fought 1039, between the Seljuks, under Moghrul Beg, and the Afghans, -under Musrud, Sultan of Ghuzni. The Afghans were defeated, and Musrud -compelled to retire on his capital. - - - Zeugminum (Hungarian War). - -Fought 1168, between the Greeks, under Manuel I, Emperor of -Constantinople, and the Hungarian invaders. The Hungarians were signally -defeated, and the war, which had lasted for five years, came to an end. - - - Zeuta (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 11, 1679, between the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, -and the Turks, under Elwas Mohammed, the Grand Vizier. Eugene attacked -the Turkish army as it was crossing a temporary bridge over the Theiss, -and the cavalry being already across, cut it in two, and completely -routed the infantry, driving them into the river. The Turks lost 29,000 -men. The Austrians 500 only. - - - Ziela (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 67, between the Romans, under Triarius, and the Pontic army, -under Mithridates. The King attacked the Roman camp, and practically -annihilated them, though himself dangerously wounded in the assault. - - - Ziela. - -Fought August 2, B.C. 47, between 7 Roman legions, with some Asiatic -auxiliaries, under Julius Cæsar, and the Bosporans, under Pharnaces. -Pharnaces attacked the Romans while they were pitching camp, but the -legionaries quickly formed up, and utterly routed their assailants. This -is the occasion of Cæsar’s famous despatch, “Veni, vidi, vici.” - - - Ziezicksee (Flemish War). - -Fought 1302, when the Genoese galleys, in the service of Philip IV of -France, under Grimaldi and Filipo di Rieti, utterly destroyed the -Flemish fleet. - - - Zlotsow (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski, and 20,000 Turks -and Tartars, under Mohammed IV. The Turks were signally defeated. - - - Znaim (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought July 14, 1809, when Masséna, with 8,000 French, attacked 30,000 -Austrians, under the Prince of Reuss, and drove them into Znaim with -considerable loss, including 800 prisoners. - - - Zorndorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 25, 1758, between the Prussians, 25,000 strong, under -Frederick the Great, and a Russian army, under Fermor, which was -besieging Custria. Frederick attacked the Russian entrenchments, and -drove them out, with a loss of 19,000 forcing them to relinquish the -siege. The Prussians lost about 11,000. - - - Zummerhausen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought 1647, when the French and Swedes, under Turenne and Wrangel, -inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Imperialists. - - - Zurakow (Ottoman War). - -In 1676, John Sobieski, with 10,000 Poles, was besieged by 200,000 Turks -and Tartars, under Ibrahim Pasha (Shaitan). Having 63 guns, Sobieski -made a sturdy defence, and by constant sorties inflicted enormous loss -on the besiegers. At last, being unable to make any impression on the -defence, and finding his army wasting away, Ibrahim consented to treat, -and withdrew his forces from Polish territory. The Turks lost enormous -numbers during the siege; the Poles lost 3,000. - - - Zutphen (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought September 22, 1586, between the Spaniards, under Prince Alexander -of Parma, and the English, under the Earl of Leicester. The Spaniards -endeavoured to throw a convoy of provisions into Zutphen, which -Leicester was besieging. He attempted to intercept it, but without -success, and was forced to retire after suffering considerable loss. -Among those who fell on the English side was Sir Philip Sydney. - - - Zuyder Zee (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought October 11, 1573, between 30 Spanish ships, under Bossu, and 25 -Dutch ships, under Admiral Dirkzoon. The Spanish fleet fled, after -losing 5 ships, only Bossu standing his ground. His ship, however, was -eventually captured, after losing three-fourths of her crew. - - - - - INDEX - - - A - - Abbas II, 121 - Abbé, 155 - Abdallah, 100, 143, 169, 255 - — of Cordova, 272 - Abd-el-Kader, 116 - — Rahman, 10 - Abderrahman Ibn Abdillah, 252 - Abdul Wahab Khan, 263 - Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, 1, 9, 254 - Abercromby, Gen. James, 116, 249, 255 - Aberdeen, Provost of, 106 - Abergavenny, Lord, 269 - Abington, Major, 246 - Aboukir Bay, 177 - Aboyne, Lord, 41 - Abu Hamed, 219 - — ’l Hasan, 10, 24, 219 - — Obeidah, 8, 118 - — Sophian, 30, 155, 181, 231 - Abyssinia, Italian Invasion of, 4 - Acha, Gen., 183 - Achmet Hefzi Pasha, 99 - — Koprili Pasha, 188, 217 - Acre, 3, 167 - Adams, Major, 56, 97, 166, 182 - Adda, The, 141 - Adherbal, 79 - Adil Pasha, 142 - Adour, The, 178 - Æmilius, Consul, 48 - — Paulus, 203 - Æthelfrith, 72 - Æthelred, 21, 86, 207 - Æthelstan, 42 - Aetius, 55 - Afan de Riva, 264 - Afghan Wars, 6, 34, 56, 97, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 148, 190 - Afranius, 239 - Africa, Count of, 111 - Agesilaus, 66 - Agis, 151, 156 - Agnes, Countess of March, 81 - Agostina, 222 - Agra, 220 - Agricola, 101 - Agrippa, 170, 172 - Ahmed Ali, 5 - — Bey, 206 - — Pasha, 45, 58 - Aidan, 72 - Aiza, 94, 250 - Ajmir, Rajah of, 240 - Akbar, 60, 158, 187 - — Khan, 117 - Alaf Khan, 131 - Alaric, 197, 211 - — II, 197, 264 - Ala-ud-Din, 60, 74, 131 - Albemarle, Duke of, 9, 75, 99, 179 - — Sound, 210 - Albert, Archduke, 70, 117, 176, 183, 256 - — Margrave, 231 - Albigenses, 169 - Albinus, Clodius, 145 - Alboin, 189 - Albuquerque, 100, 148 - Alcibiades, 72, 179, 240 - Alcidas, 170 - Alemanni, 18, 55 - Alexander of Bulgaria, 194, 232 - — Despot of Pheræ, 71 - — of Epirus, 186 - — of Parma, 146, 252, 273 - — the Great, 17, 54, 95, 101, 113, 116, 248, 256 - Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns, 95, 101, 113, 116, 256 - Alexius the Usurper, 64 - Alfonso IV, of Portugal, 219, 251 - — VI, 113, 272 - — VIII, of Castile, 7 - — XI, of Castile, 219 - — the Great, 272 - — the Infante, 181 - Alfred the Great, 21, 87, 158, 207 - Algeciras, 220 - Algiers, Dey of, 138 - Ali, 28, 113, 231, 257 - — Adil Shah, 100 - — Atar, 142, 143 - — Khan, 246 - — Hussein, 46 - — Moldovani Pasha, 79 - — Pasha, 210, 262 - Alle, River, 108 - Allemande, Adm., 131 - Allersheim, 178 - Allied Invasion of France, 41, 55, 67, 131, 133, 135, 166, 188, 208 - Almady, 65 - Almagro, 71, 135 - Almohacen, Heights of, 142 - Almoravid, 272 - Alonzo-di-Aguila, 162 - Alub Khan, 220 - Alumbagh, 144 - Alsusieff, 56 - Alvarez Mariano, 97 - Alviani, Gen., 5 - Alvinzi, 17, 18, 46, 200 - Amandus, 108 - Amanien, 36 - Ambiorix, 4 - Ambrosio Bercenegra, Don, 135 - American Civil War, 15, 26, 42, 43, 53, 54, 57, 58, 66, 69, 87, 89, 92, - 97, 105, 125, 139, 151, 157, 159, 169, 172, 180, 189, 191, 192, 200, - 201, 202, 209, 210, 225, 230, 235, 261, 268, 269, 271 - — Spanish War, 150 - — War of Independence, 32, 34, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56, 59, 63, - 86, 97, 102, 103, 139, 190, 202, 237, 249, 271 - — Wars, 26, 35, 36, 43, 57, 59, 61, 131, 144, 175, 205, 229 - Americo-Mexican War, 15, 42, 163, 186 - Amherst, Gen., 143, 164, 209 - Amiens, Peace of, 154 - Aminias, 219 - Amir Daood, 131 - Ammatas, 51 - Amphictyonic War, 54 - Amron, 9, 157 - Amurath II, 64, 130, 165, 259 - Andrés, 235 - Andronicus the Younger, 190 - Angelus, Isaac, 64 - Angostura, 263 - Angus, 14, 223 - Anjou, Duc d’, 145, 162 - Anlaf the Dane, 42 - Anson, Adm., 48 - Anstruther, Col., 41 - Antigonus, 44, 65, 86, 115, 187, 191 - Antigonus Soter, 222 - Antiochus the Great, 19, 21, 147, 167, 170, 207, 248 - Antipater, 156 - Antoku, 257 - Antonius, Caius, 70 - — Primus, 68 - Antony, Mark, 3, 169, 193 - Anwar-ud-Din, 13 - Appenzel Rebellion, 263 - Appius Claudius, 241 - Appleton, Commodore, 136 - Apraxine, 7, 102 - Arabi Pasha, 122 - Arabi’s Rebellion, 9, 122, 246 - Aratus, 156 - Arbogastes, 17 - Arbuthnot, Adm., 49 - Archelaus, 55, 183 - Archidamus, 150, 195, 246 - Archimedes, 241 - Ardoch, Moor of, 101 - Aredondo, 42 - Aremberg, Count, 107, 108 - Argive War, 227 - Argyle, Duke of, 98, 115, 229 - Ariça, 242 - Ariovistus, 3, 168 - Ashanti Wars, 2, 14, 77 - Arista, 186 - Aristœus, 201 - Aristagorus, 86 - Aristomenes, 156 - “Arkansas,” The, 261 - Armagnac War, 206, 218 - Arminius, 114, 260 - Arnulph of Germany, 83 - Arona, 165 - Arsaces III, 19 - Artaphernes, 86 - Artaxerxes, 70 - Arundel’s Rebellion, 88, 218, 220 - Arverni, The, 263 - Asipetes, The, 253 - Aston, Sir Arthur, 80 - Astruc, Mons., 228, 239 - Atahualpa, 13, 205 - Athens, Duke of, 54 - Athol, Earl of, 81 - Athole, Marquis of, 82 - Atlanta, 189 - Attalus, 59, 211 - Attila, 55 - Attilius, C., 140, 141 - Attilius Regulus, 83 - Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 28, 163 - Audley, Lord, 35 - Auerstadt, 118 - Augereau, 28, 53, 159, 163 - Aulus Postumius, 132 - Aurelian, 186, 189, 194 - Aurelian’s Expedition to Palmyra, 15, 85 - Aurep, Gen., 45, 58 - Aurungzebe, 45, 98, 121, 220 - Austrasians, The, 247, 255, 263 - Ayesha, 28 - Ayub Khan, 121, 148 - - B - - Baber, 187 - Baden, Margrave of, 269 - Baden-Powell, Gen., 145 - Bagenal, Harvey, 175 - Bagnall, Sir Henry, 36 - Bagration, 112, 161, 233 - Baghasian, 16 - Secg, 21 - Bahadur Shah, 60, 77 - Bahram’s Revolt, 271 - Baillie, 124 - — Col., 9, 191 - Baird, Gen., 36, 228 - Baireuth, Marquis of, 238 - Bajazet I, 176 - — II, 15, 116 - Baji Rao, 21, 125, 127 - Baj Singh, 60 - Baker, Major Henry, 142 - — Valentine, Pasha, 85, 245 - Baldwin I, 4 - — II, 64 - Balfour of Burleigh, 80 - Ball, Sir Alex., 259 - Balliol, 82, 105 - Ballivian, 114 - Balmaceda, 134 - Balmacedists, 133 - Banks, Gen., 151, 200 - Baquedano, Gen., 61, 160, 242 - Bar, Duke of, 5 - Baraguay d’Hilliers, 149, 234 - Baratieri, Gen., 4 - Barbarossa, Fredk., 136 - Barbosa, Gen., 63, 133 - Barnard, Sir Henry, 25, 75 - Barons, Wars, 87, 139 - Barreiro, Col., 39 - Barrington, Adm., 50 - Basin Rao, 20 - Basques, 213 - Bassano, Don Alfonso, 24 - Bassas, 212 - Bastard of Orleans, 110 - Bates, 95 - “Battle of Giants,” 153 - “Battle of the Spurs,” 103 - Baudissen, 267 - Baum, Col., 32 - Bavaria, Elector of, 36 - Bayard, Chevalier de, 94, 208 - Bazaine, Marshal, 31, 63, 101, 134, 153, 158, 178 - Bazalitch, Gen., 52 - Beatrix of Castile, 11 - Beauharnais, Eugene 150, 205, 216, 268 - Beaulieu, Gen., 37, 141, 157 - Beauregard, Gen., 42, 192 - Beavers Dam Creek, 228 - Beckwith, Gen., 154 - Bedford, 226 - — Duke of, 183, 261 - “Beggars,” The, 107, 203 - Belgium, Liberation of, 16 - Belisarius, 51, 156, 212, 253 - Bellasis, Col. John, 226 - Bellecombe, Mons., 198 - Bellegarde, 8 - Belleville, 188 - “Bell-the-Cat,” 223 - Belza, Gen., 133 - Bem, Gen., 226 - Benedek, Marshal, 125 - Benham, Gen., 225 - Bennigsen, Gen., 87, 93, 108, 203 - Beorwulf, 85 - Bercenegra, Don Ambrosio, 135 - Beresford, Lord Charles, 9, 123 - — Marshal, 7, 42 - Berkshire Regt., 250 - Bermuda Hundred, 192 - Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 208, 209 - Bernadotte, 137, 162 - Berthier, Gen., 141 - Bertie, Adm., 116 - Bertrand, Gen., 76, 266 - Berwick, 105 - Berwick, Duke of, 193 - — Marshal, 8, 12 - Bessières, Marshal, 210 - Betuitdus, 115 - Bevern, Prince of, 40 - Bezetha, 118 - Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 147 - Bianchi, Gen., 89, 250 - Biddulphsberg, 227 - Bifukumonia | 242 - Bijapore, Rajah of, 100 - Bizet, Gen., 33 - Black Agnes of Dunbar, 81 - Black Prince, The, 173, 197 - “Black Watch,” The, 249 - Blake, Adm., 79, 200, 247 - — Gen., 86, 216 - Blakeney, Gen., 160 - Blasco Nunez, 14 - Blois, Comte de, 4 - “Bloody Battery,” 196 - Blucher, Marshal, 28, 41, 55, 68, 123, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, - 265, 266, 267 - Boadicea, 37 - Bœotian War, 66, 137, 151, 246 - Boer Wars, 31, 41, 63, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 101, 114, 122, 124, 130, - 133, 141, 146, 147, 148, 161, 184, 193, 208, 209, 221, 227, 228, - 236, 243, 258, 267 - Bogdan, 28, 180 - Bohemond, 79 - Boiorix, 17, 261 - Boisot, Adm., 139, 213 - Bolivar, 27, 34, 39, 50, 177, 201, 259 - Boniface, Count of Africa, 111 - Bonnemain, Gen., 269 - Bonnet, Gen., 219 - Bonnivet, 208 - Borysthenes, The, 203 - Boscawen, Adm., 143, 198 - Bosco, Gen., 159 - Bossu, 104, 215, 273 - Botha, 77 - Botta, Gen., 96 - Bover, 86 - Boucicaut, Marshal, 5 - Bouillon, Duc de, 185 - Boulatoff, Gen., 208 - Bourbon, Constable of, 208, 212 - — Francisco de, 54 - Bourlamaque, 249 - Bourquin, 75 - Bouxhoevden, Gen., 231 - Bowyer, Gen., 146, 217, 219 - Boyd, Gen., 61 - Boyle, Mr., 20 - Brabant, 211 - — Duke of, 5 - Braddock, Gen., 162 - Bradstreet, Col., 91 - Bragg, Gen., 57, 58, 169, 191 - Braithwaite, Col., 173 - Brakfontein, 258 - Brand, Martin, 104 - Braun, Marshal, 201 - Breckenridge, Gen., 174 - Brennus, 11, 211 - Brentford, Earl of, 12 - Brian Boru 62 - Bridgwater, 133 - Bridport, Lord, 31 - Brihtnoth, 149 - British Invasion of Egypt, 1, 9 - Britt, Don Jorge, 138 - Broadwood, Col., 221 - Brock, Gen., 205 - Broglie, Duc de, 33, 125, 205, 225 - Broke, Capt., 229 - Bromhead, Lieut., 213 - Brown, Capt., 261 - — Gen. Jacob, 59, 144 - — Marshal, 143 - Bruce, Capt., 104 - — Robert, 26, 81, 115, 142, 158 - Brude, 173 - Brueys, Adm., 177 - Brune, 11 - Brunehilde, Queen, 87 - Brunswick, Christian, of, 90 - — Duke of, 118, 259 - — Ferdinand of, 33 - — Prince of, 47, 111 - Brutus, 41, 193 - Brydon, Dr., 119 - Buccaneers, 186, 200, 203 - Buccelin, 52 - Buchan, Constable, 68, 261 - — Earl of, 115 - Buchanan, Capt., 105 - Buckingham, Duke of, 135, 208 - Buda-Pesth, 161 - Buell, Gen., 191 - Buenzas, 204 - Buerens, Gen., 110 - Buffalo, 36 - Bugeaud, Marshal, 116 - Bugha, 229 - Bukht-Khan, 179 - Bulbuddur, Singh, 120 - Bulgaria, Prince of, 156 - Buller, Capt., 231 - — Sir Redvers, 63, 72, 114, 131, 193, 236, 258 - Burgoyne, Gen., 237, 249 - Burgundian Wars, 100, 109, 136, 165 - Burgundy, Duke of, 184 - Burleigh, Lord, 1 - Burmah, Wars, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185, 266 - Burnaby, Col. Fred., 2 - Burnside, Gen., 92, 211 - Burr, Col., 125 - Burrard, Sir Harry, 263 - Burrows, Gen., 148 - Butler, Gen., 192 - Byng, Adm., 160 - — Gen., 213 - — Sir Geo., 10, 49 - Byron, Adm., 102 - - C - - Cabra, Comte de, 143 - Cabrera, Gen., 61, 165 - Caceres, Gen., 160 - Cade, 229, 235 - Cadiz, Marquis of, 10, 24 - Cadmea, 248 - Cadwallon, 107 - Cæcilius Metellus, 20 - Cæcina, 47, 68 - Cæsar, Julius, 8, 24, 29, 35, 83, 96, 168, 192, 199, 215, 253, 273 - Cæsar’s Camp, 130 - Cairo, 157, 204 - Caius Mœnius, 62 - Calabria, 148 - Calder, Sir Robert, 49 - Caliph Omar, 157 - Callicratidas, 18, 170 - Callinicus, Seleucus, 15 - Calo-John, 4 - Calvert, Capt., 13 - Calvinus, Domitius, 176 - Calvinus, T. Veturius, 53 - Camalogenus, 5 - Cambray, 20 - Cambuskenneth, Battle of, 238 - Cambyses, 190 - Camera, Gen., 16, 220 - Cameron, Gen., 95 - Camillus, M. Furius, 260 - Campaign of Austerlitz, 84, 267 - —— Friedland, 33, 72, 73, 87, 93, 108, 162, 203, 265 - —— Jena, 215 - —— Leipsic, 73, 76, 79, 102, 106, 123, 126, 129, 137, 143, 145 - —— Moscow, 100, 184, 233 - —— the Danube, 14, 23, 82, 103, 106, 112, 153, 159 - —— Wagram, 1, 22, 83, 205, 207 - Campbell, Capt., 60 - — Col., 13, 150 - — of Auchinbrech, 115 - — Sir Archibald, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185 - — Sir Colin, 53, 144, 206, 225 - Cananore, 100 - Candorcanqui, Battle of, 24 - Canmore, Malcolm, 12, 82 - Cannon, Col., 81 - Canto d’Irles, Gen., 151 - Caplan, Pasha, 128 - Caprara, Gen., 232 - Capua, 167, 260, 264 - Caractacus, 47, 183 - Cardigan, Lord, 25 - Carew, Sir Peter, 99 - Carigat, 19 - Carinus, 153 - Carlist Wars, 35, 110, 113, 115, 165, 190, 203, 220 - Carmagnola, 145 - Carrington, Gen., 84 - Carthaginian Invasions, 2, 44, 53, 69, 110, 111, 226, 241 - Caxias, Gen., #220_21# - Cassius, 193 - Castañeta, Don Antonio, 49 - Castaños, 255 - Castijon, Don Petro de, 10 - Castor, 132 - Castruccio Castracane, 12 - Cathcart, Gen., 32, 65 - Catinat, Marshal, 51, 237 - Catulus, C. Lutatius, 4 - Cauterac, Gen., 119 - Cawnpore, 143, 147, 186 - Ceawlin, 76, 89 - Cifuentes, Count di, 162 - Censorinus, L., 51 - Cephalonia, 217 - Cerialis, Petilius, 35 - Cerro de Guadalupe, 134 - Cervera, Adm., 221 - Cervoni, 163 - Cetewayo, 120 - Chabrias, 59, 173 - Chagre, The, 186 - Champagne, Comte Thibaut de, 64 - Chandos, Sir John, 23 - Chang Pak, 74, 242 - Chanzy, Gen., 137 - Chard, Lieut., 213 - Chares, 59, 85 - Charlemagne, 213 - Charles I, 69, 84, 172, 174 - — II, 269 - — V, 132, 168, 212 - — VI, 214 - — VIII, 91 - — XI, 37, 89, 132, 144, 207 - — XII, 62, 82, 93, 113, 138, 171, 202, 233, 239, 248 - — Albert of Savoy, 99 - — Archduke, 1, 22, 34, 36, 83, 207, 222, 238, 264, 266 - — James, the Young Pretender, 202 - — Martel, 252, 263 - — of Anjou, 31, 100, 158, 242 - — of Athens, 54 - — of Blois, 23 - — of Lorraine, 40, 61, 72, 109, 112, 139, 201, 211, 234 - — the Bold, 101, 165 - — the Regent, 141 - Chasseurs d’Afrique, 225 - Chatham, Lord, 90 - Chand Bibi, 6 - Chelmsford, Lord, 257 - Chenab, River, 206, 216 - Cherusii, 141 - “Chesapeake,” The, 229 - Chevy Chace, 184 - Chickahominy, River, 228 - Childebert II, 255 - Chilian Civil War, 63, 133 - Chilian Revolution, 134 - Chilperic II, 263 - China Wars, 242 - Chinese Invasion of Japan, 74, 242 - Chino-Japanese War, 119, 194, 199, 267, 270 - Chippewa, 144 - Chitchagoff, Adm., 208 - Chitral Campaign, 60, 149 - “Chiyada,” The, 270 - Choczin, 237 - Chodkiewicz, 128 - Choniski, 126 - Choshiu, Daimyo of, 74 - Choshu, 94, 250 - Chosroes, 157 - — II, 177, 271 - Chotzewitz, 127 - Christian IV, 144, 269 - — V, 144 - — Duke of Brunswick, 111, 237 - Christina Gyllenstierna, 257 - Cristomenes, 49 - Chrzanowski, 179 - Chudleigh, Gen., 239 - Chunda Sahib, 13, 18, 254, 264 - Chnodomar, 18 - Churchill, Gen., 261 - Cialdini, Gen., 14, 52, 95, 186 - Cimbric War, 16, 261 - Cimon, 87 - Cintra, Convention of, 263 - Civil War, 1, 4, 9, 12, 39, 40, 41, 50, 55, 58, 69, 80, 81, 84, 114, - 115, 133, 154, 172, 174, 193, 202, 214, 239, 250, 269 - — of Cæsar and Pompey, 70, 83, 172, 192, 215, 245, 258 - — of Marius and Sulla, 63, 68, 216 - — of Sertorius, 239 - Clam-Gallas, 98, 168, 197, 256 - Clanwilliam, Earl of, 107 - Clarence, Duke of, 29 - Clarifait, Gen., 167 - Claudius, 47 - — Appius, 49 - — Gothicus, 171 - — Nero, 158 - — Publius, 140 - Clauleu, 57 - Clausel, Marshal, 63 - Clauset, 213 - Claverhouse, 80 - Cleland, Col., 81 - Clement III, 212 - Cleombrotus, 139 - Cleomenes, 156, 227 - Cleon, 14, 204 - Cleopatra, 3 - Clermont, Comte de, 68, 91 - Clifford, Lord, 89 - Clive, 18, 20, 56, 59, 67, 76, 195 - Closter-Seven, Convention of, 107 - Clothaire II, 79, 87 - Clovis, 197, 234, 250, 264 - Clytus, 44 - Cnœus Domitius, 147 - — Fulvius, 109 - — Pompeius, 168 - Cnemas, 65, 172 - Cniva, 92, 193 - Coa, River, 215 - Coburg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 - — Prince of, 154, 173 - Cochrane, Sir A. J., 26, 146, 154, 217, 219 - — Lord, 46 - Cockburn, Col., 270 - Codrington, Adm., 172 - Cœpio, 17 - Colborne, Sir John, 217 - Coligny, 80 - Colley, Sir Geo., 133, 148 - Colli, Gen., 114, 159 - Collier, Sir George, 190 - Collingwood, Adm., 252 - Colorados, 164 - Columbine, Capt., 227 - Colville, Gen., 220 - Combermere, Lord, 34 - Comnenus, 253 - — Alexius, 82 - Comonfort, Gen., 134 - Conan the Athenian, 62 - Condé, 20, 56, 80, 81, 93, 117, 138, 178, 200, 211, 217, 227, 258 - Conflans, 154, 205, 206 - Congeen, Commodore, 218 - Congressists, 134 - Conon, 4, 170 - Conquest of Algeria, 63 - —— Dacia, 153 - —— Ireland, 23 - —— Mexico, 159 - —— of Peru, 13, 14, 22, 71, 135, 205 - Conradin, 242 - Constantine, 44, 61, 104, 108, 152, 223, 261 - — III, 42 - — of Alban, 78 - — Palæologus, 65 - Constantius, 167, 169, 232 - Contades, Marquis de, 159 - Conti, Prince Louis de, 47, 145 - Contrecœur, 271 - Convent of Santa Cruz, 134 - Conway, Lord, 174 - Cooke, Gen., 33 - Coote, Sir Eyre, 20, 197, 198, 201, 230, 265 - Cope, Sir John, 202 - Copratus, The, 65 - Corinthian War, 66 - Cornaille, Pierre, 133 - Cornwallis, Lord, 19, 26, 47, 103, 223, 227, 271 - Cortes, 159, 184 - Cossack Rising, 122 - Cotton, Gen., 78 - Coulon de Jumonville, 271 - — de Villiers, 102 - Courbet, Adm., 235 - Covenanters’ Rising, 38, 80, 215 - Coxon, John, 186 - Cragova, 58 - Crassus, 232 - — P. Licinius, 134 - — Publius, 51 - Craufurd, Earl of, 40, 62 - Crimean War, 11, 25, 45, 58, 115, 122, 149, 181, 183, 208, 231, 232, - 240, 245 - Crispus, 108 - Critolaus, 223 - Crittenden, Gen., 159 - Cromwell, Oliver, 80, 81, 154, 172, 202, 269 - Cronje, 124, 146, 147, 161, 184 - Cronstedt, Adm., 240 - Cronstrun, 33 - Crouzat, Gen., 30 - Crown Prince of Prussia, 126 - Crusaders, 2, 16, 20, 21, 64, 79, 118, 157, 176, 256 - Ctesiphon, 119 - Cuddalore, 201 - Cuesta, 155, 200 - Cumberland, Duke of, 70, 90, 107, 136 - “Cumberland,” The, 106 - Cureton, Gen., 206 - Curio, 25, 258 - Curry, Sir Pierce, 134 - Curtis, Gen., 189 - Custer, Gen., 141, 182 - Custria, 273 - Cutha, 89 - Cyprus War, 88, 138 - Cyrus the, Younger, 70 - Czarnieçki, 197 - Czernitcheff, 137 - - D - - d’Albergotti, Gen., 79 - d’Aché, Comte, 51, 91, 254 - Dacia, 152 - Dacre, 95, 252 - — Thomas, 234 - Dagisteus, 192 - d’Aguila, 125 - d’Albret, Constable, 5 - d’Alençon, Duc, 5, 261 - Dalgety, Col., 267 - Dalziel, Gen., 215 - Dalmatia, 152 - Damietta, 157 - Damjanics, 127, 264 - Damrémont, Gen., 64 - Danish Invasions, 42, 78, 86, 87, 109, 144, 158, 166, 180, 207, 230, - 247, 248, 267 - Dano-Spanish Wars, 108 - — Swedish Wars, 37, 61, 86, 93, 94, 113, 125, 128, 132, 144, 214, 239, - 257, 269 - Danube, The, 232 - Dara, 220 - Darando, Gen., 166 - d’Argentian, 163 - Darius, Codomannus, 17 - — King of Persia, 116 - — Hystaspes, 152 - d’Armagnac, 155 - Darnad Ali Pasha, 192 - Darozhinsky, Gen., 224 - d’Artois, Robert, 67 - d’Aspré, Gen., 165 - Datis, 152 - D’Aubigny, 226 - d’Aubusson, Pierre, 209 - Daun, Marshal, 111, 127, 139, 140, 155, 181, 251, 256 - d’Aurelle de Paladines, Gen., 67, 142 - d’Auteil, Mons., 13 - David II, 174 - — of Scotland, 82, 237 - Davidowich, 18, 214 - d’Avila, Don Sancho, 16, 165 - Davis, Capt., 203 - — Commodore, 157 - Davoust, 87, 118, 128, 153, 161, 264, 268 - de Aguila, 162 - Deane, Adm., 200 - de Ataida, Luis, 100 - — Beaumont, Robert, 91 - — Bermingham, Richard, 23 - — — John, 81 - — Burgh, William, 23 - — Bouillon, Godefroi, 118 - — Bouflers, Mons., 140 - — Castries, Gen., 47 - — Castro, Juan, 77 - — Catinat, Marshal, 153 - Decebalus, 153 - de Charolais, Comte, 164 - — Conflans, Adm., 31 - Decius, 92, 193 - — Mus., 261 - — Publius, 227 - de Coigny, Marshal, 188 - — Coligny, Marshal, 103 - — Drucour, Chevalier, 143 - — Failly, Gen., 29 - Defenders, 76 - de Fersen, Baron, 154 - Degollado, 242 - de Gonzaga, Francisco, 91, 94 - — Grasse, 78 - — Kalb, 47 - — Kray, 85, 86, 111, 116 - — la Barre?, 218 - — la Feuillade, Duc, 256 - — la Gardie, James, 126 - — la Marck, 41 - — la Meilleraic, Marshal, 185 - — la Motte Count, 270 - — la Noue, François, 215 - — la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, 237 - — la Rochefoucauld, 185 - — Lauria, Roger, 158 - Del Canto, Gen., 63, 133 - de Levis, Chevalier, 205, 217 - Delhi, King of, 240 - de Ligneris, Mons., 101 - — Lorraine, Chevalier, 218 - de Lucy, Richard, 91 - — Lusignan, Guy, 118, 249 - Delzons, Gen., 150 - de Marche, Count, 242 - — Mauley, 252 - Dembinski, Gen., 121, 247, 265 - de Medari, Gen., 52 - — Melac, Mons., 132 - — Mercy, Gen., 188 - Demetrius, 212 - — Poliorcetes, 115 - de Montfort, John, 23 - —— Simon, 139 - Demosthenes, 181, 204, 241 - de Namur, Guy, 67 - Dentatus, M. Carius, 31 - Derby, Lord, 44, 206, 269 - de Rantzau, 247 - — Rassinghem, 266 - — Rieux, Marshal, 217 - — Rigny, Adm., 172 - — Ros, 57 - — Ruyter, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234 - Desaix, 152 - d’Estaing, Count, 50, 102, 182 - Destigerd, 177 - d’Estrées, Count, 107, 234 - de Suffren, 199, 201 - — Tavannes, Marshal, 162 - — Thermes, Marshal, 101 - — Tourville, Adm., 29, 131 - — Trastamare, Henry, 173 - d’Eu, Comte, 50 - de Winter, Adm., 48 - — Vandemont, Prince, 68 - — Vere, Duke of Ireland, 206 - — Villiers, Commandant, 130 - —— Coulon, 102 - Devizes, 214 - De Wert, Jean, 208, 209 - — Wet, 80, 220 - Dewey, Adm., 151 - de Witt, 79 - Dexippus, 2 - de Letendeur, Adm., 49 - Diacus, 138 - Diebitsch, Gen., 102, 129 - Dieskau, Baron, 132, 136 - di Lezze, Antonio, 224 - Dingaan, 77 - Diocles, 111, 226 - Diocletian, 153 - Dionysius, 44, 69, 85, 166, 241 - Diophantus, 44 - di Potenza, Condé, 244 - Dirkzoon, Adm., 273 - Djezzar, 3 - Doblado, 219 - Doctoroff, Gen., 150 - Dolabella, 70 - Dolabella, P. Cornelius, 132 - Dolgorouky, Gen., 171 - Domitius, Cnæus, 147 - Dom Miguel’s Rebellion, 220 - Donald, Bree, 99 - — Lord of the Isles, 106 - Don Carlos, 110, 113 - Don Francisco de Toledo, 104 - — John of Austria, 81, 95, 138, 215 - — Sancho of Castile, 257 - — Sebastian, 110, 113 - Doria, 59, 64, 197 - Dost Mohammed, 121 - Douay, Gen. Abel, 267 - Douglas, 231 - — Archibald, 19 - — Arch., Earl of, 105, 112 - — Earl of, 184, 261 - — James, Earl of, 19 - — Rebellion, 40 - Doveton, Gen., 21 - Dragomiroff, 231 - Drake, 19, 44 - — Mr., 45 - Drepanum, 140 - Dresden, 129 - Drummond, Sir Geo., 144 - Drusus, 141, 148 - Dublin, 207 - Duchambon de Vergor, 30 - Ducrot, Gen., 263 - Duff, Sir James, 97 - Dufour Gen., 98 - du Gast, 54 - Dugommier, 251 - du Guesclin, 23, 57, 60, 62, 164, 173, 199 - Duilius, Caius, 170 - du Lude, Seigneur, 191 - Dumouriez, 117, 173, 259 - Duncan, Adm., 48 - Dundas, Adm., 240 - Dundee, 124 - — Battle of, 209, 243 - Dunkeld, 144 - — Bishop of, 115 - Dunkirk, 112 - Dunois, 183 - Dupleix, 198 - Dupont, Adm., 29, 57 - — Gen., 106 - Durand, Col., 50 - Durham, Bishop of, 237 - Durnford, Col., 115 - Dutch Wars, 77, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234, 235, 247 - d’York, Gen., 56 - - E - - Earle, Gen., 125 - Early, Gen., 54, 89, 182 - Ecgfrith, 173 - Edhem Pasha, 78, 193 - Edmund Ironsides, 22, 191, 228 - Edward, 248 - — I, 55, 81, 87, 88, 139 - — II, 3, 26, 38, 105 - — III, 4, 5, 60, 68, 69 - — IV, 27, 84, 85, 110, 166, 247, 252 - — the Elder, 247, 267 - — the Black Prince, 173, 197 - Edwardes, Lieut., 124, 168, 239 - Edwin, 107 - — Earl, 94 - Egbert, 85, 109 - Egerton, Sir Charles, 119 - Egmont, Count, 101, 218 - — Philip, 96 - Egremont, Lord, 179, 237 - Ehrenskiöld, Adm., 94 - Eighty-Seventh, Regt., 168 - Elbe, River, 107 - Elcho, Lord, 250 - El Hadj Mohammed Pasha, 129 - Elias Khan, 161 - Eliot, Gen., 98 - Eloff, Sarel, 146 - Elphinstone, Gen., 34, 119, 124 - — Sir Keith, 220 - Elsasshausen, 269 - El Teb, Battle of, 255 - Elwas Mohammed, 272 - Emin, Malek, 109 - Emir Hamada, 89 - Enniskillen, 175 - Enotake, 120 - Enslin, Battle of, 101 - Entzheim, Battle of, 232 - Epaminondas, 139, 151 - Epidamnus, 105 - Eporedorix, 3 - Equatius Gellius, 47, 227 - Erinschild, Adm., 7 - Ernest of Styria, Duke, 206 - Errol, Earl of, 99 - Esk, River, 194 - Escobedo, 221 - Espartero, 35, 110, 165, 190 - Espinay, Prince, 252 - Essex, Earl of, 84, 174 - Etampes, 188 - Ethelwulf, 180 - Etruscan War, 20 - Eudamus, 21 - Eudes, 164 - Eugene, Prince, 30, 36, 50, 52, 58, 68, 75, 79, 132, 140, 145, 150, - 192, 193, 205, 222, 272 - —— of Wurtemberg, 163 - Eugenius, 17 - Eumenes, 65, 187, 191, 222 - Eurylocus, 181 - Eurymedon, 204 - Euthydemus, 19 - Evans, Gen., 26, 110, 115, 221 - —— (Am.), 225 - — Sir Ralph, 15 - Evetzen, 200 - Ewell, Gen., 69, 269 - Exeter, 218 - — Earl of, 216 - Exmouth, Lord, 10 - Eyre, Major Vincent, 20 - - F - - Fabricius, Caius, 8, 24 - Fabius Maximus, Q., 116, 136, 227, 263 - Faidherbe, Gen., 27, 105, 218 - Fairfax, Sir Thos., 4, 133, 154, 172, 226 - Falkenberg, 146 - Falkenstein, Gen., 125 - Farokshin, 5 - Farragut, Adm., 175, 261 - Fastolfe, Sir John, 110, 188 - Faure, Gen., 14 - Faversham, Earl of, 225 - Feidlim, 23 - Feliciano, 121 - Ferdinand, Archduke, 106, 207 - — King of Naples, 185, 210, 226, 260 - — of Brunswick, 68, 160 - — of Hungary, 178 - — Prince, 125 - — the Catholic, 100, 142, 149, 251 - Fermor, 273 - Ferrars, Lord, 38 - Fersen, Baron de, 154 - Fife, Earl of, 115 - Filipo de Rieti, 273 - Finck, Gen., 155 - Finland War, 208, 240 - Finnegan, Gen., 180 - Firth, Lord, 58 - Fischbuch, Gen., 58 - Fitzalan, Richard, 233 - Fitzwalter, Lord, 89 - Flaminius, 19, 24, 71 - Flammock’s Rebellion, 35 - Flavius Fimbria, 158 - — Cnæus, 109 - Fleetwood, 269 - Flemish War, 67, 162, 273 - Flics, Gen., 132 - Flint, Lieut., 265 - Floing, 225 - Flores, Gen., 69, 70, 164 - Floyd, Gen., 149 - Foix, Comte de, 242 - Fontana, Benedict, 47 - Forbach, Battle of, 236 - Forde, Col., 113, 154, 206 - Forey, Gen., 134, 163 - Forgacz, Count, 188 - Forster, Gen., 202 - Fort Duquesne, 101, 271 - — Lyman, 132 - — Necessity, 102 - Fournier, Gen., 102 - Fraga, 139 - Francis I, 153, 189 - — II of Naples, 95 - — Joseph, Emperor, 234 - Francisco de Manesses, 258 - —— Melo, 211 - —— Toledo, Don, 104 - — Pizarro, 135 - Franco-Austrian War, 147, 149, 163, 234, 256 - — German War, 14, 27, 29, 31, 43, 58, 63, 105, 137, 142, 153, 158, 178, - 188, 218, 235, 263 - — Mexican War, 3, 134 - Fraser, Gen., 74, 238 - Frauenberg, The, 158 - Fredegond, Queen, 255 - Frederic II, 66, 100 - — IV, of Denmark, 239 - — Augustus, 62 - — Barbarossa, 136 - — Charles, Prince, 82, 98, 126, 137, 158, 168, 178, 197 - — Duke of Austria, 168, 242 - — Elector of Saxony, 168 - — of Bohemia, 201 - — the Great, 60, 72, 109, 111, 112, 126, 129, 139, 140, 143, 162, 181, - 201, 234, 273 - — William III, 239 - ——Elector, 89, 207, 236 - French, Gen., 84, 124 - — Canadian Rising, 217 - — Civil Wars, 67 - — Invasion of Egypt, 1, 3, 108, 177, 204 - Fresnel, 105 - Freyre, 59 - Freytag, 112 - Fritigern, 105, 152 - Frossard, Gen., 235 - Fullali, The, 113 - Fulvius, Cn., 32 - — Q., 49 - Futteh Mohammed Khan, 124 - - G - - Gablenz, Gen., 253 - Gage, Gen., 43, 139, 202 - Gaines’ Mill, 228 - Galba, 199 - Galgacus, 100 - Gallic Invasion of the East, 86, 105 - — Revolt, 35 - — Tribal Wars, 3 - — Wars, 4, 5, 8, 24, 29, 35, 41, 96, 168, 199, 253 - Gallitzin, Prince, 60, 79, 122 - Gallus, Cestius, 34 - Galway, Lord, 8, 12 - Gamarra, 114 - Ganetzki, Gen., 196 - Garcilasso de la Vega, 183 - Gardiner, Col., 12 - Gardner, Gen., 200 - Garibaldi, 22, 45, 157, 159, 164, 165, 185, 212, 260, 264 - Garnett, Gen., 209 - Gaston de Foix, 207 - Gatacre, Gen. Sir W., 238 - Gate Pah, 95 - Gates, Gen., 47, 236 - Gauchos, 163 - Gazer Khan, 184 - Gek Horn, Battle of, 190 - Gelimer, 51, 254 - Gellius Statius, 39 - Gelon, 108, 110 - Genghiz Khan, 26, 97, 114, 121, 122, 123, 184, 190, 220, 244 - Genseric, 48, 111 - George II, 76 - — King of Hanover, 152 - Georgia, Queen of, 249 - Gergue, 190 - German Invasion of Italy, 90 - Germanic Wars, 114, 141, 148, 260 - Getes, 161 - Ghuzni, 97, 234 - Gildo, 242 - Gillespie, Gen., 120 - Gingen, Capt., 264 - Ginkel, 5 - Girard, Col., 137 - Girod, 217 - Giulay, Marshal, 47 - Glabrio, 248 - Glarus, 171 - Goddard, Gen., 6, 28 - Godefroi de Bouillon, 21, 176 - Goignies, Gen., 95 - Gokameyama, 161 - Gokla, 21 - Göldli, Geo., 121 - Golitshin, Adm., 102 - Gomurakami, 129, 161 - Gonsalvo de Cordova, 54, 94, 183, 217, 226, 244 - Gonzaga, 95 - Gonzalo Pizarro, 14, 71 - Gore, Col., 217 - Gordon, Gen., 123 - “Gordon Highlanders,” 74 - Görgey, 3, 116, 127, 171, 181, 191, 223, 247 - Goring, Lord, 133 - Gortschakoff, 245 - Gothic Invasion of France, 197 - —— Italy, 132, 211 - —— Thrace, 152 - — Wars, 87, 92, 67, 171, 193, 197, 212, 242 - Gothicus, Claudius, 171 - Götz, Gen., 264 - Gough, Lord, 59, 89, 103, 147, 165, 203, 206, 216 - — Matthew, 235 - Gourko, Gen., 78, 99, 193 - Gracchus, Tiberius, 32 - Graham, Gen., 27, 106, 221 - — Gen. Sir G., 122, 244, 246, 255 - Grammont, Duc de, 76 - Gran, The, 171 - Granson, Sir Thomas, 199 - Grant, Gen., 57, 58, 192, 209, 230, 236, 262 - — Sir Hope, 243 - — Major, 107 - Gratiani, 117 - Graves, Adm., 145 - Gravitza Redoubt, 196 - Greece, Crown Prince of, 78 - Greek War of Independence, 160, 172 - Green, Sir Chas., 240 - Greene, Gen., 86, 103 - Gregory, 255 - — II, 207 - Grenville, Sir Richard, 24 - Grey, Adm., 111 - Grey Gen., 203 - — Sir Geo., 154 - — de Ruthyn, Lord, 178 - — de Wilton, Lord, 179 - Grimaldi, 273 - Grouchy, 267 - Græco-Turkish War, 78, 193, 260 - Guelfs and Ghibellines, 12, 47, 66, 162, 242 - “Guglers,” 92 - Guilleminot, Gen., 102 - Guiscard, Robert, 62, 82 - Guise, Duc de, 45, 80 - Guiton, 135 - Gurkha War, 12, 119, 120, 168 - Gustavus Adolphus, 12, 61, 73, 92, 136, 137, 146, 195, 210, 269 - — Vasa, 257 - Guthmund, 149 - Guthrum, 87 - Guy de Lusignan, 118, 249 - Guyeaux, 52 - Gwalior Campaign, 147, 203 - Gylippus of Sparta, 240 - - H - - Haco, 134 - Hadji, Ahmed, 63 - Hadrianus, Fabius, 44 - Haidar Khan, 97 - Hakki Pasha, 260 - Halfdene, 21 - Halil Pasha, 120, 202 - Humayun, 61, 121 - Hamet Zeli, 149 - Hamilcar, 68, 69, 110, 111 - Hampden, 55 - Hampton, Gen, 57 - — Thos., 60 - Hancock, Gen., 236 - Hannibal, 2, 21, 48, 49, 109, 111, 170, 226, 249, 272 - Hanno, 4, 32, 83, 84 - Hanover, King of, 132 - Hans Waldmann, 165 - Harclay, Sir Andrew, 38 - Harcourt, 51 - Hari Pant, 130, 270 - Harman, Sir John, 218 - Harold, 107, 236 - — Hardrada, 94, 178, 236 - Haroun-al-Raschid, 167 - Harper’s Ferry, 235 - Harris, Gen., 149, 228 - Hart, Gen., 194 - Hartley, Col., 28, 46 - Harvey, Adm. John, 254 - — Bagenal, 175 - Hasdrubal, 51, 69, 158, 187 - Hassan, 258 - — Bey, 245 - Hasselaer, Kenau, 104 - Hauben, Marshal, 30 - Havelock, Sir Henry, 16, 35, 94, 143, 147, 182, 186 - Hawke, Adm. Sir E., 6, 30, 49, 205 - Hawkins, 19 - Hawley, Gen., 88 - Haynau, Gen., 40, 247 - — The, 143 - Hazlerigg, 214 - Hébécourt, 249 - Heiden, Adm., 172 - Hellenes, The, 255 - Heloris, 85 - Hemu, 187 - Hengist, 24, 68 - Henri I, 259 - — IV, 30, 67, 117 - — le Béarnais, 162 - Henry I, 40, 247 - — II, 91 - — III, 139, 242 - — IV, 231 - — V, 5, 214, 231 - — VI, 36, 178, 216, 252 - — VII, 35, 38, 238 - — VIII, 38, 103 - — of Castile, 181 - — III, of Germany, 212 - — of Nassau, Count, 165 - — the Fowler, 158 - Hentzi, Gen., 181 - Heraclides, 130 - Heraclius, 169, 177, 271 - Hereford, 38 - Hermann, 33 - Herron, Gen., 202 - Hesse, Landgrave of, 168 - — Prince of, 52, 236 - Hicks Pasha, 122 - Hideyori, 226 - Hideyoshi, 180 - Hierax, 15 - Hiero, 71 - Hiketas, 104 - Hill, Gen., 228, 235 - — Gen. A. P., 97 - Hillinger, Gen., 46 - Himartekin, 123 - Himilco, 2, 241 - Himilcon, 140 - Hindman, Gen., 202 - Hippocrates, 75, 108, 138, 241 - Hirotsuke, 116, 117 - Hirschberg, Gen., 137 - Hirtius, 160, 170 - Hislop, Sir Thos., 148, 243 - Hlangwane Hill, 193 - Hoche, 174 - Hodgson, Gen., 31 - Hogen Insurrection, 242 - Hohenlo, Count Philip, 105 - Hohenlohe, Prince of, 118 - Hojo Rebellion, 180 - Holkar, 148, 243 - Holles, Denzil, 40 - Holmes, Adm., 204 - Holstein, Duke of, 62 - Honorius, Emperor, 211 - Hood, Adm., 78 - — Commander, 240 - — Gen., 92, 172, 189 - Hooker, 56 - Hopton, Sir Ralph, 12, 39, 133, 239 - Hore, Gen., 84 - Horn, Adm., 125, 214 - — Field Marshal, 178, 236 - Horsa, 24 - Hotham, Adm., 96 - Hotspur, 184, 231 - Houchard, 112 - Hougoumont, 266 - Houston, Gen., 220 - Howard, Lord Edward, 41 - — Lord Thomas, 24 - — of Effingham, Lord, 19 - Howe, Gen., 39 - — Lord, 255, 257 - — Sir William, 42, 97 - Huascar, 13, 205 - Hudson River, 238 - Hughes, Sir Ed., 70, 173, 199, 254 - Hugues, Quiéret, 233 - Hundred Days’ War, 89, 140, 204, 250, 266 - — Years’ War, 5, 6, 29, 36, 44, 45, 53, 57, 60, 68, 69, 91, 136, 162, - 183, 188, 214, 226, 261 - Hungarian Rising, 116, 121, 171, 181, 191, 224, 226, 247, 260, 264 - — War, 272 - Huguenot Rebellion, 135 - Huniades, John, 110, 128, 130, 165, 260 - Hunsdon, Lord, 95 - Huntley, Earl of, 40, 66, 98, 194 - Huntly’s Rebellion, 40, 66 - Hunyady, John, 30 - Hurry, Sir John,23 - Hussein Pasha, 122, 128 - Hussites, 23, 76, 245 - Huzrat Mahal, 169 - Hwan Buako, 74 - Hyde, Adm., 65 - — Parker, Adm., 77 - Hyderabad, Nizam of, 130 - Hyder Ali, 13, 20, 182, 197, 201, 230, 251, 254, 255, 265 - - I - - Ibrahim, 160, 177, 187 - — Bey, 108 - — Pasha, 30, 34, 127, 273 - Idzumi, Daimio of, 161 - Ikkelman Pugatcheff, 122, 123 - Imeretinsky, Prince, 142 - Inaros, 157 - Inca Rising, 235 - Indian Mutiny, 6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 34, 53, 75, 94, 95, 118, 128, - 147, 169, 179, 182, 187, 225 - Indulph, 26 - Ingelram von Coucy, Baron, 92 - Invasion of Britain, 47 - —— Korea, 108, 257 - —— the Alemanni, 189, 194 - —— the Huns, 55 - —— the Vandals, 48, 51, 253 - Invasions of the Gauls, 11, 211 - Ionian War, 86, 130 - Iphicrates, 85 - Irish Rebellions, 31, 81, 97, 175, 263 - “Ironsides,” 154 - Irribarreu, Gen., 113 - Isabella, 251 - Isley, Sir Henry, 269 - Isle-aux-Noix, 249 - Isle of Wight, Action off, 200 - Ismael, Shah, 229 - Italian Invasion of Abyssinia, 4 - — Risings, 40, 95, 165, 166, 179, 185, 212, 259, 260 - — Wars, 31, 91, 94, 100, 145, 153, 183, 189, 226, 244 - Ivan the Terrible, 22 - - J - - Jaafar, 169 - Jablonowski, 264 - Jackson, Gen., 43, 54, 56, 69, 106, 201, 228, 235, 239 - —— 175 - Jacobite Rising, 81, 124 - Jaffa, 249 - Jagmal, 60 - Jaipal, Rajah of Lahore, 191 - James II, 39, 142, 215 - — III, of Scotland, 223 - — IV, of Scotland, 90 - — VI, 98 - — River, 229 - Jan Koch, 37 - Janssens, Col., 41 - Japanese Revolution, 94, 177, 250, 258, 264 - Jaxartes, The, 126 - Jean, Joel, 62 - Jehandar Shah, 5 - Jellachich, 116, 260 - Jellalabad, 124 - Jellalladin, 35, 114, 121 - Jennings, Sir John, 10 - Jervis, Sir John, 49, 103, 154, 218 - Jerome de ’t Zeraerts, 247 - Jerusalem, 249 - Jeswunt Rao, 21, 74, 75, 94, 199 - Jewish War, 34, 118, 119 - Jhansi, Ranee of, 104 - Joan of Arc, 183, 188 - Joanna, 251 - John I, 11 - — II, 28, 32 - — Archduke, 112, 205, 216 - — Duke of Normandy, 6 - — of Castile, 100 - — of Denmark, 156 - — King of France, 197 - — Regent, 11 - Johnson, Gen., 125, 230, 236 - — Sir W., 131, 175 - Johnston, Gen., 87 - Johnstone, Col., 41 - — Comm., 201 - — Gen., 175 - Jones, Col., 207 - — Col. Michael, 81 - Jonquière, Adm. de la, 48 - Joseph Buonaparte, 180, 188, 263 - Josephus, 119 - Joubert, 41, 88, 130, 148 - — Marshal, 179 - Jourdan, Marshal, 34, 90, 238, 243 - Jovian, 119 - Jovinus, 55 - Joyeuse, Duc de, 67 - Juan d’Aguila, 125 - Juan Pizarro, 71 - Juarez, 2, 46 - Juba, 25, 248 - Judacilius I, 21 - Juel, Adm., 125, 214 - Jugurtha, 169 - Julian, 18, 119, 152, 191, 250 - — Count, 270 - Junot, 52, 263 - Jussuf, 48 - Justinian, 166 - Jutes, 24 - Jutish Invasion, 68 - - K - - Kabul, 148 - Kaffir Wars, 13, 32, 43 - Kalkreuth, Marshal, 73 - Kaminiec, 197, 233 - Kambaksh, 98 - Kandahar, 124, 148 - Kanzler, Gen., 157 - Kat, 81 - Katuku, 35 - Keane, Gen., 175 - Keatinge, Col., 17, 39 - Keith, Lord, 96 - — Marshal, 111 - Kekewich, Col., 124 - Kelly, Col., 60 - Kemal Reis, 222 - Kenau Hasselaer, 104 - Kenmure, Lord, 269 - Kenneth III, 144 - Keppel, Adm., 31, 182 - Khaled, 7, 8, 38, 72, 169, 271 - Khalifa, The, 181 - Khan, Elias, 161 - Khojah Zofar, 77 - Khoord Kabul Pass, 117 - Khyber Pass, 117 - Kiburg, Count of, 136 - Kilidj Arslan, 21 - Kirboga, 16 - Kirby Smith, Gen., 209 - Kirke, Col., 142 - Kirkjean, Mons., 25 - Kismegyer, 205 - Kiushiu, 242 - Kitchener, Lord, 23, 84, 89, 181, 184 - Kiyomasa, 257 - Klapka, 116, 127 - Kléber, 108, 167 - Kleist, 80 - Klingspoor, Gen., 208, 231 - Knowles, Adm., 107 - Knut, 22, 191, 230 - Kobad, 13 - Kobayagawa Takakage, 108 - Koch, Gen., 84 - — Jan, 37 - Kohandil Khan, 121 - Kolocz, Bishop of, 161 - Köningsegg, Count, 225 - Konishi Yakinaga, 108 - Konownitzyn, Gen., 184 - Kosciusko, 154 - Kotah, Rajah of, 128 - Kourloff, Gen., 245 - Krüdener, Gen., 176, 195, 196 - Kruze, Adm., 228 - Kublai Khan, 74, 105 - Kumal Khan, 100 - Kuroda, Gen., 129 - Kuroki, Marshal, 125 - Kur Singh, 20, 24 - Kusunoki Masatsura, 230 - Kuttugh Khan, 74 - Kutusoff, 23, 38, 112, 128, 155, 268 - Kuwana, 94, 250 - Kyrielle, 91 - - L - - La Belle Alliance, 176 - Labienus, 5, 168, 215 - Labomirski, 128 - Laborde, Gen., 213 - Labourdonnais, Adm., 145, 173 - Laches, 151 - Ladislaus, 259 - Ladysmith, 193 - Lævinus, P. Laverius, 109 - La Ferté, 258 - — Harpe, 159 - — Haye Sainte, 266 - Lake Ascanius, 176 - — Champlain, 249 - — City, 180 - — Gen., 5, 10, 34, 75, 135, 263 - — Lord, 74, 94 - — Zug, 98 - Lakhsman Singh, 60 - Laljaji, 244 - Lally Tollendal, 91, 146, 198, 244, 265 - Lal Singh, 89 - Lamachus, 240 - Lamar, 119 - La Marmora, Gen., 70 - Lambert Simnel, 238 - Lambton, Capt. Hedworth, 88 - La Moricière, Gen., 14, 52 - Lamothe-Houdancourt, 138 - Lancaster, 38 - Landen, Battle of, 173 - Landi, Gen., 45 - Landon, Gen., 30, 130, 140, 181 - Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 202, 214 - Langy, 255 - Lannes, Marshall, 14, 22, 93, 112, 159, 163 203, 215, 255 - Lannoy, 189 - Lanza, Gen., 185 - La Peña, Gen., 27 - Leptines, 53 - Laserna, 24 - Latin War, 261 - La Torre, 50 - — Tremouille, 179, 217 - Lauderdale, Lord, 269 - Laurel Hill, 209 - Lavalette, 150 - Lavater, Rudolph, 121 - Lawrence, Capt. John, 229 - — Major, 25, 76, 99, 146, 228, 239 - Layard, Sir Ed., 24 - Lazar, 127 - Lazareff, 122 - Leake, Sir John, 148 - Lee, Gen., 15, 55, 58, 92, 97, 192, 209, 228, 235, 236, 268 - Lecourbe, 166 - Lefebvre, Marshal, 73, 222 - Leganez, 138 - Lehwaldt, Marshall, 102 - Leicester, Earl of, 273 - Leo IX, Pope, 62 - — the Iconoclast, 207 - Leonidas, 248 - Leontini, 104 - Leopold, Archduke, 40, 138, 165 - — Duke, 227 - Leotychides, 170 - Leptinus, 241 - Le Quesnay, 227 - Leslie, David, 81, 193 - Lestocq, 87, 265 - Letzi, The, 171 - Leval, 33 - Leven, 154 - Levenhaupt, Gen., 138 - Lewis, King, 161 - Lexington Military School, 175 - Liberation of Belgium, 16 - Li Chin, 108 - Lichtenstein, 221 - Licinius, 41, 61, 104, 108, 109, 152 - — Crassus, P., 134 - Ligneris, 176 - “Ligue du bien public,” 164 - Ligonier, Sir John, 136 - Lille, 270 - Lima, 182 - Lincoln, Earl of, 238 - Liniers, Gen., 42 - Lin Fok Heng, 105 - Linnels, 110 - Linois, Adm., 9 - Lin Yung Ku, 235 - Livius, Caius, 71, 170 - — Marcus, 158 - Loch Linnhe, 115 - Lomakine, Gen., 96 - Lombard League, 136 - London Bridge, 235 - Longstreet, Gen., 228, 235, 268 - “Loose-coat-field,” Battle of, 85 - Lopez, 16, 50, 70, 113, 188, 220, 263 - Lorencez, 3, 134 - “L’Orient,” The, 177 - Lorraine, Duke of, 232 - Lorrices, 202 - Louis III, 223 - — VI, 40 - — IX, 157, 242, 256 - — XI, 164 - — XII, 58 - — XIII, 52 - — Dauphin, 140 - — di Conti, Prince, 145 - — of Nassau, Count, 107, 165 - — Prince of Prussia, 215 - — the Bavarian, 168 - Loup II, 213 - Low, Gen., 149 - Lowendahl, 33 - Lucca, Castruccio Castracane of, 12 - Lucilianus, 177 - Lucius Mummius, 138 - Lucknow, 225 - Lucullus, 44, 72, 249 - Lüders, Gen., 226 - Lupicinus, 152 - Lupus, 250 - Lusitanian War, 179 - Luton Moor, 237 - Lutter, Castle of, 144 - Luxembourg, Marshal, 90, 173, 237 - Luy de Béarn, 183 - Lynch, Eliza, 66 - Lyon, Gen., 268 - Lyons, Sir Edmund, 225 - Lysander, 4, 105, 179 - Lysimachus, 67 - - M - - Macbeth, 82 - Maccarthy, 175 - Macdonald, Gen. Sir, H., 181 - — Marshal, 123, 220, 253, 264 - Macedonia, 152 - Macedonian Wars, 24, 71, 134, 203 - Magruder, Gen., 268, 271 - Machanidas, 151 - Mack, Gen., 159 - Mackay, Gen., 124 - Mackinnon, Gen., 62 - Macleod, Col., 198 - Macmahon, Marshal, 147, 225, 256, 267, 269 - Macrinus, 114 - Madhao Rao II, 130 - Magnentius, 167, 169 - Mago, 44, 179, 253 - Maha Bandoola, 78, 127 - Maha Nemyo, 266 - Mahadaji Sindhia, 270 - Mahmud, 23, 191, 234 - Mahmud’s Invasions of India, 191, 234 - Mahmud Tughlak, 74 - Mahomed IV, 161, 233, 273 - Mahomet Koprili, 126 - Mahon, Col., 146 - Mahratta Wars, 5, 6, 10, 22, 28, 34, 56, 74, 75, 94, 103, 125, 127, - 135, 148, 199, 230, 232, 243, 270 - Maillebois, Marshal, 214, 221 - Main, The, 111 - Mainfroy, 31 - Makaroff, Adm., 199 - Malakoff, 149, 208, 225 - Malatesta, 145 - Malcolm II, 124, 166 - — Sir John, 21 - “Male Journée,” The, 36. - Malek-al-Aschraf, 3 - Malmoe, 144 - Malnate, Battle of, 259 - Malraj, 168, 239 - Malvern Hill, 229 - Malwar, Rajah of, 158 - Mamilius, 132 - Manchester, 154, 174 - Mancius, 179 - Manco Capac, 22 - Manfred of Sicily, 100, 162 - Manius Manilius, 51 - Manlius, L., 140 - — Torquatus, 261 - Manny, Sir Walter, 6 - Mansfeldt, Count von, 76, 90, 111, 269 - Mansur, 189 - Mantua, 131, 155 - Manson, Gen, 209 - Manteuffel, Gen., 14, 105 - Manuel I, 64, 271, 272 - Maori War, 95 - Mar, Earl of, 106, 229 - Marad, 20 - Maransin, 155 - Marcantonio Bragadino, 88 - Marcellus, M., 138, 241 - Marcus Livius, 158 - Mardonius, 195 - Margaret of Anjou, 107, 216, 247, 252 - Margueritte, Gen., 225 - Marhof, Gen., 162 - Mariano, Alvarez, 97 - Marines, The, 250 - Marius, 16, 216, 261 - Mark Antony, 193 - — Antony’s Rebellion, 169 - Marlborough, Duke of, 36, 78, 150, 206, 252 - Marmora, Gen., 245 - Marmont, Marshal, 106, 131, 133, 137, 188, 219 - Marquez, 242 - Marsin, 36 - Marston, Capt., 105 - Martin, Capt., R.N., 150 - Mary Queen of Scots, 133 - Mascarenhas, 77 - Mascazel, 241 - Massena, 43, 45, 83, 93, 96, 141, 159, 163, 210, 273 - Mathias, Col., 74 - Matsudaira Nobutsuna, 13 - “Matsushima,” The, 270 - Matthews, Adm., 251 - Matyana, 115 - Maubeuge, 266 - Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 231 - — Emperor, 271 - — Prince, 214 - — Prince of Nassau, 256 - — Prince of Orange, 176 - Mavrocordatos, 160 - Maxentius, 223, 256 - Maximilian I, 47, 103 - — Archduke, 123 - — Emperor, 221 - — of Bavaria, 201 - Maximinus, 109 - Maxwell, Col., 19 - Maya, 204 - Mayenne, 20 - — Duc de, 117 - McCarthy, Sir Charles, 2 - McCall, Gen., 228 - McCaskill, Gen., 165 - McClellan, Gen., 15, 87, 209, 228, 235, 268, 271 - McClernand, Gen., 261 - McCulloch, Gen., 189, 268 - McDonnell, Brig.-Gen., 266 - McDowell, Gen., 42 - McNeil, Gen., 250 - McPherson, Gen., 56, 189 - Meade, Gen., 97 - Meadows, Gen., 50 - Mecklenburg, Grand Duke of, 29, 142 - Medina, Gen., 164 - Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 19 - Medway, The, 229 - Megabyzus, 157 - Megaravicus, 179 - Mehemet Ali, 3, 160, 177 - — Ali’s Rising, 34, 127 - Mehrab Khan, 123 - Mejid Bey, 110 - Melas, 96, 152, 163 - Melchior, 146 - Melgarejo, Col., 133 - Melikoff, Gen., Loris, 7, 84, 122, 126, 272 - Memnon of Rhodes, 101 - Menaldo Guerri, 183 - Mendez Nunez, 259 - Mendizabal, 95 - Menou, Gen., 9 - Mentschikoff, Prince, 11, 25, 115, 120, 224, 260 - Mercer, Col., 184 - Merci, Comte de, 153, 215, 247 - Mercy, Count, 93 - — Gen., 178 - “Merrimac,” The, 105 - Meshid, Pasha, 209 - Messenian Wars, 4, 21, 22, 49, 53, 156 - Metaurus, The, 158 - Metellus, 88, 225 - — L. Cæcilius, 187 - — Numidicus, 169 - Methuen, Lord, 31, 101, 147, 161 - Metz, 178, 235 - Mexican Liberal Rising, 2, 46, 219, 242 - Meyer, Gen. Lucas, 243 - Meyerfeld, Gen., 120 - Michael, Grand Duke, 196 - Michelberg, 106, 159 - Michelson, Gen., 123 - Middleton, Gen., 28, 89 - Milan, King, 194, 232 - Miletus, 130 - Milroy, Gen., 269 - Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, 114 - Minas, Marques das, 12 - Minchin, Capt., 45 - Mindarus, Adm., 71, 72 - Minucius, Titus, 39 - Miramon, 46, 219, 221 - Miranda, 7 - Mir Cossim, 97, 166, 182 - Mirsky, Gen., 224 - Mirza Khan, 6 - Mise of Lewes, 139 - Mischtchenko, Gen., 61 - Mithridates, 176, 272 - Mithridatic Wars, 44, 55, 72, 159, 176, 183, 249, 272 - Mitre, 54, 113, 185 - Mitre’s Rebellion, 42 - Mitsuhide, 270 - Mitsunari, 226 - Mitsuyaki, 161 - Moawiyeh, 64, 231 - Moga, Gen., 224, 260 - Mogrul Bey, 272 - Mogul, The Great, 158, 187 - Mohammed, 30, 112, 155, 181 - — II, 30, 65, 224, 253 - — III, 123 - — Ali, 25, 263 - — al Nasin, 135 - — Emin Pasha, 60 - — Ghori, 240 - — Shah, Emperor, 50 - — Shah of Persia, 109 - — Sultan of Morocco, 148 - — Zain I, 1 - Mohammed’s Wars, 155, 181 - Moldau, The, 201 - Monakji, 99, 144 - Moncenigo, Luigi, 48 - Moncey, 222 - Monckton, Col., 30 - Mondragon, Col., 95, 159, 247 - Mongol Invasions, 74 - — Invasion of the Deccan, 6, 98 - —— of India, 156 - —— of Japan, 255 - “Monitor,” The, 105 - Monk, 81, 200, 247 - Monmouth, Duke of, 38 - — James, Duke of, 226 - Monro, Gen., 31, 43, 91, 230 - — Sir Hector, 198 - Mons, 150 - Monson, Col., 10, 198 - Montague, Lord, 107, 110 - Montecucculi, 92, 217 - Monte-Lezino, Battle of, 159 - Montcalm, 91, 164, 184, 194, 204, 205, 249 - Montferrat, Marquis de, 249 - Montgomery, Commodore, 157 - Montmartre, 188 - Montmorenci, Constable, 80, 217, 218 - — Duc de, 52 - Montreal, 217 - Montresor, Col., 231 - Montrose, 1, 9, 23, 41, 50, 115, 193, 250 - Moore, Sir John, 66 - — Major, 255 - Moorish Insurrection, 162 - Morari Rao, 182, 251 - Morcar, Earl, 94 - Moreau, 8, 34, 37, 85, 111, 112, 166, 167, 179, 207, 266 - Morgan, Capt., R.N., 186, 201 - Mori Hidemoto, 275 - Morillo, 202 - Moriones, 203 - Morley, Sir Robert, 233 - Moro, Castle, 107 - Morocco Wars, 53, 103, 247 - Morosini, 48 - Moroushi, 129, 271 - Morrison, Col., 61 - Mortemar, 35, 47 - Mortier, 82, 106, 131 - Moscow Campaign, 38, 100, 128, 150, 161, 198, 259, 268, 269 - Moshesh, 32 - Moskowa, Battle of, 38 - Moslem Conquest of Africa, 255, 258 - — Empire in Spain, 10, 65, 100, 113, 135, 157, 219, 270, 272 - — Invasion of Asia Minor, 14 - —— Egypt, 9, 157 - —— Europe, 64 - —— France, 252 - —— Persia, 44, 117 - —— Syria, 7, 8, 38, 72, 118, 169, 271 - Moslemeh, 64 - Mosquera, 69 - Motassem, Caliph, 14 - Mountjoy, Earl of, 125 - Mousson Oglou, 42 - Mourzoufle, 64 - Mowbray, Sir John, 115 - Mukhlis Khan, 13 - Mukhtar Pasha, 7, 84, 126, 272 - Mulgrave, Lord, 251 - Mummius, Lucius, 138 - Munemori, 73 - Münnich, Gen., 180, 237 - Münzer, Thomas, 92 - Murad I, 127 - Murad II, 128 - — Bey, 205 - Murat, 14, 80, 89, 184, 250, 267, 269 - Murdach Stewart, 112 - Murphy, Father, 19, 26, 263 - Murray, Earl, 184 - — Gen., 160, 205, 217 - — Sir John, 52 - — Regent, 133 - Murviedro, 216 - Musa, 157 - Musgrave, John, 234 - Musrud, 272 - Mustapha Pasha, 1, 88, 150 - Muzuffer Jung, 13 - Mygdonius, 177 - Myronides, 180 - Mysore Wars, 19, 20, 26, 46, 149, 150, 191, 197, 198, 201, 227, 228, - 230, 231, 246, 253, 254, 265 - - N - - Nabis, 19, 27 - Nadasdy, Thos., 210 - Nadir Shah, 50 - Nagpur, Rajah of, 56 - Nairne, 124 - Najara, Battle of, 173 - Nana Sahib, 53, 147, 187 - Napier, Sir Charles, 81, 113, 156 - Napoleon, 1, 3, 17, 23, 27, 28, 32, 38, 41, 46, 52, 53, 55, 65, 68, 72, - 79, 80, 82, 87, 93, 106, 118, 123, 129, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, - 150, 151, 152, 155, 163, 167, 202, 204, 208, 210, 214, 233, 251, - 252, 266 - Napoleon III, 225, 234 - Napoleonic Wars, 1, 9, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 42, 46, 49, 52, 65, 96, - 108, 114, 116, 131, 146, 148, 151, 152, 163, 202, 210, 214, 217, - 218, 227, 239, 252, 270, 273 - Nappa Sahib, 232 - Narses, 52, 167, 212, 242, 271 - Nasmyth, Lieut., 231 - Nassau, Prince of, 256 - Navarro, 182 - Neapolitan Rising, 210 - — War, 54 - Negreti, Gen., 134 - Neipperg, Count, 102, 129 - Nelson, Lord, 65, 177, 252 - Nemours, Duc de, 54 - Nero, Claudius, 158 - Netherlands War of Independence, 11, 16, 41, 95, 104, 106, 107, 133, - 139, 146, 159, 165, 183, 213, 215, 247, 252, 256, 258, 266, 273 - Neuperg, Marshal, 162 - Neustrians, 223, 255 - Nevers, Duc de, 176 - Neville of Lancaster, 83 - — Ralph, 174 - — Sir Thomas, 237 - Newcastle, 4, 174 - Ney, Marshal, 28, 43, 68, 76, 84, 103, 126, 133, 159, 184, 204, 259, - 265 - Nicephorus I, 167 - Nicholas, Grand Duke, 231 - Nicholas, Trevisani, 189 - Nicholson, John, 75, 178 - Nicias, 240 - Nicolls, Col., 12 - Nicostratus, 151 - Nidau, Count, 136 - Niel, Marshal, 234 - Nile, The, 157, 204 - Nine Years’ War, 127 - Kiuchau Bay, 171 - Nizam-ul-Mulk, 50 - Noailles, Duc de, 76 - “Noche Triste,” 159 - Nodzu, Gen., 194 - Nogi, Gen., 119 - Noircarmes, 133, 258 - Norbanus, 88, 167 - Norfolk, Duke of, 38 - Norigoris, 114 - Noriyori, 73, 228 - Norman Conquest, 107 - — Invasion of Italy, 62, 82 - Norse Invasion, 94 - —— of France, 223 - —— of Ireland, 62 - —— of Scotland, 134 - Northallerton, 237 - Northumberland, 252 - — Earl of, 216 - Northumberland’s Rebellion, 39 - Nott, Gen., 97, 124, 148 - Noyau, 91 - Nudo, Rutilius, 55 - Numidian Revolt, 248 - - O - - O’Connors, The, 23 - Octavius, 193 - — Marcus, 3, 70, 245 - O’Donnell, Marshal, 103, 247 - Oktai, 184 - Oku, Gen., 171, 246 - Olaf Triggvason, 149 - Olaneta, 201 - Clearchus, 70 - Ollo, 203 - Olney, Peace of, 191 - Omar Brionis Pasha, 160 - — Caliph, 44, 118, 157, 174 - — Pasha, 181, 183 - — Tabrija Redoubt, 196 - — Vrione Pasha, 260 - O’Neil, Owen Roe, 80 - — Sir Hugh, 31, 36, 125 - Onomarchus, 185 - Ono-no-Atsuma, 117 - Onschakoff, Adm., 121, 271 - Opdam, Adm., 235 - Orange, Prince of, 139, 217, 227 - Orchomenus, 246 - O’Reilly, Count, 10 - Areizaga, 180 - Oribe, 20, 164, 180 - Orkhan, 190 - Orleans, 110 - — Bastard of, 110 - — Duke of, 5 - Orloff, Count Alexis, 245 - Ormonde, 207 - Orsova, 129 - Ortega, Gen., 134 - Ortiga, Juan de, 10 - Oshikatsa, 160 - Osman II, 128 - — Digna, 85, 106, 255 - — Pasha, 154 195 - Osorio, Gen., 63, 155 - Osterman, Count, 184 - Ostorius Scapula, 183 - Oswald, 154 - — of Northumbria, 107 - Otho, 30, 47 - — II, 69 - — IV, 39 - — of Krumpen, 257 - Otori Keisuke, 177, 258 - Ott, Gen., 96, 163 - Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor, 190 - — Invasion of Europe, 64 - — Wars, 8, 26, 30, 31, 42, 44, 46, 60, 77, 79, 90, 102, 110, 116, 117, - 120, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 161, 165, 176, 188, 192, 202, - 206, 217, 219, 222, 224, 229, 233, 237, 241, 245, 253, 260, 262, - 271, 272, 273 - Ochterlony, Sir David, 168 - Oudinot, Gen., 102, 212 - Outram, Sir James, 143, 169 - Owen of Cumberland, 42 - Oxford, Earl of, 5 - - P - - Paches, 170 - Pagondas, 75 - Pahlen, Count de, 166 - Pakenham, Sir Ed., 175 - Palœologus, Constantine, 65 - — George, 82 - — Michael, 64 - Palafox, 222, 255 - Pallavicini, 22 - Panin, Count, 31 - Pannonia, 145, 152 - Pansa, Vibius, 169 - Papal Zouaves, 157 - Pappenberg, 145 - Pappenheim, 137, 144 - Paraguayan War, 15, 16, 50, 66, 70, 113, 188, 209, 220, 263 - Parana, River, 180 - Parchwitz, 140 - Pareiras, 182 - Park of Uyeno, 245 - Parker, Adm., 65 - Parthian War, 51, 232 - Paskiewitsch, Gen., 21, 265 - Paulinus Suetonius, 47 - Pausanias, 193 - Paz, 164, 233 - Peasants’ War, 92 - Pedro II, of Aragon, 169 - — IV, 9 - — Regent, 100 - “Peep o’ Day Boys,” 76 - Peiho, River, 242 - Pelissier, Marshal, 25, 149 - Pelopidas, 71, 246 - Peloponnesian War, 14, 65, 71, 72, 74, 151, 170, 172, 179, 181, 195, - 204 - Pelucones, 134 - Pemberton, Gen., 262 - Pembroke, Earl of, 83, 140, 166 - — Regent, 142 - Penda, 107, 154 - Peninsular War, 7, 25, 27, 29, 43, 52, 66, 79, 86, 93, 95, 97, 155, - 162, 178, 180, 182, 183, 204, 210, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, - 243, 245, 252, 255, 263 - Penn, Adm., 117 - Pepe, Gen., 210 - Pepin d’Héristal, 247 - Pepperel, 142 - Perche, Count de la, 140 - Percy, Henry, 174 - — Sir Ralph, 107 - Percy’s Rebellion, 231 - Perczel, Gen., 223 - Perdiccas, 190, 248 - Perez, Gen., 183 - Pergamus, 59 - Perpignan, 138 - Perry, Commodore, 131 - Persano, Adm., 14, 141 - Perseus, 203 - Persian Conquest of Egypt, 190 - — Invasion of India, 50 - — Invasions, 152, 170, 195, 248 - — Wars, 13, 83, 87, 152, 157, 177, 191, 192, 232, 250 - Perso-Afghan Wars, 121 - Pertab Singh, 76 - Pertinax, 145 - Peruvio-Chilian War, 61, 160, 242, 244 - Peter the Great, 7, 94, 138, 203 - Peterborough, Earl of, 27 - “Petropavlovsk,” The, 199 - Peyri, Gen., 126 - Peyton, Capt., 173 - Pharnabazus, 62 - Pharnaces, 176, 273 - Philip I, 96 - — IV, 68, 162 - Philip V, 12, 27 - — Augustus, 93 - — Don, of Spain, 145 - — of Anjou, 262 - — of Macedon, 24, 54, 59, 71, 185 - Phillipon, 25 - Philomelus, 75, 174 - Philopœmen, 27, 151 - Phormio, 65, 172 - Piale, 138, 150 - “Picciotti,” 185 - Piccolomini, 40 - Pigott, Maj.-Gen., 150 - Piloni, 185 - Pinarus, The, 116 - Pirna, 143 - Pirot, 194 - Pisander, 62 - Pisani, 197 - — Vittorio, 16, 59, 64 - Piycála Pasha, 77 - Pizarro, 22 - Pizarro Francesco, 135 - — Gonzalo, 71 - — Juan, 71 - Placentia, 214 - “Pobieda,” The, 199 - Pococke, Adm., 51, 107, 254 - Poland, King of, 141 - Poliorcetes, Demetrius, 95 - Polish Risings, 102, 154, 265 - Pollio, 173 - Pollux, 132 - Pollock, Gen., 117 - Polyxenides, 71, 170 - Pompeianus, 261 - Pompeius, Cnæus, 168 - Pompey, 25, 83, 176, 192, 239 - Poniatowski, 137, 207 - Pontius, 63 - Pontius, 53 - Pope, Gen., 43, 54, 239 - Popham, Capt., 103 - — Sir Home, 42 - Popilius Lænas, 179 - Poradim, 190 - Porta San Pancrazio, 212 - Porto Alegre, 188 - Porus, 113 - Postumus, Spurius, 53 - Postumius, Aulus, 132 - Potemkin, 180 - Pouchot, Capt., 175 - Poyntz, Col., 214 - Pretender, The Young, 50, 70, 88 - Priarius, 18 - Price, Gen., 139 - Prideaux, Gen., 175 - Prieto, Gen., 134 - Prim, Gen., 53 - Pritzen, Gen., 230 - Probus, 186 - Proctor, Gen., 45 - Provera, 131 - Prussia, Crown Prince of, 267, 269 - — King of, 188, 225 - — King William of, 101, 145 - Psammeticus, 190 - Ptolemy, Energetes, 15 - — Lagus, 190 - — Philopator, 206 - — Soter, 95, 219 - Publius Claudius, 79 - Pugatcheff, 122 - Punic Wars, 4, 32, 48, 49, 51, 79, 83, 84, 141, 158, 170, 187, 241, - 253, 255, 272 - Purdon, Col., 77 - Pyrrhus, 31, 109 - Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy, 109 - - Q - - Quadrilateral Alliance, 3 - “Q” Battery, 221 - Quetta, 124 - Quintanella, 59 - Quintilius Varus, 260 - -R - - Raab, The, 217 - Radagaisus, 90 - Radetski, Gen., 99, 166, 179, 224 - Radziwill, Prince Michael, 102 - Raghunath Rao, 17 - Raglan, Lord, 11, 25, 224 - Ragotski, II, George, 126 - Rainier, Adm. Peter, 26, 63 - Rajah Ram, 98 - — Sahib, 67 - Ramiro II, 10 - Ramming, Gen., 170 - Rami Khan, 77 - Ramming, Gen., 232 - Raoul, Bishop of Durham, 237 - Rapp, Gen., 73 - Rassinghem, Seigneur de, 266 - Rauhberg, The, 171 - Ravenna, 212 - Raymond of Toulouse, 79 - Rebellion of Aurungzebe, 220 - —— Brutus, 193 - —— Fifteen, 202, 229 - —— Forty-five, 50, 70, 88, 202 - —— Hideyori, 226 - —— Ricimer, 210 - —— Riel, 28, 89 - —— the Marches, 28 - Reding, 162 - “Red Shirts,” 22 - Regulus, 255, 256 - Reinschild, 92 - Renaud de Châtillon, 206 - Repnin, Prince, 155 - Reschid Pasha, 127, 129 - Reuss, Prince of, 273 - Revolt of Maxentius, 223, 256, 261 - —— the Christians, 13 - —— Legions of Aquitaine, 55 - —— Vitellius, 47, 68 - Rey, Gen., 221 - Reynier, Gen., 43, 100, 102, 148, 215 - Rhazates, 177 - Rhodes, 59 - Riall, Gen., 35, 59 - Ribas, 86 - Ribera, 20 - Richard Cœur de Lion, 2, 20, 93 - — Duke of York, 264 - Richelieu, Duc de, 135, 160 - Richmond, 192, 229 - Rich Mountain, 209 - Ricimer, Count, 210 - Riel, 28 - “Rifle Brigade,” 163 - Rio Grande Rising, 221 - Ripperda, 104 - Robel, Gen., 248 - Robert of Normandy, 96, 247 - Roberts, Gen., 128 - — Earl, 56, 72, 77, 80, 121, 185, 190 - Roche, Father, 175 - Roderic, 270 - Rodney, Adm., 78 - Rohan, Duc de, 209 - Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 39 - Roland, 213 - Roman Invasion of Scotland, 100 - — Occupation of Britain, 37 - Romanus, 38 - Romanzoff, Gen., 42, 202 - Romero, Julian, 213 - Roncesvalles, 204 - Roncray St. Denis, 110 - Rooke, Sir Geo., 98, 131, 149, 262 - Rosas, President, 163 - Rose, Sir Hugh, 34, 95, 104, 118, 120 - Rosecrans, Gen., 58, 66, 169 - Roselli, 260 - Ross, Gen., 26, 36 - Rote Berg, Storming of the, 235 - Rotterdam, 139 - Roumiantsoff, 120 - Rousillon, 138, 191 - Roveredo, 155 - Rowley, Commodore, 39 - Rudolph de Khevenhuller, 262 - — von Erlach, 136 - Rundle, Gen., Sir L., 227, 267 - Rung Ram, 124 - Runjur Singh, 11, 233 - Rupert, Prince, 40, 55, 84, 154, 172, 179 - Russell, Adm., 108, 131 - — Col., 114 - — Lord, 88, 218, 220 - Russia, Emperor of, 145 - Russian Conquest of Central Asia, 96 - Russo-Japanese War, 58, 61, 171, 199, 246 - — Polish Wars, 38, 197 - — Swedish Wars, 7, 92, 94, 102, 111, 138, 171, 195, 203, 208, 228, 233, - 248 - — Turkish Wars, 7, 78, 84, 142, 176, 195, 231, 245, 272 - Rustam, 44 - Ruthven, 39 - Rymna, The, 154 - - S - - Sabinius Titurius, 4 - Saburra, 25 - Sachen, 56 - Sacred War, 75, 174, 185 - Sadatoki, 127 - Said, 44, 117 - — Othman, 100 - — Ullah, 121 - Saigo, 129 - — Takamori, 120, 177, 230, 258 - Saiki-no-Sanya, 160 - Sainte Suzanne, 86 - Saint Priest, 208 - Saladin, 20, 118, 206, 249 - Sale, Sir Robert, 117, 165 - Salinas, Marquis de, 98 - Salis-Soglio, Col., 98 - Salisbury, Earl of, 36, 68, 73, 81, 265 - Salm, Count de, 262 - Saluzzo, Marquis of, 94 - Samarcand, 98 - Samnite Wars, 39, 47, 53, 62, 136, 167, 227 - Sampson, Adm., 222 - Sanchez, Vice-President, 16 - Sancho, Count of Castile, 65 - Sandilli, 13, 43 - Sandbag Battery, 115 - Sankun, 97 - San Lorenzo, 186 - — Martin, 34, 63, 155 - — Xavier, Fort of, 134 - Santa Anna, Gen., 2, 7, 15, 42, 220 - Santarem, 204 - Sapor I, 83 - — II, 13, 119, 177, 232 - Saracens, 20 - Saragossa, Maid of, 222 - Saratoga, 238 - Sardinia, King of, 145 - Sarmiento, 42 - Sassulitch, Gen., 126 - Satsuma, 94, 250 - — Rebellion, 121, 129, 230, 244 - Saumarez, Sir James, 9 - Savage’s Station, 128 - Savoy, Duke of, 58, 153, 218 - Saxe, Marshal, 90, 136, 211 - — Coburg, Prince of, 7, 90 - Saxony, Crown Prince of, 29 - Schakofsky, 196 - Schalemberg, 53 - Schaumberg, 92 - Schleswig-Holstein War, 12, 82 - Schenck, Martin, 106 - Schiedam, 139 - Schilder-Schuldener, 195 - Schlick, Marshal, 107, 121 - Schofield, Gen., 92 - Scholick, Gen., 234 - Schomberg, Duke of, 39, 153, 208 - Schomberg the Younger, 39 - Schulemberg, 92 - Schwartz, Martin, 238 - Schwartzemberg, 17, 80, 100, 129, 137, 188 - Schwerin, 222 - Schwyz, 165 - Scinde Campaign, 81, 156 - — Conquest of, 113 - Scipio Æmilianus, 179 - — Africanus, 84, 179, 242 - — Lucius, 47 - — Metellus, 248 - — P. Cornelius, 249, 253 - Scopas, 167 - Scottish Invasion of Ireland, 81 - — Wars, 12, 15, 26, 81, 88, 90, 105, 112, 115, 142, 158, 174, 194, 215, - 234, 237 - Scott, Gen., 15 - Sedashao Rao Bhao, 187 - Seidlitz, 130, 213 - Seleucus, 67, 95, 115 - Selim I, 8, 44, 239 - Semendaia, 129 - Sempronius, 253 - Senlac, Battle of, 107 - Serjabil, 38 - Sertorius, 239 - Servo-Bulgarian War, 194, 232 - Seven Pines, Battle of, 88 - — Weeks’ War, 70, 98, 126, 132, 141, 170, 197, 232, 253 - — Year’s War, 6, 25, 30, 31, 40, 47, 51, 56, 59, 67, 68, 91, 99, 101, - 102, 107, 111, 127, 130, 131, 139, 140, 143, 146, 154, 155, 159, - 160, 164, 168, 181, 194, 195, 198, 201, 204, 205, 206, 213, 217, - 228, 239, 244, 249, 250, 254, 255, 265, 273 - Sextus, Pompeius, 170, 172 - Seymour, Adm., Sir Beauchamp, 9 - — Gen., 57, 180 - Shafter, Gen., 84 - Shah Allum, 43 - — Jehan, 121, 220 - — Mansur, 189 - — Sujah, 121 - Shakir Pasha, 193, 245 - “Shannon,” The, 229 - Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, 158 - Shelton, Brig.-Gen., 34 - Shems-ud-Din, 97, 109, 148 - Shere Afzal, 60 - Shere Singh, 59 - Sheridan, Gen., 54, 89, 182 - Sherman, Gen., 124, 189 - Shiabeddin Pasha, 260 - Shidasker, 122 - Shields, Gen., 69, 201 - Shigehira, 257 - Shir-Khan-Sur, 61 - — Mohammed, 81, 113 - — Singh, 103, 206 - Shirogama, 120 - Shitoku, 242 - Shogun, The, 245 - Shommu, Emperor, 116 - Shoni Kagesuke, 74, 242 - Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 25 - Shrewsbury, Earl of, 179 - Shuja, 45 - Sigel, 174 - Sigismund I, 38 - — III, 141 - — Emperor, 23, 76, 245 - Sigismund Prince of Transylvania, 123 - Sikh Wars, 11, 59, 89, 103, 124, 165, 168, 206, 216, 233, 239 - Sillaces, 51 - Silpia, Battle of, 85 - Simon de Montfort, 139 - Sinclair, Col., Geo., 128 - — Oliver, 234 - — William, Bishop of Dunkeld, 115 - Sindhia, 18, 22, 135, 199 - Sioux Rising, 141 - Sistova, 231 - Sitting Bull, 141 - Siward, Earl of Northumberland, 82 - Skobeleff, Gen., 96, 196, 232 - Slade, 107 - Smith, Col., 254 - — Gen., 21, 127 - — Gen., Joseph, 244 - — Sir Harry, 11, 37 - —— Sydney, 3 - Snyman, 146 - Sobieski, John, 128, 196, 233, 262, 273 - Social War, 59, 85, 250 - Soissons, Count de, 132 - Soliman, 176 - Soltykoff, 130 - Solyman I, 77 - — Caliph, 64 - — Pasha of Egypt, 77 - — the Magnificent, 161, 241, 262 - Somali Expedition, 119 - Somerset, Col., 13 - — Earl of, 110, 216, 247, 265 - — Protector, 194 - Sophian, 64 - Sophronius, 118 - Soubise, Marshal, 124, 213 - Soudan Campaigns, 1, 2, 5, 22, 85, 89, 106, 122, 123, 181, 244, 250, - 255 - Souham, 123, 167, 256 - Soult, Marshal, 7, 33, 66, 79, 95, 108, 178, 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, - 223, 252 - South American War of Independence, 120, 155, 177, 201, 202, 259 - Spanish-American War, 84 - Spinola, 89, 183 - Spiritoff, Adm., 223 - Spragge, Col., 141 - Spurs, Battle of, 67, 103 - Strachan, Col., 50 - St. Angelo, Castle of, 212 - — Arnaud, Marshal, 11, 224 - — Augustine, 111 - — Clair, Gen., 249 - — Cuthbert, 237 - — Cyr, Gen., 86, 162, 198 - — Elmo, 150 - — Heliers, 118 - — Hilaire, Gen., 22 - — Martin, 208 - — Paul, Gate of, 212 - — Peter, 237 - — Pierre, 178 - — Privat, 101 - — Ruth, 5 - Stadion, Gen., 163, 186 - Stafford, Sir Humphrey, 229 - Stakelberg, Baron, 246 - Stanhope, Gen., 12, 41, 262 - Stanley, Lord, 38, 90 - Staremberg, 262 - Stark, Adm., 199 - — Gen., 32 - Staunton, Capt., 127 - Steinbock, Gen., 94, 108 - Steinmetz, Gen., 170, 232 - Stephen of Moldavia, 128 - Stewart, Gen., 6, 69, 86, 155 - — Murdach, 112 - — Sir Herbert, 2 - —— John, 68 - Stilicho, 90, 197 - Stjernsköld, Adm., 73 - Stoessel, Gen., 171 - Stopford, Sir R., 3 - Stone, Gen., 26 - Strabo, 21 - Strategopulus, Alexius, 64 - Strigau, 112 - Stuart, Col., 63, 99 - — Gen., 231 - — Sir John, 148 - Suabian Wars, 47, 92 - Suchet, Gen., 52, 245 - Suchtelen, Gen., 240 - Sucre, 24, 119, 120 - Sudermanland, Duke of, 111, 208, 228 - Suetonius, 37 - Suffren, Adm., 70, 173, 254 - Sulaiman, 65 - Suleiman Pasha, 128 - —— 224 - Sulla, 55, 167, 183, 216 - Sultan Soliman, 79 - Sulpicius Saverrio, 21 - Surabjah Daulah, 3, 4, 45, 195 - Surrey, Earl of, 90, 238 - Suwaroff, 90, 116, 154, 179, 210, 220, 253 - Sveaborg, 111 - Swatoslaus, Duke, 80 - Sweden, Crown Prince of, 76, 102 - Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg, 89 - Swedo-Polish War, 62, 82 - Sweyn, 166 - — II, 178 - — III, 261 - — of Denmark, 124 - Swiss-Austrian War, 165 - Sydney, Sir Philip, 273 - Symons, Gen., 243 - Syagrius, Count of Soissons, 234 - Szabadhegy, 205 - -T - - Taborites, 23 - Tacfarinas, 248 - Tadamichi, 242 - Tadayoshi, 230 - Tagina, 212 - Taira-no-Kiyomori, 125 - —— Kore, 230 - — War, 73, 114, 125, 257, 270 - Taj Singh, 165 - Takaugi, 230 - Talbot, 188 - — Earl of Shrewsbury, 53 - Tallard, Marshal, 36, 78, 236 - Tamerlane, 8, 15, 73, 74, 98, 132, 156, 161, 189, 249 - Tampon, 163 - Tani Tateki, Gen., 129 - Tantia Topi, 34, 95 - Tarik, 270 - Tarnowski, 180 - Tarquinius, 132 - Tartar Invasion of China, 190 - —— Japan, 105 - —— Kharismia, 35, 37, 114, 122, 123, 126, 184, 220, 229 - —— Khorassan, 189, 243 - —— Russia, 132 - —— Syria, 8, 73 - —— the Caucasus, 249 - Taruhito, Prince, 120, 230, 244 - Tayeizan Temple, 245 - Taylor, Gen., 42, 151, 163, 186 - Taxiles, 44 - Tchesme, Bay of, 224 - Tebienari, 113 - Tegethoff, Adm., 141 - Teias, 167 - Telha, 28 - Teriel, 266 - Terouënne, 103 - Teutobod, 16 - Tetricus, 55 - Texan Rising, 7, 220 - Thackwell, Sir Joseph, 26 - Theagenes, 54 - Thenouënel, Jean de, 41 - Theodobert, 79 - Theodoric, 55, 264 - Theodosius, 17 - Theophiliscus, 59 - Theophilus, 14 - Thielmann, 267 - Thierry, 79, 247 - Thirty Years’ War, 12, 40, 73, 76, 89, 92, 93, 111, 136, 144, 146, 153, - 178, 201, 209, 210, 247, 267, 268, 269 - Thomas, Gen., 92, 159, 172 - Thomond, Earl of, 125 - Thorneycroft, Col., 236 - Thornton, 36 - Thorstem, 78 - Thoulouse, Count of, 149, 169 - “Thousand Volunteers,” 185 - Thrasyllus, 18, 71 - Thrasymelidas, 204 - Thurstan, Archbp., of York, 237 - Tiberius, 157 - Tichborne, Sir Henry, 80 - Tiflis, 249 - Tigranes, 249 - Tik-Ho, 257 - Tilly, Count, 111, 136, 137, 138, 144, 146, 201, 237, 267, 268, 269 - Tilsit, Treaty of, 65 - Timar Malek, 126 - Timoleon, 69, 104 - Ting, Adm., 267, 270 - Tippu Sahib, 19, 26, 149, 150, 191, 198, 227, 228, 231, 253 - Tirah Campaign, 74 - Tishe, 174 - Titus, 118 - Tockenburg, 171 - Todleben, Gen., 196, 224 - Togo, Adm., 199 - Tokatmich, 132 - Tokiushi, 129 - Tokugawa Tyeyasa, 226 - Tokyo, 245 - Toledo, Archbp. of, 181 - — Don Francesco de, 11 - Tolenus, The, 250 - Tolmides, 66 - Tolstoy, Count, 72 - Tomore, 161 - Tongking War, 234 - Tooman Beg, 8, 44 - Tormazoff, Gen., 100 - Torrington, 29 - Torstenson, 40 - Tostig, 237 - Totila, 87, 212, 242 - Tournay, 150 - Toyotomo Hideaki, 257 - Trajan, 153 - Traum, Count, 47 - Travis, Col., 7 - Tremont, 69 - Treslong, 41 - Trent, 214 - Triarius, 272 - Trivulzio, Marshal, 5, 153 - Trochu, Gen., 45, 188 - Tronjolly, Mons., 198 - Tuamba Wangyee, 120 - Tuchi Khan, 126 - Tucker, Gen., 122 - Tuli Khan, 109, 121, 229 - Turenne, Marshal, 20, 81, 93, 200, 232, 273 - Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan, 109, 121, 272 - Tutor, 35 - Twenty-second Regt., 113 - Tyrtacus, 49 - - U - - Udai, Singh, 60 - Ulm, 111 - Umrar, Khan, 60 - Ung Khan, 97 - Unification of Italy, 14, 45, 52, 159, 185, 264 - Urban, Gen., 259 - Uriu, Adm., 58 - Urquiza, 54 - Urquiza’s Rising, 163 - Uruguayan War of Independence, 164, 180 - - V - - Vadomair, 55 - Valdemar II, 37 - Valens, 30, 47, 105 - Valerian, 83 - Valerius Corvus, 167 - Valée, Gen., 64 - Van Arteveldt, Philip, 214 - — Capellan, 10 - Vandamme, 33 129 - Van der Does, Jan, 139 - — Dorn, 66, 189 - Van Gelen, Adm., 136 - — Reusselaer, 205 - Vansittart, Capt., 243 - Van Tromp, Adm., 79, 86, 99, 179, 200, 247 - Varro, 48, 168 - Varus, 258 - — Quintilius, 260 - Vatinius, Publius, 245 - Vauban, Mons. du Puy, 33 - Vaubois, 259 - Vaudreuil, 164 - Veli Pasha, 237 - Venables, Gen., 117 - Vendôme, Duc de, 41, 52, 184, 222 - “Vengeur,” The, 258 - Vercingetorix, 8, 24, 96 - Verdier, Gen., 97 - Vernon, Sir Ed., 51, 198, 201 - Vespasian, 119 - Vessil Pasha, 224 - Victor Amadeus, 237 - — Emanuel, 166, 234 - — Marshal, 68, 114, 152, 155, 166 - Vid, The, 196 - Villaret, Adm., 257 - Villars, Marshal, 75, 150 - Villeneuve, Adm., 49, 252 - Villeroy, Marshal, 68, 206 - Vincennes, 188 - Vinoy, Gen., 58 - Visconti, Gen., 222 - Vitiges, 212 - Vladislas IV, 102 - Von Alvensleben, Gen., 154, 235 - — Bonin, Gen., 253 - — Bredow, Gen., 154 - — der Tann, Gen., 67 - — Francois, Gen., 236 - — Goeben, Gen., 218 - — Meerfeld, 153 - — Moltke, 177, 188 - — Steinmetz, 63 - — Stenau, Marshal, 82, 202 - — Tümpling, 58 - Vortigern, 24, 68 - - W - - Waggon Hill, 130 - Wakamatsu, 177 - Walcheren Expedition, 90 - Waldeck, Prince of, 90 - Waldemar, 261 - Wallace, Col., 215 - — Sir William, 88, 238 - Wallenstein, 12, 76, 238 - Waller, 12, 58, 69, 133, 174, 214 - Wallis, Count, 129 - Walpole, Col., 26 - War of Chiozza, 16, 58, 199 - — of Granada, 10, 100, 142, 143, 149 - — of Kiburg, 171 - — of the Austrian Succession, 33, 47, 48, 51, 61, 72, 76, 109, 112, - 132, 145, 162, 201, 211, 214, 221, 233, 251 - — of the Holy League, 41, 207 - — of the League Above the Lake, 40 - — of the Polish Succession, 25, 188, 193, 205, 225 - — of the Quadruple Alliance, 49 - — of the Revolution, 5, 39, 131, 142, 173, 175, 237 - — of the Sonderbund, 98 - — of the Spanish Succession, 98, 140, 145, 149, 150, 215, 222, 236, - 251, 252, 256, 262 - — of the Two Empires, 44, 61, 104, 108, 152 - Warren, Commodore, 142 - — Sir Charles, 237 - Wars of Alexander’s Successors, 65, 67, 95, 115, 187, 190, 191, 219, - 222 - — of Charles V, 54, 189, 208, 212 - — of Louis XIV, 51, 81, 153, 178, 227, 232 - — of Philip Augustus, 39, 73 - — of the Achæan League, 135, 138, 222 - — of the French Revolution, 7, 8, 11, 31, 33, 34, 37, 48, 49, 63, 85, - 86, 90, 96, 103, 111, 112, 117, 154, 167, 173, 174, 179, 218, 220, - 238, 251, 253, 254, 256, 259, 266 - — of the Fronde, 56, 185, 200 - — of the Roses, 27, 36, 38, 83, 89, 107, 110, 166, 178, 216, 237, 247, - 252, 265 - Warwick, Earl of, 27, 81, 178 - — Lord, 153 - Warzburg, 34 - Washington, George, 3, 9, 97, 102, 271 - Watson, Adm., 56 - Wauchope, Gen., 147 - Webb, Gen., 270 - Weimar, 118, 178 - Wellington, Duke of, 18, 22, 25, 43, 62, 79, 93, 178, 183, 204, 213, - 215, 219, 223, 243, 263, 266 - Wells’ Rebellion, 85 - Wells, Sir Robert, 85 - Werdan, 7, 72 - Werneck, 174 - Wessels, Commandant, 124 - Weser, The, 107 - Wetherall, Col., 221 - Whish, Gen., 163 - White, Sir Geo., 88, 130, 209 - Whitelocke, Gen., 42 - White Oak Swamp, 228 - William III, 39, 173, 237 - — of Normandy, 96, 107, 259 - Williams, Gen., 122, 261 - Wills, Gen., 202 - Willshire, Gen., 123 - Wilson, Commodore, 112 - Wimpffen, Gen., 234 - Winder, Gen., 26, 36 - Windham, Gen., 187 - Windischgrätz, Prince, 3, 121, 191, 224 - Winkelried, 227 - Winter, Sir William, 118 - Wise, Gen., 211 - Wittgenstein, Count, 28, 32, 80, 145, 198 - Wolleb, Heinrich, 92 - Wolfe, Gen., 164, 204 - Wolseley, Col., 174 - — Lord, 14, 246 - Wood, Gen., 119 - — Sir Evelyn, 120 - Woodgate, Gen., 237 - Worcester, Earl of, 231 - Wrangel, 273 - Wrede, Gen., 106 - Wurmser, 27, 52, 151, 155, 202 - Würtemberg, Prince of, 73, 103 - Wyatt’s Insurrection, 269 - Wyld, Col., 117 - Wylde, Col., 221 - - X - - Xanthippus, 255 - Xenil, The, 143 - Xerxes, 248 - Ximenes, 182 - - Y - - Yar Mohammed, 109 - Yeatman Biggs, Gen., 74 - Yezdegerd, 117 - Yorimasa, 257 - Yoritomo, 73, 228 - Yoriyoshi, 127 - York, Duke of, 11, 33, 37, 256 - —— 5 - —— 216 - —— 235 - Yoshinaka, 228, 230 - Yoshino, 230 - Yoshinobu, 94 - Yoshinori, 129, 161 - Yoshitsune, 73, 114 - Youkinna, 8 - Yukiiye, 257 - Yule, Col., 209 - Yussuf Pasha, 90, 155 - Yssel, The, 139 - - Z - - Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria, 156 - Zagatai, 184 - Zaid, 169 - Zano, 254 - Zaragoça, Gen., 3, 134 - Zastera, Gen., 134 - Zay-ya-Thayan, 185 - Zenobia, 15, 85, 186 - Ziethen, 251 - Zisca, John, 23, 76, 245 - Zobin, 28 - Zoller, Gen., 125 - Zotoff, Gen., 90 - Zoutman, Adm., 77 - Zrinyi, Count, 241 - Zulfikar Khan, 5, 98 - Zulu War, 114, 115, 257 - - -------------- - - Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome and London. - - - Sonnenschein’s Standard Books of Reference - - ENGLISH QUOTATIONS - - BY - - COLONEL PHILIP HUGH DALBIAC - - =Third Edition. 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It -will form a valuable adjunct to any literary library.”—_Scotsman._ - - - ------------------ - - FAMOUS SAYINGS OF GREAT MEN - - BY - - EDWARD LATHAM - - =Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. Shortly= - - -------------- - - LONDON: SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. - NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note - -Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and -are noted here. The references are to the page, and line in the -original. The following issues should be noted, along with the -resolutions. - -The phrase ‘line-of-battle ships’ is sometimes printed without -hyphenation, and occasionally as ‘line-of-battleships’. Where ‘line-of’ -is not employed, the word is always ‘battleships’. To assist searches, -the hyphenated version ‘line-of-battle ships’ is applied here. - -End-of-line hyphens are sometimes missing. It is presumed they have not -survived in the text, and were handled as though present. - -Proper place names are sometimes consistently misspelled and were left -as printed: ‘Guil[d]ford Court House’, ‘Spot[t]sylvania’. - -The entry for the 1039 battle of Zendecan contains references to -‘Moghrul Beg’ of the Seljuks, and ‘Masrud’, sultan of Ghuzni. The index -refers to the former as ‘Mogrul Bey’, ‘Bey’ being a variant of ‘Beg’. -However, separate historical texts consistently have the Seljuk ruler as -‘Toghrul’. The text has been retained, but the issue noted. - -On p. 143, the title of the article for ‘Lunceña’ is an obvious error -for ‘Lucena’, which is supported by other sources and also falls -correctly in the alphabetic order of the Dictionary. - - 3L.22 sallies of the bes[ei/ie]ged Transposed. - 6L.9 on the 18th the garrison surrendered[.] Added. - 20L.40 into the beleagu[e]red city. Inserted. - 24R.17 which is also know[n] as Added. - 27R.31 the Colombian patr[i]ots Inserted. - 32L.37 under General Bizo[u/n]et Inverted. - 33R.35 the bridge of B[u/e]rgfried Replaced. - 36L.20 had taken up a posit[i]on Inserted. - 39L.22 Bovianum (S[ce/ec]ond Samnite War). Transposed. - 40R.24 by assault by Genera[l] Haynau Added. - 45L.2 inhabitants being mass[e/a]cred Replaced. - 46R.4 under Colonel Hartl[e]y Inserted. - 47L.5 16 line[-]of[-]battle ships Inserted. - 56L.1 under Cla[u/n]leu. Inverted. - 59R.12 was surrounded and overpowered, Chabrias Added. - falling[.] - 62L.34 (Norman Invasion of Italy[)]. Inserted. - 65L.4 sallies [Amurath,/, Amurath] was called away Comma moved. - 65L.30 Danish fleet of 10 line[-]of[-]battle[ ]ships Inserted. - 67L.15 Seleuc[n/u]s, though 81 years of age, defeated Inverted. - 67R.28 (Seven Years’ War)[.] Added. - 71R.22 The Macedonians lost 13,000 killed and Added, - wounded[.] - 74L.32 endeavoured to effect a landing at Added. - Dazaifu[,/.] - 75L.10 Scindiah’s army under Bour[g/q]uin Replaced. - 80L.21 10,000 killed and wounded[./,] Replaced. - 80L.22 15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns[,/.] Replaced. - 81R.11 30 of his k[in/ni]ghts, Transposed. - 83L.10 (Civil War of [Car an d/Cæsar and] Pompey). Corrupted. - 83L.31 when Mass[e/é]na’s] corps Replaced. - 86L.10 E[n/u]taw Springs (American War of Replaced. - Independence). - 89R.29 near Fish Creek[,/.] Replaced. - 92L.5 and the Goths under C[u/n]iva Transposed. - 93R.39 Fuentes d’O[n/ñ]oro Replaced. - 95R.29 the royal troops under Lord Hunsdon[.] Added. - 97R.1 though at a heavy cost[.] Added. - 99R.4 and de Ruyter[,/.] Replaced. - 102L.30 but was unsucce[fss/ssf]ul Transposed. - 104R.47 he was totally defeated[,/.] Replaced. - 104R.30 and totally routed[,/.] Replaced. - 106L.39 under Martin Schenck[,/.] Replaced. - 108R.21 and the Syracusans[,\.] Replaced. - 108R.26 Helsingborg (Dano-[Spanish/Swedish] Wars). Corrected. - 112R.35 and with heavy loss[.] Added. - 114R.11 [B.C./A.D.] 1221, Replaced. - 115L.33 [I]nverkeithing Restored. - 116L.31 The British lost 167 killed[,] wounded Added. - 116R.44 Fought October, 740, between[,] the Japanese Removed. - rebels - 121R.12 only 248 killed and wounded[.] Added. - 124L.14 compelled to retire to Quetta[h]. Removed. - 128L.36 in the K[a/u]levtcha defile Replaced. - 132L.23 Fought [B.C.] 497, the first authentic date Added. - 135L.41 100,000 Prussians[sians], Russians, Removed. - 135L.46 when B[l]ucher captured the village Inserted. - 138L.29 Fought October 17, 1571, betwe[e]n Inserted. - 138L.42 The Dey of Algiers succeeded [i]n extricating Restored. - 143L.6 a fleet of[ of] 41 ships of war Removed. - 143R.7 Lu[nceñ/cen]a (War of Granada). Replaced. - 144L.42 Drummo[u]nd occupied high ground Removed. - 145L.33 The Imperialists lost [27,000] killed and _sic_: - wounded. 2,700? - 149R.29 and Bri[th/ht]noth slain. Transposed. - 151L.40 La[r]ches and Nicostratus both fell Removed. - 156L.32 when a Persian army, under Megabyzus[,] Added. - defeated - 158R.7 Metaur[a/u]s (Second Punic War). Replaced. - 160R.18 The Per[vu/uv]ians were totally defeated Transposed. - 161R.34 by the discontented sold[i]ery Inserted. - 163L.7 being ignoran[t] of the fall of Genoa Added. - 163L.46 (Napoleon’s Italian Campa[i]gns). Inserted. - 164L.28 and forced to capitu[al/la]te. Transposed. - 164L.33 and the[,] Blancos, Removed. - 165R.16 under General d’Aspr[e/é] Replaced. - 165R.19 with[rd/dr]ew his force from the town Transposed. - 165R.41 Fought November 16, 1315[,/.] Replaced. - 167R.19 Kl[e/é]ber’s division Replaced. - 169R.4 Huzrat Mah[u/a]l, Begum of Oude Replaced. - 172L.39 from the field in confu[fu]sion Removed. - 174R.3 Fa[r]ragut forced the passage Inserted. - 176L.36 fought by Mith[d]ridates Removed. - 179L.27 with a loss of 15 ships[.] Added. - 180L.18 combined French and British squa[rd/dr]ons Transposed. - 190L.25 after a long and obs[int/tin]ate defence Transposed. - 202R.45 a[u/n]d the Spanish Royalists Inverted. - 203L.38 Pultusk [(]Campaign of Friedland). Added. - 205L.35 about 5,000 Americans, under Van Inverted. - Re[u/n]sselaer - 208L.14 under General Bo[n/u]latoff Replaced. - 208L.19 Bo[n/u]latoff fell fighting Replaced. - 215R.26 under the walls of Saalf[i]eld Removed. - 223R.7 about 4,000 strong[,]. Removed. - 223R.37 under M[a/e]tellus Replaced. - 223R.29 but cros[s]ing the Tiber into Rome Inserted. - 229L.5 the further advance of the Confederates[,/.] Replaced. - 229L.43 and opened the gates[.] Added. - 238L.32 the Battle of Cambuskenneth[.] Added. - 240L.7 between the A[f]ghans Inserted. - 240R.40 and Lamach[a/u]s killed Replaced. - 246L.28 including their two generals[.] Added. - 248R.14 Antiochus the Great, King of Asia[,/.] Replaced. - 249R.8 under Bourl[a]maque Removed. - 249L.44 with a loss of [19,44/1,944] killed and Comma moved. - wounded - 250L.4 attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke Replaced. - it[,/.] - 253L.38 between 26,000 Ca[r]thaginians, Inserted. - 254L.30 a British squa[rd/dr]on of 12 sail Transposed. - 256R.9 left the city to orga[in/ni]se a relief force Transposed. - 264R.40 (Japanese Revolu[lu]tion). Removed. - 265R.29 and the Poles[,] were driven Removed. - 272R.6 under [Moghrul] Beg _Sic_ - Toghrul - 273R.33 after suffering con[si]derable loss Inserted. - -The Index was prepared by Harbottle’s editorial successor, P.H. Dalbiac. -The poor quality of the result is acknowledged in Mr Dalbiac’s preface. -We can assume that he was forced to send his work to the printers as-is. - -More often than not, Harbottle’s spelling of names and places agrees -with other sources. Therefore, the benefit of the doubt, when resolving -discrepancies, has been ceded to Mr. Harbottle. - -For this volume, we have sacrificed faithful adherence to the text to -usefulness for the reader. Without correction, the usefulness of the -Index, especially in the text-only version of this volume, is severely -compromised. Where the Index disagrees with the text, it is assumed to -have been an editorial error and corrected. - -Where these corrections disturb the alphabetic order of the Index, the -items have not been repositioned, with a few exceptions noted below. - -Several index entries (‘Sandbag Battery’, ‘Stopford’, ‘Hans Waldmann’), -violated the alphabetic order or were otherwise misplaced. They were -retained as printed. Other entries were corrected (e.g. -Olearchus/Clearchus, Oreizaga/Areizaga, Ouchterlony/Ochterlony) in such -a way as to place them out of order. The original position is retained. - -More strangely, on p. 287, there are entries for ‘Ley’ and ‘Licias’, -both of which seem to be intended as references to ‘Ney’ and ‘Nicias’. -The entry for ‘Licias’ on p. 240 is duplicated later for ‘Nicias’ and -was removed. The page reference (p. 68) for ‘Ley’ has been transferred -to the list for Marshall Ney, where he is mentioned, and the entry for -‘Ley’ deleted. - -No attempt was made to test each page reference for accuracy. However, -two references to the non-existent page 274, were determined to be -errors. The article for ‘David II’ of Scotland appears on p. 174. An -article mentioning ‘Prince Mentschikoff’ appears on p. 224, and has been -inserted in the proper order. - -The index item for ‘Cacina’ refers the reader to p. 47, where a mention -of ‘Cæcina’ occurs. There is a separate item for ‘Cæcina’, referring to -a different article on p. 68. The two items have been combined. - -The index entry for ‘Claulen’ is doubly problematic. The name appears in -the text as ‘Clauleu’. (The n/u misprint is a common one. In this case, -however, there seem to be two.) Neither the index or the text agrees -with the historical ‘marquis de Clanleu’. Both have been amended. - -On p. 290, the entry for Muzuffa Jung refers to ‘Muzuffer Jung’ in the -text. Other sources have ‘Muzuffar’ or ‘Muzuffer’ Jung, no doubt a -transliteration issue. Following Harbottle's text seemed the preferrable -correction. - -In the text, there are four references to a Samnite commander ‘Pontius’. -The index has two items ‘Pontius, 62, 63’ and ‘Pontras, 53’. The name in -the second item is an error. These refer to three battles: Caudine Forks -B.C. 321 (p. 53), Ciuna B.C. 315 (p. 62), and Colline Gate B.C. 82 (p. -63). Gaius Pontius was the commander for the earlier battles, and the -later battle involved a different commander, Pontius Telesinus. These -errors were resolved by transferring the reference to p.63 to the -earlier Pontius (and correcting his name). A fourth battle, also fought -by Gaius Pontius at Lautulæ B.C. 316 (p. 136) was missed. - -On p. 294, the reference to ‘Schalemberg’ on p. 53 cannot be found. The -later item for ‘Schulemberg’ refers to ‘Schulemburg’ on p. 92. -Schulemburg is also mentioned on p. 33, but is not indexed. It is -possible that the Schalemberg reference is a corrupted attempt at that. - -On p. 296, the reference to ‘Tishe’ on p. 174 cannot be found. It may be -a corruption of ‘Hoche’. - -Also on p. 296, ‘Tytacus’ is an error for ‘Tyrtacus’ on p.49. The -Spartan commander, from other sources was ‘Tyrtaeus’. Harbottle’s -version was retained. - -On p. 298, the item for ‘Yositomo’ referring to p. 73, is a -misspelling of ‘Yoritomo’ (p. 228). There is a separate item for -‘Minamoto-no-Yoritomo’ (p. 114). The item ‘Yositomo’ was eliminated -and the page reference transferred to ‘Yoritomo’. - -The reference to Commodore Congeen in the Index seems spurious. There is -no mention of him on the referenced page (p. 218), or anywhere else. Nor -are there any approximations. - -The author inconsistently used the apostrophe in names beginning with -‘Mc’, e.g. McClelland or M’Clelland. The Index consistently employs the -former. No changes were made to the Index. - -The following are corrections were made to the Index: - - 275L.22 Aby[sinn/ssin]ia, Italian Invasion of, 4 Replaced. - 276L.17 Amb[o]iorix, 4 Removed. - 276R.11 Ari[c/ç]a, 242 Replaced. - 276R.23 Ars[au/ace]s III, 19 Replaced. - 276R.59 Bag Sec[q/g], 21 Replaced. - 277R.21 Bifuk[o/u]monia, 242 Replaced. - 277R.37 Bogd[o/a]n, 28, 180 Replaced. - 277R.53 Boucicau[l]t, Marshal, 5 Removed. - 278R.12 Cacina, 47 Item removed. - 278R.18 Cæcina, [47 ,] 68 Transferred. - 278R.26 Callicratid[e/a]s, 18, 170 Replaced. - 278R.30 Calvin[a/u]s, Domitius, 176 Replaced. - 279L.9 Ca[sc/x]ias, Gen., 22[0/1] Replaced. - 279L.13 Casti[g/j]on, Don Petro de, 10 Replaced. - 279L.20 Catulus, C. L[a/u]tatius, 4 Replaced. - 279L.24 C[e/i]fuentes, Count di, 162 Replaced. - 279L.25 Censo[siau/rinu]s Censorinus, L., 51 Replaced. - 279L.28 Cerro de Guadal[o]upe, 134 Removed. - 279L.31 Cet[a/e]wayo, 120 Replaced. - 279L.64 Cha[u/n]d Bibi, 6 Replaced. - 279R.11 Chitcha[k/g]off, Adm., 208 Replaced. - 279R.17 Choshi[a/u], Daimyo of, 74 Replaced. - 279R.26 C[h]ristomenes, 49 Removed. - 279R.27 Chr[y/z]anowski, 179 Replaced. - 279R.30 Ch[u/n]odomar, 18 Inverted. - 279R.49 Claule[n/u], 57 Replaced. - 280L.10 Cob[o]urg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 Removed. - 280L.62 Coulon de Jum[o]nville, 271 Inserted. - 280R.6 Crauf[o/u]rd, Earl of, 40, 62 Replaced. - 280R.32 Czarnie[c/ç]ki, 197 Replaced. - 280R.33 Czernitch[i]eff, 137 Removed. - 280R.35 d’A[l]bergotti, Gen, 79 Inserted. - 281L.4 — Hy[s]taspes, 152 Inserted. - 281L.31 — Bo[n/u]flers, Mons., 140 Inverted. - 281L.52 — la [Bresse] , 218 _sic_ Barre? - 281L.56 — la Meillera[i]c, Marshal, 185 Inserted. - 281R.7 de Meda[r/v]i , Gen., 52 Replaced. - 281R.15 de Nam[a/u]r, Guy, 67 Replaced. - 281R.19 — Rassingh[a/e]m, 266 Replaced. - 281R.35 — Va[n/u]demont, Prince, 68 Replaced. - 281R.45 [Z/L]etende[n/ur], Adm., 49 Probably. - 281R.61 Dol[l]abella, P. Cornelius, 132 Removed. - 282R.48 Eury[o]loc[h]us, 181 Removed. Added. - 283L.23 Ferr[a/e]rs, Lord, 38 Replaced. - 283L.3 Fairfax, Sir[.] Thos., Removed. - 283L.31 Fischb[a/u]ch, Gen., 58 Replaced. - 283R.39 Gallus, Cest[i]us, 34 Inserted. - 283R.56 Gellius Stati[a/u]s, 39 Replaced. - 284L.21 Goig[u/ni]s Goignies, Gen., 95 Replaced. - 284R.3 — de Ruth[i/y]n, Lord, 178 Replaced. - 284R.8 Guel[ph/f]s and Ghibellines Replaced. - 284R.18 Guthru[n/m], 87 Replaced. - 284R.31 Ham[a/u]yun, 61, 121 Replaced. - 284R.41 Hans Waldman[n], 165 Added. (Entry - also misplaced.) - 285R.22 Huasca[r], 13, 205 Added. - 285R.33 Hunsd[e/o]n, Lord, 95 Replaced. - 285R.56 Ingelram von Co[n/u]cy, Baron, 92 Replaced. - 286L.28 —— 175 _sic_:—— Fort? - 286L.46 Jellal[l]adin, 35, 114, 121 Inserted. - 286R.38 Kan[had/dah]ar, 124, 148 Transposed. - 286R.60 Kihd[i]j Arslan, 21 Inserted. - 287L.2 Kismeg[e]yer, 205 Removed. - 287L.7 Kl[e/é]ber, 108, 167 Replaced. - 287L.19 Kon[o/i]shi Y[a/u]kinaga, 108 Replaced. - 287L.20 Konownitz[u/yn], Gen., 184 Replaced. - 287L.18 K[on/ö]ningsegg, Count, 225 Replaced. - 287L.25 Kru[g/z]e, Adm., 228 Replaced. - 287L.31 Kus[i/u]noki, Ma[tsa/sat]sura, 230 Replaced. - Transposed. - 287R.14 L[a/e]ptines, 53 Replaced. - 287R.21 Lava[l]lette, 150 Removed. - 288L.7 Loch Linnh[é/e], 115 Replaced. - 288L.31 Lowenda[h]l, 33 Inserted. - 288L.57 Ma[c]gruder, Gen., 268, 271 Removed. - 288R.24 Malek-al-Aschr[e/a]f, 3 Replaced. - 288R.25 Malmo[ë/e], 144 Replaced. - 288R.35 Manius Manil[il]ius, 51 Removed. - 289L.15 Maube[r/u]ge, 266 Replaced. - 289L.44 Mecklenburg[h], Grand Duke of, 29, 142 Removed. - 289L.55 Me[l]chior, 146 Inserted. - 289L.62 Meno[n/u], Gen., 9 Inverted. - 289R.20 Mil[i/e]tus, 130 Replaced. - 289R.26 Min[o/u]cius, 39 Replaced - 289R.40 Mitsuy[u/a]ki, 161 Replaced. - 289R.43 [Mogrul] Bey, 272 _sic_ Toghrul - 290L.56 Mou[r/s]son Oglou, 42 Replaced. - 290L.57 Mourzou[p/f]le, 64 Replaced. - 290R.15 Muzuff[a/er] Jung, 13 Replaced. - 290R.24 Nairn[e], 124 Added. - 291L.13 [N/K]iuch[i]au Bay, 171 Replaced. - Removed. - 290L.47 [O/C]learchus, 70 Replaced. - 291R.2 [O/A]reizaga, 180 Replaced. - 291R.31 O[u]chterlony, Sir David, 168 Removed. - 291R.46 Pani[m/n], Count, 31 Replaced. - 291R.55 Pareir[u/a]s, 182 Replaced. - 292L.24 Pepin d’H[e/é]ristal, 247 Replaced. - 292R.6 Pig[g]ott, Maj.-Gen., 150 Removed. - 292R.14 Pi[zala,/ycála] Pasha, 77 Replaced. - 292R.23 Poliorce[r]tes, Demetrius, 95 Removed. - 292R.30 Pompei[a/u]s, Cnæus, 168 Replaced. - 292R.33 Pontius, [62,] 63 Transferred. - 292R.34 Pont[ra/iu]s, 53 [,62] Replaced. - Transferred. - 292R.40 Porta [s/S] Pancrazio, 212 Replaced. - 292R.62 Ptolemy, E[u/n]ergetes, 15 Inverted. - 292R.63 — L[o/a]gus, 190 Replaced. - 293L.24 Rammi[ng], Gen., 170 Added. - 293L.29 Rassingh[a/e]m, Seigneur de, 266 Replaced. - 293L.46 Renaud de Ch[a/â]tillon, 206 Replaced. - 293L.55 Rha[g/z]ates, 177 Replaced. - 293R.32 Rose[tt/ll]i, 260 Replaced. - 293R.55 Rusta[n/m], 44 Replaced. - 294L.24 Sandil[l]i, 13, 43 Inserted. - 294L.26 Sanku[m/n], 97 Replaced. - 294L.32 S[ä/a]por I, 83 Replaced. - 294L.48 Schako[v/f]sky, 196 Replaced. - 294L.60 Schulemb[e/u]rg, 92 Replaced. - 294R.27 Shah All[uen/um], 43 Replaced. - 295R.17 Stjernsk[o/ö]ld, Adm., 73 Replaced. - 295R.23 Striga[n/u], 112 Replaced. - 295R.41 Surabjah D[ow/au]lah, 3, ... Replaced. - 295R.43 Suwar[r]off, 90, ... Removed. - 295R.57 Sy[r]agius, Count of Soissons, 234 Removed. - 296L.5 Taka[n/u]gi, 230 Replaced. - 296L.33 Terou[e/ë]nne, 103 Replaced. - 296L.39 Thenou[e/ë]nel, Jean de, 41 Replaced. - 296L.43 Theophilis[e/c]us, 59 Replaced. - 296R.8 Tishe, 174 _sic_ no - referrent - 296R.10 Tockenb[e/u]rg, 171 Replaced. - 296R.15 Tokugaw[u/a] Tyeyasa, 226 Replaced. - 296R.31 Toyotom[i/o] Hideaki, 257 Replaced. - 296R.50 Ty[r]tacus, 49 Inserted. - 297L.10 Val[lé/ée], Gen., 64 Replaced. - 298L.4 Whitelock[e], Gen., 42 Added. - 298L.15 Windis[c]hgr[a/ä]tz, Prince, 3, ... Inserted. - Replaced. - 298L.20 Wol[l]eb, Heinrich, 92 Inserted. - 298L.31 W[u/ü]rtemberg, Prince of, 73, 103 Replaced. - 298R.6 Yoritomo, [73,] 228] Transferred. - 298R.17 Yositomo, 73 Item removed. - 298R.19 Yuk[ü/ii]ye, 257 Replaced. - 298R.29 Zaster[n/a], Gen., 134 Replaced. - 298R.39 Zulfik[e/a]r Khan, 5, 98 Replaced. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - -***** This file should be named 60156-0.txt or 60156-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/5/60156/ - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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